Gender Equality Thesis Queen Ang

r epr oduct i ve heal t h, i ncl udi ng HI V/AI DS. Speci fic ar eas t hat UNI CEF hi ghl i ght ed wer ef emal e geni t al mut i l at i on/cut t i ng; chi l d marr i age and pr emat ur epar ent hood;sexualabuse,expl oi t at i on and t r afficki ng;sexual andr epr oduct i veheal t h;andHI V/AI DS.

 Adul t  A r ecentr epor tf r om t he De par t me nt ofU. S.Labor showe dt hat  women t odayar epai d onl y72 c ent sf orev er ydol l ara man ear ns.“ Ev en mor et r oubl i ng -t hest udy f ound t hatatl eastonet hi r d-orabout11 cent s-oft hepaygap i scausedby paydi scr i mi nat i on agai nstwomen andt hi si s38year saf t ert heEqualPayActbecamel aw. "sai dSenat orTom Har ki n.

Mot her hoodandol dage  Thes e ar e t wo ke y per i ods i n many women’ s l i v es when t he det r i ment aleffect sofbot h pove r t y and i nequal i t y can combi ne– dur i ng chi l dbi rt h and i n ol d age.Shocki ngl y,i ti sest i mat ed t hateach yearmore t han hal fa mi l l i on women—r oughl y one woman e v er y mi nut e —di eas a r esul tofpr egnancycompl i cat i onsand chi l dbi r t h,99% ofwhi ch occuri n devel opi ngcount ri es.Yetmanyoft hesewomen’ sl i vescoul dbesavedi ft hey had accesst obasi cheal t h car eser vi ces .I n addi t i on,el der l ywomen may f acedoubl edi scr i mi nat i onont hebasi sofbot hgenderandage.Manyol der  women ar e pl unged i nt o pov er t y at a t i me ofl i f e when t he y ar ev er y

 vul ne r abl e .

 WageDi scr i mi nat i on  Ac cor di ngt oI nt erPr e ssSer vi c e," On agl obals cal e,women cul t i v at e mor et han hal fofal lt hef ood t hati sgrown.I nsubSaharanAf r i caandt he Cari bbean,t heypr oduceupt o80per centofbasi cf oodst uffs.I nAsi a,t hey accountf orar ound 50 per centoff ood pr oduct i on.I n Lat i n Amer i ca,t hey ar e mai nl y engaged i n subsi st ence f armi ng, hort i cul t ur e,poul t ry and r a i s i ng s mal ll i v e s t oc k. "Y e two me n of t e ng e tl i t t l er e c og ni t i on f o rt hat .I n f act ,manygounpai d.I ti sver ydi fficul tf ort hesewoment ogett hefinanci al r esour ces r equi r ed t o buy equi pmente t c,as many soci et i es st i l ldo not ac ce pt ,orr e al i z e ,t hatt he r ei sac hang ei nt he" t r a di t i onal "r o l e s. Reasonsf orsuchdi spari t yi ncl udet hef actt hatwomenaregener al l y under pai d and becauset heyof t en per f or m l ows t at us j obs,compar ed t o men. UNI CEF not es t hat t he dat a i sn’ t al way s per f ec t , and t hat gener al i zat i onscan hi dewi derfluct uat i ons.I n Br azi l ,f orexampl e,women undert he ageof25 ear n a hi ghera v er agehour l y waget han t hei rmal e count er part s.Howeve r ,i n deve l opi ng nat i ons and i n mosti ndust ri al i ze d nat i ons,men ar eusual l ypai d mor et han t hei rf emal ecount er part si nt he same fiel d.Mi l l i onsofwomen t hr oughoutt he wor l dl i vei n condi t i onsi n  whi c ht he y ar edepr i v ed oft hei rbasi chuman r i ght sf orno ot herr eason t hant hei rgender .

 Abus es ag ai ns t wome n ar e r e l ent l e ss, sys t emat i c, and wi del y t o l e r a t e d,i fno te xpl i c i t l yc o ndo ne d.Vi o l e nc e and di s c r i mi nat i o n ag ai ns t  women ar egl obalsoci alepi demi cs .Wel i v ei n awor l di n whi c h women do nothavebasi ccont r oloverwhathappenst ot hei rbodi es.Mi l l i onsofwomen and gi r l sar ef or ce dt o marr yand havese x wi t h men t heydo notdesi r e. Husbands and ot hermal ef ami l y me mber s obst r uctor di ct at e women' s acc es st or epr oduct i v e heal t h car e. Doct or s and gov er nment offici al s di spr opor t i onat el y t ar ge t women f r om di sadvant aged or mar gi nal i z ed c o mmuni t i e sf o rc o e r c i v ef ami l ypl anni ngpo l i c i e s .  The r e al i z at i on ofwomen' sr i ght si s a gl obals t r uggl e base d on uni v e r s alhuman r i g ht sandt her ul eofl a w.I tr e qui r e sal lo fust ouni t ei n sol i dari t yt oend t r adi t i ons,pr act i ces,and l awst hatharm women.I ti sa fightf orf r e edom t o be f ul l y and co mpl e t e l y human and eq ualwi t hout apol ogyorper mi ssi on.Ul t i mat el y ,t hest r uggl ef orwomen' shuman r i ght s mus tbeaboutmaki ng women' sl i ve smat t ere ve r ywher eal lt het i me.I n pr act i ce,t hi s means t aki ng act i on t o st op di scr i mi nat i on and vi ol ence 4 agai ns twomen.

 Woul dy ou bel i ev et hata par tofal lt hedi scr i mi nat i on and ge nder  bi asesment i oned abov et her ei ss t i l lonemor ecaset hatwe ,Fi l i pi nos,ar e t r y i ngt oi g no r ebuti sal r e adypr o l i f e r a t i ngi ndi ffe r e ntpar t soft hec ount r y aswe l lasabr o ad?I ti st he“ Mai l o r de r br i de ”i ndus t r y .Thet a g“ mai l o r de r 4

htt p: //bri ngt oanend. bl ogspot. com/2011/01/backgroundondi scri mi nat i onagai nst. html

 br i de”hasof t en bee n associ at ed wi t h der i si on,s t i gma and i l l egal i t ys uc h t hatt hebr i dehe r s e l fwo ul dno tdar ec l ai ms uc hs t at us ,i fo nl yt oa v oi dt he unwar r ant ed connot at i ons and s t er eo t ypes t hat come wi t h t he l abel , r egar dl essoft her easonswhysheent er edi nt osuchacont ext .   I n acount rywher ei ti sar eal i t yt hatmai l orderbri descont i nuet o pr o l i f e r a t e ,t heque s t i o n ar i s e sast oho wt hePhi l i ppi ne sha v epr o t e c t e dt he  womenwhobecomepar toft he“ mai lor de rbr i dei ndus t r y” .Wher et hemai l o r de r br i de i ndus t r yi si l l e g ali nt he Phi l i ppi ne s and l e g ali nr e c e i v i ng count r i esl i ke t he Uni t ed St at esofAmer i ca,Japan and Sout h Kor ea,t o namea f ew,t heappr opri at enessoft heres ponseoft hePhi l i ppi nest ot he i s s ueofFi l i pi nomai l o r de rbr i de sc o me si nt opi c t ur e .  The whol ec onc eptofmai lor derbr i des has i t sr i sks undoubt edl y gi v en t heuni queci r cumst ance ssur r oundi ngi t ,compar ed wi t h anyot her ki nd ofmanwoman r el at i onshi p. Her et hewoman i snoti n nee d ofl ov e  buti n need ofmo ne y ,l ar geamountofmone yt hatt he yar er eadyt or i sk t he i rs e l v esi nt ot hi ski ndofs i t uat i on.  A s t or y of t en t ol d of Fi l i pi no mai l or der br i des concer ns t he i r e x pl o i t at i o n att hehandsofc r i mi nals y ndi c at e sando f t e nr e l at e st oac t sof t r afficki ng. Anal yn,20 ye arsol d att het i meshewasr ecr ui t edt owor ki n Sout h Kor ea,was oneoft hosemai l or derbr i des.Justl i ke i nt heUni t ed St at esofAmer i caandJapan,t hemai lor derbr i dei ndust ryi nSout hKor ea

i sl egal .Shewasrec r ui t edt owor ki nSout hKore a,andt obeabl et oent er t hecount ry ,shewasf or cedt omarr yaKor eant wi ceherage. Shewasonl y abl et or eportherc asewi t ht heCommi ss i on ofFi l i pi nosOv er se as ( CFO)  when s he t r i ed t o secur ef r om t he l at t era c l ear anc ec er t i fic at e,a l egal r equi r ementf oral lt hosese eki ngwor k abr oad. TheCFO i snow hel pi ng  Anal yni n hercaseag ai ns tt het r affic ke r s.Howe v er ,i nv i e w oft hedi ffic ul t y ofprov i ng t he expl oi t at i on el ementr egar di ng her t r afficki ng,t he j udge  want ed t ot r yt hecaseunderRA 6955 ort he1990 Ant i Mai lOr derBr i de Law,r at hert han undert heRA 9208,ot her wi seknown ast he2003 Ant i  Tr affic ki ngi nPer sonsAct .  Anal yn’ sc asec an becl ear l ysee n asoneoft r affic ki ngandt hemode off aci l i t at i ng t he cr i me i st hr ough a marr i age cer emony . The di fficul t y howev erofpr osecut i ngsuch a cr i meconst r ai nst hecour t st or el yon t he t amerpr ohi bi t i vel aw agai nstmai lordermarri ages. A cl earunder st andi ng oft hepert i nentl awsaffect i ngAnal yn’ scase i si n ordert o appr eci at et he i mpl i cat i ons ofs ai dl aws on t he l i ve s ofdi aspori c Fi l i pi na women who e nt e r si nt ot r ans nat i o nalo ri nt e r r ac i almar r i ag e s.  Thef or merpr e v ai l i ngl aw i nt hePhi l i ppi nesaffect i ngt hemai lor der  br i dei ndus t r yf r amest hepr ot ec t i v emec hani smsf orFi l i pi nowomenont he pri nci pl eofpr ot ect i ngwomen’ sdi gni t ywhi l epur sui ngeconomi cupl i f t ment t owards achi evi ng decents t andard ofl i vi ng.Such l aw per cei ved t hatt he

marr i ageofaFi l i pi nowomanwi t haf or ei gnerhusbandi sameansbywhi ch t he woman can se cur ef orher se l fand herf ami l y mat er i ali mpr ov ement gi ve nt her ampantpove r t yi nt hePhi l i ppi nes.Such meanshowev eri sal so pr e sume dt o be di sas t r ous t ot he wel l bei ng oft he woman. To war ds pr ot ec t i ng t he woman,Republ i c Act6955 makes t he f ol l owi ng pr act i ce s unl awf ul :

For a per son,nat ur alor j uri di cal ,associ at i on,cl ub or any ot her e nt i t yt oc ommi t ,di r e c t l yori ndi r e c t l y ,anyoft hef ol l o wi ngac t s :  To es t abl i s h orcar r y on a busi nes s whi c h has f ori t s pur pose t he mat chi ng ofFi l i pi no women f ormarr i age t of or ei gn nat i onal sei t heron a mai lo r de rbas i so rpe r s o nali nt r o duc t i o n;  Toadv er t i s e,publ i sh,pr i ntordi s t r i but eorcauset headv e r t i se me nt , publ i cat i on, pri nt i ng or di s t r i but i on of any broc hur e, fli er or any pr opaganda mat er i al cal cul at ed t o pr omot et he pr ohi bi t ed act si nt he pr ece di ngsubpar agr aph;  To sol i c i t ,enl i s tori n anymannerat t r actori nt r oduceanyFi l i pi no  womant obec omeamemberi nanycl uboras soc i at i onwhos eobj ect i v ei st o mat chwomenf ormarr i aget of or ei gnnat i onal sei t heron amai lor derbasi s o rt hr o ug hpe r s o nali nt r o duc t i o nf o raf e e ;  To us e t he pos t al ser vi ce t o pr omo t e t he pr ohi bi t ed ac t s i n

subpar agr aph1her eof . Fort hemanage roro ffice ri nc har georadve r t i si ngmanage rofany newspaper ,magazi ne,t el evi si on orradi ost at i on,orot hermedi a,orofan adv e r t i s i ngag e nc y ,pr i nt i ngc ompanyoro t he rs i mi l are nt i t i e st okno wi ng l y al l o w,o rc o ns e ntt ot heac t spr o hi bi t e di nt hepr e c e di ngpar ag r a ph  Thel aw wasenact edasar eact i on t ot hegr owi ngnumbe rofFi l i pi no  women l eav i ngt hecount r yasmai lor de rbr i des . Ast he n Repr e se nt at i v e Lor naVer anoYap,mai nsponsoroft hebi l latt heLowerHouse,ar guedt hat “ Oper at edbyunscr upul ousandheart l essi ndi vi dual s,t hepr act i cehasnot onl ycastshameon ourwomen i nt hei nt er nat i onalcommuni t y ,buthav e al soexposedt housandsofi mpoveri shedFi l i pi nasi nt of urt hermi seryi nt he hands oft hei rf or ei gn spouse s…They ar et r eat ed l i ke cat t l e.When you r e al l yc omedo wnt oi t ,i t ’ sl i kepr o st i t ut i on. ”  TheSe nat ecount er par t ,on t heot herhand,suppor t e dt hebi l l ,and el abor at ed t hat :“ Bymaki ngFi l i pi na br i desa mar ket abl ecommodi t yand flaunt i ngt hem assuch l i kecat t l ei nt awdryand r evol t i ngadver t i sement s t hi sbus i ne s shasgr a v e l yi ns ul t e dal lt hatwe ,asanat i o n,ho l ds ac r e d. ” Republ i c Act 6995 does not pr ohi bi tt he i nt er mar r i age bet wee n f or ei gnnat i onal sandFi l i pi nowomen.Theban doesnotcr i mi nal i zet heact ofawoman whoent e r si nt osuc h an ar r ange me ntt hr ough t hemai lor der  br i de busi ness,butt ar ge t st hose who pr ofitoutoft he ac t ofmat c h-

maki ngr e c o g ni z i ngs uc h ac t i o nsasf ac i l i t at o r soft het r affic ki ngo fFi l i pi no  women. I n2003,t hei ndust ryofmai lor derbr i deshasbeenunder st oodasan actoft r affic ki ng i n per s ons under RA 9208 or t he Ant i Tr affic ki ng i n Per sons Act ,when expl oi t at i on i s pr ove n. Sect i on 4 ofsai dl aw makes unl a wf ulf o ranype r s o n,nat ur alo rj ur i di c al ,c o mmi t t i ngt hef o l l o wi ngac t s :  To i nt r oduc e ormat c hf ormone y ,pr ofit ,ormat er i al ,ec onomi c or ot herconsi der at i on,anyper son or ,aspr ovi dedf orunderRepubl i cActNo. 6955, any Fi l i pi no woman t oaf or ei gn nat i onal ,f or marr i age f or t he purposeofacqui ri ng,buyi ng,offeri ng,sel l i ngort r adi nghi m/hert oengage i n pr o s t i t ut i o n,por no gr aphy ,s e xuale x pl o i t at i o n,f o r c e dl abo ur ,s l a v e r y , i nvol unt aryser vi t udeordebtbondage;  To offerorcont r actmar r i age ,r e alorsi mul at ed,f ort hepur poseof acqui r i ng, buyi ng, offer i ng, sel l i ng, or t r adi ng t hem t o engage i n pr o s t i t ut i o n, p or no gr aphy ,s e xuale x pl o i t at i o n, f o r c e dl abo ur o rs l a v e r y , i nvol unt aryser vi t udeordebtbondage;  Tounder t akeoror gani z et our sandt r av elpl ansc ons i s t i ngoft our i sm packagesoract i vi t i esf ort hepurposeofut i l i zi ngand offeri ngper sonsf or pr o s t i t ut i o n,po r no gr aphyo rs e xuale x pl o i t at i o n; RA 9208 defines t r affic ki ng i n per s ons as r ef er r i ng “ t o t he r e c r ui t me nt ,t r ans po r t a t i o n,t r ans f e ro rhar bo ur i ng ,o rr e c e i pto fpe r s o ns

 wi t horwi t houtt hevi c t i m’ sconsentorknowl edge,wi t hi noracr os snat i onal  bor der s by me ans oft hr eatorus e off or ce ,orot herf or msofcoer ci on, abduct i on, f r aud, dec ept i on, abuse of power or of posi t i on, t aki ng adv a nt ag eo ft hev ul ne r abi l i t yo ft hepe r s o n,o r ,t heg i v i ngo rr e c e i v i ngo f payment sorbenefit st oachi evet heconsentofaper son havi ngcont r olover anot her per sonf or t he pur pose of expl oi t at i onwhi c h i ncl udes at a mi ni mum,t heexpl oi t at i on ort hepr ost i t ut i on ofot her sorot herf ormsof s e xuale x pl o i t at i o n,f o r c e dl abo ur o rs e r v i c e s ,s l a v e r y ,s e r v i t ude o rt he r emovalorsal eoforgans”  Wi t h al lt hedat a and e xper i encesoft hosewho hav econt act swi t h mi grantpart ner s,i twoul d notbedi fficul tt oi dent i f yaFi l i pi nomai l order  br i de. Sot heques t i on ar i sesast owhyt he r ei snotasi ngl ecasebr ought agai nstt heper pet r at or s? Thecase ofAnal yn woul d bea good t es tcase  bot h underRA 6955 and 9208,i ft he s ame wi l lbe sus t ai ned.Howe v e r ,  Anal yni sconf r ont edwi t hal otofc hal l enge st hatt hePhi l i ppi nes t at ewoul d not bei n a posi t i on t o suppl ement or suppor t . I nst i t ut i onal l y ,t he Phi l i ppi neset upi snotwant i ngi nt er msofappr opr i at emechani smst orun 5 af t e rt hepe r pe t r a t o r s .

Fur t her mor e,her earesomeoft hel awsandpol i ci est hatpavewayi n ge ndergaps:  TheFami l yCodeoft hePhi l i ppi nes: 5

ht t p : / /pl j . upd. e du. p h/ ant i ma i l o r d e r b r i d e l e g i s l a t i o na nd f e mi ni s t l e g al t he o r y a ni nq ui r y t o wa r ds a r e s c r i p t o f t he d i a s po r i c fi l i p i n ob r i d ephenomenoni n-t hephi l i ppi nes/

Sec t i on 4. Owner shi p, Admi ni s t r at i on, Enj oyment and Di sposi t i on of Communi t yPr oper t y  Ar t . 96. The Admi ni s t r at i on and enj oyment of t he communi t y pr opert yshal lbel ongt obot h spousesj oi nt l y .I n caseofdi sagr eement ,t he husband’ s deci si on shal lpr evai l ,subj ectt or ecour set ot hecourtby t he  wi f ef orapr ope rr emedy…  Ti t l eI X –Par ent alAut hor i t y  Ar t .211.The f at herand t he mot he rshal lj oi nt l y exer c i se par ent al aut hor i t y ov er t he per so ns of t he i r common c hi l dr en.

I n cas e of

di s ag r e e me nt ,t hef at he r ’ sde c i s i on s hal lpr e v a i l ,unl e s st he r ei saj udi c i al o r de rt ot hec ont r ar y . Chapt er4.EffectofParent alAut hori t yUpont hePr oper t yoft heChi l dr en  Ar t .225. The f at her and t he mot her shal lj oi nt l ye xer ci se l egal guar di anshi p ov er t he pr oper t y oft hei r unemanci pat ed common chi l d  wi t houtt henecessi t yofacour tappoi nt ment .I ncaseofdi sagr ee me nt ,t he f at her’ s deci si on shal lpr evai l ,unl ess t her ei saj udi ci alorder t ot he c ont r ar y .  TheRe vi sedPenalCode:  Adul t er y( Ar t .333)v s.Concubi nage( Ar t .334)  Ar t .333.Whoar egui l t yofadul t e r y .— Adul t er yi scommi t t edbyany mar r i ed woman who s hal lhav e se xuali nt er cour se wi t h a man nothe r

husbandandbyt heman whohasc ar nalknowl edgeofherknowi nghe rt o  bemar r i ed,e v e ni ft hemar r i agebes ubse quent l ydecl ar ed v oi d.Adul t e r y shal lbe puni shed by pri si on cor r ec ci onali ni t s medi um and maxi mum peri ods.  Ar t .334.Conc ubi nage.— Anyhusbandwhoshal lkeepami s t r essi n t heconj ugaldwel l i ng,orshal lhavesexuali nt er cour se,underscandal ous ci r cumst ances ,wi t hawoman whoi snothi swi f e,ors hal lcohabi twi t hher i n any ot her pl ace, shal l be puni shed by pr i si on cor r ec ci onal i n i t s mi ni mum and me di um per i ods.Theco nc ubi nes hal ls uffe rt hepenal t yof de st i e r r o.  Ar t .202.Vagr ant s& Pr os t i t ut es Forpur posesoft hi s art i cl e,women,who f ormoneyorpr ofit ,habi t ual l y i ndul ge i n sexual i nt er cour se or l asci vi ous conduct ,ar e deemed t o be pr os t i t ut es .( Ame nded by RA 101518 Vagr ancyi sno l onge ra cr i meBUT Defini t i onofpr ost i t ut esr emai nt hesame…)  Tot alExt i nc t i onofCr i mi nalLi abi l i t y  Ar t .89.How c r i mi nall i abi l i t yi st ot al l y ext i ngui shed.– Cr i mi nal l i abi l i t yi st o t al l yext i ngui she d: Par .7.Byt hemarr i ageoft heoffendedwoman,aspr ovi dedi nAr t i cl e 334oft hi sCode. ( Ar t .334,l astpar . :I n casesofSeduct i on,Abduct i on,Rapeand Act sof

Lasci vi ousness( SARA) ,t hemarr i ageoft heoffenderwi t ht heoffendedpart y s hal le x t i ng ui s ht hec r i mi nalac t i o no rr e mi tt hepe nal t yal r e adyi mpo s ed. )  Thepr ov i si onsi nt hef ami l yc odese t st hes t andar dst hatt hehusbandar e st i l li nt hehi gherposi t i oni nt hedeci si onmaki ngathomewheni nf actt hat shoul dbeaj oi ntadmi ni st r at i on hencet heopi ni onsandt hedeci si on oft he spousesshoul dbe equal .Thi si sal sonotbenefici alf ort hewi f ebecausei n orderf ort hem t oassai lt hedeci si onoft hei rpart nert heyhavet ounder goa t e di o uspr o ce s si n ac qui r i ng j udi c i alr e c our s e .I ne ffe c to ft hi spr o v i s i o n, t hewi f et endst obequi etandnol ongerpusht hr oughwi t hheri nt er estj ust s ot he ydo n’ tha v et ogot hr o ug hal lt he s et hi ng s . Ont heot herhand,Revi sedPenalCodeunder mi nest hewel f ar eoft he  women becauset hepe nal t yi mposesi n ot herpr ov i si onsar eunequaland i mpr ac t i c al .I n adul t e r y ,as i ng l ese x uali nt e r c o ur s ema yal r e adyc o ns t i t ut e t he cr i me whi l e concubi nage has t o be pr ov e n under a scandal ous ci r cumst anceorkeepi ng t he mi st r essi nt hei rconj ugaldwel l i ng pl ace or cohabi t i ng wi t h heri n any ot herpl ace bef or ei twi l lbe const i t ut ed as a cr i me. The penal t i es i mposed f or adul t er y and concubi nage i s al so di ffer ent .Foradul t ery t he penal t yi mposed i s pri si on corr ecci onali ni t s medi um t o maxi mum per i od whi l ei n concubi nage i ti s al so pr i si on corr ecci onalbuti ni t smi ni mum t omedi um per i odonl y .Thei mpl i cat i onsof adul t eryandconcubi nagear ej ustt hesame.Thati sbot hi nfidel i t yt ot hei r

part ner s and bot h woul d al so be det r i ment alt ot he r el at i onshi p oft he f ami l yandwe l f ar eo ft hec hi l dr e n. UnderAr t .202,womenwhof ormoneyorpr ofit ,habi t ual l yi ndul gei n sexuali nt er cour se orl asci vi ous conductwer e al so deemed as pr ost i t ut e andmaybepenal i z edwhi l et her ei snosamepr ov i si on f ormenwhom wi l l al soknow commi t st hes ameac t s.Ther ef or e,I fbot h menandwomenhav e co mmi t t ed t he same ac t st he n bot h shoul d be penal i z e d and notonl y  woment obes i ngl e dout . I nArt .89,asl ongast hecri mi nalmarr i est her apevi ct i mt henhei s al r eadyvi ndi cat ed f ort hecr i mehehascommi t t ed.Thi sshoul dn’ tbet he casebecauser api stcoul dseet hi sasascapegoatf ort hem nott of acet hei r sent ence.Event heywi l lmarryt hevi ct i m andt ryt orect i f yt hecri met hey havedonet heyshoul d st i l lbehel dl i abl ebecauset hati sst i l lan offense agai nstt hehonouranddi gni t yof women.  Asi def r om t hesel awswhi c har ebi asedandpr ej udi ci alt ot hewe l f ar e and r i ght sofwomen,t heyar eal soexper i enci ngvi ol enceagai nstwomen.  The yar epr onet ose xualhar ass me ntanddi ffe r entf or msofabuse s.These se xualhar ass ment s ar e pr ev al ent not onl y at home but al so t ot hei r r espect i vewor kpl ace.Women ar ebei ngt akenf orgr ant edbecauset heyar e per cei ve dt obephysi cal l yweakt hanmen.  Ac cor di ngt o RA 7877 Se xualHar assmentLaw,Se xualHar assme nt

const i t ut esdemandi ng,r equest i ngorot her wi ser equi r i nganysexualf avor f r om t heot herr egar dl essofwhet hert hedemand,r eques torr equi r ement f orsubmi ss i on i s acc ept ed.The per s on who DRR t he se xualf av orhas aut hori t y ,i nfluenceormor alascendancyovert heoffendedpart y .Per sons t obeconvi ct edwi t h SexualHar assmentwi l lbei mposedwi t h apenal t yof I mpri sonmentofnotl es st han1mont hormor et han6mont hs,orafineof notl esst han 10, 000. 00normor et han 20, 000. 00,orbot hatt hedi scr et i on oft he cour t .Act i ons ari si ng f r om t he vi ol at i ons oft he pr ovi si on shal l pr e s c r i bei n3y e ar s . Mostof t ent han not ,womenwhoexper i encese xualhar assmentdon’ t havet hecour aget ovoi ceoutt hei rexper i encesbecauset heyar eaf r ai d of  whatpe opl esayandt heshamet hati twi l lbr i ngt ot hei rf ami l yandt oher .  Thi sus ual l yhappensi nt hewor kpl acewher et heonemaki ngt heabusei s t hesuper i orandt heonewhowasbei ngabusei shi ssubor di nat e.Bec ause shei saf r ai dt ogetfir edand l ostherj ob somewomen j ustkeepi tt ot hei r sel vesandt hi si mpact st hei remot i onal ,ment alandsoci albehavi our . I nt hi sr egar d,wehavet obemor evi gi l antwi t ht heseabusesand empowerwomen sot hatt he ywi l lnothes i t at et ospeak up whenev ert he y f eelt hatt heyarebei ng harassed.Theyshoul df eelt hatt her earepeopl e t hatt heycan t r ustanddependont oi nt hi ski ndofsi t uat i on.Theyshoul d  be ass ur ed t hatwhat e v er happe ns t her e ar el aws t o pr ot ectt he m and

def end t hem f ort hei rr i ght s. Unf ort unat el y ,notonl ywor ki ngwomen are pr one t o abuse t her e ar e al so house wi v es and chi l dr en who ar e bei ng exposedt ot hesedanger s.   Republ i cAct9262Ant i Vi ol enceAgai ns tWomenandThei rChi l dr en  Ac twasenact edt opr ot ectev er ywome nandc hi l dr enf r om anyvi ol enc eand abuses .Thi spenal i z esas a cr i mecommi ssi on ofact sofvi ol enceagai nst  women and t hei rc hi l dr en pe r pe t r at ed ag ai ns tt hem by t hei r par t ner s,  whe t hermar r i ed ornot .These abuses ar e cat egor i z ed i nf our( 4)f or ms .  The yar ePhysi cal ,Se xual ,Ps yc hol ogi c al ,andEconomi c.  Thespeci ficac t swhi c hcons t i t ut ev i ol e nceagai ns twomenar e: a)Causi ngphysi calharm t ot hewomanorherchi l d;  b)Thr eat eni ngt ocauset hewomanorherc hi l dphys i calhar m; c)At t empt i ngt ocauset hewomanorherc hi l dphysi calharm; d)Pl aci ngt hewomanorherchi l di nf earofi mmi nentphysi calharm; e)At t empt i ngt ocompelorcompel l i ngt hewoman orherchi l dt oengagei n conductwhi cht hewoman orherchi l dhast her i ghtt odesi stf r om ordesi st f r om conductwhi cht hewoman orherc hi l dhast her i ghtt oengagei n,or at t empt i ngt or est ri ctorr est ri ct i ngt hewoman' sorherchi l d' sf r eedom of movementorconductbyf or ceort hr eatoff orc e,physi calorot herharm or t hr eat of physi cal or ot her harm, or i nt i mi dat i on di r ect ed agai nst t he  womanorc hi l d.

 Thr e at eni ngt odepr i v eorac t ual l ydepr i v i ngt hewoman orhe rc hi l d o fc us t odyt ohe r /hi sf ami l y ; Depri vi ng ort hr eat eni ng t o depri vet he woman orherc hi l dre n of financ i als uppo r tl e g al l yduehe ro rhe rf ami l y ,o rde l i be r a t e l ypr o v i di ngt he  woman' sc hi l dr e ni nsuffic i entfinanci alsuppor t ; Depr i vi ngort hr eat eni ngt odepr i vet hewoman orherc hi l dofal egal r i ght ; Pr ev ent i ng t he woman i n engagi ng i n any l egi t i mat e prof es si on, occupat i on,busi nessoract i vi t yorcont r ol l i ng t hevi ct i m' sown moneyor pr oper t i es , or sol el y cont r ol l i ng t he conj ugal or common mone y , or pr o pe r t i e s; I nfli ct i ng ort hr eat eni ng t oi nfli ctphysi calharm on onesel ff ort he pur pos eofc ont r o l l i nghe rac t i o nsorde c i s i o ns ; Causi ngorat t empt i ngt ocauset hewoman orherc hi l dt oengagei n any sexualact i vi t y whi ch does notconst i t ut er ape,by f or ce ort hr eatof f or ce,physi calharm,ort hr ough i nt i mi dat i on di r ect ed agai nstt hewoman orherc hi l dorher /hi si mmedi at ef ami l y; Engagi ngi n purposef ul ,knowi ng,orr eckl essconduct ,per sonal l yor t hr ough anot her t hat al ar ms or c auses subst ant i al emot i onal or ps y c ho l o gi c aldi s t r e s st ot hewo mano rhe rc hi l d.Thi ss hal li nc l ude ,butno t  bel i mi t edt o,t hef ol l owi ngac t s :

St al ki ng or f ol l owi ng t he woman orherchi l di n publ i c orpr i vat e pl ac es ; Peer i ng i nt he wi ndow or l i nger i ng out si de t he r es i dence oft he  womanorherc hi l d; Ent er i ng or r emai ni ng i nt he dwel l i ng or on t he pr oper t y oft he  womanorherc hi l dagai ns ther /hi swi l l ; Dest r oyi ngt hepr oper t yandper sonalbel ongi ngsori nfli ct i ngharm t o ani mal sorpet soft hewomanorherchi l d;and Engagi ngi nanyf orm ofharassmentorvi ol ence; i)

Causi ng ment aloremot i onalangui sh,publ i cr i di cul e or humi l i at i on t ot hewoman orherc hi l d,i ncl udi ng,butnot l i mi t edt o,r epeat edver balandemot i onalabuse,anddeni al offinanci alsupportorcust odyofmi norchi l dr en ofaccess t ot hewoman' schi l d/chi l dr en.

Chapt erI V. Concl usi on Des pi t et hel awsenact edand campai gnsl aunched pert ai ni ngt ot he ge nderequal i t y and women empower ment ,st i l lt her ei sa hugedi spari t y  be t ween t he t r e at mentofsoci e t yt o men and women.Wome n ar es t i l l per cei vedt obei nf er i ort omen t hatt heyar ebei ngt aken f orgr ant ed and t hei rri ght sandwel f arenotbei nggi venmuchat t ent i on. Fort hepastt wo y ear s,t heWor l d Ec onomi cFor um has named t he Phi l i ppi nest hemostgenderequalnat i on i n Asi aaswel lasoneofonl yt wo devel opi ngeconomi est o makei t st op t en equal i t yl i st .I t sfindi ngsar ei n partbased on st at i st i cst hatshow Fi l i pi nowomenhol dt hemaj ori t yofj obs i nt hel egi sl at i ve,t opoffici alandmanageri aloccupat i onalcat egory .Though t he r ear emanyac t i v i s ta nd e x pe r t st hats a y st ha ts t at i s t i c sdo n’ tt e l lt he f ul ls t o r y .  ThePhi l i ppi nesgov er nment ' sr ecents t at i s t i cspai ntabl eake rpi ct ur e.

 The ysayonei nt e nFi l i pi nowomenhav ehadaf or cedsexualencount e rand 37 per ce ntofwomen who wer eoncemar r i e d hav eexper i ence d domes t i c  vi ol e nce.Fur t he r mor e,a 2013 US St at eDepar t mentr epor tcr i t i ci z e dt he Phi l i ppi nesf ornotdoi ngenough t os t op t hehuman t r afficki ngofwomen.  And somel ocalNGOss ayt hatpoorwomen i nr ur alpar t soft hecount r y havenochoi cebutt ot akei nf ormalj obswi t houtanyl egalpr ot ect i on.  Thes ewomen espe ci al l yi nt her ur alar easdon’ thav emat e r ni t yl eav e anddoe s n’ thav et heabi l i t yt odoco l l e c t i v ebar g ai ni ng .Andi t ’ sno tbe c aus e  weal r eady had 2 f emal epr e si dent s and a coupl eoff e mal epol i t i ci ans i t al r eady equat est o genderequal i t y becausei fyou wi l ll ook att he bi gger pi ct ur eyou wi l lseet hatt hesewomencamef r om t hepr i vi l egecl ass.Hence, t he y cannot r el at e t o t he nee ds of poor women f r om c ount r ys i de co mmuni t i esknownasbar anga ys .  Wehav et heshar pe s tcont r adi ct i onsi nge nde requal i t yt oday .Despi t e t hef actwear egai ni ngsi gni ficantnumberofwomeni nt hepol i t i calare na, academeand busi nes s,t her ear est i l la l otofwomen ar eunder mi ned.I n gener al ,t he soci et y st i l l pl aces many gender pr obl ems as t r i vi al and mar gi nal . The l egal f r ame wor k f or women see ms i mpr essi v e but t he chal l engesofi mpl ement at i on and cul t ur alshi f tr emai ns.Thei nt er pl ay of cul t ur eand i nst i t ut i onsl i ket hegovernmentbur eaucr acy,pol i t i caloffices, and t hechur ch makest hedi sc our seon ge nderi ss uesv er yani mat edand

us ual l ypol ar i z e d. I nt hel as tpo pul at i o nc o untbyt heNat i o nalSt at i s t i c alCo or di nat i o n Boar d( NSCB) ,t he popul at i on ofmen t o women i s 46. 5 mi l l i on t o 45. 6 mi l l i on. I t doesn’ t di ffer much but i f we wi l ll ook at ot her st at i st i cs conduct edbyNSCB i tshowst hati nt heLabourf orcePart i ci pat i onr at ei ti s 78. 3% f ormenwhi l ei ti sonl y49. 7% i nwomen.Thi smeanst hathal foft he  womenpopul at i onsar enotgi v enoppor t uni t yt owor kandpar t i c i pat ei nt he l aborf or c e.  The pr opor t i on ofunpai d wor keri s 43. 1% f ormen and 56. 9% i n  women.Thi sr eflect st hatwomenar edi scr i mi nat edbe causemor et hanhal f ofwor ki ngwomen ar enotge t t i ngt hepr opersal aryorwor stt heyar enot  bei ngpai datal l .Though t he r ear eal s oal ar gepe r cent ageofme n whoar e unpai ds t i l lwo me nt o pt hel i s t .  Whe ni tc omest onat i onbui l di ngandpubl i caffai r st her ei ss t i l labi g di ffer encebet weenmanandwomanoccupyi ngt heel ect i veposi t i ons.81. 3% ofpubl i coffici al sar emenwhi l eonl y18. 4% arewomen.Thi sgr eatdi spari t y i st her esul tofgenderst er eot ypi ngt hatmen ar el eader sand women ar e o nl yt he i rs ubo r di nat e s .  Thes e gender i ss ue s ( mar gi nal i z at i on, subor di nat i on, gender st er eot ypi ng,mul t i pl e bur den & VAW i fl ef tunat t ended wi l lkeep mos t  women outoft hedev el opme ntpr ocess;and wi l lr es ul ti n a de v e l opme nt

t hatdoes notr es pond t ot he needs and conce r ns ofhal fofa nat i on’ s popul at i on. Hence , we shoul d al lwor kt oge t her t o de t er t hes e ge nder di s c r i mi nat i o ns .  The pr ocess ofc or r ect i ng genderdi spar i t yi n a soci e t yl eads us t o i mpr ovi ngt hecondi t i on andst at usofwomen i n al lspher es( househol das  wel lasc ommuni t yl e v el )whi c hi sal s ot er me d aswome n’ sempower ment . Re ce nt l y ,v ar i abl es suc h as educat i on and empl oy ment wer e co mmonl y use dt ocapt ur eempower mentandot herr el at edconce pt ssuchaswomen’ s aut onomyandst at us.Thei rusei sj ust i fiedbyt hef actt hatt heyhavest r ong posi t i ve cor r el at i on wi t ht he di r ecte mpower menti ndi cat or s.A woman’ s l ev elofe ducat i on,her empl oymentst at us,par t i cul ar l y empl oymentf or cas h, and medi a expos ur e ar ee xpect ed t o be posi t i v el y r el at ed t o empower me nt .Wome n who ar e educ at ed,empl oy ed,and e xpos e dt ot he medi aar el i kel yt obebet t erequi ppedwi t ht hei nf ormat i on andt hemeans needed t of unct i on effect i vel yi nt hemoder n wor l d.Toget hert hesef act or s ar e expect ed t oi nfluence women’ si nher ent abi l i t i es as wel l as t hei r at t i t ude song e nde rr o l e s .  The sear c hf or mor e di r ec t measur es has f oc us ed on c apt ur i ng ‘ evi dence’ofempower ment .Onewi del yaccept ed measur eof‘ evi dence’( or l ack t her eof )i swomen’ spart i ci pat i on i n househol d deci si onmaki ng.Thi s  v ar i abl ei si ncr easi ngl yus edasanobj ect i v ei ndi cat orofwomen’ shousehol d

l eve lempower ment ,part i cul arl yi ndemographi candheal t hst udi es.

Recommendat i on I norderf orust oaddr esst hegenderr ol esi ssuesandbi asest her ear e st epst hatwehavet of ol l ow:GenderAnal ysi s,GenderMai nst r eami ngand  Wome nEmpower me nt .

Genderanal ysi s  ref er st oavari et yofmet hodsandt echni quesused t ounder s t and t hedi ffer ence sbe t we en me n and women i nt er msofr ol es ,  behav i or s, ac t i vi t i es, needs, oppor t uni t i es , ac cess t o and cont r ol ov e r r esour ces,andconst r ai nt si nr el at i on t ooneanot her .Genderanal ysi sal so r e f e r st ot heg e nde r bas e ddi s ag gr e g at i o n andappr ai s alo fa v ai l abl edat at o pi npoi ntt hedi ffer encebet wee n menand womenon acc ountofge nder .As st at ed i n t he i nt r oduct ory sect i on of t hi s paper ,t he r ol es,act i vi t i es, opport uni t i esandacce sst oandcont r olov err es our ce sofmenandwomen  v ar yacr ossdi ffer ents oc i oeconomi candcul t ur alse t t i ngs .Wi t hi nt hesame s e t t i ngi t s e l ft he i rr o l e sandl e ar ne dbe ha vi o rc oul dbedi ffe r e nt . Me n and women hav e di ffer entknowl edg e,ex per i ence ,nee ds,and accesst or esour ces .Di ffer entgenderr ol es r esul ti n one se x havi ng an unequalr ol ei n deci si on maki ngwhi l et heot herhasl i t t l eornoandbei ng deni ed t he benefit sf r om deve l opment . Gender anal ys i s,t hus,expl or es t hese di ffer ence s and pr ovi des i nf or mat i on about ge nder r el at i ons i n

di ffe r e nts e t t i ng s. Genderanal ysi si si ndi spensabl ei n ordert opr omot egenderequal i t y and achi evesust ai nabl e devel opment .Caref ulanal ysi s oft he di ffer ences  be t weenmenandwome ne nabl er e se ar c her sandpol i c ymaker st oexpl i c i t l y show t hedi spar i t i esbet ween t het wosex esduet ogenderr ol es,i n whi ch  women ar emos t l yaffect ed,and c hal l enget hedi spar i t yf orequal i t yt o be guarant eed.Bydoi ngso,genderanal ysi saddsi nsi ghti nt ohow t hei ssueof genderequal i t yi si ncorpor at ed i nt odeve l opmentpol i ci esand pr ogramst o pur sueeffici entdev el opmentgoal si nwhi chwomengener al l ypart i ci pat ei n andbenefitf r om dev el opmentpr ogr ams.

Some oft he spec i fic s t eps t o be t aken i n or dert o per f or m t hi s ge nder anal ysi swoul dbe: •

St r engt heni ng of gov er nment par t ner shi p wi t h me di a i n cover i ngvari ouswomen’ si ssues

•

For mul at i on and i mpl ement at i on ofl egi sl at i vemeasur es t hat  wi l lel i mi nat egenderbi as

•

I ncr ease i n women’ s awar enes s oft hei reconomi cr i ght s and o ppo r t uni t i e s

•

Est abl i shmentofan enabl i ngenvi r onmentt hatwi l lensur et he e ffe c t i v ei mpl e me nt at i o no fpo l i c i e sf o rt hepr o t e c t i o no fwo me n  wor ker s

Gender Mai nst r eami ng r ef er st ot he st r at egy f ormaki ng women' s as  wel las men' s concer ns and e xper i ences an i nt egr aldi me nsi on oft he des i gn, i mpl ement at i on, moni t or i ng, and ev al uat i on of pol i ci es and pr ogramsi nal lpol i t i cal ,economi c,andsoci et alspher essot hatwomenand men benefitequal l yand i nequal i t yi snotper pet uat ed.I ti st hepr ocessof ass e ss i ng t he i mpl i cat i ons f orwome n and me n ofany pl anned act i on, i nc l udi ngl e gi s l at i on,pol i c i e s,orpr o gr amsi nal lar e asandatal ll e v el s . I n or dert o achi ev e ge ndermai nst r eami ng,we can st artby appl yi ng t he f ol l o wi ngst e ps : •

GAD mai ns t r eami ngi nt hebur eaucr acy

•

Enhancementofwomen’ sl eader shi pr ol esandpart i ci pat i on i n deci si onmaki ng

•

Enhancementofwomen’ saccesst o/ut i l i zat i on of basi csoci al s e r v i c e s

•

Pr omot i on and advance ment of wome n and gi r l c hi l dr en’ s humanr i ght s

•

Enhance ment of s us t ai nabl e ac cess of women t oc api t al , mar ke t ,i nf o r mat i o n,t e c hno l o gy ,andt e c hni c alas s i s t anc e

 Women’ s empower ment i st hepr oce ssby whi c h women gai n gr eat er cont r olovert he ci r cumst ances oft hei rl i ves.I ti s a mul t i di mensi onal concept ,whi chpur port st omeasur eawoman’ sabi l i t yt ocont r olr esour ces, herabi l i t yt ochooseandcont r oldi ffer entout comes,andaboveal lenhance hersel f es t eem.I tcan be exami ned based on di ffer enti ndi cat or s.Unt i l r ec ent l y ,var i abl ess uchaseducat i onandempl oymentwer ecommonl yuse d t o capt ur e empower ment and ot he rr el at ed conce pt s suc h as women’ s aut onomyand s t at us.Whi l et hosepr oxymeas ur esar ei mport antand ar e i deal l yassoci at ed wi t h empower ment ,t heymaynotcapt ur eal laspect sof t hemul t i di mensi onalconce ptofempower ment .  A woman’ sl ev el of educ at i on, he r empl oyme nt s t at us, par t i cul ar l y empl oymentf orcash,and medi a exposur e ar e expect ed t o be posi t i v el y r el at ed t o empower ment ( Mason,1986;Ki shor ,2000) .Women who ar e educat ed, e mpl oye d, and exposed t ot he medi a ar el i kel yt o be be t t er equi ppedwi t ht hei nf ormat i onandt hemeansneededt of unct i oneffect i ve l y i nt he moder n wor l d.Toge t her t hes ef act or s ar e expect ed t oi nfluence  women’ si nhe r entabi l i t i esaswel last hei rat t i t udest owar dsgenderr ol e s. Empower mentofwomencanbeexpect edt ovaryove rt hel i f ecy cl esi ncet he r i ght sand r esponsi bi l i t i esofwomen vary wi t h age and t he pari t y .Ol der

 women and wome n wi t hc hi l dr en ar el i kel yt o hav egr eat e rs t at us,r i ght s and r es ponsi bi l i t i est han youngerwomen orwomen wi t h no chi l dre n.I n addi t i o n,t hec har ac t e r i s t i c so ft hepl ac eo fr e s i de nc easwe l last hes oc i o economi cst at usoft hehousehol ddefinet heact ualopport uni t i esavai l abl e t o women.Localst udi eson women’ sempower mentar erar e.Par t i cul ar l y s t udi es base d on di r ec ti ndi cat or s of e mpower ment suc h as deci si on maki ng powe ron house hol d mat t er s,aut onomy i ns ee ki ng heal t h car e , at t i t udet o war dsr e s i s t i ngwi f ebe at i ngandat t i t udet o war dsr i g htt or e f us e sexwi t h husband f oranyr eason ar escar ce.Asa r esul t ,t her ei sl ack of co mpr e hensi v e knowl edg e r e gar di ng di ffe r ent di mensi ons of wome n’ s empower mentand t he f act or s assoc i at ed wi t ht hem.I ti s bel i ev ed t hat i mpl ement at i on of per t i nent pol i ci es and pr ogr ams t ar ge t i ng ge nder equal i t y and wome n’ sempower mentcan benefiti mmens el yf r om c ur r ent s t udi e si nt hi sar e a.  Toi ncr easet heeconomi cempowe r me ntofwomen,t hef ol l owi ngs t eps ar ehi ghl yr ec ommended: •

Enhanc ement of empl oy ment and l i v el i hood s ki l l s of  wome n,par t i c ul ar l yi nhi ghv al ueaddi ng i ndus t r i esand agr i cul t ur alac t i v i t i es

•

St r engt heni ng of women’ sr epr es ent at i on i n ec onomi c deci si onmaki ngbodi es

•

Pr omot i on ofa gender r esponsi ve del i ver y ofj ust i ce t o  vi ol enceagai ns twomen( VAW)sur v i v or s

•

St r engt heni ng of women’ sr ol ei n pr omot i ng ge nder r esponsi vegover nance

Oncet hi sr ecommendat i onwoul dbei mpl ement edi ti sal sosugges t ed t hat Gender and De v e l opme nt pr i nci pl es woul d be i nt e gr at ed i n our cul t ur al bel i ef , per cept i ons, pr act i ces, val ues, r ol es, at t i t udes and s t r uc t ur alar r ang e me nt ss ot hatwewi l lac hi e v eho l i s t i cg e nde re q ual i t yand devel opmenti noursoci et y .

GenderEqual i t y:I t sResul t s,Consequences,Pr ovocat i onsand Remedi es

 by

Quee nB.Ang

 At he si ss ubmi t t edt oAt t y .Ronal dCr i sant oP.Mer cado i nPart i alFul fil l mentoft heRequi r ement s f o rt heSubj e c t LegalResear chandThesi sWr i t i ng,  JD 16,1st  Semes t er ,20152016

Co l l e g eo fLa w Pol y t e c hni cUni v e r s i t yoft hePhi l i ppi ne s St a.Mesa,Mani l a