Genel Çeviri-2

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İçindekiler Metin türleri ve çeviri yöntemleri.  Tümce ve metin analizi çalışmaları.  Çeviri sorunlarını örnekleyen metinler.  Çeviri sınavları için öneriler.  Çeviri sınavında başarı alıştırmaları.  Genel Çeviri 1 kitabıyla, eşsiz bir kaynak.

Hakan Gür Yazar

ÖĞRENCĠ KĠTABI ii

Ġngilizce-Türkçe

Genel Çeviri

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

GENEL ÇEVİRİ KİTAPLARININ KULLANIMINA İLİŞKİN KURALLAR Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 olarak derlenerek internet ortamına yerleştirilen PDF dosyalarının kullanımı aşağıdaki koşullara bağlıdır: 1. Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 dosyalarının içeriği dosyaların içinde ve dildersleri.gen.tr sitesinde Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 için verilen bağlantılar altında mevcuttur. Kullanım koşulları bu dosyaların her ikisini de kapsamaktadır. 2. Kullanıcı olarak, söz konusu dosyaları ticari amaçla olmamak koşuluyla kendi bilgisayarına kaydedebilir, bu dosyaları kopyalayabilir, başkalarına iletebilir, sayfalarda yer alan © Hakan Gür dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresini silmemek ve değiştirmemek koşuluyla dosyaların içeriğinde düzeltme ve düzenlemeler yapabilirsiniz. Burada sözü edilen "ticari" kavramı ile Genel Çeviri 1 ve Genel Çeviri 2 kitaplarının özgün biçimleri ya da değiştirilmiş biçimleriyle iletilmesi, çoğaltılması ve/veya kullanılmasının öncesinde ya da sonrasında ücret talep edilmesi, kitapların satılması kastedilmektedir. Kitapların kişi ya da kurumlar tarafından ücretsiz olarak öğrencilere verilmesi ve sonucunda kurumsal (okul, üniversite, dershane ve benzerleri) ya da kişisel temelli (özel ders gibi) çeviri öğretim ortamlarında kullanılması serbesttir. 3. Kuralların erişilebilir olması için çeşitli önlemler alınmıştır; buna göre: a) bu kurallar dosyaların özgün biçimlerinin kullanıma sunulduğu internet sayfalarında yer almakta, b) dosyaların sayfalarının üst bölümünde yer alan © Hakan Gür dildersleri.gen.tr ibaresine eklenen bağlantı yoluyla kullanıcı bu kurallara yönlendirilmekte, c) her bir dosyanın girişinde kurallar ayrıca verilmektedir. Bu nedenle kullanıcı olarak dosyaları ister bu siteden ya da başka kaynaklardan edinmiş olun, bu kuralları okumuş ve kabul etmiş olmaktasınız. 4. Bu kurallar dosyalara ayrıca eklendiği için, dosyaların yer aldığı dildersleri.gen.tr sitesinin geçici ya da kalıcı olarak devre dışı kalması, siteye erişilememesi, sitenin adının değiştirilmesi gibi durumlarda da kurallar geçerliliğini koruyacaktır. .......:::::....... Genel Çeviri 1 kitabı elinizde yoksa, dildersleri.gen.tr adresinden temin edebilirsiniz.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Yazar

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Giriş

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Kullanım notları

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Kısaltma ve simgeler

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Konular 1: Çeviri ve çevirinin aşamaları

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2: Metin türleri ve çeviri yöntemleri

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3: Tümce analizi

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4: Tümce analizi ve çevirisi

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5: Metin analizi ve çevirisi

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6: Çeviri sınavına hazırlık ve son düzeltmeler

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7: Çeviri sınavlarında başarı

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Noktalama imleri

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Çeviriler

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Yararlanılan kaynaklar

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Yazar Hakan Gür Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı kürsüsünden mezun oldum. Türk-

İngiliz Kültür Derneği, Bilkent Üniversitesi Hazırlık Bölümü ve Ankara Üniversitesi TÖMER'de İngilizce okutmanlığı yaptım. ODTÜ Yabancı Diller bölümünde yüksek lisans, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türkçenin Öğretimi ve Eğitimi Anabilim

Dalı'nda

da

doktora

çalışmamı

tamamladım

ve

lisansüstü

eğitim

programında Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretimi dersleri verdim. İmge, Dost ve Bilgi Yayınevleri için kitap çevirileri gerçekleştirdim; çevirmenlik yapmayı sürdürüyorum. .

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Giriş Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının Giriş bölümünde, Genel Çeviri kitaplarının hazırlanmasında izlenen yaklaşım ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmakta. Modüler bir temele oturan bu yaklaşımın ilk üç modülüne ilişkin konular Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ele alınmaktadır. ÇEVİRİ KURSU

MODÜLÜN GENEL HEDEFLERİ

Kitap

SÖZLÜK KULLANIMI



Çeviri için sözlük seçimi ve kullanımı

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MODÜL 1 

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

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Bağlamdan yararlanarak anlamın tahmin edilmesi

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MODÜL 2 

İNGİLİZCE DİLBİLGİSİ



İngilizce dilbilgisinin niteliklerinin anlaşılması

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MODÜL 3 

Metin türlerinin ve bunlara uygun

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METİN ve ÇEVİRİ TÜRLERİ MODÜL 4 

 çeviri yöntemlerinin tanınması

TÜMCE ANALİZİ



Çeviri için tümce analizinin yapılması

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MODÜL 5 

METİN ANALİZİ



Çeviri için metin analizinin yapılması

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MODÜL 6 

ÇEVİRİNİN KONTROLU

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Yapılan çevirinin son kez gözden geçirilmesi

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MODÜL 7 

SINAVLARA HAZIRLIK

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Çeviri sınavlarında sürenin kullanımı

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MODÜL 8 

Konular Yine birinci kitapta olduğu gibi, Genel Çeviri 2 kitabındaki her bir konuda Giriş, Sunu, İşleme, Üretme ve Sınama bölümleri bulunmakta. Beşinci konuda yeterince çeviri alıştırması yapabileceğiniz sayıda ve çeşitlilikte metin yer almakta. Bu metinlerin hemen hepsinin sonunda da Böylesi de var! başlığı altında, derlenmiş ilginç yazım hataları, tutarsızlık içeren ifadeler ve çeviri hatalarını bulabilirsiniz. Ele alınan sıralamanın izlenmesi durumunda, Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının çok yararlı bir çeviri malzemesi haline geleceğinden eminim. Hakan GÜR Almanya, 2010

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Kullanım notları Genel Çeviri 2 kitabı, Genel Çeviri 1 kitabını işlemiş ve dolayısıyla İngilizce'nin temel dilbilgisini edinmiş çeviri öğrenenleri içindir. Ayrıca, bu kitabı kullanacak olanların sözlük kullanma becerisini edindikleri kabul edilmekte ve birinci kitapta sözlük ile ilgili öneriler mevcut olduğu için, bu kitapta bu konuya değinilmemektedir. Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının amacı, Genel Çeviri 1 kitabını kullanarak dilbilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarını büyük ölçüde çözmüş olan öğrenenin, çeviri esnasında karşılaşacağı diğer sorunları tanıtmak ve öneriler sunmaktır. Bunu yaparken de cümceden metne doğru aşamalı bir gelişme izlenmektedir. Kitap işlenirken bu sıranın izlenmesi, konu atlanmaması öngörülmüştür. Noktalama imlerinin İngilizce ve Türkçe'deki farklı kullanımları çeviri açısından kimi zaman sorun çıkarabilmekte. Bu nedenle, kitabın sonuna noktalama imleri ile ilgili notlar eklenmiştir.

Kısaltma ve simgeler Genel Çeviri 2 kitabında kullanılan tüm kısaltma ve simgeler birer örnek ile birlikte aşağıda açıklanmaktadır. Simply stated, computational linguistics is no more than the use of electronic digital computers in linguistic research. These machines are employed to scan texts and to produce, more rapidly and more reliably than is possible without their aid, such reliable tools for linguistic and stylistic research as word lists, frequency counts, and concordances. But more interesting and theoretically much more difficult than the compilation of lists, is the use of computers for automatic grammatical analysis and translation.

These machines = ? their = ? as ?

____ such

Eşit ( = ) işareti, sözcük ya da yapının metin içinde hangi sözcük ya da yapının yerine kullanıldığını sormaktadır. These machines = electronic digital computers their = electronic digital computers' Uzun düz çizgi ( ______ ), sözcükten önce ya da sonra hangi yapının geleceğini sormaktadır. to produce such Ok ( ) işareti, sözcük ya da yapıya dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini, bu sözcük ya da yapının birden fazla anlam taşıyabileceğini belirtir. Örnekte verilen as sözcüğü zaman, neden, benzerlik, yorum ya da kıyas gösterebilir (bu kullanımların her biri Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ayrıntılı olarak işlenmekte). as

such as yapısı = gibi (such reliable tools ... as)

Diğer kısaltmalar: Ö Y N

Özne Yüklem Nesne

I am a teacher. I am a teacher. I am a teacher.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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1 Çeviri ve Çevirinin Aşamaları Çeviri ............................................................................................................... 2 Çevirinin aşamaları ........................................................................................ 3 1. Sözcük tanımlama ............................................................................. 3 2. Terim tanımlama ................................................................................ 3 3. Yapısal analiz ..................................................................................... 4 4. Anlama ............................................................................................... 4 5. Dil aktarımı ......................................................................................... 4 6. Erek dilde düzenleme ........................................................................ 5 7. İfade etme .......................................................................................... 5 Sonuç .............................................................................................................. 5

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Çeviri Sözlük anlamı ile çeviri bir dildeki (KAYNAK DİL) konuşma ya da yazının bir başka dile (EREK DİL) aktarılması işlemi, ya da bu işlemin sonucunda oluşan erek-dil versiyonudur. (Richards et al., 1989: 299) Newmark'a (1988: 5) göre ise çeviri bir metnin anlamını bir başka dile, o metnin yazarının amaçladığı şekilde aktarmaktır. Sağduyu bize bu işin kolay olması gerektiğini söylüyor, zira insan bir dilde söyleyebildiğini diğer dilde de o kadar iyi şekilde söyleyebilmeli. Ancak Newmark yine aynı sayfalarda, çevirinin hiç de sağduyunun bize söylediği gibi kolay bir olay olmamasını, diller arasındaki büyük farklılıklara bağlamakta. Yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde bilgisayar çevirisi alanında çalışmış olanların düşmüş olduğu en büyük yanılgı, yabancı dilin söz varlığının ve tümce oluşturma özelliklerinin çoğu edinildiğinde çeviri yapmanın artık hiç de sorun olmayacağı düşüncesiydi (ayrıntı için, Goshawke, 1987). Ancak bugün çok iyi biliyoruz ki çeviride söz varlığı ve dilbilgisinden öte unsurlar devreye girmekte. Bir tür mıntıka temizliği (bu terimi Stern (1987) clearing the ground olarak kullanmakta) amacını taşıyan bu ilk konumuzda, herhangi bir metnin çevirisini yapma görevi ile karşı karşıya kalındığında ne tür çeviri aşamalarından geçildiği incelenmekte.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Çevirinin Aşamaları Herşeyden önce, Genel Çeviri kitaplarında amaçlanan çevirinin ne olduğunu saptamamız gerekebilir. Genel amaçlar, yapılan çevirinin orijinal metnin yansıttığı anlamı yansıtması ve bunun yanısıra da orijinal metindeki formu yansıtmasıdır. Birinci amaçtan kasıt çeviri metin ile özgün metnin aynı uzunlukta olması gibi bir koşulun aranmaması (bu nitelik İletişimsel Çeviri adı altında Konu 2 içinde işlenmekte), ikinci amaçtan kasıt ise, özgün metindeki yazı özelliklerinin (devrik, altı çizili, koyu, tablo içinde gibi) yansıtılmasıdır. Bu amaçlar sadece yazılı çeviri için gözetilmekte, sözel olarak yapılan çevirinin öğretilmesi hedeflenmemektedir. Bu durumda ele alınacak sorun, kaynak dildeki yazılı bir metni erek dile yazılı olarak, anlamı ve yazının formunu koruyarak aktarmaktır. Bunu yapmak isteyen bir çeviri öğrencisinin çevirinin hangi aşamalarından geçtiğini saptarken, aslında kişilerin yaptığı çeviri ile değil de bilgisayar çeviri ile ilgilenen bir bilim adamının, Walter Goshawke'ın tanımlamasının kapsamlı ve titizlikle saptamalardan olduğu hemen göze çarpmaktadır. Goshawke'ın belirttiği gibi, bilgisayarın çeviriyi yapabilmek için çözmesi gereken sorunlar, çeviri yapan insanın çözmesi gereken sorunlardan farklı değil. Goshawke'a (1987: 11-13 ve 42-56) göre bu sorunlar, sırası ile:



1. Duyma 2. Sesleri Tanımlama 3. Heceleri Tanımlama 4. Sözcük Tanımlama 5. Sözcük Tanıma 6. Terim Tanıma 7. Yapısal Analiz 8. Anlama 9. Dil Aktarımı 10. Erek Dilde Düzenleme 11. İfade Etme

Goshawke'ın (1987:13) da belirttiği gibi, bu sorunlardan ilk üçü bilgisayar çevirisi konusunu ilgilendirmemekte. Bunun nedeni de, açıkça görüldüğü gibi, Duyma, Sesleri Tanımlama ve Heceleri Tanımlama aşamalarının anında çeviri yapılacağı zaman söz konusu olmasıdır. Konumuz yazılı çevirinin aşamaları olduğuna göre, Sözcük Tanımlama aşamasının da bir kenara bırakılması gerekmekte çünkü bu aşama noktalama imlerinden ve sözcüklerin yanlışlıkla bitişik yazılmasından kaynaklanan - her ikisi de yine bilgisayarı ilgilendirecek türden - sorunları içermektedir.

1. Sözcük Tanımlama Her bir sözcük yalnızca bir tek nesne ya da kavrama karşılık gelse çeviri olayı son derece kolaylaşabilirdi. Oysa sözcükler birden fazla anlam taşıyabilmekteler. Çevirmenin en iyi yardımcısı olan sözlük bile kimi durumlarda yetersiz kalabilmekte. Bu nedenle de, dikkatli okumanın ve sözlüğü çok iyi kullanabilme önem kazanmakta. Bu arada, pek sık görülmese de, karşılaşıldığında büyük sorunlar oluşturabilecek yazım hatalarını da unutmamalı.

2. Terim Tanımlama Goshawke'ın (1987: 46-47) deyimler ve özel isimlerin çevirisinin zorluğu olarak ele aldığı Terim Tanımlama aşaması, özellikle Baker (1992) ve Newmark (1991) gibi yazarların da değindikleri, yalancı dostlar konusunda karşımıza çıkmakta. İngilizce bir metindeki sympathetic (=anlayışlı) sözcüğünün anında sempatik olarak, dramatic (=büyük, muazzam) sözcüğünün de dramatik olarak aktarılması bunun en sık rastlanılan örneklerinden. Karşımıza

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

pek fazla bir sorun olarak çıkmasa da, özel isimlerin erek dile aktarılması konusunu da (örneğin John F. Kennedy ismi Ankara'daki sokak levhasında olduğu gibi Can F. Kenedi mi olmalı) Terim Tanımlama aşamasına ekleyebiliriz.

3. Yapısal Analiz Bir bağlam içinde sözcük ve terimlerinin analiz ve tanımlaması yapılan tümcenin yapısal analizinin yapılabilmesi, her şeyden önce, kaynak dilin tümce oluşturma kurallarının çok iyi bilinmesini gerektirmektedir. Karmaşık bir tümcenin ana tümcesini, varsa yan tümcesini ya da tümcelerini saptayarak bir anlamda tümcenin iskeletini bulup çıkarmak, bir sonraki Anlama aşamasının gerçekleştirilebilmesi için kaçınılmaz olabilir.

4. Anlama İlk üç aşamayı başarıyla geçip Anlama aşamasında bocalayan çeviri öğrencilerinin bu başarısızlığının genelde dört temel sorundan kaynaklandığı görülmekte:  Mevcut bilgiye gereğinden fazla güven. Çeviri yapan kişinin kaynak metindeki konuya yakınlığı, kimi zaman, özellikle de Yapısal Analiz aşamasında hata yapıldıysa, "olsa olsa böyledir" yaklaşımı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu da kaynak metinde değinilmeyen anlamların ya da tamamen ters anlamların aktarımını beraberinde getirmektedir.  Acelecilik. Gerek çeviri sınıflarında, gerek sınıf dışında çeviri genelde acele ile yapılmakta ve hemen bir sonraki tümceye geçilmektedir. Bunun nedeni zaman azlığı ya da özellikle ticari amaçla çeviri yapılan durumlarda "bitse de kurtulsam" mantığı.  Gözden geçirme alışkanlığının bulunmaması. Newmark (1988) çeviri sınavlarına girenlere örneğin üç saat sürecek bir sınavda çeviriyi yeniden gözden geçirmek için bu sürenin 35 dakikasını ayırmalarını, ticari amaçla çeviri yapanlara ise - mümkünse - birinci okuma ile ikinci okuma arasında iki günlük bir ara bırakmalarını önermekte.  Bilgi eksikliği. Ya da dikkatsizlik ile bilgi eksikliğinin bir araya gelmesi. Buna iyi bir örnek olarak yasama ve yürütme yetkilerinden söz eden bir metinde öğrencinin yürütme sözcüğünün karşılığı olarak çalma sözcüğünün yabancı dil karşılığını kullanması gösterilebilir.

5. Dil Aktarımı Dil Aktarımı konusunda iletilebilecek konular çevirinin yapılış yolu ve anadilde yetkinlik başlıkları altında derlenebilir. Çevirinin yapılış yolu söz konu olduğunda, öncelikle, artık bir deyim haline gelmiş olan "Çeviri kadına benzer. Güzel olursa sadık olmaz; sadık olursa güzel olmaz," (Oscar Wilde) sözüne değinmeden geçilemez. Burada sadık olmaktan kastedilen, çeviri olayının kaynak dildeki tümcenin yapısının ve anlamının erek dile aktarımı olarak görülmesi ise, bu terim kabul edilebilir. Ancak, çevirinin amacı tümcenin yapısını aktarmak değil tümcenin anlamını aktarmaktır. Çeviride, kaynak dildeki tek bir tümcenin taşıdığı anlamın erek dile birden fazla tümce ile ve çok daha farklı tümce yapıları ile aktarılması gerekebilir. Kaynak tümcenin yazarının iletmek istediği anlam ile erek tümcenin verdiği anlam aynı ise sadakat gerçekleşmiş ve güzel bir çeviri yapılmış demektir. Dil Aktarımı aşamasında, çeviri yapan kişinin kaynak dildeki tümcenin yansıttığı mesajı tam olarak kavramasının ardından bu mesajı erek dilde, kaynak dildeki tümcenin yazarı erek dilde yazıyor olsaydı kendisinin yapacağı şekilde, aktarması gerekir. Bu da, açıkça anlaşılabileceği gibi, her iki dilde de yetkin olmayı gerektirir. Bu nitelik çeviri için büyük önem taşımakta.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Çeviri her iki dilde de yetkin olmayı gerektirir ve çoğu kimse anadilini doğal olarak gayet iyi bildiği varsayımından yola çıkarak çeviri için yabancı dili öğrenmenin yeterli olduğunu düşünmektedir. Oysa aynı çeviri öğrencileri dil öğrenimleri esnasında yapılan yazma çalışmalarında "Ben bu konuyu Türkçe bile yazamam ki!" diyebilmekte, eğitimleri esnasında ve sonrasında yeterince yazma çalışması yapmadıklarını dile getirmektedirler.

6. Erek Dilde Düzenleme Kaynak dildeki anlamı kavranan ve erek dile nasıl aktarabileceği konusundaki aşama da tamamlanan tümce, Erek Dilde Düzenleme aşamasında erek dilin tümce oluşturma kurallarına uygun biçimde dile getirilecektir.

7. İfade Etme En son aşama, Çevirinin Aşamaları ana başlığı altında da değinildiği gibi, erek dile aktarılacak metnin kaynak dildeki formu ile aktarılması konusunu da içermektedir. Çeviri derslerinde ya da sınavlarda aranmayan bu koşul ticari ya da mesleki amaçla çeviri yapılması durumunda önem kazanabilir.

Sonuç Çevirmenin kendisine karşı, kaynak dildeki metnin yazarına karşı ve kaynak metnin kendisine ulaşabilme şansı olmayan, ulaşabilse bile anlayabilme şansı olmayan erek dildeki okuyucuya karşı sorumlulukları bulunmakta. Tüm bu sorumlulukların yerine getirilebilmesi için, günümüzde artık bir bilim haline gelen çeviri konusunda doğuştan bazı yetenekler gerekeceğine inanmak yersiz olur. Çeviri aşamaları tam olarak incelendiğinde ortaya çıkan tablo, çeviri için gerekli olanların her iki dilde yetkinlik ve duyarlılık, dikkat, titizlik ve isteklilik olduğunu göstermektedir. Genel Çeviri kitapları (isteklilik bölümü size ait olmak üzere), tüm bu niteliklerin geliştirmesini amaçlamaktadır.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

2 Metin Türleri ve Çeviri Yöntemleri Giriş ................................................................................................................. 7 Sunu ................................................................................................................. 7 1. Metin türleri ........................................................................................ 7 2. Çeviri yöntemleri ................................................................................. 8 Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 9 Üretme - Sınama .............................................................................................. 11

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Giriş Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının ikinci konusunda, çeviride karşılaşılan çeşitli türde metinler ve çeviride rol oynayan farklı unsurlar ele alınmakta. Ayrıca, kullanışlı iki çeviri yöntemi tanıtılmakta. Konuya başlamadan önce, çeviride karşılaşabileceğiniz metin türleri hakkındaki mevcut bilginizi ölçün.

Alıştırma

Aşağıda, metinlerden alınma bazı tümceler yer almakta. Bu tümcelerin ve tür metinlere ait olduklarını inceleyin. Metin türlerinin bir listesini oluşturmaya çalışın. Wherever I travelled in Britain, there was the usually bright and busy post office, with its red letter-box, comforting windows, and its sign waving like a big flag.

"... I hope you haven't lost any money, Herr Christoph? " As a matter of, Frau Nowak, that's partly why I came down to see you today. ..."

This book presents a warm welcome, finally, for Carcanet's reissue, in a revised translation, of Natalia Ginzburg's wonderful Family Savings, a fictional anthology of an exceptional family of radical, intellectual Turin Jews.

It won't be long before we are faced with the disdainful scorn of that particular breed of human being that feels that Christmas is beneath them. I am not in any way referring to those who are barred from celebrating Christmas by their religious views but those who disapprove for the mere sake of it, or so it seems.

Sunu 1. Metin türleri A Textbook of Translation başlıklı kitabında Peter Newmark (1988: 13) dört metin türü sıralamakta. Bu listeye ekleyebileceğiniz metin türleri var mı? 1. Anlatım (Narration) 2. Betimleme (Description) 3. Tartışma (Discussion) 4. Karşılıklı konuşma (Dialogue)

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

2. Çeviri yöntemleri Metin türleri çeşitli olduğu gibi, çeviri yöntemleri de bir o kadar çeşitli. Aşağıda verilen özgün metni ve üç farklı çeviriyi inceleyin. Kullanılan her bir çeviri yöntemini tanımlayabilir misiniz? Özgün metin It is a psychological commonplace for a son to feel affection for his mother and to wish his father out of the way. The results are more interesting and more profound when a son, who takes after his mother, dislikes her character and standards of value. 1 O bir psikolojik alışılmış şeydir bir oğul için yakınlık hissetmek annesi için ve istemek babasını yolun dışında. Sonuçlar daha ilginçtir ve daha derindir ne zaman ki bir oğul, ki o alır sonra annesini, onun kişiliğinden hoşlanmaz ve değer standartlarından. [ Çeviri yöntemi: 2

]

Bir oğulun annesine yakınlık duyması ve babasının yolundan çekilmesini istemesi sık rastlanan psikolojik bir olgudur. Annesine benzeyen bir oğul onun kişiliğinden ve değer yargılarından hoşlanmadığı zaman, sonuçlar daha ilginç ve derindir. [ Çeviri yöntemi: 3

]

Bir erkek evladın bir yandan annesine yakınlık duyarken bir yandan da babasının "gölge etmemesini" istemesi sık rastlanan psikolojik bir olgudur. Bu evlat bir de annesine çekmişse ve de annesinin kişiliğinden ve değer yargılarından rahatsızlık duyuyorsa, ortaya ilginç ve çarpıcı sonuçlar çıkacaktır. [ Çeviri yöntemi:

]

Sizce özgün metin ne tür bir yerde yayınlanmış olabilir? 2 ve 3 numaralı metinlerin de nerede yayınlanabileceğini ve çevirinin ne tür bir okuyucu için yapılmış olabileceğini inceleyin. Günlük çalışmalarınızda ya da işinizde, yapmanız gereken çevirinin kabul edilir olabilmesi için ne tür bir okuyucuyu göz önünde bulundurmanız ve hangi çeviri yöntemini kullanmanız daha yararlı olacak? Newmark (1988: 45-57) çeşitli çeviri yöntemleri sıralamakta ve bunlar arasında en iyilerinin İletişimsel Çeviri ve Anlamsal Çeviri olduğunu belirtmekte. Aşağıda verilen çeviri örneklerini inceleyin. Özgün Fransızca metin De Gaulle'e ait. Ġletişimsel Çeviri All my life I have created a certain idea of France for myself. My feeling, as well as my reason, inspires me with this idea. In my mind, I imagine France as a fairy-tale princess or a madonna painted on frescoes, as though destined for a distinguished and exceptional future.

8

Anlamsal Çeviri All my life, I have devised for myself a certain idea of France. Feeling inspires with it as well as reason. What is emotional in me naturally imagines France, like the princess in the fairy-tale or the madonna on the frescoes on the walls, as dedicated to an eminent and exceptional destiny.

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, İletişimsel Çeviri türünde, okuyucunun gereksinimleri göz önünde bulundurularak, çeşitli tanım ve sözcüklerin basitleştirilmesi ve ayrıntılı olarak açıklanması yolu izlenmektedir. Bu nedenle de İletişimsel Çeviri yöntemi ile oluşturulan çeviri metni, Anlamsal Çeviri yöntemi ile oluşturulandan, genelde, biraz daha fazla yer kaplamaktadır. Her ne kadar bu iki yöntem dışında daha bir çok çeviri yöntemi bulunsa da bunlardan sadece Bire-Bir Çeviri Yöntemi işimize yarayabilir. Bu yöntem çeviri yapmak için değil, olası sorunları saptamak için kullanılmaktadır. Yapılması gereken ise, çevirisi yapılacak tümcedeki her bir sözcüğün altına o sözcüğün ilk anlamının yazılması His

son

cannot

walk,

let

alone

run.

Onun

oğul

yapamaz

yürü-

izn ver-

yalnız

koş

ve ortaya çıkan tümceden mantıklı anlam taşıyan bir tümce oluşturulmaya çalışılmasıdır. Oğlu yürüyemiyor, let alone run. ???????????. Oluşan tümcede anlamı bozan bölümün sorun oluşturacağı ve ayrıca incelenmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkar. Sözlük ve dilbilgisi kaynaklarının yardıım ile sorun çözülmeye çalışılır.

İşleme Alıştırma 1

Aşağıda verilen başlıkların ne tür metinlere ait olduklarını bulabilir misiniz? CRETE SCHOOL'S OUT IFS OF HISTORY VISITOR

Yanıtlarınızı kontrol için metinleri okuyun. Bu arada da başlıkları yerleştirin 1. _________________ Crete, the largest and most important of the Greek islands, lies to the south of mainland Greece between the Aegean and the Libyan Seas. The general aspect of the island is diverse in character and physical features. A chain of high mountains divides the island into four distinct regions whose alternating scenery combines to form the impressive beauty of the Cretan landscape. The high mountain ranges of Lekra Ori (The White Mountains), Psiloritis and Dikti form, with their natural division, the island's four large provinces: Chania, Rethymon, Heraklion and Lassithi. 2. _________________ The setting is every child's dream. A huge, rambling, 300-year-old house, warmed by log fires, overrun by pets, and set in acres of natural playground in the Norfolk Broads. And no school. That is what makes the Kirkbride household so rare. James, 18, Tamara, 14, and Hoppy, 10, have spent the last four years doing what other children enjoy only at weekends and holidays.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

They get up when they feel like, breakfast at leisure, and spend the rest of the day doing what they want. They walk, swim, fish, paint, read, play musical instruments, perform their own plays, cook or just sit around and chat. 3. _________________ Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been - would we now be without penicillin? If James Watt had dropped off to sleep before his kettle boiled, would there never have been any trains? When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers. What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may indeed depend on the crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have been as great ? 4. _________________ The big Town Hall clock was striking midnight when Frank began to cross the bridge. The night air was cold and damp. A low mist hung over the river and street-lamps gave little light. Frank was anxious to get home and his footsteps rang loudly on the pavement. When he reached the middle of the bridge he thought he could hear someone approaching behind him. He looked back but could see no one. However, the sound continued and Frank began walking more quickly.

Alıştırma 2

Aşağıdaki durumlardan her birinde, hangi çeviri yönteminin daha yararlı olacağına karar verin. 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Alıştırma 3

Bir bankanın çeviri sınavına katılıyorsunuz. İşyerinizde patronunuz bir faks messajını yazılı olarak çevirmenizi istiyor. Komşunuzun oğlu İngilizce dil kurslarına katılmak amacı ile İngiltere'deki bir dil okuluna başvuruda bulundu. Sizden, dil okulundan gelen mektupta neler yazılı olduğunu iletmenizi istiyor. Yüksek lisans/doktora teziniz için bir kitaptan çeviri alıntı yapmanız gerekmekte. Bir gazete için çalışıyorsunuz. Süper iletkenler konusunda Amerikalı bir fizikçiyle söyleşi yaptınız. Hazırlayacağınız yazı gazetenin Pazar ekinde yayınlanacak. En iyi çeviri yöntemini seçerken hangi unsurları göz önünde bulundurmak gerekebilir. Bir liste oluşturun. Unsurlardan biri örnek olarak verilmekte. 1. Okuyucu 2. 3. 4. 5. ...

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Üretme - Sınama Verilen metinlerden her birinin çeviri olduğunu varsayalım. Bu durumda her birinin bir ansiklopedide bir öğrencinin ders notlarında bir öğretmenin ders sunusunda yer almış olabileceğini inceleyin. Çeviri için göz önünde bulundurulması gereken unsurları biz okuyucu, özgün metnin yayınlandığı yer, çeviri metninin yayınlanacağı yer ve metnin kendisi olarak saptadık. Bu unsurları da düşünerek, çevirisi en kolay gerçekleşecek metni Türkçeye aktarın. Diğer metinleri yardımcı olarak kullanabilirsiniz. Metinler: A. Throughout history, we have tried our best to constitute a synthetic language that would be derived from elements of natural languages, though with simpler grammar and spelling rules. In 1880, a German bishop, Johann Martin Schleyer, invented Volapük, and in 1887, a Polish doctor, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, invented Esperanto. Both Volapük and Esperanto were a combination of Latin, the Romance languages, and the Germanic languages. It was soon discovered that Volapük was so difficult that it was impossible to learn it. However, Esperanto is still a synthetic language which is the most popular among all synthetic languages. Esperanto is the language of conferences; not only are there various newspapers and journals published in Esperanto, but also a large amount of literature – the Bible and the Koran among them – have been translated into the language. Yet, Esperanto is by no means the official international language. Another synthetic language, Interlingua, was created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association, with grammar rules from English and the Romance languages and vocabulary from the main West European languages. Because it has mainly been used in international science and technology publications, Interlingua does away with high costs of multiple translations. W. Ashby and R. Clark, inventors of another language, Glosa, a language with a 1,000 Greek and Latin-origin words, initiated the language in 1981. However, there has been very little advancement towards the objective of a language accepted and used globally.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

B. People have attempted various times to design an artificial language to be derived from elements of natural languages, yet with a simpler grammar and vocabulary: A German bishop, Johann Martin Schleyer, invented Volapük in 1880, which soon proved to be too difficult to learn; In 1887, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, himself a Polish doctor, invented Esperanto which, like Volapük, was a combination of Latin, the Romance languages, and the Germanic languages and which is today the most widely used artificial language. It is used in conferences; there are several newspapers and journals published in Esperanto and and there is a large literature translated into the languaue, including the Bible and the Koran. However, Esperanto is has failed to become a lingua franca. Interlingua, another artificial language, was created by the International Auxiliary Language Association in 1951. Based on grammar rules from English and the Romance languages and vocabulary from the main West European languages, Interlingua has mainly been used in international scientific and technological publications and thus eliminated high costs of translations from and into languages. W. Ashby and R. Clark invented Glosa, another artificial language with a 1,000 Greek and Latin-origin words, and introduced their language in 1981. Despite all these, there has been very little progress towards the purpose of a language accepted and used internationally. C. Many attempts have been made to construct artificial universal languages, based on elements of natural languages with simplifications of grammar and spelling. Volapük, devised in 1880 by the German bishop Johann Martin Schleyer, and Esperanto, invented in 1887 by a Polish doctor, Dr. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, were both based on a combination of Latin, the Romance languages, and the Germanic languages. Volapük eventually proved too difficult to learn and to use; Esperanto is still the most widely spoken of the artificial languages. It is used at international conferences, several newspapers and journals are published in the language, and there is a large translated literature, including the Bible and the Koran. Despite this, Esperanto still does not have official status as an international language. Interlingua, created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association, is derived from English and the Romance languages with a standardized vocabulary based on the main West European languages; it has primarily been used in international scientific and technological journals, thus eliminating the need for costly multiple translations. In 1981, Glosa, a language with a 1,000-word vocabulary derived from Greek and Latin roots, was pioneered by its inventors, W. Ashby and R. Clark. Little progress has been made, however, towards the goal of an internationally recognized and universally used language.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

3 Tümce analizi Giriş ................................................................................................................. 14 Sunu ................................................................................................................ 14 1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar ................................................................ 15 2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar ............................................................... 21 3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar .................................................................. 30 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar .............................................................. 30 Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 31 Üretme ............................................................................................................. 40 Sınama ............................................................................................................. 42

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Giriş Bu konuda, basit ve bileşik tümcelerin tanımlanması ve analiz edilmesi ele alınmaktadır. Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının bu en önemli konusunu çok dikkatli incelemenizi öneririm. Genelde, bir tümcenin çevirisini yaparken, tümce analizi tümcenin Türkçeye aktarılması için nasıl bir yol izlemektesiniz? Aşağıda verilen metinde koyu yazılı tümceleri Türkçeye aktarırken kendi çeviri yaklaşımınızı saptamaya çalışın.

THE BIBLE



The Bible, also called the Holy Bible, is the sacred book or Scriptures of Judaism and of Christianity. The Bible, while mainly a theological document written with the purpose of explaining the nature and moral imperatives of the Christian and Jewish God, is secondarily a book of history and geography. Selected historical materials were included in the text for the purpose of illustrating and underlining the religious teaching of the Bible. Historians and archaeologists have learned to rely upon the amazing accuracy of historical memory in the Bible. The smallest references to persons and places and events contained in the accounts of the Exodus, for instance, or the bibliographies of such Biblical heroes as Abraham and Moses and David, can lead, if properly considered and pursued, to extremely important historical discoveries. The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at "proving" the correctness of the Bible, which is neither necessary nor possible, any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated. It is quite the opposite, in fact. The historical clues in the Bible can lead the archaeologist to a knowledge of the civilizations of the ancient world in which the Bible developed and with whose religious concepts and practices the Bible so radically differed. It can be considered an almost unfailing indicator, revealing to the experts the locations and the characteristics of lost cities and civilizations.

Sunu Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında, çeviri işleminin dört aşaması olduğu belirtilmekte. Bu dört aşama, sırası ile, 1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar 2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar 3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar şeklindedir.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar İngilizce tümcede yer alan anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin Türkçe anlamını, sözlük kullanarak ya da sözcüğün anlamını tahmin çalışması yaparak saptayın. Bu aşamada yapmanız gerekenler: Türkçede, İngilizcedeki anlamdan farklı olarak kullanılan sözcüklere dikkat edin. Bu sözcükler arasında sempatik-symphathetic (= anlayışlı), dramatik-dramatic (= büyük), mamut-mammoth (=büyük), pratik olarak-practically (= tam olarak), economikeconomic (=ekonomiye ilişkin) sayılabilir; Anlamı çok sık karıştırılan sözcüklere dikkat edin.

Alıştırma 1 Anlamı çok sık olarak karıştırılan sözcüklerden bazıları aşağıda sıralanmakta. Sözlük yardımı ile anlamlarını inceleyin. accept accept except expect

except expect They didn't accept the offer. Everyone except the chairman is here. I'm expecting a parcel.

adhesive adhesive adherent

adherent You should use adhesive tape here. He is an adherent of the Liberal Party.

advice advice advise

advise I'll give you a piece od advice. He advised me to leave immediately.

affect affect effect

effect Smoking affects health. He was able to effect certain changes.

alone alone lone lonely

lone lonely The house stands alone on the hill. There is a lone tree in the garden. I'm feeling a bit lonely.

aloud aloud loud

loud Don't speak aloud. I don't like loud music.

alternative alternative alternate

alternate We are looking for alternative ways. It's been a week of alternate rain and sunshine.

at last at last at least

at least At last the post has arrived. There are at least twenty people present.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

channel channel canal

canal The Channel separates England and France. Canals have been built to irrigate the desert.

classic classic classical

classical This film is classic western movie. This is in the classical style of architecture.

comprehensive comprehensible comprehensive It has comprehensive coverage of news. comprehensible This report is comprehensible only to lawyers. conscious conscious conscientious

conscientious He is badly hurt but he is still conscious. This is a conscientious piece of work.

continual continual continuous

continuous They lived in continual fear. The brain needs a continuous supply of oxygen.

credible credible creditable

creditable This is a barely credible excuse. This is a very creditable achievement.

defective defective deficient

deficient We have bought a defective machinery! There is a deficient supply of water.

desirable desirable desirous

anxious for It's desirable that you speak. We are desirous of better relations.

different different indifferent

indifferent We are different from them. He is indifferent to my problems.

disinterested disinterested uninterested

uninterested He is a disinterested observer. I'm completely uninterested in football.

easy easy uneasy

uneasy This problem is easy to solve. I feel quite uneasy.

economical economical economic

economic My new car is quite economical. The economic situation is terrible.

eligible eligible illegible

illegible He is eligible to vote. His writing is almost illegible.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

formerly formerly formally

formally Peru was formerly ruled by the Spanish. I was invited formally.

hard hard hardly

hardly It is hard to accept the truth. The traffic is hardly moving.

helpless helpless helpful

helpful We are quite helpless under these situations. You have been most helpful. thank you.

historic historic historical

historical This is a historic moment. This is a historical society.

human human humane

humane They have found several human skeletons. A humane way to kill animals? Nonsense!

incident incident accident

accident This has been an interesting incident in my life. There has been an accident on the highway.

industrial industrial industrious

industrious Industrial development causes pollution. He is very industrious.

ingenious ingenious ingenuous

ingenuous What an ingenious gadget! She has such an ingenuous smile.

intelligent intelligent intelligible

intelligible He is very intelligent. This argument was barely intelligible.

intolerant intolerant intolerable

intolerable He is intolerant of any opposition. I have an intolerable pain.

invaluable invaluable valueless valuable

valueless valuable You help has been invaluable. This antique coin is valueless. This picture is very valuable.

irrational irrational unreasonable

unreasonable They gave a completely irrational decision. It is unreasonable to expect to work all night.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

lie

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

lie lay

lay Don't lie on the grass; it is wet. He is laying the table.

loose loose loosen lose

loosen My jacket button is loose. You can loosen your tie. What did you lose?

like like alike likely unlike

lose

alike likely unlike People like you should not do sports! The two brothers are very much alike. It is likely that it will rain. Unlike Tom, Peter is very athletic.

means means meaning

meaning You can communicate by means of computers. What's the meaning of this word?

most most mostly

mostly Most people do not like this taste. Seals are found mostly in the Arctic.

official official officious

officious He is a government official. An officious guard came and gave silly orders.

popular popular populous

populous This serial is very popular among housewives. London is the most populous area of Britain.

practice practice practical practically presumption presumption assumption

practical practically You should do some practice. He has found some practical solutions. He is practically useless. assumption She presented a presumption of innocence. This information is purely assumption.

principle principle principal

principal In principle, this plane shouldn't fly. What is the principal method here?

prize prize price priceless

price priceless He has received the grand prize. What is the price of a pair of ordinary shoes? This painting is priceless.

raise raise rise

rise He raised the lid of the box. The sun is rising.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

ready ready readily

readily Are you ready to dance? He readily volunteered for the service.

regrettable regrettable regretful

regretful His behaviour at the party was most regrettable. She looked with regretful glances.

sensitive sensitive sensible

sensible His skin is sensitive to temperature changes. What he suggested was very sensible.

signify signify significant

significant He signified the importance of the experiment. This point is very significant.

suit suit suite

suite You should wear a suit to the office. They bought a pink bathroom suite.

terrible terrible terrific

terrific This food is terrible! I can't eat it. The music was terrific! I loved it.

than than then

then There are more than ten people in the queue. Then, he showed me his ID.

through through thorough

thorough He looked through the window. They gave a thorough check to the office.

worth worth worthless

worthless Is it worth a second try? This stamp collection is worthless. Anlamını iyi bildiğiniz sözcükler konusunda bile kuşkucu olun (Çeviri derslerinde öğrencilere sık sık anımsattığım gibi, "Sözcüğün anlamını bilmiyorsanız sözlüğe bakın; sözcüğün anlamını biliyorsanız sözlüğe mutlaka bakın."). Anlamını iyi bildiğiniz bir sözcük, o tümcede farklı bir anlamda kullanılıyor olabilir: Dates are quite refreshing when you are in the middle of a desert. date = hurma Başka sözcük ya da sözcükler yerine kullanılan it, he, she, one, that, the former, the latter gibi değinme sözcüklerini (= reference words) inceleyin. Bu sözcükler metin içinde önceden değinilmiş ya da sonradan değinilen sözcükler yerine kullanılıyor olabilirler (değinme sözcükleri, beşinci bölümdeki Metin Analizi ve Çevirisi aşamasının başlangıç metinlerinde, metnin sağ tarafında belirtilmekte).

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

The pyramids on the west bank of the Nile were built by the pharaohs as royal tombs. They date from 3000 BC. The most celebrated are those at Gizza, built during the fourth dynasty, of which the largest is the one that housed the pharaoh Khufu, better known as Caeops. This is now called the Great Pyramid. Böyle sözcüklerin Türkçeye çeviri esnasında nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini düşünün. Örneğin, yukarıdaki örneğin ikinci satırında geçen They sözcüğü çeviri esnasında Onlar olarak mı yoksa Bu piramitler olarak mı aktarılmalı ?

Alıştırma 2 Aşağıda verilen tümcelerin herbirinde bir değinme sözcüğü bulunmakta. Bu alıştırmada koyu yazılı olarak verilen değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin. 1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against. Catching sight of him in a supermarket one day, Archer followed the man with the limp to an apartment in a run-down neighbourhood. The award was presented to the playwright by the Chairman of the Committee, who said of him that he brought pleasure to literally millions of theatergoers and television viewers. While Jane was persuading Mary to ask her for the keys to the car, Mrs. Jones happened to be listening at the door and quickly went downstairs and out of the house. Looking at her closely for the first time in months, Elizabeth realized sadly that the woman was indeed beginning to grow old. Violet rushed past the general's daughter, strode to the door of the drawing room, and turned to throw her a look of withering scorn before slamming the door with grim satisfaction. Knowing them well, the Hammonds realized that the Shepherds were unlikely to be on time to meet their guests. Doctors treating patients with diet pills usually warn them of the dangers of addiction. Though it is not usually difficult to understand them, stutterers often cause parents a lot of worries. Intrigued by insects of all kinds, the youngsters spent hours trapping and studying them. Its usefulness was a thing of the past, but his first bicycle continued to stand in the corner of his bedroom. The defendants insisted on addressing the members of the jury, thus disregarding the advice of their lawyers. Jean, along with her sisters Doris and May, baked cakes for the annual contest at the country fair. Jean was sorry hers lost, but happy that Doris won a ribbon for her entry. The English surprisingly beat the French at the battle of Agincourt in 1415 because theirs were the most disciplined archers. The opportunity to sample several possible majors as well as greater career flexibility after graduation are two reasons why students choose a liberal arts college; these are not the only ones, however. Signs of ageing are unavoidable, but those that can be disguised are of particular interest to cosmetic companies. The proposals were discussed at length by the members of the committee, with only one of them emerging intact. Note that the instructions preceding the questions encourage students to concentrate only on the ones they feel they understand.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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19. The NASA scientists and astronauts were equally excited by Al Shepherd's first sub-orbital flight and by John Glenn's orbital journey, but it was the latter which caught the attention of the American public. 20. Both the government and the private sector fund basic and applied research, but grants for the former tend to be relatively restricted in times of economic difficulties. Normal kullanımları dışında kullanılmakta olan sözcüklere dikkat edin. Metin yazarının kendisinin türettiği sözcüklere dikkat edin. POCKETY WOMEN UNITE? Pockets are what women need more of. The women's movement in the past decade has made giant strides in achieving greater social justice for females, but there's a great deal of work yet to be done. And it can't be done without pockets. Bu örnekte, başlıkta kullanılan POCKETY sözcüğü sözlüklerde yer almayan, metnin yazarının türettiği bir sözcük.

2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar Sözcük düzeyindeki sorunları hallettikten sonra, tümcenin dilbilgisi ile ilgili sorunlarını incelemeye başlayabilirsiniz. Birden fazla kullanımları olan AS, FOR, SINCE, YET sözcüklerine dikkat edin. Few people have been so influential in determining the course of the Western as Harte, since (1) the characters he established in these, and other, stories have since (2) become stock figures in the genre ... . (Lewis, 1997: 1. Yazar Francis Brett Harte'ın biyografisinden)

(1) -> because

;

(2) -> since his writing anlamında, -dEn beri

Tümcedeki THAT, GERUND (-ing) ve PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) yapılara dikkat edin. That sözcüğü aşağıdaki niteliklerden birini taşıyabilir. Noun Clause Relative Clause Bu Değinme sözcüğü

It is known that he is a drunk. I like books that were written by Kurt Vonnegut. Actually, I like that kind of music. The population of Turkey is higher than that of Iraq.

Gerund yapının kullanılabileceği durumlar: Relative Clause Time Clause Ad Sıfat Reason Clause Yüklem çekimi

He is a man living in poverty. Breaking the door, they went into the office. He came in smiling. Playing football is his main hobby. I've found the film interesting enough. Being a seaside resort, the city is beautiful. He's been studying.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Past participle yapının kullanılabileceği durumlar: Relative Clause Time Clause Sıfat Reason Clause Yüklem çekimi

This is a building built before the War. Completed on time, the bridge looked marvellous. He seems to be interested in the scheme. Wounded several times, he died instantly. He has studied

Alıştırma 3 Aşağıdaki tümcelerde gerund yapı bulunmaktadır. Tümcelerin özne ve yüklemini saptayın ve gerund yapının işlevini belirleyin. İlk tümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır.

1.

Ö Y Jogging is good for health.

2.

I have been working too hard lately.

3.

Having completed his speech, the Chairman sat down to sip his wine.

4.

Animals living in zoos are, no matter how good the conditions are, actually imprisoned.

5.

To tell you the truth, I hate being laughed at.

6.

Opening the subject of artificial memory, the professor sat down to a corner to watch his colleagues express their views.

7.

Speaking as a layman, I can only suggest that the Mayor should use all his initiative to stop this construction.

8.

We have been looking forward to seeing his second wife.

9.

Nothing is worth having if it can be had without spending an effort.

Jogging  İsim

10. Reading, writing, speaking and listening are the five basic skills in language learning. 11. While learning a foreign language, the learner is expected to gain proficiency in all of these five skills. 12. Providing that he is given opportunities and time to practice, anyone can learn a foreign language. 13. The armoured-car my brother has been working on was used to carry the diamonds from one bank to another. 14. In most cases, avoiding dark streets will save your money and life. 15. There is definitely no point in insisting. 16. He came in murmuring. 17. The part of the plan concerning the decorating our club has been passed. 18. There is nobody paying any attention to the danger the current state of erosion has been posing.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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19. Living comfortably in a remote village, Arthur C. Clarke has been sharing his life experiences with the primitives. 20. Hoping to find something to eat, he dived into the garbage bin. Tümcenin basit tümce mi, bileşik tümce mi olduğunu belirleyin. Man definitely overshadows the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee is, nevertheless, a creature of immense significance to the understanding of man. {Basit tümce} Recently it has been proved that the chimpanzee is capable of communicating with people in quite a sophisticated manner. {Bileşik tümce: Noun clause}

Alıştırma 4 Aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin ve basit tümce mi yoksa bileşik tümce mi olduğunu saptayın. 1.

To pass the test is his big dream.

2.

That big office block will definitely create more jobs.

3.

It is important to book in this restaurant well in advance.

4.

That translation is a hard subject is accepted by everyone.

5.

Those books will definitely help you in your studies.

6.

Parking is strictly prohibited in this area.

7.

Interesting ideas are rarely appreciated in the modern schooling system.

8.

To err is human, to forgive is divine.

9.

His will will be read before the closest relatives next weekend.

10. Both the old and sick have been seriously suffering from the consequences of air pollution. 11. The United States is among the few oil-producing countries. 12. To sleep till lunch time can be quite relating, especially on a Sunday. 13. Deep down in my heart lies the love for my lovely village. 14. The late Dean used to check the time every now and then out of habit. 15. Nothing will prevent him from completing his expedition into the Amazon rain forest. 16. Nowhere can you find a cheaper piece of furniture. 17. To the north of the desert is a surprisingly modern town.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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18. Jogging has recently lost its initial popularity. 19. Not everyone is capable of improvising. 20. Failing in a test is definitely not the end of everything. 21. The new executive committee backs our efforts to join a union. 22. To tell the truth in all occasions is not always beneficial. 23. What will happen to those poisoned seals in the North Sea is still unknown. 24. "Why" is not the right question to ask while learning a foreign language. It is better to ask "How?". 25. Mr. Richardson is expected to arrive in about an hour. 26. Little do we know about the dark side of the Moon. 27. Can you imagine a social outbreak in the USA in the next 25 years ? 28. There are several alternatives to take into consideration. 29. That the rate of inflation will increase is hard to deny. 30. I'd rather stay here and take a nap. 31. How many times do I have to tell you not to park your car here in front of my window! 32. Will Ms Jo Lewis see the Manager as soon as possible please. 33. Those snakes weekly eat almost a pound of meat. 34. Held hostages by the terrorists in the building were two French journalists. 35. Tourism had always been the main source of capital input in this small Pacific island. 36. People in remote parts of the country fail to accept the social changes so quickly. 37. Cans need to be disposed properly. 38. It can hardly move. 39. Someone watching secretly through a key-hole or a crack or something like that is generally called a "peeping Tom". 40. It is a relief to complete all these 40 sentences with hardly a mistake.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Basit tümcenin Ö+Y+N unsurlarını saptayın. A man who smiles when greeting a friend, or who inclines his head when passing an acquittance in the street, is not necessarily acknowledging that the other has a superior social status. A man who ... -> Özne

is acknowledging-> Yüklem

Bileşik tümcenin Ana Tümce ve Yan Tümce unsurlarını saptayın. Daha sonra bu unsurları S+V+O açısından inceleyin. Tümcenin unsurlarını birbirinden ayırmak için // ve / işaretlerini kullanın; geçici olarak bir kenara bırakılabilecek bölümleri [ ] ile belirleyin. Mary, [the president of the family council,] conferred upon Robert the title vicepresident, // because she thought / he would do a good job.

Alıştırma 5 Bu alıştırmada, a. Basit Tümce - Bileşik Tümce ayrımını yapın. b. Bileşik tümce ise Ana Tümce - Yan Tümce bölümleri saptayın. c. Yüklemleri belirleyin. d. that, gerund ve past participle yapıları inceleyin. İlk tümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır. 1. The teacher times the test. a. Basit tümce c. Yüklem, times 2.

Those who want to relax for a few days and read book a first class cabin on the cruise liner.

3.

Hardly had he caught the fish when he saw the no fishing sign a few metres away.

4.

People who have very few hours for a decent sleep dream of a long, deep sleep in a quiet place.

5.

Placed on the summit of the mountain was a huge monastery.

6.

He tried with all his might to save the tree in the garden, but it was in vain.

7.

This group of extremists generally plant harmless bombs.

8.

Finally the car hit the pavement and came to a stand.

9.

This song will doubtlessly become a great hit in weeks to come.

10. So deeply rooted is my hatred that I don't think I'll ever forgive him. 11. In the formula E = mc2, what does E stand for? 12. Surprisingly, Peter's cat mothers his pet dog's puppies. 13. What he is after is a mystery to me. 14. Interrupting other people is likely to result in an argument.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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15. Following a long travel on one of the roughest country roads on camel back is a rather long climb down into a deep pit. 16. Down rock two large stones. 17. Tomorrow's hearing in the Central Court will be of a decisive character. 18. Surprisingly, this tiny boat houses more than a dozen people. 19. Only when he tried the new jacket on did he realize how much weight he had gained recently. 20. Not only can she play the guitar, she is a fine singer as well. 21. The problem so far has been how we will handle the high rate of unemployment. 22. Here lies the grave of the fireman who helped save children in the Orphanage. 23. Yesterday, many crops were damaged due to a severe freeze unknown to living memory. 24. Nicotine deposits in lungs to form cancer and other forms of lung disorder. 25. That was definitely the wrong decision to take under these circumstances. 26. Then, Tom and his closest friends head into the manager office and slam the door. 27. Under on condition will your money be refunded. 28. Pete aims to celebrate the Valentine's Day with his girlfriend out in the country. 29. Deep down in this mine lie rich deposits of titanium. 30. Students reserving a room in advance need to sign in at least 24 hours before they move in. 31. Should you feel in need, I'm in my room. 32. There seem to be several advantages of doing exercises early in the morning. 33. Salute the flag before you step aboard a military boat. 34. Modern offices are generally equipped with micro-processors. 35. Decorated with balloons and colourful ribbons was there a beautiful Mercedes. 36. There is hardly any point in insisting on the old plan. 37. Swimming in a lake may well be dangerous. 38. The little girl mouthed the word so that her mother wouldn't hear what she was telling. 39. We will try and reach the spot that the helicopter pilot pointed. 40. Hardly anyone actually intends to kill themselves when they attempt for suicide.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Bileşik tümcede Ana Tümce ile Yan Tümceyi birbirine bağlayan yapıyı (= clause marker) belirleyin. (Genel Çeviri 1 kitabı bu konuda size kaynak teşkil edecektir.) Kimi zaman bu yapının unsurları birbirinden çeşitli sözcüklerle ayırılmış olabilir. Mary, [the president of the family council,] conferred upon Robert the title vicepresident, // because she thought /{that} he would do a good job.

Alıştırma 6

Aşağıdaki tümcelerde tümce türünü belirleyip yanına Relative Clause (RC), Noun Clause (NC), Comparison Clause (CC), Adverbial Clause (AC), Verbless Clause (VC) yazın (bu yapıların her biri Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ayrıntılı olarak işlenmekte). İlk beş tümce örnek olarak yapılmıştır.

1.

Do you know the tax collector operating in this town? (RC)

2.

He was lying in front of the grate, unconscious. (VC)

3.

Soon after the war was over, he was shot accidentally. (AC)

4.

He claims that speeding on roads is not so dangerous. (NC)

5.

We aren't experienced enough to teach these students. (CC)

6.

As long as there is water available, I can live on any island.

7.

The place where he left his car was a remote village near Kent.

8.

Actually, you can't go wherever you want.

9.

Hardly had he entered when he noticed the missing table.

10. Amused, they spent a minute or two outside the pub. 11. They were so terrified that they could hardly speak. 12. That counting all these paper files will take up a lot of our time is obvious. 13. Who is the youngest in this class? 14. Youngest members of the club have appealed that they are given better priority at the election. 15. He arrived at the scene of the accident, too late. 16. They are planning to do away with the Chairman, which is to say that we are in for a terrible chaos. 17. The sooner you complete the project, the more time you will have to revise it. 18. It is usually argued that Mexican people do not pay attention to time. 19. Now that we have come to a conclusion, we can get back to our original question. 20. The statue erected a year ago has, unfortunately, been damaged.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Aşağıdaki tümcelerden bazılarında birden fazla clause yapı bulunmaktadır. Bunları tanımlayın. 21. They usually argue that the closer you get to the Equator, the less likely you are to see clocks in parks and town halls. 22. I am really sick and tired of her repeatedly asking for help for so trivial matters. 23. Swimming in the pond, the boys splashed water and threw mud at one another. 24. The thing which annoys me most is the fact that though they know nothing bout engineering, they are the ones to decide whether or not the project is feasible. 25. Would you please return the books you borrowed as soon as possible? 26. Seeing that he was getting uneasy, we decided to leave the room silently to give him a chance to talk to the psychiatrist in private. 27. Nowhere can you find so nasty people as those who live by the mountain peak. 28. What we intend to do here is to start a new scheme and thus provide the young with opportunities to participate in the political system. 29. I had been working peacefully when, suddenly one day, the personnel manager invited me into his office on the top floor to tell me something extremely important. 30. The children got so much bored with the puppet show, they started playing games right there, in the middle of the auditorium. 31. Is it true that the woman standing over there is deaf and dumb ? 32. Under no circumstances are we authorized to give our price list as this might cause competition. 33. Because not many people can afford to buy a car, most banks offer credit. 34. The new secretary the job office recommended is not as competent as she seems to be. 35. Provided that there is plenty of time and equipment, it is likely that anyone in your position can learn what you have been doing so far. 36. Even though she studied as hard as she could, she failed to enter the test simply because she went into the testing room almost an hour late. 37. The milkman, seeing that the front door had been left ajar, opened the door cautiously to see the young woman sitting in a wooden chair, her eyes fixed on the side window. 38. How many copies do we need to have to submit to the committee? 39. Where the children have been playing used to be a shopping center almost a decade ago. 40. What I have always wanted to do is to find a person intelligent enough to understand what I'm talking about.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

Alıştırma 7

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Aşağıdaki tümcelerin bazıları bileşik tümce, bazılarında ise bir "tümcecik" ("tümcecik" kavramı, yan tümce niteliğini taşımayan, yüklemden yoksun birim için kullanılmakta) yer almakta. Tümceleri inceleyin. 1.

Not so sure, he raised his head to read the document.

2.

Before the end of the concert, most of the audience had already left.

3.

People living in the desert depend on dates and other fruit for water.

4.

Through their electing the former Interior Minister the President, the minority group have challenged the majority's authority.

5.

Although he lived most of his life in misery, Toulouse Lautrec produced extremely vivid and colourful works.

6.

Bats are known to carry rabies from one victim to another without having to suck blood or bite.

7.

Located on the high slopes of a mountain, Katmandu attracted hundreds of thousands of young people in the 60's and 70's.

8.

King Henry VIII, notorious for his tragic marriages, is an important character in English history.

9.

Our planet, though it is not the largest in our solar system, seems to be the only planet to have an atmosphere to provide enough oxygen for life.

10. Calling themselves members of the Red Army of Italy, these terrorists terrorized Italy for almost a decade, killing and kidnapping various important figures. 11. As well as being a tourist site, Antalya is famous for its international harbour. 12. Australia, which is now the smallest continent, was once one part of a larger continent. 13. Unless we have a better plan by tomorrow morning, we can have no chance of earning our clients' trust. 14. That it rained so much, after all these dark clouds, is not surprising at all. 15. At the far end of the long corridor stood an antique coat-hanger. 16. Which class will first use the language lab is the crucial question here. 17. Whatever they claim it to be, this plan is a complete fake. 18. Count Dracula, the famous hero in horror books, originally lived centuries ago. 19. Do many people apply for the summer courses at the institute? 20. Can you repeat "Two witches are watching two watches; which witch would watch which watch ?" without reading the sentence?

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar Bu aşamada tümcenin yansıttığı anlamın Türkçeye aktarılması hedeflenmektedir. Dikkat etmeniz gereken noktalar şunlar: Anlamı kavramak için mevcut tüm ipuçlarını (bağlam, çizim, dipnot, kıyaslama gibi) kullanın. Bu amaçla, tüm metni dikkatle okuyun. Önemli olan, İngilizce tümcenin yapısal niteliklerinin aktarılması değil, anlamının yansıtılmasıdır. Bu nedenle de, İngilizce tümcenin uzunluğunda bir Türkçe tümce üretmek gibi bir amaç güdülmemelidir. İngilizce tümcedeki her bir sözcüğün Türkçeye aktarılması gerekmediği gibi, olduğu gibi aktarılması da anlamsız olacaktır. Örneğin, ... make concessions ... yapısını .. tavizler yapmak .. olarak Türkçeye aktarmak hiç de doğru olmayacaktır. ... tavizlerde bulunmak ../ .. taviz vermek ... olarak aktarılması gerekir.

4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar Bütünlük aşamasında, Türkçeye aktarılmış olan tümcenin kendisinden önceki ve sonraki tümcelerin, içinde bulunduğu paragrafın ve en son olarak da metnin anlamı ile uyum için de olup olmadığının incelenmesi gerekir. Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının bu konusunda, değinilen bu aşamaların ilk ikisi ele alınmakta. Diğer ikisi ise bir sonraki konuda işlenmekte.

Alıştırma 8

Tümce analizi için kimi zaman dilbilgisi ve sözcük bilgisi ile ilgili sorunları çözümlemek yeterli olmamakta. Örneğin, aşağıda verilen tümceyi Türkçeye aktarmayı deneyin. The people who live next door but one have a revolting cat. (revolting [adj.]= iğrenç)

Tümcenin anlamını aktarmayı başaramazsanız, bir de sorunu oluşturan yapının kullanıldığı aşağıdaki tümceyi inceleyin. Our house is the last but one on the left-hand side. Çeviriyi yine de başaramadıysanız, bu yapı aşağıdaki kısa paragrafta da ele alınmakta.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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I live in a quiet part of the town. My neighbours are all retired people who spend the entire day either watching television or sitting in the veranda and knitting. Some have interesting habits like model-ship building, and some have pet animals, mainly cats. For example, the Bucks', living next door, own a beautiful Siamese cat. Those who live next door but one have a revolting cat. Walk two houses further left, and you will see the smallest dog you are ever likely to meet.

Alıştırma 9

Bir önceki alıştırmada olduğu gibi, bu alıştırmada tüm sözcüklerinin anlamını bildiğiniz bir tümcenin analizini yapmanız gerekmekte. I didn't notice that the bus had stopped to pick up some passengers, and I went straight into the back of it. Sizce bu tümceyi söyleyen kişi nerede? Tümce içinde görüşlerinizi destekleyen ipuçları neler?

İşleme Alıştırma 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Aşağıdaki tümcelerde tümcenin sözcüklerinin Türkçe karşılığını saptayın; yüklem olabilecek sözcükleri belirleyin; bunlardan hangisinin esas yüklem olduğunu saptayın; tümce basit tümce ise unsurlarını / işareti ile birbirinden ayırın; tümce bileşik tümce ise ana tümce ile yan tümceyi // işareti ile ayırın; clause yapıları tanımlayın; tümcede şimdilik bir kenara bırakılabilecek unsurları [ ] ile belirleyin; tümceyi Türkçeye aktarın; çevirinizde kullandığınız Türkçenin güncel, anlam bakımından özgün tümcenin anlamına uygun olup olmadığını kontrol edin. 1.

Some drugs intended to counteract insomnia are not without dangerous side effects.

2.

A wild animal is more apt to be irascible when hungry than when satiated.

3.

To prove a Rembrandt painting authentic is to make certain it was painted by Rembrandt himself.

4.

Papers which document the inception of a country's new government provide historical records of its beginnings.

5.

The law requires that gifts of eloquence be reported accurately on the owner's income tax return.

6.

A year by year increase in the number of a company's pensioners may not necessarily reflect company growth.

7.

A driver who covers a distance of 1200 kilometres in three days averages 400 kilometres per day.

8.

Any statesman who opposes liberalizing immigration quotas objects to the entrance of immigrants into his country.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

9.

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

To state that ocean temperatures are fairly stable over vast areas does not rule out the possibility of temperature differences.

10. Not everyone properly described as eccentric possesses the essential qualities of genius. 11. An agreement to increase spending for research hardly guarantees the success of the project dependent upon that research. 12. Discrepancies in the testimony of a court witness tend to discredit his reliability. 13. The superstition that red infuriates a bull results form mistaking coincidence for cause and effect. 14. Culture includes all the ways of behaving which an individual learns from others as a member of society. 15. Because athlete's foot and other fungus infections depend upon individual susceptibility, the widespread use of preventive techniques has not been adopted. 16. Notwithstanding its general acceptance, the idea that all nature exists for the direct benefit of the human race rests on no reliable foundation. 17. The four-minute mile wouldn't amount to much were it not for the fact that the human body is poorly adapted for running or anything else but thinking. 18. It is probable that out of any large group of top-rank scientists a fair proportion will be neither saints nor sinners. 19. Feudal landowners, instead of pursuing the system of farming their lands by the labour of their dependants, became landlords by receiving rent for the use of their lands. 20. Animals with backbones constitute but a relatively small proportion of living things and are a comparatively recent group without the length of history behind them possessed by many other types of plants and animals. 21. This comprehensive plan for a system of common schools was, in the face of the most discouraging opposition, constantly adhered to Thomas Jefferson, although he did not live to see universal education an accomplished fact. 22. The director agreed to whittle the entries down to about 1000 volunteered paintings which would go into the show along with offerings from a specially invited group of already recognized name artists. 23. The central idea of English mercantilism was that as the whole is greater than any of its parts, the national economy should aim at the prosperity of the nation as a whole, even when that meant the disadvantage of one segment or another.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

Alıştırma 2

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Tümce ile en yakın anlamı taşıyan tümceyi işaretleyin. Daha sonra tümceyi analiz edin. 1. Not even a genius is capable of high anger and high thinking at one and the same time. a. b.

The ability to think and the habit of anger develop at different times in a person's life. Good thinking does not take place during periods of violent anger.

2. A large part of the British and American press has in effect abandoned the pretence of dealing exclusively with facts. a. b.

Some British and American newspapers no longer pretend to deal only with the facts. Many British and American newspapers print only the facts.

3. A widely held myth is that the common people always applaud the spending of public money in their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes. a. b.

It is widely believed that the common people will favour the spending of public money on their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes. It is true that the common people will favour the spending of public money on their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes.

4. A genius glories in his willingness to be wrong; for probing in the dark for the truth is bound to bring ninety-nine fruitless gropings for one successful grasp. a. b.

Typically, the search for truth is marked by more mistakes than successes. A true genius may experience many failures before he finds success.

5. Tourists in Canada impressed by the Frenchness or the Englishness of the people are astonished to learn that one of every five Canadians is other than French or British in origin. a. b.

Tourists in Canada are astonished to learn that the majority of the people who live there are neither French nor English in origin. Although visitors to Canada are impressed by the French or English characteristics of the people, substantial numbers of Canadians are neither French nor British in origin.

6. The only difference between electricity generated in an atomic plant and electricity produced in ordinary steam generating plants is in the fuel that heats the water for steam to spin the generator. a. b.

Electricity produced in an atomic plant is no more dangerous than any other electricity. Electricity produced in an atomic plant is exactly the same as electricity produced in a steam generating plant.

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7. In the case of a living author, an appraisal of his personal character on the basis of what he publishes may unduly sanctify him or, on the other hand, justify a suit for libel. a. b.

Any appraisal of an author's character on the basis of the writings will justify a suit for libel. The evaluation of a man's character on the basis of his writings is not necessarily valid.

8. Any substance taken into body that can be utilized for the release of energy, for the regulation of body processes, or for the building or repair of tissues falls into the category of food. a. b.

To be classified as a food, a substance must have all these properties: it must help release energy, help regulate body processes, and build or repair body tissue. A substance is food if, when taken into the body, it can be used to release energy.

9. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society are certain to be formidable. a. b.

The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society may prove to be trifling. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon society will be menacing.

10. Although the monastic schools were hostile to classical literature as representing the temptations of the world, and religious beliefs prevented the use of any work of science, they preserved for us a considerable amount of Greek and Roman culture. a. b.

Today we are indebted to the monastic schools for some of our understanding of Greek and Roman culture. Since the monastic schools opposed the teaching of classical literature, it is doubtful that they performed any valuable service.

11. Patriotic sensitiveness to differences between English and American usage of the language did not appear until after the revolution, and sprang not from a sense of lack or fault in American English, but rather from an unwillingness to use English textbooks. a. b.

After the Revolution American patriots were sensitive about their faulty use of English. Sensitiveness to differences in English and American use of the language grew out of an unwillingness to use English textbooks.

12. Radiant energy from the sun is the source of practically all the forces that man directs upon the earth. a. b.

There is no power or force under the control of man that did not have its source in the radiant energy from the sun. Most of the forces that man directs on the earth had their sources in the radiant energy of the sun.

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13. Any disease or injury which occurs during the course of employment and raises out of that employment is defined by law as an industrial injury. a. b.

A disease arising out of employment but developing after the termination of employment is not legally an industrial injury. To be defined by law as an industrial injury a disease or injury must have two characteristics: it must occur during employment and arise out of that employment.

14. As long as America remained overwhelmingly English, it was English music that dominated and the music of the literate classes included more hymns than love songs. a. b.

During the British period in America the music of the educated people consisted largely of British hymns. Learned people in America during the British period had little music of any kind.

15. Had the author expressed his own considered opinions as to the importance of each thread in his story, he would have enhanced the book so as to make it the ultimate word on the subject. a. b.

The book does not constitute the final word on the subject. No book is valuable which does not include the author's opinions.

16. The value of collective action in providing the means of public education - an unknown value in Europe in the seventeenth century was not promptly found in the New World. a. b.

A strong desire for public education was one of the reasons for the establishment of the colonies of the New World. The value of group action in providing the means of public education was not known in seventeenth century Europe.

17. Animals are said to be warm-blooded or cold-blooded: the former means that they have a constant body temperature while the latter means that the body temperature varies with the external temperature. a. b.

The temperature of cold-blooded reptiles is lower in cold weather than in warm weather. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals is always lower than the body temperature of warm-blooded animals.

18. There are savage peoples today with whom the year is a somewhat indefinite unit, while the moon and its phases are so evident and impressive that the calendar is for these tribes an enumeration of moons. a. b.

Since the savage peoples can see the moon and its changes, they are more impressed by it than by the year which they cannot see. Savage peoples who cannot think in terms of the year as a unit of time can not keep an accurate calendar.

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19. Geometry has its origin in the valley of the Nile where it developed to meet a practical need; it was used in the measurement of the earth's surface in the restoration of boundaries obliterated by the annual inundations of the river. a. b.

Originally geometry was developed to weigh and measure the dirt displaced by the overflowing waters of the Nile. The original geometry text was buried for centuries in the flooded lands beside the Nile.

20. A school which places a premium on intellectual achievement is less concerned with athletics than with superior academic students. a. b.

Superior students are rarely good athletes. If a school strives chiefly for superior academic standing, it is more interested in good students than in good athletes.

21. All told, the South produces almost half of out lumber and the proportion may well increase, for the climate encourages secondgrowth timber. a. b.

Because of the climate, the South may in time produce fifty per cent or more of our lumber. The climate of the South encourages the growth of the finest timber in the country.

22. Prices are determined in part by the forces of demand on the buyer's side and by supply and cost of production on the seller's side. a. b.

A company with the sole right to a patent can ask and get any price it wishes for the patented product. The cost of production, the size of supply, and the demand for the product are all factors which help to determine the price.

23. We are accustomed to thinking of bacteria as omnipresent and versatile, playing a many role in the drama of life, now helping and now hindering. a. b.

We are used to the idea that some bacteria are helpful and others harmful. Bacteria are all alike in that they are present everywhere and always a danger to man.

24. An industry that is protected by the government is in dangerous position, for the ability to improve manufacturing techniques cannot be developed under the soft blanket of protection. a. b.

An industry is most apt to improve its manufacturing techniques if it enjoys freedom from fear of competition. In a sense, governmental protection serves as a hindrance rather than a help to an industry.

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25. The Spartans dwelt in the midst of hostile people they had subjugated, and strength, courage, and obedience to the laws had to be developed in their youth if they were to survive. a. b.

The training of Spartan youth was determined in part at least by the nearness of unfriendly people. Since they lived in the midst of the conquerors, Spartan youths were forced to learn obedience.

26. Let it not be supposed that scientific descriptions rob nature of her beauty or that our delighted sense of colour is in any danger of being blunted by tracing the sources of our sensations. a. b.

If we attempt to describe a sunset scientifically we are no longer able to appreciate its beauty. Nature itself is not changed by our efforts to describe it scientifically.

27. A diplomat who goes to a country where modes of salutation are different from those he has already learned must be carefully instructed lest he shock the expectations of the nation which he seeks to influence. a. b.

If a diplomat is to influence the country to which he goes, he must not behave in any way which is contrary to expectation. A foreign country has been offended by a diplomat who failed to know and observe its modes of salutation.

28. When primitive man evolved to the level where he practised barter, which is one step above anything of which an animal is capable, the range of attention was infinitely broader than it was at the stage of robbery. a. b.

Alıştırma 3

In the history of man the stage of stealing precedes the stage of trading. Early trading was accompanied by music and group celebrations. Verilen tümceleri sorulara göre inceleyin. Birinci sorunun yanıtı örnek olarak verilmekte.

1. Which of the following sentences was written by a football fan? a.

b.

Despite the fact that the game of basketball is of great appeal, it is definitely unable to match the extraordinary individual skills of the professional players or seasonlong build up of excitement that football provides. Football used to be a perfect game, the favourite game of whole Europe, Asia, Africa and South America; however, times have changed and football has fallen behind the times, its place in the media having been taken by professional basketball.

2. Which of the following statements was written by a supporter of drugcontrol laws? a. b.

In fact, it is not our wish to limit individual freedoms, but we cannot allow the use of even mild drugs as the situation currently is. Much as we understand the fear that widespread use of drugs leads to increased social problems, we still insist on the fundamental right of our citizens to freely use anything they choose to do so.

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3. Which of the following statements was written by a person who likes Venice? a.

b.

For all its lovers' claims that Venice has once again become a beautiful city to be proud of, there is a great deal to be said for the jokes you hear about the city on radio and television. Thanks to recent nation-wide efforts, it has once again become a city to be proud of, despite the jokes you hear on radio and television about Venice and its slow sinking into the waters of the Aegean,

4. Which of the following statements was written by a language learner who prefers native speaker teachers to non-native speaker teachers? a.

b.

Their outstanding tolerance and even their almost perfect knowledge of foreign language notwithstanding, non-native language teachers simply cannot fill the gap that native speakers obviously is unaware of. They may obviously lack some of the cultural and even the linguistic advantages that non-native speaker teachers seem to have, but native speaker teachers more than make up for this with their excellent knowledge of the language that they teach.

5. Which of the following statements was written by an hunting? a.

b.

opponent

of

Hunting may have its opponents but they are usually people who either have never had the experience of hunting or are unable to feel the great excitement of this lovely activity. Hunters and some other people may well say anything they want about the excitement of the hunting, or the idea that the hunter is in a way an environmentalist, but that does nothing to hide the fact that it is the wild animals that suffer.

6. Which of the following statements was written by a proponent of the idea that circus is dying? a.

b.

In our modern age, with its freely available entertainment, accessible at the turn of a television or radio switch, the circus is simply an artificial activity, although it used to be quite popular in the past. Of course the circus has suffered a lot from the sort of competition that takes advantage of modern technology; yet, there is a vast qualitative difference in being present at a live performance which, however luxurious it may be, can never be replaced by video-recorded performances.

7. Which of the following statements by written by a vegetarian? a.

b.

The argument is sometimes put forward that man is not naturally a vegetarian because he was originally omnivorous; although such a claim may contain a grain of truth, it ignores the obvious fact that there are many aspects of the original human condition that we have seen fit to improve. Despite of the insistence of those who exclude meat and fish from their diet that such a course is both spiritually and physically beneficial, there is no evidence that fighting is less prevalent or exceptional longevity more likely in areas where vegetarianism is the rule.

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8. Which of the following statements was written by a detractor of the Prime Minister? a.

b.

The Prime Minister has certainly achieved a number of minor improvements and there is no denying that thus far, the country has not quite gone to rack and ruin under his leadership; nevertheless, one searches in vain for the great attitudinal and economic breakthroughs we were so lavishly promised during the course of his campaign. Though the great breakthroughs the Prime Minister has promised obviously take some time to engineer, he can nonetheless already point to significant improvements in the nation's standard of living, which are portents of the exciting changes soon to be implemented.

9. Which of the following statements was written by a person in favour of small-town life? a.

b.

Possibly there are those who get pleasure from turning back the clock and seeking out the virtues we fondly imagine to have been associated with life in small towns in bygone days. Yet the most superficial perusal of contemporary accounts dealing with such an existence makes it quite clear that sterile deprivation of life's true pleasures would be a much more accurate assessment. It is true that city-dwellers and suburbanites have access to certain facilities that may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns. However, what they miss far outweighs such advantages, which, in any case, the vast majority rarely has the time or energy to take advantage of.

10. Which of the following statements was written by someone who opposes a particular job applicant? a.

b.

Peter certainly has a number of qualities that would appeal to my colleagues on the selection panel; however, it should be noted that he has a history of flirting from one job to another that is hardly consistent with this company's management approach. Although Peter has shown perhaps a regrettable tendency in the past to move rather quickly from one job to another, he is clearly the best-qualified candidate and would undoubtedly respond to our town brand of company loyalty.

11. Which of following statements by written by a tour operator? a.

b.

The cost of the tour is admittedly high. Against this, though, consideration must be given to the fact that it offers a unique opportunity to visit one of the world's most extraordinary tourist attractions in the company of congenial fellow-explorers and expert guides. However unusual the opportunity or expert the accompanying personnel, these can hardly be a justification for charging an amount that appears to fall not far short of the Gross National Product in some of the world's less developed nations, including that which is the destination of this "extraordinary" tour.

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Üretme Alıştırma 1

Metinlerin içinde koyu yazılı tümceleri inceleyin. 1. Like any theory of importance, that of social or cultural anthropology was the work of many minds and took on many forms. Some, the best known of its opponents, worked on broad areas and attempted to describe and account for the development of human civilization in its totality. Others restricted their efforts to specific aspects of the culture, taking up the evolution of art, or the state, or religion. 2. In recent years there have been many reports of a growing impatience with psychiatry, with its seeming foreverness, its high cost, its debatable results, and its vague, esoteric terms. To many people it is like a blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat that is not there. The magazines and mental health associations say psychiatric treatment is a good thing, but what it is or what it accomplishes has not been made clear.

Alıştırma 2

Tümceleri analiz edin ve Türkçeye aktarın. 1. As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Palaeolithic Age, people were forced to seek shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools. 2. It is true that that that that I used in the sentence is not that that that we saw in the relative clause structures. 3. The Greeks attached so much importance to the Olympic Games that they calculated time in four-year cycles called "Olympiads" dating from 776 B.C. 4. On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which depends on other elements to provide its food, not only absorbs and stores water for the plant, but also helps protect it. 5. The lichen's strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environment is one example that humanity should consider in trying to solve its own problems.

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6. Years after discovery of the Rosetta stone, Jean François Champollion, a French philologist, fluent in several languages, was able to decipher the first word - Ptolemy - name of an Egyptian ruler. 7. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. 8. As brutal as the human sacrifice ceremonies were, the victims (usually taken from among captives from battles) accepted their fate passively, having been previously indoctrinated and heavily sedated. 9. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. 10. What "Pete" the groundhog does next, many believe, will indicate whether spring is just around the corner or a long way off. 11. Children reared in poverty tend, on the average, to do poorly on tests of intelligence. 12. Probably the most lasting of the Roman heritage to the world can be found in laws based on Roman legal principles as found in England, Latin America, and the United States, as well as the Roman alphabet which forms the basis of many languages among which are English, Spanish, and German. 13. Article II of the United States Constitution states that only natural-born citizens of the United States who have attained the age of 35 years and who have resided in the United States for 14 years may become president.

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Sınama Alıştırma

Verilen süre içinde, metinle ilgili soruyu yanıtlayın ve tümceleri analiz edin. 1. 45 dakika The Inca were originally a small warlike tribe inhabiting the south highland region of the Cordillera Central in Peru. The Incas had never acquired the art of writing, but they had developed a complicated system of knotted cords called quipus. These were made of the wool of the alpaca or llama, dyed in various colors, the significance of which was known to the officials. The cords were knotted in such a way as to represent the decimal system. Thus an important message relating to the progress of crops, the amount of taxes collected, or the advance of an enemy could be speedily sent by trained runners along the post roads. a) Yazıları olmadığı için, İnkalar basit, az gelişmiş bir toplum olarak görülürler. b) İnkalar düğümlü ip sistemini düşmanlarından aldılar. c) Hem iplerin rengi hem de düğümlenme biçimleri quipus'ın yansıttığı anlamın bir bölümüdür. d) İpler koşucular yolu ile gönderildiği için, İnkaların vergileri de bu koşucular yolu ile topladıklarını da rahatlıkla ileri sürebiliriz. 2. 45 dakika There was a time when scholars held that early man lived in a kind of beneficent anarchy, in which each person was granted his rights by his fellows and there was no governing or being governed. Various early writers looked back to this Golden Age but the point of view that man was originally a child of nature is best known to us in the writings of Rousseau, Locke, and Hobbes. These men described the concept of social contract, which they said had put an end to the state of nature in which earliest man is supposed to have lived. Rousseau, Locke ve Hobbes'a göre, sosyal ilişki kavramı ilk insanların yaşadığı menfaate dayalı anarşi dönemine bir son verdi. b) Bu metnin yazarının, yönetim kavramının insan tarihinde her zaman için var olduğu düşüncesinde olduğu sonucunu çıkarabiliriz. c) Bu metinde değinilen yazarlar, insanın Altın Dönem'inde yaşadılar. d) Yazara göre, bilimadamları bugün de ilk insanın bir tür anarşi dönemi geçirdiği düşüncesini taşımaktadırlar. a)

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4 Tümce analizi ve çevirisi Giriş ................................................................................................................. 44 Sunu ................................................................................................................ 44 Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 45 Üretme ............................................................................................................. 48 Sınama ............................................................................................................. 49

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Giriş Bir önceki konu ile bağlantılı olan bu konuda, tümce analizinin ardından tümce çevirisi işlenmekte. Dördüncü konuya başlamadan önce, tümce analizinin incelendiği üçüncü konuyu ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelediğinizden emin olun. Üçüncü konuda, tümcenin analizi için önerilen temel noktaları unutmayın: 1. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar. 2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar. Tümcenin türü (basit ya da bileşik) Tümcenin unsurları (Ö+Y+N) as, for, since, yet sözcükleri Değinme sözcükleri that, -ing, V3 yapıları 3. Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar 4. Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

Sunu Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının üçüncü konusunda tümcenin analizine ilişkin notlar ele alındı. Bu konuda ise tümcelerin Türkçeye aktarımı konusunda öneriler sunulmakta. Anlamı zihninizde yapılandırmaya çalışın. Bunu mevcut bilgilerinizle kıyaslayın. Bu yaklaşım bazı dilbilgisi ve sözcük bilgisi sorunları çözümlemenizde yardımcı olacaktır. Anlamı tam olarak kavrayamadıysanız, tümceyi çevirmeye kalkışmayın. Sözlü ya da yazılı olarak tümceyi çevirin. Tümce çok ÖZNE+NESNE+YÜKLEM yapısını kullanarak tümceyi inceleyin ve unsurlarına ayırarak yazılı çeviri yapın. Örneğin,

uzunsa tümceyi

The great advance in rocket theory 40 years ago showed that liquid-fuel rockets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its weak solid fuel, the only kind of rockets then known. tümcesi incelendiğinde The great advance in rocket theory 40 years ago showed / that liquid-fuel rockets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its (=skyrocket's) weak solid fuel, / the only kind of rocket (which was) then known. yapısı ortaya çıkmakta. Bu da Türkçeye ilk aşamada Roket teorisindeki büyük gelişme 40 yıl önce gösterdi ki sıvı yakıtlı roketler her açıdan zayıf katı yakıtlı uzay roketlerine çok daha üstün; o zamanlar bilinen tek roket türü. olarak aktarılabilir.

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Çevirinizin Türkçesini inceleyin. Roket teorisindeki büyük ilerleme, 40 yıl önce, sıvı yakıtlı roketlerin o zamanlar bilinen tek roket türü olan ve zayıf bir yakıt türü olan katı yakıtları kullanan uzay roketlerinden her açıdan çok daha üstün olduklarını gösterdi. Yaptığınız çevirinin özgün tümcenin anlamını yansıtıp yansıtmadığını kontrol edin. Kimi zaman, aslında tümcenin anlattığı şeyi değil, sizin tümcenin anlattığına inandığınız şeyi çevirmekte olduğunuzu farkedeceksiniz. Bu da sizi çok hatalı çevirilere götürebilir.

İşleme Alıştırma

Aşağıda verilen tümcelerin tümü üçüncü konuda ele alındı. Bu tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. 1. Not even a genius is capable of high anger and high thinking at one and the same time. 2. A large part of the British and American press has in effect abandoned the pretence of dealing exclusively with facts. 3. A widely held myth is that the common people always applaud the spending of public money in their behalf, but oppose the levying of taxes. 4. A genius glories in his willingness to be wrong; for probing in the dark for the truth is bound to bring ninety-nine fruitless gropings for one successful grasp. 5. Tourists in Montreal impressed by the Frenchness or the Englishness of the people are astonished to learn that one of every five Canadians is other than French or British in origin. 6. The only difference between electricity generated in an atomic plant and electricity produced in ordinary steam generating plants is in the fuel that heats the water for steam to spin the generator. 7. In the case of a living author, an appraisal of his personal character on the basis of what he publishes may unduly sanctify him or, on the other hand, justify a suit for libel.

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8. Any substance taken into body that can be utilized for the release of energy, for the regulation of body processes, or for the building or repair of tissues falls into the category of food. 9. Although the monastic schools were hostile to classical literature as representing the temptations of the world, and religious beliefs prevented the use of any work of science, they preserved for us a considerable amount of Greek and Roman culture. 10. Patriotic sensitiveness to differences between English and American usage of the language did not appear until after the revolution, and sprang not from a sense of lack or fault in American English, but rather from an unwillingness to use English textbooks. 11. The effects of an increasing majority of women upon our society are certain to be formidable. 12. Radiant energy from the sun is the source of practically all the forces that man directs upon the earth. 13. Any disease or injury which occurs during the course of employment and raises out of that employment is defined by law as an industrial injury. 14. As long as America remained overwhelmingly English, it was English music that dominated and the music of the literate classes included more hymns than love songs. 15. The value of collective action in providing the means of public education - an unknown value in Europe in the seventeenth century - was not promptly found in the New World.

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16. Animals are said to be warm-blooded or cold-blooded: the former means that they have a constant body temperature while the latter means that the body temperature varies with the external temperature. 17. Had the author expressed his own considered opinions as to the importance of each thread in his story, he would have enhanced the book so as to make it the ultimate word on the subject. 18. There are savage peoples today with whom the year is a somewhat indefinite unit, while the moon and its phases are so evident and impressive that the calendar is for these tribes an enumeration of moons. 19. Geometry has its origin in the valley of the Nile where it developed to meet a practical need; it was used in the measurement of the earth's surface in the restoration of boundaries obliterated by the annual inundations of the river. 20. A school which places a premium on intellectual achievement is less concerned with athletics than with superior academic students. 21. All told, the South produces almost half of out lumber and the proportion may well increase, for the climate encourages second-growth timber. 22. Prices are determined in part by the forces of demand on the buyer's side and by supply and cost of production on the seller's side. 23. We are accustomed to thinking of bacteria as omnipresent and versatile, playing a many role in the drama of life, now helping and now hindering. 24. An industry that is protected by the government is in dangerous position, for the ability to improve manufacturing techniques cannot be developed under the soft blanket of protection. 25. The Spartans dwelt in the midst of hostile people they had subjugated, and strength, courage, and obedience to the laws had to be developed in their youth if they were to survive.

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26. Let it not be supposed that scientific descriptions rob nature of her beauty or that our delighted sense of colour is in any danger of being blunted by tracing the sources of our sensations. 27. A diplomat who goes to a country where modes of salutation are different from those he has already learned must be carefully instructed lest he shock the expectations of the nation which he seeks to influence. 28. When primitive man evolved to the level where he practiced barter, which is one step above anything of which an animal is capable, the range of attention was infinitely broader than it was at the stage of robbery.

Üretme Alıştırma

Metni dikkatle okuyun, 3. konuda verilen bilgilere göre koyu yazılı tümceleri inceleyin ve Türkçeye aktarın.

TEACHING Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicated training as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty one. The student's role is one of receiving information; the teacher's is one of sending it. There is a clear distinction assumed between one who is supposed to know (and therefore not capable of being wrong) and another, usually a younger person, who is supposed not to know. However, teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill you should be able to share it with someone. You do not have to get certified to convey what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our cultures, should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what we know, however little it might be, with someone who has need of that knowledge or skill. "Teaching" başlıklı bu metin, çeviri derslerime malzeme olarak almamdan çok sonraları, Eylül 1995 tarihinde, metin Türkiye İş Bankası Uzman Yardımcılığı Dil Sınavı'nda İngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri metni olarak kullanıldı.

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Sınama Alıştırma 1

Bu alıştırmada, verilen boşluğu en uygun seçenek ile tamamlayın. Daha sonra tümceleri analiz ederek Türkçeye aktarın (bu alıştırmadaki metinlerin tümü değerli meslektaşım, İngilizce öğretmeni Sahir Köksoy tarafından sağlanmıştır). 1. In youth, most people maintain that black is black, white is white, and gray does not exist. It is only gradually that experience teaches us that there is no absolute evil, so there is no absolute good. Until this lesson is learned, children react either completely for or against everything they face, and tolerance is something which they _______________. a) respect in their parents c) cannot comprehend

b) wish they possessed d) have wholly lost

2. Copper is a fairly soft metal and it is easily moulded even when it is cold. It was the first metal that primitive man learned to use in making tools. Copper relics have been found that are older then recorded history. Copper is a lot more extensively used than any other metal except iron. This positive aspect is further supported by the fact that copper is not _______________. a) expensive c) soft

b) available d) plentiful

3. Ancient astronomers recognized that the planets were different from the stars. The name planet was given to those heavenly bodies which constantly change their positions with reference to the stars, because planet comes from the Greek word that means _______________. a) bright c) wandering

b) astronomical d) reflecting

4. The power of propaganda lies largely in the swiftness of its action. Like an odourless but deadly cloud, it seeps into the atmosphere until it has _______________. a) overpowered all who are exposed to it b) blended harmlessly with the air c) been recognised and counteracted c) created the opposite of its intended effect

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5. Scarcely any create that lives and breathes is as universally hated as the rat. Rats are carriers of many diseases. They give some service as scavengers, but this is overbalanced by their _______________. a) harmful activities c) odd appearance

b) popularity as pets d) sanitary value

6. One factor which affects the rate of chemical change is temperature. With few exceptions, an increase in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Most reactions at the temperature of boiling water are hundreds of times as fast as at room temperature. To slow down changes in foods, our kitchens are equipped with ______________. a) thermometers c) ventilators

b) refrigerators d) fire alarms

7. Most solids expand when their temperature rises. Because of this, concrete highways are made in sections that do not touch. The spaces between the sections are filled with tar, which oozes from the cracks in hot weather. If the road were not made in sections, the expansion of the solid concrete in hot weather would cause it to ______________. a) expand c) buckle

b) meet d) contract

8. Ideas are essential in the diet of business. A business gets hungry just as a man does. A man cannot live without food, and a business cannot advance without _______________. a) ideas c) tradition

b) influence d) budgeting

9. Coal formation began millions of years ago when giant plants died and formed a decayed vegetable matter called peat. Mud and sand covered the peat when large areas of earth sank below the ocean. Pressure and heat from water, sand, and mud caused the peat to form coal. The greater the depth of the earth above the peat, the greater the pressure of the peat and harder the coal. Anthracite, the hardest grade of coal, usually lies in the coal beds that are ______________. a) easiest to mine c) most plentiful

b) in greatest demand d) deepest

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10. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite and some other chemicals. He became very wealthy and in his will set up a large fund to pay annual awards in the five fields of physics, chemistry, physiology of medicine, literature, and international peace. The prizes average about $40,000, and aside from this it is a great honour to receive _______________. a) $40,000 c) the Nobel professorship

b) such a legacy d) a Nobel prize

11. Of all the lawbreakers in the thirties, only about 15 percent were ever arrested, 2 percent convicted, and 1 percent actually punished. One of the most pressing social problems was _______________. a) lax law enforcement c) ambiguous laws

b) overcrowded prisons d) prohibition violators

12. The total volume of long-distance trade during the Middle Ages was relatively small. Most areas where people lived were self-sufficient in the matter of the necessities of life. Transport was expensive and slow, whether by land or by sea. Goods that were carried in international trade were, for the most part, _______________. a) breadstuffs c) woollen cloth

b) luxury items d) oriental imports

13. It is an obvious and familiar fact that the younger a child, the less individually differentiated he is. Physically, all newborn children are _______________. a) extremely active c) very much like their parents

b) difficult to manage d) very much alike

14. The climate in equatorial regions is uniform throughout the year. There is nothing that can be called _______________. a) a tropical climate c) the beginning of the year

b) a change of season d) the heat of the noonday

15. Clothes keep us warm by keeping heat from escaping from the body. Wool keeps us especially warm because its fibers hold a layer of still air that is an excellent _______________. a) source of heat c) conductor of heat

b) cooling system for the body d) shield against heat loss

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16. Scientists are constantly working to refine man's accuracy in the measurement of time. The most accurate method so far is a cesium clock that is accurate to two parts in a billion. Your watch would not be more than one second off 330 years from now if it ran with this accuracy. Polaris submarines and satellites in orbit many miles above the earth are dependent upon accuracy in estimating their location. This in turn depends upon _______________. a) discovery of new metals c) ultimate accuracy in timing

b) rapid calculations d) skilled navigation

17. During the last half of the nineteenth century, the United States and Germany made rapid progress in industrialization. Their deposits of coal and iron - essential factors in developing industry - aided them in becoming _______________. a) self-sufficient c) manufacturing centers

b) cultural centers d) democracies

18. Zoos spend a lot of money duplicating natural conditions for the keeping of captive animals. Much success has been achieved in this area, as exemplified by the case of three magpies. A storm blew open the door to the magpie cage and three of the blue Himalayan birds escaped. Reports from all over the big city told of the birds roosting on buildings, statues, and so forth. The day after the escape the magpies returned to their cage at the zoo, indicating that they _______________. a) feared harm b) felt at home

b) relished harm d) disliked captivity

19. The stimulus given to us by challenging tasks is necessary for the survival of our civilization. When we are no longer forced by necessity to work, unless we stir ourselves to activity we will perish. Deterioration began in the civilizations of Greece and Rome when the people became _______________. a) barbaric c) spectators

b) participators d) professionals

20. One generation often finds itself trying to protect its laws against the next generation, which would change the laws. Youth often thinks the previous generation resists change, and the older generation sometimes criticizes youth as being too _______________. a) conforming c) energetic

b) indifferent d) rebellious

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21. Elephant hunting may not be so dangerous as some men have thought. A herd of elephants will usually flee from a hunter but, if the hunter comes upon a herd of elephants at close range, they may charge. Since the elephant has very poor eyes, the hunter's best protection is to get out range of the elephant's _______________. a) tusks c) herd

b) hearing d) vision

22. One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey, but I like to go by myself. I can enjoy society in a room; but outdoors, nature is _______________. a) best when seen by a friend c) best enjoyed by a group

b) company enough for me d) not as pleasant as a book

23. Aristotle, a philosopher of ancient Greece was the first person we know of to write down descriptions of animals. His observations and classifications are extremely accurate to have been written over two thousand years ago. Aristotle is often credited with being the first _______________. a) zoologist c) philosopher

b) anthropologist d) botanist

24. An ocean-bottom seismograph has been designed to record natural earth tremors and remote nuclear explosions at a great distance under the surface of the ocean. The device operates unattended. It senses, gathers, and stores information on magnetic tape for later recovery and _______________. a) construction c) interpretation

b) defence d) recording

25. Rome and Carthage were great rivals for many years. For more than a century these two powers _______________. a) traded with smaller powers c) protected each other

b) struggled for supremacy d) lived peacefully together

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26. Researchers are studying a popular Japanese rose that can be cultivated into a matted hedge. When a car runs off the road into a large tree, the shock of the impact is absorbed by the tree abruptly, endangering the car's occupants. In contrast, a hedge of these roses absorbs the shock of a collision gently. It is thought that this Japanese rose, planted in hedges along highways, could reduce _______________. a) destruction of trees c) traffic deaths

b) driving speeds d) careless driving

27. Although broken-down rock provides the basic material from which soil is formed, it is not soil. True soil in which plants will grow contains organic matter, that is, decayed animal and vegetable matter. Without this organic matter, broken rock, no matter how finely-broken it may be, is still only _______________. a) organic rock c) mountain soil

b) top soil d) rock

28. For many years the Chinese carefully guarded the secret of their method of raising silkworms and making silk. Anyone caught carrying silk worms or their eggs out of China was _______________. a) considered a foreigner c) punished by death

b) rewarded by the government d) automatically made a prince

29. The "cow war" occurred in 1934 between Minnesota and the Dakotas. A severe drought had dried up all grazing land in the area except for a small part of northwestern Minnesota. Farmers from North and South Dakota drove their cattle to this small area to graze. The governor of Minnesota, fearing that Minnesota cattle would not have enough grazing land, instructed National Guardsmen to prevent any Dakota cattle from crossing the line into Minnesota. The states involved, however, remained on friendly terms throughout the incident. Actually the "cow war" _______________. a) involved no cows c) created ill feelings

b) was not a war d) attracted more cows

30. The people of the Netherlands, popularly called Hollanders or Dutch, have increased the land area of their country for cultivation by building dikes around a lake, marsh, or sea area to keep it from flooding. The water within the diked area is drained off into canals. The newly drained, dike-protected land is called a polder. Most of the land in the western part of the Netherlands is reclaimed land. This land is flat and _______________. a) is of little use c) is good fishing ground

b) is flooded during ocean storms d) lies below sea level

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Alıştırma 2

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Bu bölüme kadar sunulan bilgilere göre, aşağıdaki paragraflarda koyu yazılı bölümleri Türkçeye aktarın. 1. In childhood, showing-off takes simple direct forms. A child asking you to look at him as he stands on his head expects (and usually gets) immediate praise. As we grow older we seem to get more cunning in our efforts to draw the attention of others to ourselves. Only a professional acrobat has to go to the lengths of standing on his head to win a round of applause. Adults are capable of the subtlest forms of self-dispraise when they want to boast their achievements. 2. Today young people seem to be anxious to acquire useful knowledge to the exclusion of everything else. They seek knowledge not for its own sake, but so that they will learn how to do a job. But knowledge and education are not one and the same thing. A man may be in command of any number of facts and be brilliant at his job without necessarily being an educated person. Those who measure knowledge solely in terms of its usefulness often deliberately ignore the immense cultural heritage of the past when they regard the study of Latin and Greek as a "waste of time". 3. Nothing worth having is free in the sense that it can be had without effort. If we wish to acquire something, something else must be given in exchange for it. What we give cannot be always measured in terms of money. It can take many forms like time, effort, hard work, or concentration, for only by giving is it possible to receive. In fact, it is doubtful whether anything which appears to be "free" is really worth having. 4. It is not difficult to understand why an eclipse of the sun or moon instilled terror into the hearts of primitive peoples. Natural phenomena like rain, storms, and wind were once inexplicable, and god-like powers were attributed to them. Under such conditions, the blotting-out of the sun, the giver of light, the sudden fall of darkness at noon, could only be interpreted as the most evil of omens. Thousands of years passed before it proved possible to explain why such things happened. But even though science has taken the magic (and fortunately, the terror) out of eclipses, they still figure among the most impressive of all natural occurrences.

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5. It took nothing less than two world wars for women to prove conclusively that they are capable of doing any kind of job, from serving as Minister of Health to driving steam-roller. Yet men are reluctant to acknowledge that women are as capable as they are, and not a few must wish that they had never been given the vote at all. It is fortunate for women, these days, that they do not have to chain themselves to lamp-posts or starve themselves to death to prove a simple point. If they go about the right way, they might even beat men to the moon. 6. The critic, then, has a twofold function: he must illuminate and evaluate. The first of these is quite straightforward. Acting as an intermediary between the artist and the public, a critic should be able to explain the intentions behind a book, a film, a play, or whatever it is he is criticizing. If the critic is reliable we should be better equipped to enjoy, say, a new novel, after we have read what he has to say. The second is far more difficult. When attempting to evaluate a work of art, the critic should be able to see it in relation to all that has gone before and to give his readers some indication of its possible worth. What he gives us, in effect, is his opinion; and more often than not, there are as many opinions as critics.

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S

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

3. ve 4. konularda işlenen notlar şu şekilde özetlenebilir:

ÖZCÜK ve terimlerle ilgili sorunlara yönelik olarak yapılması gereken çalışma:

Sözlük çalışması

Sözlük kullanarak sözcüklerin Türkçesini bulun.

Değinme sözcükleri

Metin içindeki kullanımlarını anlam ve çeviri açısından inceleyin.

D

İLBİLGİSİ ile ilgili sorunlara yönelik olarak yapılması gereken çalışma:

As, for, since, yet

Ne anlam taşıdıklarını saptayın.

That,gerund,past participle

Ne anlam taşıdıklarını saptayın.

Basit-Bileşik Tümce

Tümce türünü saptayın.

Clause Marker

Bileşik tümcede bağlantı yapısını bulun.

Ana-Yan Tümce

// işaretini kullanın.

Ö+Y+N

Tümcenin unsurlarını belirleyin.

A

NLAM ile ilgili sorunlara yönelik olarak yapılması gereken çalışma

Bağlam

Tümceyi, metnin bütününün anlamına göre Türkçeye aktarın.

Taslak çeviri

Bu aşamada, çevirinizin Türkçesi konusunda fazla titizlenmeyin.

B Türkçe

ÜTÜNLÜK ile ilgili sorunlara yönelik olarak yapılması gereken çalışma Çevirinizi, İngilizce metni hiç kullanmadan okuyup düzeltin.

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5 Metin Analizi ve Çevirisi Giriş ................................................................................................................. 60 Sunu ................................................................................................................. 60 Ġşleme-Üretme-Sınama ................................................................................... 64 Çeviri için 50 metin 1. Heart ........................................................................................................ 69 2. Growing vegetables ................................................................................. 72 3. Grounds for divorce ................................................................................. 75 4. Galaxy ..................................................................................................... 78 5. Language ................................................................................................ 82 6. Man's future ............................................................................................. 87 7. Ifs of history ............................................................................................. 92 8. Lake Turkana .......................................................................................... 97 9. Garbology ................................................................................................ 101 10. Explain ................................................................................................... 104 th

11. The 800 life .......................................................................................... 107 12. Desertification ........................................................................................ 112 13. Women .................................................................................................. 115 14. Who's afraid of the silicon chip .............................................................. 118 15. Education .............................................................................................. 123 16. The secret few people could guess ....................................................... 126 17. United Nations ....................................................................................... 129 18. The fountain and the water-jar .............................................................. 132 19. Lightning ................................................................................................ 135 20. The way up to heaven ........................................................................... 138 21. Political parties ...................................................................................... 143 22. Women and space ................................................................................ 145 23. Common sense about smoking ............................................................ 147 24. Intelligence ............................................................................................ 149 25. The sacred rac ...................................................................................... 151 26. Amber .................................................................................................... 155

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27. Levophobia ............................................................................................ 157 28. Self-confidence ..................................................................................... 159 29. Magnetism ............................................................................................. 160 30. The death penalty .................................................................................. 161 31. Slipper animalcule ................................................................................. 165 32. Tighten you belt ..................................................................................... 167 33. Arranged marriages: an alternative to love marriages .......................... 172 34. Nuclear energy ...................................................................................... 175 35. Lie detector ........................................................................................... 178 36. Barter .................................................................................................... 181 37. Art .......................................................................................................... 184 38. New policy debate ................................................................................. 186 39. Investment ............................................................................................. 189 40. Modern constitutions ............................................................................. 193 41. Television .............................................................................................. 197 42. Economics and history .......................................................................... 199 43. The Rolling Stones ................................................................................ 201 44. Pioneer 10 pushes forward beyond goals, into the unknown ................. 204 45. California's germinal brains bank .......................................................... 205 46. The manager's authority ....................................................................... 208 47. Ethical and legal considerations of public relations practice ................. 211 48. Human behaviour and social practice ................................................. 213 49. Democracy and adult education in Tanzania ....................................... 215 50. The twelve bottles of whisky .................................................................. 217

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Giriş Genel Çeviri 2 kitabının beşinci konusunda, metin analizi ve çevirisi konusu ele alınmakta. Bu konuda, çeşitli metinler çeviri amacı ile incelenmekte. Metin analizinin aşamalarını tanıtabilmek için her bir metin için çeşitli okuma ve çeviri alıştırmaları verilmekte. Kullanılan simge ve kısaltmaların anlamları ayrıca sayfa 6'da bulunabilir. Konunun bu ilk sayfalarında, metin analizi ve çevirisi konusunda mevcut bilginiz ölçülmekte. Bunun ardından, konularına ve sundukları çeviri sorunlarına göre sınıflandırılmış metinler ve bunlara ait alıştırmalar verilmekte.

Sunu Aşağıda, metin analizinin aşamaları örneklerle anlatılmakta. Öncelikle metnin tümünü okuyun.

5

10

The Germany of today has two very different recent pasts. In the aftermath of World War II, the victorious Allies divided up the defeated, devastated country and took away its sovereignty. What happened thereafter reads like a fairy tale in which the west was blessed and the east was cursed. Certainly, the rags-to-riches story of the German Federal Republic is in sharp contrast to the exploitation, repression and corruption story of the German Democratic Republic. Fairy stories have happy endings ... and so it was that after 40 years of sun in the west and darkness in the east, the twain finally met - on the sunny side, of course and became one. Meet United Germany: Perspectives (1992: 24)

1. Sözcük düzeyinde Bu bölümde, sol sütunda sözcükler metindeki haliyle verilmekte ve sizden bu sözcüklerin metin içindeki anlamlarını bulmanız istenmekte. Aşağıdaki tablo örnek vermek amacı ile tamamlandı. Parantez içindeki sayı satır numarasını göstermekte. Metin içinde recent (1) aftermath (1) victorious (2) Allies (2) defeated (2) devastated (2) sovereignty (3) thereafter (3)

Yalın hali recent aftermath victorious Allies defeated devastated sovereignty thereafter

Sözcük türü sıfat ad sıfat çoğul ad sıfat sıfat ad zarf

60

Anlamı yakın zamana ait sonrası zafer kazanmış, galip Müttefikler yenik yıkılmış, harap hükümranlık ondan sonra

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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fairy (4) blessed (4)

fairy ad, sıfat peri bless yüklem kutsamak Tümcede blessed sözcüğü the west was blessed olarak edilgen biçimde kullanılmakta. Blessed (kutsanmış) sözcüğünü kullanmak da bu bağlam içinde mümkün.

cursed (4)

curse yüklem lanetlemek Bless eyleminde olduğu gibi, burada da bir edilgen yapı söz konusu.

rags-to-riches (5) sharp (6) contrast (6) exploitation (6) repression (6) corruption (6) twain (9)

rags-to-riches sharp contrast exploitation repression corruption twain

sıfat sıfat ad ad ad ad ad

yoksulluktan varsıllığa keskin zıtlık sömürü gerileme çürüme, bozulma ikili

Ayrıca 3. tümcedeki read yüklemine dikkat etmek gerekecek. Bunun nedenini aşağıdaki aşamalar esnasında farkedeceksiniz.

2. Dilbilgisi düzeyinde Bu aşamada, çeşitli alıştırmalar yolu ile, metinde dikkat edilmesi gereken dilbilgisi yapılarına dikkatinizi çekmek amaçlanmakta. İleri aşamalarda, alıştırmalar seyrekleşmekte. Aşağıda, örnek metnin her bir tümcesinin analizini bulabilirsiniz. The Germany of today

has

two very different recent pasts.

Ö

Y

N

In the aftermath of World War I,

the victorious Allies

divided up

the defeated,

(Zaman anlatan yapı)

Ö

Y

N

devastated country

and

(the victorious Allies)

took away

its sovereignty.

Ö

Y

N

What happened thereafter

reads like

a fairy tale

in which

the west

was blessed

Ö

Y

N

()

Ö

Y

which sözcüğü a fairy tale'i nitelendirmekte. and

the east

was cursed.

Ö

Y

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

Certainly,

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

the rags-to-riches story of the German Federal Republic

is in sharp contrast to

Ö

Y

the exploitation, repression and corruption story of the German Democratic Republic. N Fairy stories

have

happy endings ...

Ö

Y

N

and

so it was

that

öyle oldu

()

after

40 years of sun in the west and darkness in the east, Yan Tümce

that sözcüğü, was yüklemini açıklayan bölüme girişi yapan bir : görevi yapmakta. (Noun Clause yapı)

So it is / So it was türü yapılar sözlüklerde verilmekte. the twain

finally met

Ö

Y

[-on the sunny side, of course-]

and

(they)

became

one.

Ö

Y

N

3. Anlam düzeyinde Örnek metnin tümcelerinin Türkçeye aktarımını aşağıda bulabilirsiniz. The Germany of today has two very different recent pasts. Bugünün Almanyası iki çok farklı yakın geçmişe sahiptir.

In the aftermath of World War II, the victorious Allies divided up the defeated, devastated country and took away its sovereignty. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında, galip Müttefikler yenilmiş, yıkılmış ülkeyi böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar.

What happened thereafter reads like a fairy tale in which the west was blessed and the east was cursed. Bundan sonra nelerin olduğu, bir peri hikayesi gibi okunur; bu hikayede batı kutsanmakta ve doğu lanetlenmekteydi.

Certainly, the rags-to-riches story of the German Federal Republic is in sharp contrast to the exploitation, repression and corruption story of the German Democratic Republic. Elbette, Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti'nin yoksulluktan varsıllığa uzanan hikayesi Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nin sömürülme, gerileme ve bozuşma hikayesi ile keskin bir tezat oluşturur.

Fairy stories have happy endings ... Peri hikayelerinin mutlu sonu vardır.

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and so it was that after 40 years of sun in the west and darkness in the east, the twain finally met - on the sunny side, of course - and became one. ve öyle oldu ki batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılın ardından bu ikili sonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve bir oldu.

4. Bütünlük düzeyinde Bu aşamada, tümcelerin hem yapısal hem de anlamsal olarak bir bütün oluşturmasına özen göstermek gerekmektedir. Sizden istenilen, metnin orijinaline bakmadan, çevirinizi anlam ve Türkçeye uygunluk açısından kontrol etmeniz. Bugünün Almanyası iki çok farklı yakın geçmişe sahiptir. Günümüz Almanya'sının iki çok farklı yakın geçmişi vardır. Ġkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında, galip Müttefikler yenilmiş, yıkılmış ülkeyi böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sonrasında galip Müttefik ülkeler yenilmiş ve yakılmış ülkeyi ikiye böldüler ve hükümranlığını elinden aldılar. Bundan sonra nelerin olduğu, bir peri hikayesi gibi okunur; bu hikayede batı kutsanmakta ve doğu lanetlenmekteydi. Bunun ardından gerçekleşenler, batı Almanya'nın kutsandığı ve doğu Almanya'nın da lanetlendiği bir peri hikayesine benzer. Elbette, Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti'nin yoksulluktan varsıllığa uzanan hikayesi Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nin sömürülme, gerileme ve bozuşma hikayesi ile keskin bir tezat oluşturur. Peri hikayelerinin mutlu sonu vardır. Peri hikayeleri mutlu sonla biter; ve öyle oldu ki batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılın ardından bu ikili sonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve bir oldu. bu hikayede de batıda güneşli ve doğuda karanlık geçen 40 yılın ardından bu ikili sonunda birleşti - elbette güneşli tarafta - ve tek bir devlet oldu.

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İşleme-Üretme-Sınama Alıştırma

Bu bölümde ele alınan metnin incelenmesi esnasında, anlamın kavranmasında genelden ayrıntıya doğru bir sıralama izlenmekte. Ardından, tümcelerin analizini yapmanız ve Türkçeye aktarmanız gerekiyor. YOU AND YOUR BODY The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary from country to country. For example, the French seem to have an obsession with the liver, while in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call "the circulation" - whatever that is. I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their efficiency. It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world is a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist. This is not altogether so, because, although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national organ" among the British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger than they ought to. The word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being referred to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude. A vast laxative industry is based on our national fantasy, and even the medical profession has sometimes fallen victim to the same obsession. In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and yards of intestine at the slightest excuse. 220 Sözcük

Metnin tümünü okuyun ve anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin altını tek çizgi ile, dilbilgisi yapılarının altını ise çift çizgi ile çizin. Sözcüklerin anlamı ile ilgili sorunları çözerken 3. konuda verilen notlardan yararlanın. Metinde koyu yazılı olarak verilen sözcüklerin metin içinde hangi sözcük ve yapıların yerine geçtiklerini ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini saptayın. Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlarla ilgilenirken aşağıdaki tabloyu kullanabilirsiniz. Metin içinde

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Metindeki her bir tümcenin dilbilgisi açısından incelemesini yapın. Tümce analizini 3. konuda verilen notlara göre gerçekleştirin. Size yardımcı olması amacı ile birinci tümce örnek olarak incelenmekte. The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides



seems to vary



Y

from country to country



N

(Relative Clause)

For example, the French seem to have an obsession with the liver, while in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call "the circulation" - whatever that is.

I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their efficiency.

It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world is a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist.

This is not altogether so, because, although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national organ" among the British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger than they ought to.

The word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being referred to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude.

A vast laxative industry is based on our national fantasy, and even the medical profession has sometimes fallen victim to the same obsession.

In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and yards of intestine at the slightest excuse.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Metnin anlamını anladığınızdan emin olmak için, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın. Bu alıştırmada, metinden alınan tümceyi izleyen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını saptamanız gerekiyor. The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary from country to country. Each country has its own way of describing internal organs.

..., while in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call "the circulation" - whatever that is. According to the writer, it is not at all definite what is meant by "the circulation".

I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their efficiency. The singers' complaint is that rehearsals reduce their efficiency.

It is very easy to get the impression that everyone outside the English-speaking world is a hypochondriacal loony, or a visceral fantasist. This is not altogether so, because, although I have not been able to find, so far, an American "national organ" among the British, the last four feet of the intestine seem to loom larger than they ought to. According to the writer, anyone except those living in those countries where English is spoken has an obsession related to their internal organs. Because of unknown reasons, American people have intestine that is longer than that of other people.

The word "constipation" is used so often that it is very hard to know what is being referred to - regularity of the bowel, headaches or lassitude. "Constipation" may mean very different things.

A vast laxative industry is based on our national fantasy, and even the medical profession has sometimes fallen victim to the same obsession. Every obsessed individual has been a victim of the medical profession.

In the early 1900s, there was a surgical craze for removing yards and yards of intestine at the slightest excuse. In the early 1900s, surgeons removed a large part of the intestine without getting people's permission.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Verilen seçeneklerde, doğru olduğuna inandığınız tümceyi seçin ve tümcenin geri kalanını çevirin. The imagery that we use for reconstructing our own insides seems to vary from country to country. a) b) c) d)

Kendi içlerimizi yeniden yapılandırmak için kullandığımız imaj _______. Kendi iç organlarımızı gözümüzde canlandırırken kullandığımız imge ______. Kendi görünür içimizi yeniden oluşturmada kullanılan bu imge ______. Kendi içimizin görünen yeniden oluşumunda kullandığımız bu imaj ______.

... in Germany, they explain all their peculiar feelings in terms of an organ which they call "the circulation" - whatever that is. a) Almanya'da, tüm garip duygular "dolaşım" olarak adlandırdıkları ______. b) Almanya'da tüm garip duyguların terimleri "dolaşım" adını verdikleri ______. c) Almanya'da onlar kendilerinin tüm garip duygularını onların "dolaşım" olarak adlandırdığı ______. d) Almanya'da tüm garip duygular "dolaşım" terimiyle adlandırdıkları ______.

I remember, when I was producing an opera in Frankfurt about six months ago, that whenever singers arrived late for rehearsal they would apologize for it by saying they had had "ze circulation collapse" which had somehow reduced their efficiency. ______ sanatçılar ne zaman provaya geç kalsalar, verimliliklerini nasılsa azaltmış olan "dolaşım" bozukluğu" çektiklerini söyleyerek özür dilerlerdi. b) ______ provaya geç kalan sanatçılar provanın verimliliklerini nasıl da azalttığını ve "dolaşım bozukluğu" çektikleri için geç kaldıklarını söyleyip özür dilerlerdi. c) ______ verimliliklerini nasılsa azaltan "dolaşım bozukluğu" çektiklerini söyleyip özür dileyen sanatçılar provaya geç kalırlardı. d) ______ sanatçılar ne zaman provaya geç kalsalar, verimliliklerini nasılsa azaltmış olan "dolaşım bozukluğu" için özür dilerlerdi. a)

Diğer tümceleri ayrıntılı olarak analiz edin ve ardından çeviri işlemini gerçekleştirin.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Bunu izleyen sayfalarda, analiz ve çeviri amacı ile verilmiş çeşitli metinler bulunmakta. Metinleri verilen sıralamada incelemenizi öneririm. Verilen metinleri, 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sözcük düzeyinde sorunlar Dilbilgisi düzeyinde sorunlar Anlam düzeyinde sorunlar Bütünlük düzeyinde sorunlar

ile ilgili alıştırmaların ardından Türkçeye aktarın.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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1. Heart The heart has long been considered to be where feelings of love dwell. In love songs throughout the ages love almost always goes together with the heart. The heart has continually been viewed as the place where love begins and grows. Even as  ? the Bible gives numerous references to love and the heart.

5

The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person it =? feels strongly attracted to someone else. The strong feelings for the other person, especially in the early stages of relationship, have the results that the heart starts beating faster and breathing starts speeding up.

According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that involves a lot of 10 stress and the body reacts to this by getting ready to face the unknown. This has this =? been called the "fight or flight" reaction, meeting danger by battling it or running it =? away. So, with love, the heart accelerates and breathing becomes quick. Macmillan

158 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin sağ kenarındaki sözcükleri inceleyin. Daha sonra, metinden alınmış aşağıdaki sözcüklerin tümce içinde Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini inceleyin. Metin içinde long dwell viewed numerous references attracted stages beating flight reaction battling

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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B. DİLBİLGİSİ      

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Basit tümceleri ve bileşik tümcelerdeki ana tümceleri örneklere göre saptayın. Ö Y N where = place where The heart has long been considered to be where feelings of love dwell.

In love songs throughout the ages Ö

Y

Ö Y N love almost always goes together with the heart. N

Relative Clause

The heart has continually been viewed as the place where love begins and grows.

Even the Bible gives numerous references to love and the heart.

The role of the heart in love must come from what happens to it when a person feels strongly attracted to someone else.

The strong feelings for the other person, especially in the early stages of relationship, have the results that the heart starts beating faster and breathing starts speeding up.

According to psychologists, a love relationship is a situation that involves a lot of stress and the body reacts to this by getting ready to face the unknown.

This has been called the "fight or flight" reaction, meeting danger by battling it or running away.

So, with love, the heart accelerates and breathing becomes quick.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

C. ANLAM

 

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Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Bırakılan boşlukları tamamlayın.

Kalbin ____________________________________ düşünülmüştür. Çağlar boyunca ________________. Kalp sürekli olarak ___________________________. İncil bile __________________________________. Kalbin aşktaki rolü _________________________. Diğer kişiye yönelik güçlü duygular, _____________________________________________________. Psikologlara göre _____________________________________________________ Buna "______________________________" _______________________. Böylece, ____________________________ hızlanır.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK  Türkçe İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızı saptayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! An 18-year-old girl accused of stealing vanishing cream has since disappeared, Huddersfield Magistrates were told yesterday. (What the Papers Say)

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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2. Growing Vegetables If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you

those =?

buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

they =?

You can also grow things it is difficult to find in the shops. And you may save money - a family of four could have saved around £70 last year by growing all 5

their vegetables. All of this, by doing something that many people regard as a

this =?

healthy leisure activity.

In the first part of this report, we tell you what is involved in growing your own vegetables and how to plan a vegetable garden. In the second, we tell you how to get the best value for money when buying seeds and plants.

10

Much of the report is based on the experiences of our members - nearly 1,500

1,500 ___

filled in a mammoth questionnaire. We are very grateful indeed for the help they

they =?

gave us.

One thing is clear from our members' experience: growing vegetables can be hard work. Routine jobs like weeding and clearing take up a lot of time, quite 15

apart from the exhausting chore of digging. However, nearly all our vegetablegrowing members thought the results were definitely worth all the effort. 203 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri

a) Aşağıdaki sözcüklerin ve metin içindeki bilmediğiniz diğer sözcüklerin tümce içindeki Türkçe karşılıklarını sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin. Metin içinde chances healthy leisure involved value seeds mammoth questionnaire grateful

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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weeding exhausting chore b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

 As, for, since, yet  That, gerund, past participle  Basit-Bileşik Tümce  Clause Marker  Ana-Yan Tümce  Ö+Y+N

a) Metinden alınan aşağıdaki tümcelerde birer relative clause yapı mevcut. Tümcede hangi sözcükler arasında gizli bir which bulunduğunu saptayın.

If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

You can also grow things it is difficult to find in the shops.

We are very grateful indeed for the help they gave us. b) Aşağıdaki tümcelerde bir noun clause yapı bulunmakta. Bu tümcelerde de hangi sözcükler arasında gizli bir that (birinci tümcedeki "the chances are that" bölümüne ek olarak) bulunduğunu inceleyin.

If you grow your own vegetables, they are bound to be fresher than those you buy in the shops; and the chances are that you will find they taste better, too.

However, nearly all our vegetable-growing members thought the results were definitely worth all the effort. c) Metnin bir tümcesinde esas yüklem bulunmamakta. Hangi tümce? d) Bu metinde relative clause ve noun clause yapılar sık olarak kullanılmakta. Bu yapılara dikkat ederek tümcelerin analizini tamamlayın.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

Öncelikle aşağıdaki bölümleri çözümleyerek, metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Birinci paragrafta ... ..... and the chances are ... ..... it is difficult to find in the shops. All of this, by doing something that many people regard as a healthy leisure activity. İkinci paragrafta ... ..... how to get the best value for money ... Dördüncü paragrafta ... One thing is clear ... ..... quite apart from the exhausting chore of digging.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK  Türkçe İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızı saptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense) ve anlam açısından uyumlu olmasını sağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Traffic report on Radio Wales: A cow is loose on the M5; the police ask motorists not to use their horns.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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3. Grounds for Divorce The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds. There are those due to the

those =?

defects of one partner, such as insanity, dipsomania, and crime; and there are those based upon the relations of the husband and wife. It may happen that,

those =?

without blame to either party, it is impossible for a married couple to live 5

together amicably, or without some very grave sacrifice. It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply attached to some other

them =?

person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable tie. In that case, if there is no legal redress, hatred is sure to spring up. Indeed, such cases, as everyone

as ?

knows, are quite capable of leading to murder. Where a marriage breaks down 10

owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelming passion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be, as there is at present, a

as ?

determination to attach blame. For this reason, much the best ground of divorce in all such cases is mutual consent. Grounds other than mutual consent ought only to be required where the marriage has failed through some definite defect in 15

one partner. Marriage and Morals Bertrand Russell

195 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri

a) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin. b) Bu metinde, birden çok fazla anlam taşıdıkları için rahatlıkla karıştırılabilen sözcükler yer almakta. Bu sözcükleri tümcenin anlamına göre sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin (Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının ikinci konusunda, bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışma yapıldı). Metin içinde grounds party grave sacrifice tie spring up determination

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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c) Sözlük anlamları rahatlıkla bulunabilecek diğer sözcükleri inceleyin. Metin içinde insanity dipsomania blame amicably intolerable redress hatred incompatibility overwhelming passion mutual consent defect

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

 As, for, since, yet  That, gerund, past participle  Basit-Bileşik Tümce  Clause Marker  Ana-Yan Tümce  Ö+Y+N

a) Birinci tümceyi yeniden yapılandırın. The grounds which make divorce are of two kinds. There are ____________________________________ b) Tümcelerde şimdilik [ ] içine alınabilecek bölümleri saptayın. It may happen that, without blame to either party, it is impossible for a married couple to live together amicably, or without some very grave sacrifice. It may happen that one of them, without disliking the other, becomes deeply attached to some other person, so deeply as to feel the marriage an intolerable tie. Indeed, such cases, as everyone knows, are quite capable of leading to murder. Where a marriage breaks down owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelming passion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be, as there is at present, a determination to attach blame. b) Tümcenin "or to an overwhelming ..." bölümündeki to tümce içinde hangi sözcüğe bağlanabilir? Where a marriage breaks down owing to incompatibility or to an overwhelming passion on the part of one partner for some other person, there should not be, as there is at present, a determination to attach blame.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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c) Tümcedeki through yerine hangi clause marker kullanılabilir? I) despite II) due to III) while Grounds other than mutual consent ought only to be required where the marriage has failed through some definite defect in one partner. d) Tüm tümcelerin analizini yapın.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

a) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcüklerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalarının daha iyi olacağına karar verin. b) Birinci tümcedeki make yüklemi Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı? c) Yedinci tümcedeki on the part of one partner bölümü Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı? d) Sekizinci tümcedeki much the best ground bölümü Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı? e) Dokuzuncu tümcedeki other than yapısı Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı? f) Tüm tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızı saptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense) ve anlam açısından uyumlu olmasını sağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Microsoft Windows 3.1 Türkçe programı içinde, ekran duvar kağıdı olarak önerilen şekillerden biri "Mısır"dır ve şeklin mısır bitkisi ile uzaktan yakından alakası yoktur. Ġngilizce Windows 3.1'de bu duvar kağıdı "Maze" olarak geçmekte.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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4. Galaxy Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands of millions of stars, all gravitationally interacting, and orbiting about a common centre. All the stars visible to the unaided eye from earth belong to the earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The sun with its associated planets is just one star in this galaxy. For centuries man believed the Earth to be the centre of Creation. The true picture is far more aweinspiring. We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is itself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among millions in a Universe that may well be boundless.

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000 times the total period that human life is estimated to have existed on Earth. The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containing as many as 500 galaxies. Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the larger of the known stellar systems. Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take about 2,500 years. 255 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının ikinci konusunda, bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışma yapıldı. Metin içinde ensemble Creation awe-inspiring revolving boundless probed fraction frontiers

Yalın hali

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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receding range mammoth clusters stellar

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

2. Metin'de incelendi.

 As, for, since, yet  That, gerund, past participle  Basit-Bileşik Tümce  Clause Marker  Ana-Yan Tümce  Ö+Y+N

Verilen tümceleri inceleyin. We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is itself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among millions in a Universe that may well be boundless. which = ? millions ________

Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. it = ?

Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000 times the total period that human life is estimated to have existed on Earth. Yet = ? Tümcenin temel yüklemi ne?

The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containing as many as 500 galaxies. all of which = ? Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the larger of the known stellar systems. it = ? Ana tümce-yan tümceyi belirleyin.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take about 2,500 years. its = ? which = ? one = ?

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri tamamlayın. Galaxy is a vast ensemble of hundreds or thousands of millions of stars, all gravitationally interacting, and orbiting about a common centre. Galaksi, hepsi de yerçekimsel olarak karşılıklı etkileşen ve ortak bir merkezin ___________________________________________________________.

All the stars visible to the unaided eye from earth belong to the earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. Dünyadan araçsız bakıldığında görünne yıldızların ________________________ ______________________________.

The sun with its associated planets is just one star in this galaxy. Bağlantılı gezegenleriyle birlikte Güneş ______________________________.

For centuries man believed the Earth to be the centre of Creation. Yüzyıllar boyunca, insanoğlu dünyanın ___________________________.

The true picture is far more awe-inspiring. Gerçek ____________ çok daha _________.

We live on a small planet revolving round a star of only average size, which is itself revolving, with thousands of millions of other stars, in one galaxy among millions in a Universe that may well be boundless. Bizler ________ sınırsız olabilecek bir evrendeki __________________ arasındaki bir galakside, milyarlarca diğer yıldız ile ____________ , sadece _____________ bir yıldızın çevresinde _______________ ufak bir gezegen üzerinde yaşamaktayız.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Scientific observation has so far probed only a fraction of it. Bilimsel gözlem _________ onun sadece bir parçasını _______________.

Yet to travel to the frontiers of that observed fraction, even at 186,300 miles per second (the speed of light) would take 6,000 million years, about 20,000 times the total period that human life is estimated to have existed on Earth. _________, saniyede 186,000 mil (ışık hızı) hızıyla _______ bu __________ kısmın ______________________________ yolculuk etmek 6 milyar yıl, yani _______________________, alırdı.

The different bodies and structures in the universe, all of which appear to be receding from us, range from single galaxies to mammoth clusters containing as many as 500 galaxies. Tümü de bizden _______________________ evrendeki farklı _____________ tek tek galaksilerden _____________________ kadar farklılık gösterir.

Although the cluster of galaxies to which our galaxy belongs is comparatively small (it has only 25 members), our galaxy itself, the Milky Way System, ranks among the larger of the known stellar systems. Her ne kadar _________________________ oldukça ufak ise de (sadece 25 üyesi var), galaksimizin kendisi, _______________, bilinen ________________.

Counting its almost 100,000 million stars (of which the Sun with its family of planets is one) at the rate of one star a second would take about 2,500 years. Yaklaşık 100 milyar yıldızını (____________________________________) ________________________ aşağı yukarı 2,500 yıl ______________.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılık açısından değerlendirin. BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Kalkan-Patara (Antalya) ile kumsal arasındaki dolmuşların şoförleri, yol kenarında yürüyen yabancı turistleri görünce yavaşlayıp pencereden uzanmakta ve o şahane (!) Ġngilizceleriyle "Bitch?", "Bitch?" diye sormaktalar. Turistler de her nedense "Yes, yes" dedikten sonra dolmuşa binmekteler.

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5. Language That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has not proved possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, with really satisfactory results. The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say, Russian into English. The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficiently accurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complex system. It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods of computing language, it would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short sentence. Secondly, language is productive. We can produce myriads of sentences that we have never heard or uttered before. Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible to the reader. It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - that sentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated. One task of grammatical theory is to explain this quite remarkable fact. Thirdly, language is arbitrary. There is no one-to-one relation between sound and meaning. This accounts for the fact that languages differ, and they differ most of all in their grammatical structure. But how far are these differences only superficial, in the shape of words and their overt patterns? Some scholars would maintain that "deep down" there are strong similarities - even "universal" characteristics - disguised by the superficial features of sound (and perhaps of meaning). It is not clear how we can find the answer to this problem. 266 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK  Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Metnin tamamını okuyun ve aşağıda sıralanan sözcükler ile anlamını bilmediğiniz diğer sözcükleri sözlük kullanarak inceleyin. a) Birinci paragrafta Metin içinde proved satisfactory consistently failure sufficiently instructions handle vastly computing

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b) İkinci paragrafta Metin içinde productive myriads uttered intelligible anew merely imitated task remarkable

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c) Üçüncü paragrafta Metin içinde arbitrary differ structure superficial overt patterns scholars maintain similarities disguised features

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Metinde relative ve noun clause sık kullanılmakta. Öncelikle aşağıda belirtilen yapıları çözümleyerek tüm tümceleri inceleyin.

a) Tümcenin Ö+Y+(N) unsurlarını saptayın. That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has not proved possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, with really satisfactory results.

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b) say sözcüğünün işlevini inceleyin. The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say, Russian into English. c) Yapıyı inceleyin ve Türkçede nasıl ifade edileceğini saptayın. The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficiently accurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complex system. d) yet sözcüğüne dikkat! Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible to the reader. e) Kısa çizgiden sonraki that nereye bağlanabilir? It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - that sentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated.

C. ANLAM  

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

a) Tümcelerden sonra verilen seçeneklerden hangisinin tümcenin çevirisi olduğunu bulun. That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it has not proved possible to translate mechanically from one language to another, with really satisfactory results. a) Bu dil oldukça karmaşık ve bu gerçek de bu güne kadar bir dilden diğer bir dile gerçekten tatmin edici sonuçlarla mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olmamasını kanıtlamakta. b) Dilin oldukça karmaşık olması, bir dilden diğer bir dile, gerçekten tatmin edici sonuçlarla, mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olduğunun bu güne kadar kanıtlanmış olmaması gerçeği tarafından gösterilmekte. c) Bu dilin oldukça karmaşık olduğu gerçeğini, bu güne kadar bir dilden diğer bir dile gerçekten tatmin edici sonuçlarla mekanik olarak çevirinin mümkün olduğunun kanıtlanmaması göstermekte. The best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say, Russian into English. a) En iyi programlanmış bilgisayarın bile hâlâ Rusça'dan İngilizceye bile tutarlı bir biçimde çeviri yapamadığı söylenir. b) En iyi programlanmış bilgisayar bile hâlâ, diyelim ki, Rusça'dan İngilizceye tutarlı bir biçimde çeviri yapamamakta. c) En iyi programlanmış bilgisayar bile hâlâ Rusça'dan İngilizceden sözlü olarak tutarlı bir biçimde çeviri yapamamakta.

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It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods of computing language, it would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short sentence. a) Hesaplara göre, beyin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden birini kullansa, tek bir kısa tümceyi anlamak ya da üretmek birkaç dakika sürerdi. b) Beyin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden herhangi birini kullansa, tek bir kısa tümceyi anlaması ve üretmesi birkaç dakikada hesaplanmıştır. c) Beynin bilinen bilgi işlem yöntemlerinden herhangi birini kullanması hesaplandığında, tek bir kısa tümcenin anlaşılması ya da üretilmesi birkaç dakika alırdı.

The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficiently accurate instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complex system. a) Bilgisayar hata yapmamakta fakat bize yeterince düzgün bilgi sağlayamamaktadır; zira, hâlâ bu karmaşık bilgisayar sistemini çözebilmiş değiliz. b) Hata bilgisayarda yatmamakta, biz bilgisayara yeterince bilgi sağlayamamaktayız; çünkü, hâlâ bu karmaşık bilgisayar sistemini çözebilmiş değiliz. c) Hata bilgisayarda değil, bizim ona yeterince düzgün bilgi sağlayamamızda yatmakta; zira, hâlâ dil denen bu karmaşık sistemi çözebilmiş değiliz.

We can produce myriads of sentences that we have never heard or uttered before. a) Daha önce ürettiğimiz birçok tümce duyulmamış ya da söylenmemiş olabilir. b) Duyduğumuz ya da söylediğimiz birçok tümceyi daha önce hiç üretmemiş olabiliriz. c) Daha önce hiç duymadığımız ya da söylemediğimiz birçok tümceyi üretebiliriz. Many of the sentences in this book have been produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible to the reader. a) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; okuyucu bunları hâlâ anlayabilmektedir. b) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; yine de, bu tümceler okuyucu tarafından anlaşılabilir. c) Bu kitaptaki tümcelerden çoğu ilk kez olarak üretilmiştir; yine de okuyucu bunları anlayabilecek kadar akıllıdır. It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism - that sentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated. a) Bir tür tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahip olduğumuz, tümcelerin basitçe taklit edilmeyip her seferinde yeniden üretildikleri açıktır. b) Bir tür tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahip olduğumuz açıktır; bu tümceler her bir seferinde yeniden üretilirler ve yalnızca taklit edilmezler. c) Şurası açıktır ki bir tümce üretme mekanizmasına sahibiz; bu tümceler her bir seferinde sadece taklit edilmeyip yeniden üretilmekteler.

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This accounts for the fact that languages differ, and they differ most of all in their grammatical structure. a) Bu, dillerin birbirlerinden farklılıkları için hesaplanmaktadır ve diller en çok dilbilgisi açısından birbirinden farklıdır. b) Bu dillerin birbirinden farklılıklarını hesaplamaktadır ve diller en çok dilbilgisi açısından birbirinden farklıdır. c) Bu, dillerin birbirinden farklı olmaları ve herşeyden önce dilbilgisi yapıları açısından farklı olmaları gerçeğini açıklar. But how far are these differences only superficial, in the shape of words and their overt patterns? a) Fakat bu farklılıklar nereye kadar yüzeyseldir - sözcüklerin şeklinde ve görünür yapısında? b) Fakat bu farklılıkların yüzeyselliği sözcüklerin şekli ve görünür yapısı içinde ne kadar uzaktır? c) Fakat bu farklılıklar, sözcüklerin şekli ve görünür yapısı açısından ne ölçüde yüzeyseldir? Some scholars would maintain that "deep down" there are strong similarities even "universal" characteristics - disguised by the superficial features of sound (and perhaps of meaning). It is not clear how we can find the answer to this problem. a) Bazı bilimadamları "derinlerde" sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özelliklerinin gizlediği güçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" özellikler - bulunduğunu öne sürerler. b) Bazı bilimadamları sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özelliklerin şekline bürünmüş güçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" kişilikler - olduğunu ileri sürerler. c) Bazı bilimadamları güçlü benzerlikler - hatta "evrensel" nitelikler - olduğunu ileri sürüp sesin (ve belki de anlamın) yüzeysel özelliklerini gizlemişlerdir. b) Diğer tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK  Türkçe Tümceleri daha düzgün bir Türkçe ile ifade ederek bir bütünlük oluşturmaya çalışın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! One day at lunch we saw a cat with something in its mouth climb over the wall. The cat was carrying a kitchen.

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6. Man's Future A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species? Should we not rather rejoice in the prospect of an end to the immense load of suffering and hate and fear which has hitherto darkened the life of Man? Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet, peaceful at last, sleeping quietly at last after coming to an end of the long nightmare of pain and horror? To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and cruelty and misery that has constituted most of human life hitherto, such questions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy. Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic and however final, to a species so incapable of joy. But the pessimist has only half the truth, and to my mind the less important half. Man has not only the correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but also potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as yet, very partially, but showing what life might be in a freer and happier world. If Man will allow himself to grow to his full stature, what he may achieve is beyond our present capacity to imagine. Poverty, illness, and loneliness could become rare misfortunes. Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear in which too many now wander lost. And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an eminent few might become a common possession of the many. All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the thousands of centuries that lie before us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we have reached the maturity that should be our goal. No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for, if we do, we are traitors to Man's future. Has Man a Future (1961) Bertrand Russell

302 sözcük.

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde seek preserve species rejoice prospect immense load hitherto contemplate nightmare dreadful

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folly cruelty misery constituted tempt acquiesce correlative splendour stature misfortunes dispel wander eminent rashly maturity traitors

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede seek yükleminin öznesinin ne olabileceğini araştırın. A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species? b) Peaceful olan ne? Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet, peaceful at last, sleeping quietly at last after coming to an end of the long nightmare of pain and horror? c) Koyu yazılı bölümün tümcenin geri kalanı ile olan ilişkisini inceleyin. To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and cruelty and misery that has constituted most of human life hitherto, such questions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy. d) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic and however final, to a species so incapable of joy.

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e) Tümcede realize ve show yüklemleri koyu olarak işaretlendi. Bu yüklemlerin öznesinin ne olduğunu bulun. Man has not only the correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but also potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as yet, very partially, but showing what life might be in a freer and happier world. f) First Conditional yapılarda yan tümcede will kullanılmamaktadır. Aşağıda verilen tümcede yazarın neden will kullanmış olabileceğini inceleyin. If Man will allow himself to grow to his full stature, what he may achieve is beyond our present capacity to imagine. g) Tümcedeki relative clause yapıyı inceleyin; too many sözcükleri ile neyin/kimin kastedildiğini bulun. Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear in which too many now wander lost. h) Tümcede what sözcüğünü çeviri açısından inceleyin; an eminent few sözcükleri ve the many sözcükleri ile neyin/kimin kastedildiğini bulun. And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an eminent few might become a common possession of the many. i) Tümcedeki relative clause yapıları inceleyin. All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the thousands of centuries that lie before us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we have reached the maturity that should be our goal. j) Koyu yazılı sözcüğü inceleyin. No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for, if we do, we are traitors to Man's future.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. A pessimist might argue: why seek to preserve the human species? Karamsar biri _________________________: ne diye ________________________?

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Should we not rather rejoice in the prospect of an end to the immense load of suffering and hate and fear which has hitherto darkened the life of Man? İnsanın yaşamını şu ana kadar karartan ___________________________________ __________________________________________ gerekmez mi?

Should we not contemplate with rejoicing a new future for our planet, peaceful at last, sleeping quietly at last after coming to an end of the long nightmare of pain and horror? O uzun acı ve korku kabusunun sonuna gelişinin ardından _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________ gerekmez mi?

To any student of history contemplating the dreadful record of folly and cruelty and misery that has constituted most of human life hitherto, such questions must come in moments of imaginative sympathy. ____________________________________________________________________, bu türden sorular _____________________________________________________ ____________________________.

Perhaps our survey may tempt us to acquiesce in an end, however tragic and however final, to a species so incapable of joy. Belki de araştırmamız bizi _______________________________________________ __________________________________________.

But the pessimist has only half the truth, and to my mind the less important half. Fakat karamsar kişi gerçeğin sadece yarısına sahip, ___________________________.

Man has not only the correlative capacities for cruelty and suffering, but also potentialities of greatness and splendour, realized, as yet, very partially, but showing what life might be in a freer and happier world. İnsan hem zalimlik ve acı çekme kapasitesine hem de _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________.

If Man will allow himself to grow to his full stature, what he may achieve is beyond our present capacity to imagine. İnsanoğlu kendi kendisinin _____________________, _________________________ _________________.

Poverty, illness, and loneliness could become rare misfortunes. Yoksulluk, hastalık ve yalnızlık _________________________________________.

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Reasonable expectation of happiness could dispel the night of fear in which too many now wander lost. Makul ölçülerde mutluluk beklentisinin ____________________________________ ______________________________.

And with the progress of evolution, what is now the shining genius of an eminent few might become a common possession of the many. Ve, evrimin ilerleyişi ile, ______________________________________________ _________________________________________.

All this is possible, indeed, probable, in the thousands of centuries that lie before us, if we do not rashly and madly destroy ourselves before we have reached the maturity that should be our goal. __________________________________________ içinde tüm bunlar olası, ______ ______________________________________________________________.

No, let us not listen to the pessimist, for, if we do, we are traitors to Man's future. Hayır, karamsarı dinlemeyelim, ___________________________________________ _____________________________________.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK  Türkçe Çevirinizi İngilizce metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! A very enjoyable affair was the Children's Hallowe'en Party. Added to the beauty of it all was the fact that few of the children could be recognised as they all wore masks.

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7. Ifs of History Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been then - would we now be without penicillin? If James Watt had dropped off to sleep before his kettle boiled, would there never have been any trains? When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge - like the test-tube doctors. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers. What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may indeed depend on the crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have been as great? "What if ...?" in history is even more fun. In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party along the Roman road into France, got ambushed, and decided that France was no go. There's a theory that if they'd had stirrups, they could have ridden down the ambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be pushed off your horse by anyone with a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and invaded France. Here's another. When Leo Szilard, Weizman and Polyani were experimenting with chain reaction in Britain in the thirties, they tried to raise £2,000 to continue the work; they failed, and so took the research to America. Szilard was convinced that if they had succeeded in doing their work in Britain, German intelligence would certainly have got hold of it; he may well have been right, for when they offered one of their patents to the War Office, they were told "there appears to be no reason to keep the specification secret so far as the War Department is concerned." And why were they so certain that they must keep such stuff secret? Because Szilard had read H. G. Wells's The World Set Free and could thus envisage atomic war - you might almost say that H. G. Wells won the war. To my mind, you have to believe that things might all have been different - or simply believe in predestination, which is boring. "It will be all the same in 100 years" is the most dispiriting consolation I know; but it is not, fortunately, true. 456 sözcük

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A. SÖZCÜK  Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri a) Metnin tümünü okuyun ve anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin altını çizin. Daha sonra, sözlük yardımı ile bu sözcüklerin tümceye uygun anlamlarını bulun. b) Metinde çeşitli sözcükler yerine kullanılmakta olan it, that, this gibi değinme sözcüklerini saptayın ve nelerin yerine kullanıldıklarıın belirleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Daha önceki konularda, tümcenin analizi esnasında as, for, since ve yet yapılarına özellikle dikkat edilmesi gerektiği belirtildi. Buna göre, aşağıda verilen bölümleri inceleyin. Birinci paragrafta: What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been - would we now be without penicillin? When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge - like the testtube doctors. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers. İkinci paragrafta: If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have been as great? Dördüncü paragrafta: Szilard was convinced that if they had succeeded in doing their work in Britain, German intelligence would certainly have got hold of it; he may well have been right, for when they offered one of their patents to the War Office, they were told "there appears to be no reason to keep the specification secret so far as the War Department is concerned."

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b) Metnin özelliği, çoğu tümcenin olasılık ifadeleri içermesi. Tümcelerde hangi conditional (First, Second, Third) yapının kullanıldığını saptayın (bu yapılar Genel Çeviri 1 kitabında ele alınmakta). c) Metnin tüm tümcelerini analiz ettikten sonra, aşağıdaki alıştırmaya geçin. Burada, metinden sonra verilen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını bulmanız isteniyor. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been - would we now be without penicillin? Alexander Fleming'in muhtemelen jöle kabını atması gerekti.

When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge. Stephenson also invented the Davy lamp; a chap called Reis very nearly invented the telephone just before Bell; there were several other maniacs attempting powered flight just as doggedly as the Wright brothers. Bu tümcelere göre, bütün bilimadamlarının (Bilimadamı A) üzerinde çalıştıkları projeyi tamamlayacak bir ortakları (Bilimadamı B) bulunmakta. Yazar, dolaylı olarak, Wright kardeşler için "manyak" sözcüğünü kullanmakta.

What's far more problematic is the follow-up. What happens after a discovery may indeed depend on the crucial presence of one man. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing, would the impact have been as great ? İcadı izleyen süre, icadın kendisinden daha önemli. Büyük olasılıkla, Wallace evrim teorisini asla bu kadar ünlü yapamazdı. In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party along the Roman road into France, got ambushed, and decided that France was no go. Araplar Fransa'ya barış getirmek istedilerse de insanlar onlara güvenmediler. There's a theory that if they'd had stirrups, they could have ridden down the ambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be pushed off your horse by anyone with a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and invaded France. Araplar çok ağır mızrakları olduğu için atlarından düştüler. Bu nedenle de Fransa'yı istilayı başaramadılar. And why were they so certain that they must keep such stuff secret? Because Szilard had read H. G. Wells's The World Set Free and could thus envisage atomic war - you might almost say that H. G. Wells won the war. Szilard kitabı okumamış olsaydı, Almanya İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nı kazanabilirdi.

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To my mind, you have to believe that things might all have been different - or simply believe in predestination, which is boring. "It will be all the same in 100 years" is the most dispiriting consolation I know; but it is not, fortunately, true. Yazara göre, geçmiş konusunda "şöyle olsaydı" türünden fikirler yürütmek hiç de fena olmaz.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

a) Aşağıda verilen alıştırmayı tamamlayın. When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there (nereye?) pretty soon (pretty soon?) all the same (all the same?); for both (her iki ne?) would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge - like the test-tube doctors. If Darwin had died on the voyage [to Galapagos], then Wallace would have been the father of evolution - but without Darwin's brilliant tenacity in proving and presenting the thing (kastedilen ne?), would the impact have been as great? In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party along the Roman road into France, (özne?) got ambushed, and (özne?) decided that France was no go. Here's another (bir diğer ne?). When Leo Szilard, Weizman and Polyani were experimenting with chain reaction in Britain in the Thirties, they tried to raise £2,000 to continue the work; they failed (başaramadıkları ne?), and so took the research to America. ... And why were they so certain that they must keep such stuff (kastedilen ne?) secret? To my mind, you have to believe that things (Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmalı?) might all have been different - or simply believe in predestination, which is boring. b) Öncelikle aşağıda koyu yazılı verilen yapıları inceleyerek metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. Başlığın tümü: IFS OF HISTORY Birinci paragrafta: Speculating "what if ...?" is always enticing. What if Alexander Fleming's dishes of infected jelly had been tidied up and thrown out as they should have been would we now be without penicillin?

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When it comes to invention or discovery, the chances are that if scientist A is hit by a falling roof-tile, scientist B will get there pretty soon all the same; for both would have been building on the same state of previous knowledge - like the test-tube doctors. Üçüncü paragrafta: "What if ...?" in history is even more fun. In the eighth century the Moors in Spain sent out a reconnaissance party along the Roman road into France, got ambushed, and decided that France was no go. There's a theory that if they'd had stirrups, they could have ridden down the ambush (without stirrups, you can too readily be pushed off your horse by anyone with a pike). Then the Moors might have gone ahead and invaded France. Dördüncü paragrafta Here's another. When Leo Szilard, Weizman and Polyani were experimenting with chain reaction in Britain in the Thirties, they tried to raise £2,000 to continue the work; they failed, and so took the research to America. Because Szilard had read H. G. Wells's The World Set Free and could thus envisage atomic war - you might almost say that H. G. Wells won the war. Beşinci paragrafta To my mind, you have to believe that things might all have been different - or simply believe in predestination, which is boring.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK  Türkçe Condition clause yapıların Türkçeye aktarımında titiz davranmak gerekmekte. Zaman belirten takının yanlış seçilmesi second condition ile third condition yapının karıştırılmasına neden olabilir. Bu konuda özellikle dikkatli olun. Çevirinizi İngilizce metne bakmadan kontrol edin ve akıcı ve doğru bir Türkçe içerecek şekilde düzenleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

WANTED: Zinc bath, for adult with strong bottom.

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8. Lake Turkana Suppose now, we are back on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana 2½ million years ago. Standing by the shores we would be aware of crocodiles basking in the tropical heat on sand-spits pointing finger-like into the shallow water. A little more than five miles away to the east savannah-covered hills rise up from the lake basin, 5

sliced here and there by forest-filled valleys. At one point the hills are breached by what is obviously a large river that snakes its way down from the Ethiopian mountains. Where the river reaches the flood-plain of the lake it shatters into a it=? delta of countless streams, some small, some large, but each fringed by a line of some =? trees and bushes.

some =?

10 As we walk up one of the stream beds - dry now because there has been no rain for months - we might hear the rustle of a pig in search of roots and vegetation in the undergrowth. As the tree-cover thickens we catch a glimpse of a colobus monkey retreating through the tree tops. Lower down, mangobeys feed on ripening figs. In the seclusion of the surrounding bushes small groups of impala and water-buck 15 move cautiously. From the top of a tree we could see out into the open, where herds of gazelle graze.

After going about a mile up the stream we come across a scene that is strangely familiar. Before us is a group of eight creatures - definitely human-like, but some =? definitely not truly human - some on the stream bed and some on its sandy bank.

some =? its =?

R. Leakey ve R. Lewin, People of the Lake

260 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri

a) Sözcükleri inceleyin Metin içinde basking sand-spits shallow basin sliced breached

Yalın hali

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Anlamı

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flood-plain shatter countless fringed rustle glimpse colobus monkey retreating mangobeys ripening figs seclusion water-buck cautiously herds gazelle graze b) Metnin sağ kenarındaki sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümceleri analiz edin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Aşağıda verilen tümce çevirilerinin her birinde hata bulunmakta. Bu hataları düzeltin. Birinci tümcedeki hata örnek olarak gösterilmekte. Suppose now, we are back on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana 2½ million years ago. Şimdi 2½ milyon yıl önce, Turkana Gölü'nün doğu kıyılarının arkasında olduğumuzu varsayalım. ( ... kıyılarına geri döndüğümüzü varsayalım.) Standing by the shores we would be aware of crocodiles basking in the tropical heat on sand-spits pointing finger-like into the shallow water. Kıyıda dikildiğimizde, kumluklarda, tropik sıcakta sığ suya parmak gibi uzanıp timsahların farkına varırız.

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A little more than five miles away to the east savannah-covered hills rise up from the lake basin, sliced here and there by forest-filled valleys. Savan örtüsüyle kaplı tepelerin doğusunda, beş milden biraz daha ötede, orada ve burada ormanla örtülü vadiler göl tabanından yükselmekte. At one point the hills are breached by what is obviously a large river that snakes its way down from the Ethiopian mountains. Bir noktada, tepeler Etopya dağlarından aşağı kıvrılarak akan geniş bir ırmak tarafından görünür bir şekilde bölünmekteler. Where the river reaches the flood-plain of the lake it shatters into a delta of countless streams, some small, some large, but each fringed by a line of trees and bushes. Gölün kenarına eriştiğinde nehir, herbiri irili ufaklı ağaç ve çalılarla sıralı sayısız dereler halinde bir delta oluşturmakta. As we walk up one of the stream beds - dry now because there has been no rain for months - we might hear the rustle of a pig in search of roots and vegetation in the undergrowth. Aylardır yağmur yağmadığı için şimdi kuru olan dere yataklarından birinde yukarı doğru yürüyüp bitki örtüsünde gelişmemiş kökleri ve bitkileri ararken, bir domuzun hışırtısını duyabiliriz. As the tree-cover thickens we catch a glimpse of a colobus monkey retreating through the tree tops. Ağaç örtüsü kalınlaştığı için, ağaç tepelerine doğru kaçan bir kolobus maymunu gözümüze çarpar.

Lower down, mangobeys feed on ripening figs. Onun biraz altında, mangolar olgunlaşan incirlerle beslenmekte. In the seclusion of the surrounding bushes small groups of impala and water-buck move cautiously. Küçük impala ve geyik grupları dikkatli dolaşarak tenha çalıları çevrelemekteler. From the top of a tree we could see out into the open, where herds of gazelle graze. Bir ağacın tepesinden, gazel sürülerinin otladığı yerler açıkça görülebilir.

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After going about a mile up the stream we come across a scene that is strangely familiar. Dere boyunca bir mil kadar yukarı gidince, garip ve yabancı olmayan bir yere geliriz. Before us is a group of eight creatures - definitely human-like, but definitely not truly human - some on the stream bed and some on its sandy bank. Bizden önce bazı dere yataklarında ve bazı kumlu kıyılarında sekiz yaratıktan oluşan bir grup var - kesinlikle insan benzeri, ama kesinlikle tam olarak insan değil.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Yaptığınız düzeltmeleri, özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılık açısından değerlendirin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! On the evening of May 13th, at about 7 o'clock, travelling north and giving off a roaring sound, my husband and I both saw clearly some silver coloured objects in the sky.

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9. Garbology A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirely new field of science called garbology. William Rathje and his students have been studying the garbage left for collection in front of Tuscon homes since 1973. With the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected and categorized some they =? 5

120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interesting conclusions.

One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upperincome families. Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and household items than wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk. it =? Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure from 10 the first quarter of this century. This can be attributed to modern methods of This =? refrigeration, transportation, processing, and packaging. 138 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Tabloda, sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Sözcüklerin anlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin. Metin içinde Garbology entirely sanitation inspected conclusions household bulk overall attributed refrigeration processing

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

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Tümceleri analiz edin. A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirely new field of science called garbology. William Rathje and his students have been studying the garbage left for collection in front of Tuscon homes since 1973. With the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected and categorized some 120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interesting conclusions. One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upperincome families. Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and household items than wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk. Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure from the first quarter of this century. This can be attributed to modern methods of refrigeration, transportation, processing, and packaging.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Türkçe tümceleri tamamlayın. A professor of anthropology at the University of Tuscon has created an entirely new field of science called garbology. Tuscon Üniversitesi'nde bir antropoloji profesörü _____________________________ ___________________________________________________. William Rathje and his students have been studying the garbage left for collection in front of Tuscon homes since 1973. William Rathje ve öğrencileri ______________________________________________ __________________________________________.

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With the help of the local sanitation company, they have inspected and categorized some 120 tons of garbage and have arrived at some interesting conclusions. Yerel temizlik şirketinin yardımı ile, _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________. One result is that middle-income families waste more food than lower- or upperincome families. Sonuçlardan biri, _______________________________________________________ _______________________. Another fact is that poor families pay more for their food and household items than wealthy families because they cannot afford to buy it in bulk. Bir diğer gerçek ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________. Finally, the overall waste figure is down to 15 percent, about half the figure from the first quarter of this century. Sonuçta, toplam israf miktarı ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. 

This can be attributed to modern methods of refrigeration, transportation, processing, and packaging. Bu, ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________. 

D. BÜTÜNLÜK 



Türkçe

Çevirinizi metnin aslına bakmadan, yapı ve anlam açısından denetleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Temel düzey İngilizce dersinde bir öğrencinin ev ödevi metninden bir tümce: I take an aspirin when I have an ararat.

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10. Explain In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the 5

electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces "really" are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, "is not a thing, like the St. Paul's Cathedral; it is a way in which it =? things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell." Until recently scientists would have disapproved of

10 such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where they belong, and that =? 15 smoke goes up because that's where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation. 233 sözcük Metinle ilgili çeviri çalışmalarına başlamadan önce, aşağıdaki soruları yanıtlayın. 1. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is to __________ a) b) c) d)

explain why things happen. explain how things happen. describe self-evident principles. support Aristotelian science.

2. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years? a) b) c) d)

The speculations of Thales. The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity. Aristotle's natural science. Galileo's discoveries.

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3. Bertrand Russell's notion about electricity is __________ a) b) c) d)

disapproved of by most modern scientists. in agreement with Aristotle's theory of self-evident principles. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward "how" things happen. in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward "why" things happen.

4. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________ a) b) c) d)

A. SÖZCÜK

there are mysterious forces in the universe. man cannot discover what forces "really" are. there are self-evident principles. we can discover why things behave as they do.

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde gravitation amber reject notion dominated reasoning hence

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber.

When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell."

Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.

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He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where belong, and smoke goes up because that's where it belongs.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümlerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılabileceğini inceleyin. In science the meaning of the word "explain" suffers with civilization's every step in search of reality.

Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces "really" are.

Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, "is not a thing, like the St. Paul's Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe

Çevirinizi anlam ve bütünlük açısından, özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! James Jackson wishes to thank the 600 odd people who voted for him in the recent Urban District Council Election.

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11. The 800th Life In the time between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary, psychologically normal people will face a sudden confrontation with the future. Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand for 5

change that is a characteristic of our time. For them, the future will have arrived

them =?

too soon. This book is about change and how we adapt to it. It is about those

It =?

who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes of others who resist it

it =?

or seek flight from it. It is about our capacity to adapt. It is about the future and the shock that its arrival brings.

10

Western society for the past 300 years has been caught up in a storm of change. This storm, far from abating, now appears to be gathering force. Change moves through the highly industrialized countries with waves of ever-accelerating speed and unprecedented impact. It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from psychedelic churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic

15

and wife-swap clubs in California.

It breeds odd personalities, too: children who are at twelve are no longer

It =?

children; adults who are at fifty are children of twelve. There are rich men who playact poverty, computer programmers who turn on with LSD. There are married priests and atheist ministers and Jewish Zen Buddhists. A strange new 20

society is apparently developing in our midst. Is there a way to understand it, to

it =?

shape its development?

Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a fresh

so ?

look at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does not merely affect industries or nations. It is a force that reaches deep into one's 25

personal life, compels him to act out new roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfully upsetting psychological disease. This new disease can be called "future shock", and a knowledge of its sources and symptoms helps explain many things that otherwise resist rational analysis. 347 sözcük

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It =?

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A. SÖZCÜK

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 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde

Yalın hali

confrontation incessant thrive multitudes seek abating ever-accelerating unprecedented impact phenomena psychedelic wife-swap breeds playact priests midst incomprehensible acceleration merely compels confronts symptoms rational

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

6. Metin'de işlendi.

5. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcenin analizini yapın: Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand for change that is a characteristic of our time. b) Tümcede those sözcükleri ile neyin/kimin kasdedildiğini inceleyin: It is about those who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes of others who resist it or seek flight from it.

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c) Tümcede from ... to yapısını inceleyin: It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from psychedelic churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic and wife-swap clubs in California. d) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin: It breeds odd personalities, too: children who are at twelve are no longer children; adults who at fifty are children of twelve. e) Tümcede koyu yazılı Much that bölümünü dikkatle inceleyin; for sözcüğünü inceleyin: Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a fresh look at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does not merely affect industries or nations. f) Tümcede compel ve confront yüklemlerinin nereye bağlı olduğunu inceleyin: It is a force that reaches deep into one's personal life, compels him to act out new roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfully upsetting psychological disease.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. In the time between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary, psychologically normal people will face a sudden confrontation with the future. Günümüz ile yirmibirinci yüzyıl arasında, ___________________________________ ________________________________________. Many of the citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly painful to keep up with incessant demand for change that is a characteristic of our time. Dünyanın en zengin ve teknolojik açıdan gelişmiş ülkelerinin vatandaşlarının pek çoğu ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________. For them, the future will have arrived too soon. Onlar için, ____________________________________________.

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This book is about change and how we adapt to it. Bu kitap _______________________________________________. It is about those who seem to thrive on change, as well as those multitudes of others who resist it or seek flight from it. Kitap ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________.

It is about our capacity to adapt. It is about the future and the shock that its arrival brings. Kitap ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. Western society for the past 300 years has been caught up in a storm of change. Son 300 yıldır batı toplumu _____________________________________________.

This storm, far from abating, now appears to be gathering force. Bu fırtına ________________________________________________________. Change moves through the highly industrialized countries with waves of everaccelerating speed and unprecedented impact. Değişiklik ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________.

It brings with it all sorts of curious social phenomena - from psychedelic churches and "free universities" to science cities in the Arctic and wife-swap clubs in California. Beraberinde her türden garip toplumsal olguyu getirmektedir - ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________. It breeds odd personalities, too: children who at twelve are no longer children; adults who at fifty are children of twelve. İlginç kişilikler de türetmekte: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.

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Much that now seems incomprehensible would be far less so if we took a fresh look at today's rapid rate of change, for the acceleration of change does not merely affect industries or nations. Günümüzde kavranamaz görünen _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________. It is a force that reaches deep into one's personal life, compels him to act out new roles, and confronts him with the danger of a new and powerfully upsetting psychological disease. Bu, insanın kişisel yaşamının derinlerine işleyen, _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________. This new disease can be called "future shock", and a knowledge of its sources and symptoms helps explain many things that otherwise resist rational analysis. Bu yeni hastalık _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizin Türkçesini özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Deaths: Edgeworth. On March 16th, Margaret, mother of Tom (by accident). Funeral 3.30 pm Thursday.

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12. Desertification Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a limited extent. The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is largely man's own doing. This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of 1968-73. The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who 5

had earlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazing practices that were not in accord with their traditions. In common with

those =?

those of other nomads around the world, such traditions involved never staying in one place so long as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance.

them =?

When these people were not allowed to follow this tradition, the process of 10

desertification moved ahead quickly. 120 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri

Aşağıdaki tabloda, metindeki sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Bu sözcüklerin anlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin. Metin içinde Desertification pace process spread highlighted Sahel drought nomadic adopt grazing accord exhaust sustenance

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

9. Metin'de başka bir anlamı işlendi.

8. Metin'de işlendi.

Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcüklerin metin içinde hangi sözcüğün/sözcüklerin yerine kullanıldığını bulun.

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B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin herbirinin Ö+Y+(N) gibi temel unsurlarını, bileşik tümcelerin de ana tümcesi ile yan tümcesini belirleyin. Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a limited extent. The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is largely man's own doing. This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of 1968-73. The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who had earlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazing practices that were not in accord with their traditions. In common with those of other nomads around the world, such traditions involved never staying in one place so long as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance. When these people were not allowed to follow this tradition, the process of desertification moved ahead quickly.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Bu aşamada metnin çevirisini yapmaya başlayabilirsiniz. Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs naturally to a limited extent. Toprağın biyolojik __________________________________________.

üretkenliğinin

The pace at which the process has spread recently, however, is largely man's own doing. Ancak, yakın zamanlarda ________________________________________________ ________________.

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This fact was highlighted by the great Sahel drought of 1968-73. Bu gerçek _________________________________________________________. The worst effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who had earlier been forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazing practices that were not in accord with their traditions. Kuraklığın en kötü etkileri ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. In common with those of other nomads around the world, such traditions involved never staying in one place so long as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance. Dünyadaki diğer göçebelerin _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________. When these people were not allowed to follow this tradition, the process of desertification moved ahead quickly. Bu insanların geleneklerini ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe

Çevirinizi metnin aslına bakmadan, yapı ve anlam açısından denetleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! There will be a procession next Saturday afternoon in the grounds of the Monastery; but if it rains in the afternoon, the procession will take place in the morning.

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13. Women It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry or decimum. Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the 5

time was much more important. The decimum was the wife's right to receive a tenth of her husband's property. The wife had the right to withhold consent, in all transactions the husband would make. And more than just a right: the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no that =? case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife.

10 The wife shared in the management of her husband's personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they =? they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of María Vivas, a Catalan that =? 15 woman of Barcelona. Having agreed with her husband to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None None =? being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miró's personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, 20 "for the sake of peace". Either through dowry or through being hot-tempered, the Catalan wife knew how to win herself, within the context of the family, a powerful economic position.

290 sözcük Metinle ilgili çeviri alıştırmalarına başlamadan önce, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın. 1.

A decimum was __________

a) b) c) d)

the wife's inheritance from her father. a gift of money to the new husband. a written contract. the wife's right to receive one-tenth of her husband's property.

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2.

In the society described in the passage, the legal standing of the wife in marriage was __________

a) c)

higher that that of her husband. the same as that of her husband.

3.

What compensation did María Vivas get for the field?

a) b) c) d)

Some of the land Miró had inherited. A tenth of Miró's land. Money for household expenses. Money for Miró's inheritance.

4.

Could a husband sell his wife's inheritance?

a) b) c) d)

No, under no circumstances. Yes, whenever he wished to. Yes, if she agreed. Yes, if his father-in-law agreed.

5.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of the dowry system?

a) b) c) d)

The husband had to share the power of decision in marriage. The wife was protected from desertion. The wife gained a powerful economic position. The husband was given control over his wife's property.

A. SÖZCÜK

b) lower than that of her husband. d) higher than that of a single woman.

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde dowry desertion withhold consent transactions inheritance exceed household compensation scribe duly assigning

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

3. Metin'de işlendi

9. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Metindeki tümceleri dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

C. ANLAM

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

a) Koyu yazılı bölümün Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin. And more than just a right: the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. b) Devrik yapıya dikkat edin. In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife. c) Koyu yazılı bölümlerin Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. d) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. A case in point is that of María Vivas, a Catalan woman of Barcelona.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe

Çevirinizi anlam ve bütünlük açısından, özgün metne bakmadan inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Mr. and Mrs. John Beverlin are rejoicing over an eight-pound daughter, their sixth child since last Saturday.

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14. Who's Afraid of The Silicon Chip The one thing that got talked about non-stop throughout 1990s is about as big as this .

For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing wizardry with the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of life. For the uninitiated, it's a source of bafflement, unease, and a vaguely sci-fi fascination. It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all the expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newly-fanged substitute for fried potato.

It's the silicon chip.

Not surprisingly, most non-scientists find that the effort of trying to grasp what a silicon is turns out to be just as bewildering as the struggle to comprehend what a silicon chip does.

Forty years ago, the world's first electronic digital computers weighed about thirty tons and filled a room. Today silicon chip equivalent weighs a fraction of gramme and would disappear on your fingernail. Once designed, a silicon chip can be ludicrously cheap to manufacture in bulk. That is why everyone can now buy for peanuts such sophisticated gadgets as pocket calculators or complex TV games. Desk-top computers are as familiar as desk-top typewriters .

Not only is the silicon chip small and ever more inexpensive, it is also reliable and immensely versatile. Already the world market is estimated at £3 billion a year. By the mid-2010s, one chip-maker predicts, every person in the world may need to own at least one microprocessing toy just to have an outlet for the industry's burgeoning supply.

Such talk is typical of the increasingly extravagant claims being made on behalf of the silicon chip. It has been called the most significant invention since wheel. A single chip can far outstrip the mathematical speed and capacity of any man. Multi-chip computers can perform a million error-free calculations in the time it takes to blink and they're getting faster all the time. All that is holding them back is the speed at which data can be programmed in, or applications for them found.

More and more small firms take advantage of small, purpose-programmed computers to keep the books. Instrumentation on cars gets neater and more comprehensive. Telephones have increased international capability, telephone and television-linked information systems are more comprehensive and more widespread. Cameras get smaller and more automated, fun toys like talking calculators and programmable video gadgets fight for the home entertainment market. Money continues to give way to computerised accounting

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and debiting systems, all kinds of security systems are rapidly advanced. Shops keep track of their stock with micro-processing systems, all kinds of traffic control has become more efficient, less energy is wasted by better power systems.

Mid-1990s, in short, certainly saw a gathering pace in the applied use of silicon ships but there is not the remotest chance that applications will keep pace with theoretical development. The long-term effects of the micro-processing revolution are incalculable - even for a silicon chip. The most talked-about social implication is, of course, the effect of ever more sophisticated automation on employment. Here, too, there has been a marked tendency to take off into scare mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips will cause overnight disruption, making millions redundant. A study by the UK Central Policy Review Staff is characteristically sober: "Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processing applications overestimate the speed at which these applications could be introduced and underestimate the new markets created in the process." 568 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde wizardy mind-boggling uninitiated bafflement newly-fanged ludicrous gadgets versatile outlet burgeoning extravagant outstrip blink debiting incalculable scare mongering disruption redundant sober overestimate underestimate

Yalın hali

119

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker; Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede esas yüklemi bulun. The one thing that got talked about non-stop throughout mid 1990s is about as big as this . b) Koyu yazılı bölümleri dikkatle inceleyin. For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing wizardry with the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of life. For the uninitiated, it's a source of bafflement, unease, and a vaguely sci-fi fascination. c) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all the expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newlyfanged substitute for fried potato. d) Tümcedeki noun clause ve comparative clause yapıları saptayın. Not surprisingly, most non-scientists find that the effort of trying to grasp what a silicon is turns out to be just as bewildering as the struggle to comprehend what a silicon chip does. e) Tümcedeki devrik yapıya dikkat edin. Not only is the silicon chip small and ever more inexpensive, it is also reliable and immensely versatile. f) Tümcedeki -ing yapıyı inceleyin. Here, too, there has been a marked tendency to take off into scare mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips will cause overnight disruption, making millions redundant. g) Tümcede ana yüklemi saptayın. "Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processing applications overestimate the speed at which these applications could be introduced and underestimate the new markets created in the process."

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C. ANLAM

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri çeviri açısından inceleyin. Sonra metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. For the electro-technologically minded, it's a miracle of micro-processing wizardry with the mind-boggling potential to revolutionise the whole of life. It represents the major challenge of the past century's last twenty years, so all the expert futurologists claim, yet sounds to most of us like some newlyfanged substitute for fried potato.

That is why everyone can now buy for peanuts such sophisticated gadgets as pocket calculators or complex TV games. Such talk is typical of the increasingly extravagant claims being made on behalf of the silicon chip.

Multi-chip computers can perform a million error-free calculations in the time it takes to blink and they're getting faster all the time.

All that is holding them back is the speed at which data can be programmed in, or applications for them found. More and more small firms take advantage of small, purpose-programmed computers to keep the books.

Cameras get smaller and more automated, fun toys like talking calculators and programmable video gadgets fight for the home entertainment market.

Money continues to give way to computerised accounting and debiting systems, all kinds of security systems are rapidly advanced. The long-term effects of the micro-processing revolution are incalculable even for a silicon chip.

Here, too, there has been a marked tendency to take off into scare mongering with exaggerated claims that silicon chips will cause overnight disruption, making millions redundant.

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A study by the UK Central Policy Review Staff is characteristically sober: "Reports suggesting large-scale loss of jobs from micro-processing applications overestimate the speed at which these applications could be introduced and underestimate the new markets created in the process."

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizin Türkçesini özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Would any friendly older couple with hours to spare like to help bury family in house and garden?

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15. Education Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he "never went to school, and therefore preserved the rare gift of thinking freely." There is undoubtedly truth in Einstein's observation; many artists and geniuses seem to view their schooling as a disadvantage. But such a truth is not a criticism of schools. It is the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers. The explorer is always a lonely individual whether his or her pioneering be in art, music, science, or technology. The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way." Insofar as schools teach perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity and genius. But if schools could somehow exist solely to cultivate genius, then society would break down. For the social order demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits that are destructive to creativity. There will always be conflict between the demands of society and the impulses of creativity and genius. 172 sözcük Metnin ana fikrini ifade eden tümceyi bulun. a)

Albert Einstein and other geniuses and artists have said that schools limit creativity and genius. b) Schools should be designed to encourage creativity. c) Explorers can be compared to geniuses because both groups look at the world differently from the way most people do. d) Schools can never satisfy the needs of both geniuses and society as a whole.

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde attributed gift civilize pioneering faculty perceiving perceptual patterns solely cultivate widespread traits conflict impulses

123

Yalın hali Sözcük türü 9. Metin'de işlendi.

5. Metin'de işlendi.

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Aşağıdaki tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri ayrıca inceleyin. Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he "never went to school, ... he a) Einstein b) a famous scientist

The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way." The creative explorer of unmapped lands a) yalnızca gezginler kastedilmekte b) tüm mucitler kastedilmekte what a) Türkçeye olan şey olarak aktarılabilir b) Türkçeye ne olarak aktarılabilir

Insofar as schools teach perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity and genius. they a) schools b) perceptual patterns

For the social order demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits that are destructive to creativity. For a) - den dolayı b) - den beri c) için both traits a) 1= social order, 2= unity and widespread agreement b) 1= unity, 2= widespread agreement

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he "never went to school, ... ." to hangi yüklem ya da sıfata bağlı?

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It is the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers. Tümceyi yeniden oluşturun: The function _______________________________.

The explorer is always a lonely individual whether his or her pioneering be in art, music, science, or technology. Asıl yüklem olan be neden is olarak değil de yalın olarak kullanılmakta? Bunun çeviriye bir etkisi olur mu?

The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way." Tümcede esas yüklem share. Buna göre: Kim paylaşmakta? Kiminle paylaşmakta? Neyi paylaşmakta?

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri

Sözcük ve dilbilgisi alıştırmalarını gözönünde bulundurarak metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Yaptığınız çeviriyi, özgün metne bakmadan, Türkçe tümce yapısına uygunluk ve akıcılık açısından değerlendirin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! The American Women's Club of Brussels invites donations of clean undamaged babies and pre-school children's clothing.

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16. The Secret Few People Could Guess

5

Brenda Linson never goes anywhere without an empty spectacles case. It is as

It =?

vital to her as her purse. Yet, she doesn't wear glasses. The reason she can't do

Yet ?

without it is because she can't read and she can't write. If ever she gets into any

it =?

situation where she might be expected to do either of these things, she fishes in

these things =?

her bag for the specs case, finds it empty, and asks the person concerned to do

it =?

the reading for her. Brenda is now in her late thirties. She's capable and articulate and until a few months ago hardly anybody knew she was illiterate. Her husband didn't know and her children didn't know. Her children still don't.

10

don't ___

She had any number of tactics for concealing her difficulty - for example, never lingering near a phone at work, in case she had to answer it and might be required to write something down. But, in fact, it is easier for illiterates to

the truth =?

conceal the truth than the rest of us might imagine. Literacy is taken so much for granted that people simply don't spot the give-away signs.

15 It has never occurred to the children that their mother cannot read. She doesn't read them stories, but then their father doesn't either, so they find nothing surprising in doesn't __ the fact. Similarly they just accept that Dad is the one who writes sick notes and they =? reads the school reports. Now that the elder boy Tom is a quite proficient reader, Brenda can skilfully get him to read any notes brought home from school 20 simply by asking, "What's that all about, then?"

Brenda's husband never guessed the truth in 10 years of marriage. For one thing he insists on handling all domestic correspondence and bills himself. An importer of Persian carpets, he travels a great deal and so is not around so much to spot the the truth =? truth. While he's away Brenda copes with any situations by explaining that she 25 can't do anything until she's discussed it with her husband.

it =?

Brenda was very successful in her job until very recently. For the last five years she had worked as a waitress at an exclusive private club, and had eventually been promoted to head waitress. She kept the thing a secret there too, and got over the practical difficulties somehow. 382 sözcük

126

the thing =?

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

A. SÖZCÜK

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin tümünü okuyun ve bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin altını çizin. kimi sözcükler tümce içinde kendi başlarına değil de başka sözcükler ile kullanılıyor olabilirler. Bu nedenle, sözlükte o sözcüğü incelerken, sözcüğün tüm kullanımlarını inceleyin ve tümcedeki kullanım ile kıyaslayın. Bunun ardından, metnin sağ yanında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin ve metin içindeki işlevlerini saptayın. Ayrıca, bu metinde, sözcük ve dilbilgisi düzeyinde, sık kullanılan any yapılarının ayrıca incelenmesi ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılacaklarının saptanması gerekir.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

anywhere

Birinci paragrafta

hardly anybody

Birinci paragrafta

any number

İkinci paragrafta

any notes

Üçüncü paragrafta

any situations

Dördüncü paragrafta

anything

Dördüncü paragrafta

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin basit mi yoksa bileşik mi olduklarını saptadıktan ve Ö+Y+N yapılarını belirledikten sonra, aşağıda verilen yapıları belirtilen paragraflarda bulun. a) Birinci paragrafta as __________ as The reason (why) __________ because

b) İkinci paragrafta Comparison clause so __________ that

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c) Üçüncü paragrafta Reason clause

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. Önce kolay olan tümcelerle başlayın. Böylece zor tümcelerin anlamını çıkarmanız kolaylaşacaktır. Bu aşamada, çeviriyi yaparken bileşik tümceleri şimdilik karmaşık bir yapı halinde aktarmanız gerekmemekte. Örneğin, üçüncü paragrafın birinci tümcesi It has never occurred to the children that their mother cannot read. bu aşamada Türkçeye Çocuklar asla farkına varmadılar, annelerinin okuyamadığının şeklinde aktarılabilir.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Tümceleri düzgün bir Türkçe ile oluşturun Çocuklar annelerinin okuyamadığının farkına asla varmadılar ve tümcelerin anlamlarının birbirleri ile ve metnin tümünün anlamı ile uyumluluğunu kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! The many friends of Mrs. Barrett will be sorry to learn that she injured her foot on Sunday. It will probably be six weeks before the fool can be released from a plaster cast.

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17. United Nations In one very long sentence, the introduction to the UN Charter expresses the ideals and the common aims of all the peoples whose governments joined together to form the UN. "We the peoples of the UN determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends, to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims." The name United Nations is accredited to UN President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year's Day in 1942. Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals, completed at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. These proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco which began in April 1945, were finally agreed on and signed as the UN Charter by 50 countries on 26 June 1945. Poland, not represented at the conference, signed the Charter later and was added to the list of original members. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the U.S.S.R., the UK. and the UN and by a majority of the other participants that the UN officially came into existence. The date was 24 October, now universally celebrated as United Nations day. The essential functions of the UN are to maintain peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to co-operate internationally economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and to be centre for co-ordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. No country takes precedence over another in the UN Each member's rights and obligations are the same. All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states. Though the UN has no right to intervene any state's internal affairs, it tries to ensure that non-member states act according to its principles of international peace and security. UN members must offer every assistance in an approved UN action and in no way assist states against which the UN is taking preventive or enforcement action. 508 sözcük

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

A. SÖZCÜK

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 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde Charter succeeding scourge untold suffering reaffirm faith fundamental dignity obligations treaties maintained promote ensure machinery resolved accomplish accredited intent proposals deliberation ratified participants precedence contribute settlement disputes pledged refrain threat intervene approved preventive enforcement

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

5. Metin'de farklı anlamı işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

İkinci paragrafı bir tek tümce oluşturmakta. Bu tümcenin esas yüklemini saptayın. Bunu yaparken, ikinci paragrafın bir özeti niteliğinde olan dördüncü paragrafı incelemeniz yararlı olabilir.

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The essential functions of the UN are to maintain peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to co-operate internationally economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and to be centre for co-ordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metni Türkçeye aktarın. İkinci paragrafı Türkçeye aktarırken, aşağıda verilen şemadan yararlanabilirsiniz. We the peoples of the UN (who are) determined ... [A] to _______________________________________, and [B] to _____________ [a] in _________________, [b] in __________________________________, [c] in ______________ [1] of ________________ and [2] of _______________, and [C] to __________________________________________________, and [D] to __________________________________________________, and for these ends, [E] to __________________ and [F] (to) _________________________________________________, and [G] to __________________________________________________, and [H] to ______, ____________, _____________, ________________, and [I] to ___________________________________________________, ... have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims (A-I).

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizin Türkçesini kontrol edin.

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18. The Fountain and The Water-Jar He who can go to the fountain does not go to the water-jar. Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks Leonardo da Vinci was talking, of course, of composition. His advice to painters was "go to the objects of nature rather than those which are imitated from nature": those =? paint from life, not from a copy of life. 5

The translator, if he is honest with himself, knows that his readers are those who those =? cannot go to the fountain. Those who are free to choose, will prefer the original; Those =? those who are not, will "make do" with the translation. This is hard for the translator to admit, for it implies that translation is always second-best; but second- it =? best does not necessarily imply second-rate. Translation need not be a poor

10 substitute for the original. Translation does, certainly, have a bad reputation with the general public: Torture and translation are, in fact, amongst the few fates that can be worse than death. Strictly speaking, translation is a subtle form of torture. (The Spectator, 24 September 1977) 15 even though the words above may be more extreme than most people would care to use. It is unfortunate that translation is perhaps more often criticized for its defects than praised for its merits. The faults of a bad translation are immediately apparent, the virtues of a good one may easily pass unnoticed. The reader, generally, cannot one =? 20 compare: his "original" is the translation; this is what he judges. And in his this =? judgement, he has only his own native ear to go by, for what he is reacting to is a piece of writing in his own language. It is not surprising, then, that one of the vaguest - but commonest - criticisms of translation should be "it sounds wrong". What the reader means when he says "it sounds wrong" is that although the words 25 may be familiar to him, they are combined in an unfamiliar way. He may they =? understand the face value of these words, he may see no evident flaw in the structure of the sentence, he may find nothing wrong with the punctuation or wordorder, with the idioms or figures of speech - yet still he may feel uneasy. Translation

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A. SÖZCÜK

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

a) Sözcükleri inceleyin Metin içinde Fountain Water-jar imitated make do second-best substitute reputation Torture fates subtle defects praised merits virtues vaguest evident flaw punctuation

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin. c) Koyu verilen yapıların nasıl aktarılacağını inceleyin. Leonardo da Vinci was talking, of course, of composition

The translator, if he is honest with himself, knows that his readers are those who cannot go to the fountain.

Those who are free to choose, will prefer the original; those who are not, will "make do" with the translation. This is hard for the translator to admit, for it implies that translation is always second-best; but second-best does not necessarily imply second-rate.

And in his judgement, he has only his own native ear to go by, for what he is reacting to is a piece of writing in his own language. It is not surprising, then, that one of the vaguest - but commonest - criticisms of translation should be "it sounds wrong". He may understand the face value of these words, he may see no evident flaw in the structure of the sentence, he may find nothing wrong with the punctuation or word-order, with the idioms or figures of speech - yet still he may feel uneasy.

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B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin dilbilgisi açısından analizini yapın. 6. tümcedeki ve 12. tümcedeki for sözcüklerine ve 15. tümcedeki yet sözcüğüne dikkat edin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve Türkçesini düzeltin.

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19. Lightning The phenomenon of lightning has been a source of danger and mystery through the centuries, and only recently have scientists begun to understand its true nature. We know now that lightning is a huge electrical spark caused by the interaction of electrically charged particles in the atmosphere. During a thunderstorm, heavy particles holding a positive charge rise to the top. Lightning results when energy flows between the two types of charges.

What is still not understood is the process by which particles become electrically charged. Most scientists believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and other heavy, falling particles. The collision may cause these elements to take on either a positive or negative charge.

The most feared form of lightning is that which strikes the ground in one or more electrical discharges called strokes. Any one of these strokes is capable of causing death, destroying property, or igniting fires. It is interesting to note that the bright flash of light produced by a stroke actually occurs as the discharge returns to the sky and not as it descends towards the ground. This return stroke heats surrounding air and causes it to expand, thus producing a wave of pressure called thunder. 208 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde Lightning phenomenon source mystery spark interaction charged particles thunderstorm flows process moisture tiny collide collision feared strikes discharges strokes

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

12. Metin'de işlendi.

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

property igniting flash occurs descends surrounding expand wave pressure thunder

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Metinden alınan aşağıdaki tümcelerin her birinde birer -ing relative clause ya da past participle relative clause yapı bulunmakta. Bu yapıları saptayın. (Her iki yapı da Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının 8. konusunda ele alınmakta: I like the girl sitting over there. [= who is sitting] I like macaroni flavoured with Italian sauce. [=which is flavoured]) We know now that lightning is a huge electrical spark caused by the interaction of electrically charged particles in the atmosphere. During a thunderstorm, heavy particles holding a positive charge rise to the top. The most feared form of lightning is that which strikes the ground in one or more electrical discharges called strokes. It is interesting to note that the bright flash of light produced by a stroke actually occurs as the discharge returns to the sky and not as it descends towards the ground. This return stroke heats surrounding air and causes it to expand, thus producing a wave of pressure called thunder. b) Aşağıdaki tümcede, and sözcüğünden sonra gelen tümcenin yapısını inceleyin ve öznesini bulun. The phenomenon of lightning has been a source of danger and mystery through the centuries, and only recently have scientists begun to understand its true nature.

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c) Aşağıda verilen tümcede Most scientists believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and other heavy, falling particles. bir noun clause yer almakta. Most scientists believe that ... Bu durumda da a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and other heavy, falling particles. bölümü kendi içinde bir tümce özelliği taşımakta. Bu bölümün özne, yüklem ve nesnesini saptayın.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle Most scientists believe that a cloud's light, rising moisture and tiny pieces of ice collide with hail and other heavy, falling particles tümcesinde hem isim hem de sıfat olarak kullanılan bazı sözcükler yer aldığı için yanlış çeviri yapma olasılığınız bulunmakta. Bu tümceyi Türkçeye aktardıktan sonra Türkçe anlamın kendi içinde ve diğer tümcelerin anlamı ile tutarlı olup olmadığını inceleyin.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun. İngilizce metni hiç okumamış biri, çevirinizi kullanarak şimşek olgusunu, sizin "yani demek istiyorum ki ..." şeklindeki sözlü açıklamalarınıza gerek olmadan, anlayabilir mi?

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20. The Way Up To Heaven All her life, Mrs. Foster had had an almost pathological fear of missing a train, a plane, a boat, or even a theatre curtain. In other respects, she was not a particularly nervous woman, but the mere thought of being late on occasions like

5

these would throw her into such a state of nerves that she would begin to twitch.

these =?

It was nothing much - just a tiny vellicating muscle in the corner of the left eye,

It =?

like a secret wink - but the annoying thing was that it refused to disappear until an hour or so after the train or plane or whatever it was had been safely caught. It was really extraordinary how in some people a simple apprehension about a thing like catching a train can grow into a serious obsession. At least half an hour 10

before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs. Foster would step out of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves, and then, being quite unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidget about from room to room until her husband, who must have been well aware of her state, finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice that perhaps they had better get going now, had they not?

15 Mr. Foster may possibly have had a right to be irritated by this foolishness of his wife's, but he could have had no excuse for increasing her misery by keeping her

20

waiting unnecessarily. Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what

this ?

he did, yet whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate -

yet ?

just a minute or two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard to believe he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on the unhappy woman. And one thing he must have known - that she would never dare to call out and tell him to hurry. He had disciplined her too well for that. He must also have known that if he was prepared to wait even beyond the

25

last moment of safety, he could drive her nearly into hysterics. On one or two special occasions in the later years of their married life, it seemed almost as though he had wanted to miss the train simply in order to intensify the poor woman's suffering.

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that =?

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Assuming (though one cannot be sure) that the husband was guilty, what made his attitude doubly unreasonable was the fact that, with the exception of this one small irrepressible foible, Mrs. Foster was and always had been a good and 30

loving wife. For over thirty years, she had served him loyally and well. There was no doubt about this. Even she, a very modest woman, was aware of it, and

it = ?

although she had for years refused to let herself believe that Mr. Foster would ever consciously torment her, there had been times recently when she had caught herself beginning to wonder. Roald Dahl: Kiss Kiss

501 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metin içinde mere nerves twitch vellicating wink apprehension obsession flutter fidget emerged bland inflicting torture intensify doubly irrepressible foible loyally torment

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

18. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Metnin tümünü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.

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Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

C. ANLAM

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Çeviri alıştırmalarına geçmeden önce, aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın. Metinden alınan tümcenin ardından verilen ifadenin doğru olup olmadığını saptayın. All her life, Mrs. Foster had had an almost pathological fear of missing a train, a plane, a boat, or even a theatre curtain. Bu tümceye göre Mrs. Foster bir tiyatro oyuncusu.

It was nothing much - just a tiny vellicating muscle in the corner of the left eye, like a secret wink - but the annoying thing was that it refused to disappear until an hour or so after the train or plane or whatever it was had been safely caught. Mrs. Foster tren vs.ye yetiştikten sonra bile gözündeki tik bir süre devam etmekte. At least half an hour before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs. Foster would step out of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves, and then, being quite unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidget about from room to room until her husband, who must have been well aware of her state, finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice that perhaps they had better get going now, had they not? Mrs. Foster kocasını caddede beklemekte. Tümcedeki "who must have been well aware of her state" bölümü Mr. Foster'ın bilerek oyalandığını göstermekte. Mr. Foster may possibly have had a right to be irritated by this foolishness of his wife's, but he could have had no excuse for increasing her misery by keeping her waiting unnecessarily. Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what he did, yet whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate - just a minute or two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard to believe he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on the unhappy woman. Mr. Foster'ın karısına bilerek işkence yaptığına ilişkin kesin deliller var. Tümcedeki "just a minute or two late, you understand" bölümü Mr. Foster'ın bir-iki dakika geç kaldığını göstermekte. He must also have known that if he was prepared to wait even beyond the last moment of safety, he could drive her nearly into hysterics. Mr. Foster çoğu zaman en son anın da geçmesini beklemekte.

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Assuming (though one cannot be sure) that the husband was guilty, what made his attitude doubly unreasonable was the fact that, with the exception of this one small irrepressible foible, Mrs. Foster was and always had been a good and loving wife. For over thirty years, she had served him loyally and well. There was no doubt about this. Mrs. Foster iyi bir eş olmasına rağmen kötü bir saplantısı olduğu için, Mr. Foster affedilebilir. Even she, a very modest woman, was aware of it, and although she had for years had refused to let herself believe that Mr. Foster would ever consciously torment her, there had been times recently when she had caught herself beginning to wonder. Mrs. Foster, ara sıra, kocasının kendisine bilerek işkence yaptığını düşünmekte. Metni Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle de aşağıda ele alınan tümcelerdeki koyu bölümleri çok dikkatle inceleyerek. At least half an hour before it was time to leave the house for the station, Mrs. Foster would step out of the elevator all ready to go, with hat and coat, gloves, and then, being quite unable to sit down, she would flutter and fidget about from room to room until her husband, who must have been well aware of her state, finally emerged from his privacy and suggested in a cool dry voice that perhaps they had better get going now, had they not?

Mind you, it is by no means certain that this is what he did, yet whenever they were to go somewhere, his timing was so accurate - just a minute or two late, you understand - and his manner so bland that it was hard to believe he wasn't purposefully inflicting a nasty little torture of his own on the unhappy woman. And one thing he must have known - that she would never dare to call out and tell him to hurry.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin. Metin kısa hikaye türü olduğu için, kullandığınız Türkçenin de buna uygun olmasına özen göstermeniz gerekmekte.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! The Fitzgeralds came to South Africa in the sixties. At that time he was forty and she was twenty-seven. He is now fifty and she is twenty-nine.

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21. Political Parties In countries having democratic forms of government, political parties compete in open elections for the right to run the government. The primary functions of parties include nominating suitable candidates for public office, selecting issues for public debate and persuading persons who have registered to vote to elect its 5

its =?

slate. Party leaders are also responsible for raising money to finance costly political campaigns.

Once elected, party officials try to implement the policies of their party in the operation of government. If the party has just taken over control of the government, smooth operation of the system and implementation of policy might 10

take months to achieve. In the case of a party that retains its hold on the government through re-election, the clear mandate of the people normally results in a flurry of new laws that can influence the social and economic climate of a country for years.

The primary function of the party or parties not elected is to question the policies 15

of the party in control. The minority parties publicize what they consider

what ?

deficiencies in the majority party's program and offer voters an alternative. This healthy opposition serves as a check against the excesses of power seen in oneparty systems. 200 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde compete primary nominating candidates issues debate persuading slate costly implement smooth achieve retains

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Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

mandate flurry minority publicize deficiencies majority opposition excesses Bu metinde, ilk anlamından farklı anlamlar taşıyan bazı sözcükler de bulunmakta. Bu açıdan çeviri esnasında anlam açısından oturmayan her yapıyı sözlük yardımı ile inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Verilen tümcelerde gerund ( -ing) yapıları inceleyin. In countries having democratic forms of government, political parties compete in open elections for the right to run the government.

The primary functions of parties include nominating suitable candidates for public office, selecting issues for public debate and persuading persons who have registered to vote to elect its slate.

Party leaders are also responsible for raising money to finance costly political campaigns. b) Verilen tümcelerde infinitive (to +yuklem) yapıları inceleyin. If the party has just taken over control of the government, smooth operation of the system and implementation of policy might take months to achieve.

The primary function of the party or parties not elected is to question the policies of the party in control.

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c) Tümcede koyu yazılı olarak verilen to yapılarından hangisinin persuading yüklemi ile ilişkili olduğunu saptayın. The primary functions of parties include nominating suitable candidates for public office, selecting issues for public debate and persuading persons who have registered to vote to elect its slate.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi bütünlük açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Mr. Andreotti [former Italian Prime-minister] said his goats were to reduce Italy's 7% unemployment and its 13% inflation.

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22. Women and Space Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 in all, between the ages of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the space shuttle. Though carefully selected from among many applicants, the women were volunteers and pay was barely above minimum wage. They were not allowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and they were expected to tolerate each others' company at close quarters for the entire period. Among other things, they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss.

Results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages over men in space. They need less food and less oxygen and they stand up to radiation better. Men's advantages in terms of strength and stamina, meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space. 210 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde shuttle volunteers gravity strenuous confined stamina virtually

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

145

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

a) Tümcedeki -ing yapıları inceleyin. Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 in all, between the ages of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the space shuttle. b) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. Among other things, they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Koyu yazılı bölümlerin anlamını ve Türkçeye nasıl aktarılmaları gerektiğini inceleyin. They were not allowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and they were expected to tolerate each others' company at close quarters for the entire period. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss. Metnin tümünü Türkçeye çevirin.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizin Türkçesini özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

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23. Common Sense About Smoking It is often said, "I know all about the risk to my health, but I think the risk is worth it." When this statement is true it should be accepted. Everyone has the right to choose what risks they take, however great they may be. However, often the they =? statement really means, "I have a nasty feeling that smoking is bad for my health, 5

but I would rather not think about it." With some people the bluff can be called and it =? they can be asked to explain what they think the risk to their health is. When this is done few get very far in personal terms. The bare fact that 23,000 people died of few ___ lung cancer last year in Great Britain often fails to impress an individual. When it is explained that this is the equivalent of one every twenty-five minutes or is four this =?

10 times as many as those killed on the roads, the significance is more apparent. The one =? one-in-eight risk of dying of lung cancer for the man who smokes twenty-five or those =? more cigarettes a day may be better appreciated if an analogy is used. If, when you boarded a plane, the girl at the top of the steps were to welcome you aboard with the greeting, "I am pleased that you are coming with us - only one in eight of our 15 planes crashes," how many would think again, and make other arrangements? many ___ Alternatively, the analogy of Russian roulette may appeal. The man smoking twenty-five or more a day runs the same risk between the ages of thirty and sixty as another who buys a revolver with 250 chambers and inserts a live bullet and on another =? each of his birthdays spins the chamber, points the revolver at his head, and pulls 20 the trigger. One of the difficulties in impressing these facts on people, is that, despite the current epidemic of lung cancer, because it is a disease which kills relatively quickly, there are many who have as yet no experience of it among their many =? it =? family or friends. Christopher Wood

337 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

a) Sözcükleri inceleyin Metin içinde statement nasty bluff bare lung impress equivalent significance

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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appreciated analogy boarded appeal revolver chamber insert live bullet spin trigger epidemic b) Metnin sağ kenarında verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Örneğe bakarak, verilen tümcelerde esas yüklemi bulun. It is often said, "I know all about the risk to my health, but I think the risk is worth it." The one-in-eight risk of dying of lung cancer for the man who smokes twenty-five or more cigarettes a day may be better appreciated if an analogy is used. The man smoking twenty-five or more a day runs the same risk between the ages of thirty and sixty as another who buys a revolver with 250 chambers and inserts a live bullet and on each of his birthdays spins the chamber, points the revolver at his head, and pulls the trigger. One of the difficulties in impressing these facts on people, is that, despite the current epidemic of lung cancer, because it is a disease which kills relatively quickly, there are many who have as yet no experience of it among their family or friends. b) Diğer tümceleri de analiz edin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun.

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24. Intelligence Recent research into whether people who are good at solving brain twisters are more intelligent than those who are not suggests that the "experts" make use of

those =? not __

a special type of insight. However, not only do they appear to be good at this

they =?

(choosing which elements to process, to combine, or to compare from the 5

information given), but they are also clever at making use of "general" or prior knowledge and at monitoring their own progress with a particular problem. In addition, they appear capable of adopting appropriate cognitive style consisting of a combination of impulse and reflection. Just what this combination is still

10

mystifies the researchers, and so does the original question, to which their

does ___

answer is a somewhat frustrating possibly.

which =? their =?

123 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Sözcüklerin metin içindeki anlamını inceleyin. Metin içinde twisters insight prior monitoring appropriate cognitive impulse reflection mystifies frustrating

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

a) İşaretli olan sözcüklerden hangisinin tümcenin esas yüklemi olduğunu bulun. Recent research into whether people who are [1] good at solving brain twisters are [2] more intelligent than those who are [3] not suggests [4] that the "experts" make [5] use of a special type of insight. b) Tümcede not only ... but yapısına dikkat edin. However, not only do they appear to be good at this (choosing which elements to process, to combine, or to compare from the information given), but they are also clever at making use of "general" or prior knowledge and at monitoring their own progress with a particular problem. c) Consist yüklemini inceleyin ve nereye bağlı olduğunu bulun. In addition, they appear capable of adopting as appropriate cognitive style consisting of a combination of impulse and reflection. d) Bu tümceye dikkat! Özellikle de tümcenin sonundaki possibly sözcüğüne. Bu sözcüğün bir adjective (possible) değil adverb olduğuna dikkatinizi çekerim. Just what this combination is still mystifies the researchers, and so does the original question, to which their answer is a somewhat frustrating possibly.

C. ANLAM  

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. Bunu yaparken de metnin sonundaki possibly sözcüğünü doğru olarak yorumlayıp yorumlayamadığınız ortaya çıkacaktır.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Metnin çevirisini özgün metne bakmadan anlam ve yapı bakımından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

PARKINS - to the memory of Mr Parkins, passed away September 10th. Peace at last. From all the neighbours of Princes Avenue.

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25. The Sacred Rac An Indian anthropologist, Chandra Thapar, made a study of foreign cultures which had customs similar to those of his native land. One culture in particular fascinated him because it reveres one animal as sacred, much as the people in India revere the cow. The tribe Dr. Thapar studied is called the Asu and is found on the American continent north of the Tarahumara of Mexico. Though it seems to be a highly developed society of its type, it has an overwhelming preoccupation with the care and feeding of the rac - an animal much like a bull in size, strength and temperament. In the Asu tribe, it is almost a social obligation to own at least one if not more racs. Anyone not possessing at least one is held in low esteem by the community because he is too poor to maintain one of these beasts properly. Some members of the tribe, to display their wealth and social prestige, even own herds of racs. Unfortunately the rac breed is not very healthy and usually does not live more than five to seven years. Each family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and shod, for it has a tendency to throw its shoes often. There are rac specialists in each community, perhaps more than one if the community is particularly wealthy. These specialists, however, due to the long period of ritual training they must undergo and to the difficulty of obtaining the right selection of charms to treat the rac, demand costly offerings whenever a tribesman must treat his ailing rac. At the age of sixteen in many Asu communities, many youths undergo a puberty rite in which the rac figures prominently. The youth must petition a high priest in a grand temple. He is then initiated into the ceremonies that surround the care of the rac and is permitted to keep a rac. Although the rac may be used as a beast of burden, it has many habits which would be considered by other cultures as detrimental to the life of the society. In the first place the rac breed is increasing at a very high rate and the Asu tribesmen have given no thought to curbing the rac population. As a consequence the Asu must build more and more paths for the rac to travel on since its delicate health and its love of racing other racs at high speeds necessitates that special areas be set aside for its use. The cost of smoothing the earth is too costly for any one individual to undertake; so it has become a community project and each tribesmen must pay an annual tax to build new paths and maintain the old. There are so many paths needed that some people move their homes because the rac paths must be as straight as possible to keep the animal from injuring itself. Dr. Thapar also noted that unlike the cow, which many people in his country hold sacred, the excrement of the rac cannot be used as either fuel or fertilizer. On the contrary, its excrement is exceptionally foul and totally useless. Worst of all, the rac is prone to rampages in which it runs down anything in its path, much like stampeding cattle. Estimates are that the rac kills thousands of the Asu in a year.

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Despite the high cost of upkeep, the damage it does to the land, and its habit of destructive rampages, the Asu still regard it as being essential to the survival of their culture. 593 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde reveres sacred tribe overwhelming preoccupation temperament esteem beasts display herds breed shod ritual undergo charms treat offerings ailing puberty rite prominently petition initiated burden detrimental curbing undertake excrement foul prone rampages stampeding

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

a) Tümcedeki much as yapısını inceleyin. One culture in particular fascinated him because it reveres one animal as sacred, much as the people in India revere the cow. b) Tümcenin unsurlarını - özellikle de asıl tümcenin yüklemini - saptayın. Anyone not possessing at least one is held in low esteem by the community because he is too poor to maintain one of these beasts properly. c) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın. Some members of the tribe, to display their wealth and social prestige, even own herds of racs. d) Tümcedeki for yapısına dikkat edin. Each family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and shod, for it has a tendency to throw its shoes often. e) Tümcenin unsurlarını saptayın. These specialists, however, due to the long period of ritual training they must undergo and to the difficulty of obtaining the right selection of charms to treat the rac, demand costly offerings whenever a tribesman must treat his ailing rac. f) Her zaman olduğu gibi, tümcedeki as, for ve since yapılarına dikkat edin. As a consequence the Asu must build more and more paths for the rac to travel on since its delicate health and its love of racing other racs at high speeds necessitates that special areas be set aside for its use.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarmadan önce aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin. Tümcelerde koyu yazılı kısımlar Türkçeye nasıl aktarılabilir? Each family invests large sums of money each year to keep its rac healthy and shod, for it has a tendency to throw its shoes often.

The youth must petition a high priest in a grand temple.

He is then initiated into the ceremonies that surround the care of the rac and is permitted to keep a rac.

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Although the rac may be used as a beast of burden, it has many habits which would be considered by other cultures as detrimental to the life of the society.

In the first place the rac breed is increasing at a very rate and the Asu tribesmen have given no thought to curbing the rac population. There are so many paths needed that some people move their homes because the rac paths must be as straight as possible to keep the animal from injuring itself.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan okuyarak kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! The millinery department will be on the second floor, and the proprietor states that their aim will be always to have the latest and last word to women's hats at appalling prices.

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26. Amber Amber is fossil resin or gum exuded from various, now-extinct coniferous trees. Amber is created when the resins produced by certain trees in tropical or subtropical climates undergo a transformation process that usually takes millions of years, and which is still not fully understood. The Baltic Sea area, now a 5

temperature zone, probably holds the best-known and most highly-prized supply of amber, which is used in jewelry. In addition, in earlier centuries, magical properties were attributed to amber because of the electricity it acquires when rubbed.

it =?

The substance is also of great interest to scientists since it has been the means of The substance =? preserving fossils, especially of insects, as much as 40 million years old. Amber since ? 10 varies greatly according to the place where it is formed, the amber in each location having its characteristic color, hardness, and even odor. Transparent to translucent, amber is usually golden-yellow or yellow-brown in colour, although green, red, and black varieties have been found. 159 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Aşağıdaki tabloda, metindeki sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Bu sözcüklerin anlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin.

Metin içinde Amber exuded coniferous resins undergo zone highly-prized supply jewelry magical properties attributed acquires rubbed translucent

155

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

25. Metin'de işlendi.

9. ve 15. Metin'de işlendi

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Ayrıca The Baltic Sea area, now a temperature zone, ... bölümüne dikkat edin! Baltık Denizi'nin Kuzey Kutbu bölgesine çok yakın olduğunu gözönünde bulundurarak.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Tümceleri analiz edin.

Amber is created when the resins produced by certain trees in tropical or subtropical climates undergo a transformation process that usually takes millions of years, and which is still not fully understood. The Baltic Sea area, now a temperature zone, probably holds the best-known and most highly-prized supply of amber, which is used in jewelry. In addition, in earlier centuries, magical properties were attributed to amber because of the electricity it acquires when rubbed. The substance is also of great interest to scientists since it has been the means of preserving fossils, especially of insects, as much as 40 million years old. Amber varies greatly according to the place where it is formed, the amber in each location having its characteristic color, hardness, and even odor.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin. BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY Everyone is invited. Tea and social Hour at 6.15. Mrs. Smith will sin.

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27. Levophobia Handedness is a preference for the use of either the right hand or the left hand. Although most animals have a preferred paw or hand, only humans have a species-typical preference for the right hand. Approximately 75 per cent of the human population is strongly right-handed, and approximately 90 per cent is predominantly right-handed. Among the remaining 10 per cent, a great deal of variability exists. Some people are strongly left-handed, and others, called ambidextrous, are left-handed for some activities and right-handed for others. The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into becoming right-handed may even result in levophobia, an irrational fear of the left. Sufferers from this rare condition find their hearts pound as if a heart attack were coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the mere prospect of a left-oriented maneuver. They refuse to stand on the left side of an elevator, make left-hand turns when driving, sometimes even to look to the left.

Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left-handed children - a minority in all known societies - are fully accepted. 184 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Aşağıdaki tabloda, metindeki sözcüklerden bazıları verilmekte. Bu sözcüklerin anlamlarını sözlük kullanarak bulun. Bunu yaparken de, sözcüğün metin içinde tek başına mı yoksa başka sözcüklerle terim oluşturarak mı kullanıldığına dikkat edin. Metin içinde Levophobia ambidextrous irrational Sufferers pound releasing mere prospect left-oriented maneuver elevator

Yalın hali

157

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Tümceleri analiz edin.

Handedness is a preference for the use of either the right hand or the left hand. Although most animals have a preferred paw or hand, only humans have a speciestypical preference for the right hand. Approximately 75 per cent of the human population is strongly right-handed, and approximately 90 per cent is predominantly right-handed. Among the remaining 10 per cent, a great deal of variability exists. Some people are strongly left-handed, and others, called ambidextrous, are lefthanded for some activities and right-handed for others.

The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into becoming righthanded may even result in levophobia, an irrational fear of the left.

Sufferers from this rare condition find their hearts pound as if a heart attack were coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the mere prospect of a left-oriented maneuver.

They refuse to stand on the left side of an elevator, make left-hand turns when driving, sometimes even to look to the left.

Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left-handed children - a minority in all known societies - are fully accepted.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçe'ye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

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28. Self-Confidence Often people who hold higher positions in a given group overestimate their performance, while people in the lowest levels of the group underestimate theirs. While this may not always be true, it does not indicate that often the actual position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal confidence a person may have. Thus, if a member holds a high position in a group or if he feels that he has an important part in the group, he will probably have more confidence in his own performance. 91 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metindeki yeni sözcükleri ve değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Tümceleri analiz edin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Wanted, maid for mousework, two in the family.

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29. Magnetism An aspect of electromagnetism, magnetism is one of the fundamental forces of nature. Magnetism is an important force of nature acting between objects called magnets. Magnets are most commonly known for their ability to attract metallic substances. The Earth itself behaves as if a large magnet runs through its center, with the strongest areas being at the north and south poles. Surprisingly, the magnetic field surrounding the Earth is a million times weaker than the field surrounding an atom, yet it is a million times stronger than that surrounding our own galaxy. Magnetism plays an essential role in creating large amounts of electricity, without which complex industrial techniques would be infeasible. In more recent times, the development of new magnetic materials has been important in the computer revolution. 127 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

+

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metindeki yeni sözcükleri ve değinme sözcüklerini inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Tümceleri analiz edin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin. BÖYLESİ DE VAR! “Yüzde yüz şampiyon olacağız – bir terslik olmazsa.” Beşiktaş futbol takımının kazandığı bir maçtan sonra bir yöneticinin sözleri. 24 Mart 2002

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30. The Death Penalty I want to organize under five simple verbs my own reasons for thinking that the death penalty is a bad thing. If we catch a man who has committed a murder, try him and convict him, we have to do something more with him than punish him, because, although he must be punished, there are several other things that ought to happen to him. I think that the whole theory of what ought to be done to a convicted murderer can be summed up in the five verbs: prevent, reform, research, deter and avenge. Let me take these five things in turn and see how the death penalty now looks as a means of achieving them. The first is "prevent". By this I mean preventing the same man from doing it again, to check him in his career - though, of course, nobody makes a career of being a murderer, except the insane, who are not at issue in the question of the death penalty. I believe that I am right in saying that in the course of a century there is only one doubtful case of a convicted murderer, after his release at the end of a normal life sentence, committing another murder. I think that that means, statistically, that the released murderer is no more likely to murder again than anybody else is. The question of long sentences comes in here. If the sane convicted murderer is not to be hanged, should he be imprisoned, and should the length of his service be determined in a way not the usual one for the actual sentence served? I think this question can be answered only by looking at the statistics of how likely a man is to do it again. In other words, how likely a prison sentence for a given number of years, 15, 20 or 30 years, is to prevent him from doing it again. There is a wealth of statistics available to us on that. I do not think they suggest that the convicted murderer who is not hanged should have his prison sentence dealt with in any way differently from that in which prison sentences are usually dealt with. To turn to the second verb on my list, "reform". That is rather a nineteenth century word, and perhaps we should now say "rehabilitate", stressing more the helping of a man with his social functions rather than adjusting his internal character; but that is a minor point. It is clear that, whatever we may think about what is able to be achieved in our prison system by treatment in the reformatory and rehabilitatory way - and it is open to criticism for lack of funds and so on - it is obvious that less can be achieved if you hang a man. One man who is utterly unreformable is a corpse; and hanging is out of the question, because you cannot achieve any form of reform or rehabilitation by it. The next word is "research". This is not part of the traditional idea of what to do with a convicted murderer. It is rather a new notion that it may be an appropriate purpose in detaining a criminal and inflicting punishment and other thing on him so that research should be conducted into the criminal personality and the causes of the crime. At the moment we hang only the sanest criminals. We can get all the research we want into the motives, characters and personality structures of those with diminished responsibility, the insane and those under an age to be hanged. But the one we cannot research into is the man who is sane and who commits capital murder in cold blood on purpose. It might be that if we

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were to keep this man alive and turn psychiatrists and other qualified persons on to talking to him for twenty years during his prison sentence we should find things that would enable us to take measures which should reduce the murder rate and save the lives of the victims. But in hanging these men we cut ourselves off from this possible source of knowledge of help to the victims of murder. The fourth word, "deter", is the crux of the whole thing. Abolitionists, as we all know, have held for many years that evidence from abroad has for long been conclusive that the capital penalty is not a uniquely effective deterrent against murder. Retentionists of the death penalty have been saying for years that we are not like those abroad: we are a different country economically: our national temperament is different; and there is this and that about us which is not so about those in Italy, Norway or certain States of United States, New Zealand, India, or wherever it may be. Now we have this remarkable pamphlet * which in effect closes that gap in the abolitionists' argument. It shows within mortal certitude that we are exactly like those abroad, and that in this country the death penalty is not a uniquely effective deterrent against murder. The last on the list of my five verbs is "avenge". Here the death penalty is uniquely effective. If a man has taken life, the most effective, obvious and satisfying form of avenge is to take his life. I have no argument against that. I think it is true that if one accepts vengeance as a purpose for the State in its handling of convicted criminals, then the death penalty should stay for the convicted murderers. For myself - and it is only a personal matter - I utterly reject the idea that vengeance is a proper motive for the State in dealing with convicted criminals; and I hope that, from the date of publication of this pamphlet onwards, those who wish to retain the death penalty will admit that its merit is precisely that of vengeance. Lord Kennet Lordlar Kamarası 9 Kasım 1961. 1002 sözcük Metnin tümünü okurken şu sorulara yanıt bulmaya çalışın: 1. Bu metnin yazarı olan Lord Kennet idam cezasına karşı mı yoksa taraftar mı? 2. Lord Kennet görüşlerini beş temel başlık altında sunmakta. Bunlar neler? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3. Lord Kennet bu beş unsurdan her birini ayrı birer paragrafta ele almakta. Bu paragraflarda, tartışmanın sonucunu belirleyen tümcenin altını çizin.

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metinde anlamını bilmediğiniz sözcüklerin anlamını araştırın. Metinde geçen terimlerden pek çoğu hukuk terimi olduğu için, yanlış anlamı almamaya özellikle dikkat edin.

*

Bakanlık tarafından, Lord Kennett'in konuşmasını yaptığı sıralarda yayınlanmış bir rapor.

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B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

Tümcelerin unsurlarını belirleyin. Bunu yaparken, özellikle aşağıdaki tümcelere dikkat edin. PARAGRAF 1 If we catch a man who has committed a murder, try him and convict him, we have to do something more with him than punish him, because, although he must be punished, there are several other things that ought to happen to him. I think that the whole theory of what ought to be done to a convicted murderer can be summed up in the five verbs ... . PARAGRAF 2 By this I mean preventing the same man from doing it again, to check him in his career - though, of course, nobody makes a career of being a murderer, except the insane, who are not at issue in the question of the death penalty. I believe that I am right in saying that in the course of a century there is only one doubtful case of a convicted murderer, after his release at the end of a normal life sentence, committing another murder. I think that that means, statistically, that the released murderer is no more likely to murder again than anybody else is. I do not think they suggest that the convicted murderer who is not hanged should have his prison sentence dealt with in any way differently from that in which prison sentences are usually dealt with. PARAGRAF 3 It is clear that, whatever we may think about what is able to be achieved in our prison system by treatment in the reformatory and rehabilitatory way - and it is open to criticism for lack of funds and so on - it is obvious that less can be achieved if you hang a man.

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PARAGRAF 4 It is rather a new notion that it may be an appropriate purpose in detaining a criminal and inflicting punishment and other thing on him that research should be conducted into the criminal personality and the causes of the crime. It might be that if we were to keep this man alive and turn psychiatrists and other qualified persons on to talking to him for twenty years during his prison sentence we should find things that would enable us to take measures which should reduce the murder rate and save the lives of the victims.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye çevirin.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi okuyun ve düzgün bir Türkçe kullanıp kullanmadığınızı saptayın. Tümcelerin birbirleri ile zaman (= tense) ve anlam açısından uyumlu olmasını sağlayın.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! "Heavens, I am thirty!" she said. "Please get me a drink."

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31. Slipper Animalcule Paramecia are single-celled organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length. The miniscule paramecium is another well-known member of the protozoan family. This one-celled animal, which is hardly detectable without the aid of a microscope, thrives in bodies of fresh water. Like the amoeba, it is composed of 5

a watery substance called protoplasm, which is clear on the surface and granular in the interior.

The term "slipper animalcule" is often used to describe the paramecium because its shape resembles that of a shoe. Fine hairs called cilia cover its surface, adding to that =? its =? the appearance of a slipper. The paramecium moves rapidly through water by 10 beating its cilia. An interesting feature of the paramecium is its method of reproduction. It divides in two at the middle of its body, and the nucleus in each section divides as well. It then separates into two animals, which may later come together to exchange parts of the nuclei. This process of conjugation demonstrates the beginning stages of sexual reproduction. 165 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde Slipper Animalcule miniscule paramecium protozoan one-celled detectable aid thrives amoeba watery substance protoplasm granular interior cilia beating reproduction nucleus nuclei conjugation

165

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcelerde relative clause yapıları inceleyin. Paramecia are single-celled organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length. This one-celled animal, which is hardly detectable without the aid of a microscope, thrives in bodies of fresh water. Like the amoeba, it is composed of a watery substance called protoplasm, which is clear on the surface and granular in the interior. It then separates into two animals, which may later come together to exchange parts of the nuclei. b) Tümcede gerund yapıları inceleyin. Fine hairs called cilia cover its surface, adding to the appearance of a slipper. The paramecium moves rapidly through water by beating its cilia.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçe'ye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

İngilizce metne bakmadan çevirinizi kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Arthur Kitchener was seriously burned Saturday afternoon when he came into contact with a high voltage wife.

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32. Tighten Your Belt The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The supply of oil can be shut off at whim at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and copious energy we have had in the times past. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years. This means, for one thing, that we can look forward to an end to the "natural food" trend. It is not a wave of the future. All the "unnatural" things we do to food are required to produce more of the food in the first place, and to make it last longer afterward. It is for that reason that we need and use chemical fertilizer and pesticides while the food is growing, and add preservatives afterward. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more artificiality.

Then, too, there will be a steady trend toward

vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are then slaughtered for meat. Yet, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. This will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more pasture land to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing food directly for man.

Another point is that it is not only energy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials.

This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packaging will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and ladled out in bags to order.

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A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course). Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will become necessary.

To be sure, it will not be retrogression. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still-rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that don't depend on wasteful bulk-use of energy. There will be continuing advances in the direction of "sophistication", in other words. Most noticeably, this will mean a continuing computerization and, where possible, automation of the economy.

The Beginning and The End Isaac Asimov 691 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde fragile whim copious trend fertilizer pesticides flavouring artificiality slaughtered devoted dictates pasture fodder recede ladled resort idle retrogression dwindling

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet; That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

168

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Koyu yazılı yapıları dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin; bunlardan bir kısmı reference word. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.

New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and copious energy we have had in the times past.

To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight.

The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

It is not a wave of the future.

In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more artificiality.

Yet, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal food.

It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism.

This will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more pasture land to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing food directly for man. A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

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Öncelikle koyu yazılı bölümleri gözönünde bulundurarak tümceleri Türkçeye aktarın. The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The supply of oil can be shut off at whim at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and copious energy we have had in the times past. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? All the "unnatural" things we do to food are required to produce more of the food in the first place, and to make it last longer afterward. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more artificiality. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are then slaughtered for meat. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious dictates) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. This will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more pasture land to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal fodder is diverted to providing food directly for man. Another point is that it is not only energy that is in short supply.

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This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packaging will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and ladled out in bags to order. A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course). Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still-rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that don't depend on wasteful bulk-use of energy. Most noticeably, this will mean a continuing computerization and, where possible, automation of the economy. Metnin diğer tümcelerini de Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizin Türkçesini özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR!

Domestic help wanted: 2 adults, boy at school; modern flat; own bedroom; centrally heated foreign girl not objected to.

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33. Arranged Marriages: An Alternative to Love Marriages Based on Hindu scriptures, the system of arranged marriage in India was well established during the Vedic period (4000-1000 B.C.) and has been closely adhered to by the vast majority of the population since that period. Marriage is seen as an indispensable event in the life of a Hindu and the unmarried person is viewed as incomplete and ineligible for participation in certain social and religious activities. (Rao & Rao, 1977)

The practice of arranged marriage cuts across all caste lines, regional boundaries and language barriers in India. Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families rather than two individuals. In the common joint family agreement where several families are living together, the prospective bride is evaluated on her suitability as part on the entire family environment rather than only as a wife to her husband. Love is not viewed as an important element in mate selection nor is courtship thought to be necessary for testing the relationship. In fact, romantic love is regarded as an uncontrollable and explosive emotion which interferes with the use of reason and logic in decision making. Love is thought to be a disruptive element since it implies a transference of loyalty from the family of orientation to another individual. Thus, mate selection by self-choice is seen as endangering the stability of the entire joint family since it could lead to the selection of a mate of unsuitable temperament or background. Gupta (1976) has estimated that Indian marriages based on love occur among less than one percent of the population. Critical life decisions, such as choosing a mate, are generally determined by responsible members of the family or kin group, thus reflecting the cultural emphasis of familism as opposed to freedom of the individual and pursuance of personal goals. However, it is anticipated that close ties and feelings of affection will develop between the couple following marriage (Gupta, 1976; Rao & Rao, 1977; Ross, 1961).

In urban areas of India, newspaper ads have become a convenient and acceptable method of finding a suitable spouse. In 1960 Cormack noted that the practice of using matrimonial advertisements was growing in most Indian cities. Eleven years later, Kurian (1977) observed that it had become an established "go between" for arranging marriages. These advertisements typically list the characteristics of the young men and women that are considered desirable. Studies by Kurian (1974) and Ross (1961) show strong sex differences in preferred qualities for males and females. In the Indian culture, a male is highly valued for the social and economic status of his family, his educational level and potential earning power. Personal qualities such as appearance and personality are not considered very important. In women the following qualities are emphasized: moral character, beauty, ability to cook well and manage a home, and education.

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Most recent research on modern family life in India suggests that there has been little change in the views of Indians toward marriage. However in their 1976 study of college students, Rao and Rao found that an increasing number of young adults in India wish to have more choice in the selection of their future mate, although they still prefer their parents to arrange their marriages. Cormack (1961) also states that the custom of prohibiting a prospective couple from seeing each other until their wedding is becoming obsolete in most urban areas and among college-educated youth. 559 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Genel Çeviri 1 kitabının üçüncü konusunda bu metnin sözcükleri ile ilgili çalışma yapıldı. Metin içinde scriptures adhered indispensable ineligible caste prospective courtship interferes transference loyalty orientation kin pursuance spouse matrimonial obsolete

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Aşağıdaki tümcelerin tümünde as sözcüğü kullanılmakta. Bu tümceleri inceleyin. Marriage is seen as an indispensable event in the life of a Hindu and the unmarried person is viewed as incomplete and ineligible for participation in certain social and religious activities.

Marriage is treated as an alliance between the two families rather than two individuals.

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In the common joint family agreement where several families are living together, the prospective bride is evaluated on her suitability as part on the entire family environment rather than only as a wife to her husband. Love is not viewed as an important element in mate selection nor is courtship thought to be necessary for testing the relationship. In fact, romantic love is regarded as an uncontrollable and explosive emotion which interferes with the use of reason and logic in decision making. Thus, mate selection by self-choice is seen as endangering the stability of the entire joint family since it could lead to the selection of a mate of unsuitable temperament or background. Critical life decisions, such as choosing a mate, are generally determined by responsible members of the family or kin group, thus reflecting the cultural emphasis of familism as opposed to freedom of the individual and pursuance of personal goals. Personal qualities such as appearance and personality are not considered very important. b) Metnin diğer tümcelerini de inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! The greatest objection to the schemes of both the socialists and the liberals was that they involved increases in the cost of loving.

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34. Nuclear Energy Of all the changes introduced by man into the household of nature, large-scale nuclear fission is undoubtedly the most dangerous and profound. As a result, ionising radiation has become the most pollution

serious agent of

of the environment and the greatest threat to man's survival on earth. The attention of the

layman, not surprisingly, has been captured by the atom bomb, although there is at least a chance that it may never be used again. The danger to humanity created by the so-called peaceful uses of atomic energy may be much greater. There could indeed be no clearer example of the prevailing dictatorship of economics. Whether to build conventional power stations, based on coal or oil, or nuclear stations, is being decided on economic grounds, with perhaps a small element of regard for the "social consequences" that might arise from the over-speedy curtailment of the coal industry. But that nuclear fission represents an incredible, incomparable, and unique hazard for human life does not enter any calculation and is never mentioned. People whose business it is to judge hazards, the insurance companies, are reluctant to insure nuclear power stations anywhere in the world for third party risk, with the result that special legislation has had to be passed whereby the State accepts big liabilities. Yet, insured or not, the hazard remains, and such is the thraldom of the religion of economics that the only question that appears to interest either governments or the public is whether "it pays". The most massive wastes are, of course, the nuclear reactors themselves after they have become unserviceable. There is a lot of discussion on the trivial economic question of whether they will last for twenty, twenty-five, or thirty years. No-one discusses the humanly vital point that they cannot be dismantled and cannot be shifted but have to be left standing where they are, probably for centuries, perhaps for thousands of years, an active menace to life, silently leaking radioactivity into air, water, and soil. No-one has considered the number and location of these satanic mills which will relentlessly accumulate. Earthquakes, of course, are not supposed to happen, nor wars, nor civil disturbances, nor riots like those that infested American cities. Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly monuments to unquiet man's assumption that nothing but tranquillity, from now on, stretches before him, or else - that the future counts as nothing compared with the slightest economic gain now. 404 sözcük

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

A. SÖZCÜK

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde fission profound layman prevailing curtailment unique hazard reluctant legislation liabilities thraldom dismantled menace satanic relentlessly riots unsightly unquiet tranquillity

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin. Özellikle aşağıdaki tümcelere dikkat edin.

a) the most dangerous and profound _______? Of all the changes introduced by man into the household of nature, large-scale nuclear fission is undoubtedly the most dangerous and profound. b) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun. Whether to build conventional power stations, based on coal or oil, or nuclear stations, is being decided on economic grounds, with perhaps a small element of regard for the "social consequences" that might arise from the over-speedy curtailment of the coal industry. c) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun. But that nuclear fission represents an incredible, incomparable, and unique hazard for human life does not enter any calculation and is never mentioned.

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d) Ana tümceyi ve yan tümceyi saptayın. People whose business it is to judge hazards, the insurance companies, are reluctant to insure nuclear power stations anywhere in the world for third party risk, with the result that special legislation has had to be passed whereby the State accepts big liabilities. e) insured or not yapısını inceleyin; whether "it pays" bölümünü incelerken, yapının soru halini ("________ pay?") düşünün ve mutlaka iyi bir sözlük kullanarak bu yapının Türkçe karşılığını saptayın. Yet, insured or not, the hazard remains, and such is the thraldom of the religion of economics that the only question that appears to interest either governments or the public is whether "it pays". f) Sürekli "Kim?/Ne?" sorusuna yanıt arayın. No-one discusses the humanly vital point that they cannot be dismantled and cannot be shifted but have to be left standing where they are, probably for centuries, perhaps for thousands of years, an active menace to life, silently leaking radioactivity into air, water, and soil. g) Tümcede öncelikle before sözcüğüne dikkat! Ardından noun clause yapıları çözümleyin. Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly monuments to unquiet man's assumption that nothing but tranquillity, from now on, stretches before him, or else - that the future counts as nothing compared with the slightest economic gain now.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Well-built modern house in 2 excellent self-contained flats. opportunity not to be missed. Bath vacant in the early spring.

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35. Lie Detector On February morning in 1966 Cleve Backster made a discovery that changed his life and could have farreaching effects on ours. Backster was at that time an interrogation specialist who left the CIA to operate a New York school for training policemen in the techniques of using the polygraph, or "lie detector". This instrument normally measures the electrical resistance of the human skin, but on that morning he extended its possibilities. Immediately after watering an office plant, he wondered if it would be possible to measure the rate at which water rose in the plant from the root to the leaf by recording the increase in leaf-moisture content on a polygraph tape. Backster placed the two pscyhogalvanic-reflex (PGR) electrodes on either side of a leaf of Dracaena massangeana, a potted rubber plant, and balanced the leaf into the circuitry before watering the plant again. There was no marked reaction to this stimulus, so Backster decided to try what he calls "the threat-to-well-being principle, a well-established method of triggering emotionality in humans." In other words he decided to torture the plant. First he dipped one of its leaves into a cup of hot coffee, but there was no reaction, so he decided to get a match and burn the leaf properly. "At the instant of this decision, at 13 minutes and 55 seconds of chart time, there was a dramatic change in the PGR tracing pattern in the form of an abrupt and prolonged upward sweep of the recording pen. I had not moved, or touched the plant, so the timing of the PGR pen activity suggested to me that the tracing might have been triggered by the mere thought of the harm I intended to inflict on the plant." Backster went on to explore the possibility of such perception in the plant by bringing some live brine shrimp into his office and dropping them one by one into boiling water. Every time he killed a shrimp, the polygraph recording needle attached to the plant jumped violently. To eliminate the possibility of his own emotions producing this reaction, he completely automated the whole experiment so that an electronic randomizer chose odd moments to dump the shrimp into hot water when no human was in the laboratory at all. The plant continued to respond in sympathy to the death of every shrimp and failed to register any change when the machine dropped already dead shrimp into the water. 406 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde far-reaching interrogation leaf-moisture stimulus triggering

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

emotionality dipped abrupt prolonged sweep inflict perception brine shrimp randomizer

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

20. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede time clause, noun clause ve relative clause yapı bulunmakta. Tümceyi dikkatle inceleyin. Immediately after watering an office plant, he wondered if it would be possible to measure the rate at which water rose in the plant from the root to the leaf by recording the increase in leaf-moisture content on a polygraph tape. b) Relative clause yapıyı inceleyin. There was no marked reaction to this stimulus, so Backster decided to try what he calls "the threat-to-well-being principle, a well-established method of triggering emotionality in humans." c) Tümcede iki virgül arasında verilen bölüm neyi açıklamakta? "At the instant of this decision, at 13 minutes and 55 seconds of chart time, there was a dramatic change in the PGR tracing pattern in the form of an abrupt and prolonged upward sweep of the recording pen. d) Relative clause yapıyı saptayın. I had not moved, or touched the plant, so the timing of the PGR pen activity suggested to me that the tracing might have been triggered by the mere thought of the harm I intended to inflict on the plant." e) Tümcenin analizini ayrıntılı olarak yapın. To eliminate the possibility of his own emotions producing this reaction, he completely automated the whole experiment so that an electronic randomizer chose odd moments to dump the shrimp into hot water when no human was in the laboratory at all. f) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.

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C. ANLAM

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Uzay Yolu (Startrek) dizisi. Bir gezegenin yüzeyinde kaybolan personeline, tüm gereçleri bozulduğu için yardım edemeyen Kaptan Kirk sitem etmekte: We are helpless up here. Türkçe seslendirme: Burada yardımsız kaldık.

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36. Barter The existence of pure barter does not necessarily indicate a very primitive form of civilization. Often the system survives long after the community has progressed considerably in other respects. This may be due to conservatism, since primitive peoples are reluctant to change their trading methods, even though they be sufficiently intelligent and advanced to adopt more convenient methods. In some cases there is prejudice against the adaptation of a monetary economy, though such prejudice is usually directed against the use of coins rather than primitive money. In many cases barter continues to be the principal method of trading long after the adoption of some form of money, for the simple reason that there is not enough money to go round. And a decline in the supply of money often causes a relapse into barter. Distrust in money has been responsible for reversion to the barter system; such distrust may have been caused by debasement or inflation. In the light of the stock phrases used by many economists about the inconvenience of barter it may appeal puzzling to the student that any community which was sufficiently advanced to realize the possibilities of a monetary system should continue to practise such an inconvenient method. The explanation is that in a primitive community barter is not nearly as inconvenient as it appears through modern eyes. Economists are inclined to exaggerate its inconvenience because they look at it from the point of view of modern man. The instances - real or imaginary - they quote are calculated to make the readers wonder how any community could possibly have existed under barter except in extremely primitive conditions. Some of them seek to demonstrate the absurdity of barter by describing the difficulties that would arise if our modern communities were to attempt to practise it. It is, of course, easy for a lecturer to earn the laughter of his audience by telling them about the pathetic efforts of some gardener who has to find a barber in need of radishes before he can have his hair cut. What the lecturer and his audience do not realize is that in a primitive community the grower of radishes usually cuts his own hair, or has it cut by a member of his family or household; and that even in primitive communities with barbers as an independent profession the barber and the gardener have a fair idea about each other's requirements, and have no difficulty in suiting each other. If the barber does not happen to require to-day any of the products the gardener is in a position to offer, he simply performs his service in turn for the future delivery of products he is expected to need sooner or later. Even the genuine instances quoted by economists to illustrate the absurdity of barter are apt to be misleading in their implication. There is, for instance, the well-known experience of Mlle. Zelie, singer at the Theatre Lyrique in Paris, who, in the course of a tour round the world, gave a concert on one of the Society Islands, and received the fee of three pigs, five thousand coconuts and considerable quantities of bananas, lemons and oranges, representing one-third of the box office takings. In a letter published by Wolowski and quoted to boredom by economists ever since, she says that, although this amount of livestock and vegetables would have been worth for about four thousand francs in Paris, in the Society Islands it was very little use to her. Another much-quoted experience is that of Cameron in Tanganyika, when in order to buy an urgently needed boat he first had to swap brass against cloth, then cloth against ivory and finally ivory against the boat. What the economists quoting these and other similar instances do not appear to realize is that the difficulties complained of are not inherent in the system of barter. They are largely anomalies arising from sudden contact between two different civilizations. A native singer in the

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Society Islands would not have been embarrassed at receiving payment in kind, since she would have known ways in which to dispose of her takings, or store them for future use. Nor would a native of Tanganyika have found the system of barter prevailing there at the time of Cameron's visit nearly so difficult as Cameron did. Knowing local conditions, he would have been prepared for the difficulties, and, before embarking on a major capital transaction such as the purchase of a boat, he would have made arrangements accordingly. In any case, the fact that the goods required could not be obtained by a single transaction would not have worried him unduly. The majority of primitive peoples enjoy bartering and bargaining, and the time lost in putting through three transactions instead of one would not matter to them nearly as much as to modern man living at high speed, especially to an explorer in a hurry to proceed on his journey. And while Cameron must have suffered a loss in each of the three transactions, a local man with adequate time at his disposal and with a thorough knowledge of his market would have chosen the right moment for effecting the necessary exchanges on terms reasonably advantageous to him. Paul Heinzig. Primitive Money 869 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde prejudice relapse Distrust reversion debasement puzzling inconvenience pathetic radishes genuine quoted livestock swap brass inherent dispose transaction unduly

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

182

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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a) Öncelikle aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin. This may be due to conservatism, since primitive peoples are reluctant to change their trading methods, even though they be sufficiently intelligent and advanced to adopt more convenient methods. In the light of the stock phrases used by many economists about the inconvenience of barter it may appeal puzzling to the student that any community which was sufficiently advanced to realize the possibilities of a monetary system should continue to practise such an inconvenient method. The instances - real or imaginary - they quote are calculated to make the readers wonder how any community could possibly have existed under barter except in extremely primitive conditions. What the lecturer and his audience do not realize is that in a primitive community the grower of radishes usually cuts his own hair, or has it cut by a member of his family or household; and that even in primitive communities with barbers as an independent profession the barber and the gardener have a fair idea about each other's requirements, and have no difficulty in suiting each other. In a letter published by Wolowski and quoted to boredom by economists ever since, she says that, although this amount of livestock and vegetables would have been worth for about four thousand francs in Paris, in the Society Islands it was very little use to her. In any case, the fact that the goods required could not be obtained by a single transaction would not have worried him unduly. And while Cameron must have suffered a loss in each of the three transactions, a local man with adequate time at his disposal and with a thorough knowledge of his market would have chosen the right moment for effecting the necessary exchanges on terms reasonably advantageous to him. b) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

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37. Art There is no denying that in the last hundred years the condition of civilised man has changed more radically than at any previous time. Inventions and discoveries, from the steam engine to internal combustion engine, from electricity to atomic power, have led to the mechanisation of industry, which in turn has basically affected the social, economic and political structure of our society. A society of the masses has come into existence and is being buttressed by such mass means as the press, the cinema, radio and - latterly - television. It is hardly surprising that these rapidly changing circumstances should have had their effect on the arts, too. Art has always been a highly sensitive instrument for registering any changes in the social order or in the ideas, beliefs and activities of man. One might ask whether it is possible for the creative faculty to exist at all in a mass-society, whether our mechanised world is the proper place for the production and enjoyment of a work of art. If it is true that calm contemplation is vital to the artist, does it not also follow that his whole being will protest most violently against an epoch in which machine sets the pace, a pace which, in its ruthless precision, is the very opposite of that rhythm of life out of which art has hitherto grown? The Picture encyclopaedia of art, Thames and Hudson 224 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde combustion masses buttressed latterly contemplation vital epoch ruthless precision hitherto

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

As, for, since, yet That,gerund,past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

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Sözcük türü

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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a) Öncelikle aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin. Inventions and discoveries, from the steam engine to internal combustion engine, from electricity to atomic power, have led to the mechanisation of industry, which in turn has basically affected the social, economic and political structure of our society. One might ask whether it is possible for the creative faculty to exist at all in a mass-society, whether our mechanised world is the proper place for the production and enjoyment of a work of art. If it is true that calm contemplation is vital to the artist, does it not also follow that his whole being will protest most violently against an epoch in which machine sets the pace, a pace which, in its ruthless precision, is the very opposite of that rhythm of life out of which art has hitherto grown ? b) Diğer tümceleri dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! If you want my booklet on "How To Improve Your Memory", send a self-addressed envelope, plus a dame.

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38. New Policy Debate For nearly two decades technical and financial assistance to third World population and family planning programs has been an important component of foreign aid programs. Support for these activities by the United States and other industrialized donors has been justified in part by the long-standing belief that rapid population growth in the developing world dilutes and in some cases impedes economic development. But in the last several years this contention has been sharply challenged by a small group of Western economists who argue that population growth is often the driving force behind economic expansion and technological change. Citing historical precedents in Western countries and post-war economic successes in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea and elsewhere, they make three general points: first, that population growth is the natural result of improvements in the human condition, especially improved health; second, that an expanding labor force, an expanding market, and other consequences of population spur economic growth; and third, that economic progress, in and of itself, will lead to population stabilization through changes in desired family size. Direct interventions to reduce birth-rates are unnecessary or even counterproductive. In the United States this "anti-Malthusian" view, as it is called by its proponents, has recently gained support in some government circles and among political pressure groups (most prominently anti-abortion groups) who oppose assistance to population programs on other grounds. Their attack on US. population assistance peaked in the summer of 1984, during preparations for US. participation in the UN. International Population Conference. It precipitated the first major public debate in the 20-year history of US. foreign aid for family planning. Although public and media attention declined after the Conference, the policy debate has continued. At the heart of the debate is a singularly important but highly complex question. In today's less developed countries, where 90 per cent of world population growth is occurring, does the need to adapt to population pressures contribute to greater economic innovation, increased investment, and more efficient exploitation of natural and human resources? Or do population pressures more often overload fragile economic and political institutions, impede capital formation just when more is needed, add to a pool of unproductive or unemployed labor, and contribute to the over-exploitation of scarce natural resources? Do demographic trends (up or down) influence economic performance in positive ways, in negative ways or not at all? 389 sözcük

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A. SÖZCÜK

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde component donors justified dilutes impedes contention challenged Citing precedents consequences spur interventions counterproductive proponents prominently anti-abortion peaked precipitated debate innovation exploitation fragile impede scarce

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

25. Metin'de işlendi.

21. Metin'de işlendi.

32. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Öncelikle aşağıdaki tümceleri inceleyin. Support for these activities by the United States and other industrialized donors has been justified in part by the long-standing belief that rapid population growth in the developing world dilutes and in some cases impedes economic development. Citing historical precedents in Western countries and post-war economic successes in Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea and elsewhere, they make three general points: first, that population growth is the natural result of improvements in the human condition, especially improved health; second, that an expanding labor force, an expanding market, and other consequences of population spur economic growth; and third, that economic progress, in and of itself, will lead to population stabilization through changes in desired family size.

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In today's less developed countries, where 90 per cent of world population growth is occurring, does the need to adapt to population pressures contribute to greater economic innovation, increased investment, and more efficient exploitation of natural and human resources? Or do population pressures more often overload fragile economic and political institutions, impede capital formation just when more is needed, add to a pool of unproductive or unemployed labor, and contribute to the over-exploitation of scarce natural resources? b) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! I think the words "never" or "ever" should be avoided by politicians, because you can never foresee what's going to happen. (Bu tümce bir politikacı tarafından söylenmiştir.)

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39. Investment Of the various purposes which money serves, some essentially depend upon the assumption that its real value is really constant over a period of time. The chief of these are those connected, in a wide sense, with contracts for the investment of money. Such contracts - namely those which provide for the payment of fixed sums of money over a long period of time - are the characteristics of what it is convenient to call the Investment System, as distinct from the property system generally. Under this phase of capitalism, as developed during the nineteenth century, many arrangements were devised for separating the management of property from its ownership. These managements were of three leading types: (1) those in which the proprietor, while parting with the management of his property, retained his ownership of it - i.e. of the actual land, buildings, and machinery, or of whatever else it consisted in, this mode of tenure being typified by a holding of ordinary shares in joint-stock company; (2) those in which he parted with the property temporarily, receiving a fixed sum of money annually in the meantime, but regained his property eventually, as typified by a lease; and (3) those in which he parted with his real property permanently, in return either for a perpetual annuity fixed in terms of money, or for a terminable annuity and the repayment of the principal money at the end of the term, as typified by mortgages, bonds, debentures, and preference shares. This third type represents the full development of Investment. Contrasts to receive fixed sums of money at future dates (made without provision for possible changes in the real value of money at those dates) must have existed as long as money has been lent and borrowed. In the form of leases and mortgages, and also of permanent loans to Governments and to a few private bodies, such as the East India Company, they were already frequent in the eighteenth century. But during the nineteenth century they developed a new and increasing importance, and had, by the beginning of the twentieth, divided the propertied classes into two groups - the "business men" and the "investors" - with partly divergent interests. The division was not sharp as between individuals; for business men might be investors also, investors might hold ordinary shares; but the division was nevertheless real, and not the less important because it was seldom noticed. By the aid of this system the active business class could call to the aid of their enterprises not only their own wealth but the savings of the whole community; and the professional and propertied classes, on the other hand, could find an employment for their resources, which involved them in little trouble, no responsibility, and (it was believed) small risk. For a hundred years the system worked, throughout Europe, with an extraordinary success and facilitated the growth of wealth on an unprecedented scale. To save and to invest became at once the duty and the delight of

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a large class. The savings were seldom drawn on, and, accumulating at compound interest, made possible the material triumphs which we now all take for granted. The morals, the politics, the literature, and the religion of the age joined in the grand conspiracy for the promotion of savings. God and Mammon were reconciled. Peace on earth to men of good means. A rich man could, after all, enter into the Kingdom of Heaven - if only he saved. A new harmony sounded from the celestial spheres. It is curious to observe how, through the wise and beneficent arrangement of Providence, "men thus do the greatest service to the public, when they are thinking of nothing but their own gain": so sang the angels. The atmosphere thus created well harmonized the demands of expanding business and the needs of an expanding population with the growth of a comfortable non-business class. But amidst the general enjoyment of ease and progress, the extent to which the system depended on the stability of the money to which the investing classes had committed their fortunes was generally overlooked; and an unquestioning confidence was apparently felt that this matter would look after itself. Investments spread and multiplied, until, for the middle classes of the world, the gilt-edged bond came to typify all that was most permanent and most secure. So rooted in our day has been the conventional belief in the stability and safety of a money contract that, according to English law, trustees have been encouraged to embark their trust funds exclusively in such transactions, and are indeed forbidden, except in the case of real estate (an exception which is itself a survival of the conditions of an earlier age) to employ them otherwise. As in other respects, so also in this, the nineteenth century relied on the future permanence of its own happy experiences and disregarded the warning of the past misfortunes. It chose to forget that there is no historical warrant for expecting money to be represented even by constant quality of a particular metal, far less by a constant purchasing power. Yet Money is simply that which the State declares from time to time to be a good legal discharge of money contracts. In 1914 gold had not been the English standard for a century or the sole standard of any other country for half a century. There is no record of a prolonged war or a great social upheaval which has not been accompanied by a change in the legal tender, but an almost unbroken chronicle in every country which has a history, back to the earliest dawn of economic record, of a progressive deterioration in the real value of the successive legal tenders which have represented money. J. M. Keynes A Tract on Monetary Reform 957 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde distinct proprietor retained tenure typified

190

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

21. Metin'de işlendi.

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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joint-stock lease annuity terminable debentures provision divergent facilitated compound triumphs conspiracy Mammon reconciled celestial overlooked gilt-edged trustees embark exclusively prolonged tender deterioration

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

35. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N a) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin.

Such contracts - namely those which provide for the payment of fixed sums of money over a long period of time - are the characteristics of what it is convenient to call the Investment System, as distinct from the property system generally. b) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. (1) those in which the proprietor, while parting with the management of his property, retained his ownership of it - i.e. of the actual land, buildings, and machinery, or of whatever else it consisted in, this mode of tenure being typified by a holding of ordinary shares in joint-stock company; c) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. The division was not sharp as between individuals; for business men might be investors also, investors might hold ordinary shares; but the division was nevertheless real, and not the less important because it was seldom noticed.

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d) Yüklemi bulun. The atmosphere thus created well harmonized the demands of expanding business and the needs of an expanding population with the growth of a comfortable non-business class. e) Tümceyi inceleyin. But amidst the general enjoyment of ease and progress, the extent to which the system depended on the stability of the money to which the investing classes had committed their fortunes was generally overlooked; and an unquestioning confidence was apparently felt that this matter would look after itself. f) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. Yet Money is simply that which the State declares from time to time to be a good legal discharge of money contracts. g) Metnin diğer tümcelerini inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

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40. Modern Constitutions It is natural to ask, in the light of this discussion, why it is that countries have Constitutions, and why most of them make the constitution superior to the ordinary law. If we investigate the origins of modern Constitutions, we find that, practically without exception, they were drawn up and adopted because people wished to make a fresh start, so far as the statement of their system of government was concerned. The desire or need for a fresh start arose either because, as in the United States, some neighbouring communities wished to unite together under a new government, or because, as in Austria or Hungary or Czechoslovakia after 1918, communities had been released from an empire as the result of a war and were now free to govern themselves; or because, as in France in 1789 or the U.S.S.R. in 1917, a revolution had made a break with the past and a new form of government on new principles was desired; or because, as in Germany after 1918 or in France 1875 or in 1946, defeat in war had broken the continuity of government and a fresh start was needed after the war. The circumstances in which a break with the past and the need for a fresh start come about vary from country to country, but in almost every case in modern times, countries have a Constitution for a very simple and elementary reason that they wanted, for some reason, to begin again and so they put down in writing the main outline, at least, of their proposed system of government. This has been the practice certainly since 1781 when the American constitution was drafted, and as the years passed no doubt imitation and the force of example have led all countries to think it necessary to have a Constitution. This does not explain, however, why many countries think it necessary to give the Constitution a higher status in law than other rules of law. The short explanation of this phenomenon is that in many countries a Constitution is thought of as an instrument by which government can be controlled. Constitutions spring from a belief in limited government. Countries differ however in the extent to which they wish to impose limitations. Sometimes the Constitution limits the executive or subordinate local bodies; sometimes it limits the legislature also, but only so far as amendment of the Constitution itself is concerned; and sometimes it imposes restrictions upon the legislature which go far beyond this point and forbid it to make laws upon certain subjects or in a certain way or with certain effects. Whatever the nature and the extent of the restrictions, however, they are based upon a belief in limited government and in the use of a Constitution to impose these limitations.

The nature of the limitations to be imposed on a government, and therefore the degree to which a Constitution will be supreme over a government, depends upon the objects which the framers of the Constitution wish to safeguard. In the first place they may want to do no more than ensure that the Constitution is not altered casually or carelessly or by subterfuge or by implication; they may want to secure that this important document is not lightly tampered with, but solemnly, with due notice and deliberation, consciously amended. In that case it is legitimate to require some special process of constitutional amendment to say, that the

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legislature may amend the Constitution only by a two/thirds majority or after a general election or perhaps upon three months notice. The framers of Constitutions have more than this in mind. They may feel that a certain kind of relationship between legislature and the executive is important, or that the judicature should have a certain guaranteed degree of independence of the legislature and executive. They may feel that there are certain rights which citizens have and which the legislature or the executive must not invade or remove. They may feel that certain laws should not be made at all. The framers of the American Constitution, for example, forbade Congress to pass any ex-post facto law, that is, a law made after the occurrence of the action or the situation which it seeks to regulate - a type of law which may render a man guilty of an offence through an action which, when he committed it, was innocent. The framers of the Irish Constitution of 1937 forbade the legislature to pass any law permitting divorce. Further safeguards may be called for when distinct and different communities decide to join together under a common government but are anxious to retain certain rights for themselves. If these communities differ in language, race, and religion, safeguards may be needed to guarantee to them a free exercise of these national characteristics. Those who framed the Swiss, the Canadian, and the South African Constitutions, to name a few only, had to consider these questions. Even when communities do not differ in language, race, or religion, they may still be unwilling to unite unless they are guaranteed a measure of independence inside the nation. To meet this demand the Constitution must not only divide powers between the government of the Union and the governments of the individual, component parts, but it must also be supreme in so far at any rate as it enshrines and safeguards this division of powers. In some countries only one of the considerations mentioned above may operate, in others some, and in some, all. Thus, in the Irish Constitution, the framers were anxious that amendment should be a deliberate process, that the right of citizens should be safeguarded and that certain types of laws should not be passed at all, and therefore they made the Constitution supreme and imposed restrictions upon the legislature to achieve these ends. The framers of the American Constitution also had these objects in mind, but on top of that they had to provide for the desire of the thirteen colonies to be united for some purposes only and to remain independent for others. This was an additional reason for giving supremacy to the Constitution and for introducing certain extra safeguards into it.

K. C. Wheare. Modern Constitutions. 1024 sözcük.

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A. SÖZCÜK

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde released defeat drafted subordinate legislature amendment supreme safeguard altered casually subterfuge implication tampered solemnly deliberation amended judicature invade render retain enshrines

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

Anlamı

21 ve 39. Metin'de işlendi.

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümce uzun olduğu için dikkatle incelenerek toparlanması gerekebilir. The desire or need for a fresh start arose either because, as in the United States, some neighbouring communities wished to unite together under a new government, or because, as in Austria or Hungary or Czechoslovakia after 1918, communities had been released from an empire as the result of a war and were now free to govern themselves; or because, as in France in 1789 or the U.S.S.R. in 1917, a revolution had made a break with the past and a new form of government on new principles was desired; or because, as in Germany after 1918 or in France 1875 or in 1946, defeat in war had broken the continuity of government and a fresh start was needed after the war. b) Yan tümceyi inceleyin. Whatever the nature and the extent of the restrictions, however, they are based upon a belief in limited government and in the use of a Constitution to impose these limitations.

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c) Tümcenin yüklemini bulun. The nature of the limitations to be imposed on a government, and therefore the degree to which a Constitution will be supreme over a government, depends upon the objects which the framers of the Constitution wish to safeguard. d) Koyu yazılı bölümü analiz edin. In the first place they may want to do no more than ensure that the Constitution is not altered casually or carelessly or by subterfuge or by implication; they may want to secure that this important document is not lightly tampered with, but solemnly, with due notice and deliberation, consciously amended. e) Koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. To meet this demand the Constitution must not only divide powers between the government of the Union and the governments of the individual, component parts, but it must also be supreme in so far at any rate as it enshrines and safeguards this division of powers.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! As I strolled through the car park I was depressed by the condition of the vehicles. Some of the owners did not appear to have washed their ears for weeks.

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41. Television A continuous commentary of mirror of "real" life had been created on television. To switch on the set when the day's viewing started, with one's mind slightly turned down, or in a bit of a fever, or very tired, and to watch, steadily, through the hours, as little dressed figures, diminished people, dressed up like cowboys or like bus drivers or like Victorians, with this or that accent, in this or that setting, sometimes a hospital, sometimes an office or an aircraft, sometimes "real" or sometimes imaginary (that is to say, the product of somebody's, or some team's, imagination), it was exactly like what could be seen when one turned one's vision outwards again towards life: it was as if an extreme of variety had created a sameness, a nothingness, as if humanity had said yes to becoming a meaningless flicker of people dressed in varying kinds of clothes to kill each other ("real" or imaginary) or play various kinds of sport, or discuss art, love, sex, ethics (in "plays" or in "life") for after an hour or so, it was impossible to tell the difference between news, plays, reality, imagination, truth, falsehood. If someone - from a year's exile in a place without television, let alone a visitor from Mars - had dropped in for an evening's "viewing", then he might well have believed that this steady stream of little pictures, all so consistent in tone or feel, were part of some continuous single programme written or at least "devised" by some boss director who had arranged, to break monotony, slight variations in costume, or setting (office, park, ballet, school, aircraft, war), and with a limited team of actors - for the same people had to play dozens of different roles. It was all as bland and meaningless as steamed white bread; yet composed of the extremes of nastiness in a frenzy of dislocation, as if one stood on a street corner and watched half a dozen variations of human animal pass in a dozen different styles of dress and face. 339 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metin içinde fever steadily diminished setting vision flicker exile consistent devised bland nastiness frenzy dislocation

Yalın hali

Sözcük türü

20. Metin’de işlendi.

197

Anlamı

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N a) Bu noktaya kadar olan metinlerdeki tümcelerden çok daha zor olan aşağıdaki tümceyi çok dikkatli bir şekilde inceleyin.

To switch on the set when the day's viewing started, with one's mind slightly turned down, or in a bit of a fever, or very tired, and to watch, steadily, through the hours, as little dressed figures, diminished people, dressed up like cowboys or like bus drivers or like Victorians, with this or that accent, in this or that setting, sometimes a hospital, sometimes an office or an aircraft, sometimes "real" or sometimes imaginary (that is to say, the product of somebody's, or some team's, imagination), it was exactly like what could be seen when one turned one's vision outwards again towards life: it was as if an extreme of variety had created a sameness, a nothingness, as if humanity had said yes to becoming a meaningless flicker of people dressed in varying kinds of clothes to kill each other ("real" or imaginary) or play various kinds of sport, or discuss art, love, sex, ethics (in "plays" or in "life") for after an hour or so, it was impossible to tell the difference between news, plays, reality, imagination, truth, falsehood. b) En az yukarıdaki tümce kadar zor olan diğer tümceyi inceleyin. If someone - from a year's exile in a place without television, let alone a visitor from Mars - had dropped in for an evening's "viewing", then he might well have believed that this steady stream of little pictures, all so consistent in tone or feel, were part of some continuous single programme written or at least "devised" by some boss director who had arranged, to break monotony, slight variations in costume, or setting (office, park, ballet, school, aircraft, war), and with a limited team of actors - for the same people had to play dozens of different roles. c) Tümcede composed yükleminin öznesi ne olabilir? It was all as bland and meaningless as steamed white bread; yet composed of the extremes of nastiness in a frenzy of dislocation, as if one stood on a street corner and watched half a dozen variations of human animal pass in a dozen different styles of dress and face.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçe'ye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

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42. Economics and History The relationship of economics to history is rather different from that of the other

that =?

social sciences; curious as it may sound, this relationship in many respects comes close to that between history and literature. Economics, after all, is the science

that =?

(in the broad meaning of the term) of something which men actually do: even if 5

the science did not exist, men would still make economic decisions, economic predictions and participate in the various forms of economic organization which, in part, it is the economist's function to describe.

Similarly the disciplined study of literature is concerned with something which men would also do anyway even if the disciplined study did not exist: compose 10

poems, act out dramas, write novels and read them. Political science, or the discipline of politics, has, it is true, many similarities to economics, particularly where it is concerned with generalization about political structures.

it =?

146 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin sözcüklerini ve sağ kenarda verilen sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. The relationship of economics to history is rather different from that of the other social sciences; curious as it may sound, this relationship in many respects comes close to that between history and literature. b) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. Economics, after all, is the science (in the broad meaning of the term) of something which men actually do: even if the science did not exist, men would still make economic decisions, economic predictions and participate in the various forms of economic organization which, in part, it is the economist's function to describe.

199

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c) Tümcede koyu yazılı bölümü inceleyin. Political science, or the discipline of politics, has, it is true, many similarities to economics, particularly where it is concerned with generalization about political structures. d) Diğer tümcelerin dilbilgisi yapısını inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

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43. The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones made their first record only a few months after being discovered playing to overflow teenage audiences at an obscure rhythm and blues club in Richmond. Their story is typical of that of many contemporary groups. Mick Jagger (the singer) and Keith Richard (lead-guitar) met in 1961, whilst they were both studying in the Dartford area. They discovered they had common interests in music, and began listening records together, an activity that soon developed into live music-making. Brian Jones (harmonica and guitar) met Keith and Mick in a Soho pub called the Bricklayer's Arms. Mick had come to the London School of Economics, Keith was an advertising designer, and Brian a destitute wanderer who had not long returned from tramping round the Continent. Their now notorious hair was already long and, becoming aware of certain shared preoccupations and ambitions, they began meeting regularly and working out their own versions of Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley numbers. They began visiting the rhythm and blues clubs in Ealing, and the Marquee in Wardour Street, where the resident group was led by Alexis Korner, then the most respected artist on the British rhythm and blues scene. Brian, Keith and Mick sent some tapes of their music to Alexis, who was sufficiently impressed to allow them to sit in occasionally at his sessions. Playing with Alexis at this time was Charlie Watts, who was later to become the Stones' drummer. Charlie had a successful full-time job in an advertising agency, and as his friendship with the other Stones developed, his income helped to supplement their living allowance. The only other source of finance was the grant Mick received towards his studies at the L.S.E. Mick and Keith occasionally did odd jobs, but were frequently sacked because of their appearance. All of them at this time were becoming progressively more involved with their music, and more determined to put rhythm and blues on popular music map. They were also, because of their reluctance to settle in any extra-musical careers, living off chips, stolen eggs, and occasional meat-pies from a stall by the Embarkment. Their original strategy was to infiltrate not the commercial pop scene but the traditional jazz scene. Many jazz clubs were losing members, and were in any case manned by older musicians. This latter fact was to prove a significant barrier to the Stones' progress, for the older jazz musicians shared not only the widespread prejudice against the Stones' appearance, but also a professional resentment against the efforts of these teenage novices to push their raucous music into the sanctums of jazz. In spite of this opposition, the Rolling Stones were soon invited to stand in for Alexis Korner at the Marquee. 453 sözcük

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Metni Türkçeye aktarmadan önce, aşağıdaki soruları yanıtlayın. 1. The Rolling Stones were discovered playing to _________. a) b) c) d) e)

a few young people at a famous club. many young people at a little-known club. many older people at a little-known club. a few young people at a dark club. many young people at a famous club. 2. Brian Jones ________________________ .

a) b) c) d) e)

had more money than Richard and Jagger. had no interest in studying. had a pub in Soho. had just returned from Britain had almost no money. 3. Jagger, Richard and Jones realized ______________ .

a) b) c) d) e)

A. SÖZCÜK

they should grow hair to be famous. they had many problems. they had things in common. they had to find work. they could play famous pieces.

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri

Metnin sözcüklerini inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin. They discovered they had common interests in music, and began listening records together, an activity that soon developed into live music-making. Mick had come to the London School of Economics, Keith was an advertising designer, and Brian a destitute wanderer who had not long returned from tramping round the Continent.

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They began visiting the rhythm and blues clubs in Ealing, and the Marquee in Wardour Street, where the resident group was led by Alexis Korner, then the most respected artist on the British rhythm and blues scene.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri

Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe

Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Çeviri dersinde verilen İngilizce metinden bir tümce: The Queen Mary was so fast that almost all American businessmen liked to be on her. Öğrenci çevirisi: Kraliçe Mary o kadar hızlıydı ki Amerikalı işadamlarının neredeyse tümü onun tepesinde olmaktan hoşlanırdı. İng. Okutmanı İlknur Akıntürk tarafından sağlanmıştır.

203

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44. Pioneer 10 pushes beyond goals, into the unknown Out there, far, far away where the Earth is a mere pinpoint of light and the Sun is a pale disk of diminishing consequence, a hardy little aircraft cruises on and on into the unexplored. No machine of human design has ever gone so far. Pioneer 10 was the first deep-space probe, launched on March 10, 1972 by the United States. Pioneer 10 has traveled to the reaches of Pluto, a distance it achieved April 25, and is advancing toward the edge of the solar system. From out there, now 2.7 billion miles away, Pioneer's eight-watt radio transmitter sends faint messages back to Earth every day. Scientists with the patience to extract the signals out of the background noise and to decipher their messages are learning for the first time what it is like in outermost solar system. 145 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Metnin sözcüklerini inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın.. Scientists with the patience to extract the signals out of the background noise and to decipher their messages are learning for the first time what it is like in outermost solar system. b) Diğer tümceleri inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

 Türkçe Çevirinizi özgün metne bakmadan kontrol edin.

204

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45. California's Germinal Brains Bank The project to breed a race of intellectual giants out of a lead-lined box in California need not fill mankind with any very extreme hopes or fears. The idea forms an obvious starting-point for a variety of science fiction fantasies, but in practice it is unlikely to add greatly to the world supply of brain-power, nor shed much light on the vexed question of intellectual inheritance. Most Nobel prizewinners and their equivalents already make their own private arrangements for passing their genes to posterity, and since like tends to attract like in such matters, they must often choose partners of high intelligence. But the mechanism of inheritance is such that their offspring are likely on average to be less intelligent their parents, though more so than the average. The same rules will apply to the Nobel mothers too. The appearance of really exceptional powers remains unpredictable and highly improbable in any given instance. The successful application of such powers to the advancement of human knowledge or welfare is even more a matter of chance and temperament. It is possible to cite extraordinary cases of talent being passed from generation to generation (the Bach family is one), but easy to cite many other instances where it has not. It would be pleasing if we could look to the experiment to illuminate the old "nature versus nurture" controversy, but so many imponderable factors creep in that the conclusions are never likely to be at all clear. Even strong proponents of the "nature" doctrine usually concede that environmental factors can affect measured intelligence by as much as one-fifth - and 20 or 30 points on the IQ scale span the difference between genius and mediocrity. But if the scheme affords no promise of a team of infant sages to solve the world's problems, it appears, on the information so far made public, to present no special ethical problems. Genetics is a field where academic passions run high, but it would be wrong to oppose the procedure out of opposition to the views on heredity of some of those associated with it. The scheme is freely entered into by participants who know what they are doing. The expectant mothers are married and able to offer their children the benefits of a secure home. The plan does raise some questions, however, which do not apply to artificial insemination by donor generally. Success in the Nobel stakes is as closely associated with advancing years as it is with intellectual eminence, and this may involve a very slight extra risk of miscarriage or congenital abnormality a point which should be made in preliminary counselling. The children would represent an interesting object of study, and care would be taken to ensure they did not become afflicted with a sense of obligation to succeed, and cry with Aldous Huxley, "Shame on you, Homunculus!" It seems that the mothers in this case have not been told the identities of the donors, though they know some details about them. That is right: it would be distasteful if a market - especially a commercial one - ever

205

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established itself in the genes of famous individuals (pop stars, perhaps, as well as professors). Not one donor should be used too often, however eminent, because of the risk of marriages between unwitting half-brothers and sisters. AID today is widely practices and causes little controversy, because there is reason to suppose that the medical profession handles it responsibly. The California experiment, though not seriously objectionable in itself, indicates the kind of developments which might lead to increased concern and demands for regulation by law. 600 sözcük Bu yazı, The Times'da yer alan, Nobel sahibi insanlardan yararlanarak sperm bankası oluşturmaya yönelik bir çalışma hakkındaki yazının ardından yayınlanmıştır.

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

sorun

çıkarabileceğinizi

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümcelerde koyu yazılı bölümleri inceleyin. Most Nobel prizewinners and their equivalents already make their own private arrangements for passing their genes to posterity, and since like tends to attract like in such matters, they must often choose partners of high intelligence.

But the mechanism of inheritance is such that their offspring are likely on average to be less intelligent their parents, though more so than the average. It is possible to cite extraordinary cases of talent being passed from generation to generation (the Bach family is one), but easy to cite many other instances where it has not. Even strong proponents of the "nature" doctrine usually concede that environmental factors can affect measured intelligence by as much as one-fifth - and 20 or 30 points on the IQ scale span the difference between genius and mediocrity.

Genetics is a field where academic passions run high, but it would be wrong to oppose the procedure out of opposition to the views on heredity of some of those associated with it.

206

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Success in the Nobel stakes is as closely associated with advancing years as it is with intellectual eminence, and this may involve a very slight extra risk of miscarriage or congenital abnormality - a point which should be mad in preliminary counselling.

Not one donor should be used too often, however eminent, because of the risk of marriages between unwitting half-brothers and sisters. b) Diğer tümceleri de inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! FOR SALE KUŞADASI The triplex house that is in Kuşadası Soğucak area 450 sqm private swimming pool, car garage, sea view not completed DM 200.000 0.256.XXX XX XX The Turkish Daily News 20 Şubat 2000, s. 5

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46. The Manager's Authority That each manager's job be given the broadest possible scope and authority is nothing but a rephrasing of the rule that decisions be pushed down the line as far as possible and be taken as close as possible to the action to which they apply. In its effects, however, this requirement leads to sharp deviations from the traditional concept of delegation from above. What activities and tasks the enterprise requires is worked out at the top. The analysis begins with the desired end product: the objectives of business performance and business results. From these the analysis determines step by step what work has to be performed. But in organizing the manager’s job we have to work from bottom up. We have to begin with the activities on the “firing-line” - the jobs responsible for the actual output of goods and services, for the final sale to the customer, for the production of blueprints and engineering drawings. The managers on the firing line have the basic management jobs - the ones on whose performance everything else ultimately rests. Seen this way, the jobs of higher management are derivative, are, in the last analysis, aimed at helping the firing-line manager do his job. Viewed structurally and organically, it is the firing-line manager in whom all authority and responsibility center; only what he cannot do himself passes up to higher management. He is, so to speak, the gene of organization in which all higher organs are prefigured and out of which they are developed. Quite obviously there are real limits to the decisions the firing-line manager can or should make, and to the authority and responsibility he should have. He is limited as to the extent of his authority. A production foreman has no business changing a salesman’s compensation. A regional sales manager has no authority in somebody else’s region, etc.. A manager is also limited with respect to the kind of decision he can make. Clearly, he should not make decisions that affect other managers. He should not alone make decisions that affect the whole business and its spirit. It is only elementary prudence, for instance, not to allow any manager to make by himself and without review a decision on the career and future of one of his subordinates. The firing-line manager should not be expected to make decisions he cannot make. A man responsible for immediate performance does not have the time, for instance, to make long-range decisions. A production man lacks the knowledge and competence to work out a pension plan or a medical program. These decisions certainly affect him and his operations; he should know them, understand them, indeed participate as much as is humanly possible in their operations and formulation. But he cannot make them. Hence he cannot have the

208

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authority and responsibility for them; for authority and responsibility should always be task-focused. This applies all through the management hierarchy up to the chief executive himself. There is one simple rule for setting limitations on the decisions a manager is authorized to make. The management charter of General Electric Lamp Division, in paraphrasing the U.S. Constitution, expresses it by saying: “All authority not expressly and in writing reserved to higher management is granted to lower management.” This is the opposite of the old Prussian idea of a citizen’s rights: “Everything that is not expressly ordered is forbidden.” In other words, the decisions which a manager is not entitled to make within the extent of his task should always be spelled out; for all others he should be supposed to have authority and responsibility. 597 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

sorun

çıkarabileceğinizi

As, for, since, yet That,gerund,past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

a) Tümceleri inceleyin. That each manager’s job be given the broadest possible scope and authority is nothing but a rephrasing of the rule that decisions be pushed down the line as far as possible and be taken as close as possible to the action to which they apply.

What activities and tasks the enterprise requires is worked out at the top.

Seen this way, the jobs of higher management are derivative, are, in the last analysis, aimed at helping the firing-line manager do his job.

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There is one simple rule for setting limitations on the decisions a manager is authorized to make. b) Diğer tümceleri de inceleyin.

C. ANLAM 

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Çeviri derslerinden bir tümce: Elinde olanağı olmayanlar bir araya gelerek mallarını sebze halinden şehre taşırlar. Öğrenci çevirisi: Those who do not have possibilities ...

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47.

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

Ethical and Legal Considerations of Public Relations Practice

The contribution of public relations to decision making is constrained by ethical and legal as well as tactical considerations. Professional standards of public relations, and legal matters pertaining to sensitive aspects of the communication process, affect the practitioner’s role and counsel. Ethics Ethics is an area of particular concern for public relations for three reasons: practitioners are aware that public relations has a reputation for unethical behaviour; practitioners have struggled to create a suitable code of ethics for themselves; and public relations is often considered a source of ethical standards within an organization. Public relations practitioners are very sensitive, even defensive, about allegations of unethical behavior. The term public relations is sometimes used as a synonym for lying, distortion, selective disclosure, or cover-ups. A recent Wall Street Journal article points to the ethical shortcomings of public relations, quoting the former public relations vice president for United Brands. “The more I thought about it, and the more I looked at events around me, the more certain I became that PR was helping to screw up the world,” he said. “I could see the hand of the PR man pulling the strings, making things happen, covering things up. Everywhere I looked it seemed as if image and style had taken the place of substance.” 212 sözcük Bu metin 30 Ocak 1995 tarihinde Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Yabancı Dil Sınavı olarak kullanılmıştır. Sınav süresi iki saat olarak belirtilmiş ve İngilizceden İngilizceye sözlük kullanılmasına izin verilmiştir.

A. SÖZCÜK

 

Sözlük çalışması Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N

211

sorun

çıkarabileceğinizi

GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

© Hakan Gür – dildersleri.gen.tr

a) Tümcenin yüklemini saptayın. Professional standards of public relations, and legal matters pertaining to sensitive aspects of the communication process, affect the practitioner’s role and counsel. b) Diğer tümceleri de inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

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48. Human behaviour and social practice In itself a material object is inanimate. What breathes life into an object by giving it certain properties are human beings, in that the work which is their life’s activity forces a particular relationship with it, a process which starts with the act of classifying it as an object - and as a specific type of object - through the operation of their own “sentient human activity” (Marx, first thesis on Feuerbach; see also Perlini 1974). Note that already implicit in this Marxist notion are both the biological dimension (“sentient”) and the socio-historical one (“human activity”). We will make a brief reference to the first component later, but it is obviously on the second one that we must focus our attention. If we leave out of account or underestimate the degree to which human beings determine the nature of the object - it is always worth spelling out the error involved in this alternative, given the tenacity of the philosophical myth which sustains it - then the object becomes imbued with specific social properties in its own right dating from before the dawn of human history. In this way, history would turn into the mysterious uncovering of the properties of the material world by their biological make-up. There would already exist, before the beginning of history, on the one hand a natural world entirely adapted to conform to the social needs of human beings, and on the other a homo sapiens already fully formed as a social-historical product: at this point history would completely lose its essential character as the progressive self-construction of our species. 265 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

sorun

çıkarabileceğinizi

 As, for, since, yet  That, gerund, past participle  Basit-Bileşik Tümce  Clause Marker  Ana-Yan Tümce  Ö+Y+N

a) Tümceleri inceleyin. What breathes life into an object by giving it certain properties are human beings, in that the work which is their life’s activity forces a particular relationship with it, a process which starts with the act of classifying it as an object - and as a specific type of object - through the operation of their own “sentient human activity” (Marx, first thesis on Feuerbach; see also Perlini 1974).

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If we leave out of account or underestimate the degree to which human beings determine the nature of the object - it is always worth spelling out the error involved in this alternative, given the tenacity of the philosophical myth which sustains it - then the object becomes imbued with specific social properties in its own right dating from before the dawn of human history. There would already exist, before the beginning of history, on the one hand a natural world entirely adapted to conform to the social needs of human beings, and on the other a homo sapiens already fully formed as a social-historical product: at this point history would completely lose its essential character as the progressive self-construction of our species.

C. ANLAM

 

Bağlam Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK



Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Televizyonda (Kanal D) Balıkçı Kral (The Fisher King) filminde video kaset kiralanan bir dükkanı işleten bayan oyuncunun (Whoopi Goldberg) bir müşteriye önerdiği kaset: Kremci Kremciye Karşı Filmin özgün adı: Kramer versus Kramer

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49. Democracy and adult education in Tanzania Introduction After independence, the Tanzanian leadership rejected the idea of multi-party democracy for a number of reasons. First, a new society required the combined effort of all the people in building a unified nation. Multiparty systems were described as artificial "luxuries" which sought to disrupt such efforts and encouraged class divisions. Second, opposition parties were considered unnecessary, since "opposition" implied "disagreement" on how to do things; such disagreements could be expressed through a one-party system provided a broad two-way channel of ideas and education was maintained through the party, between the people and the government. The establishment and the maintenance of this channel was seen as the real challenge of democracy and not the establishment of an opposition party.

Although the party leadership under Julius Nyerere rejected the idea of multi-party democracy in the 1960s, it made it plain, that opposition parties might grow in the country in the future if the one-party democracy failed. After almost two and a half decades of one-party democracy, Nyerere, the former party chairman now seems to be in favour of multi-party democracy. In his message to the people about the need for multi-party democracy in 1990, Nyerere called upon the people to think seriously in terms of multi-party democracy because the time was now ripe. In his opinion, the people should not find themselves in a position where forming an opposition party was considered as an act of treason. His main criticisms against the ruling party (CCM) in 1990 was that it was too bureaucratic and protective and in the absence of an opposition party it tended to move very slowly in its development programmes and alienate itself from the people in the process. Coupled with the demand for multi-party democracy within the country and political changes taking place the world over, Tanzania became a multi-party state in 1992. More than 10 opposition parties have been established with policies differing from those of the ruling party (CCM).

The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to analyse the role played by adult education in facilitating one-party democracy in Tanzania along with its potential limitations; and on the basis of this, delineate the new role that adult education should play to meet challenges of multi-party democracy in the country.

Adult education and one-party democracy In the mid-1960s, Tanzania became a one-party state and "socialism" her strategy of development. One of the essential features of this strategy was democracy. This was thought to be necessary for "socialism" could not be achieved without consensus and moreover, it involved people living together and working together on a cooperative basis. Democracy was therefore seen as an integral part of "socialism" and a means by which the people could carry out the affairs of the one-party state and control their own development initiatives.

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Clearly, this involved people's participation in policy and political discussions, making and executing decisions which were of concern to them and taking part in electing a government. It was wrong for the leaders and experts to usurp the people's right to participate in these activities simply because they had "expert" knowledge. In fact, the political role of the leaders was defined in educational terms; they were required to educate, lead and guide the people in all these activities, the idea being to sharpen their consciousness and to increase their capacity to deal with them. As stated earlier, this was seen as the real problem of democracy under the one-party state as it involved a lot of adult education initiative to create a two-way communication channel between the leadership and the people. An active adult education system was considered necessary not only to enable the people to exercise their power and to protect their rights but also to be aware of those people who were against the one-party policies. Various programmes such as functional literacy, mass education campaign and workers' education were introduced, the objective being to help people to think for themselves. Adult Education and Development, Herbert Hinzen, 1994 "Democracy and adult education in Tanzania" Philemon A. K. Mushi (Burada koyu yazılı sözcükler özgün metinde de koyu olarak verilmektedir.) 656 sözcük.

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

     

As, for, since, yet That, gerund, past participle Basit-Bileşik Tümce Clause Marker Ana-Yan Tümce Ö+Y+N Metnin bütününü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin.

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

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50. The Twelve Bottles of Whisky I had twelve bottles of whisky in my cellar and my wife told me to empty the contents of every bottle down the sink - or else! So I said I would, and proceeded with the unpleasant task. I withdrew the cork from the first bottle and poured the contents down the sink, with the exception of one glass, which I drank. I extracted the cork from the second bottle and did likewise, with the exception of one glass, which I drank. I withdrew the cork from the third bottle and emptied the good old booze down the sink, except a glass which I drank. I pulled the cork from the fourth sink and poured the bottle down the glass, which I drank. I pulled the bottle from the cork of the next and drank one sink out of it and poured the rest down the glass. I pulled the sink out of the next glass and poured the cork down the bottle. I pulled the next cork out of my throat, poured the sink down the bottle and drank the glass, then I corked the sink in the glass, bottled the sink and drank the pour. When I had emptied everything I steadied the house with one hand and counted the bottles and corks and glasses with the other, which were twenty-nine. To make sure I counted them again, when they came to seventy-four. And as the house came by, and finally I had all the bottles and corks and glasses counted, except one house and one cork, which I drank. 261 sözcük

A. SÖZCÜK

 Sözlük çalışması  Değinme sözcükleri Anlamını bilmediğiniz ve çeviri esnasında düşündüğünüz tüm sözcükleri inceleyin.

B. DİLBİLGİSİ

sorun

çıkarabileceğinizi

 As, for, since, yet  That, gerund, past participle  Basit-Bileşik Tümce  Clause Marker  Ana-Yan Tümce  Ö+Y+N Metnin bütününü dilbilgisi açısından inceleyin. Metnin anlamını tam olarak kavradığınızdan emin olmak için aşağıdaki alıştırmayı tamamlayın.

Verilen ifade doğru mu yanlış mı? [ [ [ [ [

] 1. This man is afraid of his wife. ] 2. He is a whisky-lover. ] 3. He lives in a house that is quite unbalanced. ] 4. After a while, he stopped drinking. ] 5. When he is emptying the bottles, he is happy with what he is doing.

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Soruları yanıtlayın. 1.

What does the man use the expression “or else!”?

2.

What does would refer to in "So I said I would"?

3.

What does did likewise refer to in "I extracted the cork from the second bottle and did likewise"?

4.

Which words does the man use instead of "whisky"?

5.

Why did the number of bottles change between the first and second counts?

C. ANLAM

 Bağlam  Taslak çeviri Metnin tümünü Türkçeye aktarın. Özellikle yüklem olmadığı halde yüklem gibi kullanılan sözcüklere ve aşağıda koyu yazılı bölüme dikkat edin. When I had emptied everything I steadied the house with one hand and counted the bottles and corks and glasses with the other, which were twenty-nine.

D. BÜTÜNLÜK

 Türkçe Çevirinizi anlam ve yapı açısından inceleyin.

BÖYLESİ DE VAR! Çeviri dersinde verilen Türkçe metinden bir tümce: Bu durumda şu üçünden söz edebiliriz: yargı, yasama ve yürütme. Öğrenci çevirisi: In this case, we can mention the following three forces: jurisdiction, legislature and stealing.

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6 Çeviri Sınavlarına Hazırlık ve Son Düzeltmeler Giriş ................................................................................................................. 220 Sunu ................................................................................................................ 221 Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 222 Üretme ............................................................................................................. 224 Sınama ............................................................................................................. 225

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Giriş Bu ve bunu izleyen konuda, çeviri sınavlarına hazırlık ve bu sınavlarda başarı için öneriler verilmekte.

Aşağıda verilen tümce çevirilerinin her birinde hata(lar) bulunmakta. Söz konusu hata ya da hatalar a) sözcüklerin yanlış aktarılması b) dilbilgisi yapısının yanlış aktarılması c) tümcenin Türkçesinin hatalı olması gibi nedenlerden kaynaklanmakta. Türkçe tümceleri inceleyerek çeviri hatalarını saptamaya ve bu hataların anlamın aktarılmasını ne ölçüde etkilediğini incelemeye çalışın. 1. Only in colleges where teaching is the dominant concern of the faculty is one likely to find a large number of professors making a sustained effort to connect different field of learning. Yalnızca öğretim üyelerinin daha çok eğitimle uğraştıkları kolejlerde değişik öğretim alanlarını birleştirme çabası içinde bulunan profesörler bulunmaktadır. 2. In a world of "multiple and conflicting perspectives", better that students come from the widest range of backgrounds and bring the greatest variety of experiences with them so that they have more to share with each other. "Çoğul ve çatışan perspektifler" dünyasında, iyi öğrenciler en geniş geri plandan gelmektedir ve beraberlerinde de çok farklı deneyimler getirdikleri için paylaşacak daha çok şeyleri vardır. 3. Such a policy will not interest the faculty, let alone the abler students, and hence will not encourage a broad-based effort to enhance the quality of education. Böyle bir politika öğretim üyelerinin dikkatini çekmez, yetenekli öğrencileri yalnız bırakır ve eğitimin niteliğini yükseltmek için geniş ölçekli çabaları desteklemez.

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4. Although the larger schools have been slow to follow the suit, Harvard has now introduced a radically new pilot program following proposals recently made by a blue-ribbon panel of experts convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges. Daha büyük okullar takımı izlemekte yavaş hareket etmektelerse de bugün Harvard, Amerikan Tıp Kolejleri Derneği tarafından bir araya getirilen uzmanlar mavi kurdeleli panelde yaptıkları son önerileri izleyen radikal bir yeni pilot program hazırladı. 5. Measured against the need of their profession, however, performance fails noticeably short of the ideal, even after due allowance is made for the effects of cost constraints and intellectual barriers. Yine de mesleğin gereksinimleri ile ölçüldüğünde, maliyet sınırlılıklarının ve zihinsel engellerin etkileri gidermek için yapılan tahsislerden sonra dahi, başarı idealin çok gerisinde kalmaktadır. 6. The decade of the 1960s produced dramatic changes in the feeling of Americans toward their government and what it could accomplish. 1960larda başlayan on yıl Amerikalıların duygularında hükümet ve onun başarabilecekleri konusunda dramatik değişimler yarattı.

Sunu Genelde, dil ve çeviri sınavlarında şu not sistemi kullanılmakta. ZAYIF ORTA İYİ ÇOK İYİ Ancak, verilen notlarda bir birliğin sağlanabilmesi için, elimizde bir ölçüt olması gerekir. Bir dil kurumunun sınav komitesinde görev aldığınızı varsayın. Ölçütleriniz ne olurdu? 100 üzerinden not verilen bir sınavda, yukarıda verilen ORTA, İYİ ve ÇOK İYİ kavramlarından her biri için not dilimini nasıl belirlerdiniz? Birinci ölçütü örnek olarak verilen aşağıdaki listeyi bu sorulara göre tamamlamaya çalışın. 1. Sözcük seçimi______ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ 4. _________________ 5. _________________ Toplam

__ puan __ puan __ puan __ puan __ puan 100 puan

Çeviri sınavları için bizim saptadığımız ölçüt, aşağıdaki İşleme bölümünde verilmekte. Dilerseniz kendi saptadığınız liste ile kıyaslayabilirsiniz.

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İşleme Bu bölümde çeviri sınavlarında kullandığım bir metin ve bir öğrencinin sınav kağıdı verilmekte. Sınavda süre olarak 3 saat verildi ve İngilizce-İngilizce sözlük kullanmak serbestti. Öğrencinin kağıdının hemen ardından, bizim saptadığımız sınav değerlendirme ölçüt tablosu gelmekte. Bu listeyi ya da yukarıda hazırladığınız kendi ölçüt tablonuzu kullanarak bu öğrenci kağıdını değerlendirin. İngilizce metin çeviriden sonra verilmekte. Bazı profesyonel çevirmenler, çevirinin herşeyden önce yetenek, pratik ve genel bilgiyi içeren bir sanat olduğunu savunurlar. Onlar, çeviri yeteneğinin bir tanrı vergisi olduğunu söylerler. Ya o yeteneğe sahipsinizdir ya da değilsinizdir, ve (hemen hemen bazı çeviri çevrelerinde iyi bir kelime olarak algılanmaz) bundan dolayı teoride bir çeviri çalışmasının yapılması gereksizdir. Çoğu çevirmen çalışmalarında (işlerinde) bir profesyonel olarak düşünülmeyi (anılmayı) tercih ederler ve diğer insanların kendilerinin yarı becerikli veya başarılı işgörenler olarak görmelerinden (tanınmaktan) çok kendilerinin bir profesyonel olarak görülmesini (muamele edilmesini) isterler. Ancak bunu başarmaları için, çevirmenlerin kabiliyetlerini geliştirmek için direnmeleri ihtiyacı ve ne yapmak istediklerini ifade edebilmeleri gerekmektedir (ihtiyaçları vardır). Tıpkı doktorlar ve mühendisler gibi, Onların kendi kendilerini ispatlama gerekliliği vardır, ayrıca, yaptıkları işin ne olduğunun kontrolünü yapmalıdırlar; Onlar sadece iyi çeviri yapmazlar çünkü çeviri için bir yeteneğe sahiptirler, ancak daha önemlisi, diğer profesyoneller gibi, onların (çevirmenler) mesleklerinin değişik yönlerini anlamak için bilinçli bir çaba sarfetmeleri gerekecektir. Tıp ve mühendisliğin tersine, çeviri akademik yönden oldukça yeni bir bilim dalıdır. Çeviri, kendi doğrularıyla birlikte çalışma konusu olarak daha yeni ortaya çıkmıştır (başlamıştır), ancak sadece bu değil (kendi içinde değil), ayrıca dünyanın her tarafındaki kolej ve üniversitelerin üyeliğinde sayıları fazlalaşmaktadır (çevirmenlerin sayıları). Herhangi bir yeni disiplin gibi, kendi metodlarına biçim vermek ve geliştirmek için ilgili disiplinlerin teorileri ve bulgularından yararlanmak ihtiyaçları vardır; Ancak çevirinin hangi ilgili disiplinlerle doğal olarak ve verimli olarak bağlı olduğu hala bir tartışma konusudur. Hemen hemen genel olarak hayatın her yönünde ve belirli dil toplulukları arasındaki etkileşimlerin çeviriye olan etkisi (ilgisi) düşünülmelidir; çeşitli kültürel oluşumların içindeki çeşitli insan toplulukları arasında ve içinde meydana gelmektedir bu disiplin. Bu, araştırma yapmak için bir seferde yapılamayacak kadar büyük bir alandır. Dolayısıyla, sadece söze başlamak istersek, eğer çeviri kelimenin tam anlamıyla bir meslek haline gelecekse, çevirmenler diğerlerinden daha çok sezgiye ve ne yapacakları ve onu (çeviriyi) nasıl yapacaklarına dair bir yeteneği mümkün kılabilmek için (elde edebilmek için) pratik yapmaya ihtiyaç duyacaktır. Onların herşeyden önce çalışmalarında işleriyle ilgili hammadde hakkında bilgi elde etmeye ihtiyaçları olacaktır: Dilin ne olduğunu anlamak ve fonksiyonlarının ne anlama geldiğini anlamaya ihtiyaçları vardır.

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Some professional translators suggest that translation is an art which requires aptitude, practice and general knowledge - nothing more. The ability to translate is a gift, they say: you either have it or you do not, and theory (almost a dirty word in some translation circles) is therefore irrelevant to the work of a translation. Most translators prefer to think of their work as a profession and would like to see others treat them as professional rather than as skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this, translators need to develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they do and how they do it. Like doctors and engineers, they have to prove themselves as well as others that they are in control of what they do; that they do not just translate well because they have a "flair" for translation, but rather because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort to understand various aspects of their work. Unlike medicine and engineering, translation is a very young discipline in academic terms. It is only just starting to feature as a subject of study in its own right, not yet in all but in an increasing number of universities and colleges around the world. Like any young discipline, it needs to draw on the findings and theories of other related disciplines in order to develop and formalize its own methods; but which disciplines it can naturally and fruitfully related to is still a matter of some controversy. Almost every aspect of life in general and of the interaction between speech communities in particular can be considered relevant to translation, a discipline which has to concern itself with how meaning is generated within and between various groups of people in various cultural settings. This is clearly too big an area to investigate in one go. So, let us just start by saying that, if translation is ever to become a profession in full sense of the word, translators will need something other than the current mixture of intuition and practice to enable them to reflect on what they do and how they do it. They will need, above all, to acquire a sound knowledge of the raw material with which the work: to understand what language is and how it comes to function for its users. Verilen sınavın ardından kullanılan ölçüt ise: Sözcük seçimi (Uygun Türkçe sözcüklerin seçimi) Anlamın kavranması ve aktarılması (İngilizce tümcenin anlamının anlaşılması) Çevirinin düzgünlüğü (Sayfa düzeni, yazım hataları) Hedef dilde yeniden yapılandırma (Tümcenin Türkçe tümce yapılanma kurallarına uygun oluşturulması) Akıcılık/Bütünlük (Tümceler arası bağlantı)

25 20 10

TOPLAM

100

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Üretme Metinlerin her birini belirtilen süre içinde Türkçeye aktarın. İngilizceden-İngilizceye sözlük kullanabilirsiniz. Süre bittiğinde çevirinizi bir kenara bırakın. A. (40 dakika) Clock Our passion for erecting huge clocks in public places is one expression of our slavery to the idea of punctuality. Immense clocks embedded in the towers of town halls and churches frown down on a hurrying populace perpetually reminding them that they must be on time. It is said that the nearer man gets to the equator, the less inclination he has to be punctual. If one can judge from the comparative dearth of public clocks in warm countries, this statement must be true. In these places, the world goes by in a leisurely way: there is no unseen enemy lurking in the background, timing the lives of the inhabitants with a stop-watch. 113 sözcük B. (45 dakika) Mountaineering Only in fairly recent times has the idea of climbing a mountain for its own sake become general. In the past, mountains were regarded as nothing but ugly, disordered heaps of stone which it would be folly to climb. The successful and dramatic ascent of the Matterhorn in the nineteenth century, did much to change this attitude. Equipped with huge stores of food and barrels of wine to sustain them on their arduous journey, early climbers scaled a great number of peaks in the Alps. Modern mountaineering gear is less bulky but far more complicated. The need for wind-proof clothing, pressure cookers, vacuum packed foods, medical supplies, and nylon ropes has made climbing a formidable undertaking. This often tempts people to ask mountaineers why they go to all this trouble just to climb mountains. Mallory's famous answer, "Because they're there," leaves them more puzzled than before. 146 sözcük Bu metinlerin çevirileri 240. sayfada verilmekte. Kendi çevirinizi bunlarla karşılaştırın ve yaptığınız çevirilere not verin. En çok hatayı hangi ölçüt üzerinden yaptığınızı saptamaya çalışın.

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Sınama Verilen her bir metni belirtilen sürede, sözlük kullanarak Türkçeye aktarın. Çeviriyi tamamladıktan sonra bir süre dinlenin payı ayırın. Daha sonra, 240-241. sayfalardaki çevirilerle karşılaştırarak kendi çevirilerinize not verin. 1. Let loose in a supermarket, the bewildered housewife must find it impossible to choose wisely. If she sets out to buy a packet of soap-powder she is faced with an astonishing range of makes and brand-names. One announces that a free gift-voucher goes with each packet; another that there is a free gift inside; another that the buyer is offered a twentyper-cent discount if she buys three packets at once; another declares that a new "easy-topour" gadget is attached to the packet. Words, too, do not always mean what they say. Who would guess that "giant size" often means the smallest size available, or that "super-economy size" the largest? The way things are at present, it is becoming increasingly impossible for the housewife to assess whether she is getting true value for money. 2. Money also acts as a common measure of value. If we had to rely on the barter system, it would be impossible, for instance, to calculate how many loaves of bread we should have to offer our dentist for taking care of our teeth. Furthermore, payment in kind does not allow freedom of choice: the dentist would be obliged to accept far more bread than he could use. Money enables us to buy exactly what we need and acts as a measure for quantity and quality. 3. Though people are much less superstitious than they used to be, they do sometimes give way to illogical fears. The desire to believe in the supernatural lurks in the background and occasionally breaks to the surface. Because superstition is infectious, popular imagination, once fired, needs little encouragement to turn fancy into fact. Some time ago, people claimed to have seen saucer-shaped objects which were supposed to have come from outer space. One writer went so far as to claim that one of these objects landed in a field and that he was able to communicate with diminutive "people" people from Venus. In time, so any of these "saucers" were seen, that one was led to believe that the earth was threatened with imminent invasion.

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4. Islanders are used to living in small, compact communities where self-sufficiency and isolation are valued. The risk of being cut off from the mainland for weeks at a time, is one they are willing to take. They become as much a part of the islands on which they live as the surrounding sea. Just as the wind carves fissures in the rocks, it cuts deep lines in their faces and hardens their features. A stranger, alien to their way of life, is often viewed with suspicion; but once accepted, friendship is lasting. 5. In this way, mass-production has brought with it a sharp division between work and pleasure. The modern worker cannot, like the craftsman before him, enjoy what he is doing. On the other hand, shorter working-hours coupled with secure employment, leave him an amount of free time that his predecessors never enjoyed. And modern industry has so revolutionized methods of transport and entertainment, that it provides the worker with numerous activities he can devote his leisure time to. If he uses his spare time wisely and not just as a means for "letting off steam" after a dull day's work, he can be more than compensated for this dissociation of work and pleasure. 6. The cultivation of a hobby not only allows us to relax properly, but it gives us a true sense of proportion. People in quite minor positions, as well as those who have many responsibilities to bear, often have an exaggerated idea of their own importance and consider themselves to be indispensable. They regard anything unconnected with their work with suspicion and are afraid even to take a holiday. "Who will take care of things when I'm gone?" they ask, unaware that things will go on just the same when they have really gone for good and there will always be someone else to take care of them. Hobbies redress the balance by helping us to understand how full life is. The man who really works well is he who can completely forget his work in the intervening hours when he is left to himself.

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7 Çeviri sınavlarında başarı Giriş ................................................................................................................. 228 Sunu ................................................................................................................ 228 Ġşleme .............................................................................................................. 230 Üretme ............................................................................................................. 230 Sınama ............................................................................................................. 231

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Giriş Bir metni verilen sürede Türkçeye aktarmanız istense, aşağıdaki sorulara yanıtlarınız neler olurdu? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Kurşunkalem mi tükenmez kalem mi kullanırdınız? Müsvedde yapar mıydınız? Metnin tümünü okumadan önce sözcük çalışması yapar mıydınız? Toplam sürenin yüzde kaçını metnin analizi, kaçını metnin çevirisi ve kaçını çevirinin son kontrolu için ayırırdınız?

Sunu A Textbook of Translation adlı kitabında Newmark (1988: 221-223) örneğin 3 saatlik bir çeviri sınavında, 15 dakikanın analiz, 2 saat 10 dakikanın çeviri ve 35 dakikanın yapılan çevirinin kontrol edilmesi için gerektiğini savunmakta.Yani:

ANALİZ: ÇEVİRİ: KONTROL: TOPLAM:

%10 %70 %20 %100

Bu süreleri yukarıda Giriş bölümünde 4. soruya verdiğiniz yanıtla karşılaştırın. İki listeden tek bir liste oluşturmaya çalışın. Newmark (1988: 221-223) ayrıca çeviri sınavları için önerilerde de bulunmakta. Bu öneriler aşağıda özetlenmekte; bu önerilere uyup uymamak elbette size kalmış (özellikle de 2. ve 16. maddelere): 1.

Çift aralık yazın ve paragraflar arasında boşluklar bırakın. Metin çok zor olmadığı sürece müsvedde yapmayın.

2.

Sözlükten kontrol etmeyi düşündüğünüz bütün sözcüklerin altını çizin. Hepsine bir anda bakın.

3.

Aşina olmadığınız sözcüklerin tümünü sözlükten kontrol edin.

4.

Anlamını çıkaramadığınız sözcüklerle aşırı zaman harcamayın. Bağlam içinde en mantıklı anlamı verecek şekilde sözcüğü yuvarlayın.

5.

Önce kolay tümceleri ve paragrafları, özellikle de - mümkünse - son paragrafı çevirin. Kağıdını çevirinin yarısı tamamlanmamış olarak vermeyin.

6.

Doğru olarak çözme şansınızın daha yüksek olduğunu düşündüğünüz tümceler üzerinde biraz daha fazla zaman harcayın.

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7.

Metnin hiciv içerdiği ya da bilerek akılcıl olmayan bir dil taşıdığı durumlar dışında, çevirinizin bir mantıksal bütünsellik taşımasına, ya da en azından saçma görünmemesine özen gösterin.

8.

Tümcelerin anlamı önceki ve sonraki tümcelerin anlamları ile, daha sonra paragrafın anlamı, daha sonra da metnin anlamı ile bir bütünlük oluşturmalı.

9.

Verilen sürenin tümünü kullanın.

10. Yaptığınız çeviriyi özgün metne bakmadan okuyun. 11. Sözcük, tümce ya da paragraf atlamadığınızdan emin olmak için çeviriniz ile özgün metni dikkatlice karşılaştırın. 12. Düzgün ve akıcı yazın. 13. Tüm boşlukları doldurun. Parantezler içinde alternatif çeviriler yazmayın. 14. Normalde, sadece şu durumlarda dipnot ekleyin: (a) metinde gerçeklere aykırı bir bilgi varsa ve çeviri esnasında düzelttiyseniz (b) metnin anlamında belirsizlik varsa. 15. Kolay (görünen) metinler karşısında özellikle dikkatli ve kuşkucu olun. 16. Önce kurşunkalem kullanın, sonra üzerinden tükenmez kalemle gidin. 17. Zor bir metnin doğru, kusursuz ya da ideal çevirisi bir şey yoktur. Cesur olun. Ve benden birkaç öneri:  Çeviri sınavlarında herkes kendi çalışma, çeviri ve malzemesinden sorumludur. Sözlük, kalem, silgi ve bilgi gibi size ait olan şeyleri diğer sınava girenlerle paylaşmayın. Büyük ölçüde zaman kaybedersiniz.  Sınavda oturduğunuz alanı akıllıca değerlendirin. Sözlük sol (solak iseniz sağ) elinizin altında, çeviriyi yazmakta olduğunuz kağıt ile aynı hizada olmalı. Sözlüğünüzü kucağınıza ya da uzanarak bakmanız gerekecek bir yere koymayın.  Sınava kendi sözlüğünüzü değil de daha iyi olduğuna inanarak yeni satın ya da ödünç aldığınız bir sözlüğü götürecekseniz, o sözlüğü sınavdan önceki birkaç gün içinde mutlaka çeviriler yaparak kullanın. Kullanmaya alışık olmadığınız bir sözlük zaman yitirmenize neden olabilir.

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İşleme Aşağıda verilen metnin çevirisini yapmanız için herhangi bir zaman sınırlaması getirilmemekte. Ancak, metni sanki bir sınavda çeviri yapıyormuş gibi ele alın ve her bir aşamanın sonunda (analiz, çeviri ve kontrol) o aşamayı kaç dakikada tamamladığınızı kaydedin. Daha sonra, bu sürelerin toplam süreye göre yüzdelerini hesaplayın. Böylece kendi çeviri yapma hızınızı saptamış olacaksınız. Dileğiniz sözlüğü kullanabilirsiniz.

Surveys reveal that most adults consider themselves "well informed about the affairs of the nation and the world." Yet a regularly taken Roper poll that asks, "From where do you obtain most of your information about the world ?" has found the percentage of people who reply, "Television" has been increasing steadily over the past decade. The latest questionnaire found that well over 60 percent of the respondents chose television over other media as their major source of information. These two facts are difficult to reconcile since even a casual study of television news reveals that it is only a headline service and not a source of information enabling one to shape a world view. Reader's Choice

Yaptığınız çevirinin doğruluğunu kitabın 242. sayfasında verilen çeviriye bakarak inceleyin ve çevirinize bir önceki konudaki ölçütlere göre bir not verin.

Üretme Bu bölümde verilen metni 60 dakika içinde Türkçeye aktarmanız isteniyor. Bir önceki İşleme aşamasında kendi çeviri hızınızı saptamıştınız. Orada belirlediğiniz zaman dilimlerine göre, analiz, çeviri ve kontrol işlemlerine ne kadar süre ayırmanız gerektiğini hesaplayarak aşağıdaki tabloya yazın.

Toplam Analiz Çeviri Kontrol

60 dakika __ dakika __ dakika __ dakika

Metnin çevirisine başlayın. Her bir aşamanın bitiminde süreyi kaydederek yukarıdaki tablodaki sürelere uyup uyamadığınızı belirleyin. Dilediğiniz sözlüğü kullanabilirsiniz.

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How divided twins grew up alike The odds across the human race of producing identical twins are 20 to one against. John Stroud is a social worker who deals in still longer odds: finding pairs of twins separated at birth or soon after and re-uniting them in middle age, often to the earth-shaking astonishment of at least one of the parties concerned. Since 1960 Stroud has, by patient and painstaking detective work, reunited 26 pairs of twins, and in many cases one of the parties had not the faintest idea they were one of a pair. The discovery has usually, but not always, been a joy. Framework for Proficiency

106 sözcük Aynı çalışmayı aşağıdaki metin için de yapın.

No self-respecting newspaper these days contents itself with the mere presentation of news. For a small amount of money each day, we are not simply informed of affairs of national and international importance. We are given photographs of people and places; the famous and notorious unfold their bestkept secrets, side by side with the not-so-famous who, for one reason or another, have "hit the headlines". This is not all we get for our money. There is always plenty of advice about what plays or films to see; what books to read; how we should dress; what we should eat; and where we should spend our holidays. And in case we have nothing better to do, we are provided with the most effective time-killers: quizzes and crossword-puzzles. Essay and Letter Writing

Sınama Verilen metni, dileğiniz sözlüğü kullanarak, 2 saat içinde Türkçeye aktarın. Newmark'ın verdiği sürelere göre analiz için 12 dakika, çeviri için 84 dakika, kontrol için de 24 dakika ayırmanız gerekir. Bu süreleri kendi çeviri hızınıza göre düzenleyin ve çevirinizi yapın.

What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. Hence in many types of text (legal,

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administrative, dialect, local, cultural) the temptation is to transfer as many SL (Source Language) words to the TL (Target Language) as possible. The pity is, as Mounin wrote, that the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. ... Danila Seleskovitch, a brilliant interpreter and translator, has said: "Everything said in one language can be expressed in another - on condition that the two languages belong to the cultures that have reached a comparable degree of development." The condition she makes is false and misleading. Translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach readers whose cultural and educational level is different from, and often "lower" or earlier than, that of the readers of the original ... . "Foreign" communities have their own language structures and their own cultures, "foreign" individuals have their own way of thinking and therefore of expressing themselves, but all these can be explained, and as a last resort the explanation is translation. No language, no culture is so "primitive" that it cannot embrace the terms and concepts of, say, computer technology or plainsong. But such a translation is a longer process if it is in a language whose culture does not include computer technology. If it is to cover all the points in the source language text, it requires greater space in the target language text. Therefore, whilst translation is always possible, it may for various reasons not have the same impact as the original. ... That translation is not merely a transmitter of culture, but also of truth, a force of progress, could be instanced by following the course of resistance to Bible translation and preservation of Latin as a superior language of the elect ... . A Textbook of Translation

Yaptığınız çeviriyi 242. sayfada verilen çeviri ile karşılaştırın ve ne kadar başarılı olduğunuzu saptayın.

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Noktalama İmleri . , : ; ? ! ' - -- / () [] Noktalama imlerinin İngilizcede ve Türkçede kimi zaman farklı biçimde kullanılmaları, İngilizce bir metnin okunması esnasında zorluk çıkarabilmektedir. Bu bölümde, noktalama imlerinin bazılarının İngilizcede kullanımları örneklerle verilmektedir.

Nokta

.

1. Bir tümceyi sona erdirmek için. I am a teacher. 2. Bazı kısaltmalarda. a.m. 3. Bir sayının küsurlu bölümü için. 6.30 % (Virgül kullanmak da olası : 6,30 %) 4. Saatlerde. 06.30 (Ayrıca: 06:30 ) 5. Tarihlerde. 14.3.1995 14.iii.1995 (Ayrıca: 14/3/95 ya da 14-3-95 ya da 14:3:95)

Virgül

,

1. Tümce içinde yakından ilişkili tümcecikleri ayırır. Bir "coordinator" tarafından bağlanmayan bağımsız tümcecikleri normalde virgül ayırmaz. Schoolchildren have adopted the fund as one of their favourite charities, and their small contributions have enabled the fund to reach its target. Schoolchildren have adopted the fund as one of their favourite charities; their small ...

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2. Ardarda sıralanan unsurlar arasında virgül gelebilir. He walked with

long, slow strides. long and slow strides.

3. Bir seri unsur sıralanırken "and" ya da "or" en sondakinden önce yerleştirilir. Dogs, cats(,) and other animals can recognize friends by smell alone. He wrote down 73, 12, 44, 9, 7(,) and 13, and added them up. 4. Alıntıda. "I heard 'Keep out' being shouted," he said. 5. "Non-defining relative clause" ve benzeri kullanımlarda, "-" yerine. Captain Madison, a company commander, assembled his men and announced their mission. 6. Mektupların başlangıcında. Dear Mr Wilson, 7. Seslenme durumunda. John, I think you're right.

Soru İşareti

?

1. Soruda. What can be done to help these people? (Ayrıca: Would the gentleman who left a silk scarf on the manager's desk care to retrieve it from the porters' office.) 2. Soru niteliği taşıyan tümcede. You are leaving already?

Ünlem İşareti

!

1. Duygu. How silly they are! Aren't they tall! 2. Emir Get out!

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İki Nokta

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:

1. Tümcecikleri, virgülden daha keskin biçimde ayırır. I've just had some good news: I've been offered a job in a law firm. 2. "For example, eg, namely, ie, as follows" ya da "the like" yerine. There remained one thing she wanted above all else: a room of her own; but she didn't acquire her own room until she was eighteen. Please send the stipulated items(, namely): (i) birth certificate (ii) passport (iii) correct fee 3. Mektupların başlangıcında. Dear Mr Wilson: (Ayrıca: Dear Mr Wilson, )

Noktalı Virgül

;

1. Ö+Y+N; (and) (then) Ö+Y+N yapısında. Taylor was, as usual, a consummate actor; with a few telling strokes he characterized King Lear magnificently. 2. Resmi kullanımda, zaten birkaç virgül kullanılmışsa ve tümce karmaşıksa. I had been aware that they sometimes disagreed violently, particularly over how to raise their children, and that there were also periods when they would not speak to each other; but I had not realized that they were seriously contemplating divorce. 3. "That is, namely", vs. öncesinde. In one respect, government policy has been firmly decided; that is, there will be no conscription.

Kesme İşareti

'

1. İyelik durumunda. the girl's the girls'

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2. Yüklem kısaltmada I'm, He's, won't, ... 3. Ender olarak, bazı kısaltmalarda. 'flu (= influenza) 4. Saatte. o'clock (= of the clock) 5. Şiirde kısaltmalarda. e'er (= ever) o'er (= over) 6. Standart dışı dilde. goin' (= going) 'cause (= because) 7. Seneyi gösteren sayının kısaltmasında. '95 8. Yanlış anlamayı önlemek amacı ile. There are three i's in that word.

Kısa Çizgi

-

1. Satır sonunda bölünme durumunda Schoolchildren have adopted the fund as one of their favourite charities, and small contributions have enabled the fund to reach its target. 2. Bileşik sözcüklerde. a) Ad - Belirteç runner-up break-in b) Sıfat - Ad+-ed cold-blooded brown-eyed

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c) Sıfat-Ad + -ing/-ed far-fetched habit-forming d) Sıfat yerine geçen kısaltmalar Russian-English [dictionary] student-teacher [interaction] e) Sayılar twenty-five three-fifths f) Büyük harf - Ad U-turn H-bomb g) -in-law(s) ile bitenler mother-in-law h) great ile başlayanlar great-uncle great-grandchildren i) Büyük harfle başlayan bir kökten önceki takıda kullanılabilir. un-French j) ex-, half-, quasi-, self-, post- gibi yapılarda post-1990 k) Diğerleri on-the-spot face-to-face up-to-date do-it-yourself 3. Ortada ya da sonda belirtilen, ilintili birim için. The other man - David Johnson - refused to make a statement. = (David Johnson) refused to ... 4. Kesintiyi göstermek için. "I hoped that you -" His voice broke.

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5. Bir ismi ya da küfürü gizlemek için. Mr BF- off 6. Kekeleme "P-p-p-please t-t-try," his teeth chattered through fear and cold. "He-e-elp!" she cried. 7. İki sayının arası için. pages 15-36

Parantez

()

1. Referans numarası ve doğum-ölüm tarihleri için. We shall see below (p. 63) that Eleanor's first love was William Bevan (1812-73). 2. Tümce içinde, bağımsız bir tümcecik için. Enterprising businessmen sell earthworms and their castings (they are one of the best soil conditioners) in hundreds of retail stores across the US and Canada. 3. Dipnot niteliği taşıyan bölümlerde. They decided that it was impossible to recreate Vietnam battle scenes, since the war was still on and they felt that the Philippines were an unacceptable substitute. (Apocalypse Now, made in the Philippines, did not change their feeling.) So they set on to work on a home front drama.

Köşeli Parantez

[]

1. Parantez içinde parantez. ... the other man (David Johnson [alias Wilson]) 2. Yazar ya da yayımcının form üzerinde yorumu. He said that Thursday was his normal visiting day [italics mine]. 3. Açıklamada. Martin Luther claimed that she [the Prime Minister] was chiefly responsible for the crisis.

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4. Alıntılarda, atlanmış bölümlerin yerine. The author claims that "[Jonathan Swift] advocated the establishment of a Language Academy to purity the English language and prevent its further deterioration."

/

Ayırma İşareti 1. Altbirimleri göstermek için.

the academic year 1994/5 c/o (adreslerde, care of [eliyle] anlamında) Rule A/32 2. Alternatif students and/or staff

Tırnak

“”

1. Alıntıda. “ I heard 'Keep out' being shouted," he said. 2. Belirlemek için. He couldn't spell "mnemonic", and therefore failed to reach the finals. 3. Hikaye/Makale/Bölüm adı için. He felt that the report's third chapter, "The Critical Need for Additional Personnel", overstated the problem.

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Çeviriler Bu bölümde, 6. ve 7. konudaki bazı metinlerin çevirileri verilmekte.

Konu 6 "Üretme" bölümündeki metinlerin çevirisi (sayfa 224) Saat Halka açık yerlere dev saatler dikmemiz, dakiklik fikrine olan köleliğimizin bir ifadesidir. Belediye meclisi binalarının ve kiliselerin kulelerine gömülü devasa saatler aşağıdaki telaşlı kalabalığa dik dik bakarak onlara vaktinde olmaları gerektiğini hatırlatırlar. Ekvatora yaklaştıkça dakik olma eğiliminin azaldığı söylenir. Ilıman ülkelerde meydan saatlerinin nispeten az olmasından yola çıkarsak, bu yorumun doğru olması gerekir. Bu yerlerde yaşam sakin bir biçimde geçer; akra planda gizlenen, insanların yaşamını bir kronometre ile hesaplayan görünmeyen bir düşman bulunmamaktadır. Dağcılık Sırf tırmanmış olmak için dağa tırmanma fikrinin yaygınlık göstermesi çok yakın zamanlara rastlar. Geçmişte dağlar yalnızca tırmanmanın aptallık olacağı çirkin, düzensiz taş yığınları olarak görülürlerdi. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıldaki başarılı ve eşsiz Matterhorn tırmanışı bu tutumun değişmesine büyük katkıda bulundu. Zor yolculukları esnasında kendilerini besleyecek olan büyük miktarda gıda ve fıçılarca şarap ile donanmış olan ilk dağcılar Alplerde pek çok zirveyi fethettiler. Modern dağcılık malzemesi daha az yüklü ama daha karmaşık. Rüzgar geçirmez giysilere, basınçlı gaz ısıtıcılara, havası alınarak paketlenmiş yiyeceklere, tıp malzemelerine ve naylon halatlara olan gereksinim tırmanmayı zor bir uğraş haline getirdi. Bu da sık sık insanları dağlara tırmanmak için bunca zahmete neden katlandıklarını sormaya yöneltir. Mallory'nin "Çünkü onlar oradalar" şeklindeki ünlü yanıtı kafalarını öncekinden de çok karıştırır.

"Sınama" bölümündeki metinlerin çevirisi (sayfa 225) 1. Süpermarkete dalan ev kadınının, akıllıca seçim yapmayı olanaksız buluyor olması gerekir. Eğer bir paket sabun tozu almaya kalkışırsa şaşırtıcı sayıda marka ve çeşitle karşılaşır. Paketlerden biri her bir pakette bir bedava hediye çeki olduğunu anlatırken bir diğeri de içinde bedava hediye olduğunu anlatır; bir diğeri de üç paket birden alındığında yüzde yirmilik bir indirim olacağını; başka biri, pakete "dökmeyi kolaylaştıran gereç" eklendiğini. Sözcükler de söyledikleri anlamı taşımayabilir. "Dev boyut"un genelde mevcut en küçük paket olacağını ya da "süper ekonomi boyut"un en büyük paket olacağını kim tahmin edebilir? Durum böyle olunca, ev kadınının parasının tam karşılığını alıp almadığını değerlendirmek gitgide güçleşmekte.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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2. Para ayrıca ortak bir değer ölçütü görevini de yapmaktadır. Takas sistemine güvenmek zorunda kalsaydık, örneğin dişçimize dişlerimize baktığı için kaç somun ekmek vereceğimizi hesaplamak olanaksız olurdu. Dahası, bu türden bir ödeme seçme özgürlüğü tanımaz: dişçi, kullanabileceğinden çok daha fazla ekmeği kabul etmek zorunda kalırdı. Para istediğimizin tam kendisini satın almamızı sağlar ve bir nitelik ve nitelik ölçütü görevi üstlenir. 3. İnsanlar, eskiye oranla daha az batıl inançlı olmalarına karşın, bazan akıldışı korkulara kapılırlar. Doğaüstü olana inanma isteği geride saklanır ve arasıra yüzeye çıkar. Batıl inanç bulaşıcı olduğu için, ortak hayal gücü bir kez ateşlendi mi hayali gerçeğe dönüştürmek için pek az cesaretlendirmeye gerek gösterir. Bir süre önce, insanlar uzaydan geldiğine inanılan tabak şekilli nesneler gördüklerini iddia ettiler. Bir yazar, bu nesnelerin bir tarlaya indiğini ve kendisinin Venüs'ten gelen minicik "insan"larla iletişim kurabildiğini ileri sürecek kadar ileri gitti. Zamanla bu "tabak"lardan o kadar fazlası görüldü ki insan dünyanın yaklaşan bir istila tehdidinde olduğuna inanır hale geldi. 4. Adalılar, kendi kendine yeterliliğin ve yalnızlığın değerli olduğu küçük, kapalı toplumlarda yaşamaya alışkındır. Anakaradan haftalarca ayrı kalma riski, almak isteyecekleri bir risktir. Üstünde yaşadıkları adanın, en az adayı çevreleyen deniz kadar parçası haline gelirler. Nasıl ki rüzgar kayalarda yarıklar açarsa, adalıların yüzlerinde de derin çizgiler oluşturur ve çehrelerini sertleştirir. Onların yaşam şekillerini bilmeyen bir yabancı çoğu kez kuşkuyla karşılanır; ama bir kez kabullenildi mi dostluk kalıcıdır. 5. Bu şekilde, toplu üretim iş ile eğlence arasında keskin bir ayırım da getirdi. Modern işçi yapmakta olduğu işten kendisinden önceki işçiler gibi tat alamaz. Diğer yandan, güvenli istihdam ile birleşen daha kısa çalışma saatleri çalışan kişiye kendisinden öncekilerin hiç sahip olamadıkları miktarda boş vakit bırakmakta. Ve modern endüstrinin öylesine evrimleşmiş ulaşım ve eğlence yöntemleri bulunmakta ki çalışan kişiye boş zamanını adayabileceği sayısız aktivite sağlamakta. Boş vaktini sırf bir "rahatlama" yolu olarak değil de akıllıca kullanırsa, çalışan kişi iş ile eğlenceyi birbirinden ayırmasının karşılığını fazlasıyla alabilir. 6. Bir hobi geliştirmek yalnızca iyice dinlenmemize izin vermekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda bizlere gerçek bir oranlama hissi de verir. Taşıyacak pek çok sorumlulukları olanların yanısıra ufak konumlarda olanlar da kendi önemleri konusunda abartılı bir fikre sahiptirler ve kendilerini yeri doldurulamaz olarak görürler. İşle ilişkili olmayan herşeyi kuşkuyla karşılarlar ve tatile çıkmaya bile korkarlar. "Ben gidince işlerle kim ilgilenecek?" diye sorarken gerçekten de dönmemek üzere gittiklerinde işlerin aynı biçimde süreceğinden ve işlerle ilgilenecek birilerinin mutlaka olacağından habersizdirler. Hobiler, yaşamın ne kadar dolu olduğunu anlamamıza yardımcı olarak dengeyi sağlarlar. Gerçekten de iyi çalışabilen kişi, kendi başına kaldığı boş vakitlerde işini unutabilen kişidir.

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GENEL ÇEVİRİ 2

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Konu 7 "İşleme" bölümündeki metnin çevirisi (sayfa 230) Araştırmalar, çoğu yetişkinin kendilerini "ülke ve dünya olayları hakkında iyi bilgili" gördüklerini ortaya koymakta. Ancak, düzenli olarak yapılan Roper araştırması, "Dünya hakkındaki bilgilerinizin çoğunu nereden alıyorsunuz?" sorusuna "Televizyon" yanıtını verenlerin sayısının son on yıl içinde düzenli bir biçimde artmakta olduğunu bulmuştur. En son yapılan anket, katılımcıların yüzde altmıştan fazlasının temel bilgi kaynağı olarak televizyonu diğer yayın organlarına seçtiğini bulmuştur. Bu iki gerçeği bağdaştırmak güç, zira, televizyon konusunda yapılan sıradan bir araştırma bile onun kişinin bir dünya görüşü oluşturmasını sağlayacak bir bilgi kaynağı olmayıp yalnızca bir haber başlığı hizmeti olduğunu göstermekte.

"Sınama" bölümündeki metnin çevirisi (sayfa 231-232) Çeviri nedir? Her zaman olmasa da çoğu zaman, bir metnin anlamını yazarın kasdettiği şekilde bir başka dile aktarmaktır. Sağduyu bize bunun basit olması gerektiğini söylemekte, zira, insanın bir dilde söyleyebildiğini diğer dilde de söyleyebilmesi gerekir. Diğer yandan, diğer bir dili kullanarak olmadığınız gibi davrandığınız için çeviriyi karmaşık, yapay ve iki yüzlülük olarak görebilirsiniz. Bundan ötürü, pek çok metin türünde (yasal, idari, diyalekt, yerel, kültürel) gerekli görülen olabildiğince fazla kaynak dil sözcüğü hedef dile aktarmaktır. Ne yazık ki, Mounin'in dediği gibi, çeviri basitçe orijinali kopyalayamaz ya da orijinalin kendi olamaz. Durum böyle olunca da, çevirmenin ilk görevi çeviri yapmaktır. İyi bir sözlü ve yazılı çevirmen olan Danila Seleskovitch "Her iki dilin de kıyaslanabilir bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış kültürlere ait olması koşulu ile, bir dilde söylenen herşey bir diğer dilde ifade edilebilir" demiştir. İleri sürdüğü koşul yanlış ve yanıltıcı. Kültürel ve eğitsel düzeyleri orijinal metnin okuyucularının kültürel ve eğitsel seviyesinden daha farklı ve genelde daha "düşük" ya da erken dönemde olan okuyuculara ulaşmak zorunda olduğu için, çeviri hem gerçeği hem de eğitimi iletmenin bir yoludur. ... "Yabancı" toplumların kendi dil yapıları ve kendi kültürleri vardır, "yabancı" fertlerin kendi düşünme yolları ve buna bağlı olarak da kendilerini ifade etme yolları vardır; fakat bunların tümü de açıklanabilir ve en son çare açıklama çaresi de çeviridir. Hiçbir dil, hiçbir kültür örneğin bilgisayar teknolojisinin ya da şarkının terim ya da kavramlarını içeremeyecek kadar "ilkel" değildir. Ancak, eğer bilgisayar teknolojisini içermeyen bir dilde ise, böyle bir çeviri daha uzun bir süreçtir. Hedef dildeki metindeki tüm noktaları içerecekse hedef dildeki metinde daha geniş yer gerekecektir. Bu nedenle, her ne kadar çeviri her zaman mümkünse de, çeşitli nedenlerle orijinal ile aynı etkiye sahip olmayabilir. ... Çevirinin yalnızca kültürü değil aynı zamanda gerçeği de aktardığı ve gelişmenin bir gücü olduğuna, İncil çevirisine olan direnç ve Latincenin üstün sınıfın üstün bir dili olarak korunma tarihi örnek olarak gösterilebilir.

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Yararlanılan Kaynaklar Abbott, J. 1984. Meet the Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alexander, L. G. 1979. Essay and Letter Writing. London: Longman. Allemano, J. 1986. Framework for Proficiency. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London and New York: Routledge.

Barr, P. et al. 1983. Advanced Reading Skills. Hong Kong: Longman. Baudoin, E.M., et al., 1982. Reader's Choice: A Reading Skills Textbook for Students of English as a Second Language. Michigan: The University of Michigan.

Bell, J., et al. 1985. Variety. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Broukal, M., ve Nolan-Woods, E. 1991. Macmillan Preparation for TOEFL. Singapore: Macmillan.

Chamberlin, D., ve White, G. 1975. English for Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chamberlin, D., ve White, G. 1978. Advanced English For Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clarke, D. F. 1984. Inroads: A Reading and Writing Course for Intermediate Students. Hong Kong: Heinemann.

Duff, A. 1984. The Third Language. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Duff, A. 1990. Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eken, A. N. 1992. Cope With First Certificate. Ankara: Ajans Türk Matbaası.

Ellis, M., ve Ellis, P. 1987. Shades of Meaning. Hong Kong: Nelson. Feare, R.E. 1989. Key to Success on the TOEFL. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Grellet, F. 1981. Developing Reading Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hamp-Lyons, L. ve Heasley, B. 1988. Study Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Imhoof, M., ve Herman, H. 1980. From Paragraph to Essay. London: Longman.

Jordan, R.R. 1986. Academic Writing Course. London and Glasgow: Collins.

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King, C., ve Stanley, N. 1989. Building Skills for the TOEFL. (İkinci basım) Hong Kong: Nelson.

Kingsbury, R., ve Spratt, M. 1985. Longman Proficiency Skills. Hong Kong: Longman.

Land, G. 1984. What the Papers Say. Hong Kong: Longman. Lewis, J. E. (yay. haz.) 1997. The Giant Book of the Western. London: Magpie.

Maley, A., ve Duff, A. 1976. Beyond Words: Certificate Reading and Listening Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Matthews, A., ve Read, C. 1988. Themes. London: Collins. Mosback, G., ve Mosback M. 1976. Practical Faster Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall. Ray, S. ve Nardiello, P. 1986. The Real Thing. New York: Macmillan. Smith, L. C. ve Mare N. N. 1990. Issues for Today. New York: Newbury House Publishers.

Stanley, N. 1988. The Best TOEFL Test Book. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley.

Stern, S. (yay. haz.) 1992. Meet United Germany: Perspectives. FRG: Atlantik-Brücke.

Swan, M. 1980. Spectrum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swan, M. 1982. Kaleidoscope. London: Cambridge University Press. Swan, M., 1976. Understanding Ideas: Advanced Reading Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ttofi, C. ve Creed, T. S. 1974. English In Mind. London: Macmillan.

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Genel Çeviri

2

ĠNGĠLĠZCE-TÜRKÇE

Çeviri Öğretim Yaklaşımı Denenmiş, bilimsel tabanlı, sistemli.

Çeviri Metinleri Her biri çeşitli çeviri sorunlarını örnekleyen, farklı konularda ve çeşitli uzunluklarda metinler.

Alıştırmalar Zengin çeşitlilikte, yalnızca verilen metnin çevirisine değil, çeviri sırasında belirgin becerilerin kazanılmasına da yönelik alıştırma türleri.

Çeviri Sınavları Çeviri sınavlarına yönelik çalışanlar için kapsamlı ve yararlı notlar ve alıştırmalar.

Bütünlük Çeviri konusunda dilbilgisi eksikliklerini tamamladığına inanan ve çeviri olayı ile uğraşmak isteyenler için, kendi içinde bir bütünlük taşıyan ideal kaynak. Her yönüyle çeviri çalışması amaçlayanlar için, Genel Çeviri 1 kitabı ile kullanıldığında kusursuz bir seri.

ÖĞRENCĠ KĠTABI 245