Ge 3

October 7, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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2.>. 2.>.

cks nuc nuccs cs 8

Jkt áquapk`kft kst ksskftakcck`kft jlféu plur trbfs`kttrk ufk plussák lntkfuk bu favkbu dk > trbafs dk jmbæfks, å uf tbncakr plusskur. Ac kst utacasá 8 plur ráickr (`bjmafk dk pktatks tbaccks) plur dápcbjkr dks vlcu`ks vlcu`ks plur kxjbvkr   plur rappkr, kt prápbrkr dks slcs slcs plur plusskr d‑butrks `btárakcs (sjrbpkur)

2. 2.>. >.2. 2. stru jtur ks cb strujturk sk rásu`k å uf jmîssas kxtrè`k`kft rlnustk qua rkprkfd cks koolrts dks trbx, du nlujcakr, kt dks ávkftukcs lutacs brraírk.

2. 2.>. >.>. >. cb jm jmbafk bafk jafá`btaquks 8 Nakf qu‑ac s‑biassk d‑uf kfiaf sur jmkfacck, cb trís irlssk `bhlratá dks nuccs lft dks jafá`btaquks trbdatalffkccks, typk jmbrikusk, @ltkur, nlatk plwkr smaot, jlfvkrtasskur, rádujtkur, daooárkftakc, rádujtalf oafbck. Jkttk vlak rkpráskftk cb `kacckurk obélf dk trbfs`kttrk uf koolrt dk trbjtalf bcábtlark, dk vbckur a`plrtbftk. Jkrtbafs jlfstrujtkurs, (CAKNMK^^ kt HLMF DKK^), lft jkpkfdbft pras c‑lptalf dk cb trbfscbtalf mydrlstbtaquk, typk pkcck. C‑bvbftbik kst ufk trís nlffk `bfabnacatá, kt dks jluts d‑kftrktakf trís obancks, jl`pbrá bu systí`k å k`nrbybik. Jbtkrpaccbr b dávkclppá uf systí`k bppkcá darkjtalf daooárkftakcck, qua sk skrt dks bvbftbiks dk c‑uf kt dk c‑butrk systí`k.

:9 :9

Trbjtkurs å jmbæ j mbæfks fks

Oajmks tkjmfaquks

D?T

@lDÍCK Uuassbfjk bu vlcbft Ulads kf lrdrk dk `brjmk8* Ulwkrr Zmaot darkjtalf daooárkftakcck Ulwk Cb`k Z[ @ldíck dk `ltkur ^áia`k Ulwkr flàfbc Zmaot du `ltkur (tr/àf) Fl`nrk dk jycafdrks Bcásbik Jlursk Jycafdrák Ibckts (jmbquk jôtá) Cbrikur du pbtaf stbfdbrd _UBT Clfiukur dk jmbæfk bu slc Zurobjk dk jlftbjt bvkj ck slc (bvkj pbtafs std) _UBT _lak _UBT KFJL@N^K@KFT8 Mbutkur** (sbfs supkrstrujturk)*** Mbutkur** ^LUZ) (bu sl``kt du tlat Mbutkur** (bu sl``kt dk cb jbnafk ^LUZ) Clfiukur mlrs tlut (sbfs cb`k) Bvkj cb`k Z Bvkj cb`k Z[ Bvkj cb`k cb `k _UBT _UBT Bvkj cb`k lrakftbnck Cbrikur (bux tluracclfs) Cbrikur (sbfs tluracclfs, pbtafs std) Ibrdk bu slc** Typks kt cbrikurs dk cb`k8 "Z" (drlatk) Lrakftbnck drlatk Jl`pcítk`kft lrakftbnck sur >;µ "Z[" (Zkà-ufavkrskcck) _UBT "Z" (drlatk) Jl`pcítk`kft lrakftbnck sur >4µ Jlftkfbfjk Jlftkfb fjk du ráskrvlar dk jbrnurbft jbrnurbft

D?T ]C 2=; jm

2:= gY

>55 jm

241 gY

D?T ]Y >55 jm

241 gY

D?T CI p >55 jm

241 gY

2= :1: gi 45 ;;5 cn j 1 B j K^T K^T

>5 24= gi 44 4>5 cn j 1 B j K^T K^T

>5 945 gi 4; 9>: cn j 1 B j K^T K^T

>2 9=: gi 4= 5>4 cn j 1 B j K^T K^T

2=;5 2=;5 ? 22> `` 4,4" 241 `` ;,1" =,= c ;:9 af : ? ;?5 `` >>" >>"   — >,?: ` ='="

2=;5 2=;5 ? 22> `` 4,4" 241 `` ;,1" =,= c ;:9 af : 9 ;?5 `` >>" ;?5 `` >>" >,=4 ` 1'4"

2=;5 2=;5 ? 22> `` 4,4" 241 `` ;,1" =,= c ;:9 af : 9 9?5 `` :5" :5" 925 `` >=" >=" >,=4 ` 1'4"

2=;5 2=;5 ? 22> `` 4,4" 241 `` ;,1" =,= c ;:9 af : = 12; `` :?" 9=; `` :2" :,>; ` 25'="

>,14 `>

:,2= `> :,2= `> 2,== ` >,2: `

41>1 af > 41>1 af > 94" =4"

4,:2 `> 4,5: `> >,5: ` >,>1 `

??=2 af > ?>49 af > =5" =5" 15" 15"

;,1; `> ;,25 `> >,>1 ` >,>1 `

1>>: af > 915; af > 15" 15" 15" 15"

4;;9 af > — 94" 94"

2,== ` — >,45 `

9'25"

>,44 `

='5"

>,44 `

='5"

>,4; `

='5"

:,>5 `

25'?"

:,>5 `

25'?"

:,>5 `

25'?"

:,>; `

25'="

:,22 ` :,=? ` 4,15 ` ;,25 `

25'>" 2>'=" 2?'2" 2?'1"

:,2; ` :,=? `

25'4" 2>'="

:,2; ` :,=? `

25'4" 2>'="

:,2; ` 4,>; ` ;,49 `

25'4" 2:'22" 29'22"

—

—

;,52 ` >,?4 ` >,44 ` :=4 ``

2?';" ='=" ='5" 2':"

;,:: ` ;,>9 ` ;,>2 ` >,?4 ` >,44 ` :=4 ``

:,:? ` 4,29 ` :,9= ` :,>? `

22'5" 2:'=" 2>';" 25'="

4,29 ` :,9= ` :,>? `

2:'=" 2>';" 25'="

4,;5 ` :,=2 ` :,;? `

24'1" 2>'?" 22'="

:,== ` :,;; ` 4>; c

2>'1" 22'=" 22> uZ ibc

4,2? ` :,=2 ` 4>; c

2:'=" 2>'?" 22> uZ ibc

—

— — 4>; c 22> uZ ibc

29'?" 29'4" 29'2" ='=" ='5" 2':"

;,:: ` ;,>9 ` ;,>2 ` >,1; ` >,91 ` :=4 ``

—

29'?" 29'4" 29'2" 1'=" 1'>" 2':" —

— ;,19 ` ;,=> ` :,4: ` :,>5 ` 4:4 ``

21'9" 21'2" ='=" 25'?" 2';"

4,5? ` ;,59 ` 4,?: `

2:'4" 2?'=" 2;'>" —

4,2? ` :,=2 ` 4>; c

2:'=" 2>'?" 22> uZ ibc

*Ulads kf lrdrk dk `brjmk bvkj jbnafk, jlfdujtkur, cunraoabfts, caqua caquadk dk dk rkorladassk`kft, pckaf dk jbrnurbft, jmbæfk stbfdbrd, jl``bfdks kt caquadks mydrbucaquks, cb`k Z[, nbrrk d'bttkcbik kt jlftrkplads. **Da`kfsalfs `ksuráks dkpuas ck slc. Bhlutkr cb mbutkur d'brètk plur cks da`kfsalfs tltbcks sur surobjks durks. ***Mbutkur (sbfs supkrstrujturk) — sbfs tlat ^LUZ, fa tuybu d'ájmbppk`kft, dlssakr dk saíik lu butrks bjjksslarks objack`kft dá`lftbncks.

2-= Ádatalf 45

2.>. 2.>.:. :. ccb b darkjt darkjtalf alf dks `bjmaf ks å jmbafks 8

Cks `bjmafks sur jmbæfks olft bppkc å trlas systí`ks dk darkjtalf 8 ck jcbssaquk systí`k d‑k`nrbybik/orkafs, ck systí`k daooárkftakc å trbaf pcbfátbark, kt kfoaf ck systí`k mydrlstbtaquk. Dbfs ck prkàkr jbs, cks k`nrbybiks dk darkjtalf slft pcbjás kftrk ck jlupck jlfaquk kt ck rádujtkur cbtárbc kt slft flr`bck`kft kf plsatalf kfibiák 7 Ck obat d‑bjtalffkr ck dánrbybik aftkrrl`pt cb trbfsàssalf dk cb puassbfjk å cb jmbæfk. Cks dkà-tlurs s‑lntakffkft kf skrrbft ck orkaf dk cb jmbæfk dánrbyák. Cb darkjtalf daooárkftakcck utacask dks trbafs pcbfátbarks, uf dastranutkur, ufk pl`pk kt uf `ltkur mydrbucaquk. Cks varbiks s'lntakffkft kf bjjácárbft ufk jmbæfk tlut kf rbckftassbft c'butrk 7 j'kst cb vatkssk daooárkftakcck dks jmbæfks qua obat tlurfkr ck trbjtkur. Kfoaf, dbfs ck systí`k mydrlstbtaquk lñ cks jmbæfks slft kftrbæfáks pbr `ltkurs mydrbucaquks afdápkfdbfts, cks varbiks s‑kookjtukft kf olrjk pbr rádujtalf dk cb vatkssk dk c‑ufk dks jmbæfks. Jk systí`k pkr`kt áibck`kft cks dkà-tlurs sur pcbjk pbr jlftrk rltbtalf dk jmbæfks. Cb darkjtalf da ooárkftakcck 8

:=

Urafjapk du nrbqubik

Ck jlfdujtkur jmlasat cb vatkssk kt ck skfs dk nrbqubik bu `lykf d‑ufk plaifák `ltl. Kf `brjmk B_ ac suooat dk plusskr cb plaifák plur tlurfkr å ibujmk kt dk cb tarkr plur tlurfkr å drlatk. Ck rbylf dk nrbqubik kst prlplrtalffkc bu dápcbjk`kft dk cb plaifák. Cb plaifák rkirlupk bussa cks

jl``bfdks dk skfs dk `brjmk kt dk vatkssks. Clrsquk ck jlfdujtkur sáckjtalffk uf skfs dk `brjmk, cb puassbfjk kst trbfsàsk, pbr c‑aftkr`ádabark dk cb nlætk plwkr smaot, bu daooárkftakc dk darkjtalf . Dk cå, kcck pbrvakft pbr c‑aftkr`ádabark dk trlas trbafs pcbfátbarks, bux rádujtkurs cbtárbux. Clrsquk cb jl``bfdk dk darkjtalf f‑kst pbs slccajaták, cks dkux jmbæfks slft kftrbæfáks å cb `è`k vatkssk 8 ck trbjtkur sk dápcbjk kf caifk drlatk ‚ kf `brjmk B_ lu kf `brjmk B^. Kf varbik 8 ck dastranutkur daraik ck dánat d‑muack vkrs ck `ltkur mydrbucaquk. Ck skfs du dánat skfspcbfátbarks dk rltbtalfqua kt trbfs`kttkft cb vatkssk du ck `ltkur. `ltkur mydrbucaquk ríickdáoafat c‑bjtalfckdks jlupckCkbux dkux jmbæfks, `bas å dks vatkssks daooárkftks. J‑kst bafsa, kf bjjácárbft ufk jmbæfk kt kf rbckftassbft saùctbfá`kft c‑butrk d‑butbft, quk c‑lf obat tlurfkr ck trbjtkur. Cb daooárkfjk `bxa dk vatkssk kftrk cks dkux jmbæfks kst dk :,> g`/m. Cb dlunck bjtalf daooárkftakcck dks pcbfátbarks biassbft kfsk`nck, ibrbftat cb rápbrtatalf vlucuk dk cb vatkssk kftrk cks dkux jmbæfks. ^ásuct ^á suctbt bt 8 trbfsàssalf afaftkrrl`puk dk cb puassbfjk bux dkux jmbæfks. Ubs d‑k`nrbybiks dk darkjtalf kt dk orkafs kxplsás å c‑usurk kt qua a`plskft dks jlftrbaftks å cb trbfsàssalf. Ck jlfdujtkur ibrdk ufk pbrobatk `bætrask dbfs cks varbiks kt dasplsk dk tlutk cb puassbfjk `ltrajk dks dkux jmbæfks. Kf caifk drlatk, ck `ltkur mydrbucaquk kst aflpárbft kt f‑kxkrjk dlfj bujufk plfjtalf dk puassbfjk sur ck `ltkur dakskc. Clrsquk cb nlætk kst bu plaft `lrt, kcck fk trbfs`kt bujufk puassbfjk bux pcbfátbarks, `bas acs pkuvkft kf rkjkvlar dk cb pl`pk kt du `ltkur dk darkjtalf. Za c‑lf biat bclrs sur cb plaifák, cb puassbfjk mydrbucaquk kftrbæfk, sur cks tkrrbafs qua s‑y prètkft, cb àsk kf jlftrk rltbtalf dks pcbfátbarks, `bfŚuvrk a`plssanck bvkj ufk darkjtalf jcbssaquk. Ikstalf Áckjtrlfaquk

Kftráks kt slrtaks du `lduck KJ@ dk trbfsàssalf. C'KJ@ rkélat dks saifbux dks jbptkurs kf olfjtalf dks dájasalfs du jlfdujtkur, du ráia`k `ltkur, ktj. B pbrtar dk jks saifbux, ac kookjtuk dks jbcjucs kt prkfd dks dájasalfs qu'ac kxájutk kf dlsbft ck jlurbft áckjtraquk bccbft bux dasplsataos bpprlpraás (áckjtrlvbcvks, rkcbas ktj.).

@ltkur mydrbucaquk

Nlætk Nlætk

:1

Trbjtkurs å jmbæ j mbæfks fks

Koolrt dk trbjtalf kf olfjtalf dk cb vatkssk Trbfsàssalf mydrlstbtaquk ◌

D:G ]C D:G CIp

D4G ]C D4G CIp

245

cn  F  2555 2555 2=5 :=.:

2>5

::.=

cn  F  2555 2555

>1.:

   K    ^>4.=    ^    B    N>5.:    B    C    å 2;.=

2?5 245    K    ^>1.: 2>5    ^    B>4.=    N 255    B    C >5.:    å =5    T 2;.=    ^

255 =5

   T    ^   l 22.:    O    O    K ?.=

?5 45

  l    O    O 22.:    K

>5 >.: 5

2 5

: 2.>

; >.;

9 :.9

1 ;.5

g`/m ?.> à/m

_atkssk   _atkssk

?5 45

?.= >5 >.: 5 5

2

: 2.>

; >.;

9 :.9

1 ;.5

g`/m ?.> à/m

_atkssk D;G ]C D;G CIp cn  F  2555 2555 2=5 :=.: 2?5 ::.=

flTB8

245

C'koolrt utacasbnck dápkfdrb du plads kt dk c'bdmárkfjk du trbjtkur áquapá.

   K>1.:    ^    ^    B>4.=    N

2>5

   å    T    ^2;.=

=5

Zupplsk quk cks pl`pks kt cks `ltkurs slft rldás.

?5

Zupplsk c'utacasbtalf dk cb puassbfjk flàfbck du `ltkur kt dks ráicbiks stbfdbrd dks dastranutkurs dastranutkurs..

   B    C >5.:

Zupplsk quk cb `bjmafk b uf plads suooasbft plur uf pbtafbik dks jmbæfks afoárakur dk ;% å cb prkssalf dk dájmbri dájmbrikk `bxa.

255

  l    O    O 22.:    K

45 ?.=

C'koolrt dk trbjtalf bu plaft dk jbcbik dks jmbæfks skrb afoárakur.

>5 >.: 5

2 5

: 2.>

; >.;

9 :.9

1 ;.5

g`/m ?.> à/m

_atkssk 2-24 Ádatalf 45

Koolrt dk trbjtalf kf olfjtalf dk cb vatkssk Ul Ulwkr wkr Zmaot Zmao t ◌

D?I/D?I D?I/ D?I sárak > ]C/D?I sár sárak ak > CI p gi  cn  2555 2555 >9 >4

   K >2    ^

?5 ;; ;5 4;

Trbjtkurs å jmbæ j mbæfks fks 2

   ^    B 2=    N    B 2;

45 :;

   C    å 2>

CÁIKFDK

2

2 — Urkàírk vatkssk > — Dkuxaí`k vatkssk : — Trlasaí`k vatkssk

:5 >;

   T    ^ 1   l    O    O ?    K

>5

>

2; 25

;

:

; 5 5

5

flTB8 C'koolrt utacasbnck dápkfdrb du plads kt dk c'bdmárkfjk du trbjtkur áquapá.

5

2

> >

:

4

4

?

;

?

=

9 25

= à/m 2>

g`/m

_atkssk

D?G vs. D;f gF >;5

   K    ^    ^>55    B    N    B2;5    C

   å 255    T    ^   l ;5    O    O    K 5

D?G D;F

5

>

4

?

=

25 g`/m

_atkssk

Ádatalf 45 2-2;

Dápcbjk`kft Dá pcbjk`kft 8 Kf caifk drlatk, ck jlupck jlfaquk trbfs`kt ck `luvk`kft du dlunck daooárkftakc qua ck rápbrta kftrk jl``bfdks oafbcks drlatk kt ibujmk å trbvkrs cks orkafs Ck `luvk`kft prlvkfbft dk cb nlætk brravk bu trbaf pcbfátbark `ltkur (>) pbr c‑aftkr`ádabark du jlupck jlfaquk (2). Cks sbtkccatks (:) du trbaf pcbfátbark `ltkur rápbrtasskft ck `luvk`kft kftrk cb jlurlffk (4) kt ck pcbfátbark (;). Cb jlurlffk (4) kst slcadbark pbr jbffkcurks du plrtk-sbtkccatks (=) du trbaf darkjtkur kt trbfs`kt ck `luvk`kft dk c‑brnrk dk slrtak (2=) qua `ífk cb jl``bfdk oafbck. Ck pcbfátbark (;) du trbaf `ltkur kst jbffkcá sur c‑brnrk jl`ùf qua kftrbæfk ck pcbfátbark (2:) du trbaf d‑áquacanrbik. Ck `luvk`kft kst trbfsàs dkpuas ck pcbfátbark (2:) du trbaf d‑áquacanrbik bu plrtk sbtkccatks (2;) pbr cks sbtkccatks. (24) Ck plrtk-sbtkccatks kftrbæfk c‑brnrk (29) qua vb å cb jl``bfdk oafbck drlatk. Kf caifk drlatk, ck `ltkur dk darkjtalf (22) f‑kst pbs bca`kftá kt `baftakft cb jlurlffk (1) du trbaf darkjtkur brrètá pbr ck paiflf jlfaquk (25).

_arbik å ibujmk 8 Ukfdbft ck varbik, ac y b jl`nafbaslf dks `luvk`kfts 8 kf biassbft sur cb jlurlffk (1)7 ck `ltkur dk darkjtalf rbckftat ck plrtk sbtkccatk (=) du trbaf darkjtkur, jk qua bui`kftk cb vatkssk dk rltbtalf du pcbfátbark. (?) Cb jlurlffk (1) kt ck jlupck jlfaquk tlurfkft kf skfs afvkrsk. Cb vatkssk dk cb jmbæfk drlatk bui`kftk d‑butbft quk jkcck dk cb ibujmk daàfuk. Ubr jlftrk, cb vatkssk `lykffk dk trbfscbtalf rkstk afjmbfiák. Kxk`pck 8 Kf varbik å ibujmk, cb vatkssk dk cb jmbæfk ibujmk vb daàfukr husqu‑å 2 g`/m pkfdbft quk cb vatkssk dk cb jmbæfk drlatk bui`kftk husqu‑å :g`/m 7 jk qua jlfskrvk bu trbjtkur sb vatkssk `lykffk dk >g`/m. _arbik å drlatk Ck `ltkur mydrbucaquk tlurfk kf skfs jlftrbark jk qua bjjácírk ck plrtk sbtkccatk (=) tlut kf rbckftassbft ck pcbfátbark (?) du trbaf darkjtkur. Dbfs jk jbs, jlurlffk kt jlupck jlfaquk tlurfkft dbfs ck `è`k skfs kt cb vatkssk dk cb jmbæfk ibujmk bui`kftk d‑butbft quk cb drlatk rbckftat. 2.>.4. 2.> .4. cks á áqua quapk`kfts pk`kfts kt kt cks lutacs lut acs 8 Cb`k skà-ufavkrskcck. skà-ufavkrskcck.   Jlfstruatk plur cks bppcajbtalfs daooajacks dbfs cksqukccks cb páfátrbtalf kst a`plrtbftk, cb cb`k Z[ loork nkbujlup nkbujlu p dk `lrdbft plur cb páfátrbtalf kt ck jmbrik`kft du `btárabu. Rubft bux backrlfs, acs b`ácalrkft cb rátkftalf du `btárabu. Áquapák d‑ufk pcbquk dk plussák, jkttk cb`k pkut ètrk utacasák plur   c‑bssastbfjk bu jmbrik`kft dk dájbpkusks . Cb`ks dk jlup k. Irîjk å c‑k`pcla d‑bjakr DM->, cks cb`ks dk jlupk rásastkft nakf bux olrjks dk tlrsalf kt bux dáolr`btalfs sur cks jmbftakrs daooajacks. K`nluts kf bjakr DM-: plur uf `bxaù` `bxaù` dk clfiávatá dbfs cks `btárabux durs. durs.

45 45

◌

Jmlax dk cb cb`k Cb`ks plur trbvbux dk prldujtalf

JMLA] DK CB C B@K Nakf sbvlar qukcck cb`k bdbptkr å tkc lu tkc typk dk trbjtkur kst ufk dks jlfdatalfs ksskftakccks plur bttkafdrk uf rkfdk`kft `bxaù` . Tlut d'bnlrd, ávbcukr ck ikfrk dks trbvbux plur cksqukcs vlus právlykz c'utacasbtalf du trbjtkur . Uuas dátkràfkr8 ck ikfrk dk `btárabu å dápcbjkr7 cks caàtbtalfs du trbjtkur . ◌

◌

@btárabu @btá rabu å dápcbjkr

Cb pcupbrt dks `btárabux slft dápcbébncks bu nuccdlzkr . Tlutkolas, ck rkfdk`kft dk cb cb`k vbrak skclf cks jbrbjtárastaquks du `btárabu tkccks quk8 Tbacck kt olr`k dks pbrtajucks — Ucus Uc us ccks ks ppbrta brtajuck juckss du slc slft irlssks, pcus cb cb`k dk jlupk jl upk pkafkrb å páfátrkr dbfs ck `btárabu . Za jks pbrtajucks lft dks brètks vavks, kccks rluckrlft `bc jlftrk cb cb`k7 ckur rkoluck`kft fájkssatkrb pbr jlfsáqukft ufk puassbfjk pcus irbfdk plur uf `è`k vlcu`k quk dbfs

Nuccdlzkrs

Caàt btalfs du trbjtkur trbjtkur

Cb jbpbjatá dk rkoluck`kft d'ufk `bjmafk kst olfjtalf dk slf plads kt dk sb puassbfjk . Bujuf kfiaf kfiaf f'kst jbpbnck dk dávkclppkr ufk olrjk qua kxjídk slf prlprk plads, lu cb puassbfjk dk slf irlupk `ltlprlpucs kur . Cks daooárkftks jlfdatalfs du tkrrbaf, cb stbnacatá du tkrrbaf ráduaskft cks dasplfanacatás kf puassbfjk du t rbjtk ur . Cb "Tbnck dks jlkooajakfts dk trbjtalf" dbfs cb skjtalf Tbncks dlffk cks jlkooajakfts dk trbjtalf dks `btárabux cks pcus jl`ùfs . Cb ríick d'utacasbtalf dk cb Tbnck kst sa`pck8 ùctapcakr ck plads du trbjtkur (bvkj bjjksslarks) pbr ck jlkooajakft plur lntkfar cb puassbfjk dávkclppák `bxaù` quk ck trbjtkur plurrb dápclykr . Cb`ks p lur tr bvbux Cb`ks bvbux dk prldujtalf   prldujtalf

Cb`k [ — lu cb`k ufavk rs kcc k . Zks cbriks back-

2

uf `btárabu dlft cks pbrtajucks slft brrlfdaks . Ml`liáfáatá — Ucus ck `btárabu kst ml`liífk, pcus cks pbrtajucks afdavadukccks slft kf jlftbjt cks ufks bvkj cks butrks . Ck `btárabu kst dlfj pcus daooajack å kftb`kr . Ucus ck `btárabu kst ml`liífk, pcus ac kst clurd å dápcbjkr . @laf afss ac y b d' d'mu muà àda datá tá dbfs db fs ck Tkfkur kf kbu — @l `btárabu å dápcbjkr, pcus ac skrb daooajack å nraskr, jbr cks pbrtajucks slft pcus slcadk`kft rkcaáks cks ufks bux butrks . Rubfd ck `btárabu kst sbturá, ac kst pcus clurd kt dlfj pcus daooajack å dáp cbjkr . Ck tbux adábc d'muàdatá, lu tkfkur kf kbu du `btárabu, ráduat cb plussaírk kt loork cks `kacckurks jlfdatalfs dk trbvbac jlfdujtkur . kt Ck dk jlfolrt du kookts ikc kt sks dápkfd darkjtk`kft du tbux dk tkfkur kf kb u . Jkpkfdbft, clrsquk cb tk`párbturk dksjkfd kf-dksslus dk zárl, ck cakf kftrk pbrtajucks sk rkfolrjk bvkj c'bui`kftbtalf du tbux d'muàdatá kt cb nbassk dk tk`párbturk . [f `btárabu kftaírk`kft skj fk skrb pbs bookjtá pbr ck ikc . Cb `ksurk qua skrt å lntkfar cb jbpbjatá dk páfátrbtalf kt dk jmbrik`kft dk cb cb`k kst ck gY bu `ítrk (lu jm/ot) . Ucus ck rbpplrt gY/`ítrk (jm/ot) kst áckvá, pcus cb cb`k kst puassbftk . Cb olrùck gaclwbtt pbr `: olaslffá (puassbfjk pbr ybrd junk olaslffá) afdaquk ck rkfdk`kft dk cb cb`k bu rkoluck`kft . Ucus jk rbpplrt (gY/C`: olaslffá) (jm/yd: olaslffá) kst áckvá, pcus cb cb`k skrb kf `ksurk dk trbfsplrtkr ck `btárabu å ufk vatkssk supárakurk .

rlfs jl`plrtkft bu `lafs ufk skjtalf d'bttbquk kt ufk skjtalf dk jlupk, jk qua cb rkfd pbrtajucaírk` k f t b db pt ák b u x i r l s trbvbux dk dápcbjk`kft dk clurdks jmbriks sur dk clfiuks dastbfjks jl``k pbr kxk`pck cks trbvbux dk dáorajmk`kft, dk àsk kf tbs, dk jmbrik`kft lu dk rk`ncbybik . Ck rbpplrt gY/`ítrk (jm/ot) dk jlupk dk cb cb`k "[" átbft `lafdrk quk jkcua dk cb cb`k "Z" lu "Z[", lf fk okrb pbs ufk pralratá dks trbvbux dk páfátrbtalf bvkj jkttk cb`k . Bvkj uf rbpplrt gY/`: olaslffás (jm/yd: olaslffá) dk `lafs áckvá quk cb`ks "Z" lu "Z[", lf k`pclakrb práoárkfjk cb cks cb`k "[" plur dks trbvbux dbfs du `btárabu pcus cáikr lu pcus objack . Clrsqu'kcck kst áquapák dk várafs dk dávkrs, cb cb`k "[" pkut ètrk utacasák plur cks trbvbux d'brrbjmbik, dk àsk å favkbu kt dk jrkusk`kft dk olssás, dk `è`k quk plur daraikr ck trbjtkur . Cb`k Z[ — Cb cb`k s k ` a - u f a v k r s k c c k j l ` plrtk cks bvbftbiks dk cb cb`k "["- kt dk cb cb`k " Z " . C k s s k j t a l f s d ' b t tbquk dk jkttk cb`k slft rkfolrjáks pbr dks backrlfs qua bui`kftkft slf rkfdk`kft . Jks backrlfs pkr`kttkft dk àkux rktkfar ck `btárabu å dápcbjkr — sbfs ráduark cb puassbfjk dk páfátrbtalf ck jmbrik`kft dk `btárabux jl`pbjts lu ckludápcbjk`kft dkrbpadk `btárabux d a vk rs . Cks várafs dk dávkrs bui`kftkft cb prldujtavatá kt cb plcyvbckfjk dk jkttk cb`k . Áquapák d'ufk pcbquk dk plussák, kcck kst kooajbjk plur ck plussbik dk dájbpkusks .

Ádatalf 45 2-:2

Nuccdlzkrs

Jmlax dk cb cb`k Cb`ks plur trbvbux dk prldujtalf Bjjksslarks spájabux "Cb`ks _^" Cb`ks plur bppcajbtalfs spájabcks ◌

◌

Cb`ks

flr`bcks IU

◌

◌

— Cb cb`k JD (plur JbrryDlzkr) kst dasplfanck plur ck JbrryDlzkr D 2 2 T u f a q u k ` k f t . Kc c k k s t j l f s t r u a t k s k c l f c k s ` è ` k s f l r `k s á c k v á k s d ' a f t á i r a t á s t r u j t u r k c c k quk cks cb`ks "[" kt "Z[" . Cb cb`k JD práskftk uf prloac "ildkt" ufaquk qua cua pkr`kt dk trbfsplrtkr uf a`plrtbft vlcu`k dk `btárabu . Irîjk å jk jlftrkplads fbturkc, ck `ldíck JbrryDlzkr plurrb rkoluckr dbvbftbik dk `btárabu å jmbquk pbssk qu'uf D22T stbfdbrd . Cb cb`k plur JbrryDlzkr s'bvírkrb `lafs kooajbjk qu'ufk cb`k "[" lu "Z[" dbfs du `btárabu olrtk`kft tbssá lu `bc pátbrdá . Ck vadbik jl`pckt skrb áibck`kft daooajack dbfs cks `btárabux jlccbfts . Cb`k JD

Cb`kss d k nuccdl zkr Cb`k zkr flr`bcks IU IU C b ` k Z — l u c b ` k d rl atk . Kcck loork ck `bxaù` dk plcyvbckfjk . Dk da`kfsalfs `lafdrks quk cks cb`ks "Z[" lu "[", kcck kst pcus objack å `bflkuvrkr kt jbpbnck dk dápcbjkr cks `btárabux cks pcus davkrs . Zlf rbpplrt gY/`ítrk (jm/ ot) dk jlupk kst pcus áckvá quk jkcua dks dkux butrks7 pbr jlfsáqukft, kcck olur-

Cb`kss plu r bppcajbtalfs spájabcks Cb`k spájabcks

Jbtkrpaccbr kt d'butrks obnrajbfts prlplskft uf jkrtbaf fl`nrk dk cb`ks plur bppcajbtalfs spájabcks . D'ufk obélf iáfárbck, jks cb`ks dlavkft b`ácalrkr cb prldujtavatá, tlut kf ráplfdbft å dks dáoafatalfs dk tîjmk pb rt ajucaí rk s . Ucus ufk cb`k burb uf k`pcla spájabcasá, `lafs kcck burb dk plcyvbckfjk . Cks jbrbjtárastaquks dk jks cb`ks plur bppcajbtalfs spájabcks slft cks suavbftks . Cb`k "_^" (rbylf vbrabnck)   vbrabnck)

Cb cb`k skà-ufavkrskcck å rbylf vbrabnck práskftk cks bvbftbiks dk jlupk kt dk páfátrbtalf d'ufk cb`k Z[ kt cks bvbftbiks dk jmbrik kt dk `lafdrks vkrsk`kfts dk cb cb`k [ . Ck nlujcakr å rbylf vbrabnck kst cå plur éb . Ac b`ífk cb tkrrk vkrs ck jkftrk dk cb cb`k, jk qua q ua objacatk ck rluck`kft . Cks backrlfs slrtas dk cb cb`k rktakffkft dbvbftbik dk jmbrik kt bui`kftkft ck rkfdk`kft . Cb cb`k skà-ufavkrskcck å rbylf vbrabnck jlfvakft pbrobatk`kft bux trbvbux d'b`ácalrbtalf, dk jlfskrvbtalf kt dk àsk kf vbckur du slc . C b ` k — l u c b ` k å lrakftbtalf, puasqu'kcck

quk jkcua dks dkux butrks7 pbr jlfsáqukft, kcck olur fat ufk kxjkcckftk olrjk dk páfátrbtalf kt dk jmbrik`k ft . [f váraf dk dávkrs b`ácalrk ck rkfdk`kft kt cb plcyvbckfjk dk jkttk cb` b`kk . Irîjk å uf rbpplrt gY/`: olaslffá (jm/yd: olaslffá) áckvá, cb cb`k "Z" rkfd nakf dbfs cks `btárabux clurds . Cb`k å a f j ad kf j k , lrakftbtalf kt d áv ávk k rs plcy cy-vbrabncks — Cb pl

vbckfjk kst cb prafjapbck jbrbjtárastaquk dk jkttk cb`k, bvkj sb jbpbjatá d'kxájutkr ufk vbraátá dk trbvbux dk prápbrbtalf dk jmbftakr kt dk tkrrbssk`kft, kf pcus dk pluvlar ètrk bookjtá bookjtákk å dks bppcajbtalfs daoo ajac ajacks . Cb jl``bfdk d'lrakftbtalf kt dk dávkrs s'kookjtuk pbr > ckvakrs sur jkrtbafks `bjmafks, pbr 2 ckvakr sur cks butrks . C b c b ` k å a f j a d k f j k , l r a k f t b t a l f k t d á v k r s vbrabncks (_UBT) pkut ètrk afjcafák `ájbfaquk`kft vkrs c'bvbft boaf d'b`ácalrkr cb páfátrbtalf lu dk nraskr cks `btárabux jlccbfts lu kfjlrk vkrs c'brraírk

trbvbacck kf plsatalf drlatk, lu lrakfták å >; dkirás, d'uf jôtá lu dk c 'b u t r k . Kcck kst k`pclyák plur ck dáncbak`kft cbtárbc, cb jlfstrujtalf dk rlutks, ck rk`ncbybik, ck jrkusk`kft dk trbfjmáks kt d'butrks trbvbux du `è`k l r d r k . Jkttk cb`k rkquakrt `lafs dk `bfŚuvrks qu'ufk cb`k flf spájabcasák . Zlf nîta kf "J" cua pkr`kt d'bjjukaccar dk c'áquapk`kft dk rkoluck`kft, dk dáncbak`kft lu dk dáfkaik`kft . Cb`ks "B" flf jlfskaccáks plur cb rljmk kt cks bppcajbtalfs daooajacks . C b ` k J [ — C b c b ` k å b`lrtassk`kft jlfvakft plur cks trbvbux dk plussbik/jmbrik`kft å cb vlcák . Dks b`lrtasskurs kf jblutj m l u j b n s l r n k f t c k j m l j d ' a ` p b j t b v k j c k n c l j d k plussák dk cb dájbpkusk . Kf dkmlrs dk jkttk bookjtbtalf, cb cb`k kst k`pclyák bu dáncbybik dk cb zlfk d'k`pruft, kt å d'butrks trbvbux dk rkoluck`kft . Zb cbr-

.

plur ck favkcck`kft kt ufk `kacckurk prldujtavatá

ikur ráduatk cua dlffk ufk `bfabnacatá dbfs cks zlfks kfjl`nráks, tlutirbfdk kf caàtbft cks rasquks d'kfdl``bik`kft dks pfkus dk cb dájbpkusk, quk c'lf rkfjlftrk bvkj cks cb`ks "Z[" kt "[" .

2-:> Ádatalf 45

◌

Jmlax dk cb`ks Cb`ks plur bppcajbtalfs spájabcks

C b ` k s " [ " — K ` -

p cl yá ks d bfs d ks `btárabux cáikrs, flf ml`liífks, jks cb`ks l f t u f k x j k c c k f t r k f dk`kft vlcu`átraquk8 jmbrnlf, sjaurks lu j lpkb ux . Dks cb`ks "[" pcus clurdks sl ft áibck`kft dasplfancks plur trbvbux dk prldujtalf kt dk àsk kf vbckur .

— Cb `k sp áj ab ck `k ft jlféuk plur ck dápcbjk`kft dks dátratus kt du `btárabu dk j l uvk r t ur k . Cb cb`k kst sur`lfták d'ufk iracck qua b`ácalrk cb vasanacatá tlut kf prltáikbft ck r bdabtkur . Cks olr`ks brrlfdaks du nlujcakr pkr`kttkft bu `btárabu dk rluckr ráiucaírk`kft . D á j m b r i k s s b f a tb a r k s

— Jlféuk plur ck trbvbac dbfs cks jbcks dks fbvarks, jkttk cb`k pkut ètrk bookjták bux jmbrik`kfts cks pcus davkrs8 irbaf, skc, àfkrba dk okr, jmbrnlf kt jlpkbux . Kccks pkuvkft dáibikr ck `btárabu dks pbrlas kt ck rkoluckr vkrs ck jkftrk dk cb jbck kf ck plussbft lu kf ck tarbft . Cb`k na -dar k j tal ffk cck

Nuccdlzkrs

— Jb Jbtk tkrpa rpaccc b r p r l p l s k p c u s a k u r s typks dk rîtkbux plur ck dáorajmk`kft . Jlfvakffkft plur tlutk váiátbtalf husqu'å cb tbacck d'uf b r n r k t l u t k f l o o r b f t ufk nlffk páfátrbtalf du slc plur ck dksslujmbik kt c'ápakrrbik . Cks dkfts du rîtkbu slft kf iáfárbc rk`pcbébncks . ^îtkbux

C b ` k G / I — Urlplsák pbr â`jl k t ^ l ` k , c b c b ` k " G  / I " k s t j l u r b ` -

`kft d k f lk`pclyák ` n r k u x tdbfs r b vbux dk dáorajmk`kft . Bppcajbtalfs vbraáks8 bnbttbik d'brnrks, àsk kf tbs, jrkusk`kft dk trbfjmáks kf _, b`áfbik`kft dk vlaks d'bjjís kt luvkrturk dk jlupk-okux .

2

Ádatalf 45 2-::

Nuccdlzkrs

Kfjl`nrk`kft Trbjtkur kt cb`k Dáoafatalf ZBK dk cb jbpbjatá dk cb`k ◌

◌

CÁIKFDK B Clfiukur (cb`k drlatk) Cb`k8 N Cbrikur (y jl`pras k`nluts d'kxtráàtá stbfdbrd) J Mbutkur D Urlolfdkur dk jrkusk`kft `bxa K Ibrdk bu slc bu ckvbik `bxa O Dávkrs `bxa (`bfukc) I ^áicbik `bxa dk c'afjadkfjk M Dávkrs mydr . `bxa H Dávkrs mydr . (tarbft bu jkftrk) G Cbrikur bux tluraccl fs dks nrbs dk plussák (bu jkftrk dks rltucks) Cks jbpbjatás dk cb`k afdaquáks dbfs cks pbiks suavbftks slft jlfolr`ks å cb flr`k ZBK H2>?; . Cks jbpbjatás slft dátkràfáks jl``k suat8 _s 0 5,= YM> . _u 0 XM (Y-X) tbf ] . Lñ8 _s 0 Jbpbjatá dk cb`k drlatk lu lrakftbnck . _u 0 Jbpbjatá dk cb cb`k `k ufavkrskcck lu skà-ufavkrskcck . Y 0 Cbrikur dk cb`k sbfs k` k`nluts nluts . M 0 Mbutkur kookjtavk dk cb cb`k jl`ptk tkfu dks jlafs naskbutás, ktj . X 0 Cbrikur dks skjtalfs cbtárbcks `ksurák

pbrbccíck`kft å cb cbrikur dk cb cb`k, bu slc, bu favkbu dks cb`ks dk jlupk . ] 0 Bfick d'lrakftbtalf dks skjtalfs cbtárbcks .

2-:4

datalf 45

Nuccdlzkrs

Ksta`btalf tmálraquk dk cb prldujtalf

JBCJ[CZ DK ^KFDK@KFT TMÁLÂR[KZ Cks irbpmaquks dks pbiks suavbftks pkr`kttkft d'ksta`kr cb prldujtalf dks n ucc uc c dl zkrs . Cks afdajbtalfs dlffáks pbr cks jlurnks dlavkft ètrk jlrraiáks pbr c'k`pcla dk objtkurs bpprlpraás qua rkocítkft cks jlfdatalfs dk t r bvb ac . Zk skrvar dk cb olrùck suavbftk8 Urldujtalf Urldujtalf Jlkooajakfts : (` olaslffás/m) 0 `bxa`bck dk jlrrkjtalf (yd: olaslffás/m) Ù

Cks jlurnks afdaqukft cb prldujtalf `bxa`bck dks nuccdlzkrs å cb`k drlatk, skà-ufavkrskcck kt ufavkrskcck sbfs tkfar jl`ptk d'bujuf objtkur dk jlrrkjtalf kt dbfs cks jlfdatalfs suavbftks8 2 . 255% d'kooajbjatá (mkurk, ?5 àfutks - jyjck ráiucakr) . > . Tk`ps oaxk8 5,5; àfutk plur cks `bjmafks å trbfsàssalf Ulwkr Zmaot : . Clfiukur dks jlupks8 2; ` (;5 ot), puas rkoluck`kft du `btárabu plur ck dávkrskr bu-dkssus d'ufk pbrla å paj . (tk`ps dk vadbik — 5 s) 4 . Cb dkfsatá du slc kst dk 2:95 gi/` olaslffás (>:55 cn/yd olaslffás) ; . Jlkooajakft d'bdmárkfjk8* b . @bjmafk å jmbæfks — 5,; lu dbvbftbik n . @bjmafk sur pfkus — 5,4 lu dbvbftbik* ? . Cb`ks å jl``bfdk mydrbucaquk . 9 . Jrkusk`kft — 2rk B_** Trbfsplrt — >k B_** ^ktlur — >k B^** Ulur lntkfar uf ksta`á kf `ítrks junks kf pcbjk lu ybrd junks kf pcbjk), utacaskr ck objtkur dk jmbrik`kft bpprlpraá (vlar cb skjtalf Tbncks) kt ùctapcakr pbr cb prldujtalf lntkfuk ja-dkssus . Urldujtalf `: kf : ` olaslffás/m pcbjk/m 0 (yd: kf pcbjk/m) (yd: olaslffás/m)

Ù

CO

Ù

CO

*Jlkooajakft d'bdmárkfjk d'bu `lafs 5,4 . Bc lr s quk qu k dk `buvbasks jlfdatalfs d'bdmárkfjk bookjtkft å cb olas cks vámajucks å jmbæfks kt sur pfkus kt quk cb rádujtalf d'bdmárkfjk cks lncaik å trbvbacckr bvkj ufk cb`k `lafs jmbriák, cks `bjmafks sur pfkus slft dbvbftbik bookjtáks quk cks a dádark rb `bjmafks. Buj å jmbæfks kt oax cb kprldujtalf nbassk l fsprádark nck`kft ufk ríi ríick ck oaxk fk pkut pkr pkr`kt `kttrk trkjdk prá

cb rádujtalf dk prldujtalf7 lf bd`kt kf iáfárbc cb ríick bpprlxa`btavk suavbftk8 cb prldujtalf du trbjtkur trb jtkur sur pfkus daàfuk dk 4% plur jmbquk rádujtalf d'uf jkftaí`k du jlkooajakft d'bdmárkfjk kf dksslus dk 5 ,45 . Ubr kxk`pck, sa ck jlkooajakft d'bdmárkfjk kst dk 5,:5, cb daooárkfjk skrb dk dax jkftaí`ks (5,25) kt cb prldujtalf f'kst pcus quk ?5% (25 Ù 4% 0 45% dk rádujtalf) . **Jkttk sáqukfjk d'k`nrbybik kst átbncak sur cks nbsks d'uf tkrrbaf pcbt lu kf dksjkftk, d'uf `btárabu dk dkfsatá cáiírk å `lykffk kt sbfs kxtkfsalf dk cb`k jl``k pcbquk dk rkoluck`kft, prltkjtalf bftarljmks, kt j . Dápbsskr jks jlfdatalfs pkut kxaikr uf trbfsplrt kf 2rk B_, `bas cb prldujtavatá dkvrbat ètrk áibck lu supárakurk bux "jlfdatalfs stbfdbrd" puasquk cb 2rk B_ pkr`kt dk trbfsplrtkr dks jmbriks pcus irbfdks .

2-4?

datalf 45

Ksta`btalf tmálraquk dk cb prldujtalf Cb`ks "Z"

Nuccdlzkrs 2

◌

KZTA@BTALF DK CB U^LD[JTALF DKZ N[CCDLXK^Z Cb`kss dr latks D?, D9, =24, =>4, =:4 Cb`k =:4 ◌

C` :/m

yd: olaslf fás/m fás/m 2555

B

955

   F    L    A    T ?55    J    [    Z;55    D    ^    L    K    ^    X    U    L455    B    D    C   C    C :55    K    [    D    N    F    Z    L    A   K>55    D    T    B 255    @    A    T    Z 5    K

N

155

K J

=55 955

D

?55 ;55

O

455 :55 >55

N B

D J

255

K

O

5

255 5

2;

:5

>55 4;

?5

:55 9;

15

455 2;

2>5

;55 2:;

2;5

?55 2?;

2=5

Uakds @ítrks

DAZTBFJK DK CB@K CB @K @LQKFFK @LQKFFK FLTB8 Jk tbnckbu b átá átbnca d'bprís uf irbfd fl`nrk d'átudks sur ck tkrrbaf, dbfs davkrsks jlfdatalfs dk trbvbac. Zk ráoárkr bux jlkooajakfts dk jlrrkjtalf qua suavkft jks tbnckbux. Cb prldujtalf ksta`ák du =:4N bvkj cb`k [ oaiurk dbfs cb skjtalf @bfutkftalf dk jmbrnlf dk jk `bfukc.

CÁIKFDK

B — =>4-Z N — =:4-Z J — D9I-9Z D — D9^ sárak >-9Z K — =24-Z O — D?T/D? D?T/D?^ ^ sárak :

Ádatalf 45 2-41

Nuccdlzkrs

Ksta`btalf tmálraquk dk cb prldujtalf Cb`ks "Z[" ◌

KZTA@BTALF DK CB U^LD[JTALF DKZ N[CCDLXK^Z Cb`ks s kà-ufavkrskccks kà-ufavkrskccks ◌

◌

D?F

å D22T

C` :/m yd: olaslf fás/m fás/m

   Z :?55    ^    K    X ::55    L    D    C :555    C    [    N >955    Z    K    D >455    F    L    A    T >255    J    [    D 2=55    L    ^    U 2;55    B    C    K    D    F    L    A    T    B    @    A    T    Z    K

2>55 155 ?55 :55 5

4?55 4455

B

4>55 4555 :=55 :?55 :455 :>55 :555 >=55 >?55 >455 >>55 >555 2=55 2?55 2455 2>55 2555 =55 ?55 455 >55 5 5

N

J

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@ítrks

DAZTBFJK DK CB@K CB @K @LQKFFK CÁIKFDK

FLTB8 Jk tbnckbu b átá átbnca d'bprís uf irbfd fl`nrk d'átudks sur ck tkrrbaf, dbfs davkrsks jlfdatalfs dk trbvbac. Zk ráoárkr bux jlkooajakfts dk jlrrkjtalf qua suavkft jks tbnckbux.

B — D22T D22T-22Z[ -22Z[ N — D25T D25T-25Z[ -25Z[ J — D1^/D1T D1^/ D1T-1Z[ -1Z[ D — D=^/D=T D=^/ D=T-=Z[ -=Z[ K — D9^ sárak >-9Z[ O — D?T/D?^ sárak : I — D?F-?Z[ 2-4= Ádatalf 45

Ksta`btalf tmálraquk dk cb Cb`ks prldujtalf "[" ◌

KZTA@BTALF DK CB U^LD[JTALF DKZ N[CCDLXK^Z Cb`ks Cb`ks ufavkrskccks ◌

C` :/m yd: olaslf fás/m fás/m

   Z    ^    K    X

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2

   L    D    C    C    [    N    Z    K    D    F    L    A    T    J    [    D    L    ^    U    B    C    K    D    F    L    A    T    B    @    A    T    Z    K

:555 >955 >455 >255 2=55 2;55 2>55 155

4>55 4555 :=55 :?55 :455 :>55 :555 >=55 >?55 >455 >>55 >555 2=55 2?55 2455

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DAZTBFJK DK CB@K CB @K @LQKFFK CÁIKFDK B — D22T D22T-22[ -22[ N — D22T JD J — D25T D25T-25[ -25[ D — D1^/D1T D 1^/D1T-1[ -1[ K — D=^/D=T D=^/D=T-=[ -=[ O — D9^ sárak >>-9[ 9[ I — D9I-9[

FLTB8 Jk tbnckbu b átá átbnca d'bprís uf irbfd fl`nrk d'átudks sur ck tkrrbaf, dbfs davkrsks jlfdatalfs dk trbvbac. Zk ráoárkr bux jlkooajakfts dk jlrrkjtalf qua suavkft jks tbnckbux.

2.>. 2.>.;. ;. cks ttrbafs rbafs d dk k rluc rluck`kft k`kft ((stbfdbrd stbfdbrd JBT) 8

Uakds   ?55 Uakds

2=5

@ítrks   @ítrks

_krsal _k rsal f stbfdbrd

Trbaf dk rluck`kft flr`bc jlfvkfbft dbfs dk fl`nrkusks bppcajbtalfs sur slc okr`k å `lu. _krsalf ]C

Ac y b dbvbftbik dk jmbæfks å c‑bvbft, ibrbftassbft c'áquacanrk, c'bdmárkfjk, ufk irbfdk prájasalf dk jl``bfdk dk cb cb`k kt ufk stbnacatá supárakurk plur ck favkcbik dk oafatalf. Ck ibckt supárakur b`ácalrk cks pkrolr`bfjks dbfs ck rkoluck`kft dk Urájasalf _krsal f ]^ _krsal Jk trbaf dk rluck`kft kst jlféu plur loorar dks pkrolr`bfjks kxjkptalffkccks dbfs ck dánbrdbik lu d‑butrks bppcajbtalfs å cb nbrrk. Ac jl`plrtk dbvbftbik dk jmbæfks vkrs c‑brraírk, ck plads du trbjtkur kst dáplrtá vkrs c‑bvbft plur jl`pkfskr cks clurdks jmbriks å cb nbrrk kt b`ácalrkr c‑bdmárkfjk kt cb stbnacatá. _krsalf CIU _krsalf Ck trbaf dk rluck`kft CIU kst dkstafá tlut spájabck`kft bu trbvbac dbfs cks slcs `kuncks kt splfiakux. Cks pbtafs dk jmbæfks cbriks kt jmîssas plrtkurs clfis bui`kftkft cb surobjk dk jmbæfk kf jlftbjt bvkj ck slc kf ráduasbft cb prkssalf bu slc, d‑lñ ufk plrtbfjk rk`brqubnck dbfs cks tkrrbafs `brájbikux. @baccl fs dk jmbafks 8 @baccl Jks `bacclfs slft dk sárak sur ck `ldíck CIU kt kf lptalf sur cks vkrsalfs stbfdbrd ]C kt ]^. Clfiávatá supárakurk dks `bacclfs, pcus irbfdk rlnustkssk kt `kacckurk rátkftalf du `bacclf, dk c‑bxk kt dk cb nbiuk jk qua prljurk 8 ufk `kacckurk átbfjmáatá. ufk pcus clfiuk durák dk skrvajk dks `bacclfs kt dks ibckts.

;2

Trbjtkurs å jmbæ j mbæfks fks

Urkssalfs bu slc

p^KZZAlfZ Bu Zl C Urkssalfs átbncaks d'bprís cks plads kf lrdrk dk `brjmk oaiurbft dbfs cks oajmks tkjmfaquks bu dánut dk jkttk skjtalf.

@lDÍCK D:G ]C D:G CIU D4G ]C D4G CIU D;G ]C

CBÎKu ^ pBTAf   DK pBTAf `` af 45? 2? ?:; >; 4?5 2= ?:; >; ;25 >5

ZuÔBjK DK p ^KZZAl f jl f TBj T Bu Zl C `> 2,9 >,9 >,2 >,1 >,4

af >

>?:9 42>4 :>5? 44>; :?;>

gpb 44,= >1,9 :=,? >1,> :1,2

psa ?,;5 4,:5 ;,?5 4,>4 ;,?9

Zu Ô ÔB Bj K CBÎKu ^ DK @lDÍCK   @lDÍCK DK pBTAf pBTAf   j l f TBj T `` af ` > af > D?I sárak > CIU 12; :? ;,>9 =2?1 1>9 :?,; ;,:4 =>99 >5 >,95 4>55 D?^ sárak : ;5= >> >,1= 4?>5 ;?5

::,5 :>,9 ??,? ?5,:

4,91 4,94 1,?> =,94

;545 4;>5 419> ;4>4

;;,: ?9,; ?2,4 ;?,:

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D?^ sárak : ]C

?25 ;5= ;?5 ?25

>4 >5 >> >4

:,>; >,1> :,>> :,;5

p ^KZZAl f Bu Zl C gpb psa

??5 ;25 ;?5 ?25 9?5 995 ;25 ;?5 ?25 9?5 ;?5 ?25

>? >5 >5   >> >4 >4   :5 :5   :5 >5 >5   >> >4 >4   :5 >> >>   >4

:,5 >,44 >,?9 :,2= :,1? 4,52 >,95 :,55 :,>5 4,55 >,=1 :,2;

49>? :99;   :99; 424? 41>4   41>4 ?2:;   ?2:; ?>2? 42=;   42=; 4?;5 41?5   41?5 ?>55 44=5   44=5 4==5

:2,2 ;2,; 49,2 4>,> ::,1 ::,4 4?,9 4>,; 45,9 :>,9 ;?,> ;2,?

4,;> 9,41   9,41 ?,=> ?,2>   ?,2> 4,12   4,12 4,=; ?,99   ?,99 ?,2? ;,15   ;,15 4,94 =,2;   =,2; 9,4=

=?; D?F CIU (DZ) (bvkj pbtafs std) =45 ;?5 D?F ]C* t ?55 925 D?F CIU* =45 t =?5 =?; 4;9 D?I t ;5= ;?5 ?25 4;9 D?I sárak > ]C ;5= ;?5 ?25

:4 :4   :: >> >>   >4 >= >=   :: ::   :4 :4   :4 2= 2=   >5 >5   >> >>   >4 2= 2=   >5 >5   >> >>   >4

;,:1 ;,>4 >,=? :,5? 4,45 ;,>2 ;,:4 ;,:9 >,4: >,92 >,1= :,>; >,4: >,92 >,1= :,>;

=:;= =:;= =229   44>9   44>9 494: ?=>5   ?=>5 =59=   =59= =>99   =>99 =:>4 :9??   :9?? 4>55   4>55 4?21   4?21 ;545 :9??   :9?? 4>55   4>55 4?21   4?21 ;545

:>,: ::,> ;:,> 41,9 :1,: ::,> :>,4 :>,> ?5,5 ;4,5 41,5 4;,5 ?=,5 ?>,5 ;?,5 ;>,5

4,95 4,95 4,=5   9,9>   9,9> 9,>5 ;,95   ;,95 4,=2   4,=2 4,95   4,95 4,?9 =,95   =,95 9,=:   9,=: 9,25   9,25 ?,;4 1,=?   1,=? =,11   =,11 =,>2   =,>2 9,;:

D;G CIU D;F ]C t

t

D;F CIU

D?G ]C (bvkj pbtafs std) D?G CIU (bvkj pbtafs std) D?F ]C (DZ) (bvkj pbtafs std)

D?^ sárak : ]Y D?^ sárak : CIU

D?T

D?T ]C

D?T ]Y

flTB8

?25 9?5 =25 12; 112 ;5= ;?5 ?25 ;5= ;?5 ?25 ;5= ?25 925 9?5

>4 >4   :5 :> :>   :? :1 >5 >5   >> >4 >5 >5   >> >4 >5 >5   >4 >= :5

:,;5 ;4>4 ;4>4   4,:? ?9=5 ;,:2 =>;? =>;?   ;,11 1>== ?,41 25 5?> >,95 4>55 4>55   >,1= 4?>5 :,>; ;545 >,1> 4;>5 4;>5   :,>> 419> :,;5 ;4>4 >,1> 4;>5 4;>5   :,;5 ;4>4 4,5= ?:>= 4,:? ?9=5

;9,1 4?,: 45,5 :;,; :>,= ??,? ?5,? ;;,4 ?9,= ?2,? ;?,; ?1,= ;=,2 41,1 4?,;

=,45 =,45 ?,9> ;,=5   ;,=5 ;,2; 4,9? 1,?;   1,?; =,9= =,54 1,=:   1,=: =,1: =,21 25,2>   25,2> =,4: 9,>: ?,94

Zurobjk dk jlftbjt bvkj bvkj ck slc 0 cbrikur du pbtafclfiukur dk jmbæfk bu slc >. Urkssalf bu slc

Ulads kf lrdrk dk `brjmk 0 Zurobjk dk jlftbjt bvkj ck slc

* Flf jl``krjabcasá bux Átbts-[fas, bu Jbfbdb lu k f Kurlpk. Ubtaf stbfdbrd. DZ — Darkjtalf daooárkftakcck t

2->> Ádatalf 45

Ubtafs dk jmbafks8 Ubtafs Ubtafs plur skrvajk `ldárá lu kxtrè`k, prlplsás kf daooárkftks cbrikurs plur pkr`kttrk dk àkux bdbptkr ck trbjtkur bux kxaikfjks dk c‑bppcajbtalf. Ubtafs butl fkttlybfts jlfskaccás plur cb vkrsalf CIU.

Trbaf dk rluck`kft 8 Trbaf Dbfs ck jbs dks `bjmafks å jmbæfks, c‑kftrktakf du trbaf dk rluck`kft pkut ljjupkr uf plstk a`plrtbft dbfs cks orbas d‑kxpclatbtalf dk cb `bjmafk. Bussa, cb rkftbnacatá dk cb `bjmafk dápkfd nkbujlup dk cb jlfjkptalf du trbaf dk rluck`kft. Jmîssas Jmî ssas dk rluck`kft 8 Jk jmîssas supplrtk tlus cks butrks ácá`kfts du trbaf dk rluck`kft. Bussa, ac kst afdaspkfsbnck qu‑ac slat kxtrè`k`kft rlnustk kt raiadk. Z‑ac y b ocb`nbik lu tlrsalf, cks nbrnltafs, ibckts kt rluks bvbft skrlft `bc bcaifás kt ac kf rásuctkrb ufk usurk bflr`bck. J‑kst plur jkttk rbaslf quk ck jmîssas dk rluck`kft dlat ètrk uf ácá`kft jbasslffá kxtrè`k`kft rásastbft bux olrjks dk tlrsalf. Ck jmîssas dk rluck`kft kst rkcaá å cb pbrtak bftárakurk du jmîssas prafjapbc pbr dks bxks trbvkrsbft cks rádujtkurs cbtárbux lu pbr dks pavlts afdápkfdbfts dks rádujtkurs. Cks ibckts supárakurs supplrtkft cb jmbæfk, ckur fl`nrk átbft olfjtalf dk cb clfiukur kt du plads dk cb jmbæfk. ^luks B_ kt ibckts 8 Cks ibckts afoárakurs supplrtkft ck plads dk cb `bjmafk kt iuadkft cb jmbæfk du nbrnltaf å

cb rluk Cb rlukbvbft bvbftktkstvajk-vkrsb. ck supplrt bftárakur dk cb jmbæfk. Kcck kst `lfták sur rksslrts boaf d‑bnslrnkr cks jmljs du rluck`kft. Jl``k tlus jks ácá`kfts slft kf pkr`bfkfjk kxplsás bux `btárabux dbfs cksqukcs trbvbacckft cks `bjmafks, cks rluck`kfts kt pbcakrs dlavkft ètrk átbfjmáaoaás å vak plur k`pèjmkr tlutk páfátrbtalf dk sbcktás kt tlutk ouatk dk cunraoabft. Bujuf kftrktakf fk dlat ètrk rkquas kftrk dkux rávasalfs iáfárbcks.

4:

Nbrnltaf s suráckvás suráckvás 8

Jkttk jlfjkptalf `ldaoak cb iál`átrak du trbaf dk rluck`kft dk slrtk qu‑ac y b dbvbftbik dk jmbæfk bu slc, jk qua jlfoírk å cb `bjmafk uf áquacanrk lpta`bc. Jkt áquacanrk, jl`nafá å cb clfiukur dk jmbæfk bu slc, pkr`kt dk trbfsolr`kr ufk pcus olrtk prlplrtalf dk cb puassbfjk dasplfanck kf koolrt dk trbjtalf. Irîjk å slf `lftbik suráckvá, ck nbrnltaf kt ck rádujtkur slft aslcás dk cb nluk kt dks sbcktás kt dlfj prltáiás dk c‑usurk.

Dk pcus, cks aftkrvkftalfs sur cks rádujtkurs cbtárbux slft sa`pcaoaáks. Zur cb pcupbrt dks `bjmafks jcbssaquks, cb dáplsk d‑uf rádujtkur cbtárbc a`pcaquk c‑luvkrturk dk cb jmbæfk, ck ncljbik dk cb `bjmafk, pbrolas cb dáplsk du jmîssas plrtkur, lu `è`k c‑kxtrbjtalf du paiflf dk c‑aftárakur.

Zur cks `bjmafks å nbrnltafs suráckvás, ac suooat dk dáobark cb jmbæfk `bas sbfs jbckr cb `bjmafk, du obat quk ck plads fk rkplsk pcus sur ck nbrnltaf puas dk rktarkr cks vas dkrraírk jk dkrfakr plur dáplskr ck rádujtkur cbtárbc. Cb dáplsk kt ck rk`lftbik kxaikft kfvarlf qubtrk mkurks. Ck trbaf dk rluck`kft d‑uf trbjtkur jcbssaquk caàtk cks plssanacatás dk `ldaoajbtalf dk c‑k`pcbjk`kft du nbrnltaf. Ck nbrnltaf suráckvá pkr`kt dk dasplskr cb jmbæfk å c‑bvbft kt å c‑brraírk dk `bfaírk å lntkfar uf áquacanrk lpta`bc k`pèjmbft cb `bjmafk dk nbsjuckr vkrs c‑bvbft lu vkrs c‑brraírk bu jlurs du dáolfébik kt du rkoluck`kft, boaf dk ibrdkr dbvbftbik dk jmbæfk bu slc kt ufk bdmárkfjk supárakurk. Afocukfjk dk jkttk iál`átrak iál`átrak sur cb tr bfsàssalf dk puassbfjk 8

C‑koolrt dk trbjtalf kst olfjtalf du plads dk cb `bjmafk kt dk cb puassbfjk du `ltkur. Jl``kft cb jlfjkptalf å nbrnltafs suráckvás pkut-kcck sk trbduark pbr uf koolrt dk trbjtalf supárakur < Ck plads kt cb puassbfjk fk slft quk dkux bspkjts qua aftkrvakffkft. Ac y kf b uf trlasaí`k 8 c'a`plrtbfjk dks orlttk`kfts kftrk ck slc kt cb jmbæfk. Cb jmbæfk å nbrnltaf suráckvá bui`kftk cks orlttk`kfts du obat qu'ac y b dbvbftbik dk jmbæfk bu slc. Cb jmbæfk pkut ètrk dasplsák slus ck trbjtkur bu plaft ck pcus obvlrbnck plur ibrbftar uf áquacanrk lpta`bc dk cb `bjmafk. Zuppra`bft cb `lafdrk tkfdbfjk å sk sluckvkr kt `baftkfbft dbvbftbik dk jmbæfk kf jlftbjt bvkj ck slc, butbft dk objtkurs jlftranubft å b`ácalrkr c'koolrt dk trbjtalf. Cb suspkfsalf sur nliaks dks `bjmafks pcus irlssks pkr`kt å cb jmbæfk dk ocájmar plur ápluskr trís kxbjtk`kft cb jlfoaiurbtalf du tkrrbaf, d'lu uf koolrt dk trbjtalf supárakur.

44

Trbjtkurs å jmbæ j mbæfks fks

@brjmk kf pkftk rbadk

@B^jmK Kf pKfTK ^BADK ^BADK Ck tbnckbu ja-dksslus dlffk cb pkftk dks dávkrs @B]A@[@ sur cksqukcs cks trbjtkurs pkuvkft trbv b a c c k r k f ` b r j m k B _ k t ` b r j m k B ^ s b f s r a s q u k r ufk cunraoajbtalf afsu oo as b ftk . _l _lar ar ck ckss fa favk vkbu buxx dks j a r j u a t s d k T ^ B F Z @ A Z Z A L F d b f s c k I u a dk d ' u t a c a s b t a l f k t d ' k f t r k t a k f ( c k j b s á j m á b f t ) p l u r c k s d á v k r s t r í s a ` p l r t b f t s ( s u p á r a k u r s å > ; µ / 4 9 % ) .

Fk hb`bas rk`pcar kxbiárá`kft ck `ltkur d'muack . Ac y b uf rasquk dk surjmbuook du `ltkur . Ulur ck trbvbac sur pkftk rbadk, `baftkfar ck favkbu bu rkpírk "oucc" (pckaf) sur cb hbuik . FLTB8 B  v b f t d k t r b v b a c c k r s u r c k s d á v k r s , v á r a oo  a k r cks fav kbux dks caquadks du @LTK[^ kt dk cb T^BFZ@AZZALF, bvkj ck trbjtkur sur slc pcbt .

Trbjtkur Trbjt kur

D:G

D4G

D;G

D;f

D?G

D?f

Ukftk8 % lu dkirás

255

255

255

255

255

255

4;

4;

4;

4;

4;

4;

Trbjtkur   Ukftk8 % lu dkirás

Trbjtkur

D?I/ D?I sárak > ]C/ D?I sárak > CIp / D?^ sárak sára k :/D? :/D?T T

D9I sárak >/ D9^ sárak >

D=^/ D=T

D1^/ D1T

255

255

255

255

255

255

4;

4;*

4;

4;

4;

4;

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255

255

255

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D9I/

D22T/ D25T D22T j D

plsk-jbfbcasbtalfs Ukftk8 %

lu dkirás

4;

Ulur ck trbvbac sur cks dávkrs kt dbfs cks pkftks, ac obut áibck`kft tkfar jl`ptk dks objtkurs suavbfts, trís a`plrtbfts8   _atkss _atksskk — Å

◌

dks vatkssks vatkssks áckvák áckváks, s, cks olrjks olrjks d'afkrta d'afkrtakk tkftkfdkft å ráduark cb stbnacatá du t rbjtkur .

Jlfdatalf

◌

du tkrrbaf — Ac jlfvakft dk prkfdrk ufk `brik dk sájuratá iáfárkusk qubfd ck tkrrbaf kst arráiucakr .

4;

4; Áquapk`kfts

trbjtás — Jks áquapk`kfts, brjmk dk dánbrdbik lu tl`nkrkbu å dkux rluks, pbr kxk`pck, pkuvkft ráduark ck plads plrtbft sur cb jmbæfk cb pcus mbutk . Mbutkur dk cb nbrrk d'bttkcbik — Bvkj ufk nbrrk dlffbft uf bttkcbik pcus mbut, ck trbjtkur kst `lafs stbnck qu'bvkj cb nbrrk flr`bck .

◌

◌

Cbrikur

◌

Áquapk`kft

◌

`lftá — Cks nuccdlzkrs, ocíjmks dk ckvbik, trkuacs kt butrks áquapk`kfts `lftás `ldaoakft cks jlfdatalfs dk stbnacatá du trbjtkur .

slc — Dks rk`ncbas kf tkrrk rájkfts rasqukft dk s'boobasskr slus ck plads du t rbjtkur . Zur cb rljmk, ck trbjtkur rasquk dk icasskr cbtárbck`kft .

Jmbriks

◌

kxjkssavks — Jks jmbriks pkuvkft ljjbsalffkr ck pbtafbik dks jmbæfks7 cb jmbæfk cb pcus nbssk rasquk dk "jrkuskr" ck slc, bui`kftbft bafsa c'afjcafbaslf du trbjtkur .

FLTB8

dks pbtafs — Bvkj dks pbtafs pcus cbriks, cks jmbæfks rasqukft `lafs dk "jrkuskr" ck slc kt ck trbjtkur kst pcus stbnck .

Áquapk`kft — Ac obut tkfar jl`ptk dk cb stbnacatá kt dks

◌

butrks jbrbjtárastaquks dk `brjmk dks áquapk`kfts utacasás bvkj ck trbjtkur .

Fbturk du

◌

4;

Ulur

◌

ufk stbnacatá lpta`bck, tlus cks áquapk`kfts lu tlutks cks jmbriks trbjtáks dlavkft ètrk `baftkfus ck pcus prís plssanck du slc .

*Ulur trbvbacckr sur ufk pkftk supárakurk å >;µ/49%, ck D9I rkquakrt uf rk`pcassbik suppcá`kftbark du jbrtkr dk nlætk dk >: c (? uZ ibc). ibc).

Ck trbvbac sur pkftk rbadk kxaik uf kftrktakf pbrtajucaírk`kft slaifkux dk cb `bjmafk bafsa qu'ufk irbfdk mbnacktá dk cb pbrt du jlfdujtkur kt ck jmlax dk c'áquapk`kft bpprlpraá . Ulur cks favkbux dk caquadk jlrrkjts, jlfsuctkr ck Iuadk d'utacasbtalf kt d'kftrktakf (ck jbs ájmábft) .

2->4 Ádatalf 45

2.:.. 2.:

cks sj sjrbpkrs rbpkrs88

Jks áquapk`kfts s‑bdrksskft bux irls jmbftakrs dk tkrrbssk`kft. Ck jmb`p d‑bppcajbtalf kst tlutkolas bsskz àfjk. Lf jlfélat objack`kft ckurs caàtks qubfd ck slc dkvakft dur, lu pbrsk`á dk ncljs, lu kfjlrk trlp bnrbsao (sackx). Fábf`lafs, qubfd ck jlftkxtk sa prètk, j‑kst ck `ldk dk dáncba ‚ rk`ncba ck pcus kooajbjk, kt ck pcus bdbptá bux irls vlcu`ks. Ckurs rkfdk`kfts slft caás bu tk`ps dk jyjck jmbrik`kft/dájmbrik`kft, qua vb nkbujlup dápkfdrk dk c‑lribfasbtalf du jmbftakr, kt dks lpárbtalfs jlffkxks 7 plussbik, jl`pbjtbik, ráibcbik, ráicbik…

2.:.2. jmbafk jafá`btaquk8 Jks `btárakcs pkuvkft bvlar > lu 4 rluks `ltrajks, husqu‑å = rluks `ltrajks kf jlfoaiurbtalf pusmpucc. Cks jmbafks jafá`btaquks slft jcbssaquks, dk typk jmbrikusk, kxjkptá ck obat quk c‑lf b 2 jmbafk pbr kssaku. C‑bspkjt ck pcus skfsanck kst c‑usurk dks pfku`btaquks kt dks cb`ks dk jlupk, qua pkut vatk dásáquacanrkr ck jl`ptk d‑kxpclatbtalf d‑uf jmbftakr.

2.:.>. jmîssas8

ac s‑biat d‑uf jmîssas brtajucá du typk jmbrikusk, bvkj uf bxk d‑brtajucbtalf jkftrbck, kt dks várafs

. Lf fltkrb quk cb pbrtak bvbft kst tkfuk pbr ck jlc dk jaifk, áquapá d‑uf jl`pkfsbtkur mydrbucaquk. Jkttk jl`pkfsbtalf skrt bu `baftakf dk c‑mlrazlftbcatá dk cb pbrtak bvbft, kt bussa dk dájlupcbik vanrbtlark kftrk c‑bvbft kt c‑brraírk.

Ac y b 4 typks dk sj sjrbpkrs rbpkrs,, k ktt 4 `bfaírks dk cks kxpcl kxpclatkr atkr

4?

Ztbfdbrd @ldkcs @ld kcs Mkbpk Mkbpkd d jbpbjaty j bpbjaty 29 tl :: ::.? .? `: (> (>> > tl 44 yd:)

?>2I*

?:2I*   ?:2I*

Cks `ldícks stbfdbrds sk jmbrikft bvkj c‑badk d‑uf nucc bu plussbik. Acs fk slft áquapás quk d‑uf skuc `ltkur. C‑afjlfváfakft dk jk prljádá kst cb pkrtk dk tk`ps å cb àsk kf pcbjk du nucc, ufk pkrtk dk tk`ps qua jlrrksplfd å c‑bui`kftbtalf du tk`ps dk jyjck.

Tbfdk` Ulwkrkd Zjrbpkrs Zjrbpkrs

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