Generador Van de Graaff
September 7, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Fn`nrklor ln Qk` ln Frkkaa. NQNCY@ KXK@FO, K XK@FO, CK^XK CK ^XK EOFOCCÝ@, EOFO CCÝ@, KCNDK@LXO KCND K@LXO MKXLO@K MK XLO@K ^`ivnrsilkl mktýcimk ln Rnrnirk, Rnrnirk, Mocoehik nvncy`.krk`foBump.nlu.mo Ckurk.eofocco`Bump.nlu.mo kcndk`lro.mkrlo`kBump.nlu.mo
XN]^EN@ Nc prnsn`tn i`aoren prntn`ln lkr k mo`omnr cos rnsuctklos ohtn`ilos trks ck rnkcizkmiý` lnc nxpnrien`to lnc ckhorktorio ln aåsimk II morrnspo`lin`tn kc Fn`nrklor ln Qk` lnr Frkkaa. K`kcizkeos nc an`ýen`o prolumilo mo` lianrn`tns ektnrikcns muk`lo so` kmnrmklos n`trn så, punsto qun sn prnsn`tk ck i`acun`mik ln u` mkepo ncnmtronstëtimo, kctnrk`lo n` tolks cks lirnmmio`ns lnc munrpo su mkepo ncnmtronstëtimo. \kehié` sn nxpcimk nc au`mio`kein`to lnc Fn`nrklor ncnmtronstëtimo Qk` Lnr Frkaa.
I.
ln ck ncnmtrostëtimk i`mcuyn` cos fn`nrklorns ncnmtrostëtimos, nc eimrosmopio iý`imo ln nanmto ln mkepo y cos eotorns ln mojntn iý`imo. Cos rnsuctklos nxpnrien`tkcns jk` lneostrklo qun muk`lo u` mo`lumtor mo` mkrfk sn po`n n` mo`tkmto mo` nc i`tnrior ln u` mo`lumtor junmo, tolk ck mkrfk lnc mo`lumtor mo` mkrfk sn trk`sainrn kc mo`lumtor junmo. N` pri`mipio, ck mkrfk n` nc mo`lumtor junmo y su potn`mikc ncémtrimo punln` i`mrnen`tkrsn si` cåeitn enlik`tn ck rnpntimiý` lnc promnso. N` ;989 Xohnrt D. Qk` ln Frkkaa (;92;-;916) uticizý nstn pri`mipio pkrk lisnûkr y mo`struir u` fn`nrklor ncnmtrostëtimo W=U. Nstn tipo ln fn`nrklor tin`n u`k i`tn`sk uticizkmiý` n` ck
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Ck mkrfk ncémtrimk sn punln mcksiaimkr moeo mkrfk ncémtrimk positivk (proto`ns) (prot o`ns) y mkrfk ncé ncémtrimk mtrimk `nfktivk `n fktivk (ncnmtro`ns). (nc nmtro`ns). Cos C os an`ýen`os ncémtrimos sn ktrihuyn` k ck snpkrkmiý` ln cks mkrfks ncémtrimks lnc ëtoeo y su eoviein`to. Ror nstk rkzý` nc mo`mnpto ln mkrfk ncémtrimk ns ck hksn pkrk lnai`ir cos an`ýen`os ncémtrimos W;U. N` nstn sn`tilo, ck ln`oei`klk cny ln mo`snrvkmiý` ln ck mkrfk nstkhcnmn qun n` tolos cos promnsos sn prolumn` mk`tilklns ifukcns ln mkrfks `nfktivks y positivks, ln ek`nrk qun ck mkrfk lnc u`ivnrso `o vkråk W8U, ns lnmir, ck mkrfk sn mo`snrvk. Rkrk mkrfkr u` ohdnto, kc arotkr los munrpos ncémtrimken`tn `nutros (`ôenro ln ncnmtro`ns 5 `ôenro ln proto`ns), kehos sn mkrfk`, u`o mo` mkrfk positivk y nc otro mo` mkrfk `nfktivk W8U. ^` promnso cckeklo i`lummiý`, lo`ln u` munrpo mkrfklo ncémtrimken`tn punln ktrknr k otro munrpo qun nstë `nutro. Muk`lo kmnrmkeos u` munrpo ncnmtrizklo k u` munrpo `nutro, sn nstkhcnmn u`k i`tnrkmmiý` ncémtrimk n`trn cks mkrfks lnc prienro y nc munrpo `nutro W8U. Moeo rnsuctklo ln nstk rnckmiý`, ck rnlistrihumiý` i`imikc sn vn kctnrklk4 cks mkrfks mo` sif`o opunsto k ck mkrfk lnc munrpo ncnmtrizklo sn kmnrmk` k éstn. N` nstn promnso ln rnlistrihumiý` ln mkrfks, ck mkrfk `ntk i`imikc `o jk vkriklo n` nc munrpo `nutro, pnro n` kcfu`ks zo`ks nstë mkrfklo positivken`tn y n` otrks `nfktivken`tn. Kc fn`nrkr u`k mo`lummiý`, sn punln mkrfkr u` munrpo mo` sýco tomkrco mo` otro prnviken`tn mkrfklo. N` nstn mkso, kehos qunlk` mo` nc eiseo tipo ln mkrfk, ns lnmir, si tomo u` munrpo `nutro mo` otro mo` mkrfk positivk, nc prienro tkehié` qunlk mo` mkrfk positivk W;U. Ror su pkrtn ck kpcimkmiý` prëmtimk ln ck ncnmtrostëtimk nstë rnprnsn`tklk por kpkrktos moeo pkrkrrkyos y prnmipitklorns ncnmtrostëtimos y por promnsos moeo ck xnrofrkaåk y ck pi`turk ln kutoeývicns. Cos kpkrktos min`tåaimos snfô` cos pri`mipios
i`vnstifkmiý` ln ck aåsimk `umcnkr. Ck mkrfk ns ccnvklk mo`ti`uken`tn k u` ncnmtrolo k u` kcto potn`mikc por enlio ln u`k hk`lk trk`sportklork jnmjk ln ektnrikc kisck`tn. Nc ncnmtrolo ln kcto voctkdn ns u` loeo entëcimo junmo eo`tklo sohrn u`k mocue`k kisck`tn. Cos fn`nrklorns ln Qk` ln Frkkaa prolumn` lianrn`miks ln potn`mikc ln jkstk 82 eicco`ns ln vocts. Cos proto`ns kmncnrklos k trkvés ln lianrn`miks ln potn`mikc tk` frk`lns rnmihn` suaimin`tn n`nrfåk pkrk i`imikr rnkmmio`ns `umcnkrns n`trn nccos y n`trn lianrn`tns `ômcnos ohdntivo W=U.
II.
LN\KCCN NZRNXIEN@\KC
Nquipo, fn`nrklor Qk` ln Frkkaa
Ektnrikc moepcnen`tkrio
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Mkrfk ln munrpo ncnmtrostëtimken`tn
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\irks ln pkpnc ln nstkûo Nsanrk ln kcuei`io pucilo. Rocnks. Mo`nxiý` k ck nsanrk. Mnpicco supnrior y Morrnk ln mkumjo. Mnpicco entëcimo i`tnrenlikrio. Rocnk ln kmråcimo. Mo`nxiý` pkrk punstk k tinrrk (i`anrior). Mnpicco entëcimo i`anrior. Eotor ln ;/: ln JR Mo`trocklor ncnmtrý`imo ln ck vncomilkl ln rotkmiý` lnc eotor. Muhk ln vilrio y hksn ln kmråcimo mo` 8 kisck`tns ln `yco` mo` hor`ns. Ncnmtrolos. Mkhcns ln mo`nxiý` hk`k`k/hk`k`k. Eoci`ntn ncnmtrostëtimo Nsanrk kuxicikr n` kcuei`io mo` mkhcn y hor`n. Arksmo mo` sneiccks ln méspnl. Arksmo mo` kmnitn ln rimi`o Ncnmtrosmopio ln jodks
Ktrkmmiý` ln munrpos positivo y `nfktiv o
III. RXOMNLIEIN@\O ;. ^`k nsanrk entëcimk junmk n` ck pkrtn supnrior. 8. ^`k mocue`k kisck`tn ln kpoyo qun `o sn vn n` nc =. . 1.
lisnûo ln ck izquinrlk, pnro qun ns `nmnskrik pkrk soportkr nc eo`tkdn. Los roliccos ln lianrn`tns ektnrikcns4 nc supnrior, qun firk cihrn krrkstrklo por ck morrnk y nc i`anrior eovilo por u` eotor mo`nmtklo mo`nm tklo k su ndn. Los –pni`ns― entëcimos (supnrior n i`anrior) pkrk io`izkr nc kirn. Nc i`anrior nstë mo`nmtklo k tinrrk y nc supnrior kc i`tnrior ln ck nsanrk. ^`k morrnk trk`sportklork ln ektnrikc kisck`tn (nc snr ln mocor mckro i`limk qun `o ccnvk moepo`n`tns ln mkrho`o qun ck jkråk` mo`lumtork). ^` eotor ncémtrimo eo`tklo sohrn u`k hksn kisck`tn muyo ndn tkehié` ns nc ndn lnc mici`lro i`anrior.
Rockrizkmiý`
Nc fn`nrklor ln vk` lnr Frkkaa co qun jkmn ns mkrfkr ck nsanrk entëcimk y kc kmnrmkr nc k`tnhrkzo cos hnccos sn sin`tn` ktrkålos, porqun kc nstkr mkrfklk ck nsanrk y `unstro munrpo nstkr `nutro kc kmnrmkrsn nstos tin`ln k ir jkmik ck nsanrk mo` co qun quinrn lnmir qun nrk` mkrfks opunstks. [un kc tomkr mo` ck nsanrk prnviken`tn mkrfklk kc ncnmtrosmopio sn eovinrk nc pkpnc, eunstrk qun nc ncnmtrosmopio qunlk mkrfklo por i`lummiý` frkmiks k ck nsanrk, pnro ln ifukc ek`nrk `o sn skhn si ns positivk o `nfktivk.
Q.
MO@MC^]IO@N]
N` mo`mcusiý`, ]n moeprohý qun nxistn` lianrn`tns ek`nrks ln mkrfkr u` ohdnto ncémtrimken`tn (i`lummiý`, arotkmiý` y mo`lummiý`) ]n cofrk vnr qun sineprn trks mkrfkr u` ohdnto jky u` léaimit y nxmnso ln ncnmtro`ns (Cny ln ck mo`snrvkmiý` ln ck mkrfk) lo`ln si jky léaimit, sn limn qun nstk mkrfklo positivken`tn y si jky nxmnso qun nstk mkrfklo `nfktivken`tn. ]n cofrk kairekr qun sn mo`stktk mýeo sn mnln` ncnmtro`ns o cks mkrfks n` cos munrpos, muk`lo u` munrpo nstë mkrfklo `nfktivken`tn y nc otro positivo kcfu`os nspnrëhkeos qun ck rnkmmiý` aunrk k mnlnr ncnmtro`ns lnc `nfktivo jkmik nc otro, mo` nsto sn moeprohý qun u` munrpo `o tin`n u`k aorek ln mkrfkrsn si`o eumjks y nsto nstk lirnmtken`tn rnckmio`klo mo` cks mkrkmtnråstimks ln mklk ektnrikc.
IQ.
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Kc kmnrmkr cos trozos ln kmntkto, si` arotkr, kc ainc lnc
HIHCIOFXKAÅK W;U A. Luhnihn, Ncnmtroekf`ntiseo, Nlitorikc ^`icck`os., 82;>.
ncnmtrosmopio, nstn `o sn eunvn. Kc kmnrmkr nc k`tnhrkzo kc fn`nrklor ln vk` ln Frkkaa sn pnrmihn u`k sn`skmiý` ln ktrkmmiý` ln cos hnccos jkmik nstn. ]n punln lnmir qun co eiseo sumnln mo` cos pnqunûos trozos ln pkpnc qun sn kmnrmk` k ck nsanrk prnviken`tn mkrfklk mo` nc fn`nrklor ln vk` ln frkaa, punsto qun nstos sn vn` ktrkålos por ck nsanrk. Kc tomkr ck nsanrk mkrfklk kc lismo mo`lumtor lnc ncnmtrosmopio, sn `otý qun nc kcfolý` rnkcizkhk u` cnvn eoviein`to k nanmto ln cos an`ýen`os ncémtrimos. ^` ohdnto, sineprn ns `nutro, ns lnmir tin`n ifukc mk`tilkl ln mkrfks `nfktivks moeo positivks, n`to`mns kc kmnrmkrco k otro ohdnto `nutro sus mkrfks `o sn eunvn`, sn ek`tin`n` ifukc, por ncco nc ainc lnc ncnmtrosmopio `o sn eunvn.
W8U X. D. D. R. E. C. N. ]nrwky, Aåsimk pkrk min`miks n i`fn`inråk, Enximo4 Mn`fkfn Cnkr`i`f Nlitorns, 82;>. W=U X. ]nrwky y D. Dnwntt, Aåsimk pkrk min`miks n i`fn`inråk mo` Aåsimk Eolnr`k, Enximo4 Mn`fkfn Cnkr`i`f Nlitorns, 8229.
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