Gender & Society (Phil)

 

GENDER & SOCIETY (ELEC 121)

 

I. INTRODUCTION TO GENDER & SEXUALITY A. Sex & Gender Meaning and Characteristics B. Gender Role Socialization C. Gender Stereotypes D. SOGIE E. Sexism

 

Sex vs. Gender 

 

SEX refers to physiological differences found among male, female, and various intersex bodies such as the genitalia and genetic differences.

 

PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS These are the physical such characteristics involved in reproduction, as the sex directly organs. are present at birth and comprise the external and internal genitalia

 

MALE PRIMARY SEX EXTERNAL GENITALIA:

CHARACTERISTICS PENIS & TESTIS

 

FEMALE PRIMAR PRIMARY Y SEX CHARACTERISTICS INTERNAL GENITALIA:

VAGINA & OVARIES

 

MALE HORMONES Testosterone is the key male sex hormone responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics. It regulates fertility, muscle mass, fat distribution, and red blood cell production.

 

FEMALE HORMONES In females, the ovaries and adrenal glands are the main producers of sex hormones. Female sex hormones include estrogen,  progesterone, and small quantities of testosterone.

 

MALE CHROMOSOMES Males have two different kinds of sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the heterogametic sex. It is also found in most mammals as well as some reptiles and  plants.

 

FEMALE CHROMOSOMES Females have two a same set of sex chromosomes (XX), and are called the homogametic sex. In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; in the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development.

 

SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS

SEX

These appears during puberty puberty.. It is caused by hormones released at the time of puberty, which usually is around two years earlier in girls than in  boys.

 

Can you determine the sex of these  babies just by by looking at this picture?

 

MALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS Growth of facial and body hair, including underarm, abdominal, chest hair and pubic hair. •

Angular features (i.e. square sq uare jaw, jaw, triangular mid

•

region) Increased stature; adult males are taller than adult females, on average. •

Broadening of shoulders and chest; shoulders wider than hips. •

Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple) and

•

deepening of voice.

 

FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples. Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair hair.. •

•

Widening of hip hips;lower s;lower waist to hip ratio than adult males. •

Labia minora, the inner lips of the vulva, may grow more prominent and undergo changes in color with the increased stimulation related to higher levels of estrogen. •

 

Intersex is  is a general term used for a variety Intersex of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.

 

Intersex can be divided into 4 categories: 1. 46, XX intersex 2. 46, XY intersex 3. True gona gonada dall inter nterssex 4. Comp Comple lex x or und undet eter ermi mine ned d inte inters rsex ex

 

1.) 46, XX INTERSEX The person has the chromosomes of a woman, the ovaries of a woman, but external (outside) genitals that appear male. The labia are joined and the clitoris enlarges to appear like a penis.

 

2.) 46, XY INTERSEX The person has the chromosomes of a man,  but the external genitals are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or clearly female.

 

3.) TRUE GONADAL INTERSEX The person must have both ovarian and testicular tissue. This may be in the same gonad (an ovotestis), or the person might have 1 ovary and 1 testis. The person may have XX chromosomes, XY chromosomes, or both. The external genitals may be ambiguous or may appear to be female or male.

 

4.) COMPLEX OR UNDETERMINED INTERSEX DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Many chromosome configurations like 45, XO (only oneresult X chromosome), and 47, where XXY, 47, XXX do not in a condition there is discrepancy between internal and external genitalia. However, there may be problems with sex hormone levels, overall sexual development, and altered numbers of sex chromosomes.

 

The WHO defines GENDER  as  as the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It to varies societyfrom and society can be changed.

 

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX & GENDER  SEX

GENDER

Physiological

Social and Cultural

Rela latted to rrep eprrodu ducco on n

Le Lear arne ned dB Beh eha avi vio or

Congenital

Changes over me

 

GENDER SOCIALIZATION

ROLE

  It is defined as the process of learning and internalizing cultural approved ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It starts as soon as one is  born and manifests from the color associated with one’ one’ss gender to the roles ones sees his or her gender performs the most.

 

CHILD REARING PROCESS A. Manipulation B. Canalization C. Activit ity y Ex Exposure ure D. Verba erball A Ape pell llat atio ion n

 

A. Manipulation

It is the process of handling boys

and girls differently even as infants.

Example:

Boys = tossed up in the air  Girls = handled like delicate porcelains

 

B. Canalization Exposing

children

appropriate objects. Example:Toys Boys = Cars Girls = Dolls

to

gender

 

C. ACTIVIT ACTIVITY Y EXPOSURE Exposing

children

to

appropriate tasks or activities. Example: Boys = Lifting, mechanical activities Girls = Household Household chores

gender

 

D. VER VERBAL BAL APP APPEL ELLA LATI TION ON

The process of telling children what

they are and what is expected of them Example: Boys = Doesnt cry, doesnt hit girls Girls = Pretty, Beautiful

 

PERCEPTIONS OF GEDER  A. External Regulations B. Internalized Self - Control

 

EXTERNAL REGULATIONS It involves various institutions dictating what is proper and normal base don one’s gender identity.

 

INTERNALIZED SELF CONTROL It causes a person to police himself or herself according to society’s standards and norms.

 

GENDER STEREOTYPES It is a generalised view or preconception about attributes characteristics, or ought toorbe possessed by, or the roles that are   or performed by women and men. It develops wh when di differen iin nstitutions reinforce a  biased perception perception of a certain gender’s gender’s role.

 

TYPES OF GENDER STEREOTYPES 1. Sexual Stereotypes - it involves assumptions regardingdominant a person’s sexuality that reinforce views. For example, a prevalent view is that all men are sexual sexually ly dom domina inant nt Another notion is heteronormativity heteronormativity..

 

TYPES OF GENDER STEREOTYPES

2. Sex Stereotypes - they  they  are generalized view of traits that specifically should be possessed by men and women, physical and emotional roles. These stereotypes are unrelated to the roles women and men actually perform.

 

TYPES OF GENDER STEREOTYPES 3. Sex- role Stereotypes - it encompass the roles that men and women are assigned to  be based on their sex and what behaviors they must posses to fulfill these roles.

 

REPRESENTATION OF MEN Masculinity

 

 Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE)

 

ORIENTATION It SEXUAL describes to whom a person is sexually attracted. Some people are attracted to people of a  particular gender; others are attracted to people of more than one gender. Some are not attracted to anyone.

 

ASEXUAL They are not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire to act on attraction to anyone. Does not necessarily mean sexless.

Hi, Can I get your number?

x

 

BISEXUAL

They are attracted to  people of one’ one’ss own gender and people of other gender(s).

 

GA GAY Y It generally

refers to a man who is attracted to men.

 

LESBIAN It refers to a who is women.

a woman attracted to

 

PANSEXUAL FLUID They are attracted to/all  people regardless gender.

of

 

QUESTIONING One who may be unsure of, reconsidering, or chooses to hold off identifying their sexual identity or gender expression or identity.

 

QUEER  It is an umbrella term which embraces a matrix of sexual  preferences, gender expressions, and habits that are not of the heterosexual, heteronormative, or gender binary majority majority.

 

STRAIGHT People who

are attracted to their “opposite” sex. They are also called as heterosexual.

 

GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION It describes to whom a person is sexually attracted. Some people are attracted to people of a  particular gender; others are attracted to people of more than one gender. Some are not attracted to anyone.