Gellner – Nations and Nationalism Summary
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Summary of Chapter 1 and 5...
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(Week 3 State & Society) Summary Ernest Gellner – Nations and Nationalism – Chs. 1, 5 & 6 (1983) Ch. 1
Definitions Nationalism – “political principle – political and national units should be one” Nationalist sentiment – anger/satisfaction Nationalist movement – occurs from this sentiment (nationalist political) Principle violated, by: - Political boundary can fail to include all members of nation - Or include some foreigners - A nation may live in a multiplicity of states – with no single state claiming to be the national one most sensitive: if the rulers of a political unit belong to a nation other than that of the majority of the ruled (occurring through the incorporating of the national territory in a larger empire or foreign domination). Nationalism = theory of political legitimacy, requires ethnic boundaries to be the same as political ones & that ethnic boundaries within a given state shouldn’t separate the power holders from the rest. Nationalist principle – ethical, universal spirit. Some cases include nonnationals – non egoistic: preserves cultural diversity, a pluralist international political system & diminished internal strains within states In practice, nationalism has not been so rational. Kant – partiality – making exceptions – the central human weakness – national sentiment – sacro egoism (Mussolini’s nationalism). Political effectiveness of national sentiment exists without those having an awareness of the wrongs committed by their nation as well as those committed against it. The fact of nature that there are many numerous potential nations (and independent, autonomous political units) more than there are viable states removes any prospect for impartial, reasonable nationalism. As not all nationalisms can be satisfied – the satisfaction of some spurs the frustration of others. Furthermore, many potential nations lived complexly intermixed amongst one another. And so these territorial political units can only become ethnically homogenous by removing the nonnationals & so peaceful implementation of the nationalist principle is difficult. The nationalist principle is only violated by a significant number of resident foreigners or a foreigner in a national ruling family. The point at which a foreigner goes from benignly tolerated to becoming offensive varies with circumstance, however it is impossible to pinpoint a precise figure. State and nation
(Week 3 State & Society) Summary State (Max Weber) – “agency within society which possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence”. In wellordered societies, private or sectional violence is illegitimate. Violence may be applied only by the central political authority, and those to whom it delegates this right. The ultimate maintenance of order – force – may be applied only by one, special, clearly identified and well centralised, disciplined agency within society – ie. the state (of modern societies). ‘Feudal states’ Some states do not monopolise legitimate violence within the territory which they more or less effectively control & private feuds occur between fiefholders/tribes. Eg Iraqi state under British control – tolerated tribal raids that were bureaucratically recorded. - Lack the will or means to enforce their monopoly of legitimate violence, but remain recognisable ‘states’. Weber’s underlying principle – ethnocentric – assumes the wellcentralised Western state, with the social division of labour. The state – set of institutions/agencies specifically concerned with the enforcement of order – such as police forces and courts. Societies without states do not have the problem of nationalism – with an absence of power and boundaries altogether. Nationalism has seldom arisen in circumstances where the state itself was lacking or its existence was in peril/doubt. The state’s boundaries and/or the distribution of power are the points of resentment that nationalism bears. Definition of nationalism requires an assumed definition of the state and its assumed existence – of politically centralised units – is a necessary, normative condition but not sufficient. p.5 General historical observations about the state: Three fundamental stages: (Hegelinspired) “…once none had, then some had, and finally all have [the state]”. Preagrarian: hunting and gathering bands – too small to allow political division of labour constituting the state (stable specialised orderenforcing institution) & so doesn’t arise Agrarian: stateendowed. Strong/weak; despotic/lawabiding. Highly variable form. Existence of state is an option. Industrial (postagrarian): presence of state is inescapable/no option. Form remains variable. Traditions of social thought (anarchism, Marxism) – in an industrial order the state is indispensable under favourable conditions. Doubts: industrial societies are enormous, and their standard of living depends on a complex division of our and cooperation. Without continually favourable conditions, cooperation requires central sanctions and enforcement (can’t just be spontaneous). Problem of nationalism only arises in the presence of a & some state(s). The nation p.6
(Week 3 State & Society) Summary The centralised state & nationsate ‘state of nature’ – forms of tribal organisation are stateless (tribes are not small states). The idea of man without a nation: Chamisso – ‘the Man without a Shadow was the Man without a Nation’. “A man without a nation provokes revulsion” Chamisso’s perception was that a man must have a nationality – to not have one is a disaster. “Having a nation is not an inherent attribute of humanity, but it has now come to appear as such”. Nations & states – are not universal, but a development/outcome. Nations & states are not the same. Nationalism – holds that they should be together, or are incomplete. But each (nation and state) emerged independently and by chance. Universal and normative definition of the idea of the nation: 1. Cultural: A nation’s people share the same culture (system of ideas, signs and associations and ways of behaving and communicating) 2. Voluntaristic: Recognition of each other’s shared membership to the nation & certain mutual rights and duties (rather than the other shared attributes – ie mutual occupants of a given territory or speakers of a given language). Ch. 5
What is a Nation? Theory of nationality: will and culture. (not adequate) Mankind has always been organised in groups – with endless varieties. Two generic catalysts of group formation and maintenance are crucial: will, voluntary adherence and identification, loyalty, solidarity but also fear, coercion and compulsion. Most persisting groups are based on a loyalty and identification (on willed adherence) and on extraneous incentives, positive or negative, on hopes and fears (a few, rare groups based exclusively or predominantly on either extreme). To explain the emergence of the age (of nations) Can’t define nations as groups just by will & selfidentification Definitions in terms of shared culture are also too broad & also not the case historically. Nations can only be defined in terms of the age of nationalism (not visaversa) – ‘the age of nationalism’ is when general social conditions make for standardised, homogenous, centrally sustained high cultures, pervading entire populations and not just an elite minority, mean educationally sanctioned and unified cultures constitute the only unit to which populations identify. ‘The cultures now seem to be the natural location of political legitimacy, and only so does any defiance of their boundaries by political units create a scandal.’ Under these conditions only can a nation be defined by will and culture’s unity with political units – so that populations are politically united with all and only those who share their
(Week 3 State & Society) Summary culture. “Polities will then extend their boundaries to the limits of their cultures (to protect and impose their culture with the boundaries of their power).” “The fusion (unity) of will, culture and polity becomes the norm; not easily or frequently defied”. Nationalism engenders nations (not visaversa). Nationslim uses the preexistering proliferation of culture, often transforming them radically. For example, dead languages revived, tradiitons invented,
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