GE Mark VI Manual - 1
February 22, 2017 | Author: mrkssastry | Category: N/A
Short Description
General Electric Mark VI Manual...
Description
GE Energy
Mark VIe™ Control System Guide, Volume I
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GEH-6721D
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment, nor to provide for every possible contingency to be met during installation, operation, and maintenance. The information is supplied for informational purposes only, and GE makes no warranty as to the accuracy of the information included herein. Changes, modifications and/or improvements to equipment and specifications are made periodically and these changes may or may not be reflected herein. It is understood that GE may make changes, modifications, or improvements to the equipment referenced herein or to the document itself at any time. This document is intended for trained personnel familiar with the GE products referenced herein. GE may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document. The furnishing of this document does not provide any license whatsoever to any of these patents. This document contains proprietary information of General Electric Company, USA and is furnished to its customer solely to assist that customer in the installation, testing, operation, and/or maintenance of the equipment described. This document shall not be reproduced in whole or in part nor shall its contents be disclosed to any third party without the written approval of GE Energy. GE provides the following document and the information included therein as is and without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including but not limited to any implied statutory warranty of merchantability or fitness for particular purpose. If further assistance or technical information is desired, contact the nearest GE Sales or Service Office, or an authorized GE Sales Representative.
© 2004 - 2006 General Electric Company, USA. All rights reserved.
Belden is a registered trademark of Belden Electronic Wire and Cable of Cooper. Bussmann is a registered trademark of Cooper Bussmann, Inc. CIMPLICITY is a registered trademark of GE Fanuc Automation North America, Inc. CompactPCI is a registered trademark of PCI Industrial Computers Manufacturing Group. Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation. Geiger-Mueller is a registered trademark of Protectowire Company, Inc, USA. HART is a registered trademark of HART Communication Foundation. Honeywell is a registered trademark of Honeywell International Inc. IBM and PC are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. IEEE is a registered trademark of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Keyphasor is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation. Kollmorgen is a registered trademark of Danaher. Mark VIe and ToolboxST are trademarks of General Electric Company, USA. Mate-N-Lok is a registered trademark of Amp Incorporated. Modbus is a registered trademark of Schneider Automation. NEC is a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association. Positronic is a registered trademark of Positronic Industries, Inc. QNX and Neutrino are registered trademarks of QNX Software Systems, Ltd (QSS). Siecor is a registered trademark of Corning Cable Systems Brands, Inc. Tefzel is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Woodward is a registered trademark of Woodward Governor Company.
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Safety Symbol Legend
Indicates a procedure, condition, or statement that, if not strictly observed, could result in personal injury or death.
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Note Indicates an essential or important procedure, condition, or statement.
This equipment contains a potential hazard of electric shock or burn. Only personnel who are adequately trained and thoroughly familiar with the equipment and the instructions should install, operate, or maintain this equipment. Isolation of test equipment from the equipment under test presents potential electrical hazards. If the test equipment cannot be grounded to the equipment under test, the test equipment’s case must be shielded to prevent contact by personnel. To minimize hazard of electrical shock or burn, approved grounding practices and procedures must be strictly followed.
To prevent personal injury or equipment damage caused by equipment malfunction, only adequately trained personnel should modify any programmable machine.
Contents Chapter 1 Overview
1-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1-1 Applications ..............................................................................................................................................1-2 Controllers.................................................................................................................................................1-3 I/O Networks (IONet) ...............................................................................................................................1-3 I/O Modules...............................................................................................................................................1-4 Related Documents....................................................................................................................................1-5 How to Get Help .......................................................................................................................................1-5 Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................1-6
Chapter 2 System Architecture
2-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................2-1 System Components ..................................................................................................................................2-1 Controller .......................................................................................................................................2-1 Controller Enclosure ......................................................................................................................2-3 Power Supply .................................................................................................................................2-3 I/O Pack .........................................................................................................................................2-4 Terminal Blocks .............................................................................................................................2-5 I/O Types .......................................................................................................................................2-7 Power Sources................................................................................................................................2-8 Communications......................................................................................................................................2-10 Unit Data Highway (UDH) ..........................................................................................................2-10 Plant Data Highway (PDH)..........................................................................................................2-10 IONet............................................................................................................................................2-11 Human-Machine Interface (HMI) ................................................................................................2-11 Servers..........................................................................................................................................2-12 Control Operator Interface (COI).................................................................................................2-12 Link to Distributed Control System (DCS) ..................................................................................2-13 EX2100 Exciter............................................................................................................................2-14 Generator Protection ....................................................................................................................2-14 LS2100 Static Starter ...................................................................................................................2-14 Control and Protection.............................................................................................................................2-15 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)..........................................................................................2-15 Mean Time Between Forced Outage (MTBFO) ..........................................................................2-15 Fault Detection .............................................................................................................................2-16 Online Repair ...............................................................................................................................2-17 Designated Controller ..................................................................................................................2-19 UDH Communicator ....................................................................................................................2-19 Output Processing ........................................................................................................................2-20 Input Processing ...........................................................................................................................2-22 State Exchange .............................................................................................................................2-27 Voting ..........................................................................................................................................2-27 Forcing .........................................................................................................................................2-28 Peer I/O ........................................................................................................................................2-28 Command Action .........................................................................................................................2-28 Rate of Response..........................................................................................................................2-29 Turbine Protection........................................................................................................................2-30
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Contents • i
Redundancy Options ...............................................................................................................................2-31 Simplex Controller .......................................................................................................................2-32 Dual Controllers ...........................................................................................................................2-33 Triple Controllers (TMR).............................................................................................................2-36
Chapter 3 Networks
3-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................3-1 Network Overview ....................................................................................................................................3-1 Network Layers ..............................................................................................................................3-2 Data Highways ..........................................................................................................................................3-4 Plant Data Highway (PDH)............................................................................................................3-4 Unit Data Highway (UDH) ............................................................................................................3-6 Data Highway Ethernet Switches...................................................................................................3-7 Selecting IP Addresses for UDH and PDH ....................................................................................3-8 IONet..............................................................................................................................................3-9 Addressing......................................................................................................................................3-9 Ethernet Global Data (EGD) ........................................................................................................3-11 Fiber-Optic Cables...................................................................................................................................3-13 Components..................................................................................................................................3-13 Single-mode Fiber-optic Cabling ............................................................................................................3-17 IONet Components.......................................................................................................................3-18 UDH/PDH Components ...............................................................................................................3-20 Example Topology .......................................................................................................................3-20 Component Sources......................................................................................................................3-21
Chapter 4 Codes, Standards, and Environment
4-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................4-1 Safety Standards ........................................................................................................................................4-1 Electrical....................................................................................................................................................4-1 Printed Circuit Board Assemblies ..................................................................................................4-1 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) ..........................................................................................4-1 Low Voltage Directive ...................................................................................................................4-2 ATEX Directive 94/9/EC ...............................................................................................................4-2 Supply Voltage...............................................................................................................................4-2 Environment ..............................................................................................................................................4-3 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................4-3 Shipping and Storage Temperature ................................................................................................4-5 Humidity ........................................................................................................................................4-5 Elevation ........................................................................................................................................4-6 Contaminants..................................................................................................................................4-6 Vibration ........................................................................................................................................4-6
ii • Contents
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration
5-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................5-1 Installation Support ...................................................................................................................................5-1 Early Planning................................................................................................................................5-1 GE Installation Documents ............................................................................................................5-2 Technical Advisory Options...........................................................................................................5-2 Equipment Receiving and Handling..........................................................................................................5-4 Storage ...........................................................................................................................................5-4 Operating Environment ..................................................................................................................5-5 Power Requirements..................................................................................................................................5-6 Installation Support Drawings...................................................................................................................5-8 Grounding................................................................................................................................................5-13 Equipment Grounding..................................................................................................................5-13 Building Grounding System.........................................................................................................5-14 Signal Reference Structure (SRS) ................................................................................................5-15 Cable Separation and Routing .................................................................................................................5-21 Signal and Power Level Definitions.............................................................................................5-21 Cableway Spacing Guidelines......................................................................................................5-23 Cable Routing Guidelines ............................................................................................................5-26 Cable Specifications ................................................................................................................................5-27 Wire Sizes ....................................................................................................................................5-27 General Specifications .................................................................................................................5-28 Low Voltage Shielded Cable........................................................................................................5-28 Connecting the System ............................................................................................................................5-31 I/O Wiring ....................................................................................................................................5-31 Terminal Block Features ..............................................................................................................5-32 Power System...............................................................................................................................5-33 Installing Ethernet ........................................................................................................................5-33 Startup Checks.........................................................................................................................................5-34 Wiring and Circuit Checks...........................................................................................................5-34
Chapter 6 Tools and System Interface
6-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................6-1 ToolboxST.................................................................................................................................................6-1 Human-Machine Interface (HMI) .............................................................................................................6-2 Basic Description ...........................................................................................................................6-2 Product Features.............................................................................................................................6-2 Turbine Historian ......................................................................................................................................6-4 System Configuration.....................................................................................................................6-4 System Capability ..........................................................................................................................6-5 Data Flow.......................................................................................................................................6-5 Turbine Historian Tools .................................................................................................................6-6 uOSM ........................................................................................................................................................6-8 OPC Server................................................................................................................................................6-9 Modbus....................................................................................................................................................6-10 Ethernet Modbus Slave ................................................................................................................6-11 Serial Modbus ..............................................................................................................................6-12 Ethernet GSM..........................................................................................................................................6-15 Time Synchronization .............................................................................................................................6-16 Redundant Time Sources .............................................................................................................6-16 Selection of Time Sources ...........................................................................................................6-17
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Contents • iii
Chapter 7 Maintenance and Diagnostics
7-1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................7-1 Maintenance ..............................................................................................................................................7-1 Ethernet Switches ......................................................................................................................................7-2 Alarm Overview ........................................................................................................................................7-3 Process Alarms ..........................................................................................................................................7-4 Process and Hold Alarm Data Flow ...............................................................................................7-4 Diagnostic Alarms .....................................................................................................................................7-5 Viewing Controller Diagnostics Using ToolboxST .......................................................................7-5 Voter Disagreement Diagnostics....................................................................................................7-6 Totalizers ...................................................................................................................................................7-7 LED Quick Reference ...............................................................................................................................7-8 I/O Pack Status ...............................................................................................................................7-9 IONet Status .................................................................................................................................7-10
Glossary of Terms
G-1
Index
I-1
iv • Contents
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1 Overview Introduction The Mark VIe control was designed to serve a wide variety of control and protection applications from steam and gas turbines to power generation balance of plant (BOP) equipment. The control provides more options for redundancy, better maintainability, and greater capability for locating I/O closer to the controlled equipment.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 1 Overview • 1-1
Applications The control system consists of three primary components, the controllers, I/O networks, and I/O modules as shown in diagram.
UDH
UDH
PS
Controllers
Fan Tray
Fan Tray
PS
PS
PS
PS
Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
UCCA Blank Face Plate
PS
T
UCCA Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
UCCA
S
Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
R
Fan Tray
R IONet S IONet T IONet
I/O Networks
T B
T B
T B
I/O Modules
Mark VIe Control System
Note For non-redundant unit data highway (UDH) networks, there is only one UDH switch and all controllers are connected to it.
1-2 • Chapter 1 Overview
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Controllers The Mark VIe controller is a single board, which run the application code. The controller communicates with the I/O packs through onboard I/O network interfaces. ® ® The controller operating system (OS) is QNX Neutrino , a real time, multitasking OS designed for high-speed, high reliability industrial applications. Unlike traditional controllers where I/O is on a backplane, the Mark VIe controller does not normally host any application I/O. Also, all I/O networks are attached to each controller providing them with all redundant input data. This hardware architecture along with the software architecture guarantees that no single point of application input will be lost if a controller is powered down for maintenance or repair. The controllers are designated as R, S, and T in a TMR system, R and S in a dual system and R in a single system. Each controller owns one I/O network (IONet). The R controller sends outputs to an I/O module through the R IONet, the S controller sends outputs through the S IONet, and the T controller sends outputs through the T IONet. During normal operation each controller receives the inputs from the I/O modules on all networks, optionally votes the TMR inputs, computes the application algorithms including sensor selection if not voted, sends the outputs to the I/O modules on its own network, and finishes by sending data between the controllers for synchronization. This time line is known as a frame. Communication ports provide links to I/O, operator, and engineering interfaces as follows: ®
•
Ethernet connection for the UDH for communication with HMIs, and other control equipment
•
Ethernet connection for the R, S, and T I/O network
•
RS-232C connection for setup using the COM1 port
Note The I/O networks are private special purpose Ethernets that support only the I/O modules and the controllers.
I/O Networks (IONet) The I/O networks are IEEE 802.3 100 Mbit full duplex Ethernet networks. In Mark VIe, these networks are referred to as IONet. All traffic on each IONet is deterministic UDP/IP packets. TCP/IP is not used. Each network (red, blue, black) is an independent IP subnet. The networks are fully switched full-duplex preventing collisions that can occur on non-switched Ethernet networks. The switches also provide data buffering and flow control during the critical input scan. The IEEE 1588 standard for precision clock synchronization protocol is used to synchronize frame and time, the controllers, and the I/O modules. This synchronization provides a high level of traffic flow control on the networks.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 1 Overview • 1-3
I/O Modules The Mark VIe I/O modules contain three basic parts, the terminal board, the terminal block, and I/O pack. The terminal board mounts to the cabinet and comes in two basic types, S and T. The S-type board provides a single set of screws for each I/O point and allows a single I/O pack to condition and digitize the signal. This board is used for simplex, dual, and dedicated triple modular redundant (TMR) inputs by using one, two or three boards. The T-type TMR board typically fans the inputs to three separate I/O packs. Usually, the T-type board hardware votes the outputs from the three I/O packs.
Input Screws
Output Screws Pack Connector
Simplex Terminal Board
Input Screws Fanned Inputs
Output Screws Pack Connector
Pack Connector
Vote/ Select
Pack Connector
TMR Terminal Board
Both terminal board types provide the following features: •
Terminal blocks for I/O wiring
•
Mounting hardware
•
Input isolation and protection
•
I/O pack connectors
•
Unique electronic ID
Note Some application specific TMR terminal boards do not fan inputs or vote the outputs.
1-4 • Chapter 1 Overview
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Related Documents For additional information, refer to the following documents: GEH-6126, Vol. I
HMI for Turbine Control - Operator’s Guide
GEH-6126, Vol. II HMI for Turbine Control - Application Guide GEH-6700
ToolboxST™ for Mark VIe Control
GEH-6721, Vol. II Mark VIe Control - System Guide, Volume II GEH-6422
Turbine Historian System Guide
GEH-6408
Control System Toolbox for Configuring the Trend Recorder
GEI-100189
System Database (SDB) Server User’s Guide
GEI-100271
System Database (SDB) Browser
GEI-100680
Mark VIe Turbine Block Library
GEI-100681
Mark VIe Legacy Block Library
GEI-100682
Mark VIe Standard Block Library
GEI-100513
HMI Time Synchronization for Turbine Control
GEI-100534
Control Operator Interface (COI) for Mark VI and EX2100 Systems
How to Get Help If technical assistance is required beyond the instructions provided in the documentation, contact the nearest GE Sales or Service Office or an authorized GE Sales Representative.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 1 Overview • 1-5
Acronyms and Abbreviations
1-6 • Chapter 1 Overview
AWG
American Wire Gauge, standards for wire numbers and sizes
BOP
Balance of Plant
CT
Current transformer, senses the current in a cable
CPCI
CompactPCI 6U high enclosure for Mark VIe controllers
DCS
Distributed Control System, for the balance of plant and auxiliary equipment
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
®
EGD
Ethernet Global Data, a control network and communication protocol
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
EU
Engineering Units
HMI
Human-Machine Interface, usually a computer with CIMPLICITY software
HRSG
Heat Recovery Steam Generator, used with gas turbine plants
KP
KeyPhasor , a shaft position sensor for rotational position sensing
®
®
MTBF
Mean Time Between Failures, a measure of reliability
MTBFO
Mean Time Between Forced Outage
MTTR
Mean Time To Repair, used with MTBF to calculate system availability
NEC
National Electrical Code
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NVRAM
Non-volatile Random Access Memory
OPC
OLE process control server
PDH
Plant Data Highway, links HMIs to servers and viewers
PT
Potential Transformer, senses the voltage in a cable
RFI
Radio Frequency Interference
RTD
Resistance Temperature Device, senses temperature in the process
SIFT
Software Implemented Fault Tolerance, uses "2 out of 3" voting
SOE
Sequence of Events, a record of high-speed contact closures
SRS
Signal reference structure
TMR
Triple modular redundant, uses three sets of controllers and I/O
UDH
Unit Data Highway, links the controllers to the HMI servers
uOSM
Universal Onsite Monitor
USB
Universal Serial Bus, connections for computers and peripherals
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
CHAPTER 2
Chapter 2 System Architecture Introduction This chapter defines the architecture of the Mark VIe control system, including system components, communication networks, and various levels of redundancy that are possible. It also discusses system reliability, availability, and third-party connectivity to plant distributed control systems.
System Components The following sections define the main subsystems making up the Mark VIe control system. These include the controllers, I/O packs or modules, terminal boards, power distribution, cabinets, networks, operator interfaces, and the protection module.
Controller The Mark VIe controller is a single board, which run the application code. The controller communicates with the I/O packs through onboard I/O network interfaces. ® ® The controller operating system (OS) is QNX Neutrino , a real time, multitasking OS designed for high-speed, high reliability industrial applications. Unlike traditional controllers where I/O is on a backplane, the Mark VIe controller does not normally host any application I/O. Also, all I/O networks are attached to each controller providing them with all redundant input data. This hardware architecture along with the software architecture guarantees that no single point of application input will be lost if a controller is powered down for maintenance or repair. The controllers are designated as R, S, and T in a TMR system, R and S in a dual system and R in a single system. Each controller owns one I/O network (IONet). The R controller sends outputs to an I/O module through the R IONet, the S controller sends outputs through the S IONet, and the T controller sends outputs through the T IONet. During normal operation each controller receives the inputs from the I/O modules on all networks, optionally votes the TMR inputs, computes the application algorithms including sensor selection if not voted, sends the outputs to the I/O modules on its own network, and finishes by sending data between the controllers for synchronization. This time line is known as a frame.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-1
Communication ports provide links to I/O, operator, and engineering interfaces as follows: ®
•
Ethernet connection for the UDH for communication with HMIs, and other control equipment
•
Ethernet connection for the R, S, and T I/O network
•
RS-232C connection for setup using the COM1 port
Note The I/O networks are private special purpose Ethernets that support only the I/O modules and the controllers. The controller is loaded with software specific to its application, which includes but is not limited to steam, gas, land-marine (LM), or balance of plant (BOP) products. It can run rungs or blocks. The IEEE1588 protocol is used through the R, S, and T IONet to synchronize the clock of the I/O modules and controllers to within ± 100 ms. External data is transferred to and from the control system database in the controller over the R, S, and T IONet. In a simplex system, IONet data includes: •
Process inputs/outputs to the I/O packs.
In a dual system, IONet data includes: •
Process inputs/outputs to the I/O packs
•
Internal state values and initialization information from the designated controller
•
Status and synchronization information from both controllers
In a triple module redundant (TMR) system, IONet data includes: •
Process inputs/outputs to the I/O packs
•
Internal state values for voting and status and synchronization information from all three controllers
•
Initialization information from the designated controller
Single Board The UCCAM03 CPCI controller is a single board module. The baseboard contains a ® 650 MHz Celeron processor, 128 MB flash, 128 MB DRAM, two serial ports, and one 10/100 Mbit Ethernet interface. The baseboard Ethernet provides the UDH connection. The module also includes an EPMC PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC) attached to the baseboard. The EPMC contains 32 KB Flash Backed Non Volatile RAM (NVRAM), three 10/100 Mbit Ethernets for IONet connections, temperature sensors for fan loss detection, and Ethernet Physical Layer snoop hardware for precision time synchronization. The UCCAM03 uses the CPCI backplane for power only. A maximum of four UCCAs can be inserted into a CPCI rack but no backplane communication path is provided. Multiple controllers in one rack typically communicate through the UDH network.
2-2 • Chapter 2 System Architecture
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Controller Enclosure ®
The Mark VIe controller is hosted in a CompactPCI (CPCI) enclosure. A typical CPCI enclosure consists of a 6U high rack, one or two 3U high power supplies, a 6U high single board, and a cooling fan. The CompactPCI (CPCI) control module rack provides an enclosure for the Mark VIe controller, the power supply(s), and a cooling fan. The rack backplane is CPCI compliant, but is used only to provide power from the power supply(s) to the controller and cooling fan. The CPCI power supply converts the bulk incoming power to ±12 V dc, 5 V dc, and 3.3 V dc. These voltages are distributed to the controller(s) and fan through the backplane.
Main processor board - QNX operating system - UDH Ethernet connections - IONet 100 MB Ethernet
Power supply on /off switch
Power supply
Cooling fan compartment
Mark VIe Controller CPCI Enclosure
Power Supply The CPCI power supply takes the incoming bulk power from the CPCI backplane and creates ±12, 5, and 3.3 V dc. This power is provided to the backplane through ® one or two Mate-In-Lok connectors, for use by the power supply(s), controller(s) and cooling fan. The power supply is a CPCI hot swap compliant 3U power supply using the standard CPCI 47-pin connector. Two power supplies can be used to provide power supply redundancy in an optional rack.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-3
I/O Pack I/O packs in Mark VIe have a generic processor board and a data acquisition board that is unique to the type of connected device. I/O packs on each terminal board digitize the signal, perform algorithms, and communicate with Mark VIe controller. The I/O pack provides fault detection through a combination of special circuitry in the data acquisition board and software running in the CPU board. The fault status is transmitted to and used by the controllers. The I/O pack transmits inputs and receives outputs on both network interfaces if connected. For details on individual I/O packs, refer to GEH-6721 Volume II System Guide. Each I/O pack also sends an identification message (ID packet) to the main controller when requested. The packet contains, the hardware catalog number of the I/O board, the hardware revision, the board barcode serial number, the firmware catalog number, and the firmware version. The I/O pack’s processor board and data acquisition board are rated for -30°C to 65°C (-22 °F to 149 °F)operation with free convection cooling. The I/O packs have a temperature sensor that is accurate to within ±2°C (3.6 °F). Every I/O pack temperature is available in the database and can be used to generate an alarm.
I/O Pack
2-4 • Chapter 2 System Architecture
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Terminal Blocks Signal flow begins with a sensor connected to a terminal block on a board. There are two types of boards available. T-type terminal boards contain two, 24-point, barrier-type, removable, terminal blocks. Each point can accept two 3.0 mm (0.12 in) (#12AWG) wires with 300 V insulation per point with either spade or ring-type lugs. In addition, captive clamps are provided for terminating bare wires. Screw spacing is 9.53 mm (0.375 in) minimum and center-to-center. S-type boards support one I/O pack for simplex and dual redundant systems. They are half the size of T-type boards and are standard base mounted but can also be DIN-rail mounted. Two versions of the boards are available, one version has fixed Euro-style box type terminal blocks that are not removable, and the second has removable box type terminal blocks. S-type board terminal blocks accept one 2.05 mm (#12AWG) wire or two 1.63 mm (#14AWG) wires, each with 300 V insulation per point. Screw spacing is 5.08 mm (0.2 in) minimum and center-to-center. Wide and narrow boards are arranged in vertical columns of high and low-level wiring that can be accessed from top and/or bottom cable entrances. An example of a wide board is a board that contains magnetic relays with fused circuits for solenoid drivers. T-type boards are normally standard-base mounted, but can also be DIN-rail mounted. A shield strip is provided to the left of each terminal block. It can be connected to a metal base for immediate grounding or floated to allow individual ground wires from each board to be wired to a centralized, cabinet ground strip. Refer to GEH-6721 Mark VIe Control System Guide,Volume II for specific terminal board information.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-5
Mounting screw
Wiring segment
Mounting screws
Euro-style box terminal block
Mounting screw Barrier-style terminal block Barrier and Euro-style Box Type Terminal Blocks with I/O Packs
2-6 • Chapter 2 System Architecture
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
I/O Types There are two types of I/O available. General purpose I/O is used for both turbine applications and process control. Turbine specific I/O is used for direct interface to the unique sensors and actuators on turbines. This reduces or eliminates a substantial amount of interposing instrumentation. As a result, many potential single point failures are eliminated in the most critical area for improved running reliability and reduced long-term maintenance. Direct interface to the sensors and actuators also enables the diagnostics to directly interrogate the devices on the equipment for maximum effectiveness. This data is used to analyze device and system performance. General Purpose I/O
Board
Redundancy Packs/Board
24 DI (125 V dc, group isolated)
TBCIH1
1 or 2 or 3
24 DI (24 V dc, group isolated)
TBCIH2
1 or 2 or 3
24 DI (48 V dc, group isolated)
TBCIH3
1 or 2 or 3
24 DI (115/230 V ac, 125 V dc, point isolated) 1 ms SOE
TICIH1
1 or 2 or 3
24 DI (24 V dc, point isolated)
TICIH2
1 or 2 or 3
24 DI (24 V dc, group isolated)
STCIH1
1
12 form C mechanical relays w/6 solenoids, coil diagnostics
TRLYH1B
1 or 3
12 form C mechanical relays w/6 solenoids, voltage diagnostics, 125 V dc
TRLYH1C
1 or 3
12 form C mechanical relays w/6 solenoids, voltage diagnostics, 24 V dc
TRLYH2C
6 form A mechanical relays for solenoids, solenoid impedance diagnostics
TRLYH1D
1 or 3
12 form A solid-state relays/inputs 115 V ac
TRLYH1E
1 or 3
12 form A solid-state relays/inputs 24 V dc
TRLYH2E
1 or 3
12 form A solid-state relays/inputs 125 V dc
TRLYH3E
1 or 3
36 mechanical relays, 12 sets of 3 voted form A, WPDF option adds 12 fused circuits
TRLYH1F
3
36 mechanical relays, 12 sets of 3 voted form B, WPDF option adds 12 fused circuits
TRLYH2F
3
10 AI (V/I inputs) and 2 AO (4-20/0-200 mA)
TBAIH1
1 or 3
10 AI (V/I inputs) and 2 AO (4-20/0-200 mA)
STAI
1
16 AO (4-20 mA outputs) 8 per I/O pack
TBAOH1
2
8 AO (4-20 mA outputs)
STAO
1
12 thermocouples
TBTCH1B
1or 2 or 3
24 thermocouples (12 per I/O pack)
TBTCH1C
1 or 2
12 thermocouples
STTC
1
16 RTDs 3 wires/RTD (8 per I/O pack) normal scan
TRTDH1D
1 or 2
16 RTDs 3 wires/RTD (8 per I/O pack) fast scan
TRTDH2D
1 or 2
8 RTDs 3 wires/RTD scan
SRTO
1
6 serial ports for I/O drivers RS-232C, RS422, RS485
PSCAH1
1
HART Communications 10/2 Analog I/O
SHRAH1A
1
PROFIBUS-DP Master Communications
SPIDH1A
1
®
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-7
Turbine Specific I/O
Board
Redundancy Packs/ Board
Mixed I/O: 4 speed inputs/ pack, synchronizing, shaft voltage
TTURH1C
1 or 3
Speed inputs, trip outputs
TRPA
3
Primary trip - Gas
TRPG
3 (through PTUR)
Primary trip - Large Steam
TRPL
3 (through PTUR)
Primary trip - Steam
TRPS
3 (through PTUR)
Backup trip - Gas
TREG
3 (through PPRO)
Backup trip - Large Steam
TREL
3 (through PPRO)
Backup trip - Steam
TRES
3 (through PPRO)
Mixed I/O: 3 speed inputs, backup sync check, trip contacts
PPRO
1
2 Servo channels: up to 3 coils, 4 LVDTs/ channel
TSVCH1
1
8 vibration (prox/seismic/accel) 4 position 1 reference probe
TVBAH1
1 or 2
Refer to GEH-6721 Mark VIe Control System Guide,Volume II for a complete list of I/O types.
Power Sources The Mark VIe control is designed to operate on a flexible, modular selection of power sources. The power distribution modules (PDM) support 115/230 V ac, 24 and 125 V dc power sources in many redundant combinations. The power applied is converted to 28 V dc for operation of the I/O packs. The controllers may operate from the 28 V dc power, direct ac, or direct 24 V dc battery power. The PDM system can be divided into two substantially different categories, the core distribution system, and the branch circuit elements. The core pieces share the feature of cabling into a PPDA I/O pack for system feedback. They serve as the primary power management for a cabinet or series of cabinets. The branch circuit elements take the core output and fan it into individual circuits for consumption in the cabinets. They are not part of the PPDA system feedback. Branch circuits provide their own feedback mechanisms. It is not expected that all of the core components and branch circuits that make up the PDM will be used on every system. For detailed information on the core and branch circuit components of the PDM, refer to GEH-6721 Mark VIe Control System Guide,Volume II.
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
RST System Feedback
Control Power
JPDS or JPDM 28V Control Power
PPDA
JPDP
R
S
T
JPDL
Power PS Supply
Power PS Supply
Power PS Supply
Pack RST
24 V Pwr Supply 24 V Pwr Supply
JPDE 24VDC
JPDD
DC Power
JPDD
DC Power
AC Power Selector Board
AC Input
AC Input
125 V Battery
PS runs from one of 3 sources
24 V Pwr Supply
JPDR Select 1 of 2
JPDB 115/230VAC x2
JPDF 125VDC
Local AC Power Distribution Boards JPDA
AC Power
JPDA
AC Power
JPDD
DC Power
JPDD
DC Power
Branch Circuits
DACA
DACA
Core Circuits
DC Power Distribution Boards
AC to DC Converter Modules
Mark VIe PDM Components
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-9
Communications Unit Data Highway (UDH) The UDH connects to the Mark VIe controller and communicates with the HMI or HMI/Data Server. The network media is UTP or fiber-optic Ethernet. Redundant cable operation is optional and, if supplied, unit operation continues to function even if one cable is faulted. Dual cable networks still comprise one logical network. Similar to the plant data highway (PDH), the UDH can have redundant, separately powered network switches, and fiber-optic communication. UDH command data can be replicated to three controllers. The UDH communicator transmits UDH data (refer to the section, UDH Communicator). Note The UDH network supports the Ethernet Global Data (EGD) protocol for communication with other Mark VIe control, Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG), Excitation Control System, Static Starter, and Balance of Plant (BOP) control.
Plant Data Highway (PDH) The optional PDH connects the CIMPLICITY HMI/data server with remote operator stations, printers, historians, and other customer computers. It does not connect directly to the Mark VIe control. The media is UTP or fiber-optic Ethernet running at 10/100 Mbps, using the TCP/IP protocol. Redundant cables are required by some systems, but these form part of one single logical network. The hardware consists of two redundant Ethernet switches with optional fiber-optic outputs for longer distances, such as to the central control room. On smaller systems, the PDH and the UDH may physically be the same network, as long as there is no peer-to-peer control on the UDH.
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IONet Communication between the controller(s) and the I/O packs is through the internal IONet. This is a 100 MB Ethernet network available in single, dual, and triple configurations. EGD and other protocols are used for communication. The I/O packs multicast their inputs to the controllers. The controllers broadcast their outputs to the I/O packs each frame. Plant Data Highway Ethernet TCP/IP
HMI
General Purpose I/O
I/O Pack ToolboxST
Operator & Maintenance Station
100MB Ethernet
Unit Data Highway GE Control Systems Controller P
Controller
Dual Option
Triple Option
Turbine- Specific I/O Speed & Overspeed Servo Control Vibration & Position Synchronizing Combustion Monitor PLU and EVA
Data Acquisition Card
PS Opt.
R
O C
Controller
Discrete I/O Analog I/O Thermocouples & RTDs Pulse I/O Communications
BPPB Supply Processor 2 Ethernet
Terminal Board
PS
Switch
Terminal Block IONet – 100MB Ethernet
I/O Pack
Terminal Block
Only industrial grade switches that meet the codes, standards, performance, and environmental criteria for industrial applications are used for the IONet. This also includes an operating temperature of -30°C to 65°C (-22 °F to 149 °F). Switches have provisions for redundant 10 to 30 V dc power sources (200/400 mA) and are DIN-rail mounted. LEDs indicate the status of the IONet link, speed, activity, and duplex.
Human-Machine Interface (HMI) ®
Typical HMIs are computers running the Windows operating system with ® communication drivers for the data highways, and CIMPLICITY operator display software. The operator initiates commands from the real-time graphic displays, and views real-time turbine data and alarms on the CIMPLICITY graphic displays. Detailed I/O diagnostics and system configuration are available using the ToolboxST software. An HMI can be configured as a server or viewer, containing tools and utility programs. An HMI can be linked to one data highway, or redundant network interface boards can be used to link the HMI to both data highways for greater reliability. The HMI can be cabinet, control console, or table-mounted.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-11
Servers CIMPLICITY servers collect data on the UDH and use the PDH to communicate with viewers. Multiple servers can be used to provide redundancy. Note Redundant data servers are optional, and if supplied, communication with the viewers continues even if one server fails.
Control Operator Interface (COI) The COI consists of a set of product and application specific operator displays running on a small panel computer (10.4 or 12.1 inch touch screen) hosting embedded Windows operating system. The COI is used where the full capability of a CIMPLICITY HMI is not required. The embedded Windows operating system uses only the components of the operating system required for a specific application. This results in all the power and development advantages of a Windows operating system in a much smaller footprint. Development, installation or modification of requisition ® content requires the ToolboxST . For details, refer to the appropriate toolbox documentation. The COI can be installed in many different configurations, depending on the product line and specific requisition requirements. The only cabling requirements are for power and for the Ethernet connection to the UDH. Network communication is through the integrated auto-sensing 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection. Expansion possibilities for the computer are limited, although it does support connection of external devices through floppy disk drives (FDD), intelligent drive electronics (IDE), and universal serial bus (USB) connections. The COI can be directly connected to the Mark VIe or Excitation Control System, or it can be connected through an EGD Ethernet switch. A redundant topology is available when the controller is ordered with a second Ethernet port.
Interface Features EGD pages transmitted by the controller are used to drive numeric data displays. The refresh rate depends on the rate at which the controller transmits the pages, and the rate at which the COI refreshes the fields. Both are set at configuration time in the toolbox. The COI uses a touch screen, and no keyboard or mouse is provided. The color of pushbuttons is driven by state feedback conditions. To change the state or condition, press the button. The color of the button changes if the command is accepted and the change implemented by the controller. Touching an input numeric field on the COI touch screen displays a numeric keypad for entering the desired number. An Alarm Window is provided and an alarm is selected by touching it. Then Acknowledge, Silence, Lock, or Unlock the alarm by pressing the corresponding button. Multiple alarms can be selected by dragging through the alarm list. Pressing the button then applies to all selected alarms.
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Link to Distributed Control System (DCS) External communication links are available to communicate with the plant distributed control system (DCS). This allows the DCS operator access to real time Mark VIe data, and provides for discrete and analog commands to be passed to the Mark VIe control. The Mark VIe control can be linked to the plant DCS in three different ways. •
Serial Modbus Slave link from the HMI server RS-232C port or from optional dedicated gateway controller to the DCS
•
A high speed 100 Mbaud Ethernet link using the Modbus Slave over TCP/IP protocol
•
A high speed 100 Mbaud Ethernet link using the TCP/IP protocol with an application layer called GEDS Standard Messages (GSM)
GSM supports turbine control commands, Mark VIe data and alarms, the alarm silence function, logical events, and contact input sequence of events records with 1 ms resolution. Modbus is widely used to link to DCS, but Ethernet GSM has the advantage of tighter system integration. To DCS
To DCS Serial Modbus
Ethernet Modbus
To DCS Ethernet GSM
CPCI Controller x
PLANT DATA HIGHWAY
HMI Server Node L A N
To Plant Data Highway (PDH) Ethernet
Ethernet UCVE
x
Ethernet UNIT DATA HIGHWAY
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-13
EX2100 Exciter The excitation control system supplies dc power to the field of the synchronous generator. The exciter controls the generator ac terminal voltage and/or the reactive volt-amperes by means of the field current. The exciter is supplied in NEMA 1 freestanding floor-mounted indoor type metal cabinets. The cabinet lineup consists of several cabinets bolted together. Cable entry can be through the top or bottom.
Generator Protection The generator protection system is mounted in a single, indoor, freestanding cabinet. The enclosure is NEMA 1, and weighs 2500 lbs. The generator panel interfaces to the Mark VIe control with hard-wired I/O, and has an optional Modbus interface to the HMI.
LS2100 Static Starter The LS2100 static starter system is used to start a gas turbine by running the generator as a starting motor. The LS2100 control, Mark VIe control, and EX2100 excitation control form an integrated static start system. The Mark VIe control supplies the run, torque, and speed setpoint signals to the LS2100 control, which operates in a closed loop control mode to supply variable frequency power to the generator stator. The EX2100 control is controlled by the LS2100 control to regulate the field current during startup. The control cabinet contains a CPCI enclosure containing the Mark VIe CPCI controller. The controller communicates to the UDH and the HMI through onboard I/O network interfaces and through communication ports for field control I/O and ® Modbus. The controller operating system (OS) is QNX Neutrino developed for high-speed, high reliability industrial applications. The field control I/O is used for temperature inputs and diagnostic variables. The LS2100 control cabinet is a ventilated NEMA 1 freestanding enclosure made of 12-gauge sheet steel on a rigid steel frame designed for indoor mounting.
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Control and Protection Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) Mean time between failure (MTBF) is a basic measure of reliability for systems. It is the average failure free operating time, during a particular measurement period under stated conditions. A failure may or may not result in a problem with the overall system depending on any redundancy employed. MTBF is usually specified for each replaceable system component. MTBF roll up of the system components gives the equipment owner the knowledge needed to determine how long the equipment can be expected to operate without failure under given conditions. If it is essential that the equipment does not fail during operation, the owner can use this data to schedule maintenance/replacement of the equipment prior to failure. Alternately, redundant applications could be used preventing system problems when a failure occurs. MTBF data is also used to determine the weak links in a system. The system engineer provides contingency options for those weak links to obtain higher reliability.
Mean Time Between Forced Outage (MTBFO) Mean time between forced outage (MTBFO) is a measure of system availability, which includes the effects of any fault tolerance that may exist. This average time between failures causes the loss of system functions. The engineer must be very aware of MTBF and MTBFO when designing a reliable continuous system. To maximize the MTBFO, Mark VIe control systems undergo evaluation of all system component MTBF values. The effects of failures and contingency operation are then analyzed to maximizing MTBFO. Continuing operation after a critical system component has failed, a control must have one or more backups in place (redundancy) to improve the MTBFO significantly above that of a simplex control. The simplest method is adding a second component that takes over the critical function when a fault is detected. The redundancy in the system can be either active or standby. The Mark VIe control uses active redundancy and has all components operating simultaneously. Standby redundancy activates backup systems after a failure is detected. Realizing the full benefits of redundancy, a system failure must be detectable for the control to bypass it. In a dual control, gross failures are readily detectable while subtle failures are more difficult to detect. TMR controls, using two out of three voting, are always able to select a valid value when presented with any single failure. Depending on the equipment, the time required to detect the fault and switch to the new component may be hours/minutes/seconds/milliseconds. In the case of fuel-flow control to a turbine, this is required to be done in milliseconds.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-15
When a redundant control bypasses a failure, it is required that the system annunciate the presence of the failure and that repairs be completed in a timely fashion. The term, mean time to repair (MTTR), refers to the time it takes to identify and repair a given failure. The Mark VIe control is designed to support a MTTR of four hours. This preserves the MTBFO benefits of redundancy resulting in unequaled system reliability. A control is used to run the system as well as detect system failures. In a dual control, configured for one out of two to run, it is often necessary to add dedicated tripping controls for each critical trip system. This is done to yield running reliability while maintaining required tripping reliability. A TMR control normally configures the control for two out of three selection. This yields high running and tripping reliability from the primary control. Additional dedicated tripping controls can be used to achieve even higher tripping reliability, but they must also be TMR in order to preserve running reliability.
Fault Detection A system offering redundancy can be less reliable than a non-redundant system. The system must be able to detect and annunciate faults so it can be repaired before a forced outage occurs. Fault detection is needed to ensure a component or group of components are operating properly. Fault detection is achieved through one or more of the following methods. •
Operator inspection of the process
•
Operator inspection of the equipment.
•
Special hardware circuits to monitor operation
•
Hardware and software watchdogs
•
Software logic
•
Software heartbeats
Complex control systems have many potential failure points. This can be very costly and time consuming in order to create foolproof fault detection. Failure to control the outputs of a system is the most damaging. Fault detection must be determined as close to the output as possible in order to achieve the highest level of reliability. The Mark VIe, using triple redundant controllers and I/O modules, a high level of detection and fault masking is provided by voting the outputs of all three controllers and monitoring discrepancies.
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All Mark VIe systems benefit from the fault detection design of the I/O packs. Every pack includes function-specific fault detection methods attempting to confirm correct operation. This is made possible by the powerful local processing that is present in each input and output pack. Some examples of this include: •
Analog to digital (A/D) converters are compared to a reference standard each conversion cycle. If the converted calibration input signal falls outside of acceptable ranges, the pack declares bad health.
•
Analog output 4-20 mA signals use a small current-sense resistor on the output terminal board. This signal is read back through a separate A/D converter and compared to the commanded value. A difference between the commanded and actual value exceeding an acceptable level results in the output signal being declared in bad health.
•
Discrete input opto-isolators are periodically forced to an on condition, then forced off. This is done independently of the actual input signal and is fast enough not to interfere with the sequence of events (SOE) time capture. If any signal path is stuck and does not respond to the test command, the signal is declared in bad health.
Refer to the specific pack diagnostic information, in GEH-6721 Volume II, for further information.
Online Repair When a component failure is detected and healed in the control system on a critical path, a potential failure has been avoided. Subsequent actions can include: Option 1- Continue running until the backup component fails. Option 2 - Continue running until the system is brought down in a controlled manner to replace the failed component. Option 3 - Replace the component online. Option 1 is not recommended. A redundant system, where the MTTR is infinite can have a lower total reliability than a simplex system. Option 2 is a valid procedure for some processes needing predictable mission times. Many controlled processes cannot be easily scheduled for a shut down. Note As MTTR increases from the expected four hours to infinite, the system reliability can decline from significantly greater down to less than a simplex system reliability. Repair should be accomplished as soon as possible.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-17
Option 3 is required to get the maximum benefit from redundant systems with long mission times. In dual or triple redundant Mark VIe controller applications, the controllers and redundant I/O packs can be replaced online. To ensure online repair capability, control systems must have their redundancy tested after installation and after any system modifications. Refer to the requisition specific system application documentation/control specification (if available) for redundancy testing procedures. Probability of Failure
Simplex
TMR X system component failure
X online repair
X X system online component repair failure
Time
Forced Outage Probability versus Time (Conventional TMR)
Probability of Failure
Simplex Mark VIe TMR X system component failure
X online repair
X X system online component repair failure
Time
Forced Outage Probability versus Time (Mark VIe TMR)
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Designated Controller Although three controllers, R, S, and T, contain identical hardware and software, some of the functions performed are unique. A single designated controller can perform the following functions: •
Supply initialization data to the other two controllers at start-up
•
Keep the master time clock
•
Supply variable state information to the other controllers if one fails
For the purposes of deciding which controller is to be the designated controller, each controller nominates itself on a weighting algorithm. The nominating values are voted among the controllers and the majority value is used. If there is a tie, or no majority, the priority is R, then S, and then T. If a designated controller is powered down and later powered up, the designated controller will move and not come back if all controllers are equal. This ensures that a toggling designated controller is not automatically reselected. Designated controller selection is based on: •
Control state
•
UDH connectivity
•
IONet connectivity
•
NVRAM health
UDH Communicator Controller communications takes place across the UDH. A UDH communicator is a controller selected to provide the panel data to that network. This data includes both control signals (EGD) and alarms. Each controller has an independent, physical connection to the UDH. In the event that the UDH fractures and a controller becomes isolated from its companion controllers, it assumes the role of UDH communicator for that network fragment. For one panel there can be only one designated controller, while there could be multiple UDH communicators. The designated controller is always a UDH communicator. When a controller does not receive external EGD data from its UDH connection, it may request the data be forwarded across the IONet from another UDH communicator. One or more communicators supply the data and the requesting controller uses the last data set received. Only the external EGD data used in sequencing by the controllers is forwarded in this manner.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-19
Output Processing The system outputs are the portion of the calculated data transferred to the external hardware interfaces and then to the various actuators controlling the process. TMR outputs are voted in the output voting hardware. Any system can output individual signals through simplex hardware. The three voting controllers calculate TMR system outputs independently. Each controller sends the output to its associated I/O hardware (for example, the R controller sends output to the R I/O). The three independent outputs are then combined into a single output by a voting mechanism. Different signal types require different methods of establishing the voted value. The signal outputs from the three controllers fall into three groups: •
Outputs are driven as single ended non-redundant outputs from individual I/O networks
•
Outputs exist on all three I/O networks and are merged into a single signal by the output hardware
•
Outputs exist on all three I/O networks and are output separately to the controlled process. This process may contain external voting hardware.
For normal relay outputs, the three signals feed a voting relay driver, which operates a single relay per signal for critical protective signals. The three signals drive three independent relays, with the relay contacts connected in the typical six-contact voting configuration. Terminal Board, Relay Outputs I/O Board Channel R
Voted Relay Driver Coil
I/O Board Channel S
V
Relay Output
I/O Board Channel T
Terminal Board, High Reliability Relay Outputs I/O Board Channel R I/O Board Channel S I/O Board Channel T
Relay KR Coil Driver Relay Driver
KS
Relay Driver
KT
KR KS
KS KT
Relay Output
Coil KT KR Coil
Relay Output Circuits for Protection
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For servo outputs, the three independent current signals drive a three-coil servo actuator, which adds them by magnetic flux summation., as shown in the following figure. Failure of a servo driver is sensed and a deactivating relay contact is closed to short the servo coil. I/O Boards Output Terminal Board
Servo Driver
Channel R D/A
Coils On Servo Valve
Servo Driver Channel S
Channel T
D/A
Servo Driver D/A Hydraulic Servo Valve TMR Circuit to Combine Three Analog Currents into a Single Output
The following figure shows 4-20 mA signals combined through a 2/3 current sharing circuit that allows the three signals to be voted to one. Failure of a 4-20 mA output is sensed and a deactivating relay contact is opened. I/O Boards 4-20 mA Driver Channel R
D/A
Current Feedback
Output Load
4-20 mA Driver Channel S
D/A
4-20 mA Driver Channel T
D/A
Output Terminal Board TMR Circuits for Voted 4-20 mA Outputs
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-21
Communication Loss Each output pack monitors the IONet for valid commands from one or two controllers. In the event that a valid command is not received within an expected time the pack declares the communication as being lost. Upon loss of communication the pack action is configurable. The pack can continue to hold the last commanded value indefinitely or it can be commanded to go to a specified output state. The default action is to go to a power-down state, the same as if the power were removed from the pack. For critical loops, the default action is the only acceptable choice. The other options are provided for non-critical loops, where running liability may be enhanced by an alternate output. Refer to specific pack documentation in GEH-6721 Volume II for additional information.
Input Processing All inputs are available to all three controllers, but there are several ways that the input data is handled. For input signals existing in only one I/O module, all three controllers use the same value as common input without voting, as shown in the table below. Signals that appear in all three I/O channels may be voted to create a single input value. The triple inputs may come from three independent sensors. They can also be created from a single sensor by hardware fanning at the terminal board. I/O
Topology
Simplex
1 pack- 1 IONet*
Dual
1 pack- 2 IONet
TMR
Dual
Simplex
2 pack- 1 IONet 3 pack- 1/1/2 IONet TMR
NA
Fanned – 3 packs, 1 IONet/pack Dedicated – 3 packs, IONet/pack
*The number of IONets in a system must equal the number of controllers.
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For any of the above input configurations, multiple inputs can be used to provide application redundancy. For example, three Simplex inputs can be used and selected in application code to provide sensor redundancy. The Mark VIe control provides configuration capability for input selection and voting using a simple, highly reliable and efficient selection/voting/fault detection algorithm to reduce application configuration effort. This maximizes the reliability options for a given set of sensor inputs and provides output voting hardware compatibility. All applicable subsets of reliability options are available on a per terminal board basis for any given Mark VIe topology. For example, in a TMR controller, all simplex and dual option capabilities are also provided.
Terminal Board
While each IONet is associated with a specific controller that is responsible for transmitting outputs, all controllers see all IONets. The result is that for a simplex input the data is not only seen by the output owner of the IONet, it is seen in parallel by any other controllers. The benefit of this is that loss of a controller associated with a simplex input does NOT result in the loss of that data. The simplex data continues to arrive at other controllers in the system. I/O pack
IONet
Controller
Terminal Board
Simplex - 1 pack - 1 IONet
I/O pack
IONet
Controller
IONet Controller
Terminal Board
Dual -1 pack- 2 IONet I/O pack
IONet
Controller
I/O pack
IONet
Controller
Terminal Board
Dual - 2 pack- 1 IONet I/O pack
IONet
I/O pack
Controller Controller
I/O pack
Dual - 3 pack- 1/1/2 IONet
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-23
Terminal Board
I/O pack I/O pack I/O pack
IONet IONet IONet
Controller Controller Controller
TMR - Fanned – 3 packs, 1 IONet/pack Terminal Board
I/O pack
IONet
Controller
Terminal Board
I/O pack
IONet
Controller
Terminal Board
I/O pack
IONet
Controller
TMR - Dedicated – 3 packs, IONet/pack
A single input can be brought to the three controllers without any voting as shown in the following figure. This is used for non-critical, generic I/O, such as monitoring 420 mA inputs, contacts, thermocouples, and resistance temperature devices (RTD). Field Wiring
Sensor
Terminal Board Direct Input
I/O Pack
IONet
Signal Condition
Exchange
Controller Control System Database
Alarm Limit
A
SC
R
S
T Single Input to Three Controllers, Not Voted
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One sensor can be fanned to three I/O boards as above for medium-integrity applications. This is used for sensors with medium-to-high reliability. Three such circuits are needed for three sensors. Typical inputs are 4-20 mA inputs, contacts, thermocouples, and RTDs. Field Wiring
Sensor
A
Terminal Board
I/O Pack
IONet
Fanned Input
Signal Condition
Exchange
Controller Control System Database
SC R
R Vote
Voted (A)
SC S
S Vote
Voted (A)
SC T
T Vote
Voted (A)
One Sensor with Fanned Input and Software Voting
Three independent sensors can be brought into the controllers without voting to provide the individual sensor values to the application. Median values can be selected in the controller if required. This configuration, shown in the following figure, is used for special applications only. Field Wiring
Sensors
Terminal Board
I/O Pack
IONet
Common Input
Signal Condi tion
Exchange
Alarm Limit
Controller
No Vote
Control System Database
Median Select Block
A
SC R
A B C
MS R
B
SC S
A B C
MS S
C
SC T
A B C
MS T
Median (A,B,C) A B C
Median (A,B,C) A B C
Median (A,B,C) A B C
Three Independent Sensors with Common Input, Not Voted
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-25
The following figure shows three sensors, each one fanned and then software implemented fault tolerance (SIFT) voted. This provides a high reliability system for current and contact inputs, and temperature sensors. Terminal Board
Field Wiring
Fanned Input
Sensors
I/O Pack
Signal Condition Alarm Limit
A
Controller
IONet
Exchange
Prevote
Control System Database
Voter
SC R
R Vote
Voted "A" Control Voted "B" Block Voted "C"
B
Same
SC S
S Vote
Voted "A" Control Voted "B" Block Voted "C"
C
Same
SC T
T Vote
Voted "A" Control Voted "B" Block Voted "C"
Three Sensors, Each One Fanned and Voted, for Medium-to-High Reliability Applications
Highly reliable speed input applications are brought in as dedicated inputs and SIFT voted. The following figure shows this configuration. Inputs such as speed control and overspeed are not fanned so there is a complete separation of inputs with no hardware cross coupling which could propagate a failure. RTDs, thermocouples, contact inputs, and 4-20 mA signals can also be configured this way. Field Wiring
Sensors
Terminal Board
I/O Pack
Dedicated Signal Input Condition
Controller
IONet
Exchange
Prevote Voter
Control System Database
Alarm Limit
A
SC R
R Vote
Voted (A,B,C)
B
SC S
S Vote
Voted (A,B,C)
C
SC T
T Vote
Voted (A,B,C)
Three Sensors with Dedicated Inputs, Software Voted for High Reliability Applications
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State Exchange To keep multiple controllers in synchronization, the Mark VIe control efficiently exchanges the necessary state information through the IONet. State information includes calculated values such as timers, counters, integrators, and logic signals such as bi-stable relays, momentary logic with seal-in, and cross-linked relay circuits. State information is voted in TMR controllers and follows the designated controller in dual or faulted TMR systems.
Voting Voting in the Mark VIe control is separated into analog and logic voting. Additionally, fault detection mechanisms directly choose owned inputs and designated states.
Median Value Analog Voting The analog signals are converted to a floating-point format by the I/O pack. The voting operation occurs in each of the three controller modules (R, S, and T). Each controller receives a copy of the data from the other two channels. For each voted data point, the controller has three values including its own. The median value voter selects the middle value of the three as the voter output. This is the most likely of the three values to be closest to the true value. Median Value Voting Examples Sensor Median Input Selected Value Value
Sensor Inputs
Sensor 1
981
Sensor 2
985
Sensor 3
978
Configured TMR Deviation = 30
Sensor Median Input Selected Value Value
1020
910
981
No TMR Diagnostic
985
Sensor Median Input Selected Value Value
978
985
985
978
978
TMR Diagnostic on Input 1
TMR Diagnostic on Input 1
Median Value Voting Examples with Normal and Bad Inputs
Two Out of Three Logic Voter Each of the controllers has three copies of the data for the logic voter. Voting is a simple logic process, inputting the three values and finding the two values that agree.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-27
Disagreement Detector A disagreement detector continuously scans the input prevote input data sets and produces an alarm bit if a disagreement is detected between the three values. Any disagreement between the prevote logical signals generates an alarm. For analog signals, comparisons are made between the voted value and each of the three prevote values. The delta for each value is compared with a user programmable limit value. The limit can be set as required to avoid nuisance alarms, but give indication that one of the prevote values has moved out of normal range. Each controller is required to compare only its prevote value with the voted value; for example, R compares only the R prevote value with the voted value. Nominal, analog voting limits are set at a 5% adjustment range, but can be configured to any number for each analog input. Note Failure of one of the three voted input circuits has no effect on the controlled process since the fault is masked by SIFT. Without a disagreement detector, a failure could go unnoticed until second failure occurs
Forcing The controller has a feature called forcing. This allows the maintenance technician using ToolboxST to set analog or logical variables to forced values. Variables remain at the forced value until unforced. Both compute and input processing respect forcing. Any applied forcing is preserved through power down or reboot of the controller.
Peer I/O In addition to the data from the I/O modules, there is a class of data coming from other controllers in other cabinets connected through the UDH network. For integrated systems, this network provides a data path between multiple turbine controllers and possibly the controls for the generator, the exciter, or the HRSG/boiler. Selected signals from the controller database can be mapped into pages of peer outputs that are broadcast periodically on the UDH I/O to peer controllers. For TMR systems, the UDH communicator performs this action using the data from its internal database. In the event of a redundant UDH network failure, the controller will request data over the remaining network, the I/O Net.
Command Action Using IONet connectivity, the controller copies command traffic from the UDH across all controllers. This provides fault tolerance for dual UDH networks.
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Rate of Response Mark VIe control can run selected control programs at the rate of 100 times per second, (10 ms frame rate) for simplex, dual, and TMR systems. For example, bringing the data from the interface modules to the control module and voting takes 3 ms, running the control program takes 4 ms, and sending the data, back to the interface modules takes 3 ms. Start of Frame (SOF)
Control Module CPU
One Frame Time (10 ms) 1
2
3
Background
4
5
6
7
8
SOF
9
Background
Compute Control Sequence & Blocks
Vote Control Module Voting
State Vote
Fast R1
Control Module Comm I/O Module Comm
Fast R1
Fast R2
Prevote Compare
Fast R2
State Xchg.
Out
Input Input Fast
Fast
Background
Scatter
Gather Send Send Scale Calc
I/O Module Board
Set Output
Receive
Background
Scan Input
Scale Calc
Write Data
Read Data Just in Time to Start
TMR System Timing Diagram for System with Remote I/O
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-29
Turbine Protection Turbine overspeed protection is available in three levels; control, primary, and emergency. Control protection comes through closed loop speed control using the fuel/steam valves. Primary overspeed protection is provided by the controller. The TTUR terminal board and PTUR I/O pack bring in a shaft speed signal to each controller where the median signal is selected. If the controller determines a trip condition, it sends the trip signal to the TRPG terminal board through the PTUR I/O board. The three PTUR outputs are 2/3 voted in three-relay voting circuit (one for each trip solenoid) and power is removed from the solenoids. The following figure shows the primary and emergency levels of protection. Softw are Voting High Speed Shaft
High Speed Shaft
High Speed Shaft
R Terminal Board
S
Controller S & PTUR
T
Controller T & PTUR
Magnetic Speed Pickups (3 used)
High Speed Shaft
Controller R & PTUR
PPRO R8
R8
S8
PPRO S8
SPRO High Speed Shaft
Terminal Board Hardware Voting (Relays)
Primary Protection
Trip Solenoids (Up to three)
SPRO High Speed Shaft
TRPG
T8
PPRO T8
TREG Terminal Board Hardware Voting (Relays)
Emergency Protection
SPRO Magnetic Speed Pickups (3 used)
Trip Signal to Servo Terminal Board TSVC
Primary and Emergency Overspeed Protection
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Emergency overspeed protection is provided by the independent triple redundant PPRO protection system shown in the preceding figure. This uses three shaft speed signals from magnetic pickups, one for each protection module. These are brought into SPRO, a terminal board dedicated to the protection system. Each PPRO independently determines when to trip, and the signals are passed to the TREG terminal board. TREG operates in a similar way to TRPG, voting the three trip signals in relay circuits and removing power from the trip solenoids. This system contains no software voting, making the three PPRO modules completely independent. The only link between PPRO and the other parts of the control system is the IONet cable, which transmits status information. Additional protection for simplex systems is provided by the protection module through the Servo Terminal Board, TSVC. Plug J1 on TREG is wired to plug JD1 on TSVC, and if this is energized, relay K1 disconnects the servo output current and applies a bias to force the control valve closed.
Redundancy Options The Mark VIe control provides scaleable levels of redundancy. The basic system is a single (simplex) controller with simplex I/O and one network. The dual system has two controllers, singular or fanned TMR I/O and dual networks, which provides added reliability and online repair options. The TMR system has three controllers, singular or fanned TMR I/O, three networks, and state voting between controllers providing the maximum fault detection and availability.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-31
Simplex Controller The simplex control architecture contains one controller connected to an Ethernet interface through the Ethernet network (IONet). No redundancy is provided and no online repair of critical functions is available. Online replacement of non-critical I/O (that where the loss of the I/O does not stop the process) is possible. Each I/O pack delivers an input packet at the beginning of the frame on its primary network. The controller sees the inputs from all I/O packs, performs application code, and delivers a broadcast output packet(s) containing the outputs for all I/O modules. The following diagram shows typical simplex controller architecture. UDH
Blank Face Plate
Blank Face Plate
CPC I
Blank Face Plate
R
PS
PS
Controller
Fan Tray
R IONet
I/O Network
T B
T B
T B
I/O Modules
Simplex Mark VIe Control System
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Dual Controllers The dual control architecture contains two controllers, two IONets, and singular or fanned TMR I/O modules. The following diagram shows a dual Mark VIe control system. UDH
UDH
S CPC I Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
CPC I Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
R PS
PS
PS
PS
Controllers
Fan Tray
Fan Tray
R IONet S IONet
A
B
C
T B
T B
T B
T B
T B
T B
T B
I/O Networks
I/O Modules
D
Dual Mark VIe Control System
Note For non-redundant UDH networks, there is only one UDH switch and both controllers are connected to it.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-33
The dual control Mark VIe architecture reliability can be significantly better than the single controller. All of the network and controller components are redundant and can be repaired online. The I/O reliability can be mixed and matched meeting reliability needs described in the I/O option sections below. In a dual Mark VIe control system both controllers receive inputs from the I/O modules on both networks and transmit outputs on their respective IONet continuously. When a controller or network component fails the system does not require fault detection nor fail over time to continue operating. The Mark VIe controller or pack listens for the data on both networks at power up. The channel that delivers the first valid packet becomes the preferred network. As long as the data arrives on that channel the pack/controller uses this data. When the preferred channel does not deliver the data in a frame, the other channel becomes the preferred channel as long as valid data is supplied. This prevents a given I/O pack/controller from bouncing back and forth between two sources of data. This does mean that different I/O packs/controllers may have separate preferred sources of data but this can also happen if any component fails. In a dual control system, the application software in each controller tries to produce the same results. After many iterations of the application software, it is possible for the internal data values to differ due to mathematical round off, and different past history (power-up). To converge this data, the internal data (state) variables are taken from the designated controller and transmitted to the non-designated controller for its use. This is known as state exchange. State variables are any internal variables not immediately derived from input or control constant. Any variable that is used prior to being re-calculated is an internal state variable. This principle can be shown in the following two equations: A = B+C C = 3*D Assume B and D are inputs and A and C are intermediate values. Since C is used prior to being calculated, the value of C during the previous scan retains some state information. Therefore, C is a state variable that must be updated in the nondesignated controller if both controllers are to remain synchronized. In the Mark VIe controller, Boolean state variables are updated on every control frame. The analog state variable updates are multiplexed. A subset of analog state variables is updated every control frame. The controller rolls through each subset until all state variables are transmitted.
Dual I/O Options In a dual system, the level of I/O reliability can be varied to meet the application needs for specific I/O. Not all I/O has to be dual redundant.
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Single Pack Dual Network I/O Module (SPDN) I/O option A uses a single pack dual network I/O module. This configuration is typically used for non-critical single sensor I/O. A single sensor connects to a single set of acquisition electronics which is then connected to two networks. •
Single data acquisition
•
Redundant network
The I/O pack delivers input data on both networks at the beginning of the frame and receives output data from both controllers at the end of the frame. Dual- Single Pack Single Network I/O Module (2SPSN) I/O option B uses two single pack, single network I/O modules. This configuration is typically used for inputs where there are multiple sensors monitoring the same process points. Two sensors are connected to two independent I/O modules. •
Redundant sensors
•
Redundant data acquisition
•
Redundant network
•
Online repair
Each I/O pack delivers input data on a separate network at the beginning of the frame and receives output data from separate controllers at the end of the frame. Dual Pack Dual Network I/O Module (DPDN) I/O option C is a special case for inputs only, using a dual pack, dual network module. A fanned input terminal board can be populated with two packs providing redundant data acquisition for a set of inputs. •
Redundant data acquisition
•
Redundant network
•
Online repair
Each I/O pack delivers input data on a separate network at the beginning of the frame. Triple Pack Dual Network I/O Module (TPDN) I/O option D is a special case mainly intended for outputs, but also applies to inputs. The special output voting/driving features of the TMR I/O modules can be utilized in a dual control system. The inputs from these modules are voted in the controller. •
Redundant data acquisition
•
Output voting in hardware
•
Redundant network
•
Online repair
Two of the I/O packs are connected to separate networks delivering input data and receiving output data from separate controllers. The third I/O pack is connected to both networks. This pack delivers inputs on both networks and receives outputs from both controllers.
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Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-35
Triple Controllers (TMR) The TMR control architecture contains three controllers, three IONets, and singular or fanned TMR I/O Modules. The following diagram shows a TMR Mark VIe control system.
UDH
UDH
PS
Controllers
Fan Tray
Fan Tray
PS
PS
PS
PS
Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
UCCA Blank Face Plate
PS
T
UCCA Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
UCCA
S
Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate Blank Face Plate
R
Fan Tray
R IONet S IONet T IONet
I/O Networks
T B
T B
T B
I/O Modules
TMR Mark VIe Control System
Note For non-redundant UDH networks, there is only one UDH switch connecting all three controllers.
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The TMR Mark VIe control architecture reliability/availability is much better than the dual controller due to increased fault detection capability. In addition to all of the dual redundant features, the TMR controller provides three independent outputs to all TMR I/O modules and the state variables between controllers are voted rather than jammed. In a TMR Mark VIe control system all three controllers receive inputs from the I/O modules on all networks and transmit outputs on their respective IONet continuously. If a controller or network component fails, the system does not require fault detection or fail over time to continue operating. All controllers transmit their copy of the state variables after the output packet has been transmitted. Each controller takes the three sets of state variables and votes the data to get the values for the next run cycle.
TMR I/O Options In a TMR system, the level of I/O reliability can be varied meeting the application needs for specific I/O. Not all I/O has to be dual redundant. Single Pack Dual Network I/O Module (SPDN) See the section, Dual Controllers. Dual-Single Pack Single Network I/O Module (2SPSN) See the section, Dual Controllers. Dual Pack Dual Network I/O Module (DPDN) See the section, Dual Controllers. Triple Pack Dual Network I/O Module (TPDN) I/O option D is a typical TMR I/O module. The inputs are normally fanned from the screw inputs to three separate I/O packs. The outputs are usually voted in hardware. •
Controller state voting of input data
•
Output voting from three independent controllers in hardware
•
Redundant network
•
Online repair
Each of the I/O packs is connected to a separate network. Each pack delivers input data and receives output data on this network.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 2 System Architecture • 2-37
Notes
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CHAPTER 3
Chapter 3 Networks Introduction This chapter defines the various networks in the control system that communicate with the operator interfaces, servers, controllers, and I/O. This chapter also provides information on fiber-optic cables, including components and guidelines.
Network Overview The Mark VIe control system is based on a hierarchy of networks used to interconnect the individual nodes. These networks separate the different communication traffic into layers according to their individual functions. This hierarchy extends from the I/O modules and controllers, which provide real-time control of the process, through the HMI, and up to facility wide monitoring. Each layer uses industry standard components and protocols to simplify integration between different platforms and improve overall reliability and maintenance. The layers are designated as the enterprise, supervisory, control, and I/O, and are described in the following sections. Note Ethernet is used for all Mark VIe data highways and the I/O network.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-1
Network Layers To Optional Customer Network
Enterprise Layer
HMI Viewer
Router
HMI Viewer
Field Support
Supervisory Layer
PLANT DATA H IGHWAY P LANT DATA H IGHWAY
HMI Servers
Control Layer U NIT
U NIT D ATA HIGHWAY D ATA H IGHWAY
Generator Protection
Turbine Control TMR Mark VIe T
Exciter
BOP
GPP
Mark VIe
EX2100
Mark VIe
Static Starter
Mark VI
S Mark VIe
R
IONet Layer R
Terminal Board
IONET S
IONET T
IONET
Mark VIe Control as Part of Integrated Control System
The Enterprise layer serves as an interface from specific process control into a facility wide or group control layer. This higher layer is provided by the customer. The network technology used in this layer is generally determined by the customer and may include either local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) technologies, depending on the size of the facility. The Enterprise layer is generally separated from other control layers through a router, which isolates the traffic on both sides of the interface. Where unit control equipment is required to communicate with a facility wide or DCS system, GE uses either a Modbus interface or a TCP/IP protocol known as GE Standard Messaging (GSM). The Supervisory layer provides operator interface capabilities such as coordination of the HMI viewer and server nodes, as well as other functions like data collection (Historian), remote monitoring, and vibration analysis. This layer may be used as a single or dual network configuration. A dual network provides redundant Ethernet switches and cables to prevent complete network failure if a single component fails. The network is known as the Plant Data Highway (PDH).
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
The Control layer provides continuous operation of the process equipment. The controllers on this layer are highly coordinated to support continuous operation without interruption. The controllers operate at a fundamental rate called the frame rate, which can be between 6-100 Hz. These controllers use EGD to exchange data between nodes. Various levels of redundancy for the connected equipment are supported by the supervisory and control layers. Printer Printer Type 1 Redundancy Non-critical nodes such as printers can be connected without using additional communication devices. Network Switch B Network Switch A
Type 2 Redundancy Nodes that are only available in Simplex configuration can be connected with a redundant switch. The switch automatically senses a failed network component and fails-over to a secondary link.
Redundant Switch Network Switch B Network Switch A
Controller
Controller
Network Switch B Network Switch A
Dual
Type 3 Redundancy Nodes such as dual or TMR controllers are tightly coupled so that each node can send the same information. By connecting each controller to alternate networks, data is still available if a controller or network fails.
Network Switch B Network Switch A
TMR
Network Switch B
Type 4 Redundancy This type provides redundant controllers and redundant network links for reliability. This is useful if the active controller network interface cannot sense a failed network condition.
Network Switch A
Redundant Networks for Different Applications
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Chapter 3 Networks • 3-3
Data Highways Plant Data Highway (PDH) The PDH is the plant level supervisory network. The PDH connects the HMI server with remote viewers, printers, historians, and external interfaces. The PDH has no direct connection to the Mark VIe controllers, which communicate over the unit data highway (UDH). Using the Ethernet with the TCP/IP protocol over the PDH provides an open system for third-party interfaces. The following figure shows the equipment connections to the PDH. GT #1 PEECC 220VAC UPS
EN ET 0 /1
ENET 0/0
GT #2 PEECC
GT #3 PEECC
CONSOLE AUX
SW1
SW5
SW9 PDH
PDH
PDH
UDH
UDH
UDH
ADH
ADH
ADH
CROSSOVER UTP
220VAC UPS SW6
SW2
TRUNK
CROSSOVER UTP
TRUNK
CROSSOVER UTP
TRUNK
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS SW10 PDH
PDH
PDH
UDH
UDH
UDH
ADH
ADH
ADH
TRUNK
TRUNK
TRUNK
21 A B
A
A B
A B
NIC1
NIC1 NIC2
M
GT1_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
A B
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M uOSM SEE NOTE 6 PEECC Rack - uOSM
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M
GT2_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
M
GT3_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
UPS BY GE
220VAC UPS
220VAC
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS
9
10
11
12
13
PDH
14
15
16
17
18
UDH
19
20
PDH
UDH
ADH
TRUNK
SW16
TRUNK
220VAC UPS
ADH
SW15
UDH
SW14
PDH
GSM 1
220VAC UPS
SW13
Customer Control Room 9
4
12
13
PDH
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
UDH
GSM 1 A B
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
11
GSM 2 GSM 3
GSM 2 GSM 3
A B
10
M
M
CRM1_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
A B
A B
NIC1 NIC2
CRM2_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M
M
CRM3_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
Typical Plant Data Highway Layout
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
PDH Network Features
Feature
Description
Type of Network
Ethernet CSMA/CD in a single or redundant star configuration
Speed
100 Mb/s, Full duplex
Media and Distance Ethernet 100BaseTX for switch to controller/device connections. The cable is 22 to 26 AWG with unshielded twisted pair, category 5e EIA/TIA 568 A/B. Distance is up to 100 meters. Ethernet 100BaseFX, with fiber-optic cable, for distances up to 2 km (1.24 miles)*. Number of Nodes
Up to 1024 nodes supported
Protocols
Ethernet-compatible protocol, typically TCP/IP-based. Use GE Standard Messaging (GSM) or Modbus over Ethernet for external communications.
Message Integrity
32-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC) appended to each Ethernet packet plus additional checks in protocol used.
External Interfaces
Various third-party interfaces are available; GSM and Modbus are the most common.
Note *Fiber-optic cable provides the best signal quality, completely free of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). Large point-to-point distances are possible, and since the cable does not carry electrical charges, ground potential problems are eliminated.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-5
Unit Data Highway (UDH) The UDH is an Ethernet-based network that provides direct or broadcast peer-to-peer communications between controllers and an operator/maintenance interface. It uses EGD, which is a message-based protocol for sharing information with multiple nodes based on UDP/IP. UDH network hardware is similar to the PDH hardware. The following figure shows redundant UDH networks with connections to the controllers and HMI servers. GT #1 PEECC
GT #1 - A192
Mark VI T
S
R
M1
SW1
M2
GT #2 PEECC T
TRANSCEIVER
SW3
S
R
M1
SW5
M2
SW7
S
R
SW9
B
B 220VAC UPS
TRU NK
CROSSOVER UTP
220VAC UPS SW12 PDH
PDH U DH
U DH ADH
ADH ADH
ADH
ADH
ADH
A B
TR UNK
TRU NK
TR UNK
T RUNK
TR UNK
TRU NK
A B
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M
GT2_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
TRU NK
SW10
U DH
U DH
U DH
U DH
GT1_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
A B
A
AD H
TRU NK
CROSSOVER UTP
TRU NK
SW8
NIC1 NIC2
M
TRANSCEIVER
AD H
AD H
AD H
TRU NK
CROSSOVER UTP
TRU NK
A B
NIC1 NIC2
LCI SW11
UD H
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS
SW6
M
M2
UDH
UDH
AD H
AD H
220VAC UPS
SW4
M1
PDH
UD H
UD H
UDH
A B
T
EX2100
PDH
PDH
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS SW2
M
TRANSCEIVER
A
GT #3 - A192
Mark VI
PDH
B
GT #3 PEECC
LCI
EX2100 PDH
PDH
A
GT #2 - A192
Mark VI
LCI
EX2100
M
GT3_SVR PC Desk 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
220VAC UPS
A B
A B
220VAC UPS
11
12
13
14
15
16
PDH
17
18
19
20
UD H
PDH
U DH
AD H
TRUNK
A B
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M
CRM1_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
10
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
9
220VAC UPS
9
10
11
12
13
PDH
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
UD H
A B
NIC1 NIC2
M
M
CRM2_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
SW16
TR UN K
220VAC UPS
A DH
SW15
UDH
SW14
PDH
220VAC UPS
SW13
Customer Control Room
M
UNIT DATA HIGHWAY (UDH)
CRM3_SVR 18in. Desktop LCD(dual) Mouse
220VAC UPS
Typical Unit Data Highway Layout
UDH Network Features
Feature
Description
Type of Network
Ethernet, full duplex, in a single or redundant star configuration
Media and Distance
Ethernet 100BaseTX for switch to controller/device connections. The cable is 22 to 26 AWG unshielded twisted pair; category 5e EIA/TIA 568 A/B. Distance is up to 100 meters. Ethernet 100BaseFX with fiber-optic cable optional for distances up to 2 km (1.24 miles).
Number of Nodes
At least 25 nodes, given a 25 Hz data rate. For other configurations, contact the factory.
Type of Nodes Supported
Controllers, PLCs, operator interfaces, and engineering workstations
Protocol
EGD protocol based on the UDP/IP
Message Integrity
32-bit CRC appended to each Ethernet packet plus integrity checks built into UDP and EGD
Time Sync. Methods
Network time protocol (NTP), accuracy ±1 ms.
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Data Highway Ethernet Switches The UDH and PDH networks use Fast Ethernet switches. The system modules are cabled into the switches creating a star-type network architecture. Two switches used with an interconnecting cable provide redundancy. Redundant switches provide redundant, duplex communication links to controllers and HMIs. Primary and secondary designate the two redundant Ethernet links. If the primary link fails, the converter automatically switches the traffic on the main link over to the secondary link without interruption to network operation. At 10 Mb/s, using the minimum data packet size, the maximum data loss during fail-over transition is 2-3 packets. Note Switches are configured by GE for the control system. Therefore, preconfigured switches should be purchased from GE. Each switch is configured to accept UDH and PDH.
GE Part # 323A4747NZP31(A, B, or C)
Configuration
A
B
C
PDH
1-8
Single VLAN can be used for UDH or PDH
1-18,23-26
UDH
9-16
ADH
17-19
19-21
None
Uplinks
20-26
22 to Router
Configuration 323A4747NZP31A is the standard configuration with 323A4747NZP31B being used for legacy systems with separate UDH and PDH networks. Part 323A4747NZP31C is obsolete and was used in special instances to provide connectivity between the PDH and the onsite monitor (OSM) system.
GE Part # 323A4747NZP37(A or B)
Configuration
A
B
PDH
1-3
Single VLAN can be used for UDH or PDH
UDH
5-7
ADH
None
Uplinks
4,8,9-16
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-7
Virtual LAN (VLAN) technology is used in the UDH and PDH infrastructure to provide separate and redundant network infrastructure using the same hardware. The multi-VLAN configuration (Configuration A) provides connectivity to both PDH and UDH networks. Supplying multiple switches at each location provides redundancy. The switch fabric provides separation of the data. Each uplink between switches carries VLAN data encapsulated per IEEE 802.1q. The UDH VLAN data is given priority over the other VLAN by increasing its 802.1p priority.
Selecting IP Addresses for UDH and PDH Use the following table to select IP addresses on the UDH and PDH. The standard IP address is 192.168.ABC.XYZ. Ethernet IP Address Rules
Network
A
BC
X
Y
Z
Type
Type
Network Number
Controller/Device Number
Unit Number
Type of Device
UDH
1
01-99
1 = gas turbine controllers 2 = steam turbine controllers
1 = Unit 1 2 = Unit 2 • • 9 = Unit 9
1 = R0 2 = S0 3 = T0 4 = HRSG A 5 = HRSG B 6 = EX2000 or EX2100 A 7 = EX2000 or EX2100 B 8 = EX2000 or EX2100 C 9 = Not assigned 0 = Static Starter
0 = All other devices on the UDH
02 - 15 = Servers 16 - 25 = Workstations 26 - 37 = Other stations (Viewers) 38
= Turbine Historian
39
= OSM
40 - 99 = Aux Controllers, such as ISCs PDH
2
01 – 54
2 to 199 are reserved for customer supplied items 200 to 254 are reserved for GE supplied items such as viewers and printers
The following are examples of IP addresses: 192.168.104.133 would be UDH number 4, gas turbine unit number 3, T0 core. 192.168.102.215 would be UDH number 2, steam turbine unit number 1, HRSG B. 192.168.201.201 could be a CIMPLICITY Viewer supplied by GE, residing on PDH#1. 192.168.205.10 could be a customer-supplied printer residing on PDH#5. Note Each item on the network such as a controller, server, or viewer must have an IP address. The above addresses are recommended, but if this is a custom configuration, the requisition takes precedence.
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
IONet A Mark VIe control system can have a simplex, dual, or TMR input/output network. It is known as the IONet. Each network is an IEEE 802.3 100 BaseTX full duplex Ethernet network. IONet is limited to Mark VIe qualified control devices, IO devices, Ethernet switches, and cables. Network communication between the controller and IONet has tightly synchronized UDP/IP Ethernet packets. The synchronization is achieved using the IEEE 1588 standard for precision clock synchronization protocol and special hardware/software on the controller and I/O packs. The Ethernet switches have been qualified for minimum latency and maximum throughput. Unqualified Ethernet switches should not be used in IONets. Refer to the System Guide, Volume II for the qualified switches. IONets are class C networks. Each is an independent network with different subnet addresses. The IONet IP host addresses for the controllers are fixed. The IP addresses of the I/O packs are assigned by the ToolboxST and the controller automatically distributes the addresses to the I/O packs through a standard Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server in the controllers. Cable color-coding is used to reduce the chance for cross connecting. Use the following cables or RJ45 hoods: •
Red for IONet 1 (R network)
•
Black for IONet 2 (S network)
•
Blue for IONet 3 (T network)
IONet is presently recommended to only pass through five switches in series when going from I/O pack to main controller (refer to the following figure). Any configured IONet port on a controller or I/O module is continuously sending data, providing immediate detection of faulty network cables, switches, or board components. When a fault occurs, a diagnostic alarm is generated in the controller or I/O module.
Addressing IONet devices are assigned IP addresses through the DHCP servers in the controllers. The Host ID presented to the DHCP server is based on the board type and serial number information stored on a serial EEPROM located on the terminal board. Since the Host ID is part of the terminal board, the I/O module can be replaced without having to update the toolbox or controller communication IDs. Note When a terminal board is replaced the user must associate the new Host ID to the configured device. ToolboxST presents a list of unrecognized devices that have requested IP addresses to simplify this process.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-9
R
S
T
Mark VIe Controllers
Fiber Optic 100BaseFX Up to Two km (Outside or Different Grounds)
Panel 1
UTP 100BaseTX Up to 100m (Same Ground Inside Building)
Up to Five Switches MAXIMUM
UTP 100BaseTX
UTP 100BaseTX
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Ethernet Global Data (EGD) EGD allows you to share information between controller components in a networked environment. Controller data configured for transmission over EGD is separated into groups called exchanges. Multiple exchanges make up pages. Pages can be configured either to a specific address (unicast), if supported, or to multiple consumers at the same time (broadcast or multicast), if supported. Each page is identified by the combination of a Producer ID and an Exchange ID. The consumer recognizes the data and knows where to store it. EGD allows one controller component, referred to as the producer of the data, to simultaneously send information at a fixed periodic rate to any number of peer controller components, known as the consumers. This network supports a large number of controller components capable of both producing and consuming information. The exchange contains a configuration signature, which shows the revision number of the exchange configuration. If the consumer receives data with an unknown configuration signature, it makes that data unhealthy. If a transmission is interrupted, the receiver waits three periods for the EGD message, after which it times out and the data is considered unhealthy. Data integrity is preserved by: •
32-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC) in the Ethernet packet
•
Standard checksums in the UDP and IP headers
•
Configuration signature
•
Data size field EGD Communications Features
Feature
Description
Type of Communication
Supervisory data is transmitted periodically at either 480 or 960 ms. Control data is transmitted at frame rate.
Message Type
Broadcast - a message to all stations on a subnet Unicast - a directed message to one station
Redundancy
Pages may be broadcast onto multiple Ethernet subnets or may be received from multiple Ethernet subnets, if the specified controller hardware supports multiple Ethernet ports.
Fault Tolerance
In TMR configurations, a controller can forward EGD data across the IONet to another controller that has been isolated from the Ethernet.
Sizes
An exchange can be a maximum of 1400 bytes. Pages can contain multiple exchanges. The number of exchanges within a page and the number of pages within an EGD node are limited by each EGD device type. The Mark VIe controller does not limit the number of, exchanges, or pages.
Message Integrity
Ethernet supports a 32-bit CRC appended to each Ethernet packet. Reception timeout is determined by EGD device type. The exchange times out after an exchange update had not occurred within four times the exchange period, using Sequence ID. Missing/out of order packet detection UDP and IP header checksums Configuration signature (data layout revision control) Exchange size validation
Function Codes
EGD allows each controller to send a block of information to, or receive a block from, other controllers in the system. Integer, Floating Point, and Boolean data types are supported.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-11
In a TMR configuration, each controller receives UDH/EGD data independently from a direct Ethernet connection. If the connection is broken, a controller can request the missing data from the second or third controller through the IONet. One controller in a TMR configuration is automatically selected to transmit the EGD data onto the UDH. If the UDH fractures, causing the controllers to be isolated from each other onto different physical network segments, multiple controllers are enabled for transmission. These provide data to each of the segments. These features add a level of Ethernet fault tolerance to the basic protocol.
R
EGD
R I/O NET
S I/O NET
T I/O NET
S EGD
T
UNIT DATA HIGHWAY
Redundant Path for UDH EGD
EGD
Unit Data Highway EGD TMR Configuration
In a DUAL configuration, each controller receives UDH/EGD data independently from a direct Ethernet connection. If the connection is broken, a controller may request the missing data from the second through the IONet. One controller in a DUAL configuration is automatically selected to transmit the EGD data onto the UDH. If the UDH fractures causing the controllers to be isolated from each other onto different physical network segments, each controller is enabled for transmission, providing data to both segments.
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Fiber-Optic Cables Fiber-optic cable is an effective substitute for copper cable, especially when longer distances are required, or electrical disturbances are a serious problem. The main advantages of fiber-optic transmission in the power plant environment are: •
Fiber segments can be longer than copper because the signal attenuation per foot is less.
•
In high-lightning areas, copper cable can pick up currents, which can damage the communications electronics. Since the glass fiber does not conduct electricity, the use of fiber-optic segments avoids pickup and reduces lightningcaused outages.
•
Grounding problems are avoided with optical cable. The ground potential can rise when there is a ground fault on transmission lines, caused by currents coming back to the generator neutral point, or lightning.
•
Optical cable can be routed through a switchyard or other electrically noisy area and not pick up any interference. This can shorten the required runs and simplify the installation.
•
Fiber-optic cable with proper jacket materials can be run direct buried in trays or in conduit.
•
High-quality fiber-cable is light, tough, and easily pulled. With careful installation, it can last the life of the plant.
Disadvantages of fiber optics include: •
The cost, especially for short runs, may be more for a fiber-optic link.
•
Inexpensive fiber-optic cable can be broken during installation, and is more prone to mechanical and performance degradation over time. The highest quality cable avoids these problems.
Components Basics Each fiber link consists of two fibers, one outgoing and the other incoming, to form a duplex channel. A LED drives the outgoing fiber, and the incoming fiber illuminates a phototransistor, which generates the incoming electrical signal. Multimode fiber, with a graded index of refraction core and outer cladding, is recommended for the optical links. The fiber is protected with buffering that is the equivalent of insulation on metallic wires. Mechanical stress is bad for fibers so a ® strong sheath is used, sometimes with pre-tensioned Kevlar fibers to carry the stress of pulling and vertical runs. Connectors for a power plant should be fastened to a reasonably robust cable with its own buffering. The square connector (SC) type connector is recommended. This connector is widely used for LANs, and is readily available.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-13
Fiber-optic Cable Multimode fibers are rated for use at 850 nm and 1300 nm wavelengths. Cable attenuation is between 3.0 and 3.3 db/km at 850 nm. The core of the fiber is normally 62.5 microns in diameter, with a gradation of index of refraction. The higher index of refraction is at the center, gradually shifting to a medium index at the circumference. The higher index slows the light, therefore, a light ray entering the fiber at an angle curves back toward the center, out toward the other side, and then back toward the center. This ray travels further but goes faster because it spends most of its time closer to the circumference where the index is less. The index is graded to keep the delays nearly equal, thus preserving the shape of the light pulse as it passes through the fiber. The inner core is protected with a low index of refraction cladding, which for the recommended cable is 125 microns in diameter. 62.5/125 optical cable is the most common type of cable and should be used.
Never look directly into a fiber. Although most fiber links use LEDs that cannot damage the eyes, some longer links use lasers, which can cause permanent damage to the eyes.
Guidelines on cables usage:
3-14 • Chapter 3 Networks
•
Gel filled (or loose tube) cables should not be used because of difficulties making installations, terminations, and the potential for leakage in vertical runs.
•
Use a high-quality breakout cable, which makes each fiber a sturdy cable, and helps prevent bends that are too sharp.
•
Sub-cables are combined with more strength and filler members to build up the cable to resisting mechanical stress and the outside environment.
•
Two types of cable are recommended, one with armor and one without. Rodent damage is a major cause of optical cable failure. If this is a problem in the plant, the armored cable should be used, although it is heavier, has a larger bend radius, is more expensive, attracts lightning currents, and has lower impact and crush resistance.
•
Optical characteristics of the cable can be measured with an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). Some manufacturers will supply the OTDR printouts as proof of cable quality. A simpler instrument is used by the installer to measure attenuation, and they should supply this data to demonstrate the installation has a good power margin.
•
Cables described here have four fibers, enough for two fiber-optic links. This can be used to bring redundant communications to a central control room. The extra fibers can be retained as spares for future plant enhancements. Cables with two fibers are available for indoor use.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Fiber-Optic Converter Fiber-optic connections are normally terminated at the 100BaseFX fiber port of the Ethernet switch. Occasionally, the Mark VIe communication system may require an Ethernet media converter to convert selected UDH and PDH electrical signals to fiber-optic signals. The typical media converter makes a two-way conversion of one or more Ethernet 100BaseTX signals to Ethernet 100Base FX signals.
100Base FX Port
TX
RX
Fiber
100BaseTX Port
Pwr
UTP/STP
Dimensions:
Power:
Data:
Width: 3.0 (76 mm) Height: 1.0 (25 mm) Depth: 4.75 (119 mm)
120 V ac, 60 Hz
100 Mbps, fiber optic
Media Converter, Ethernet Electric to Ethernet Fiber-optic
Connectors The 100Base FX fiber-optic cables for indoor use in Mark VIe control have SC type connectors. The connector, shown in the following figure, is a keyed, snap-in connector that automatically aligns the center strand of the fiber with the transmission or reception points of the network device. An integral spring helps to keep the SC connectors from being crushed together, avoiding damage to the fiber. The two plugs can be held together as shown, or they can be separate.
.
Locating Key Fiber
. Solid Glass Center Snap-in connnectors SC Connector for Fiber-optic Cables
The process of attaching the fiber connectors involves stripping the buffering from the fiber, inserting the end through the connector, and casting it with an epoxy or other plastic. This requires a special kit designed for that particular connector. After the epoxy has hardened, the end of the fiber is cut off, ground, and polished. An experienced person can complete the process in five minutes.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Chapter 3 Networks • 3-15
System Considerations The following considerations should be noted when designing a fiber-optic network. Redundancy should be considered for continuing central control room (CCR) access to the turbine controls. Redundant HMIs, fiber-optic links, Ethernet switches, and power supplies are recommended. Installation of the fiber can decrease its performance compared to factory-new cable. Installers may not make the connectors as well as experts can, resulting in more loss than planned. The LED light source can get dimmer over time, the connections can get dirty, the cable loss increases with aging, and the receiver can become less sensitive. For all these reasons, there must be a margin between the available power budget and the link loss budget, of a minimum of 3 dB. Having a 6 dB margin is more comfortable, helping assure a fiber link that will last the life of the plant.
Installation Planning is important for a successful installation. This includes the layout for the required level of redundancy, cable routing distances, proper application of the distance rules, and procurement of excellent quality switches, UPS systems, and connectors.
3-16 • Chapter 3 Networks
•
Install the fiber-optic cable in accordance with all local safety codes. Polyurethane and PVC are two possible options for cable materials that might NOT meet the local safety codes.
•
Select a cable strong enough for indoor and outdoor applications, including direct burial.
•
Adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations on the minimum bend radius and maximum pulling force.
•
Test the installed fiber to measure the losses. A substantial measured power margin is the best proof of a high-quality installation.
•
Use trained people for the installation. If necessary, hire outside contractors with fiber LAN installation experience.
•
The fiber switches and converters need reliable power, and should be placed in a location that minimizes the amount of movement they must endure, yet keep them accessible for maintenance.
GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Single-mode Fiber-optic Cabling Single-mode fiber-optic (SMF) cable is approved for use in the Mark VIe control system, including both IONet and UDH/PDH network applications. This extends the distance of the control system beyond the traditional multi-mode fiber-optic (MMF) cable limit of 2000 m (2187.2 yd) to 15000 m (16404.00 yd) The following figure shows the differences between the two cable types.
Output Pulse
125um
Input Pulse
Light Transmission in Multi-mode Fiber-optic Cable
Cross section
Output Pulse
Light Transmission in Single-mode Fiber-optic Cable
125um
Input Pulse
62.5um
Dispersion
9um
Cross section
Multi-mode and Single-mode Fiber-optic Cable Transmissions
The figure shows a typical 62.5/125 µm MMF segment. Light (typically from a LED) enters through an aperture at the left, 62.5 µm in diameter. This aperture is many times the dimension of the typical 1500 µm wavelength used for transmission. This difference between the aperture and the wavelengths allows waves to enter at multiple angles. Since the cladding material has a different index of refraction than the core, these waves will be reflected due to the large angle of incidence (Snells Law). Because of different angles, there are many paths the light can make through the fiber with each taking a different time to arrive at the detector. This difference between the minimum time and maximum time for light transmission through the fiber is known as dispersion. Dispersion is the main property that degrades the signal through multi-mode fiber and limits the useful limit to 2 km. In the SMF cable, the aperture is reduced to ~9 µm, comparable to the 1500 µm wavelength of transmission. In this small aperture, there is little difference in the angle of incidence of the light and as such, the light propagates with little dispersion. The attenuation is the main property that degrades the signal and as such, much greater distances are achievable. The main advantage of SMF cable over traditional MMF cable in the power plant environment is that fiber-optic segments can now be longer than 2000 m because the signal attenuation per foot is less. The main disadvantage of SMF cables is the cost of installation.
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Chapter 3 Networks • 3-17
IONet Components For Mark VIe control IONet topologies, the following rules apply for deploying SMF systems: •
Single-mode fiber-optic is validated for use on the Mark VIe Control IONet using the N-Tron 508FXE2-SC-15 switch.
•
No more than five switches should be placed in series and be maintained.
•
The topology should be kept as flat and balanced as possible (star topology). The N-Tron 508FXE2-SC-15 is the only switch validated and approved for this application. Use of any other switch in this application may cause miss operation and/or damage to the associated equipment.
The N-Tron 508FXE2-SC-15 can be identified from the following label:
Side View of N-Tron 508FXE2-SC-15
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< R>
Mark VIe Controllers
Control Panel
SW1
Local I/O Panel Single Mode Fiber
Special SMF 508FX2 Switch
Remote I/O Panel
Note that the system is only validated for a total of five hops including multi -mode Fiber , single-mode Fiber and copper.
Example Mark VIe Control IONet SMF Application
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Chapter 3 Networks • 3-19
UDH/PDH Components For PDH/UDH topologies, apply the following rules for installing SMF systems: •
SMF is validated on the UDH/PDH networks using the –
AT-8624T/2M (with AT-A45/SC-SM15 module )
–
AT-8724 ( with AT-A41/SC module )
•
SMF cable lengths can be zero to 15 km in length
•
SMF cables MUST be terminated and/or spliced by a certified fiber-optic cable installer, not by installation engineers.
Example Topology The following figure shows a typical SMF application. Each 8624 switch is connected to its local network by multi-mode fiber (could be copper 10/100BaseT/TX.) Each switch has a SMF interface that is used to connect to the single-mode fiber link. The distance between the two switches can then be up to 15 km. The topology would be identical if AT-8724 switches are used, except that ATA41/SC modules are used for the SMF interfaces. Local PDH/UDH Network
Single-mode Fiber
Each switch consists of one : AT-8624 T-M AT-A45/SC AT -A/SC-SM15
Remote Location PDH/UDH Network
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Component Sources The following are typical sources for fiber-optic cable, single mode fiber-optic, connectors, converters, and switches. Fiber-optic Cable: Optical Cable Corporation 5290 Concourse Drive Roanoke, VA 24019 Phone: (540)265-0690 Part Numbers (from OCC) Each of these cables are SMF 8.3/125um Core/Cladding diameter with a numeric aperture of 0.13. OC041214-01 4 Fiber Zero Halogen Riser Rated Cable. OC041214-02 4 Fiber Zero Halogen with CST Armor. OC041214-03 4 Fiber with Flame Retardant Polyurethane. OC041214-04 4 Fiber with Flame Retardant Polyurethane with CST Armor Siecor Corporation PO Box 489 Hickory, NC 28603-0489 Phone: (800)743-2673 Fiber-optic Connectors: ®
3M - Connectors and Installation kit Thomas & Betts - Connectors and Assembly polishing kit Amphenol – Connectors and Termination kit
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Chapter 3 Networks • 3-21
Notes
3-22 • Chapter 3 Networks
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CHAPTER 4
Chapter 4 Codes, Standards, and Environment Introduction This chapter describes the codes, standards, and environmental guidelines used for the design of all printed circuit boards, modules, core components, panels, and cabinet line-ups in the control system. Requirements for harsh environments, such as marine applications, are not covered here.
Safety Standards EN 61010-1
Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use, Part 1: General Requirements
CAN/CSA 22.2 No. 1010.1-92
Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use, Part 1: General Requirements
ANSI/ISA 82.02.01 1999
Safety Standard for Electrical and Electronic Test, Measuring, Controlling, and Related Equipment – General Requirements
IEC 60529
Intrusion Protection Codes/NEMA 1/IP 20
Electrical Printed Circuit Board Assemblies ANSI IPC guidelines IPC-SM-840C Class 3
Solder Mask Performance Standard (Military/High Rel)
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) EN 50081-2
General Emission Industrial Environment
EN 61000-6-2
Generic Immunity Industrial Environment
EN 61000-4-2
Electrostatic Discharge Susceptibility
EN 61000-4-3
Radiated RF Immunity
EN 61000-4-4
Electrical Fast Transient Susceptibility
EN 61000-4-5
Surge Immunity
EN 61000-4-6
Conducted RF immunity
EN 61000-4-11
Voltage variation, dips, and interruptions
ANS/IEEE C37.90.1
Surge
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Chapter 4 Codes, Standards, and Environment • 4-1
Low Voltage Directive EN 61010-1 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use, Part 1: General Requirements
ATEX Directive 94/9/EC EN 50021 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmospheres
Supply Voltage Line Variations Ac Supplies – Operating line variations of ±10 % IEEE STD 141-1993 defines the Equipment Terminal Voltage – Utilization voltage. The above meets IEC 60204-1 1999, and exceeds IEEE STD 141-1993, and ANSI C84.1-1989. Dc Supplies – Operating line variations of -30 %, +20 % or 145 V dc. This meets IEC 60204-1 1999.
Voltage Unbalance Less than 2% of positive sequence component for negative sequence component Less than 2% of positive sequence component for zero sequence components This meets IEC 60204-1 1999 and IEEE STD 141-1993.
Harmonic Distortion Voltage: Less than 10% of total rms voltages between live conductors for 2nd through 5th harmonic Additional 2% of total rms voltages between live conductors for sum of 6th – 30th harmonic This meets IEC 60204-1 1999. Current: The system specification is not per individual equipment Less than 15% of maximum demand load current for harmonics less than 11 Less than 7% of maximum demand load current for harmonics between 11 and 17 Less than 6% of maximum demand load current for harmonics between 17 and 23 Less than 2.5% of maximum demand load current for harmonics between 23 and 35 The above meets IEEE STD 519 1992.
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Frequency Variations Frequency variation of ±5% when operating from ac supplies (20 Hz/sec slew rate) This exceeds IEC 60204-1 1999.
Surge Withstand 2 kV common mode, 1 kV differential mode This meets IEC 61000-4-5 (ENV50142), and ANSI C62.41 (combination wave).
Clearances NEMA Tables 7-1 and 7-2 from NEMA ICS1-2000 This meets IEC 61010-1:1993/A2: 1995, CSA C22.2 #14, and UL 508C.
Environment Temperature Mark VIe electronics are packaged in a variety of different configurations and are located in different environmental conditions. Active electronics with heat sensitive components need to be considered when packaging them in an enclosure. Active electronic assemblies include: Environment
Example Equipment
Temperature Range
Control Room
HMI
0 to 40°C (32 °F to 104°F)
Cabinets
CPCI Controllers, Power Supplies
0 to 60°C (32 °F to 140°F)
IONet Switches, I/O pack
-30 to 65°C (22 °F to 149°F)
This is the operating temperature range of the equipment at the electronics. The allowable temperature change without condensation is ± 15°C (27 °F) per hour. It is recommended that the environment be maintained at levels less than the maximum rating of the equipment to maximize life expectancy. Mean-time-betweenfailure (MTBF) varies inversely with temperature. Therefore, system reliability is lower at 60°C (140 °F) than at 35°C (95 °F). The following graph shows sample relationships between failure rates and temperature for several different types of common components. It is derived from the temperature factor in MIL-217.
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Chapter 4 Codes, Standards, and Environment • 4-3
Effects of Temp on Failure Rates
Normalized Failure Rates
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Temperature (deg C)
Effects of Temperature on Failure Rates
Packaging the equipment and selecting an appropriate enclosure to maintain the desired temperature is a function of the internal heat dissipation from the assemblies, the outside ambient temperature, and the cooling system, if any is used. It is recommended that enclosures not be placed in direct sunlight, and locations near heat generating equipment need to be evaluated. Since the internal temperature increases from the bottom to the top of the enclosure, limiting the temperature at the top is a key design objective. Enclosure 85C Components Temp. at Electronics
Temperature Rise
Electronics
Outside Ambient
Temperature Considerations in Packaging Electronics
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The equipment is normally applied as a distributed system, with multiple enclosures mounted in remote locations, so temperature sensors and diagnostics are built into the equipment for continuous monitoring. Each I/O pack’s local processor board contains a temperature sensor. Detection of an excessive temperature generates a diagnostic alarm and the logic is available in the database (signal space) to facilitate additional control action or unique process alarm messages. In addition, the current temperature is continuously available in the database. Similarly, the power distribution system contains a PPDA power diagnostic pack. This has temperature diagnostics identical to the local processor board in the I/O packs. PPDA also has two axis acceleration sensors enabling detection of excessive equipment vibration The controller has a fan that is required to meet the 60°C (140 °F) max. rating, even though it is not required when operating at room temperature. Local temperature sensors and diagnostics monitor the temperature at the rack and determine whether the fan is running. Controller and Switch Heat Dissipation
Device
ID Number
Typical Watts
CompactPCI Rack
336A4940CT
35
Second CPU
IC215UCCA
23
8 port IONet Switch
323A4747SWP##
9
16 port IONet Switch
323A4747SWP##
14
Terminal boards and I/O packs should be arranged following normal wiring practices for separation of high and low levels, but in a few cases, heat should be considered. A few I/O packs and terminal boards dissipate more heat than others. If there is a significant temperature rise from the bottom of the enclosure to the top, then electronics with significant heat dissipation should be mounted lower in the enclosure. See GEH-6721 Volume II for board specific heat dissipation.
Shipping and Storage Temperature Temperature range during equipment shipping and storage is -40°C to + 85°C (-40 °F to 185 °F) for I/O and controllers, and 0 to + 30°C (32 °F to 86 °F) for control room equipment.
Humidity The ambient humidity range is 5% to 95% non-condensing. This exceeds EN50178.
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Chapter 4 Codes, Standards, and Environment • 4-5
Elevation Equipment elevation is related to the equivalent ambient air pressure. •
Normal Operation - 0 to1000 m (3286.8 ft) (101.3 kPa - 89.8 kPa)
•
Extended Operation - 1000 to 3050 m (3286.8 ft to 10,006.5 ft) (89.8 kPa - 69.7 kPa)
•
Shipping - 4600 m (15,091.8 ft) maximum (57.2 kPa)
Note A guideline for system behavior as a function of altitude is that for altitudes above 1000 m (3286.8 ft), the maximum ambient rating of the equipment decreases linearly to a rating of 5°C (41°F) at 3050 m (10,006.5 ft). The extended operation and shipping specifications exceed EN50178.
Contaminants Gas The control equipment withstands the following concentrations of corrosive gases at 50% relative humidity and 40°C (104 °F): Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
30 ppb
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
10 ppb
Nitrous fumes (NO)
30 ppb
Chlorine (Cl2)
10 ppb
Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
10 ppb
Ammonia (NH3)
500 ppb
Ozone (O3)
5 ppb
The above meets EN50178 Section A.6.1.4 Table A.2 (m).
Vibration Seismic Universal Building Code (UBC) - Seismic Code section 2312 Zone 4
Operating / Installed at Site Vibration of 1.0 G Horizontal, 0.5 G Vertical at 15 to 120 Hz See Seismic UBC for frequencies lower than 15 Hz.
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
CHAPTER 5
Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration Introduction This chapter defines installation requirements for the Mark VIe control system. Specific topics include GE installation support, wiring practices, grounding, typical equipment weights and dimensions, power dissipation and heat loss, and environmental requirements.
Installation Support GE’s system warranty provisions require both quality installation and that a qualified service engineer be present at the initial equipment startup. To assist the customer, GE offers both standard and optional installation support. Standard support consists of documents that define and detail installation requirements. Optional support is typically the advisory services that the customer may purchase.
Early Planning To help ensure a fast and accurate exchange of data, a planning meeting with the customer is recommended early in the project. This meeting should include the customer’s project management and construction engineering representatives. It should accomplish the following: •
Familiarize the customer and construction engineers with the equipment
•
Set up a direct communication path between GE and the party making the customer’s installation drawings
•
Determine a drawing distribution schedule that meets construction and installation needs
•
Establish working procedures and lines of communication for drawing distribution
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-1
GE Installation Documents Installation documents consist of both general and requisition-specific information. The cycle time and the project size determine the quantity and level of documentation provided to the customer. General information, such as this document, provides product-specific guidelines for the equipment. They are intended as supplements to the requisition-specific information. Requisition documents, such as outline drawings and elementary diagrams provide data specific to a custom application. Therefore, they reflect the customer’s specific installation needs and should be used as the primary data source. As-Shipped drawings consist primarily of elementary diagrams revised to incorporate any revisions or changes made during manufacture and test. These are issued when the equipment is ready to ship. Revisions made after the equipment ships, but before start of installation, are sent as Field Changes, with the changes circled and dated.
Technical Advisory Options To assist the customer, GE Energy offers the optional technical advisory services of field engineers for: •
Review of customer’s installation plan
•
Installation support
These services are not normally included as installation support or in basic startup and commissioning services shown below. GE presents installation support options to the customer during the contract negotiation phase. Installation Support
Begin Installation
Startup
Complete Installation
Commissioning
Begin Formal Testing
Product Support - On going
System Acceptance Startup and Commissioning Services Cycle
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Installation Plan and Support It is recommended that a GE field representative review all installation/construction drawings and the cable and conduit schedule when completed. This optional review service ensures that the drawings meet installation requirements and are complete. Optional installation support is offered: planning, practices, equipment placement, and onsite interpretation of construction and equipment drawings. Engineering services are also offered to develop transition and implementation plans to install and commission new equipment in both new and existing (revamp) facilities.
Customer’s Conduit and Cable Schedule The customer’s finished conduit and cable schedule should include: •
Interconnection wire list (optional)
•
Level definitions
•
Shield terminations
The cable and conduit schedule should define signal levels and classes of wiring (refer to the section, Cable Separation and Routing). This information should be listed in a separate column to help prevent installation errors. The cable and conduit schedule should include the signal level definitions in the instructions. This provides all level restriction and practice information needed before installing cables. The conduit and cable schedule should indicate shield terminal practice for each shielded cable (refer to the section, Connecting the System).
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-3
Equipment Receiving and Handling Note For information on storing equipment, refer to Chapter 4. GE inspects and packs all equipment before shipping it from the factory. A packing list, itemizing the contents of each package, is attached to the side of each case. Upon receipt, carefully examine the contents of each shipment and check them with the packing list. Immediately report any shortage, damage, or visual indication of rough handling to the carrier. Then notify both the transportation company and GE Energy. Be sure to include the serial number, part (model) number, GE requisition number, and case number when identifying the missing or damaged part. Immediately upon receiving the system, place it under adequate cover to protect it from adverse conditions. Packing cases are not suitable for outdoor or unprotected storage. Shock caused by rough handling can damage electrical equipment. To prevent such damage when moving the equipment, observe normal precautions along with all handling instructions printed on the case. If technical assistance is required beyond the instructions provided in the documentation, contact the nearest GE Sales or Service Office or an authorized GE Sales Representative.
Storage If the system is not installed immediately upon receipt, it must be stored properly to prevent corrosion and deterioration. Since packing cases do not protect the equipment for outdoor storage, the customer must provide a clean, dry place, free of temperature variations, high humidity, and dust. Use the following guidelines when storing the equipment: •
Place the equipment under adequate cover with the following requirements: –
Keep the equipment clean and dry, protected from precipitation and flooding.
–
Use only breathable (canvas type) covering material – do not use plastic.
•
Unpack the equipment as described, and label it.
•
Maintain the following environment in the storage enclosure: –
Recommended ambient storage temperature limits from -40 to 85°C (40 °F to 185 °F).
–
Surrounding air free of dust and corrosive elements, such as salt spray or chemical and electrically conductive contaminants
–
Ambient relative humidity from 5 to 95% with provisions to prevent condensation
–
No rodents, snakes, birds or insects
–
No temperature variations that cause moisture condensation
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Moisture on certain internal parts can cause electrical failure.
Condensation occurs with temperature drops of 15°C (59 °F) at 50% humidity over a four-hour period, and with smaller temperature variations at higher humidity. If the storage room temperature varies in such a way, install a reliable heating system that keeps the equipment temperature slightly above that of the ambient air. This can include space heaters or cabinet space heaters (when supplied) inside each enclosure. A 100 W lamp can sometimes serve as a substitute source of heat.
To prevent fire hazard, remove all cartons and other such flammable materials packed inside units before energizing any heaters.
Operating Environment The Mark VIe control cabinet is suited to most industrial environments. To ensure proper performance and normal operational life, the environment should be maintained as follows: Ambient temperature (acceptable): Control Module 0°C to 60°C (32 °F to 140 °F) I/O Module -30°C to 65°C (-22 °F to 149 °F) Ambient temperature (preferred): 20°C to 30°C (68 °F to 86 °F) Relative humidity: 5 to 95%, non-condensing. Note Higher ambient temperature decreases the life expectancy of any electronic component. Keeping ambient air in the preferred (cooler) range should extend component life. Environments that include excessive amounts of any of the following elements reduce cabinet performance and life: •
Dust, dirt, or foreign matter
•
Vibration or shock
•
Moisture or vapors
•
Rapid temperature changes
•
Caustic fumes
•
Power line fluctuations
•
Electromagnetic interference or noise introduced by: –
Radio frequency signals, typically from nearby portable transmitters
–
Stray high voltage or high frequency signals, typically produced by arc welders, unsuppressed relays, contactors, or brake coils operating near control circuits
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-5
The preferred location for the Mark VIe control system cabinet would be in an environmentally controlled room or in the control room itself. The cabinet should be mounted where the floor surface allows for attachment in one plane (a flat, level, and continuous surface). The customer provides the mounting hardware. Lifting lugs are provided and if used, the lifting cables must not exceed 45° from the vertical plane. Finally, the cabinet is equipped with a door handle, which can be locked for security. Interconnecting cables can be brought into the cabinet from the top or the bottom through removable access plates. Convection cooling of the cabinet requires that conduits be sealed to the access plates. In addition, air passing through the conduit must be within the acceptable temperature range as listed previously. This applies to both top and bottom access plates.
Power Requirements The Mark VIe control cabinet can accept power from multiple power sources. Each power input source (such as the dc and two ac sources) should feed through its own external 30 A two-pole thermal magnetic circuit breaker before entering the Mark VIe enclosure. The breaker should be supplied in accordance with required site codes. Power sources can be any combination of 24 V dc, 125 V dc, and 120/240 V ac sources. The Mark VIe power distribution hardware is configured for the required sources, and not all inputs may be available in a configuration. Input power is converted to 28 V dc for operation of the control electronics. Other power is distributed as needed for use with I/O signals. Power requirements for a typical three-bay (five-door) 4200 mm cabinet containing controllers, I/O, and terminal boards are shown in the following table. The power shown is the heat generated in the cabinet, which must be dissipated. For the total current draw, add the current supplied to external solenoids as shown in the notes below the table. These external solenoids generate heat inside the cabinet. Heat Loss in a typical 4200 mm (165 in) TMR cabinet is 1500 W fully loaded. For a single control cabinet containing three controllers only (no I/O), the following table shows the nominal power requirements. This power generates heat inside the control cabinet. Heat Loss in a typical TMR controller cabinet is 300 W. The current draw number in the following table assumes a single voltage source, if two or three sources are used, they share the load. The actual current draw from each source cannot be predicted because of differences in the ac/dc converters. For further details on the cabinet power distribution system, refer to Volume II of this System Guide.
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Power Requirements for Cabinets
Cabinet
Voltage
Frequency
Current Draw
4200 mm Cabinet
125 V dc
100 to 144 V dc (see Note 5)
N/A
N/A
10.0 A dc (see Note 1)
120 V ac
108 to 132 V ac (see Note 6)
50/60 Hz
± 3 Hz
17.3 A rms (see Notes 2 and 4)
240 V ac
200 to 264 V ac
50/60 Hz
± 3 Hz
8.8 A rms (see Notes 3 and 4)
Controller Cabinet 125 V dc
100 to 144 V dc (see Note 5)
N/A
N/A
1.7 A dc
120 V ac
108 to 132 V ac (see Note 6)
50/60 Hz
± 3 Hz
3.8 A rms
240 V ac
200 to 264 V ac
50/60 Hz
± 3 Hz
1.9 A rms
* These are external and do not create cabinet heat load. 1
Add 0.5 A dc continuous for each 125 V dc external solenoid powered.
2
Add 6.0 A rms for a continuously powered ignition transformer (2 maximum).
3
Add 3.5 A rms for a continuously powered ignition transformer (2 maximum).
4
Add 2.0 A rms continuous for each 120 V ac external solenoid powered (inrush 10 A).
5
Supply voltage ripple is not to exceed 10 V peak-to-peak.
6
Supply voltage total harmonic distortion is not to exceed 5.0%.
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-7
Installation Support Drawings This section describes GE installation support drawings. These drawings are usually ® B-size AutoCAD drawings covering all hardware aspects of the system. A few sample drawings include: •
System Topology
•
Cabinet Layout
•
Cabinet Layout
•
Circuit Diagram
In addition to the installation drawings, site personnel will need the I/O Assignments (IO Report).
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Typical System Topology Showing Interfaces
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-9
21''
21 ''
21''
21 ''
Printer
Centralog Centralog CVS CVS (ALSTOM) (ALSTOM) Printer
g
21 ''
21''
21 ''
21''
g BOP 1 MarkVI (ICS)
g
Modbus
21''
GEC
X1 EX2100 by GE PS
g
Gas Chromatograph #2
CEMS
Water Treatment (400 PTS) Serial
Modbus
Air Cooled Cond.
C1 MarkVI (ICS)
g
Engineering Office
Historian Unit 1 (ICS) OSM
Plant Data Highway (GE PS)
Unit DataHighway
EWS (ICS)
Laser Printer (ICS)
Aux Boiler Gas Chromatograph #1 Data via Gas Reduction Sta PLC (ERM)
Electrical Room
HRSG1 HRSG2 MarkVI (ICS) MarkVI (ICS) H1 H2
g
21 ''
Laser Printer (ICS)
Supervisor Work Sta (ICS)
Color inkjet (ICS)
Alarm printer
HMI Server 2(GEPS )
S1 MarkVI (ICS) ST/BOP
Alarm printer
Operator Console
HMI Server 1(GEPS)
* 350 logic and 150 analog points.
ST OP St a (ALSTOM)
Alstom P320 Steam Turbine Control Unit #3
IEC608 70 -5-104
(ICS)
21 ''
ST Interface (ICS)
Plant SCADA
GPS (ICS)
GT #2 LEC
g
GT #1 LEC
g
EX2100 LS2100
g
PEECC #2
Gas Turbine Mark VI TMR Unit #2
g
Alarm Printer
17 "
Local GT Server
EX2100 LS2100
g
PEECC #1
Gas Turbine Mark VI TMR Unit #1
g
Alarm Printer
17 "
Local GT Server
Typical Cabinet Layout with Dimensions
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
LEFT SIDE
RIGHT SIDE
1E1A
1E2A
JPDD1 1E3A
JPDD2
1E4A LLCTB1
1E5A LLCTB2
HLCTB1 HLCTB2
Lower Level
Cabinet Layout
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-11
JAF1
JAF1
JZ2
JZ3
Typical Circuit Diagram
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GEH-6721D Mark VIe Control System Guide Volume I
Grounding This section defines grounding and signal-referencing practices for the Mark VIe control system. This can be used to check for proper grounding and signal reference structure (SRS) after the equipment is installed. If checking the equipment after the power cable has been connected or after power has been applied to the cabling, be sure to follow all safety precautions for working around high voltages. To prevent electric shock, make sure that all power supplies to the equipment are turned off. Then discharge and ground the equipment before performing any act requiring physical contact with the electrical components or wiring. If test equipment cannot be grounded to the equipment under test, the test equipment's case must be shielded to prevent contact by personnel.
Equipment Grounding Equipment grounding and signal referencing have two distinct purposes: •
Equipment grounding protects personnel from risk of serious or fatal electrical shock, burn, fire, and/or other damage to equipment caused by ground faults or lightning.
•
Signal referencing helps protect equipment from the effects of internal and external electrical noise, such as lightning or switching surges.
Installation practices must simultaneously comply with all codes in effect at the time and place of installation, and with all practices that improve the immunity of the installation. In addition to codes, guidance for IEEE Std 142-1991 IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems and IEEE Std 1100-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment are provided by the design and implementation of the system. Code requirements for safety of personnel and equipment must take precedence in the case of any conflict with noise control practices. The Mark VIe control system has no special or non-standard installation requirements, if installed in compliance with all of the following: ®
•
The NEC or local codes
•
With SRS designed to meet IEEE Std 1100
•
Interconnected with signal/power-level separation as defined later
This section provides equipment grounding and bonding guidelines for control and I/O cabinets. These guidelines also apply to motors, transformers, brakes, and reactors. Each of these devices should have its own grounding conductor going directly to the building ground grid. •
Ground each cabinet or cabinet lineup to the equipment ground at the source of power feeding it. –
See NEC Article 250 for sizing and other requirements for the equipment-grounding conductor.
–
For dc circuits only, the NEC allows the equipment-grounding conductor to be run separate from the circuit conductors.
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-13
•
With certain restrictions, the NEC allows the metallic raceways or cable trays containing the circuit conductors to serve as the equipment grounding conductor: –
This use requires that they form a continuous, low-impedance path capable of conducting anticipated fault current.
–
This use requires bonding across loose-fitting joints and discontinuities. See NEC Article 250 for specific bonding requirements. This chapter includes recommendations for high frequency bonding methods.
–
If metallic raceways or cable trays are not used as the primary equipment- grounding conductor, they should be used as a supplementary equipment grounding conductor. This enhances the safety of the installation and improves the performance of the SRS.
•
The equipment-grounding connection for the Mark VIe control cabinets is plated copper bus or stub bus. This connection is bonded to the cabinet enclosure using bolting that keeps the conducting path’s resistance at 1 ohm or less.
•
There should be a bonding jumper across the ground bus or floor sill between all shipping splits. The jumper may be a plated metal plate.
•
The non-current carrying metal parts of the equipment covered by this section should be bonded to the metallic support structure or building structure supporting this equipment. The equipment mounting method may satisfy this requirement. If supplementary bonding conductors are required, size them the same as equipment-grounding conductors.
Building Grounding System This section provides guidelines for the building grounding system requirements. For specific requirements, refer to NEC article 250 under the heading Grounding Electrode System. The guidelines below are for metal-framed buildings. For non-metal framed buildings, consult the GE factory. The ground electrode system should be composed of steel reinforcing bars in building column piers bonded to the major building columns. •
A buried ground ring should encircle the building. This ring should be interconnected with the bonding conductor running between the steel reinforcing bars and the building columns.
•
All underground, metal water piping should be bonded to the building system at the point where the piping crosses the ground ring.
•
NEC Article 250 requires that separately derived systems (transformers) be grounded to the nearest effectively grounded metal building structural member.
•
Braze or exothermically weld all electrical joints and connections to the building structure, where practical. This type of connection keeps the required good electrical and mechanical properties from deteriorating over time.
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Signal Reference Structure (SRS) On modern equipment communicating at high bandwidths, signals are typically differential and/or isolated electrically or optically. The modern SRS system replaces the older single-point grounding system with a much more robust system. The SRS system is also easier to install and maintain. The goal of the SRS is to hold the electronics at or near case potential to prevent unwanted signals from disturbing operation. The following conditions must all be met by an SRS: •
Bonding connections to the SRS must be less than 1/20 wavelength of the highest frequency to which the equipment is susceptible. This prevents standing waves. In modern equipment using high-frequency digital electronics, frequencies as high as 500 MHz should be considered. This translates to about 30 mm (1 in).
•
SRS must be a good high frequency conductor. (Impedance at high frequencies consists primarily of distributed inductance and capacitance.) Surface area is more important than cross-sectional area because of skin effect. Conductivity is less important (steel with large surface area is better than copper with less surface area).
•
SRS must consist of multiple paths. This lowers the impedance and the probability of wave reflections and resonance
In general, a good signal referencing system can be obtained with readily available components in an industrial site. All of the items listed below can be included in an SRS: •
Metal building structural members
•
Galvanized steel floor decking under concrete floors
•
Woven wire steel reinforcing mesh in concrete floors
•
Steel floors in pulpits and power control rooms
•
Bolted grid stringers for cellular raised floors
•
Steel floor decking or grating on line-mounted equipment
•
Galvanized steel culvert stock
•
Ferrous metallic cable tray systems
•
Raceway (cableway) and raceway support systems
•
Embedded steel floor channels
Note The provisions covered in this document may not apply to all installations.
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-15
Connection of the protective earth terminal to the installation ground system must first comply with code requirements and second provide a low-impedance path for high-frequency currents, including lightning surge currents. This grounding conductor must not provide, either intentionally or inadvertently, a path for load current. The system should be designed so that there is no way possible for the control system to be an attractive path for induced currents from any source. This is best accomplished by providing a ground plane that is large and low impedance, so that the entire system remains at the same potential. A metallic system (grid) will accomplish this much better than a system that relies upon earth for connection. At the same time all metallic structures in the system should be effectively bonded both to the grid and to each other, so that bonding conductors rather than control equipment become the path of choice for noise currents of all types. In the Mark VIe control cabinet, the base is insulated from the chassis and bonded at one point. The grounding recommendations, shown in the following figure, call for 2 the equipment grounding conductor to be 120 mm (4 AWG) gauge wire, connected to the building ground system. The Functional Earth (FE) is bonded at one point to 2 the Protective Earth (PE) ground using two 25 mm (4 AWG) green/yellow bonding jumpers.
Control & I/O Electronics Base Mark VIe Cabinet
Functional Earth (FE)
Equipment grounding conductor, Identified 120 mm sq. (4/0 AWG), insulated wire, short a distance as possible
Two 25 mm sq. (4 AWG) Green/Yellow insulated bonding jumpers
Protective Conductor Terminal Protective Earth (PE) PE
Building Ground System Grounding Recommendations for Single Mark VIe Control Cabinet
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If acceptable by local codes, the bonding jumpers may be removed and a 4/0 AWG identified insulated wire run from FE to the nearest accessible point on the building ground system, or to another ground point as required by the local code. The distance between the two connections to building ground should be approximately 4.5 m (15 ft), but not less than 3.05 m (10 ft). The grounding method for a larger system is shown in next figure. Here the FE is still connected to the control electronics section, but the equipment-grounding conductor is connected to the center cabinet chassis. Individual control and I/O bases are connected with bolted plates. For armored cables, the armor is an additional current carrying braid that surrounds the internal conductors. This type cable can be used to carry control signals between buildings. The armor carries secondary lightning-induced earth currents, bypassing the control wiring, thus avoiding damage or disturbance to the control system. At the cable ends and at any strategic places between, the armor is grounded to the building ground through the structure of the building with a 360° mechanical and electrical fitting. The armor is normally terminated at the entry point to a metal building or machine. Attention to detail in installing armored cables can significantly reduce induced lightning surges in control wiring.
I/O Base
Control Electronics Base
I/O Base
Base Grounding Connection Plates
Functional Earth (FE)
Equipment grounding conductor, Identified 120 mm sq. (4/0 AWG), insulated wire, short a distance as possible
Two 25 mm sq. 4AWG Green/Yellow Bonding Jumper wires
Protective Conductor Terminal (Chassis Safety Ground plate)
PE
Building Ground System Grounding Recommendations for Mark VIe Control Cabinet Lineup
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-17
Notes on Grounding Bonding to building structure - The cable tray support system typically provides many bonding connections to building structural steel. If this is not the case, supplemental bonding connections must be made at frequent intervals from the cable tray system to building steel. Bottom connected equipment - Cable tray installations for bottom connected equipment should follow the same basic principles as those illustrated for top connected equipment, paying special attention to good high frequency bonding between the cable tray and the equipment. Cable spacing - Maintain cable spacing between signal levels in cable drops, as recommended in the section, Cable Separation and Routing. Conduit sleeves - Where conduit sleeves are used for bottom-entry cables, the sleeves should be bonded to the floor decking and equipment enclosure with short bonding jumpers. Embedded conduits - Bond all embedded conduits to the enclosure with multiple bonding jumper connections following the shortest possible path. Galvanized steel sheet floor decking - Floor decking can serve as a high frequency signal reference plane for equipment located on upper floors. With typical building construction, there will be a large number of structural connections between the floor decking and building steel. If this is not the case, then an electrical bonding connection must be added between the floor decking and building steel. The added connections need to be as short as possible and of sufficient surface area to be low impedance at high frequencies. High frequency bonding jumpers - Jumpers must be short, less than 500 mm (20 in) and good high frequency conductors. Thin, wide metal strips are best with length not more than three times width for best performance. Jumpers can be copper, aluminum, or steel. Steel has the advantage of not creating galvanic halfcells when bonded to other steel parts. Jumpers must make good electrical contact with both the enclosure and the signal reference structure. Welding is best. If a mechanical connection is used, each end should be fastened with two bolts or screws with star washers backed up by large diameter flat washers. Each enclosure must have two bonding jumpers of short, random lengths. Random lengths are used so that parallel bonding paths are of different quarter wavelength multiples. Do not fold bonding jumpers or make sharp bends. Metallic cable tray - System must be installed per NEC Article 318 with signal level spacing per the section, Cable Separation and Routing. This serves as a signal reference structure between remotely connected pieces of equipment. The large surface area of cable trays provides a low impedance path at high frequencies. Metal framing channel - Metal framing channel cable support systems also serve as parts of the SRS. Make certain that channels are well bonded to the equipment enclosure, cable tray, and each other, with large surface area connections to provide low impedance at high frequencies.
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Noise-sensitive cables - Try to run noise-sensitive cables tight against a vertical support to allow this support to serve as a reference plane. Cables that are extremely susceptible to noise should be run in a metallic conduit, preferably ferrous. Keep these cables tight against the inside walls of the metallic enclosure, and well away from higher-level cables. Power cables - Keep single-conductor power cables from the same circuit tightly bundled together to minimize interference with nearby signal cables. Keep 3-phase ac cables in a tight triangular configuration. Woven wire mesh - Woven wire mesh can serve as a high frequency signal reference grid for enclosures located on floors not accessible from below. Each adjoining section of mesh must be welded together at intervals not exceeding 500 mm (20 in) to create a continuous reference grid. The woven wire mesh must be bonded at frequent intervals to building structural members along the floor perimeter. Conduit terminal at cable trays - To provide the best shielding, conduits containing level L cables (see Leveling channels) should be terminated to the tray's side rails (steel solid bottom) with two locknuts and a bushing. Conduit should be terminated to ladder tray side rails with approved clamps. Where it is not possible to connect conduit directly to tray (such as with large conduit banks), conduit must be terminated with bonding bushings and bonded to tray with short bonding jumpers. Leveling channels - If the enclosure is mounted on leveling channels, bond the channels to the woven wire mesh with solid-steel wire jumpers of approximately the same gauge as the woven wire mesh. Bolt the enclosure to leveling channel, front and rear. Signal and power levels - See section, Cable Separation and Routing, for guidelines. Solid-bottom tray - Use steel solid bottom cable trays with steel covers for lowlevel signals most susceptible to noise.
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Chapter 5 Installation and Configuration • 5-19
Level P
Level L Solid Bottom Tray
Enclosure
Bolt Leveling Channels Wire Mesh
Bond leveling channels to the woven wire mesh with solid steel wire jumpers of approximately the same gage as the wire mesh. Jumpers must be short, less than 200 mm (8 in). Weld to mesh and leveling steel at random intervals of 300 - 500 mm (12-20 in). Bolt the enclosure to the leveling steel, front and rear. See site specific GE Equipment Outline dwgs. Refer to Section 6 for examples.
Enclosure and Cable Tray Installation Guidelines
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Cable Separation and Routing This section provides recommended cabling practices to reduce electrical noise. These practices include signal/power level separation and cable routing guidelines. Note Electrical noise from cabling of various voltage levels can interfere with microprocessor-based control systems, causing a malfunction. If a situation at the installation site is not covered in this document, or if these guidelines cannot be met, please contact GE before installing the cable. Early planning enables the customer’s representatives to design adequate separation of embedded conduit. On new installations, sufficient space should be allowed to efficiently arrange mechanical and electrical equipment. On revamps, level rules should be considered during the planning stages to help ensure correct application and a more trouble-free installation.
Signal and Power Level Definitions Signal and power carrying cables are categorized into four defining levels; low, medium, high, and power. Each level can include classes.
Low-Level Signals (Level L) Low-level signals are designated as level L. In general these consist of: •
Analog signals 0 through ±50 V dc,
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