Gateway B1 Workbook

Gateway is a multi-level course for students working towards their school-leaving examinations. By developing language and study skills and promoting learner confidence and independence. Gateway prepares students for their exams and for life beyond the classroom. Key features of the workbook include: • Vocabulary and Grammar extension activities which develop and reinforce students' language skills • Developing speaking and supported writing sections which develop key skills for exam success • Revision units which provide opportunities for self-assessment • Progress tests which enable students to monitor cumulative progress throughout the course Key features of the Gateway dictionary: • Includes all vocabulary from the Student's Book, Workbook and other key vocabulary common in school leaving exam topics. • The most important words are highlighted in red and graded for frequency of use • Real examples show students exactly how words are used in a wide variety of situations Essentiz • Clear, simple definitions make the dictionary fully accessible to Bl learners • All words and definitions taken from the Macmillan Essential Dictionary www.macmillandi

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A I A2 Bl B2

1EJ -0-230-72345-0

MACMILLAN www.macmillanenglish.com

www.MacmillanPracticeOnline.com/gateway

0"7 2 3 4 5 0'

Workbook David Spencer Contents Unit 1: Family histories

2

Unit 2: Criminal records

10

Revision: Units 1-2

18

Unit 3: Lost in translation

20

Unit 4: Fit and well

28

Revision: Units 3-4

36

Unit 5: TV world

38

Unit 6: Living planet

46

Revision: Units 5-6

54

Unit 7: Odd jobs

56

Unit 8: Good friends

64

Revision: Units 7-8

72

Unit 9: Read on

74

Unit 10: Cyberspace

82

Revision: Units 9-10

90

Progress Tests: 1-10

92

Gateway B1 Dictionary

97

MCMILLAN

Grammar

• Present simple and present continuous

• Articles

Vocabulary • Ages and stages of life > The family • Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence

1 Family matter

Speaking

> Asking for personal information

Writing

• An informal email

Ages and stages of life 1

Read the clues and complete the puzzle. Which word appears in the shaded column? 1

He's 72. He's a senior

2and3

She's 55. She's a.

adult.

4

the period of life when you change from being a child to being a young adult

5

a very young child who can't talk or walk

6

the stage of life when you are 70, for example

7

the opposite of life

8

the beginning of life

9

The family 2

Look at the family tree and complete the sentences. John = Natasha

lan = Susan

Simon

Daniel

Sandra = Graham

Barbara

James

1

John and Natasha are Simon's grandparents

2

Susan is lan's

3

James is Simon's

4

Natasha is Graham's.

5

Graham is lan's

6

Daniel is Simon's

7

Barbara is lan's

8

James is Daniel's

9

Barbara is John's

10

3

Graham is Sandra's

Match the halves of the sentences. 1

I've got a stepfather

a

2

My aunt is 50 and single ...

b

because they don't want to get married at the moment.

3

She's my niece ...

с

because my parents got divorced and I live with my mum.

4

Paul is an only child ...

d

because after my father's death my mum got married again.

e

because she's my sister Elizabeth's daughter.

5

come from a one-parent family ..

because his parents didn't want any more children.

6

Peter is my cousin's partner, not her husband ...

f

because he separated from his wife legally last year.

7

Samuel is divorced ...

g

because she never wants to get married.

Write definitions or explanations of the words in bold from 3. 1

stepfather

2

single

3

niece

4

only child

5

one-parent family

6

partner

7

divorced Unit 1

your

mother's jnew fii^band.m. „._

a later

marriage

_

„. „

_._

_

1

Read this text from a website. What do you think the website does? 1

It gives news about social changes.

2

It's a place where you can buy new products.

Tools

Winoow

3

It gives descriptions of and opinions about new products.

4

It explains the science behind new technology.

Help

©TECHNOWORLD

.

PRODUCT D E S C R I P T I O N : A new high-tech coat for young children A You know that here atTechnoworld our job is to tell you all about new sorts of products that are about to appear in a shop near you. Well, this week we're looking at a coat called the EZ-Find coat. Riley Electronics are working on it and they hope that it will be in the shops by next December. В Losing your child is a terrible experience. This coat can tell you where your young child is by computer or mobile phone. You can receive GPS data from it every 15 seconds.The coat also has an alarm which you can use to tell your child to come home. Some of you are probably thinking that this is spying. Maybe. But remember that this coat is for very young children and the idea is, above all, to protect them. Another nice thing about the coat is that when your child loses it, the G PS can help you to find it again.

By Einheit | 0 1 . 2 3 P M | 24/10 This is great news for my family. I have a child with a disability. I think the idea of the coat is to give the children extra independence and help parents to relax. That sounds perfect for us! By Jabber | 0 1 . 4 5 P M | 2 4 / 1 0 What a'great' idea! Put a GPS in the first thing that your son or daughter takes off their coat! By Inkedfusion | 0 3 . 4 5 P M | 24/10 Great for little children but we all know that this doesn't work with teenagers. When they have GPS technology in their mobile phones, they take their phone and leave it in the library. You think they're studying but then they go away and do what they want!

С OK, so now you're waiting for next December to come so that you can run out and buy the coat. But first we need to tell you about one or two problems we had when we tested it. For a start, it's very warm. That means that, except for people who live in Alaska, your child probably won't be able to wear it very often. And then there's the other big problem.The coat is very expensive, especially if you pay for the monthly service to be able to track the GPS signal.

2

3

Who (theTechnoworld website, Einheit, Jabber, Inkedfusion or Stammer) thinks that the coat... 1

is good for people with a bad memory?

2

is ideal for their child?

3

is a bad idea because children always take their coats off first?

4

isn't a good idea when it's warm?

5

is a stupid idea for adolescents?

6

costs a lot?

In your own words, explain what these different people think of the coat. 1

Jabber

2

Einheit

3

Inkedfusion

4

Stammer

4

5

By Stammer | 0 4 . 0 5 P M | 24/10 This is the perfect coat for me. For me, not my children. I always take my coat off and leave it. Then I never remember where it is! With this GPS coat, it's the end of that problem!

Find words in the text which have similar meanings to these words or explanations. 1

types (paragraph A)

2

something that happens to you (paragraph B)

3

principally, most importantly (paragraph B)

4

follow or find someone or something (paragraph Q

5

the ability to take your own decisions (comment by Einheit)

What about you? Write a comment for theTechnoworld website and give your opinion about the coat.

Unit 1

Present simple and present continuous 1

3

Look at these sentences. Choose the correct alternative and explain why we use the present simple or present continuous in each sentence. 1

that's happening 2

1

аи action

now

You never listen to me. Present sjmple/cwtinuous because

3

My dad works at the weekend. Present simple/continuous because.

4

Water turns to ice when it's below 0°C Present simple/continuous because

5

My brother is spending the weekend with my grandparents. Present simple/continuous because

6

4

Ah! Now I understand. Present simple/continuous because.

7

Where you live? Where doyou live? - PS

My friends are listening to the concert at the moment. Present simpiej^'oniinuousjbecause it describes

All the questions are in the present simple (PS) or the present continuous (PC), but one word is missing. Add a word to each question and write PS or PC next to it.

2

What your mother do?

3

What your friends doing now?

4

Does your friend English well

5

Are you your homework at the moment?

6

What sports you do?

7

What is your friend at the moment?

8

Who do you usually next to in English lessons?

Write your own true answers to your questions in 3. 1 2

A: Do you like this programme? B: Yeah, I love it.

3

Present simple/continuous because

4 8

They go swimming twice a week.

5

Present simple/continuous because.

6 7

2

Complete the sentences with the present simple or the present continuous form of the verbs given. 1

A: Why has he got his hand up? B:

2

(want) the teacher to ask him.

He

(know) the answer.

A: Why B:

3

He

you

(study)?

She doesn't have her books with her today?

3

Do you studying for your exam now?

4

Why are you and Joe walking to school today?

(not speak) French.

5

Do your brother plays in the basketball team?

(make) the dinner.

6

My cousin studies at this school.

7

My sister and I are having two bikes at the moment.

8

A: What do you do now?

(read) my notes and then I

(sing) downstairs?

B: That's my sister. She's good, isn't she? 5

A: Bonjour, mademoiselle. B: Sorry, I

6

A: Mmmm. What's that smell? Is it pizza? B: Yes. My dad

7

A: Why isn't your mum here at the moment? B:

8

She

(finish) work late on Thursdays.

A: Can I speak to the director? B:

to

Are these sentences correct? If not, correct them.

2

A: How do you prepare for exams?

A: Who

5

Are you writting your essay at the moment?

(write) questions for myself. 4

Grammar extension

1

I've got an exam tomorrow.

В: I

8

No. He

Unit 1

(speak) to someone else.

В: I listen to my MP3 player.

• Developing vocabulary Noun suffixes -ment, -ion, -ence 1

Г

2

Write the noun form of these words.

Match words in 1 with these definitions. Make sure you write the correct form of the word: noun, verb or adjective.

1

equip (v.) equipment

2

invent (v.)

1

facts about someone or something

3

protect (v.)

2

to make something better

4

improve (v.)

3

things and materials that you need to do something

5

adolescent (adj.)

4

to keep someone or something safe

6

retire (v.)

5

something that makes one person or thing not the same as another

7

inform (v.)

8

different (adj.)

9

move (v.)

10

discuss (v.)

3

Write a definition to explain the meaning of these words. 1

invention

11 independent (adj.)

2

movement

12 confident (adj.)

3

retire

Vocabulary extension: noun suffixes -er, -or, -ist 4

5

We can add the suffixes -er, -or, -ist to verbs or nouns to make nouns that describe people. We usually add -erand -or to verbs and -ist to nouns. Write the nouns for these words. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1

art

2

sing

3

drive

4

invent

5

science

6

economy

7

teach

8

play

9

photograph

10

direct

11

write

12

build

6

Who are these people? Use the words in 4.

artist

Complete the sentences with words in 4. 1

He always wins at tennis. He's a very good

2

Steven Spielberg is a very famous film

3

Albert Einstein was a great

4

Is your dad a taxi-

5

I hate that

? All her

songs are the same. 6

I'd like to be an

one day. I love

studying finance and markets. 7

It was his job to discover new things. He was an

Unit 1

International cultural knowledge The origin of British family names

f77ie о/чд{/1 p/ {ftrifis/ifii/itf/f/ names Some people think rhat names aren't important. They're probably right, bur

Answer the questions. 1

they can be very interesting. Take British surnames, for example. A surname

Write down three British family names you know.

is a name that you and your family all have, and thar you pass from one

Jadcspyij

generation to another. When we start to look at the meaning of different surnames, we soon discover

Can you guess the origin of any of these names?

that many of them answer one of these basic questions:

/ think Jackson

a) W h o is this person's father or grandfather?

2

is 'the son of Jack'.

This gives us British surnames like Peters or Peterson. There are many surnames which begin with Mc or Mac, for example McCartney or Macdonald. This has a Scottish origin and also means son of, the same as O' in Ireland, like the surnames O'Connor or O'Brien.

Read this text about the origin of British family names.

b) Where is this person from?

What are the four origins that the text talks about? They explain

1

who the person's

father

orgrandfather

Some people have a country for their surname, for example England. was.

Field, House, Lake and H i l l are all common family names in Britain too. In fact, some experts think that 50% of all surnames come from some type o f geographic description. c) W h a t is this person's job? The very common surname Smith (five million people in the world have got this surname!) comes from'blacksmith', the traditional job of making objects such as horseshoes from metal. Baker (someone who makes bread), Shepherd (someone who looks after sheep) and Carpenter (someone who works with wood) are all common British surnames. d) W h a t is special about this person?

• WORD BOOSTER

1 1 1 1 1 1

1

I f your surname is Small, there's probably a small person in your family's

Match the words and definitions. 1

generation

a

from Scotland

2

Scottish

b

an area of green land, often with

3

field

с

4

seashore

animals a group of people who are bom/live around the same time d

[

land next to the sea

history. If your surname is Armstrong, then somebody in your family's past probably had strong arms. A n d the surname Reid comes from the word red, so you probably had a family member with red hair or a red face. When you start to investigate, you soon find that British surnames can be really interesting. A n d when you discover that there is a book called A Student's Guide to the Seashore by John and Susan Fish, you soon see that they can be funny too!

Read the text again and answer the questions. 1

What is a surname?

4

Write down t w o surnames from your country (but nor your surname!). Then write down a possible origin. Is it one of the four origins from the text?

2

Where is the surname Macdonald from originally and what

1

does it mean?

3

Where does the family name Smith come from?

4

What does a carpenter do?

2

What does it mean if your surname is Reid?

6

What is funny about the surname of the authors of Л Student's

Surname Possible origin

5 5

Surname Possible origin

What about youl Do you like your family name? Why/Why not? Do you know the origin of your family name?

Guide to the Seashorel

6

Unit 1

• Grammar in context Articles 1

Match these sentences with the rules. 1

2

My friend's dad is an engineer.

2

I love animals.

3

That isn't the problem.

4

The sun is hot today.

.._

a b

We use no article when we talk about things in general, We use the to talk about a specific person or thing or a previously mentioned person or thing,

с

We use a/an to talk about a singular, countable person or thing

5

Parents can be difficult.

for the first time, or to say that the person or thing is one of a

6

They've got a car.

number of people or things,

7

(They've got a car.) The car's blue.

d

We use the to talk about someone or something that is unique,

8

She's the new president.

e

We use a/an to say what somebody's profession is.

3

Complete the famous quotes with a/an, the or 0 (no article).

Complete the sentences with a, an or the.

1

1 have

dream.'

2

'

3

'I paint

4

'To be or not to be, that is

Martin Luther King

earth goes round

sun.'

Copernicus

objects as I think them, not as I see them.' Pablo Picasso question.' William Shakespeare

1

Yes, you're right! He has got

2

walkers in

3

What's

4

He works for

5

mobile phone!

6 7

organisation that helps people with

remote control?

7

She's single. She hasn't got

husband.

8

I have

idea! Why don't we go to see Uncle George

tomorrow? 9

Alexis

name of my nephew.

10

My stepfather is

11

He is

12

My sister wants to be

13

Have you got

carpenter.

director of the film we saw yesterday. economist. new computer? I haven't seen it

before. 14

good old days than

bad memory.'

Franklin Pierce Adams

coat you are wearing looks very warm.

'

(CVo)nly problem with common sense is that it is

not very common.' 8

boy behind you is Paul's cousin. What's on TV? Can you pass

Albert Einstein

'Nothing is more responsible for

title of that song?

6

(l/i)magination is more important than

knowledge.'

picture look very surprised.

no home. 5

'

'

(IVI)ifeis

Voltaire dream.'

Calderon de la Barca

Grammar extension 4

Look at these sentences. Cross out the when you think it is not necessary. 1

I love the Italian food.

2

The English people I know are really nice.

3

All you need is the love.

4

The food in this restaurant is terrible!

5

The money isn't the problem. The problem is not having the money!

6

The problem today is that the families don't spend enough time together.

7

The vegetarians don't eat the meat.

8

The man who lives next door is the headmaster's uncle. Unit 1

Asking for personal information

Describing photos

1

4

You meet an English boy. Use these prompts to write questions to ask him. 1

Find out if he has brothers or sisters. Have you got any brothers

2

3

Look at this photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use / think and/or / imagine.

or sisters?

2

Find out their ages.

3

Find out if they go to the boy's school.

4

Find out if they all go out together at the weekend.

5

Find out what the boy does on Saturdays.

1

Who can you see in the photo?

2

Where are they?

3

What are they doing?

4

How do you think the people are feeling? Why?

Match these answers to your questions in 1. a

Yes, they do.

b

Yes, I've got two sisters and a brother.

с

I usually go out with my friends on Saturday afternoon or evening. We go to the cinema, or bowling.

d

Not usually. We sometimes go out together on Sundays. We just get in the car and drive out into the country to spend the day there.

e

My sisters are 15 and 13 and my brother is 12.

Write your own true answers to the questions in 1.

Unit 1

5

Use the questions in 4 to think of things to say about this photo. Make notes and then practise orally.

Developing w r i t i n g An informal email 1

Read this student's paragraph plan and email. Then put his

2

Look at the words or expressions in bold in the email. Explain

why they are important in informal emails.

email in the order of his paragraph plan.

Paragraph plan

Hi W? usually start informalemails with this word.

Informal email giving personal information Paragraph 1 : Basic personal information I'm

Paragraph 2: Information about my family Paragraph 3: Hobbies Paragraph 4 : Favourite subject(s) a t school Paragraph 5: Asking for a reply

D

Anyway

Best wishes

In my free time, I like doing s p o r t with my friends. We play

all types of sport - football, basketball, tennis. We aren't very good, but we enjoy ourselves ©. I also enjoy reading and watching TV.

D

I live with my mum and my little brother. His name is Tom

and he's only nine years old. My mum is an a r t i s t . She does illustrations for books and magazines. She's very good and she loves herjob! My parents are divorced and I don't see my father very often.

3

Look at this personal information. Imagine that you are this person. Write an informal email using the paragraph plan and email in 1 as a model. Add more information and write complete sentences.

Paragraph plan Paragraph 1:

Marianela, 1 6 , Buenos Aires, Argentina

Paragraph 2:

Mother and father, t w o sisters. One sister 2 1 , other 1 9 . Both a t university. Go o u t with them a t weekend. Main hobby - cinema (American films). Go often. Also like books.

19 Anyway, it's time t o do my homework. Write back

Favourite subjects - Geography. Good

soon and tell me about yourself.

teacher. Also History.

Best wishes

•

Ask for a reply

ни

I'm Steve. I'm 1 7 and I'm from Oxford in England. Let me tell you about myself.

U

A t school my favourite subject is English. A t t h e moment

we're studying American literature and I'm really enjoying it. I also like studying a r t . My mum helps me with t h a t , of course!

Ф Reply

Get Mail

1 2 3 4 5

Forward

Delete

Print

Z>

Steve

Unit 1

Grammar

Vocabulary • Crimes

2 Criminal records

• Past continuous

•Criminals

• Phrasal verbs connected with investigating and finding Speaking

• Reporting a past event

Writing

• An informal letter

Crimes

Criminals

l a Find eight crimes in the word search.

3

Put the letters in order to find the names of different criminals.

g

n

m

r

a

a

V

P

s

b

с

1

1

t

1

ruggem mugger

5

redrumer.

a

t

V

e

к

P

r

d

d

n

e

P

r

s

2

fieth

6

boerbr

0

e

i

t

с

s

о

e

m

t

w

i

h

a

3

tripea

7

fitposherl.

r

b

t

n

г

P

b

e

r

e

i

r

о

о

4

lavand

8

blagrur

i

с

w

о

a

d

b

u

r

g

1

a

r

У

w

i

t

m

n

d

e

t

h

с

a

с

0

i

J

h

m

u

t

f

r

r

r

r

m

У

e

s

e

u

g

9

r

t

У

h

a

s

b

г

9

t

s

z

e

g

n

с

a

r

t

h

e

f

t

d

n

r

1

i

h

w

n

1

m

e

r

d

q

r

h

V

a

n

d

a

1

i

s

m

с

t

V

d

t

t

t

g

0

d

h

0

t

e

e

1

e

s

e

n

i

n

w

i

s

m

u

r

d

e

r

i

с

f

У

s

h

0

P

1

i

f

t

i

n

g

e

e

a

h

a

a

t

n

n

f

w

V

s

t

f

s

h

P

0

V

m

r

d

к

e

e

g

r

t

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i

u

q

f

f

1

о

w

V

f

t

l b Write the words from la in column A. Put them in alphabetical order. A: crimes 1

B:verbs

burglary

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2

> Past simple

Complete column В with these verbs. You can repeat verbs if necessary. burgle

Unit О

kill

mug

pirate

rob

steal

vandalise

4

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in 1,2and3. 1 2

The

stole money and objects from our home.

The police arrested a group of

who were

breaking shop windows in Main Street last night. 3

A

attacked an old woman last night and took

her handbag and watch. 4

In my opinion

is a terrible crime because it's

wrong to take someone's life. 5

They make thousands of illegal copies. They software, CDs and DVDs.

6

The

stole CDs and DVDs from the department

store. 7

Those two robbers month in spectacular robberies.

thousands of dollars every

• Reading 1

Look at the photo and the title

К

3

of the text. What do you think B f

A^k.

happened?

Read the text again and choose a, b or с to complete the sentences. 1

I think 2

3

4 2

< y

C / C t m n n

Q h t n e s e 2

0

0

0

s t u d e n t /

p o l i c e

g e n t r - o l d

a

n

d

join the modern Chinese army,

b

be part of an ancient Chinese army,

с

be an expert in Chinese armies.

TheTerracotta Army began their work a

100 years ago.

b

30 years ago.

с

over 2,000 years ago.

It was difficult to find Pablo Wendel because

a

t h e

5

я

nvmy

In 1974 t w o l o c a l farmers accidentally d i s c o v e r e d t h e w o r l d - f a m o u s T e r r a c o t t a Army near t h e a n c i e n t c i t y o f x i a n i n C h i n a . T h e r e were thousands o f brown t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s . They were t h e r e t o g u a r d t h e a n c i e n t emperor x i a n Shi Huang, a j o b t h e y began 2200 y e a r s ago. A r c h e o l o g i s t s immediately called the T e r r a c o t t a Army t h e f i n d o f t h e c e n t u r y . Thousands o f people visit the Terracotta Army each day i n t h e museum i n x i a n . on 1 8 September 2006 one o f t h o s e v i s i t o r s was a German a r t s t u d e n t c a l l e d P a b l o w e n d e l . P a b l o , 26, l o o k e d l i k e a normal t o u r i s t when he walked i n t o t h e museum. B u t he was c a r r y i n g a bag w i t h s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l i n i t . i n s i d e was a brown costume t h a t l o o k e d v e r y o l d . I t was an exact copy o f t h e u n i f o r m t h a t t h e t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s were w e a r i n g .

4

he was a good statue.

b

he was behind the soldiers.

с

the police weren't paying attention.

When the police found him, Pablo a

Read the text. Were your predictions in 1 correct?

Z\

Pablo Wendel wanted to a

started running.

b

didn't do anything.

с

attacked the police officers.

The police

a

said Pablo could stay in Xian.

b

carried Pablo away and questioned him.

с

thought the incident was funny and unimportant.

Answer the questions. 1

What did Pablo Wendel do on 18 September 2006?

2

Why did he do it?

3

Why did the police decide not to arrest him?

th

t h

5

necessary. 1

accidentally (paragraph 1) withoutplanning

or wanting to

do something

Pablo q u i c k l y p u t on h i s s o l d i e r ' s u n i f o r m , covered h i s f a c e i n brown p a i n t and jumped down i n t o t h e a r e a where t h e T e r r a c o t t a Army was s t a n d i n g , s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s saw h i m , b u t P a b l o was w e l l p r e p a r e d and knew e x a c t l y what t o d o . He f o u n d a space i n t h e l i n e s o f s o l d i e r s and stood c o m p l e t e l y s t i l l . The p o l i c e a r r i v e d , but now t h a t he w a s n ' t m o v i n g , t h e o f f i c e r s d i d n ' t know w h i c h was t h e r e a l p e r s o n and which were t h e s t a t u e s . However, a f t e r two m i n u t e s , one o f t h e p o l i c e m e n f i n a l l y f o u n d h i m . s t i l l P a b l o d i d n ' t move a muscle, i n t h e e n d , t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s had t o p i c k him up l i k e a s t a t u e and c a r r y h i m away. The o f f i c e r s asked P a b l o a l o t o f q u e s t i o n s t o f i n d o u t why he was t h e r e , не t o l d them t h a t he l o v e d t h e T e r r a c o t t a Army and w a n t e d t o be p a r t o f i t f o r j u s t one d a y .

What is the meaning of these words from the text? Write a definition, explanation or synonym. Use your dictionary if

6

2

century (paragraph 1)

3

costume (paragraph 2)

4

muscle (paragraph 4)

5

pick up (paragraph 4)

6

arrest (paragraph 5)

What about you? Do you think that what Pablo did was right or wrong? Why?

The p o l i c e d e c i d e d n o t t o a r r e s t h i m , p r o b a b l y because Pablo d i d n ' t a c t u a l l y t o u c h o r b r e a k any o f t h e t e r r a c o t t a s o l d i e r s . B u t t h e y t o o k away h i s u n i f o r m , t o l d h i m n o t t o do i t a g a i n and s e n t him back t o t h e e a s t e r n C h i n e s e c i t y o f Hangzhou where he was s t u d y i n g .

Unit 2

P

Past simple 1

Match the puzzle pieces to make irregular forms of the past simple. How many irregular forms can you make? Write the present form of each verb in brackets. bought

3

1

(buy)

-aught I

br p

ft" -old 1 N

•"" -ook I

sh jo

h

dr |o

2

What crime/commit?

3

How much/steal?

4

police/catch him?

5

Where/go in 1970?

6

Why/fly to Brazil?

7

sing with/the Rolling Stones?

-ank -ought

_h_Jo

-ew

-ut th p

ft

-оке

Complete the text with the past simple form of these verbs. be

When/be born? When was he horn?

b j o

2

1

Use the question words and the verbs to write questions about Ronnie Biggs.

become

catch

go

not do

When/come back to England?

steal 4

These statements are incorrect. Write one negative sentence and one correct sentence for each statement. 1

Ronnie Biggs was born in 1919.

Ronnie Biaas wasn't born in Iftl. He was born in 1121.

Ronald, or Ronnie, Biggs (a) He (b)

born in England in 1929.

2

Ronnie Biggs committed a murder.

3

Biggs stole 2.6 million dollars.

4

He ran away to Madrid.

5

A police officer saw him in Australia.

6

After Australia, Biggs flew to the USA.

famous in 1963 for his part in the Great Train

Robbery. In this robbery, a gang of criminals (c) 2.6 million pounds from a train. Biggs (d)

much in the

crime, he only had a small part in it, but the police (e)

him and he (f) change

escape

to prison. leave

Two years later he (g) (h)

see

work

He ran away to Paris and

his appearance thanks to plastic surgery. In 1970

he (i)

France. Then, in Australia, he (j)

a television studio but a reporter (k)

him and

recognised him. come

5

Use the answers to the questions in 3 to write a short text about Ronnie Biggs. He was born in 1121.

fly

Because of this, Biggs (I)

live

make

sing

to Brazil, where he

(m)

with his new family for many years. He

(n)

a film with the Sex Pistols in 1980 and he

(o)

some songs with them. He (p)

back to England in 2001 and had to go back to prison. Unit 2

in

1

Grammar extension

—J

• Phrasal 1

verbs connected with investigating and finding

Complete the phrasal verbs with these words. come

find

look

look

turn

work

Vocabulary extension: more phrasal verbs with

Use your dictionary to match these phrasal verbs with look

with their meanings. 1

.out = discover . into = investigate . for = try to find

2

a

look after--. look ahead

up = arrive or appear unexpectedly

5

across = find by accident

6

out = solve a problem by considering the facts

b

\

feel happy or excited that something is going to happen

с

walk around a room, building or place and see what is there

d

look forward to

look carefully at people or things around you to find a particular person or thing

look out for

Choose the correct alternative.

plan what you are going to do in the future

look back

4

look

e

think about a time or event in the

\ look round

P "-•f

ast

take care of someone or something

Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. after ahead back forward out round 1

Let's look

this museum slowly. I think it will be

interesting. 2

I'm looking

to the football match tomorrow. I'm

really excited about it. 3

We need to look

and see what problems there

could be in the next few years. 4

Mum and I are going out now. Look

your little

sister until we get back. 5

Stop spending your time looking

The past is the

past. It's time to carry on with your life. 6

When you go to the party, look

for Helen and Kate

because they said they were going too. Answer the questions. Write complete sentences.

1

Do you ever look after anybody? If so, who?

2

Do you spend more time looking ahead or looking back?

3

What are you looking forward to doing this weekend?

4

Is there a house, building or museum that you would like to

Sir Isaac Newton saw an apple falling from a tree. He thought about it and worked out/turned up his theory of gravity.

2

1

When I lost a contact lens, I looked for/lopked into it everywhere.

3

The maths problem was really difficult but after thinking hard, they workedout/cqme

4

the answer.

Nobody usually went to her house but one Saturday one of her friends turned up/carneacrqss,.

5

look round? Which one(s)?

He wanted an original name for his new dog but he couldn't think of one. Then he cgmgMf.Qss/lwM.UJDtQ. the name Torak in a novel and he liked it.

6

When she looked into/found out that he was lying, it was a terrible shock.

7

5

When you go to a party, who is the first person you look out for?

They can't take a decision about this question yet. They need to look for/look into the facts in more detail. Unit 2

Private investigators

" Л

Cross-curricular-History The first private detective 1

Look at the logo above the text. What do you think the agency did every day?

Read the text and choose the correct alternative. 1 The first detective, Allan Pinkerton, was born in England/ Scotland/America. From 1842 he lived in England/Scotland/America. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency investigated bank robberies/train robberies/murders at the beginning. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency worked before the FBI/ worked with the FBI/copied the FBI. Pinkerton's National Detective Agency was very small/small/ big.

• WORD BOOSTER •

Match the words and definitions.

•

1 gang

•

2 logo

1 1

3 paid 4 assassinate

1

5 follow

a

kill an important person

b с

gave money for something group of criminals

d e

walk behind somebody symbol to represent a company or

W e all love films and books about private detectives. But who was the first private detective? I n fact, his name was Allan Pinkerton and his story is as interesting as a detective novel. Pinkerton was born in Scotland in 181!) \ but he went to live in America in 1812. ^М^» He and his wile lived in Chicago. One day / " ^ ' A when he was walking by a river, he came across a small island. He saw that people were living there and he worked out that they were a gang of criminals. He went and told the police and they caught all the criminals except their leader. Pinkerton helped the police to look lor the leader and he found him. Pinkerton became a local hero and the next year he became Chicago's first private detective. A

organisation

In 1852 Allan Pinkerton and his brother Robert started their own detective agency. At the time, there were many Complete the sentences with information from the text. train robbers because trains carried lots ol money and gold. People usually paid the Pinkertons to find and catch train 1 Allan Pinkerton became a local hero because he helped robbers. They were good at their job and soon criminals the police to find the leader of a gang of criminals. hated the name Pinkerton. 2

because there was money and gold on trains. 3

The Pinkertons'usual job was to.. and they were very good at it.

4

Pinkerton's National Detective Agency became famous because the Pinkertons

because Pinkerton's National Detective Agency had an eye for their logo. What about youl Who is your favourite famous detective from a book, TV series, film or cartoon? Why do you like him/her?

14

Unit 2

In 1861 the Pinkertons were investigating a train robbery when they discovered a plan to assassinate the American president, Abraham Lincoln. W i t h this information, the Pinkertons saved Lincoln's life, and soon everybody knew about their agency, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. In the American Civil War, Lincoln paid Pinkerton's National Detective Agency to organise a secret intelligence sen ice. Before the creation of the FBI or the C I A in America, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency did exactly this type of work. The Pinkertons soon had many men and women working lor them. Allan Pinkerton taught them how to investigate crimes and how to follow people without them knowing about it. He was also the first person to keep a bank ol information about different criminals, including their photos. O n the side of Pinkerton's National Detective Agency's headquarters in Chicago they had a famous logo. It was a big black and white eve with the words ' W e never sleep'. Private detectives are often called 'Private Lyes'. The Pinkerton eve was the origin of this name.

Past continuous 1

Complete the dialogue with the past continuous form of these verbs. do

do

HELEN:

feel

have

not feel

sit

talk

3

Write questions for these answers. 1

What (a)

2

you

My family was watching a film at 7pm. ?

My mum and I (b)

3 Later I took the dog out for a walk.

my

grandmother in hospital. HELEN:

Why was she in hospital?

LUKE:

Yesterday morning she (c)

4 No, I wasn't sleeping at 9pm. well

5

so we called the doctor and he said that she needed to

At 11 pm I was reading.

go to hospital. HELEN:

6

What(d)

I went to sleep at about 12pm.

she

last night when you visited her? LUKE:

She(e)

on a chair, not lying in

bed. All the patients (f)

dinner and

they (g) this morning, she (h)

2

4

Write your own true answers to the questions in 3. 1

and laughing.

She looked OK. When my mum phoned the hospital HELEN:

doing at 7pm last night?

I was listening to my MP3 player at 7pm last night.

visit

I rang you at 8pm last night but there was no answer.

LUKE:

What were yen

2

much better. 3

That's good news.

Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs given.

4 5 6

Grammar extension Read the text. There are ten extra words in it. Find them and cross them out. The last night we were watching a film on TV when suddenly we did heard a sound like an explosion. At first we thought that it was came from the TV but then we realised the noise came from One Saturday afternoon, a team of police officers (a)

the kitchen.

(play) football against a

group of local people in Yorkshire, England. The police officers (b)

(lose) 0-2 when suddenly

an officer (c)

(recognise) one of the

men who (d) He (e)

(play) in the other team. (know) that the man was a criminal. The police

officers (f)

(look) for him for

several burglaries.The police officers (g) playing and (h) Then they (i) In the end, the police officers (j) And the man (k)

(stop) (arrest) the man. (start) the match again. (win) the match 3-2!

(go) to prison for a long time.

My dad said us it could be a burglar and so he took a big stick and went to the kitchen to see if he was right. He was opening the door when that something jumped out really fast! It wasn't a burglar because it was only small. Then there did was another sound. We went back to the living room. The lamp was on the floor. In the corner of the room there was a cat. My family and I we recognised it - it was my neighbour's cat. The cat was nervous and was knocking things onto the floor while it is was running through our house. We did rang the neighbour and he came to take his cat back. In the end of we didn't see what happened in the film we were watching. Unit 2

Reporting a past event - a crime

Describing photos

1

3

Complete the dialogue with these words. after AMY:

at first

in the end

later

suddenly

Look at the photo and answer the questions. If you are not sure of something, use / think and/or / imagine.

then

Last night my friends and I went out to that new restaurant in Bank Street.

ADAM:

Did you have a good time?

AMY:

No, not really.

ADAM: Why not? What happened? AMY:

Well, we wanted to see if it was good or not. (a)

we didn't like it because the waiter

was really slow. But (b)

we started

eating and we loved it. When we were finishing our meal, a man (c)

started shouting at the

waiter. He was really angry and became violent. A few minutes (d)

the manager of the

restaurant called the police. ADAM: Then what happened? AMY:

(e)

that the man stopped shouting

and sat down, (f) 2

he paid and left.

Imagine that you were waiting outside the cinema last Saturday and that you saw this scene. Write the other half of the dialogue. Use some of the words from the box in 1.

4

Y O U R FRIEND:

Did you have a good time last Saturday?

YOU:

(a)

Y O U R FRIEND:

Why not? What happened?

YOU:

(b)

Y O U R FRIEND:

So what happened in the end?

YOU:

(c)

Unit 2

1

Who can you see in the photo?

2

Where are they?

3

What are they doing?

4

What do you think of this crime? Why?

Use the questions in 3 to think of things to say about this photo. Make notes and then practise orally.

An

ping writing An informal letter 1 Read this letter from a girl called Georgina. What was Georgina's unusual experience?

3

Imagine that you found an animal some time ago. Write a letter to a friend telling them about what you found. Tell them: •

what kind of animal it was and what you were doing when you found it

•

why you decided to take it home and how other family members reacted

•

what problem you had with the animal and how you solved

•

it how the animal changed your life.

(a)

(b)

(d) It was great to hear from you. Something really unusual happened to me yesterday. I was walking home after

hockey

practice when I saw a little boy on his own. He was crying because he was lost. He was only about {our or five years old and he didn't know how to get home. I didn't know what to do, but I couldn't

just

leave him there. I decided to take him to the police station. We were walking along the road when we got to some shops. Suddenly,

a woman

came running out of one of the shops. She very worried and was crying too. The boy

looked shouted

'Mummy!' The woman was his muml They both looked so happy, and I was happy for them. (e)

and

tell me about

your week (f) Georgma

Put these words and expressions in the correct place in the letter in 1.

a

It answers the questions.

Dear Phil,

b

It has all the necessary information.

28 April 2011

с

It is easy to understand.

d

It is well organised.

e

I think the grammar is correct.

f

I have used different words.

g

I have used punctuation and capital letters.

1 Thanks for your letter.

th

Love, 70 Baxter Street, Birmingham, ВОЗ 4RG. 6

When you finish, read your own letter and give yourself a mark from 0 (not very good) to 5 (excellent) for these criteria.

Write back soon

Think about your marks in 4 and make changes to your letter to improve it.

Unit 2

r

Revision: Units 1-2 Grammar

Vocabulary

1

1

Complete the sentences with the present simple form of the verbs given. (watch) the news twice a day.

1

Elizabeth

2

My friends

3

Sunny weather

4

A:

(not read) magazines. (make) me feel happy. it

(rain) a lot in

your country? My brother usually

(study) in his bedroom. /5

2

2

points)

Complete the dialogue with the present continuous form of these verbs. begin

carry

come

KATIE: Why (a)

not stay

put

you

now.

I (c)

3

because I have an

He (d)

now. He's walking slowly

because he (e)

the CD player

and some dictionaries. /5

sister called Polly. My sister loves (b)

restaurant, (e)

Italian friend who has (d)

restaurant is near our house. (_

4

points)

Complete the text with a/an, the or 0 (no article).

Italian food. She's got (c)

/5

One day, when I (a) woman (c) (d) her, so I (e)

(see) something unusual. A (sing) and a lot of people

single

5

only child

I

(be) there. Half an hour later all the other (come). They (talk) about a surprise concert by

the brother of your father

2

the brother of your husband or wife

3

your father's new wife

_]

4

your sister's daughter

I

5

the man a woman is married to

I

/5

points)

/5

points)

Match the words with the suffixes to make nouns. protect different improve equip invent

-ion -ment -ence ,

(

1

somebody who steals from houses

_

2

the crime when you kill someone

3

somebody who attacks another person to steal from them

4

the crime of breaking and destroying public things for no reason

5

the crime of copying software, films, etc

6

the person who steals from a bank (

5

/6

look

look

turn

work

In this story, there is a mysterious theft. A detective (a) into the crime. He asks lots of questions and, by using logic, he (b) He (c)

out that a man called Ron Carter is the criminal. for physical evidence that Carter did it. The

(j)

up at Carter's house, Carter admits he is the thief.

/10

/25

points)

)

points

points)

Complete the text with the correct present simple form of these verbs.

detective can't find anything but when he suddenly (d)

у

ч

Find words which match the definitions.They are all crimes or criminals.

our music teacher in the street and I was the only person who (not see) it!

points)

1

(continue) on my way (arrive), nobody

/5

Who are these people in a family?

(watch) her. I didn't recognise

students (h) (i)

4

(walk) to school,

to school but when I (f) (g)

senior citizen

points)

Complete the text with the past simple or the past continuous form of the verbs given.

I (b)

3

ч

4 Г

I've got (a)

adolescence

1 2 3 4 5

KATIE: Where's the teacher anyway?

3

2

(

appointment at the doctor's. LUCY:

birth

your

books in your bag?The lesson (b) LUCY:

1

(

B: Yes, it 5

Write an explanation for each word or expression.

Г

a>

/4

points)

/25

points^

l

Reading 1

Read the text and choose the best title for it. School children and violent crime Global solutions to the problem of absent students

3

T!

'HE

1 2

LAW

many

I N Britain and other

countries

Viera.

says that c h i l d r e n under 16

Who is responsible for you travelling to school - you,

need to go to school. W h e n

your parents or the police?

they don't go to school, it's a crime. It's called 'truancy' a n d m a n y different countries take truancy very seriously. In

a

schools put

group

of

i n Tokyo,

out

their

private students

hands

for

e x a m i n a t i o n every m o r n i n g . A

special

at

each

computer student's

to check

looks fingers

their f i n g e r p r i n t s .

Prison officers use the same technique w i t h criminals i n prison. It means that teachers k n o w exactly w h o is i n class and w h o isn't. the

parents'

problem

and responsibility. A t 5 a m one two the

2 5 ОГ

Read the text. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? Write

Let me te/tyou what happened

2

Prison officers check fingerprints to know if criminals are Mindy Pearl Viera had problems with the police because there

4

There are books at the Seremban police station.

5

All students in Seremban have to write a summary of their

6

With the Phonemaster system a person phones parents again and again until they pick up the phone.

(

/ 7

points)

Writing Last week you saw a crime. Write an informal letter to a friend telling them about it.Tell them:

J

V

at

Pearl

Truancy is when children under 16 miss school for no reason.

book.

t.The

arrived

of M i n d y

1

were many times when she didn't go to school.

3

Miami,

HlUke,

3

ninal.

policemen house

in

down the line(s) where you found the answer.

present in the prison or not.

le

morning

•

what the crime was

•

what you were doing when you saw it

•

who the criminal was

•

if the police caught the criminal

•

what happened in the end. С

/8

points)

arrested

her

station because her teenage daughters d i d n ' t go to school more t h a n 100 times that year. I n the Malaysian t o w n of Seremban,

w h e n the police

f i n d a student w h o is i n the street a n d not at school, they take t h e m to the police station w h e r e there is n o w a special 'reading r o o m ' . The students read

books w h i l e they

are

w a i t i n g for their parents to come a n d take t h e m home. Students w h o don't finish the book take it home and t h e n w r i t e a summary of i t . A school i n Scotland uses an A m e r i c a n

I n some countries, truancy is

They

a n d took her to the police

system

called

Phonemaster. It automatically telephones parents w h e n

a

student is 30 minutes late for school.

The

phone

stop r i n g i n g u n t i l answers it.

to me last week. I...

doesn't someone

3 Lost in translation

Grammar

• Countable and uncountable nouns • Relative pronouns

Vocabulary

• Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little • Countries, nationalities and languages • Learning a language • Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-

Speaking

»Asking for information

Writing

> A language biography

Countries, nationalities and languages

Learning a language

1

3

Complete the table. Country (a) /

• Berne S

Nationality (b)

Language(s)

Choose the correct alternative. 1 2 3 4 5

(c)

\

6

(d)

(e)

(f)

7 4

How often do you practice/practise your pronunciation? Translate/Translation can be difficult sometimes. It's natural to do/make mistakes. Last week we made/took a listening exam. I enjoy dgjng/mgking speaking exercises.

You need lots of Pjgjctjce/gKiCtise to speak and write well in English. We're going to feyjs&reyision.

for our exam.

Complete the questions with these words. There are eight words but only five gaps.

•

Warsaw

homework skill

И

(g)

(h)

(i)

1

made

mistake

translation

write

When was the last time you

revise wrote an essay in

English? What was it about?

Tokyo

(j)

(k)

(1)

2

How do you

3

Apart from outside school?

4

Which

grammar before an English exam? , what else do you do in English (reading, writing, listening or speaking)

do you enjoy practising the most? j^^Cardiff

Brasilia

H

5

J

What is a typical

you make in English (e.g.

writing english instead of English)! (m)

(n)

(o)

(P)

(q)

(r)

5

Write your own true answers to the questions in 4. 1

/

• ян 2

•

Buenos Aires

3 Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? If they are false, correct them. 1

In Russia they speak German.

2

In the Netherlands they speak Dutch.

3

People from Egypt are Egyptese.

4

People from Egypt speak Arabian.

5

Swiss people are from Switzerland.

6

In Switzerland they speak French.

7

In Brazil they speak Spanish.

8

Welsh people are from Wales.

4

5

1 Read this text and write a good title for it.

I

N 2005 THE Chief Inspector of Schools, David Bell, said: 'Teenage boys i n Britain don't really want to speak i n English. So how are they going to learn to speak i n other languages? Language learning i n England's schools is - becoming almost completely middle class and female. We know that girls are doing modern languages more than boys, and that schools i n poor areas are not giving many opportunities to learn modern foreign languages.' But why aren't boys studying languages? Is it because they don't like К making mistakes? Or is i t because teenage boys just don't talk a lot, not even i n their own language? 'It's not a good situation,' said Bell, 'because we want more people to learn a modern language.'

INSIDE INFORMATION •

18-year-old students usually take. Grade A is the t o p mark. •

Read the text again. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? Write the line(s) where you found the answer. 1 David Bell thinks teenage boys in Britain are good at modern

In Britain'independent'schools are private schools. Parents pay t o send their children t o these types of schools.

•

In Britain, the languages that secondary students normally study are French, German or Spanish - in that order.

Modern languages are not very popular i n British secondary schools. Not many people are taking a GCSE in French this year. Recent investigation shows that there are problems w i t h language learning i n Britain. And those problems are making a difference to university language departments too. There are not many students who want to study languages, and so some university language departments now only have 10 or 12 students. Other statistics also confirmed the idea that mostly r i c h students are now studying modern languages. The Independent Schools Council found out that last year 6 0 % of all the top marks i n A-level French came from students in independent schools.

Mr Bell says secondary schools are already beginning to separate boys and girls for science lessons. He thinks it can also be a good idea for schools to do the same thing with modern language teaching. Mr Bell suggested that single-sex classes i n modern languages could stop boys being embarrassed about speaking i n another language. ; 'Some people t h i n k that it is a bad idea to separate boys and girls into different classes. But if the system produces good results for modern languages, let's do i t . '

2

GCSEs are public examinations w h i c h English, Welsh and Northern Irish students usually d o w h e n they are 16. A-levels are the exams w h i c h

4

What about you? 1

studying languages in your country? What is the difference?

languages because they like speaking. 2

Is there any difference between the number of girls and boys

David Bell is worried because in general children from poor families aren't studying modern languages.

3 David Bell thinks it's a good idea to have language classes with boys only because the boys won't be afraid to speak. 2 4

The number of students taking exams in modern languages is not high.

5

learn languages?

_

The number of students doing languages at university is going up.

6

Do you think there is any difference in the way boys and girls

_

You can only get a good mark in French if you go to an independent school.

3

Find these words in the text. Write a synonym, definition or explanation for each one. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1 completely (line 5) 2

3

What do you think about separating boys and girls into different classes in languages or in general?

opportunities (//лев)

3 separate (line 15) 4

single-sex (line 18)

5 embarrassed (line 19) 6

top marks (line 34) Unit 3

ntext

ram

Some, any, much, many, a lot of, a few, a little 1

5

Complete the table by ticking the correct boxes. Look at some as an example. some plural countable

/

uncountable

/

affirmative

/

any

much

many a lot (of)

Look at the pictures and write sentences with There is/are and a few or a little. There's a little

1

a few i a little .

water.

water

1

negative& questions large quantity small quantity 2

3

Are these words countable (C) or uncountable (U)? С

1

close friend

5

energy

2

free time

6

niece

3

problem

7

cousin

4

good idea

8

homework

Write questions with the words in 2 using either much or many. In your questions, make the countable nouns in 2 plural. 1

Have you. got many close

friends?

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4

Write your own true answers to your questions in 3 using some, any, not much, not many, a lot of. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I've got some close friends

but not many.

Grammar extension 6

Complete the sentences so they are true for you. 1

I've got some

in my bedroom.

2

We haven't got any

3

I haven't got much

4

There aren't many

in our family.

5

We've got a lot of

at school.

6

I've got a few

7

We've got a little

in our house.

in our fridge.

N6

Negative prefixes un-, in-, im-, ir-, il1 Complete the table by writing these words in the correct column. correct

formal

happy

le§af

un-

official

possible

practical

regular

usual

visible

im-

in-

il-

irleqal

Basic rule: We use the

Basic rule:

Basic rule:

prefix im- when a word starts

with

the

letter

2

Look at these words. Complete the basic rules in 1 to explain when we use the prefixes im-, ir and //-. 1

2 3 4 5 6 3

patient -> impatient

probable •» improbable relevant -» irrelevant responsible -* irresponsible logical -» illogical legible -* illegible

Match the words in 1 and 2 with these synonyms and

definitions. 1

wrong

2

relaxed, friendly, not very serious

3

sad

4

not good at waiting

5

impossible to see

6

impossible to read

Vocabulary extension: negative prefixes dis- and non4

Look at these words. Which go with dis- and which go with non-1 Which type of word is each one: a noun, verb or adjective? Use your dictionary if necessary. 1

Reporting a past event

Writing

• A personal

• Feelings

• Noun suffixes

-ness. -ship,

description

11,11

Relationships 1

2

M a t c h these phrases t o t h e p i c t u r e s . ask s o m e b o d y o u t

fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y

get back t o g e t h e r again get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y hove an a r g u m e n t

Are these stages usually at t h e start or t h e e n d o f a relationship? Start

g e t married go out with somebody

split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y

W o u l d y o u like t o g o t o t h e cinema w i t h m e o n Friday?

1

get o n well w i t h s o m e b o d y

2

ask s o m e b o d y o u t

3

have an a r g u m e n t

4

meet s o m e b o d y

5

split u p w i t h s o m e b o d y

6

fall in love w i t h s o m e b o d y

7

go o u t w i t h s o m e b o d y

End

• • • • • • •

• • • • • •

Feelings 3

C o m p l e t e t h e puzzle by w r i t i n g t h e n o u n f o r m o f each a d j e c t i v e . Is t h e w o r d in t h e s h a d e d c o l u m n positive or

1

negative?

have an argument

1

angry

2

bored

3

excited

4

afraid

5

happy

6

lonely

:kl/ adj w i t h l i t t l e o r no h a i r o n y o u r head

/Ь:вэ/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o w r i t e s books o r a r t i c l e s as their j o b 2 the person w h o w r o t e a p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t or other piece of w r i t i n g : the author of the report

/a'wea(r)nas/ noun [singular/U]

/bask/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r b o t t o m , o n the opposite side to y o u r chest a n d stomach: 1 have a pain in my back. 2 the p a r t o r side of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u r t h e s t f r o m the f r o n t : Get in the back of the car.

b a l c o n y /'baelkani/ noun [C] a place s t i c k i n g out f r o m the outside of a b u i l d i n g w h e r e y o u c a n sit o r stand

Ывепик/ adj r e a l , not false o r copied: The letter is authentic.

/a'wea/ adj k n o w i n g about a s i t u a t i o n o r fact: As far I'm aware, he didn't tell her anything.

b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e /'baetjalaz di.gri:/ noun [C] a f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y degree

b a c k u p /Ъаеклр/ noun [U] people o r e q u i p m e n t t h a t can be used w h e n e x t r a help is needed: The gang was armed, so the police called for backup, noun [C] a copy of i n f o r m a t i o n o n y o u r computer t h a t y o u m a k e i n case y o u lose the o r i g i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

/'aetmas.fia/ noun [singular] 1 the m o o d t h a t exists in a place and affects the people there: There is an atmosphere of tension in the city today. 2 the a i r r o u n d the E a r t h o r r o u n d another planet: The Earth's atmosphere is getting warmer.

nice to look at: a stunningly

a v e r y y o u n g c h i l d w h o cannot yet t a l k or daughter

b a c h e l o r /'baetjata/ noun [C] a m a n w h o has never been m a r r i e d

a s s e s s /a'ses/ verb [T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y a n d m a k e a judgment about i t : We tried to assess his suitability for the job.

/a'traektiv/ adj

В

as

b e a u t i c i a n /bju:'tif(3)n/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give people beauty t r e a t m e n t s /bi'heiv/ verb [I] to do t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r way: The children behaved very badly, verb [l/T] to be p o l i t e a n d not cause t r o u b l e : Mum's always telling me to behave when we go out. Anna

/bi'heivja/ noun [u] was sick of her brother's

the w a y t h a t someone behaves: behaviour.

99

behind

brother

/bi'haindV adv, prep 1 at the back of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The teacher was standing behind me, looking over my shoulder. 2 used for s a y i n g w h a t causes s o m e t h i n g or who is responsible for m a k i n g it happen, especially w h e n t h i s is not obvious: Police believe that a racist group is behind the attacks. 3 late or too slow i n d o i n g t h i n g s t h a t y o u have to do: The project is already a month behind schedule. b e l o n g t o /bi'lon ta/ phr vb to be owned by someone: The car to the woman next door.

belongs

b e s t - s e l l e r /best'sela/ noun [C] a book t h a t m a n y people b u y b i g - h e a d e d /.big'hedid/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way t h a t shows that y o u t h i n k y o u are v e r y i m p o r t a n t or i n t e l l i g e n t / b i l / noun [C] a w r i t t e n statement that shows how m u c h money you owe for goods or services t h a t y o u have received: a telephone bill b i o d e g r a d a b l e /,bai3udi'greid3b(3)l/ adj d e c a y i n g n a t u r a l l y i n a w a y t h a t is not h a r m f u l to the e n v i r o n m e n t b i o g r a p h y /bai'Dgrafi/ noun [C] a book t h a t someone w r i t e s about someone else's life /Ьз:9/ noun [c/u] the occasion w h e n a baby is b o r n : We are happy to announce the birth of our son, Andrew. b i s c u i t /'biskit/ noun [C] a s m a l l flat d r y cake t h a t is u s u a l l y sweet: a packet of chocolate biscuits a b i t Is 'bit/ phrase s l i g h t l y , or a l i t t l e : I'm feeling

a bit tired.

/bleim/ noun [U] r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for a n accident, p r o b l e m , or bad s i t u a t i o n : Why do I always get the blame for everything? ч&Ъ [T] to say or t h i n k t h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g is responsible for an accident, problem, or bad s i t u a t i o n : If it all goes wrong, don't blame me. b l e e d /bli:d/ verb [i] to have blood f l o w i n g f r o m y o u r body, for example f r o m a cut: He was bleeding from a wound in his shoulder. /blamd/ adj unable to see: Blind the same school.

and sighted children

attend

b l o g /Ыод/ noun [C] a b i o g r a p h i c a l web log: a type of d i a r y on a website that is changed r e g u l a r l y , to give the latest news. /bUd/ noun [U] the r e d l i q u i d that flows a r o u n d inside y o u r body: Oxygen is carried in the blood. /Ыэи/ verb [l] 1 i f w i n d or a i r blows, the a i r moves: A strong wind was blowing across the island. 2 to p u s h out a i r f r o m y o u r m o u t h : He bent towards the candle and blew gently. Iby.ul noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat piece of wood or other m a t e r i a l t h a t is used for a p a r t i c u l a r purpose: a chopping/ ironing board 2 a flat w i d e surface such as a noticeboard or blackboard that is used for s h o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The exam results were pinned up on the board, verb [i/т] to get onto a ship, a i r c r a f t , t r a i n , or bus b o a r d g a m e /Ъхб ,geim/ noun [C] a n y game i n w h i c h y o u move objects a r o u n d on a special b o a r d b o a r d i n g s c h o o l /'bo:dii] sku:l/ noun [C] a school i n w h i c h the students l i v e d u r i n g the p a r t of the y e a r t h a t t h e y go to lessons /ЬэиГ/ noun [C] a vehicle for t r a v e l l i n g on water: The only way to get there was by boat. or i f y o u b o i l i t , i t becomes so When the water boils, add the water, or to be cooked i n t h i s egg?

/Ьок/ noun [C] a w r i t t e n w o r k t h a t is p r i n t e d on pages fastened together inside a cover: Please open your books at page 25. verb [l/T] to a r r a n g e to have or use s o m e t h i n g at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n the f u t u r e : Shall I book a room for you? b o o s t /bu:st/ noun [singular] s o m e t h i n g t h a t helps s o m e t h i n g to increase or i m p r o v e : The festival has been a major boost for the

100

Iby.ul adj feeling i m p a t i e n t and annoyed because n o t h i n g is i n t e r e s t i n g : The waiter looked very bored. b o r e d o m / t a d a m / noun [U] the feeling of being bored /'boirirj/ adj

not at a l l i n t e r e s t i n g : a boring, badly-paid

job

/by.nl adj 1 w h e n a baby is b o r n , it comes out of its mother's body and s t a r t s its life: Her grandfather died before she was born. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g such as a new o r g a n i s a t i o n or idea is b o r n , i t begins to exist /'bDrau/ verb [T] to receive and use s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else, and promise to give it back: Can I borrow your calculator? b o s s y /'bDsi/ adj someone who is bossy is a n n o y i n g because they keep t e l l i n g other people w h a t to do b o u n c e /baons/ verb [i/T] 1 i f a b a l l or other object bounces, or i f you bounce i t , i t h i t s a surface t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y moves away: The ball bounced twice before hitting the net. 2 i f an e m a i l message bounces, i t is sent back to y o u w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g the person you sent i t to /baol/ noun [C] 1 a r o u n d container that you use for eating, s e r v i n g , or p r e p a r i n g food: In a large bowl, mix together the eggs, sugar, and butter. 2 a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h o u t a l i d , used for h o l d i n g l i q u i d s : a washing-up bowl b o w l i n g /'bauhq/ noun [u] a n i n d o o r game i n w h i c h players r o l l heavy balls along a t r a c k and t r y to k n o c k d o w n a group of pins /bDks/ noun [C] 1 a c o n t a i n e r w i t h s t r a i g h t sides and a flat base: a cardboard box 2 a space for w r i t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on a p r i n t e d f o r m , or a space on a computer screen w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n i n i t : a dialogue box b o x e r Arokss/ noun [C] someone who takes p a r t i n the sport of boxing

/bmk/ noun [C] 1 a large b u i l d i n g w i t h a lot of different levels: an apartment/office block 2 a solid piece of wood, stone, ice etc w i t h s t r a i g h t sides: a block of marble 3 an area of b u i l d i n g s i n a t o w n or c i t y w i t h streets on a l l four sides: / was early, so I walked around the block a couple of times, verb m to stop s o m e t h i n g f r o m m o v i n g along or passing t h r o u g h s o m e t h i n g : A car was blocking the road.

/bod/ verb [l/T] 1 i f a l i q u i d boils, hot that bubbles rise to the surface: rice. 2 to cook s o m e t h i n g i n b o i l i n g way: How long does it take to boil an

local economy, verb [T] to help s o m e t h i n g to increase or improve: The cold weather boosted demand for electricity.

/brein/ noun [C] the o r g a n inside y o u r head that allows you to t h i n k a n d feel, a n d c o n t r o l s y o u r body: The illness had affected his brain. /bra:ntJ7 noun [C] 1 one of the parts of a tree that grows out of its t r u n k 2 a shop or office r e p r e s e n t i n g a large company or o r g a n i s a t i o n i n a p a r t i c u l a r area: The store has branches in over 50 cities. /breiv/ adj able to deal w i t h danger, p a i n , or trouble w i t h o u t b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d or w o r r i e d : the brave soldiers who fought and died for their country /breik/ verb [l/T] 1 i f s o m e t h i n g breaks, or i f you break it, it separates i n t o t w o or more pieces w h e n i t is h i t , dropped etc: / broke two dishes this morning. 2 i f a piece of equipment breaks, or i f y o u b r e a k i t , it stops w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : Don't play with the camera - you 11 break it. verb [T] to f a i l to obey a r u l e or law: Students who break these rules will be punished. b r i d e /braid/ noun [C] a w o m a n who is g e t t i n g m a r r i e d , or one who has r e c e n t l y m a r r i e d /brait/ adj 1 b r i g h t colours are strong but not dark: She was wearing a bright red scarf. 2 f u l l of strong s h i n i n g l i g h t : It was a bright sunny day. 3 i n t e l l i g e n t : one of the brightest students in the class /Ьпп/ verb [T] to take someone or s o m e t h i n g w i t h you f r o m one place to another: Bring a coat in case it turns cold. b r o a d b a n d /'br3:d,baend/ noun [U] a type of connection between a computer and the I n t e r n e t that allows y o u to send or receive a large a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n i n a short t i m e b r o a d c a s t /'brj:d,ka:st/ noun [С] a p r o g r a m m e that is broadcast: Channel 5's main news broadcast verb [l/T] to send out messages or p r o g r a m m e s to be received by radios or televisions: The BBC will be broadcasting the match live from Paris. /Ъгэикэп/ adj 1 a b r o k e n object has been damaged w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t i t is i n t w o or more pieces: Nearly all the houses had broken windows. 2 i f a piece of equipment is broken, it is not w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : You can't use the microwave - it's broken. b r o k e n - h e a r t e d /Ьгэикэп 'ha:tid/ adj extremely sad /'Ьглбэ/ noun [C] a boy or m a n who has the same parents as y o u : his younger/older/little/big brother

brother-in-law

chat show

b r o t h e r - i n - l a w /'Ьгл5э(г)т,Ь:/ noun [C] 1 y o u r sister's h u s b a n d 2 the brother of y o u r husband o r wife b r o w s e r /'brauzs/ noun [C] a computer p r o g r a m t h a t a l l o w s y o u to use the I n t e r n e t b u i l d e r /'bilda/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to b u i l d a n d r e p a i r houses /'bildm/ noun [C] + * • a s t r u c t u r e such as a house t h a t has a roof and w a l l s : The town hall was a large, impressive building. bully /'buli/ noun [C] someone w h o uses t h e i r s t r e n g t h or status to threaten or f r i g h t e n people verb m to f r i g h t e n o r h u r t someone who is smaller or weaker t h a n y o u b u n k e r /Ълг)кэ/ noun [c] a r o o m w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w a l l s t h a t is b u i l t underground as a shelter against bombs b u r g l a r /Ъз:д1э/ noun [C] someone w h o enters a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y i n order to steal t h i n g s b u r g l a r y /'Ьз:д1эп/ noun [c/u] the c r i m e of e n t e r i n g a b u i l d i n g illegally i n order to steal t h i n g s burgle /'Ьз:д(э)1/ verb [T] to enter a b u i l d i n g i l l e g a l l y a n d steal t h i n g s /Ьз:п/ verb [T] 1 to damage or destroy s o m e t h i n g w i t h fire: Demonstrators burned flags outside the embassy. 2 to i n j u r e someone or a p a r t of y o u r body w i t h s o m e t h i n g hot: The sand was so hot it burnt my feet. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n onto a CD-ROM /'beri/ verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n the g r o u n d a n d cover i t w i t h e a r t h : There's supposed to be treasure buried around here. /ЬиГ/ noun [C] a p l a n t t h a t is s m a l l e r t h a n a tree a n d has a lot of t h i n branches: a holly/rose/currant bush /'bizros/ noun [U] + • * 1 t h e w o r k of b u y i n g o r s e l l i n g products or services: the music/fashion business 2 the w o r k t h a t you do as y o u r job: a business trip sy /"bizi/ adj * * * 1 h a v i n g a lot of t h i n g s to do: He is an extremely busy man. 2 f u l l of people or vehicles: a busy main road b u t c h e r /'but/a/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to sell meat. T h e shop they w o r k i n is c a l l e d a butcher's o r a butcher's shop. b u t t e r f l y /'bAtd,flai/ noun [C] a n insect w i t h large c o l o u r f u l w i n g s / ' b A t ( 9 ) n / noun [C] 1 a s m a l l object t h a t y o u press to make a machine do s o m e t h i n g : Press this button to start the computer. 2 a s m a l l r o u n d object t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g clothes by pushing i t t h r o u g h a hole: He had undone the top button of his shirt.

c a r b o n d i o x i d e /,ка:Ьэп dai'Dksaid/ noun [U] the gas t h a t is produced w h e n y o u breathe out /кеэ/ verb [l/T] to be interested i n someone or s o m e t h i n g and t h i n k t h a t they are i m p o r t a n t : Her son didn't care enough to come and visit her. /кэ'пэ/ noun [C] a j o b or profession t h a t y o u w o r k at for some t i m e : the problems of combining a career and a family c a r i n g /'кеэпп/ adj k i n d , h e l p f u l a n d s y m p a t h e t i c t o w a r d s other people c a r p e n t e r /'ka:pmta/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make or r e p a i r wooden t h i n g s c a r t o o n /ka:'tu:n/ noun [C] 1 a f i l m o r T V p r o g r a m m e made by p h o t o g r a p h i n g a series o f d r a w i n g s so t h a t t h i n g s i n t h e m seem to move 2 a h u m o r o u s d r a w i n g o r series of d r a w i n g s i n a newspaper or magazine /keis/ noun [C] a s i t u a t i o n t h a t involves a p a r t i c u l a r person or t h i n g : In the majority of cases, it's easy to keep costs down. c a s h i e r /kaejia/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to receive o r give money to customers i n a shop, b a n k etc c a s t /ka:st/ noun [С] 1 a l l the p e r f o r m e r s i n a f i l m , play etc 2 a h a r d cover for p r o t e c t i n g a b r o k e n p a r t of y o u r body w h i l e i t is g e t t i n g better c a t a s t r o p h i c /kaeta'strofik/ adj c a u s i n g a l o t o f damage, or m a k i n g a lot o f people suffer: catastrophic floods /kastf/ verb [l/T] 1 to stop s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f a l l i n g or m o v i n g t h r o u g h the a i r , and h o l d i t : Stewart caught the ball with one hand. 2 to get on a t r a i n , bus, plane, or boat t h a t is t r a v e l l i n g somewhere: I caught the next train to London, verb [T] 1 i f the police catch someone, they f i n d t h e m a n d a r r e s t t h e m 2 to get a disease o r i l l n e s s : Brian caught chickenpox from his nephew. c a t w a l k /'kaet,w:>:k/ noun [C] the r a i s e d area at a fashion show t h a t the models w a l k along /'sela.breit/ verb [l/T] to do s o m e t h i n g enjoyable i n order to show t h a t a n occasion o r event is special: Let's have a party to celebrate. /sa'lebrati/ noun [C] a famous e n t e r t a i n e r or sports p e r s o n a l i t y : TV/sports celebrities /'sentfsri/ noun [C] a p e r i o d of 100 years, u s u a l l y c o u n t e d f r o m a year e n d i n g i n -00:16th century paintings /'s3:t(3)nli/ adv 1 used for emphasising t h a t s o m e t h i n g is definitely t r u e o r w i l l definitely happen: There certainly wasn't any point in going now. 2 used for expressing agreement or for g i v i n g p e r m i s s i o n : 'We'd like you to explain your proposal to us in greater detail.' 'Certainly.'

c a b l e /'keib(a)l/ noun [c/u] 1 t h i c k w i r e used for c a r r y i n g e l e c t r i c i t y or electronic signals 2 s t r o n g t h i c k m e t a l rope /'kaelkju.leit/ verb [T] using mathematics: Calculate

to discover a n u m b e r or a m o u n t by the size of the angle.

/'tfaelmd3/ noun [C/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t needs a lot of s k i l l , energy, a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n to deal w i t h o r achieve: I felt I needed a new challenge at work, verb m to i n v i t e someone to compete o r fight: The girls challenged the boys to a cricket match. /'tjaempian/ noun [C] someone w h o has w o n a n i m p o r t a n t c o m p e t i t i o n , especially i n sport: the world heavyweight boxing champion

/ka:m/ adj 1 not affected by s t r o n g emotions: a calm voice 2 peaceful: The city appears calm after last night's missile attach.

/tja:ns/ noun [C] an o p p o r t u n i t y to do s o m e t h i n g , especially s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u w a n t to do: Students are given the chance to learn another language.

/'кает(э)гэ/ noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t for t a k i n g photographs 2 a piece of equipment for m a k i n g t e l e v i s i o n programmes, f i l m s , o r videos

/'tjaen(d)l/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n s t a t i o n and the p r o g r a m m e s t h a t i t broadcasts: What's on the other channel?

/ к а з т р / noun [C/U] a place where people go for a h o l i d a y that often has tents or other t e m p o r a r y shelters: music camp

Chapter

/'kaensa/ noun [U] a serious i l l n e s s t h a t is caused w h e n cells in the body increase i n a n u n c o n t r o l l e d way: He died of lung cancer. /'kaendi,deit, 'kamdidat/ noun [C] one of the people w h o is competing i n a n election or c o m p e t i n g for a job: the Labour/ Liberal/Conservative candidate c a n t e e n /kaen'tim/ noun [C] a r o o m i n a factory, school, or h o s p i t a l where meals are served /'kaeptja/ verb [T] to catch a person or a n i m a l and stop them f r o m escaping: Most of the men had been either killed or captured.

/'tjaepta/ noun [C] Three for more

one of the sections of a book: See details.

/'kaerikts/ noun [C] a person i n a book, play, f i l m etc: The film's main character is played by George Clooney. /'tfaerati/ noun [C/u] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t gives money and help to people w h o need i t : a registered charity c h a r t /tfa:t/ noun [c] a l i s t , d r a w i n g , o r g r a p h t h a t shows i n f o r m a t i o n /tjaet/ verb [i] 1 to t a l k i n a f r i e n d l y way: They sat waiting, chatting about their families. 2 to exchange messages w i t h someone u s i n g computers, i n a way t h a t lets y o u see each other's messages i m m e d i a t e l y c h a t s h o w /'tjaet ,/эи/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h famous people t a l k about themselves a n d t h e i r w o r k

I 0 l

cheap

c h e a p /tj'i:p/ adj 1 not expensive: People should have access to cheap, fresh food. 2 not expensive a n d not of good q u a l i t y : cheap wine /tfi:t/ verb [I] to behave dishonestly, o r to not obey r u l e s : Kids have always found ways of cheating in school exams. /tfek/ verb [l/T] t o e x a m i n e s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to get i n f o r m a t i o n , o r to find out w h e t h e r i t is good o r c o r r e c t : Always check your spelling, verb [T] t o give y o u r bags a n d cases to an official at a n a i r p o r t so t h a t they c a n be put o n a plane: How many bags do you have to check? c h e c k o u t /'tjekaut/ noun [C] the place w h e r e y o u pay i n a s u p e r m a r k e t o r o t h e r l a r g e shop /tfi:k/ noun [C] the soft p a r t o n each side o f y o u r face below y o u r eyes: Sarah kissed him on the cheek. c h e e r u p /.tfiafr) л р / phr vb t o become less sad, o r to m a k e someone feel less sad: / tried to cheer him up, but he just kept staring out of the window. c h e f /Jef/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to cook food i n a r e s t a u r a n t /'кегшк(э)1/ noun [C] a substance used i n c h e m i s t r y , or one produced by a process t h a t involves c h e m i s t r y : toxic chemicals c h e m i s t /'kemist/ noun [C] 1 a shop t h a t sells m e d i c i n e s , beauty products, and t o i l e t r i e s 2 someone whose j o b is p r e p a r i n g and s e l l i n g medicines i n a chemist's shop 3 a scientist w h o studies chemistry /tjek/ noun [C] a piece of p r i n t e d paper t h a t y o u c a n use instead of money: a cheque for £50 c h e s s /tjes/ noun [u] a game t h a t t w o people play o n a b o a r d w i t h black a n d w h i t e squares. T h e pieces t h a t y o u use have d i f f e r e n t shapes a n d move i n d i f f e r e n t ways. /tfest/ noun [C] the upper f r o n t p a r t of y o u r body between y o u r neck a n d y o u r stomach: a broad/hairy chest c h e w i n g g u m /'tju:in , д л т / noun [u] a t y p e of sweet t h a t y o u chew for a l o n g t i m e but do not s w a l l o w /tfaild/ noun [C] 1 a y o u n g person f r o m the t i m e w h e n they are b o r n u n t i l they a r e about 14 years o l d : The nursery has places for 30 children. 2 someone's son o r d a u g h t e r o f any age: All of our children are grown and married. c h i l d h o o d /'tjaild,hud/ noun [c/u] the t i m e of y o u r l i f e w h e n y o u a r e a c h i l d : We spent our childhood in a small town in the mountains. c h i l d i s h /'tfaildif/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a s i l l y a n d a n n o y i n g way. l i k e a small child c h i l l y /'tjili/ adj cold enough to be unpleasant: The evenings are getting chilly. /tjip/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g t h i n piece of potato cooked i n hot o i l : fish and chips 2 a v e r y s m a l l piece o f s i l i c o n t h a t is m a r k e d w i t h e l e c t r o n i c connections. I t is used i n computers a n d other machines 3 a s m a l l piece of s o m e t h i n g such as w o o d o r glass t h a t has b r o k e n off s o m e t h i n g : wood chips /tfois/ noun [singular/u] the o p p o r t u n i t y o r r i g h t to choose between different t h i n g s : We try to provide greater choice for our customers, noun [C] a decision t o choose someone o r s o m e t h i n g : He was facing a difficult choice between staying with his family or working abroad. c h o k e /tjaok/ verb [l/T] i f y o u choke, o r i f s o m e t h i n g chokes y o u , you cannot breathe because t h e r e is not enough a i r , o r because s o m e t h i n g is b l o c k i n g y o u r t h r o a t : Joe took a bite of the steak and started to choke, verb [T] t o squeeze someone's neck so t h a t they cannot breathe c h o p /tjbp/ noun [C] a s m a l l piece of meat w i t h a bone i n i t : Iambi pork chops verb [T] t o cut s o m e t h i n g such as food o r w o o d i n t o pieces: Chop the meat into small cubes. c h r i s t e n i n g /'kns(a)nir)/ noun [C] a r e l i g i o u s ceremony d u r i n g w h i c h a baby is made a member of the C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n a n d is g i v e n a name

condition /'kleva/ adj good at l e a r n i n g or u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i n g s : I'd like to be a doctor but I'm not clever enough. c l i f f /klif/ noun [C] the steep side of a n area of h i g h l a n d / k l a i m / verb [l/T] to use y o u r hands and feet to move up, over, d o w n , o r across s o m e t h i n g : He climbed onto the roof.

/ktaus/ adj 1 o n l y a s h o r t distance away: We can walk to the swimming pool - it's quite close. 2 g i v i n g c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to every d e t a i l : I'll take a closer look at it tomorrow. 3 connected by s h a r e d feelings such as love and respect: My brother and I are very close. /'klati6in/ noun [U]

clothes: a piecelitem/article

of

clothing

/kautf/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o t r a i n s a sports player o r t e a m : a baseball coach 2 a comfortable bus for l o n g j o u r n e y s verb [T] t o t r a i n a sports player o r t e a m / k a o s t / noun [C]

east coast of

an area of l a n d along the edge of a sea: the

England

/ к а т / noun [C] a flat r o u n d piece of m e t a l used as money: Put a coin into the slot. Id /кзоШ/ adj * * * w i t h a l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , o r a t e m p e r a t u r e that is l o w e r t h a n n o r m a l : The water was too cold for a shower, noun [C] a m i n o r i l l n e s s t h a t blocks y o u r nose and makes y o u cough: I didn't go to the game because I had a cold. / к э т ' Ь а т / verb [l/T] i f y o u combine t h i n g s , o r i f they c o m b i n e , they a r e used, done, o r put together: an attempt to combine the advantages of two systems c o m e a c r o s s / к л т a'kros/ phr vb t o meet someone o r find something by chance: / came across a word I'd never seen before. Pkomadi/ noun [C] programme

a f u n n y film, play o r t e l e v i s i o n

c o m i c / ' к ш ш к / noun [C] a magazine t h a t contains stories told i n a series o f d r a w i n g s /ka'm3:J"(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the business of b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g goods and services: One of their first commercial products was an electronic typewriter, noun [C] a n advertisement on television or radio / k a ' m i t / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g that is i l l e g a l or m o r a l l y w r o n g : The study aims to find out what makes people commit crimes. / ' k n m a n / adj h a p p e n i n g frequently, or e x i s t i n g i n large a m o u n t s o r n u m b e r s : Today smog is a common occurrence in many major cities.

/ka'mju:nati/ noun [C] area: small rural communities

the people w h o l i v e i n a n

/ ' к л т р ( э ) т / noun [C] a n o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t sells services o r goods: Max works for a large oil company. c o m p a r t m e n t / k a m ' p a : t m a n t / noun [C] one o f t h e separate p a r t s of a

c o n t a i n e r o r place wdiere t h i n g s are stored /kDmpa'tif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a n organised event i n w h i c h people t r y to w i n prizes by b e i n g better t h a n other people: He'd entered a competition in the local newspaper. 2 t h e c o m p e t i t i o n : the person, company, o r t h i n g t h a t someone is c o m p e t i n g w i t h : Let's look at what the competition is doing and do it better. /'kDmpli.keitid/ adj

d i f f i c u l t to do, deal w i t h , o r

understand c o m p l i m e n t / ' k o m p h m a n t / noun [C] s o m e t h i n g nice t h a t y o u say to

praise someone: He kept paying me compliments on my cooking. verb [T] t o say s o m e t h i n g nice to o r about someone: Everybody complimented her on the way she handled the emergency. / k a m ' p a u n a n t / noun [C]

a p a r t of a m a c h i n e or piece of

equipment c o m p o s e r / к э т ' р э и г э / noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s music /kam'pAlsari/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is c o m p u l s o r y must be done o r used because of a r u l e o r law: compulsory exams

/'sitiz(a)n/ noun [C] someone w h o l i v e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , t o w n o r c i t y : the citizens of Edinburgh

/'kDns(a)n,treit/ verb [l/T] t o give a l l y o u r a t t e n t i o n to the t h i n g t h a t y o u a r e d o i n g : Shh! I'm trying to concentrate.

/кЬэ/ adj 1 obvious and c e r t a i n t o be t r u e : It appears to be a clear case of discrimination. 2 easy to u n d e r s t a n d : Clear instructions are provided. 3 t r a n s p a r e n t : a clear glass bottle

/kan'dif(3)n/ noun [singular/u] the p h y s i c a l state of s o m e t h i n g o r someone: Engineers will examine the condition of the damaged buildings, noun [C] a n i l l n e s s o r h e a l t h problem

conference

cruelty

that lasts a long t i m e and affects the way y o u l i v e : a heart condition /'kDnf(a)rans/ noun [C] a large m e e t i n g where people who are interested i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject discuss ideas: a conference hall/room/centre /'kDnfid(a)nt/ adj * * * c e r t a i n about y o u r a b i l i t i e s a n d not nervous or f r i g h t e n e d : a confident mood/smile/manner /kan'fju:zd/ adi unable to u n d e r s t a n d s o m e t h i n g or t h i n k clearly about i t : She was completely confused. /kan'fjuizin/ adj confusing message.

not easy to u n d e r s t a n d : She left a very

/kan'fju:3(a)n/ noun [U] a feeling t h a t y o u do not understand s o m e t h i n g or cannot decide w h a t to do: There to be some confusion about who actually won.

seems

/kan,graetjb'leif(a)n/ noun [plural] c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s : used for t e l l i n g someone that y o u are pleased about t h e i r success, good luck, or happiness on a special occasion: 'I'vepassed my driving test.' 'Congratulations!' noun [u] an expression of pleasure to someone for t h e i r success, good l u c k , or happiness on a special occasion: We had thousands of letters of congratulation. c o n n e c t e d /ka'nektid/ adj 1 related to each other: Were the two deaths connected? 2 j o i n e d to each other or to s o m e t h i n g else: connected underground tunnels

/'ka:na/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of a n object, space, or r o o m where t w o edges or sides meet: The baby banged his head on the corner of the table. 2 a place where t w o roads meet, or where there is a s h a r p bend i n the road: I get my newspaper from the shop on the corner. /kDst/ noun [c/U] the a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u need i n order to b u y s o m e t h i n g or to do s o m e t h i n g : The cost of basic foods has risen dramatically. c o s y /'kauzi/ adj w a r m and comfortable, r e l a x i n g or f r i e n d l y c o u g h /ко(/ noun [C] a n i l l n e s s i n w h i c h y o u c o u g h a lot and y o u r t h r o a t h u r t s verb [I] to force a i r up t h r o u g h y o u r t h r o a t w i t h a sudden noise, especially w h e n y o u have a cold or w h e n y o u w a n t to get someone's a t t e n t i o n : My chest felt painful, and I was coughing uncontrollably. /kaunt/ verb [l/T] to calculate h o w m a n y people or t h i n g s there are i n a g r o u p : All the votes have been counted, verb [I] to say n u m b e r s one after another i n order: lean count up to ten in German. /'kAntri/ noun [C] a n area of l a n d t h a t has its o w n g o v e r n m e n t and official borders: We have offices in 15 European countries, noun [singular] the c o u n t r y : areas away f r o m towns a n d cities, c o n s i s t i n g of fields, f a r m s , v i l l a g e s etc: We went for a picnic in the country. /'kAntri,said/ noun [U] areas away f r o m t o w n s and cities, w i t h f a r m s , fields a n d trees

/ka'nekftajn/ noun [C] 1 a r e l a t i o n s h i p between things or people: I don't see a connection between the two cases. 2 a t r a i n , bus, or plane that a l l o w s y o u to c o n t i n u e a j o u r n e y : My train was late and I missed my connection.

/'клр(э)1/ noun [singular] t w o t h i n g s or people of the same t y p e : 'Has he had any serious girlfriends?' A couple.' noun [C] t w o people w h o are m a r r i e d to each other, or w h o have a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h each o t h e r

/'kDnsikwans/ noun [C] a r e s u l t or effect of something: Climate change could have disastrous consequences.

/ka:s/ noun [C] a series of lessons or lectures i n an academic subject or a p r a c t i c a l s k i l l : a drama/secretarial/ Spanish course 2 one of the p a r t s of a m e a l : We both chose fish as our main course. 3 an area where a race or sport takes place: a golf/race course

/kan's3:vativ/ adj 1 not w i l l i n g to accept m u c h change: The small farming communities tend to be very conservative. 2 conservative c l o t h i n g or styles are t r a d i t i o n a l /kan'sida/ verb [l/T] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g c a r e f u l l y before you make a decision: The jury went out to consider its verdict, verb m to have a p a r t i c u l a r o p i n i o n about someone or something: We all considered him a hero. c o n s i s t o f /kan'sistav/ verb to be made of p a r t i c u l a r p a r t s or t h i n g s : Breakfast consisted of dry bread and a cup of tea. /'kDnsanant/ noun [C] except for 'a', 'e', T , 'o', and ' u '

any l e t t e r of the E n g l i s h alphabet

/'kDnstant/ adj 1 c o n t i n u o u s or r e g u l a r over a l o n g period of t i m e : the constant noise of traffic 2 c o n t i n u i n g at the same rate, level, or a m o u n t over a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d o f t i m e : Maintain a constant speed. /kan'tem/ verb [T] containing toys and books

to have s o m e t h i n g inside: boxes

c o n t e s t /'kDntest/ noun [C] a c o m p e t i t i o n : a writing /kan'vi:niant/ adj your needs: If it's convenient,

contest

easy for you to do, or suitable for call me tomorrow.

/kan'ven/(a)n/ noun [C/U] a way of b e h a v i n g t h a t is generally accepted as n o r m a l and r i g h t : social conventions noun [C] a large m e e t i n g of people f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r profession or o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n v i c t /'kDnvikt/ noun [C] someone w h o is i n p r i s o n because they have c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e /kan'vikt/ verb [T] to prove i n a c o u r t o f l a w t h a t someone is g u i l t y of a c r i m e : There wasn't enough evidence to convict her. /кик/ verb [l/T] to prepare and heat food so t h a t i t is ready to eat: What's the best way to cook fish? noun [C] someone w h o cooks food, either as t h e i r job or for pleasure c o o k b o o k /'kuk,buk/ noun [C] a cookery book c o o k e r y /'kuk(a)ri/ noun [uj the s k i l l or a c t i v i t y of p r e p a r i n g or c o o k i n g food /ku:l/ adj f a i r l y cold: The water was wonderfully cool and refreshing. 2 fashionable and a t t r a c t i v e : one of Britain's coolest young designers 3 good or enjoyable: The restaurant was really cool.

/'клг(э)п/ noun [C]

a c h i l d of y o u r uncle or aunt

/'kAva/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u put over s o m e t h i n g else i n order to hide i t , protect i t , or close i t : She put plastic covers on all the furniture. 2 the outside page on the front or back of a book or magazine: Her face was once on the cover of Vogue magazine, verb [T] to p u t one t h i n g over another i n order to protect or hide i t : Cover the food until you are ready to eat it. c o w b o y /'kau.bai/ noun [C] a m a n whose job is to look after cows on a r a n c h i n the US /kraef/ noun [C] a n accident that happens w h e n a vehicle h i t s s o m e t h i n g : He was seriously injured in a car crash. 2 a l o u d noise l i k e the sound of t h i n g s h i t t i n g each other a n d b r e a k i n g 3 a n occasion w h e n a c o m p u t e r or a computer p r o g r a m suddenly stops w o r k i n g /kri'eitiv/ adj h a v i n g a lot o f i m a g i n a t i o n and new ideas: The programme offers children the chance to be creative. /'kredit/ noun [u] a n a r r a n g e m e n t to receive money f r o m a b a n k , or receive goods f r o m a shop, and to pay for t h e m later: / don't like buying things on credit, noun [plural] the credits: a l i s t at the b e g i n n i n g or end of a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e that shows the people w h o were i n v o l v e d i n m a k i n g i t c r e d i t c a r d /'kredit ,ka:d/ noun [С] a s m a l l plastic c a r d t h a t you use to buy t h i n g s n o w a n d pay for t h e m later /'kntik/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to give t h e i r o p i n i o n s about t h i n g s such as books, films or plays /'knti,saiz/ verb [i/т] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k is w r o n g or bad about s o m e t h i n g : We were told not to criticise the policy publicly. c r o s s /kros/ adj a n g r y c r o s s o u t /kros 'aut/ phr vb to d r a w an X or a l i n e t h r o u g h w r i t i n g because i t is w r o n g , or because y o u w a n t to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g else c r o s s r o a d s /'kros,raudz/ noun [C] a place where one r o a d crosses another c r o s s w o r d /'kros,w3:d/ noun [C] a w o r d game i n w h i c h the answers to questions are w r i t t e n i n r o w s of squares t h a t cross each other c r u e l t y /'kru:alti/ noun [C/u] c r u e l b e h a v i o u r : cruelty to animals

children/

103

cruise

difference

c r u i s e / k r u : z / noun [C] a j o u r n e y o n a s h i p f o r p l e a s u r e , o f t e n

/di'lib(a)rat(3)li/ adv

v i s i t i n g a s e r i e s of places /клр/

noun [q

a s m a l l r o u n d c o n t a i n e r for a d r i n k , u s u a l l y

w i t h a h a n d l e : She filled my cup with hot / k j u a / noun [С]

/di'liv(a)ri/ noun [C/u]

2 a s o l u t i o n to a p r o b l e m : It's the only possible

possible

cure for

1 t h e p r o c e s s o f b r i n g i n g goods,

l e t t e r s o r a s e r v i c e to a p l a c e o r p e r s o n : Please allow ten days delivery.

/deman'streif(a)n/ noun [C]

a n occasion when

p e o p l e p r o t e s t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n p u b l i c : Angry

c u r l y /'кз:Н/ adj f o r m i n g c u r v e s : curly / k A S t a m a / noun [C]

students

a n occasion w h e n someone

s h o w s h o w s o m e t h i n g w o r k s o r h o w to do s o m e t h i n g :

a p e r s o n or c o m p a n y that b u y s

g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s : Supermarkets

noun [C/U]

held demonstrations,

hair

use a variety

of tactics

to

for

2 t h e p r o c e s s o f g i v i n g b i r t h to a b a b y

high

unemployment.

started

deliberately.

tea.

1 a medicine or treatment that m a k e s someone

w h o i s i l l b e c o m e h e a l t h y : Doctors say there are several cures.

w i t h a definite intention, a n d

n o t b y c h a n c e o r b y a c c i d e n t : Police believe the fire was

cookery

demonstrations

attract

customers.

d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e /di'pu:tmant ,sta:/ noun [C] a l a r g e s h o p t h a t is divided into separate sections, w i t h e a c h section selling a

c u t d o w n / , k A t ' d a u n / phr vb to c u t t h r o u g h a t r e e a n d m a k e it f a l l to the g r o u n d c u t l e r y /'kAtlari/ noun [U] t h e k n i v e s , f o r k s , a n d s p o o n s t h a t y o u u s e for e a t i n g food

d e p e n d o n /di'pend p n / phr vb 1 i f o n e t h i n g d e p e n d s o n a n o t h e r , it i s c h a n g e d o r a f f e c t e d b y t h e o t h e r t h i n g : Their future how well they do in these exams.

c u t t i n g - e d g e /kAtin'ed3/ adj e x t r e m e l y m o d e r n a n d a d v a n c e d : cutting-edge

different type of t h i n g

technology

of y o u r qualifications a n d the jobs y o u h a v e h a d

i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r to b e s u c c e s s f u l : The

project's

success

3 if you can

depends

on the support

of everyone

concerned.

/ knew I could depend

on you.

d e p r e s s i n g /di'presir]/ adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l v e r y u n h a p p y a n d

c y c l e /'saik(a)l/ verb [I] to go s o m e w h e r e o n a b i c y c l e

w i t h o u t a n y feelings of hope or e n t h u s i a s m

c y c l i s t /'saiklist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o r i d e s a b i c y c l e

/di'sknpj(a)n/ noun [C]

a statement about w h a t

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s l i k e : a brief description /'dezat/ noun [C/u] dry

of the area

a l a r g e a r e a of l a n d w i t h few plants a n d

weather

d e s e r t i s l a n d /dezat 'ailand/ noun [C] a s m a l l t r o p i c a l i s l a n d w i t h n o

D

p e o p l e l i v i n g o n it / d i ' z a m / noun [c/u]

t h e w a y t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s m a d e so

t h a t it w o r k s a n d l o o k s a c e r t a i n w a y , o r a d r a w i n g t h a t s h o w s

d a f f o d i l /'daefadil/ noun [C] a t a l l y e l l o w f l o w e r t h a t g r o w s i n s p r i n g /'daemid3/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g : The damage verb [T]

negative effects o n s o m e o n e o r to the bank's

image

is extremely

to h a r m s o m e t h i n g p h y s i c a l l y : Many

been damaged

in the

had

wore a dress that she designed

s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to d e c i d e h o w to

dog

fashion

1 w i t h v e r y l i t t l e o r n o l i g h t : a dark

and

in a dark

stormy suit.

rooms

designer /di'z3:t/ noun [C/u]

s w e e t food that y o u eat after the m a i n

p a r t of a m e a l /destrneiffajn/ noun [C]

were

darkness.

the place where someone or

something is going

/'deita, 'da:ta/ noun [u]

i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s u s e d for m a k i n g

c a l c u l a t i o n s o r d e c i s i o n s : The document

contained

data from

tests

weapons.

/di'strai/ verb [T] destroyed

stored i n a computer i n a n organised w a y /'da:ta/ noun [C]

the

earthquake

town.

/di'strAkf(a)n/ noun [u]

d a m a g e t h a t is so s e v e r e that

s o m e t h i n g c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : the destruction

d e a d l y / ' d e d l i / adj c a p a b l e o f k i l l i n g p e o p l e : This

is a

potentially

d e s t r u c t i v e /di'strAktiv/ adj c a u s i n g s e v e r e d a m a g e o r h a r m /•dhteil/ noun [C/U]

disease. t h e e n d o f s o m e o n e ' s l i f e : Sandra

was

death.

one of m a n y s m a l l facts or pieces

o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to a s i t u a t i o n : No details were revealed,

noun [U]

of the offer

a l l the s m a l l a s p e c t s o r features that

s o m e t h i n g h a s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e y a r e d i f f i c u l t to n o t i c e :

/ d f s ^ f a j n / noun [C]

a choice that y o u m a k e after y o u

h a v e t h o u g h t c a r e f u l l y a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : The committee by the end of the

will

Attention

to detail

is important

/di'velap/ verb [l/T]

week.

in this

job.

1 to c h a n g e , g r o w o r i m p r o v e , o r to

m a k e s o m e t h i n g g r o w , c h a n g e o r i m p r o v e : All children / d i ' f e n d / verb [T]

1 to p r o t e c t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g f r o m

a t t a c k : Can the military

defend

the city against

attack?

2 totry to

prevent y o u r team's opponents from s c o r i n g /'def(a)natli/ adv

going

to Ben's party.

1 w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t : I'm at 7o'clock?'

definitely

a situation i n w h i c h something

happens

l a t e r o r m o r e s l o w l y t h a n y o u e x p e c t e d : After a long delay, the

plane

to do s o m e t h i n g l a t e r t h a n i s p l a n n e d o r

e x p e c t e d : They delayed the decision for as long as

possible.

d e l e t e / d r l i : t / verb [Т] to r e m o v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n , r e c o r d e d , o r s t o r e d i n a c o m p u t e r : I deleted

104

We've recently

developed

develop

2 to c r e a t e a n e w p r o d u c t o r m e t h o d : new communications

software.

3 to t r e a t

d i a l /'daial/ noun [C] 1 t h e r o u n d p a r t of a c l o c k , w a t c h o r m a c h i n e t h a t h a s n u m b e r s o n it 2 a r o u n d c o n t r o l o n a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t u r n t h e d i a l o n a t e l e p h o n e i n o r d e r to c a l l s o m e o n e d i a m e t e r /dai'aemita/ noun [C/u] a s t r a i g h t l i n e t h a t c r o s s e s a c i r c l e

trees f r o m a n a r e a of l a n d

took off. verb [i/T]

rates, verb [T]

t h a t y o u t u r n to c h a n g e s o m e t h i n g verb [l/T] to p r e s s t h e b u t t o n s or

'Definitely!'

d e f o r e s t a t i o n /di:,fDn'steif(a)n/ noun [U] t h e p r o c e s s o f r e m o v i n g t h e

/di'lei/ noun [C/u]

at different

a film w i t h c h e m i c a l s i n o r d e r to m a k e p h o t o g r a p h s

2 u s e d f o r e m p h a s i s i n g t h a t y o u m e a n 'yes':

'So we'll see you on Sunday

finally

of the

environment

y o u r female c h i l d

/de6/ noun [C/u]

to d a m a g e o r h a r m s o m e t h i n g s o

s e v e r e l y t h a t it c a n n o t e x i s t a s it w a s b e f o r e : An

d a t a b a s e /'deita.beis/ noun [C] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s

make a decision

bride

herself.

m a k e t h i n g s , h o w they w i l l w o r k , a n d w h a t they w i l l look l i k e : a

d a r k n e s s / ' d a : k n a s / noun [u] t h e l a c k o f l i g h t : The front

very close to

verb [T]

l i k e l y to c a u s e s e r i o u s h a r m , o r to

night 2 c l o s e to b l a c k i n c o l o u r : He was dressed

of biological

a

designs

w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e , a n d o f t e n to m a k e d r a w i n g s o f it: The

/ d f z a i n a / noun [C]

h a v e a b a d effect: a dangerous /da:k/ adj

p a t t e r n t h a t d e c o r a t e s s o m e t h i n g : simple geometric

to d e c i d e h o w s o m e t h i n g w i l l b e m a d e , h o w it w i l l w o r k , o r

serious.

buildings

noun [С]

w h a t it w i l l l o o k l i k e : The car has a new design,

blast.

/'demd3aras/ adj

deadly

on

d e p e n d o n s o m e o n e to do s o m e t h i n g , y o u c a n t r u s t t h e m to do it:

C V / s i : V i : / noun [C] c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e : a d o c u m e n t t h a t g i v e s d e t a i l s

all in

depends

2 to n e e d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g

the file by

mistake.

t h r o u g h t h e centre, or the l e n g t h of t h i s l i n e d i c t i o n a r y /'dikfan(a)ri/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t g i v e s a n a l p h a b e t i c a l list of w o r d s w i t h t h e i r m e a n i n g s or t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n s /'difrans/ noun [C/U]

s o m e t h i n g that m a k e s one

p e r s o n o r t h i n g not the s a m e a s a n o t h e r p e r s o n or thing: cultural/social/political

differences

noun [C]

the amount by

difficult

dynamic

w h i c h one t h i n g i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m a n o t h e r t h i n g : The same

costs £500 less here which is quite a /'difik(a)lt/ adj

Choosing

the winner

car

difference!

not e a s y to do, d e a l w i t h , o r u n d e r s t a n d :

was a difficult

task.

/'difik(3)lti/ noun [C] a p r o b l e m : Many students have serious financial difficulties, noun [U] t h e d e g r e e to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g i s d i f f i c u l t : The courses vary in content and difficulty. d i m e n s i o n /dai'men/(a)n/ noun [C] l e n g t h , h e i g h t o r w i d t h dip i n t o /,dip i n t u : / phrvb to r e a d d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of a b o o k , b u t not the w h o l e b o o k /da'rekta, d a r r e k t a / noun [C] 1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to tell t h e a c t o r s a n d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w h o a r e i n v o l v e d i n a film, p l a y or p r o g r a m m e w h a t to do 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a n a g e a l l or p a r t of a c o m p a n y , o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : the finance/

marketing/personnel

director

d i s a b i l i t y /disd'bilati/ noun [c/u] a c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h s o m e o n e i s n o t able to u s e a p a r t of t h e i r b o d y o r b r a i n n o r m a l l y : children with

learning

disabilities

/,disad'va:ntid3/ noun [C] something that m a k e s someone or s o m e t h i n g less effective, s u c c e s s f u l or a t t r a c t i v e :

One of the disadvantages

of the job is the long hours I

/disa'gri:/ verb [I]

s o m e o n e e l s e : Teenagers

work.

/disa'grkmant/ noun [c/U]

often

symptoms should

within

a few

a

The

days.

/disa'pamtid/ adj unhappy because something did not h a p p e n o r b e c a u s e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g w a s not a s good a s

you e x p e c t e d : She was disappointed letter.

that he never replied to her

d i s a p p o i n t i n g /disa'pamtin/ adj not a s good a s y o u h a d h o p e d o r

e x p e c t e d : This year's sales figures were very

disappointing.

/dfza:std/ noun [C/u] 1 something v e r y bad that happens a n d c a u s e s a lot of d a m a g e o r k i l l s a lot of p e o p l e : A series of

disasters forced

the company to close down. 2 a v e r y b a d o r

a n n o y i n g s i t u a t i o n , o r a c o m p l e t e f a i l u r e : Our party

complete

was

a

disaster.

d i s a s t r o u s /di'za:stras/ adj v e r y b a d , h a r m f u l o r u n s u c c e s s f u l :

spending

cuts would be disastrous

for

The

schools.

/'disa,plm/ noun [U] t h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g p e o p l e o b e y r u l e s a n d p u n i s h i n g t h e m i f t h e y do not: He believes in strict

discipline. d i s c o u r s e /'diska:s/ noun [C] a l o n g s e r i o u s s p e e c h o r p i e c e of w r i t i n g on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t /di'skAVd/ verb [T] to find s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s h i d d e n or t h a t n o o n e k n e w a b o u t before: William Herschel discovered

Uranus in 1781. /di'skAv(3)ri/ noun [C]

s o m e t h i n g that is found, or

s o m e t h i n g n e w t h a t i s l e a r n e d : This is one of the most archeological discoveries of the century. /di'skAs/ verb [T]

important

to w r i t e o r t a l k a b o u t a s u b j e c t i n

d e t a i l : The causes of stress have already Chapter 3.

been discussed

in

d i s g u s t e d /dis'gAstid/ adj 1 f e e l i n g v e r y a n g r y a n d u p s e t a b o u t s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do not a p p r o v e of: / was disgusted by the

way he treated

those women. 2 f e e l i n g p h y s i c a l l y i l l b e c a u s e

s o m e t h i n g i s e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t to s e e , s m e l l o r t a s t e d i s g u s t i n g /dis'gAstm/ adj 1 e x t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t 2 v e r y b a d o r shocking d i s h o n e s t /dis'Dnist/ adj w i l l i n g to do t h i n g s t h a t a r e not h o n e s t / d i s i a i k / verb [T]

knew Philip disliked

to not l i k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g :

/'distans/ noun [c/u] the a m o u n t of space between t w o people or t h i n g s : the distance from the Earth to the sun distant

/'distant/ adj far away f r o m the place where y o u are: the sound of traffic

/di'vaid/ verb [i/т] to separate i n t o groups or p a r t s , or to m a k e people or t h i n g s separate i n t o groups or p a r t s : Divide the class into three groups. d i v i n g /'daivm/ noun [U] 1 the a c t i v i t y or sport of s w i m m i n g deep u n d e r w a t e r 2 the a c t i v i t y or sport of j u m p i n g i n t o w a t e r w i t h y o u r head first a n d y o u r a r m s stretched out i n f r o n t of you /di'vj:s/ noun [c/U] divorce.

a legal way of e n d i n g a m a r r i a g e : I want

d i z z y /'dizi/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t the t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u are s p i n n i n g and t h a t y o u are g o i n g to f a l l

a situation in w h i c h

to n o l o n g e r h a p p e n o r e x i s t :

disappear

d i s s a t i s f i e d /dis'saetis,faid/ adj a n n o y e d because s o m e t h i n g is not as good as y o u expected i t to be: a dissatisfied customer

/di'vjist/ adj no longer m a r r i e d because y o u r m a r r i a g e has been legally ended: a divorced mother of three

disagree.

people do not a g r e e : Bowen resigned from the club following disagreement with the head coach. /disa'pia/ verb [l]

d i s q u a l i f y /dis'kwDh.fai/ verb [T] to not a l l o w someone to take p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g , u s u a l l y because t h e y have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g

a

to h a v e a d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n f r o m

and their parents

/di'splei/ noun [C] 1 a n a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i n g s for people to look at: a window display 2 a p e r f o r m a n c e for people to look at: a firework display verb [T] to put s o m e t h i n g i n a p a r t i c u l a r place so t h a t people can see i t easily: She displayed some of her paintings at the local arts festival.

She

her.

d i s o b e y /disa'bei/ verb [i/т] to d e l i b e r a t e l y not p a y a t t e n t i o n to a r u l e or a n o r d e r f r o m s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y d i s o r g a n i s e d /dis'o:(r)ganaizd/ ad 1 not a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to a clear p l a n or s y s t e m 2 s o m e o n e w h o is d i s o r g a n i s e d does not deal w i t h things i n a c l e a r or sensible w a y

/'dDkjumant/ noun [C] 1 a piece of paper or a set of papers c o n t a i n i n g official i n f o r m a t i o n : He refused to sign the documents. 2 a c o m p u t e r file t h a t you can w r i t e i n : The program will automatically save any documents you have open. d o c u m e n t a r y /,dDkjo'ment(3)ri/ noun [C] a film or television p r o g r a m m e t h a t deals w i t h r e a l people and events d o l l /dDl/ noun [C] a c h i l d r e n ' s toy i n the shape of a s m a l l person d o w n l o a d /daun'laud/ verb [l/T] to move i n f o r m a t i o n to y o u r c o m p u t e r f r o m a c o m p u t e r system or f r o m the I n t e r n e t /draeg/ verb m 1 to p u l l s o m e t h i n g a l o n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t y , especially s o m e t h i n g heavy: She dragged her suitcase down the path. 2 to move s o m e t h i n g across a c o m p u t e r screen u s i n g the mouse d r a g o n /'draegan/ noun [C] i n stories, a n i m a g i n a r y large a n i m a l t h a t breathes out fire /'dra:ma/ noun [C] a play for the t h e a t r e , television, or r a d i o noun [U] plays i n g e n e r a l or as a subject t h a t y o u study: He teaches drama. d r e s s u p /dres л р / phr vb to put on clothes t h a t m a k e y o u look l i k e someone else, for f u n : They had dressed up as princes and princesses. /'draiva/ noun [C] someone w h o d r i v e s a vehicle, especially as t h e i r j o b : a taxi driver d r o u g h t /draut/ noun [C/u] a l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e w h e n t h e r e is l i t t l e or no r a i n Л1глд/ noun [C] 1 a n i l l e g a l substance t h a t affects p h y s i c a l l y or m e n t a l l y w h e n they put i t i n t o t h e i r body: smuggling 2 a substance t h a t a doctor gives y o u i n o r d e r a disease or m e d i c a l p r o b l e m : Your doctor may prescribe for this condition.

someone drug to t r e a t drugs

/ d r a i / adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d r y has l i t t l e or no w a t e r or o t h e r l i q u i d i n s i d e or on i t : Are your hands dry? 2 w i t h no r a i n : warm dry places like southern Spain verb [T] to r e m o v e the w a t e r f r o m s o m e t h i n g by w i p i n g i t , h e a t i n g i t , or b l o w i n g a i r onto i t : We washed and dried all the sheets. d u b /dAb/ verb [T] to change the sound i n a film by r e p l a c i n g the o r i g i n a l speech w i t h w o r d s spoken i n a different language D u t c h /dAtJ7 adj 1 someone w h o is D u t c h is f r o m the N e t h e r l a n d s 2 r e l a t i n g to the N e t h e r l a n d s , or to the language a n d c u l t u r e of the N e t h e r l a n d s D V D / d i : v i : 'di:/ noun [C] a n object l i k e a CD t h a t has a film or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e r e c o r d e d on it d y n a m i c /dai'naemik/ adj v e r y l i v e l y and e n t h u s i a s t i c , w i t h a lot of energy a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n : dynamic leadership

exhausting

ear

/m'geid3d/ ad: i f t w o people are engaged, they have f o r m a l l y agreed to get m a r r i e d : She's engaged to someone she met at work. /end3i'nia/ noun [C] someone w h o designs t h i n g s such as roads, r a i l w a y s or m a c h i n e s Да/ noun [С] one o f the t w o p a r t s at the sides o f y o u r head that you hear w i t h

e n j o y a b l e АпУз.->гаЬ(э)1/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is enjoyable gives you pleasure: an enjoyable evening

e a r a c h e /iareik/ noun jc/ui p a i n i n y o u r ear e a r t h q u a k e /'3:9,kweik/ noun [C] a sudden s h a k i n g m o v e m e n t of the ground /i:st/ noun (U] the d i r e c t i o n t h a t is i n f r o n t of y o u w h e n you are f a c i n g the r i s i n g sun: driving from east to west noun [singular] the East: the e a s t e r n p a r t of the w o r l d , especially C h i n a and J a p a n e a s y g o i n g /i:zi'gauin/ adj r e l a x e d , c a l m , a n d not easy to upset e c l i p s e /fklips/ noun [C] a s h o r t p e r i o d w h e n a l l o r p a r t o f the S u n o r M o o n becomes d a r k : a total eclipse of the Sun is when all of the Sun is dark e c o n o m i s t A'kDnamist/ noun [C] a n e x p e r t i n economics /I'fektiv/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g the r e s u l t t h a t was i n t e n d e d : You need more effective communication within the organisation. /i'fif(a)nt/ adj w o r k i n g w e l l a n d p r o d u c i n g good r e s u l t s by u s i n g the a v a i l a b l e t i m e , money, supplies etc i n the most effective w a y : The new machine is far more efficient than the old one. /'efat/ noun [singular/u] p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l energy needed to do s o m e t h i n g : Writing a book takes a lot of time and effort. /'elbau/ noun [C] the p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r a r m , w h e r e i t bends: She sat with her elbows on the table. /.elek'tronik/ adj using electricity and extremely s m a l l e l e c t r i c a l p a r t s such as m i c r o c h i p s : an electronic calculator e l f /elf/ noun [C] a s m a l l i m a g i n a r y p e r s o n w i t h m a g i c powers e m a i l a d d r e s s /'i:meil a.dres/ noun [q a n i n d i v i d u a l n a m e t h a t y o u use to receive e m a i l o n the I n t e r n e t Am'baerast/ adj f e e l i n g s l i g h t l y a s h a m e d , a n d w o r r i e d about w h a t o t h e r people w i l l t h i n k of y o u : She looked embarrassed when we asked her about her boyfriend. Am'beerasin/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel n e r v o u s , ashamed or s t u p i d : an embarrassing situation /i , m3:d3(a)nsi/ noun [C] an unexpected situation i n w h i c h i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n is necessary, often because t h e r e is danger: The club is now facing a financial emergency. /im'pbis/ noun [C] a person or o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t pays w o r k e r s t o w o r k for t h e m : The factory is the largest single employer in the area. e n c l o s e Anklauz/ verb [T] to send s o m e t h i n g such as a d o c u m e n t w i t h a letter: Please enclose a copy of your birth certificate with your application. e n c y c l o p e d i a An,saikla'pi:dia/ noun [C] a book o r set o f books t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n about a lot of d i f f e r e n t subjects o r one p a r t i c u l a r subject e n d u p /end л р / phr vb to be i n a place o r state after d o i n g s o m e t h i n g , or because of d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : Somehow they all ended up at my house. e n d a n g e r e d s p e c i e s An,deind3ad 'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a t y p e o f a n i m a l or p l a n t t h a t m a y soon stop e x i s t i n g because not m a n y of t h e m are left i n the w o r l d

enormous

/'enad3i/ noun [u] 1 the power t h a t y o u r body needs i n o r d e r to do p h y s i c a l t h i n g s : She didn't even have the energy to get out of bed. 2 e l e c t r i c i t y a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f power used for m a k i n g t h i n g s w o r k : energy sources/supplies

106

v e r y large i n size or q u a n t i t y : an

e n q u i r e /m'kwaia/ verb [i/т] to ask someone for i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : lam writing to enquire whether you have any positions available. /'enta/ verb [l/T] 1 to go o r come i n t o a place: The man had entered through the back door. 2 to a r r a n g e to be i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n , o r t o a r r a n g e for someone else to do t h i s : The competition is free, and anyone over the age of 18 can enter. /enta'temmant/ noun [c/u] performances t h a t people enjoy: A jazz band provided entertainment for the evening. /m'vairanmant/ noun [C] the place i n w h i c h people l i v e a n d w o r k , i n c l u d i n g a l l the p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s t h a t affect t h e m : Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to learn in. noun [singular] the e n v i r o n m e n t : the n a t u r a l w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g the l a n d , water, air, plants a n d a n i m a l s : Industrial development is causing widespread damage to the environment. /in,vairan'ment(a)l/ adj r e l a t i n g to the n a t u r a l w o r l d a n d the effect t h a t h u m a n a c t i v i t y has o n i t : The Minister discussed environmental issues. e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y /invairan,mentali 'frendli/ adj not h a r m i n g the n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t e p i s o d e /'episaod/ noun [C] one p a r t o f a series i n a t e l e v i s i o n or radio story /'i:kwali/ adv i n e q u a l a m o u n t s or q u a n t i t i e s : The money raised will be divided equally among the charities. A'kwipmant/ noun [U] the tools, m a c h i n e s or other t h i n g s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : camping equipment /rskeip/ verb [I] to get away f r o m a dangerous or u n p l e a s a n t place: Three people died in the fire, but John escaped through the bedroom window. A'sen/(a)l/ adj other essential supplies

basic a n d i m p o r t a n t : food, fuel,

and

e s t a t e a g e n t /tsteit ,eid3ant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to help people to buy, sell or r e n t p r o p e r t y /'evri.wea(r)/ adv, conj, pron used for t a l k i n g about a v e r y l a r g e area such as a r e g i o n , a c o u n t r y o r the whole w o r l d : I'd like to thank all my fans everywhere for their support. /'evid(a)ns/ noun [U] facts or p h y s i c a l signs t h a t help t o prove s o m e t h i n g : The study found no evidence that fish feel pain. e v i l /'i:v(a)l/ adj v e r y bad o r c r u e l : a dangerous

and evil

dictator

/ig'zaek(t)li/ adv no m o r e and no less t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t o r t i m e : It's exactly three o'clock. /ik'sept/ conj, prep used for i n t r o d u c i n g the o n l y person, t h i n g or fact t h a t is n o t i n c l u d e d i n y o u r m a i n statement: All the team were there except Eddie Stratton, who was ill. /ik'saitid/ adj v e r y happy and e n t h u s i a s t i c because s o m e t h i n g good is g o i n g to happen: I was so excited I couldn't sleep.

The /'enami/ noun [C] someone w h o is opposed to someone else a n d t r i e s to h a r m t h e m : They searched for information on political enemies.

A'na:mas/ adj birthday cake

/ik'saitmant/ noun [U] long wait only added to our

the feeling of b e i n g excited: excitement.

e x c u r s i o n /ik'sk3:J'(a)n/ noun [C] a s h o r t j o u r n e y t h a t y o u m a k e for pleasure e x h a u s t e d Ag'zaistid/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r e d and w i t h o u t enough energy to do a n y t h i n g else: After two days of travel the children were completely exhausted. e x h a u s t i n g /ig'zjxstm/ adj e x t r e m e l y t i r i n g

exhibition

/eksfbiftajn/ noun [C] a p u b l i c show w h e r e a r t or other i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g s are p u t so t h a t people c a n go a n d look at them: an exhibition hall/centre/space e x o t i c Ag'zDtik/ adj i n t e r e s t i n g o r e x c i t i n g because o f b e i n g u n u s u a l or n o t f a m i l i a r c t /ik'spekt/ verb [Tj * * * 1 t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l happen: We're expecting good weather at the weekend. 2 to t h i n k that i t is r i g h t or reasonable t h a t s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d happen: Our customers expect good service. Ak'spensiv/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is expensive costs a lot of money: He always wears expensive clothes. Ak'spiarians/ noun [U] knowledge and s k i l l that you get by d o i n g a p a r t i c u l a r j o b o r a c t i v i t y : You don't need any experience to work here, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens to y o u , or a s i t u a t i o n t h a t y o u are i n v o l v e d i n : our childhood experiences Akspenmant/ noun [C] a scientific test to f i n d out w h a t happens to someone o r s o m e t h i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r conditions: laboratory experiments e x p l o r a t i o n /,ekspla'reif(3)n/ noun [C/U] a j o u r n e y a r o u n d a n area i n order to l e a r n about i t o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g valuable such as o i l Ak'spb:/ verb [l/T] to t r a v e l a r o u n d a n area i n o r d e r to l e a r n about i t , o r i n o r d e r to search for s o m e t h i n g v a l u a b l e such as o i l : The town is a good base from which to explore this part of Italy. /'ekspa:t/ noun [C] a p r o d u c t t h a t is sold to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y : Agricultural produce is the country's largest export. Ak'spa:t/ verb [l/T] to send a p r o d u c t to a n o t h e r c o u n t r y so that i t can be sold t h e r e : Their flowers are exported around the world.

childish

Ak'spre/(s)n/ noun [C] a w o r d o r phrase: He uses expressions like 'easy-peasy'.

e x t i n c t Ak'stmkt/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g such as a t y p e of a n i m a l or plant is e x t i n c t , i t no longer exists e x t r a /'ekstra/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is added to a basic service, product etc: A virus checker is available as an optional extra for your computer. e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r /ekstraka'nkjub/ adj e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u do at school o r college t h a t are n o t p a r t o f y o u r usual classes

• I

/'faekta/ noun [C] one o f the t h i n g s t h a t i n f l u e n c e w h e t h e r a n event happens o r the w a y t h a t i t happens: Several factors have contributed to the increase in the number of road accidents. /'faektri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where large quantities of goods are p r o d u c e d u s i n g m a c h i n e s : She works in a factory. f a i n t /feint/ verb [i] t o suddenly become u n c o n s c i o u s for a s h o r t time /fea/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is f a i r , everyone is t r e a t e d e q u a l l y a n d i n a reasonable way: free and fair elections 2 f a i r h a i r is blonde o r v e r y l i g h t b r o w n i n c o l o u r f a i r y t a l e /'feari ,teil/ noun [C] a t r a d i t i o n a l c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r y i n w h i c h magic things happen /fad/ verb [i] 1 to move q u i c k l y d o w n w a r d s f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n by accident: I keep falling off my bike. 2 to come d o w n to the g r o u n d f r o m the s k y : Snow began to quietly fall. f a l l i n l o v e /fail m 'Uv/ phrase t o s t a r t t o love someone: Why do we fall in love with one person rather than another? f a l l a s l e e p /fad a'slkp/ phrase to s t a r t to go to sleep

fill i n

/fa'milia/ adj w e l l k n o w n to y o u , o r easily r e c o g n i s e d by y o u : People are more relaxed in familiar surroundings. f a m i n e /'faemm/ noun [C/U] a serious l a c k o f food t h a t causes m a n y people to become i l l o r to die f a n t a s y /'faentasi/ noun [c] a pleasant, e x c i t i n g o r u n u s u a l experience t h a t y o u i m a g i n e is h a p p e n i n g to y o u F A Q /ef ei 'kju:/ noun [C] f r e q u e n t l y asked questions: a l i s t of t y p i c a l q u e s t i o n s t h a t people ask a n d t h e i r a n s w e r s /fa:/ adj, adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about a l o n g distance, o r for a s k i n g o r s t a t i n g h o w great a d i s t a n c e is: You can go outside and play, but don't go far. 2 used for e m p h a s i s i n g a difference w h e n y o u are m a k i n g a c o m p a r i s o n : The situation is bad in England, but it is far worse in Scotland. 3 used for t a l k i n g about the degree to w h i c h s o m e t h i n g happens o r h o w e x t r e m e a n a c t i o n is: The opinion polls show how far his popularity has fallen. f a r m e r / ' ю : т э / noun и someone w h o o w n s o r manages a f a r m f a s c i n a t e d /'faesmeitid/ adj v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n , o r a t t r a c t e d by, someone o r s o m e t h i n g /'fae/(a)n/ noun [U] 1 t h e a c t i v i t y o r business t h a t i n v o l v e s styles of clothes a n d people's appearance: the world of fashion 2 the state of b e i n g p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : High heels are back in fashion. f a s h i o n d e s i g n e r /'faefan di,zama/ noun someone whose j o b is

to decide h o w to m a k e clothes o r t o decide t h e i r shape o r appearance fashionable

/'fae/(a)nab(a)l/ adj clothes

/fa:st/ adj q u i c k l y : Simon

p o p u l a r at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e :

m o v i n g , happening or doing something loves fast cars.

/faet/ adj a p e r s o n o r a n i m a l t h a t is fat has too m u c h flesh on t h e i r b o d y a n d w e i g h s too m u c h : She can eat whatever she likes and she never gets fat. noun [u] a soft w h i t e substance t h a t y o u store i n a l a y e r u n d e r y o u r s k i n f a t h e r - i n - l a w /'fa:6a(r)m,b:/ noun [C] t h e f a t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r wife /fy.lt/ noun [C] 1 a f e a t u r e t h a t m a k e s someone o r s o m e t h i n g less good: She has her faults, but on the whole she's very nice. 2 a p r o b l e m w i t h a m a c h i n e o r piece o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t stops i t f r o m w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y : The fire was caused by an electrical fault. f a u l t y /'fadti/ adj n o t w o r k i n g c o r r e c t l y , o r n o t made c o r r e c t l y : faulty brakes /fia/ noun [U] t h e f e e l i n g t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u are f r i g h t e n e d : She eventually managed to overcome her fear of the dark, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g bad o r u n p l e a s a n t t h a t y o u are a f r a i d m i g h t happen: He expressed fears for his missing wife's safety. /Тиф/ noun [C] a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o r aspect o f s o m e t h i n g : The latest model has a lot of new safety features, verb [T] i f s o m e t h i n g features a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g , t h e y are a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f i t : a concert featuring music by Haydn and Mozart f e d u p /fed л р / adj a n n o y e d o r b o r e d w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel y o u have accepted for too l o n g : I'm fed up with this job. Itr.l noun [C] a n a m o u n t o f m o n e y t h a t y o u pay to be a l l o w e d to do s o m e t h i n g such as j o i n a n o r g a n i s a t i o n : The gallery charges a small entrance fee. f e v e r /'fi:va/ noun [c/u] a m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h the t e m p e r a t u r e o f y o u r b o d y is v e r y h i g h fiance fiancee

/fibnsei/ noun [C] the m a n t h a t a w o m a n is g o i n g t o m a r r y /fi'tmsei/ noun [C] t h e w o m a n t h a t a m a n is g o i n g to m a r r y

/'fikf(a)n/ noun [U] books a n d stories about i m a g i n a r y events a n d people: Hardy wrote poetry as well as fiction. /fait/ noun [C] 1 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people h i t each other: He had a fight with a man in the pub. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h people d i s a g r e e o r a r g u e w i t h each other: All teenagers have fights with their parents. fill i n / f i l i n / phr vb t o add i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e e m p t y spaces o n a n o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t : Please fill in the application form.

107

film

fussy

/ f i l m / noun [C] m o v i n g p i c t u r e s t h a t t e l l a s t o r y : Have you seen the new James Bond film? f i n d o u t /faind 'aut/ phr vb to discover a fact or piece of i n f o r m a t i o n : I don't want Jerry to find out about this. f i n e /fain/ noun [CI a n a m o u n t of money t h a t y o u m u s t pay because you have b r o k e n the l a w : / had to pay a $40 fine for parking on the street overnight. /'ппдэ/ noun и hands

the long t h i n p a r t s o n the end of y o u r

/faia/ noun [c/U] flames a n d heat f r o m s o m e t h i n g t h a t is b u r n i n g i n an u n c o n t r o l l e d way: Lightning may have started the fire, verb [l/T] i f a weapon fires, or i f someone fires i t , someone uses i t to shoot s o m e t h i n g : The rebels fired their machine guns into the air. verb [T] to m a k e someone leave t h e i r j o b as a p u n i s h m e n t : She was fired for refusing to include the information in her report.

f o o t s t e p /'futstep/ noun [C] the sound of a foot t o u c h i n g the g r o u n d as someone w a l k s /b:s/ noun [U] p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h , violence or energy: The force of the bomb blast shattered windows in 15 buildings, verb m to m a k e s o m e t h i n g happen: Opposition to the plans forced a rapid change of policy. f o r e c a s t /'fj:ka:st/ verb [T] to m a k e a statement about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, u s u a l l y r e l a t i n g to the weather business, or the economy /'bonn/ adj f r o m another c o u n t r y , or i n another c o u n t r y : Working in a foreign country takes some getting used to. /'fDrist/ noun [C/u] a large area of l a n d t h a t is covered by trees a n d other plants g r o w i n g close together /fo'giv/ verb [T] to decide to stop b e i n g a n g r y w i t h someone who has done s o m e t h i n g t h a t is bad: John has never forgiven himself for the accident.

f i r e f i g h t e r /'faia.faita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to put out fires a n d help people to escape f r o m other dangerous s i t u a t i o n s

f o r t u n a t e /'b:tfanat/ adj l u c k y : Not everyone is as fortunate are.

f i r e p l a c e /'faia,pleis/ noun [C] a place i n a r o o m w h e r e a fire b u r n s

f o r w a r d /'faiwad/ verb [T] to send a letter, parcel, e m a i l etc t h a t has been sent to y o u r address to someone else at another address

f i r s t a i d /,f3:st 'eid/ noun [u] basic m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t t h a t is g i v e n as soon as someone is i n j u r e d or i l l /fit/ adj healthy, s t r o n g a n d able to do p h y s i c a l exercise: Running around after the kids keeps me fit. f i t n e s s /'tunas/ noun [u] the state of b e i n g p h y s i c a l l y h e a l t h y a n d s t r o n g : a high level of physical fitness f i z z y /'fizi/ adj a fizzy d r i n k is a sweet d r i n k w i t h o u t a l c o h o l t h a t has bubbles /flaet/ adj s m o o t h and level on the surface, w i t h no l u m p s or slopes: The farmland is very flat.

f r a n c /fra?nk/ noun [C] the u n i t of money used i n France a n d B e l g i u m before the E u r o replaced i t and s t i l l used i n Switzerland and some other c o u n t r i e s /fri:/ adj 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is free does not cost a n y t h i n g : There is plenty of free parking. 2 not held, tied or fixed somewhere: Hand me the free end of the rope. 3 not a prisoner or a slave: He'll soon be a free man. 4 available to see someone or do s o m e t h i n g : I'm busy at the moment, but I'll be free this afternoon. /'fri:dam/ noun [U] you w a n t : a law that restricts

f l a t m a t e /'flaet.meit/ noun [C] someone y o u share a flat w i t h /'fleiva/ noun [C] the p a r t i c u l a r taste t h a t food o r d r i n k has: The drink has a very strong citrus flavour. f l i c k t h r o u g h / f h k 'Gru:/ phr vb to look q u i c k l y at the pages of a magazine o r book. f l i r t /fb:t/ verb [l] to behave t o w a r d s someone i n a w a y t h a t shows t h a t y o u are s e x u a l l y a t t r a c t e d to t h e m / f U d / noun [C/u] a l a r g e a m o u n t o f w a t e r t h a t covers a n area t h a t was d r y before: The southwest of England has been badly hit by floods. /fb:/ noun [C] 1 the flat area t h a t y o u w a l k o n i n s i d e a b u i l d i n g o r r o o m : The house has polished wooden floors. 2 one of the levels i n a b u i l d i n g : a first-floor flat f l o r i s t /'florist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to a r r a n g e a n d s e l l flowers /'flaua/ noun [C] the c o l o u r e d p a r t o f a p l a n t f r o m w h i c h the plant's seeds develop: The plant has small white flowers. flu /flu:/ noun [U] a v e r y c o m m o n i n f e c t i o u s disease t h a t lasts for a short t i m e and makes y o u feel weak a n d t i r e d f l u e n t /'fluiant/ adj able to speak a f o r e i g n language v e r y w e l l : I'm fluent in three languages. f o g /fix;/ noun [u] t h i c k clouds t h a t f o r m close to the g r o u n d a n d are d i f f i c u l t to see t h r o u g h f o l d e r /'foulda/ noun [C] 1 a t h i n flat c o n t a i n e r for sheets of paper 2 a g r o u p of p r o g r a m s or documents t h a t are stored i n a c o m p u t e r f o l l o w i n g /'fDbum/ noun [C] a g r o u p of people w h o s u p p o r t o r a d m i r e a n o t h e r person or g r o u p f o o d p o i s o n i n g /'fu:d ,pjizamn/ noun [U] a n i l l n e s s caused by e a t i n g food t h a t c o n t a i n s h a r m f u l b a c t e r i a /fut/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end of y o u r leg, o n w h i c h y o u stand: He wiped his feet on the mat. 2 a u n i t used for m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h t h a t is e q u a l to 12 inches o r about 30 centimetres: We had over two feet of snow last night. /'futbad/ noun [u] a game i n w h i c h t w o teams of 11 players k i c k a b a l l a n d t r y to score goals noun [C] a b a l l used for p l a y i n g football f o o t p r i n t /'fut.pnnt/ noun [C] a m a r k made by a h u m a n o r a n i m a l foot i n a soft surface such as e a r t h , snow or sand

108

as we

becoming

the r i g h t or o p p o r t u n i t y to do what religious freedom

/'fri:kwant/ adj h a p p e n i n g often: Their arguments more and more frequent.

were

If rej/ adj 1 c l e a r l y new and different: We need a completely fresh approach to the problem. 2 fresh food has not been preserved i n any way: You can use fresh or tinned tomatoes for this recipe. 3 food t h a t is fresh is s t i l l good to eat because i t was p r e p a r e d or produced recently: Cooked meat will keep fresh for several days in the fridge. 4 fresh water is w a t e r i n lakes and r i v e r s t h a t does not c o n t a i n any salt /fnd3/ noun [C] a piece of equipment t h a t is used for s t o r i n g food at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s /'f ren(d)Jip/ noun [C/U] a r e l a t i o n s h i p between people who are friends: Whatever happened, I did not want to lose Sarah's friendship. /'frait(a)nd/ adj f e e l i n g or s h o w i n g fear: The puppy looked cold and frightened. /'frait(a)nir)/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel a f r a i d , nervous, or w o r r i e d : a frightening noise/thought/experience f r u s t r a t i n g /'frA,streitmg/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel annoyed and i m p a t i e n t because y o u are prevented f r o m a c h i e v i n g something: It's frustrating to wait all day for a repairman who doesn't show up. f u l l - t i m e / f o f t a i m / adj done o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g for the n u m b e r of h o u r s t h a t people n o r m a l l y w o r k o r study i n a complete week: a full-time student f u m e s /fju:mz/ noun [plural] smoke o r gas t h a t has a n unpleasant smell and t h a t may be h a r m f u l : traffic/petrol fumes /'fju:n(a)ral/ noun [C] a ceremony t h a t takes place after someone dies, and the f o r m a l process of t a k i n g the body to the place w h e r e i t is b u r i e d or cremated: He flew home to arrange for his father's funeral. /'fAni/ adj you l a u g h : a funny funny.

1 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is f u n n y makes story 2 strange or u n u s u a l : This tea tastes

f u r Цз-.l noun [U] the soft h a i r t h a t covers the body of some a n i m a l s f u r i o u s /'fjuarbs/ adj e x t r e m e l y a n g r y : Rosie was absolutely that I'd borrowed her car without asking.

furious

f u s s y /'fAsi/ adj o n l y satisfied i f t h i n g s are exactly as y o u w a n t them to be

gadget

grow up g h o s t /gaust/ noun [C] t h e s p i r i t o f a d e a d p e r s o n t h a t s o m e o n e believes that they c a n see or h e a r g i a n t /'d3aiant/ adj e x t r e m e l y l a r g e : a giant

bronze

statue

g i v e u p / g i v 'лр/ phr vb 1 to stop t r y i n g to do s o m e t h i n g b e c a u s e g a d g e t /'gaedst/ noun [C] a s m a l l t o o l o r p i e c e o f e q u i p m e n t t h a t d o e s

it i s too d i f f i c u l t : I give up. Tell me the answer. s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do r e g u l a r l y : I'm trying

2 to stop d o i n g

to give up

new arrangement

g a m e s h o w /'geim jav/ noun [C] a t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e i n w h i c h

/gla:s/ noun [U]

g a n g / д а т / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f y o u n g p e o p l e w h o s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r a n d often c a u s e t r o u b l e : a study of Chicago street

would mean giving

up some of their

political

independence.

people p l a y g a m e s o r a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s i n o r d e r to w i n p r i z e s

gangs

a h a r d c l e a r s u b s t a n c e t h a t i s u s e d for

m a k i n g o b j e c t s s u c h a s w i n d o w s o r b o t t l e s : the sound of glass

2 a g r o u p o f c r i m i n a l s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r : a gang of thieves 3 a

noun [C]

1 a b u i l d i n g for k e e p i n g a c a r i n

2 a p l a c e t h a t r e p a i r s o r s e l l s c a r s 3 a p l a c e w h e r e y o u go to b u y

breaking

a s m a l l c o n t a i n e r m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t y o u u s e for

d r i n k i n g f r o m , o r t h e d r i n k i n it: a wine/brandy/beer

g r o u p of f r i e n d s /'джгшз, 'ga?nd3/ noun [С]

smoking.

3 to a l l o w s o m e o n e to h a v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t w a s y o u r s : The

something that is useful or i m p r e s s i v e

glass

g l o b a l w a r m i n g / g b u b d l ' w j : m i n / noun [uj t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of the E a r t h that is c a u s e d p a r t l y by i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s of c a r b o n dioxide i n the a t m o s p h e r e

petrol /'ga:(r)d(3)na(r)/ noun [C] a f t e r a g a r d e n : the head gardener

1 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to l o o k

G M /d3i: 'em/ adj g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d : u s e d for d e s c r i b i n g c r o p s w h o s e g e n e s h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d , o r for d e s c r i b i n g foods m a d e

on an estate 2 s o m e o n e w h o

from these crops

e n j o y s g r o w i n g p l a n t s a n d i s good a t it

g o o u t / д э и 'aut/ verb 1 to l e a v e y o u r h o u s e a n d go s o m e w h e r e ,

g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n /Узепгэ1 I'lekfan/ noun [C] a n e l e c t i o n i n w h i c h e v e r y a d u l t i n t h e c o u n t r y c a n v o t e for t h e p e o p l e w h o w i l l

e s p e c i a l l y to do s o m e t h i n g e n j o y a b l e : / wanted

represent them

forgoing

out with friends

the evenings

free

2 to h a v e a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h s o m e o n e

a n d s p e n d a lot o f t i m e w i t h t h e m : How long have Rob and /'d3em,reit/ verb [T]

to p r o d u c e s o m e t h i n g , o r to c a u s e

s o m e t h i n g to e x i s t : The food processing of dollars

industry

generates

billions

a year.

been going

Sue

out?

/дэи1/ noun [C]

1 i n g a m e s s u c h a s football, the net or

s t r u c t u r e t h a t y o u t r y to get t h e b a l l i n t o i n o r d e r to s c o r e p o i n t s /'d3enar3s/ adj

g i v i n g people m o r e of y o u r t i m e o r m o n e y

t h a n i s u s u a l o r e x p e c t e d : She is a warm and generous

human

in the last ten

being. /get/ verb [T] Ross's father

/'gAv(3)nmant/ noun [C/U]

got a new job. 2 to b u y s o m e t h i n g : They had to

s o m e w h e r e else: She went and got a photograph

from

the

desk.

4 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i d e a o r f e e l i n g : I got a strange feeling

What time did you get home last

to a r r i v e a t a p l a c e :

night? to

get back. 2 to r e c e i v e o r h a v e s o m e t h i n g a g a i n a f t e r a t i m e w h e n train and she doesn't know how to get it

has announced

back.

t h e i r s e x u a l o r r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p get b a c k t o g e t h e r , t h e y s t a r t we

is suitable for finer

wage

next

1 a l e v e l of q u a l i t y o r i m p o r t a n c e : Their grades

wool

of cloth. 2 a l e t t e r o r n u m b e r t h a t s h o w s

t h e q u a l i t y o f a s t u d e n t ' s w o r k : You need to improve your /'graed3uat/ noun [C]

grades.

someone w h o h a s a degree from a

history

graduates

g r a n d d a u g h t e r /'graen(d),d:>:ta/ noun [C] t h e d a u g h t e r o f o n e of y o u r children /'graen(d),fa:6d/ noun [C]

together.

the father of one of y o u r

parents

g e t b e h i n d /get bi'haind/ phr vb i f y o u get b e h i n d w i t h w o r k o r

/ graen(d) mA6d/ noun [C] l

p a y m e n t s , y o u h a v e not d o n e a s m u c h w o r k o r m a d e a s m a n y

l

the m o t h e r of one of y o u r

parents

payments a s y o u should have done g e t o f f /get Ы/ phr vb 1 to l e a v e a b u s , p l a n e , o r t r a i n 2 to h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d of t i m e a s a h o l i d a y : Do you get much time off at Christmas?

g r a n d s o n /'graen(d),SAn/ noun [C] t h e s o n o f o n e o f y o u r c h i l d r e n / g r a : n t / noun [C]

a n a m o u n t of m o n e y that the government

o r a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s y o u for a s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e a n d d o e s not

g e t o n /get bnj phr vb 1 to c o n t i n u e d o i n g s o m e t h i n g w i t h m o r e effort o r m o r e q u i c k l y t h a n before: Can we please get on, there are a lot of things still

to discuss.

because

2 u s e d for a s k i n g a b o u t o r

t a l k i n g about h o w w e l l s o m e o n e h a s done a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : How did you get on in your

exams?

teacher screamed

ready to go

out.

have to get rid of a lot of our

so we

i n o r d e r to do s o m e t h i n g o r i n o r d e r to s p e n d t i m e t o g e t h e r : usually gets together

at

The

Christmas.

g e t u p /get л р / phr vb to get o u t o f b e d a f t e r s l e e p i n g : He never

gets

nine.

g e t w e l l ( s o o n ) /get 'wel/ phrase u s e d for g i v i n g good w i s h e s to someone w h o is i l l

grave.

g r e e n g r o c e r / д г к п . д г э ш э / noun [c] 1 g r e e n g r o c e r ' s : a s h o p t h a t s e l l s f r u i t a n d v e g e t a b l e s 2 s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to s e l l f r u i t a n d g r e e n h o u s e /'gri:n,haus/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g m a d e o f g l a s s t h a t i s u s e d for g r o w i n g p l a n t s t h a t n e e d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e w e a t h e r

furniture.

g e t t o g e t h e r /get ta'ge6d/ phr vb i f p e o p l e get t o g e t h e r , t h e y m e e t whole family

the place w h e r e a dead body is b u r i e d i n a

vegetables i n a shop

g e t r i d o f /get 'rid av/ phrase to t h r o w a w a y , g i v e a w a y , o r s e l l s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u n o l o n g e r w a n t o r n e e d : We're moving,

g r a p h i c n o v e l /graefik 'nDval/ noun [C] a n o v e l t h a t u s e s d r a w i n g s to

d e e p h o l e i n t h e g r o u n d : He's never even visited his mother's

g e t ( s o m e o n e ) r e a d y /get 'redi/ phrase to p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f o r getting

grant

b u n c h e s o n a v i n e a n d t h a t i s o f t e n u s e d for m a k i n g w i n e

/greiv/ noun [C]

at him to get out.

s o m e o n e e l s e to do s o m e t h i n g : She's upstairs

a s k y o u to p a y b a c k : a research

g r a p e /greip/ noun [C] a s m a l l g r e e n o r p u r p l e f r u i t t h a t g r o w s i n

tell the story

g e t o u t /get 'aut/ phr vb u s e d for t e l l i n g s o m e o n e to l e a v e : The

up before

to raise the minimum

satellites

u n i v e r s i t y : careers for

h a v i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r a g a i n : / kept hoping

plans

finding exactly w h e r e y o u a r e a n y w h e r e i n the world u s i n g

on the

g e t b a c k t o g e t h e r /get baek ta'geda/ phr vb [I] i f t w o p e o p l e w h o e n d e d

would get back

government

/greid/ noun [C]

g e t b a c k /get 'baek/ phr vb 1 to r e t u r n to a p l a c e : It's late, I ought it w a s t a k e n a w a y f r o m y o u o r lost: She left her briefcase

the people w h o control a

c o u n t r y o r a r e a a n d m a k e d e c i s i o n s a b o u t i t s l a w s a n d t a x e s : The

G P S /d3i: p i : 'es/ noun [u] g l o b a l p o s i t i o n i n g s y s t e m : a s y s t e m for

this winter. 6 to a n s w e r

the d o o r o r p h o n e : It's OK, I'll get it. verb [I]

goals

year.

as

the house. 5 to s t a r t to h a v e a n i l l n e s s o r a

towards

m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n : I hope I don't get the flu

scored two

minutes.

g o o d - l o o k i n g / g u d 'lukin/ adj p h y s i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e

1 to o b t a i n , r e c e i v e , o r b e g i v e n s o m e t h i n g :

stop and get some petrol. 3 to go a n d b r i n g s o m e t h i n g b a c k f r o m

we walked

2 t h e a c t i o n o f p u t t i n g a b a l l i n t o a g o a l : Nielsen

g r e e n h o u s e e f f e c t , t h e / б э 'grknhaus i.fekt/ noun [singular] t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h h e a t i s u n a b l e to e s c a p e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e , w h i c h c a u s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e E a r t h to r i s e g r i p p i n g / ' д п р т / adj v e r y e x c i t i n g a n d i n t e r e s t i n g g r o o m / д г и : т / noun [C] a b r i d e g r o o m g r o w u p / д г э и л р / phr vb t o c h a n g e f r o m b e i n g a c h i l d to b e i n g a n a d u l t : She's really starting

to grow up

now.

guarantee

honest

/gaeran'ti:/ noun [C] a p r o m i s e t h a t s o m e t h i n g w i l l d e f i n i t e l y happen: I can't give you any guarantees at the moment.

h a r d c o p y /'ha:d ,kDpi/ noun [и] a p r i n t e d copy of i n f o r m a t i o n that is held on a computer

/ga:d/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p r o t e c t a place or person: a prison guard 2 a n o f f i c i a l o n a t r a i n whose j o b is to check t i c k e t s

h a r d d r i v e /'ha:d ,draiv/ noun [C] a h a r d disk

/ges/ verb [i/т] t o say o r decide w h a t y o u t h i n k is t r u e , w i t h o u t b e i n g c e r t a i n about i t : a competition to guess the weight of the pig

h a r d w a r e /'ha:d,wea/ noun [U] computer equipment

/gaid/ noun [C] 1 a book t h a t gives i n f o r m a t i o n : It is worth buying a good travel guide. 2 someone whose j o b is to give i n f o r m a t i o n to people w h o are v i s i t i n g a place: a tour guide verb [T] 1 to show someone w h e r e to go b y g o i n g w i t h t h e m : He guided them through the forest. 2 to help someone to do s o m e t h i n g o r m a k e a decision: There was no research to guide them. g u i d e b o o k /'gaid,buk/ noun [ci a book for t o u r i s t s t h a t p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n about a place /'gilti/ adj 1 a s h a m e d a n d s o r r y because y o u have done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : a guilty look/expression 2 someone w h o is g u i l t y has c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e or has done s o m e t h i n g w r o n g : Patrick knew that he was guilty of lying. /длп/ noun [C] Enemy guns fired

a weapon t h a t shoots b u l l e t s o r l a r g e shells: a shell every two or three minutes.

g y m / d j i m / noun [C] a r o o m o r c l u b w i t h e q u i p m e n t for d o i n g p h y s i c a l exercises

h a r m /ha:m/ verb [T] to i n j u r e , damage or have a bad effect on someone or something: chemicals that harm the environment h a y f e v e r /'hei,fi:va/ noun [U] a medical c o n d i t i o n that affects your nose and eyes. It is caused by pollen. /hed/ noun [C] 1 the top part of y o u r body that has your b r a i n , eyes, m o u t h etc i n i t : Lynn had a bruise on the side of her head. 2 the leader or most i m p o r t a n t person i n a group: the head waiter 3 the teacher who is i n charge of a school headache

/'hedeik/ noun [C] yesterday.

a p a i n i n your head: / had a bad

h e a d b a n d /'hed,baend/ noun [C] a n a r r o w piece of cloth that you wear a r o u n d y o u r head to keep h a i r or sweat out of y o u r eyes h e a d l i g h t /'hedjait/ noun [C] one of the two lights on the front of a vehicle h e a d l i n e /'hedjam/ noun [C] the t i t l e of a newspaper story, p r i n t e d i n large letters h e a d p h o n e s /'hed,faunz/ noun [plural] a piece of equipment that you wear over y o u r ears i n order to listen to the radio or recorded sound

h e a d t e a c h e r /hedthtja/ noun ю a teacher who is i n charge of a school s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u do often:

healthy

/heie/ noun [U] the c o n d i t i o n of y o u r body, especially whether or not y o u are i l l : His health improved once he stopped working.

h a b i t a t /'haebi.taet/ noun [C] t h e t y p e of place t h a t a n a n i m a l n o r m a l l y l i v e s i n or t h a t a p l a n t n o r m a l l y g r o w s i n

h e a l t h c e n t r e /'heie .senta/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g where people can go to see a doctor or nurse

h a i r d r e s s e r /'hea.dresa/ noun и someone whose j o b is to c u t people's h a i r

/'heiei/ ad] 1 physically strong and not i l l : a healthy baby 2 w o r k i n g w e l l and l i k e l y to continue to be successful: The country still has a healthy economy.

h a l f b r o t h e r /'had ,Ьглбэ/ noun [С] a b r o t h e r w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r o r the same f a t h e r as y o u have h a l f s i s t e r /'had ,sista/ noun [С] a sister w h o has e i t h e r the same m o t h e r or the same f a t h e r as y o u have /haend/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body at the end o f each a r m t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g t h i n g s : Mrs Bennet put her hands over her ears to shut out the noise. 2 the h a n d s o n a clock are the l o n g p a r t s t h a t move r o u n d a n d show the t i m e h a n d b a g /'haenjdj.baeg/ noun [C] a s m a l l bag t h a t w o m e n use for c a r r y i n g p e r s o n a l t h i n g s such as money a n d keys /'heend(a)l/ noun [C] t h e p a r t of s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u use for h o l d i n g i t : knives with plastic handles /'haens(a)m/ adj a t t r a c t i v e face

a h a n d s o m e m a n or boy has a v e r y

h a n d w r i t i n g /'haend.raitir)/ noun [u] the p a r t i c u l a r w a y t h a t someone w r i t e s w h e n t h e y use a pen o r p e n c i l h a n g o u t /haen 'aut/ phr vb to spend t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place o r w i t h p a r t i c u l a r people: She knew all the clubs where he usually hung out. /'haepan/ verb [l] to t a k e place, u s u a l l y w i t h o u t b e i n g p l a n n e d : The accident happened at 4.30pm yesterday. h a p p i n e s s /'haepinas/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g happy /'haepi/ adj f e e l i n g pleased a n d r e l a x e d , w i t h no w o r r i e s : The children seem very happy at school. h a r b o u r /'ha:ba/ noun [C] a n area o f w a t e r n e x t to the l a n d w h e r e boats can stop /ha:d/ adj 1 stiff, firm, and not easy to bend o r b r e a k : hard wooden benches 2 d i f f i c u l t to do: Some of the questions were very hard. 3 s t r o n g a n d not easily f r i g h t e n e d : He likes to pretend he's hard, but he's really soft underneath.

n o

h a r d - w o r k i n g /'ha:d'w3:kir)/ adj p u t t i n g a lot of effort into your work

h e a d q u a r t e r s /hed'kwa:tez/ noun [plural] the place where a company, o r g a n i s a t i o n or m i l i t a r y u n i t has its m a i n offices or its m a i n centre of c o n t r o l

Hh /'haebit/ noun [c/u] eating habits

h a r d h a t /'ha:d ,haet/ noun [C] a hat made of metal or h a r d plastic w o r n by workers to protect t h e i r heads

h e a r t a t t a c k /'ha:t a,taek/ noun и an occasion when someone suddenly has a lot of p a i n because t h e i r heart stops w o r k i n g n o r m a l l y /hi:t/ noun [singular/u] the q u a l i t y of being hot, or how hot s o m e t h i n g is: We felt the intense heat from the fire, verb [i/т] to make something hot, or to become hot: Heat the oil gently in a large frying pan. h e l m e t /'helmit/ noun [C] a h a r d hat that y o u wear to protect your head /haid/ verb [T] to put something i n a place so that no one can find i t or see i t : She hid the key in the drawer, verb ш to go somewhere or be somewhere where no one can find you or see you: He ran and hid behind a bush. / n i l / noun [C] an area of l a n d that is higher t h a n the l a n d s u r r o u n d i n g it but that is smaller and lower t h a n a m o u n t a i n : They climbed slowly to the top of the hill. /hit/ verb [l/T] 1 to move q u i c k l y against something, or move an object q u i c k l y against something, t o u c h i n g i t w i t h The glass smashed as it hit the ground. 2 to move your hand object h a r d against someone's body, so that you h u r t them: hitting your brother!

to force: or an Stop

/hauld/ verb [T] 1 to c a r r y something or someone using your hands or a r m s : Can you hold my bag for a moment? 2 to organise s o m e t h i n g such as a meeting or event: The government agreed to hold a referendum. h o m e t i m e /'haum ,taim/ noun [U] the end of the school day when the students go home h o m e l y /'haumli/ adj simple and pleasant i n a way that makes you feel comfortable and at home /'Dnist/ adj 1 a person who is honest does not t e l l lies or cheat people, and obeys the law: an honest man 2 t e l l i n g the t r u t h , or not cheating people: I want you to give mean honest answer.

honeymoon

innovation

h o n e y m o o n / ' п л ш . т ш п / noun [Ci a h o l i d a y t h a t t w o people take after they get m a r r i e d h o o d / h u d / noun [C] the p a r t o f a coat or jacket that covers y o u r head

h o p e l e s s /'hauplas/ adj 1 i f a s i t u a t i o n is hopeless, it seems v e r y u n l i k e l y to succeed or i m p r o v e 2 not s k i l f u l at a l l : lam hopeless at tennis. /'horab(a)l/ adj day at work.

to b u y a p r o d u c t f r o m a n o t h e r c o u n t r y

/im'pDsab(a)l/ adj

h o o d i e /'hudi/ noun [C] a piece of c l o t h i n g w i t h a hood that you w e a r on the top p a r t of y o u r body, u s u a l l y made of t h i c k c o t t o n . Some people t h i n k t h a t y o u n g m e n w e a r hoodies because they are t r y i n g to hide t h e i r face w h e n they c a r r y out c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s .

horrible

/im'poit/ verb [T]

a n d b r i n g it to y o u r c o u n t r y : We import most of our coal other countries.

v e r y unpleasant or u n k i n d : I've had a

i f s o m e t h i n g is impossible,

n o o n e c a n do it o r it c a n n o t h a p p e n : We were faced impossible task. / i m ' p r u i v / verb [l/T]

/ i m ' p r u : v m a n t / noun [C]

/ i n s i d ( a ) n t / noun [C]

a person: The disease can be fatal

in

h u m i d /'hju:mid/ ad; hot and wet i n a way t h a t makes y o u feel uncomfortable: a humid climate h u n g e r /'hArjga/ noun [U] 1 the feeling t h a t y o u have w h e n y o u need to eat: a nutritious snack that will satisfy your hunger 2 a lack of food that can cause illness or death: a new chance to fight world hunger and poverty Ihxtl verb и to feel p a i n somewhere i n y o u r body: Fred's knees hurt after skiing all day. verb [l/T] to cause someone physical p a i n or i n j u r y : You're hurting my arm! /'hAzband/ noun [C]

with

a change that you m a k e improvements

the m a n that a w o m a n is m a r r i e d

to

h y g i e n e /'haid3i:n/ noun [u] the practice of keeping y o u r s e l f and the things a r o u n d you clean i n order to prevent illness and disease

incident

1 to c o n t a i n , o r to h a v e s o m e o n e o r

s o m e t h i n g a s a p a r t : The book includes advice.

practice.

s o m e t h i n g that happens that is

/ m ' k l u : d / verb [T]

/'hju:man/ noun [C] humans.

will improve

to s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to m a k e it b e t t e r : home

practical

with an

to b e c o m e b e t t e r , o r to m a k e

s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r : Your English

u n u s u a l , v i o l e n t o r d a n g e r o u s : an embarrassing

h o r r o r /'hDra/ noun [c/U) a s t r o n g feeling of shock or fear, or the t h i n g that makes you feel shocked or a f r a i d : Millions watched in horror as the disaster unfolded on TV. noun [U] a t y p e of book or film that is intended to f r i g h t e n people: a horror story/film

from

activities,

stories

and

2 to m a k e s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g b e p a r t of a

g r o u p , s e t , o r c o l l e c t i o n of t h i n g s : Please include a photograph yourself with your application.

of

/ ' т к л т / noun [c/U] m o n e y t h a t s o m e o n e gets f r o m w o r k i n g o r f r o m i n v e s t i n g m o n e y : What is your approximate

annual

income?

i n c o r r e c t / m k a ' r e k t / adj w r o n g , o r n o t a c c u r a t e o r t r u e / m ' k r n s / verb [l/T] to b e c o m e l a r g e r i n n u m b e r o r a m o u n t , o r to m a k e s o m e t h i n g do t h i s : We have managed to

increase

the number

of patients

treated.

i n d e c i s i v e /mdi'saisiv/ adj u n a b l e to m a k e d e c i s i o n s / m d i ' p e n d a n s / noun [U] 1 freedom from control by a n o t h e r c o u n t r y o r o r g a n i s a t i o n : Lithuania was the first of the

Soviet republics

to declare its independence.

2 t h e a b i l i t y to m a k e

d e c i s i o n s a n d l i v e y o u r life free f r o m the c o n t r o l or influence

of o t h e r p e o p l e : Employment independence,

gave young

/ i n d i ' p e n d a n t / adj

p e o p l e : Michelle

is young,

women a measure

of

not d e p e n d i n g on other

independent

and

confident.

i n d i g e n o u s / i n ' d ^ a n a s / adj 1 i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e l i v e d i n a p l a c e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e b e f o r e o t h e r p e o p l e c a m e to l i v e t h e r e 2 i n d i g e n o u s p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s b e l o n g to a r e g i o n b e c a u s e they developed there / i n f l u a n s / noun [C/U]

t h e effect t h a t a p e r s o n o r t h i n g

h a s o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He couldn't /ais/ noun [U] water t h a t has frozen a n d become s o l i d : a block/lump of ice ice c a p /'ais ,kaep/ noun [C] a large area o f ice t h a t covers the l a n d and sea a r o u n d the N o r t h or South Pole /ai'dial/ adj of the best or most suitable t y p e : your computer seems the ideal solution.

Upgrading

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n /ai,dentifi'keif(a)n/ noun [U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t proves who y o u are, especially a d o c u m e n t w i t h y o u r n a m e a n d a photograph: Can you show me some identification? /ai'denti,fai/ verb [T] to recognise someone a n d be able to say who they are: One of the thieves has been identified by witnesses, verb m to recognise s o m e t h i n g a n d to u n d e r s t a n d exactly w h a t i t is: Several key problems have already been identified. /aidentiti/ noun [C/U] the fact of w h o y o u are or w h a t your name is: Do you have any proof of identity? i g l o o /iglu:/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g made f r o m snow or ice /i'li:g(a)l/ adj Alnas/ noun [ci i l l : a serious illness

not a l l o w e d by the l a w : illegal

drugs

a p a r t i c u l a r disease, or a p e r i o d of b e i n g

hope to exert any real

influence in the new department, noun [C] a p e r s o n or t h i n g t h a t h a s a n effect o n s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g verb [T] to affect

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : What factors take the job?

influenced

your decision

to

/m'fy.m/ verb Ц] * * * t o o f f i c i a l l y t e l l s o m e o n e a b o u t

s o m e t h i n g : The President developments. / т Ъ : т ( э ) 1 / adj

hotel has an informal

has been fully

informed

of

r e l a x e d , f r i e n d l y a n d n o t o f f i c i a l : The

atmosphere.

,/infa'meif(a)n/ noun [U]

knowledge or facts

a b o u t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : We're not allowed information about our clients' medical records.

to give you

any

i n f o r m a t i v e /in'fjimativ/ adj g i v i n g a lot of u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n i n g o t / i n g a t / noun [C] a b l o c k o f g o l d , s i l v e r o r o t h e r m e t a l i n g r e d i e n t / m ' g r k d i a n t / noun [c] o n e o f t h e foods o r l i q u i d s t h a t y o u u s e i n m a k i n g a p a r t i c u l a r m e a l : Mix all the ingredients together

carefully. / т У з е к Д э ) п / noun [c/U] a d r u g t h a t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o y o u r b o d y , o r t h e p r o c e s s o f i n j e c t i n g it i n t o y o u r b o d y : vaccines that

are given by

injection

/ind3ari/ noun [C/u]

p h y s i c a l h a r m : an eye/leg

injury

/imid3/ noun [C] a p i c t u r e , especially one i n a m i r r o r or on a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or c i n e m a screen: the flickering blackand-white images on the first cinema screens

i n - l a w noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o y o u a r e r e l a t e d to b y m a r r i a g e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a t h e r o r m o t h e r o f y o u r h u s b a n d o r w i f e : We're

/ r m i i d i a t l i / adv, conj very quickly and w i t h o u t delay: She decided to leave immediately.

i n n o c e n c e / i n a s ( a ) n s / noun [u] t h e s t a t e of n o t b e i n g g u i l t y of a

/impaekt/ noun [C] a n effect or influence Her paper discusses the likely impact of global warming, noun [C/u] the force or act of one object h i t t i n g a n o t h e r : the point of impact

going to stay with the in-laws this

weekend.

c r i m e o r a n y t h i n g b a d : This new evidence his innocence.

would hopefully

i n n o v a t i o n /inau'vei/(a)n/ noun [c/U] a n e w i d e a o r p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t , o r t h e u s e of n e w i d e a s o r e q u i p m e n t

prove

inquiry

knowledge

/m'kwairi/ noun [C] a q u e s t i o n t h a t is i n t e n d e d to get i n f o r m a t i o n about someone or s o m e t h i n g : There have already been over 300 inquiries from people interested, noun [С/и] a process o f t r y i n g to f i n d out m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g : The public is demanding an official inquiry into the incident. i n s e r t /m's3:t/ verb [T] t o p u t s o m e t h i n g i n t o s o m e t h i n g else: the plug into the earphone socket.

Insert

i n s p i r a t i o n /,mspa'reif(a)n/ noun [c/u] someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t gives y o u the e n t h u s i a s m a n d new ideas to create s o m e t h i n g , o r a f e e l i n g of e n t h u s i a s m l i k e t h i s : Her short story was the original inspiration for the film. /in'sted/ adv used for s a y i n g t h a t one person, t h i n g , or a c t i o n replaces another: If you don't have olive oil, you can use sunflower oil instead. / i n s t r u m e n t / noun [C] 1 a t o o l t h a t is used i n science, m e d i c i n e o r t e c h n o l o g y : scientific instruments such as microscopes 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t , for example a p i a n o o r a g u i t a r : Do you play an instrument? /mtar'aekjtajn/ noun [C/U] the a c t i v i t y o f b e i n g w i t h a n d t a l k i n g to o t h e r people, a n d the w a y t h a t people react t o each other: I enjoy the constant interaction with people from other departments. /intrastid/ adj 1 w a n t i n g to k n o w about o r t a k e p a r t i n s o m e t h i n g : Joe's always been interested in politics. 2 w i l l i n g o r keen to do s o m e t h i n g : We're going to the cinema. Are you interested? Would you like to come too? /intrastm/ adj or k n o w m o r e : an interesting

m a k i n g y o u w a n t to pay a t t e n t i o n topic

/m,t3:pn'teif(a)n/ noun [C/U] 1 an explanation of the m e a n i n g or i m p o r t a n c e of s o m e t h i n g : The Catholic interpretation of the Bible is slightly different. 2 a w a y of p e r f o r m i n g a piece o f m u s i c , a p a r t i n a play etc t h a t shows h o w you u n d e r s t a n d i t a n d feel about i t : He was best known for his interpretation of English folk music. i n t e r p r e t e r /m't3:pnta/ noun ic] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e w h a t someone is s a y i n g i n t o a n o t h e r language i n t r i g u e /m'tri:g/ verb [T] to m a k e someone v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n k n o w i n g m o r e about s o m e t h i n g : That old house has always intrigued me. I n u i t /'muit, i n j u i t / noun [c/U] a m e m b e r of a g r o u p of people w h o l i v e i n n o r t h e r n S i b e r i a , Canada, A l a s k a , a n d G r e e n l a n d , o r the language t h a t t h e y speak /in'vent/ verb [T] not exist before: Alfred

to d e s i g n o r create s o m e t h i n g t h a t d i d Nobel invented dynamite.

/m'venf(a)n/ noun [c/u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t someone has made, designed o r t h o u g h t o f for the f i r s t t i m e , o r the act o f i n v e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g : Inventions like the electric light bulb changed the way people lived. i n v e n t o r /m'venta/ noun [C] someone w h o has i n v e n t e d s o m e t h i n g , or whose j o b is to i n v e n t t h i n g s /m'vest/ verb [l/T] to use y o u r m o n e y w i t h the a i m of m a k i n g a p r o f i t f r o m i t , for example b y b u y i n g shares i n a company: Banks invested £20 million in the scheme. i n v i s i b l e /in'vizab(a)l/ adj s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n v i s i b l e c a n n o t be seen /m'vDlv/ verb [T] to i n c l u d e s o m e t h i n g as a necessary p a r t of a n a c t i v i t y , event o r s i t u a t i o n : The course involves a lot of hard work. /'aian/ noun [U] steel

a h a r d h e a v y m e t a l t h a t is used for m a k i n g

i r r e g u l a r A'regjula/ adj 1 not h a p p e n i n g r e g u l a r l y : His breathing had become irregular. 2 not f o l l o w i n g the u s u a l r u l e s o f g r a m m a r . F o r example, 'eat' is a n i r r e g u l a r v e r b because its past tense is 'ate' a n d its past p a r t i c i p l e is 'eaten'. /'ailand/ noun [C] a piece o f l a n d t h a t is c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d e d by w a t e r : the best hotel on the island /iju:, isju:/ noun [C] 1 a subject o r p r o b l e m t h a t people discuss o r a r g u e about: environmental issues 2 a m a g a z i n e t h a t is p u b l i s h e d at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The article appeared in the November issue.

12

/УзаекИ/ noun [C]

a s h o r t coat: a

linen/denim/leather

jacket j a m Л1за?т/ noun [C/u] a sweet s t i c k y food made f r o m b o i l e d f r u i t a n d sugar, t h a t is u s u a l l y spread onto bread: strawberry jam j a r /Уза:/ noun [C] a glass c o n t a i n e r for food, w i t h a l i d and a w i d e o p e n i n g : a jar of marmalade j a y w a l k i n g /'d3ei,wa:kin/ noun [U] a d a n g e r o u s o r i l l e g a l w a y of c r o s s i n g a street at a place w h e r e c a r s do not u s u a l l y stop. Someone w h o does t h i s is c a l l e d a j a y w a l k e r . /'d33:nalist/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to r e p o r t the news for a newspaper, magazine, r a d i o p r o g r a m m e o r television programme / У з з : т / noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u t r a v e l f r o m one place to another, e s p e c i a l l y over a l o n g distance: a train journey /d^AUTj noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to m a k e decisions i n a c o u r t o f law: The judge sentenced her to ninety days in prison. 2 someone w h o decides w h o the w i n n e r of a c o m p e t i t i o n w i l l be: All entries will be examined by a panel of judges, verb [l/T] to f o r m a n o p i n i o n about s o m e t h i n g after c o n s i d e r i n g a l l the d e t a i l s o r facts: He left the room when he judged that she was asleep, verb [T] to decide i n a c o u r t of law w h e t h e r o r n o t someone is g u i l t y j u m p i n / У з л т р i n / hr vb [i] t o become i n v o l v e d i n s o m e t h i n g w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g c a r e f u l l y about i t j u n g l e /Узлпд(э)1/ noun [c/U] a t h i c k t r o p i c a l forest

Kk k e e p u p /,ki:p л р / phr vb 1 t o move o r develop at the same speed as someone o r s o m e t h i n g : By studying hard, she managed to keep up. 2 to c o n t i n u e to do s o m e t h i n g : Keep up the good work. k e t c h u p /'ketjap/ noun [U] a t h i c k r e d sauce made f r o m tomatoes k e y b o a r d /'ki:,ba:d/ noun [C] 1 a piece of c o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t w i t h keys o n i t , used for p u t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t t h a t has a k e y b o a r d , especially an electric piano k i d n a p /'kidnaep/ verb [T] t o i l l e g a l l y t a k e someone away and make t h e m a p r i s o n e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n o r d e r to m a k e t h e i r f a m i l y o r a g o v e r n m e n t give y o u m o n e y / k i l / verb [i/T] to m a k e a p e r s o n o r o t h e r l i v i n g t h i n g die: Each year thousands of people are killed and injured on the roads. k i n d e r g a r t e n /'kmda,ga:t(a)n/ noun [C/u] 1 a n u r s e r y school 2 the f i r s t y e a r o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n i n the US, for c h i l d r e n aged 5 or 6 / k m / noun [C] a m a n w h o r u l e s a c o u n t r y a n d is the s e n i o r m a l e m e m b e r o f the r o y a l f a m i l y : King George VI k i n g d o m /'kmdam/ noun [C] a c o u n t r y o r a r e a t h a t is r u l e d b y a k i n g o r queen k i w i / ' k i : w i : / noun [C] 1 t h e b i r d t h a t is the s y m b o l o f New Zealand. I t has a l o n g t h i n beak a n d c a n n o t fly. 2 someone f r o m New Zealand / n i : / noun [C] t h e p a r t i n the m i d d l e o f y o u r leg, where i t bends: a serious knee injury /naif/ noun [C] a n object w i t h a blade, used for c u t t i n g food o r as a w e a p o n : knives and forks /'nDhd3/ noun [U] w h a t y o u k n o w , o r w h a t is k n o w n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject: She had a lot of knowledge and experience.

laboratory

lose

surface: The gun was lying on the ground next to him. 3 to d e l i b e r a t e l y say s o m e t h i n g t h a t is n o t t r u e : It was obvious that she was lying.

L /b'bDr3t(a)ri, laebra,tj:ri/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g o r l a r g e r o o m w h e r e people do scientific r e s e a r c h : our new research laboratory l a n d s c a p e /'lasnidj.skeip/ noun [С] 1 a n a r e a of l a n d t h a t has p a r t i c u l a r features: a green, rural landscape 2 a p a i n t i n g o f a n area o f l a n d l a p t o p /'1а?р №р/ noun [C] a s m a l l c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u c a n c a r r y w i t h you (

/la:st/ verb [I] to c o n t i n u e h a p p e n i n g for a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d , o r u n t i l a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : The game lasts 80 minutes. verb [l/T] to c o n t i n u e to be a v a i l a b l e , o r to be e n o u g h for w h a t people need: The water won't last long. /leit/ adj 1 i f y o u are late, y o u a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e after the c o r r e c t or u s u a l t i m e : She phoned to say she'd be late. 2 n e a r the end o f a p e r i o d o f t i m e such as a day, m o n t h o r season: the late 18th century 3 n e a r the end o f a n e v e n i n g o r n i g h t : If it weren't so late I would give Donna a call. /'leita/ adv at some t i m e i n the f u t u r e , o r after the t i m e that y o u have been t a l k i n g about: She'll be home later. /lad/ verb [I] to m a k e the noise w i t h y o u r voice t h a t shows t h a t y o u t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g is f u n n y : We talked and laughed late into the night. I\y.l noun [singular] the l a w : the system o f r u l e s t h a t m u s t be obeyed i n society: Failing to declare any extra income is against the law. /'b:ja/ noun [C] someone whose profession is to p r o v i d e people w i t h legal advice a n d services: Mayer's lawyer spoke to the press today. /'leizi/ adj n o t w i l l i n g to w o r k o r do a n y t h i n g t h a t i n v o l v e s effort: Get out of bed, you lazy slob!

l i f e s t y l e /iaif.stail/ noun [c/u] t h e t y p e o f life t h a t someone has, for example t h e t y p e o f t h i n g s t h a t t h e y o w n a n d the t y p e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t t h e y do: a healthy, outdoor lifestyle / l i f t / noun [C] 1 a n occasion w h e n someone takes y o u s o m e w h e r e i n t h e i r car: lean give you a lift into town. 2 a m a c h i n e t h a t c a r r i e s people up o r d o w n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t levels o f a t a l l b u i l d i n g / l a i t / adj 1 v e r y b r i g h t because o f l i g h t f r o m the s u n The room is light and airy. 2 i f i t is l i g h t , y o u c a n see because i t is day a n d n o t n i g h t : It gets light around 5 am. 3 n o t w e i g h i n g m u c h , o r w e i g h i n g less t h a n y o u expect: The table is a lot lighter than it looks. l i g h t b u l b /Tart ,Ьл1Ь/ noun [C] a glass object t h a t y o u p u t i n a n e l e c t r i c l i g h t to p r o d u c e l i g h t l i g h t n i n g / i a i t n i n / noun [u] t h e b r i g h t flashes of l i g h t t h a t y o u see i n the s k y d u r i n g a s t o r m : The ship was struck by lightning soon after it left the port. l i m e / l a i m / noun [C/U] a f r u i t w i t h a h a r d green s k i n a n d s o u r j u i c e /'limit/ noun [C] 1 t h e greatest a m o u n t o r l e v e l of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is possible or a l l o w e d : The speed limit here is 40 miles an hour. 2 the o u t e r edge o f a n a r e a : No bombs landed within the city limits. l i n g u i s t /'lirjgwist/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o s t u d i e s a n d speaks a lot of l a n g u a g e s 2 someone w h o teaches o r s t u d i e s l i n g u i s t i c s / l m k / verb [T] t o connect t w o o r m o r e places o r t h i n g s : Several new roads will link the southern and northern regions of the country. l i t t e r /'lita/ noun [U] t h i n g s t h a t people have d r o p p e d o n the g r o u n d i n a p u b l i c place, m a k i n g i t u n t i d y l i v e h a p p i l y e v e r a f t e r / l i v 'haepili: eva(r) ,adta/ phrase t o be happy

for the rest of y o u r life

/'li:dd/ noun [C] 1 someone w h o is i n c h a r g e o f a g r o u p , o r g a n i s a t i o n or c o u n t r y : a political/military/religious leader 2 someone or s o m e t h i n g t h a t is the most successful, most popular, most advanced etc: He is a world leader in his field.

/tok/ noun [C] t h e t h i n g t h a t is used for f a s t e n i n g a door, d r a w e r etc so t h a t no one c a n open i t : All the windows were fitted with locks, verb [i/т] to fasten s o m e t h i n g such as a door w i t h a key, o r t o be fastened w i t h a key: Have you locked the car?

/'lkdafip/ noun [U] the p o s i t i o n o f b e i n g a leader: The war was fought under the emperor's leadership.

l o g i c /'iDdjik/ noun [U] 1 the w a y t h a t someone connects ideas w h e n t h e y are e x p l a i n i n g s o m e t h i n g o r g i v i n g a reason 2 the study o f t h e w a y t h a t ideas c a n be connected a n d used to e x p l a i n t h i n g s

/ l i : v / verb [l/T] 1 to go away f r o m a place: We left London at three in the afternoon. 2 to end a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h someone and stop l i v i n g w i t h t h e m : His wife has threatened to leave him. verb [T] 1 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e a n d forget to take i t away w i t h y o u : / left my homework on the bus. 2 t o p u t s o m e t h i n g somewhere, especially i n a place w h e r e i t w i l l stay: Leave your things by the door. l e f t - h a n d e d /left 'hasndid/ adj b o r n w i t h a n a t u r a l tendency to use the left h a n d to do t h i n g s /leg/ noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o f a person's o r a n i m a l ' s body to w h i c h the feet are attached: an exercise to strengthen the leg muscles 2 the p a r t o f a piece of f u r n i t u r e t h a t s u p p o r t s i t a n d raises i t off the floor: a stool with three legs 3 a p a r t o f a j o u r n e y , race o r c o m p e t i t i o n /let/ verb [T] to a l l o w s o m e t h i n g to h a p p e n , or to a l l o w someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Alice's mum won't let her come with us. /'lev(3)l/ noun [C] the a m o u n t o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t exists at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Unemployment is now at its lowest level for 15years, noun [C/U] 1 a s t a n d a r d of academic a b i l i t y : This is an excellent book for advanced level students. 2 a p a r t o r stage i n a system t h a t has several p a r t s o r stages: Decisions should be taken at local, not national, level. 3 one o f the floors i n a b u i l d i n g : a garage at basement level /'laibrari/ noun [C] 1 a place w h e r e books, d o c u m e n t s , CDs etc are available for y o u to l o o k at o r b o r r o w : the university/school library 2 a p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n o f books, o r the r o o m t h a t i t is kept i n /lai/ verb [I] 1 to be o r p u t y o u r s e l f i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h y o u r body is flat o n a surface such as the floor o r a bed: She was lying on the beach reading a book. 2 t o be o n a p a r t i c u l a r

/ ' b u n l i / adj f r i e n d s : a lonely

u n h a p p y because y o u are alone o r have no childhood

l o o k a f t e r /Дик 'a:fta/ phr vb t o t a k e c a r e o f someone or s o m e t h i n g : It's hard work looking after three children all day. l o o k a h e a d /Дик a'hed/ phr vb to t h i n k about w h a t is l i k e l y to happen, or to p l a n w h a t you are going to do i n the f u t u r e : Looking ahead, I think the company needs to develop some new services. l o o k b a c k /Дик 'bask/ phr vb to t h i n k about a t i m e o r event i n the past: Most people look back on their schooldays with fondness. l o o k f o r /'luk fx/ phuvb to s e a r c h for someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I'm looking for Jim. Have you seen him? l o o k f o r w a r d t o /Дик 'fD:wad t u : / phr vb t o feel h a p p y a n d excited about s o m e t h i n g t h a t is g o i n g to h a p p e n l o o k i n t o /Дик i n t u : / phr vb t o t r y t o d i s c o v e r the facts about s o m e t h i n g such as a p r o b l e m o r c r i m e : The airline have promised to look into the matter. l o o k o u t f o r / l u k 'aut fx/ phr vb to l o o k c a r e f u l l y at people o r t h i n g s a r o u n d y o u i n o r d e r to t r y to find a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n o r t h i n g : We were told to look out for a blue van. l o o k r o u n d /Дик ' r a u n d / phr vb [l/T] to w a l k a r o u n d a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r place a n d see w h a t is t h e r e l o o k u p /Док л р / phr vb to t r y to find a piece o f i n f o r m a t i o n b y l o o k i n g i n a b o o k o r o n a l i s t , o r b y u s i n g a c o m p u t e r : I had to look the word up in a dictionary. /lu:z/ verb [T] 1 to no l o n g e r have s o m e t h i n g : Mike lost his job last year. 2 t o be u n a b l e to f i n d someone o r s o m e t h i n g : I've lost my bag. Have you seen it? verb [l/T] t o n o t w i n a race o r c o m p e t i t i o n : England lost 2-1 to Germany.

lottery

mix

l o t t e r y /'kotari/ noun [C] a game i n w h i c h people w i n money i f t h e y guess the c o r r e c t n u m b e r s /laud/ aoj a loud sound is s t r o n g a n d v e r y easy to hear: There was a loud knocking on the door. /'1эиэ/ verb m 1 to move s o m e t h i n g or someone slowly d o w n f r o m a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n : He lowered himself into the chair. 2 to reduce s o m e t h i n g i n number, a m o u n t , value, or s t r e n g t h : The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. / ' U k i / adj i f y o u are l u c k y , s o m e t h i n g good happens to y o u as a r e s u l t of luck: Five lucky winners will each receive £1,000. l y r i c / l i n k / noun [C] the words of a song

/mi:t/ verb [l/T) 1 to come together i n order to spend time w i t h someone who you have arranged to see: I'll meet you in the bar later. 2 to be i n t r o d u c e d to someone that you do not know: Have you met my wife? m e l o d r a m a t i c /meladra'maetik/ adj behaving i n a way that is too e m o t i o n a l or too serious /melt/ verb [l/T] to change a solid substance into a l i q u i d , or to be changed f r o m a solid into a l i q u i d : Melt the butter in a small saucepan. /'memba/ noun [C] someone who belongs to a group or an organisation: a trade union member /'membajip/ noun [u] the fact of being a member of a club, o r g a n i s a t i o n or group: Several countries have applied for membership of the EU.

M

m e m o r i s e /'mema,raiz/ verb [T] to l e a r n something so that you can remember it perfectly: The children had memorised a poem.

/maed/ adj 1 v e r y s i l l y or stupid: You'll think I'm mad - I've just left my job. 2 an offensive way of describing someone who is mentally i l l m a d n e s s /'maednas/ noun [u] ideas and actions that show a lack of good j u d g m e n t and careful thought: It would be madness to give up your job just now. /maega'ziin/ noun [C] a large t h i n book w i t h a paper cover that is u s u a l l y published once a m o n t h or once a week: a fashion/gardening/motoring magazine m a g i c i a n /тэУзпГ(э)п/ noun [ci someone whose job is to e n t e r t a i n people by p e r f o r m i n g magic t r i c k s / т е т / adj most i m p o r t a n t or largest: We eat our main meal in the evening. /'memli/ adv 1 used for t a l k i n g about the largest or most i m p o r t a n t p a r t of something: This sauce is made mainly of milk and flour. 2 i n most cases: Our customers are mainly young mothers. m a k e u p /meik 'лр/ phr vb 1 to become f r i e n d l y w i t h someone again after an argument: Why don't you two forget your differences and make up? 2 to invent something such as a story or an explanation: He made up some excuse about the dog eating his homework. m a k e - u p /'meik,\p/ noun [U] substances that people put on t h e i r faces to make t h e m look attractive: Gina wears no make-up at all. m a n u a l /'maenjual/ noun [CI a book that contains i n s t r u c t i o n s for doing something, especially for operating a m a c h i n e /'maend3/ noun [c/u] the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t w o people who are husband and wife: a long and happy marriage /'masri/ verb [T] to p e r f o r m the ceremony i n w h i c h t w o people become husband and wife m a r v e l l o u s /'ma:valas/ adj extremely enjoyable, good or impressive: a marvellous performance/trip/party m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e /'ma:staz di,gri:/ noun [C] a u n i v e r s i t y degree that a student gets i f t h e y study for one or two years after t h e i r first degree m a t e /meit/ noun [q a friend /ma'tiarial/ noun [C/u] dress made from? /'msta/ verb [il

cloth: What sort of material

to be i m p o r t a n t : Education

is your

matters.

/mid/ noun [C] an occasion w h e n y o u eat, such as breakfast or l u n c h , or the food that y o u eat at that t i m e : He cooked us a delicious meal. Imv.nl adj 1 c r u e l or u n k i n d : Don't do that - it's mean. 2 not w i l l i n g to spend money: She was too mean to put the heating on. verb [T] to have a p a r t i c u l a r m e a n i n g : What does 'maudlin' mean? m e a s l e s /'mi:z(a)lz/ noun [u] a n infectious disease i n w h i c h you have red spots a l l over y o u r body and a h i g h temperature m e c h a n i c /mi'kaenik/ noun [ci someone whose job is to r e p a i r vehicles and machines

14

m e c h a n i c a l /mi'ka;nik(a)l/ adj operated by a machine, or r e l a t i n g to machines: a mechanical device

/'mem(a)ri/ noun [C] 1 something that you remember: What are your most vivid memories of that period? 2 the part of a computer i n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n is stored noun [singular] the a b i l i t y to remember t h i n g s : Your memory tends to get worse as you get older. m e n d /mend/ verb [T] to r e p a i r something that is broken or damaged: Have you mended the gate? /'menf(a)n/ verb [T] to refer to something, but not discuss it m u c h : He didn't mention her all evening. /mes/ noun [C/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h a place is d i r t y , u n t i d y or i n bad c o n d i t i o n : The garden was a real mess, noun [singular] a difficult s i t u a t i o n w i t h a lot of problems: an economic mess /'mesid3/ noun [C] a piece of w r i t t e n or spoken i n f o r m a t i o n that you give or send to someone: I got your email message, thank you. m e s s y /'mesi/ adj d i r t y or v e r y u n t i d y m i d d l e - a g e d /midl'eidsd/ adj no longer young but not yet old, u s u a l l y between 40 and 60 years of age /'milit(a)ri/ adj forces: military service

r e l a t i n g to armed forces, or using armed

m i m e / m a i m / verb [l/T] to t e l l a story u s i n g only the movements of y o u r body and face, not u s i n g words /mamd/ noun [C/U] y o u r thoughts and attention, or the part of you that t h i n k s , knows and remembers t h i n g s : You never know what's going on in her mind, verb [i/т] to feel annoyed, upset or unhappy about something: We had to cancel, but Rosa didn t seem to mind, verb [T] to be careful about something: Mind the step! m i n e r /'mama/ noun [C] someone whose job is to d i g coal f r o m a mine /'mira/ noun [C] a piece of special glass i n w h i c h you can see y o u r s e l f or w h a t is b e h i n d you: a bathroom mirror m i s b e h a v e /misbi'heiv/ verb [i] to behave badly m i s e r y /'mizari/ noun [u] the state of being extremely unhappy or uncomfortable /mis/ verb [l/T] to f a i l to catch, h i t or reach something: / tried to catch the ball but missed, verb [T] 1 to f a i l to be present for someone or something: I had to miss a week of school. 2 to feel sad because someone is not w i t h you any longer, or because you do not have or cannot do something any longer: We miss him enormously. m i s s i o n /'mif(a)n/ noun [C] an i m p o r t a n t piece of w o r k that a person or group of people has to do for a government or large organisation, especially one that involves t r a v e l : a fact-finding/rescue mission noun [singular] an a i m that is very i m p o r t a n t to a person or organisation: Helping homeless people was Gina's mission in life. /mi'steik/ noun [C] 1 something that you have not done correctly, or something you say or t h i n k that is not correct: spelling/grammar mistakes 2 something that you do that you later w i s h you had not done, because it causes a lot of problems: You're making a big mistake. /miks/ verb [l/T] 1 to combine t w o or more substances so that they become a single substance: Add the eggs and mix thoroughly. 2 to combine t h i n g s such as a c t i v i t i e s , ideas, or styles: In this room, antique and modern furniture have been successfully mixed.

mixture

/'mikstfa/ noun [singular] a c o m b i n a t i o n of t w o or m o r e different people or t h i n g s : Her face showed a mixture offear and excitement, noun [C/U] a substance such as food t h a t is the r e s u l t of m i x i n g different t h i n g s : Spoon the mixture into the cake tins. /'mDd(d)n/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to o r b e l o n g i n g to the present time: the role of women in modern society 2 u s i n g the most recent methods, ideas, designs or equipment: We should replace the equipment with something more modern. / т л п в / noun [C] 1 one of the 12 periods t h a t a year is divided i n t o , for example J a n u a r y or F e b r u a r y : Could we meet earlier in the month? 2 a p e r i o d of about four weeks: They're getting married in a month's time. m o n u m e n t /'monjumant/ noun [C] 1 a s t r u c t u r e t h a t is b u i l t i n a public place i n order to celebrate a n i m p o r t a n t person or event 2 a place of h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e /mu:d/ noun [C/U] the w a y t h a t someone is feeling, or the way t h a t a g r o u p of people is feeling at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Politicians have to be in touch with the public mood, noun [С] a group of verb forms t h a t are used to show whether, for example, a sentence is a statement, question o r o r d e r /'moral/ adj r e l a t i n g to r i g h t and w r o n g and the w a y t h a t people should behave: moral standards/principles/values m o s q u e /nrosk/ noun [C] a b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h M u s l i m s w o r s h i p m o t h e r t o n g u e / т л б э Члп/ noun [С] the f i r s t language t h a t y o u learn to speak m o t h e r b o a r d / ' т л д э , Ь э У / noun [C] the m a i n c i r c u i t b o a r d i n a computer m o t h e r - i n - l a w /'mAda(r)in,b:/ noun [C] the m o t h e r of y o u r husband or wife

nuclear

N n a t i v e s p e a k e r /neitiv 'spkka/ noun [q someone who speaks a p a r t i c u l a r language as t h e i r first language n a v y /'neivi/ noun [C] the p a r t of a c o u n t r y ' s a r m e d forces t h a t uses ships /'nesas(a)ri/ adj i f s o m e t h i n g is necessary, y o u m u s t have i t or must do it: I don't want to be disturbed unless it's absolutely necessary. /пек/ noun [C] 1 the p a r t of y o u r body that j o i n s y o u r head to the rest of y o u r body 2 a l o n g n a r r o w p a r t of s o m e t h i n g such as a bottle or a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t and

/'neiba/ noun [C] neighbours

someone w h o lives near you:

friends

n e i g h b o u r h o o d /'neiba.hud/ noun [C] a p a r t i c u l a r area of a t o w n /'патбэ(г), 'пкбэ(г)/ conj, det, pron used for s h o w i n g t h a t a negative statement also applies to someone or s o m e t h i n g else: Adam was not invited, and neither were any of his friends. n e p h e w /'nefju:, 'nevju:/ noun [C] a son of y o u r b r o t h e r or sister, or a son of y o u r husband's or wife's b r o t h e r or sister /net/ noun [c/U] a m a t e r i a l made of s t r i n g or rope t h a t is woven i n t o a loose p a t t e r n w i t h spaces i n i t noun [С] 1 i n some sports, a n object made of net t h a t y o u h i t , k i c k or t h r o w the b a l l over or i n t o 2 the Net: the i n t e r n e t

m o t o r w a y /'mauta,wei/ noun [C] a w i d e fast r o a d w i t h several lanes of traffic g o i n g i n each d i r e c t i o n

/nju:z/ noun [U] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g t h a t has happened recently: I'm afraid I've got some bad news. 2 i n f o r m a t i o n about recent events t h a t is r e p o r t e d i n newspapers or on t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o : foreign/sports/financial news

/'mauntm/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y h i g h h i l l : They went walking and climbing in the mountains. 2 a l a r g e pile or a m o u n t of something: a mountain of paperwork

/'nju:z,peipa/ noun [C] a set of large p r i n t e d sheets of folded paper c o n t a i n i n g news, a r t i c l e s and other i n f o r m a t i o n that is p u b l i s h e d every day or every week: a local newspaper

m o u n t a i n r a n g e /'mauntm ,remd3/ noun [q a l o n g r o w o f m o u n t a i n s /maus/ noun [С] 1 a small f u r r y a n i m a l w i t h a long t a i l 2 a s m a l l object connected to a c o m p u t e r t h a t y o u move i n order to do t h i n g s on the computer screen: Click on the left mouse button. m o u s e p a d /'maus,paed/ noun [C] the flat p a r t o n a laptop t h a t y o u operate w i t h y o u r fingers to do t h i n g s o n a c o m p u t e r screen m o u s t a c h e /im'sta:J7 noun [q h a i r t h a t g r o w s above a man's m o u t h /'mu:vmant/ noun [C/U] 1 a w a y of m o v i n g y o u r body, or the a b i l i t y to move y o u r body: rhythmic movements 2 the process of m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g f r o m one place to another: The agreement governs the free movement of goods between countries.

n e w s r e a d e r /'nju:z,ri:da/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to read the news o n t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o n i e c e /ni:s/ noun [C] a daughter of y o u r b r o t h e r o r sister, or a daughter of y o u r husband's o r wife's b r o t h e r or sister n i g h t m a r e /'nait,mea/ noun [C] a v e r y f r i g h t e n i n g and unpleasant d r e a m : / still have terrible nightmares about the crash. /'naizi/ adj neighbours

m a k i n g a lot of noise, or f u l l of noise: noisy

n o n - a l c o h o l i c /nonadka'holik/ adj non-alcoholic d r i n k does not c o n t a i n alcohol

m o v i n g /'mu:virj/ adj 1 m a k i n g y o u feel sad or s y m p a t h e t i c 2 a moving object is s o m e t h i n g t h a t moves: He was pushed from a moving train.

n o n - r e s i d e n t /nnn'rezidant/ adj 1 not based i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y : The island does not tax non-resident companies. 2 not l i v i n g i n a house t h a t y o u o w n : These houses all belong to non­ resident owners. 3 not l i v i n g at the place w h e r e y o u w o r k : non­ resident teaching staff

m u g / т л д / verb [T] to attack someone i n a p u b l i c place and steal their money or possessions

n o n - s m o k i n g /nnrismaukirj/ adj a n o n - s m o k i n g area is one where you are not a l l o w e d to smoke

m u g g e r /'тлда(г)/ noun [C] someone w h o attacks people i n p u b l i c places and steals t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y , o r other possessions

n o n - s t o p /nDn'stDp/ adj c o n t i n u i n g w i t h o u t stopping: non-stop entertainment

m u g g i n g /'тлдгп/ noun [C/U] a n attack o n someone i n a p u b l i c place i n order to steal t h e i r money, j e w e l l e r y o r other possessions / ' т з У э / noun [c/U] the c r i m e of deliberately k i l l i n g someone: The murder was committed over five years ago. m u r d e r e r /'m3:dara/ noun [C] someone w h o c o m m i t s m u r d e r /'m.As(d)l/ noun [C/u] a piece of flesh t h a t connects bones and moves a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t of y o u r body: These exercises are good for your stomach muscles. m y s t e r i o u s /mi'stiarias/ adj not e x p l a i n e d , u n d e r s t o o d or k n o w n : They are investigating the mysterious disappearance of a young man. /'mist(d)ri/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u cannot understand, e x p l a i n , or get i n f o r m a t i o n about: The exact origin of the universe remains a mystery. 2 a story, film or play i n w h i c h events take place t h a t are not e x p l a i n e d u n t i l the end: a murder mystery

/nauz/ noun [C] the p a r t of y o u r face t h a t is above y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u use for s m e l l i n g and b r e a t h i n g : I'd like to punch him on the nose. /naut/ noun [C] 1 a short w r i t t e n message to someone: I've written him a note asking him to meet me tonight. 2 a piece of paper money: a £5 note noun [plural] notes: details f r o m s o m e t h i n g such as a l e c t u r e or a book t h a t y o u w r i t e on a piece of paper so t h a t y o u can remember t h e m : It'll help you later if you take notes. /'nDv(a)l/ noun [C] a long w r i t t e n s t o r y about i m a g i n a r y characters and events n o v e l i s t /'novelist/ noun [C] someone w h o w r i t e s novels divorced

/'naua,deiz/ adv nowadays.

at the present t i m e : Lots of people get

/'njurklia/ adj r e l a t i n g to energy t h a t is produced by c h a n g i n g the s t r u c t u r e of the c e n t r a l p a r t of an atom: nuclear power/energy

l

15

obey

partner

/a'bei/ verb [l/T] to do w h a t a person, law or r u l e says t h a t you must do: Officers expect their troops to obey them without question. /db'd3ektiv/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you p l a n to achieve: I'm not sure I understand the objective of this exercise. /'Dbvias/ adj

clear to almost anyone: an obvious

mistake

/ n b v i a s l i / adv i n a way t h a t is clear for almost anyone to see or u n d e r s t a n d : Richards was obviously disappointed at being left out of the team. /э'кег5(э)пэН/ adv sometimes, but not frequently or r e g u l a r l y : Simmer the sauce for ten minutes, stirring occasionally. /bfa/ verb [T] to let someone k n o w t h a t you w i l l give t h e m something or do something for t h e m i f t h e y w a n t i t : They haven't offered me the job yet. /Wis/ noun [C] a r o o m or b u i l d i n g where the people i n an o r g a n i s a t i o n or department w o r k , or the people w h o w o r k there: the company's Los Angeles office o n e - p a r e n t f a m i l y / w A n pearant 'faemali:/ noun [C] a f a m i l y i n w h i c h o n l y one parent lives i n the home and looks after the c h i l d r e n /'onlam/ adj connected to or available t h r o u g h a computer or a computer n e t w o r k , especially the Internet: an online bookshop o p e n - m i n d e d /eupan'maindid/ adj w i l l i n g to consider new ideas o p e r a t o r /'Dpa,reita/ noun [C] 1 someone who w o r k s for a telephone company and helps people w i t h calls 2 someone wdiose j o b is to operate a machine or piece of equipment: a crane operator /a'paunant/ noun [C] 1 someone who is c o m p e t i n g against y o u : His opponent received only 36 per cent of the vote. 2 someone who disagrees w i t h s o m e t h i n g and t r i e s to change or stop i t : opponents of the legislation /npa'tjuinati/ noun [C/u] a chance to do something, or a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h i t is easy for you to do something: The trip sounds like a wonderful opportunity. /'Dpazit/ adj 1 across f r o m , or on the other side of, someone or something: They sat at opposite ends of the room. 2 completely different: The car smashed into a lorry coming in the opposite direction. /'Dpjbjn/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you can choose to do: We discussed all the marketing options and chose television advertising. /'a:da/ verb [T] 1 to t e l l someone to do something, i n a way that shows that you have a u t h o r i t y : The government has ordered an investigation into the cause of the accident. 2 to put t h i n g s i n a p a r t i c u l a r order: The list of books is ordered alphabetically, verb [l/T] to ask for s o m e t h i n g to be brought to you or be made for y o u : Are you ready to order? /'a:d(a)n(a)ri/ adj n o r m a l or average, and not u n u s u a l or special: It was just an ordinary Saturday morning. o r g a n i s e d /'a:ga,naizd/ adj 1 planned c a r e f u l l y and effectively 2 an organised person arranges and plans a c t i v i t i e s c a r e f u l l y and effectively o r g a n i s e r /'a:ga,naiza/ noun [C] someone who makes a l l the arrangements for an event or a c t i v i t y /э'гк1з(э)пэ1/ adj 1 e x i s t i n g at the b e g i n n i n g of a p e r i o d or process, before any changes have been made: Do you know who the car's original owner was? 2 new, i n t e r e s t i n g , and different from a n y t h i n g else: a highly original design 3 not copied f r o m something else: The original painting is in a museum in Vienna. o u t d o o r s /aut'da:z/ adv not i n a b u i l d i n g o u t f i t /'autfit/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t are w o r n together o u t l a w /'autla:/ noun [C] a c r i m i n a l

/aut'said/ adj, adv, noun, prep 1 not inside a b u i l d i n g : Outside the sun was shining. 2 away f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , area or t o w n : The postal service is better outside London. 3 not w i t h i n the l i m i t s of a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , range or s i t u a t i o n : classes held outside normal school hours

16

/'auva(r)/ adv, prep 1 m o v i n g across the space above someone or s o m e t h i n g : Government troops fired a few shots over their heads. 2 on someone or s o m e t h i n g and c o v e r i n g them: She put her hands over her ears. 3 on the opposite side of a n area, l i n e , r o a d , r i v e r etc: Sandra's brother lives just over the road from our house. 4 f a l l i n g , h a n g i n g o r l o o k i n g d o w n f r o m the edge of s o m e t h i n g : Lava flowed over the rim of the volcano. 5 more t h a n a p a r t i c u l a r a m o u n t , n u m b e r o r age: Yeltsin was elected by a large majority with over 45 million votes. o v e r t i m e /'aova.taim/ noun [U] e x t r a h o u r s t h a t someone w o r k s at t h e i r job, or money t h a t is p a i d for w o r k i n g e x t r a h o u r s o v e r w e i g h t /auva'weit/ adj heavier t h a n y o u should be /'эипэ/ noun [C] someone w h o owns s o m e t h i n g : a restaurant/supermarket/hotel owner o z o n e l a y e r /'auzaun ,leia/ noun [singular] a layer of ozone i n the E a r t h ' s atmosphere t h a t protects the E a r t h f r o m the h a r m f u l effects of the S u n

P p a c i f i s t /'paesifist/ noun [C] someone w h o believes t h a t violence is w r o n g a n d refuses to fight i n w a r s p a c k a g i n g /'paekid3in/ noun [U] the boxes, plastic etc t h a t are used for w r a p p i n g products /'paekit/ noun [C] 1 a box, bag or piece of plastic w r a p p i n g , c o n t a i n i n g food t h a t is ready to be sold: The ingredients should be listed on the packet. 2 a s m a l l parcel or envelope c o n t a i n i n g a set of s i m i l a r t h i n g s : A packet of brochures arrived in the post. / р е ш / noun [c/U] a bad feeling i n p a r t of your body when you are h u r t or become i l l : An old injury was causing him intense pain. /'pemf(a)l/ adj causing p h y s i c a l p a i n : The sting can be excruciatingly painful. p a i n k i l l e r /'pem,kda/ noun [C] a medicine t h a t reduces p a i n /реэ/ noun [C] 1 a set of t w o t h i n g s of the same type: The vases were sold as a pair. 2 a single u n i t made up of two s i m i l a r p a r t s j o i n e d together: My glasses are getting old and I probably need a new pair. p a l /pad/ noun [C] a f r i e n d /peil/ adj 1 l i g h t and not b r i g h t i n colour: pale blue/yellow/ green 2 a pale person has s k i n t h a t is l i g h t e r t h a n usual because they are i l l , shocked or w o r r i e d : He looked pale and weary. p a l m t r e e /'pa:m ,tri:/ noun [С] a t r o p i c a l tree w i t h o u t branches that has large w i d e leaves g r o w i n g f r o m the top of its t r u n k p a p e r w o r k /'peipa,w3:k/ noun [U] the documents t h a t you need for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y or occasion p a r a c e t a m o l /paera'sktamDl, ,paera'setamDl/ noun [c/U] a c o m m o n type of p a i n k i l l e r p a r a c h u t i n g /'paerajictin/ noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of j u m p i n g out of a plane w e a r i n g a parachute p a r c e l /'pa:s(a)l/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g w r a p p e d i n paper or i n a large envelope so t h a t i t can be sent by post p a r r o t /'paerat/ noun [C] a b r i g h t l y coloured t r o p i c a l b i r d that is often kept as a pet and can be taught to copy what people say p a r t i c l e /'pa:tik(a)l/ noun [C] 1 an extremely s m a l l piece or amount of s o m e t h i n g 2 an adverb or preposition used w i t h a verb to f o r m a p h r a s a l verb. For example i n the sentence 'He q u i c k l y put on his clothes', 'on' is a p a r t i c l e . /pa'tikjula/ adj used for emphasising t h a t you are t a l k i n g about one specific person or t h i n g and not anyone or a n y t h i n g else: Are there any particular topics that you would like me to explain further? /paitna/ noun [C] 1 someone who you live w i t h and have a sexual relationship w i t h : Are partners invited to the office party? 2 someone who you do a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y wdth: John is my tennis partner. 3 one of two or more people who o w n a company and share its profits and losses: He became a partner in his father's law firm.

part-time

positive

p a r t - t i m e / pa:t'taim/ adj d o n e for o n l y p a r t o f t h e t i m e t h a t a n

p i c t u r e s q u e /piktfa'resk/ adj a p i c t u r e s q u e p l a c e o r s c e n e i s a t t r a c t i v e

(

a c t i v i t y i s u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d : a part-time

job

/ p i l / noun [C]

t y /"parti/ noun [C] * * * 1 a s o c i a l e v e n t a t w h i c h p e o p l e m e e t i n o r d e r to c e l e b r a t e s o m e t h i n g o r h a v e f u n : Did you invite her to your birthday

party?

/ p m / noun [q

2 a n o r g a n i s e d group of people w h o s h a r e

the s a m e i d e a s a b o u t h o w a c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e g o v e r n e d , a n d w h o t r y to get e l e c t e d : the two main political /'pa?f(a)n/ noun [c/u] refugees, noun [q classical

about

u s e d for h o l d i n g cloth i n place w h i l e y o u a r e s e w i n g

n u m b e r s t h a t y o u p u t i n t o a c a s h m a c h i n e i n o r d e r to t a k e m o n e y

the plight

out of y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t

of the

a s t r o n g e n t h u s i a s m o r i n t e r e s t : a passion

for

p i r a c y /'pairasi/ noun [u] 1 t h e c r i m e o f m a k i n g a n d s e l l i n g i l l e g a l copies of c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s , books, videos o r C D s 2 the c r i m e

music

p a s s w o r d /'pa:s,w3:d/ noun [С] a s e c r e t w o r d o r p h r a s e t h a t y o u n e e d i n o r d e r to get i n t o a r o o m , b u i l d i n g o r a r e a

of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e t h e y a r e s a i l i n g p i r a t e /'pairat/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s t h i n g s f r o m s h i p s w h i l e they a r e s a i l i n g

/ р а : 6 / noun [C]

a w a y f r o m o n e p l a c e to a n o t h e r t h a t p e o p l e

c a n w a l k a l o n g : Amy

walked

up the path

to the

/pitJ7 noun [C]

house.

pitch

s o m e o n e w h o i s p a t i e n t i s a b l e to w a i t for /pleis/ verb [T]

a long t i m e o r d e a l w i t h a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g a n g r y o r u p s e t : Susan's

very patient

/'pa?t(a)n/ noun [C]

with the

of behaviour

in young

children.

the dish on the

/ p l a : n t / noun [C]

1 a s e r i e s of a c t i o n s o r events that

patterns

to p u t s o m e t h i n g s o m e w h e r e , u s u a l l y i n a

c a r e f u l w a y : Ella placed

children.

together s h o w h o w t h i n g s n o r m a l l y h a p p e n o r a r e d o n e :

with

3 a d r a w i n g or shape that you use w h e n you a r e

m a k i n g s o m e t h i n g , so t h a t y o u get t h e s h a p e a n d s i z e c o r r e c t

/'plaet,fa:m/ noun [C]

plant 1 a r a i s e d s t r u c t u r e for p e o p l e

to s t a n d o n s o t h a t t h e y c a n b e s e e n b y a n a u d i e n c e : The candidates session.

PC / pi: 'si:/ noun [C] 1 p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r : a c o m p u t e r t h a t i s

table.

a l i v i n g t h i n g that grows i n soil a n d h a s

l e a v e s a n d r o o t s : a strawberry

The 2 a set of

l i n e s , s h a p e s o r c o l o u r s t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d r e g u l a r l y : a carpet a pretty pattern

a flat a r e a o f g r o u n d t h a t i s u s e d for p l a y i n g

s p o r t s o n : a football/cricket/rugby

/'peif(a)nt/ adj

study examined

pills

a s m a l l t h i n piece of m e t a l w i t h a s h a r p point,

P I N / p i n / noun 1С] p e r s o n a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r : a s e t of f o u r

parties

a p o w e r f u l emotion s u c h a s love

or a n g e r : She spoke with great passion

a s m a l l piece of solid m e d i c i n e that y o u s w a l l o w

w i t h w a t e r : vitamin

shared

the platform

for the question

and

two

answer

2 a n a r e a n e x t to a r a i l w a y t r a c k w h e r e p a s s e n g e r s

get o n t o a n d o f f t r a i n s : The train

to Brussels

will depart

from

t

d e s i g n e d to b e u s e d b y o n e p e r s o n a t h o m e o r i n a n office 2 p o l i c e constable: a police officer of t h e lowest r a n k /pi:s/ noun [U]

peace in Europe.

/ p l e i / noun [C]

in

/'pi:sf(a)l/ adj

wanted

to

solution

to the crisis

surroundings.

t i m e , q u a n t i t y , d i s t a n c e e t c : He is paid £10 per

the

job.

of a

/'pokit/ noun [C]

a s m a l l b a g that forms p a r t of a piece of

pockets for

the car

her

keys.

y o u i l l i f y o u e a t , d r i n k o r b r e a t h e it verb [T] 1 to k i l l s o m e o n e , o r

1 u s e d for s a y i n g that y o u a r e not

m a k e t h e m v e r y i l l , b y g i v i n g t h e m p o i s o n : He was suspected

for

poisoning

moved away. 2 u s e d w h e n y o u a r e

factories

m a k i n g a suggestion, g i v i n g a d v i c e or m a k i n g a polite request: You don't look well - perhaps

plot

p o i s o n /'poiz(a)n/ noun [c/U] a s u b s t a n c e t h a t c a n k i l l y o u o r m a k e

school.

they've

a s e c r e t p l a n to do

c l o t h i n g a n d i s u s e d f o r h o l d i n g s m a l l o b j e c t s : She searched

the s t a n d a r d of s u c c e s s that

c e r t a i n w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I haven't seen them months - perhaps

a series of related events that m a k e up

t h e m a i n s t o r y i n a b o o k , film e t c noun [C]

p i p e s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t a r e u s e d for s u p p l y i n g a n d s t o r i n g w a t e r

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g a c h i e v e s : A healthy diet can improve

/pa'haeps/ adv

c a n play, e s p e c i a l l y at a s c h o o l

the act of p e r f o r m i n g a play,

d a n c e o r o t h e r f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t : The first performance the opera was in 1936. noun [c/U]

2 someone who plays a m u s i c a l

p l u m b e r / ' р 1 л т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to fit a n d r e p a i r t h e

t h i n g s to b e d o n e i n a p e r f e c t w a y /pa'fa:mans/ noun [C]

player

player

s o m e t h i n g b a d , m a d e b y t w o o r m o r e p e o p l e : a kidnap

p e r f e c t i o n i s t /pa'fekf(a)nist/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o a l w a y s w a n t s

in

1 someone who plays a particular game

o r s p o r t : a tennis/cricket

/phot/ noun [c/u] hour for

play

p l a y g r o u n d /'plei.graund/ noun [C] a n a r e a o f l a n d w h e r e c h i l d r e n

talks

2 c a l m a n d quiet:

u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e r a t e o r c o s t for e a c h u n i t o f

child's performance

West End

i n s t r u m e n t : a piano

1 not i n v o l v i n g w a r or violence:

The hotel is set in peaceful

a p i e c e o f w r i t i n g t h a t i s i n t e n d e d to b e

/'pleia/ noun [С]

peace.

aimed at finding a peaceful

/ р э , р з : / prep

Shakespeare/

agreement

2 a c a l m quiet situation i n w h i c h

you a r e not a n n o y e d b y n o i s e o r o t h e r p e o p l e : He just read his newspaper

3.

performed by actors i n a theatre or on television or the radio: a

1 a situation i n w h i c h there is no w a r

b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s o r g r o u p s : For many years the maintained

platform

you should

go to the

doctor.

of

his wife. 2 to p u t p o i s o n i n s o m e t h i n g : Waste from is poisoning

the water

the

supply.

p o l i c e f o r c e /'p(a)li:s ,fa:s/ noun [C] a n o r g a n i s e d g r o u p o f p o l i c e o f f i c e r s i n c h a r g e of a c o u n t r y o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a

/ ' р з : т э п э т / adj

h a p p e n i n g or e x i s t i n g for a

long t i m e , o r for a l l t i m e i n t h e f u t u r e : The illness can permanent

p o l i c e o f f i c e r /'p(a)li:s pfisa/ noun [ci a m e m b e r o f t h e p o l i c e

cause

/pa'laitli/ adv

blindness. /pa'mif(a)n/ noun [u]

t h e r i g h t to do s o m e t h i n g t h a t

is g i v e n to y o u b y s o m e o n e i n a u t h o r i t y : You are not allowed camp here without

/pa'sweid/ verb (Tj come with us, although

/рэ'1и:Дэ)п/ noun [u]

1 to m a k e s o m e o n e a g r e e to do it took a long time to persuade

2 to m a k e s o m e o n e b e l i e v e t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s t r u e : I managed persuade

him that it was not his

/'petral/ noun [u]

i n a p o l i t e w a y : 'Didyou

him. to

a l i q u i d that is u s e d a s a fuel for c a r s a n d

other vehicles:

pollution

someone who h a s a job i n politics chemicals a n d other substances

/ р э : / adj

levels from

2 not a s good a s e x p e c t e d o r needed: 3 u s e d for s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel

poor health/eyesight/hearing

s o r r y f o r s o m e o n e : The poor child

most popular

girls

in the

had lost both his

l i k e d b y m a n y p e o p l e : Jenny

p o p u l a t i o n /pDpjo'leif(a)n/ noun [singular] w h o l i v e i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a : Los Angeles

p h o t o g r a p h e r /fa'tografa/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o t a k e s p h o t o g r a p h s ,

than 40% of the population

over 3 million.

the science that deals w i t h heat, light a n d

p i c n i c / ' p i k n i k / noun [ci a m e a l t h a t y o u e a t o u t s i d e

about

1 the n u m b e r of people

voted in the last

has a population

of Less

election.

1 c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n : We'd met before - 1

that. 2 b e l i e v i n g t h a t g o o d t h i n g s w i l l h a p p e n ,

o r t h a t a s i t u a t i o n w i l l get b e t t e r : a positive

attitude

e x p e r i e n c e , s i t u a t i o n , r e s u l t e t c i s a g o o d o n e : School totally positive

is one of the

2 a l l the people w h o live i n a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a :

/'pDzativ/ adj was positive

parents.

school.

p h a r m a c y /'fa:masi/ noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e m e d i c i n e s a r e p r e p a r e d and sold

especially as their job

to

rising

1 h a v i n g little m o n e y a n d few p o s s e s s i o n s : a

poor family/area/country

p o p u l a r /'popjula/ adj

p e t r o l s t a t i o n /'petral .steifan/ noun [C] a g a r a g e t h a t s e l l s p e t r o l for your c a r

/'fiziks/ noun [U]

well?'she

t h a t h a v e a h a r m f u l effect o n a i r , w a t e r o r l a n d : new measures prevent

fault.

other f o r m s of e n e r g y a n d h o w t h e y affect objects

sleep

politely. /,pDla'ti/(a)n/ noun [C]

to

permission.

s o m e t h i n g b y g i v i n g t h e m r e a s o n s w h y t h e y s h o u l d : He did finally

asked

experience

for

me.

3 a positive was a

possession

/pa'zef(a)n/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g that you o w n : Their family home and possessions were destroyed in the fire. /paust/ noun [ui the letters and parcels that are d e l i v e r e d to someone, or the system used for c o l l e c t i n g , c a r r y i n g a n d d e l i v e r i n g t h e m : There was no post for you today, verb [T] 1 to send a letter or p a r c e l to someone i n the post 2 to put i n f o r m a t i o n or a message where the p u b l i c can see i t , for example on a w a l l : The menu and prices are posted outside the door. 3 to put i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t : New job openings are posted every day on their website. p o t i o n /'рэи/(э)п/ noun [C] a d r i n k t h a t is believed to be magic, poisonous or useful as a m e d i c i n e /'раиэ/ noun [u] 1 the a b i l i t y to influence or c o n t r o l people: a power struggle within the party 2 energy t h a t is used for o p e r a t i n g equipment a n d machines: solar power 3 p h y s i c a l force or s t r e n g t h : The boy was thrown backwards by the power of the blast. /'praektik(a)l/ adj 1 i n v o l v i n g , or r e l a t i n g to, r e a l situations r a t h e r t h a n theories or ideas alone: Unfortunately this research has no practical use. 2 m a k i n g sensible decisions a n d choices based on w h a t can be successfully achieved: Despite their wealth, they were always practical about money. 3 intended to be useful or suitable, not j u s t fashionable or a t t r a c t i v e : a practical car for the family 4 able to m a k e r e p a i r s or do t h i n g s w i t h y o u r hands i n a s k i l f u l way /'praektis/ noun [C/U] occasions w h e n y o u do s o m e t h i n g i n order to become better at i t , or the t i m e t h a t y o u spend d o i n g t h i s : piano/basketball practice /'praektis/ verb [l/T] to repeat a n a c t i v i t y r e g u l a r l y so t h a t y o u become b e t t e r at i t : How many hours a day do you practise? /prei/ verb [l/T] to speak to God or a saint, for example to give t h a n k s or to ask for help: They prayed for peace. p r e d a t o r /'predata/ noun [C] a n a n i m a l t h a t k i l l s and eats other animals /prfdikt/ verb [T] to say w h a t y o u t h i n k w i l l happen i n the f u t u r e : They're predicting heavy rain for tomorrow. p r e s c r i p t i o n /prfsknpjan/ noun [C] a piece o f paper t h a t a doctor gives y o u t h a t says w h a t t y p e of m e d i c i n e y o u need: The drug is only available on prescription. /pres/ noun the press: newspapers a n d news magazines, or the j o u r n a l i s t s w h o w o r k on t h e m : the national/local/ American press /'preja/ noun [c/U] 1 a t t e m p t s t o persuade o r force someone to do s o m e t h i n g : Pressure for political change increased in the 1990s. 2 a w o r r i e d f e e l i n g t h a t y o u get w h e n you have to deal w i t h a d i f f i c u l t or c o m p l i c a t e d s i t u a t i o n : With greatly increased workloads, everyone is under pressure now. noun [U] a p h y s i c a l force t h a t is p r e s s i n g o n someone o r s o m e t h i n g : She became aware of the pressure of his hand on her shoulder. /'prhvias/ adj a p r e v i o u s event, p e r i o d or t h i n g happened or existed before the one t h a t y o u are t a l k i n g about: Mark has two children from a previous marriage. /prkst/ noun [C] 1 someone whose j o b is to p e r f o r m r e l i g i o u s duties and ceremonies i n some C h r i s t i a n churches: a Roman Catholic priest 2 a m a n w h o p e r f o r m s r e l i g i o u s duties i n some r e l i g i o n s t h a t are not C h r i s t i a n

quickly / p r a i z / noun [C] a r e w a r d t h a t y o u get for b e i n g s u c c e s s f u l i n a c o m p e t i t i o n , o r for b e i n g g o o d at s o m e t h i n g : the Nobel Prize

for

chemistry

/•prodAkt/ noun [C/u] s o m e t h i n g that is made, g r o w n or o b t a i n e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s so t h a t it c a n be s o l d : dairy/

pharmaceutical/software

1 r e l a t i n g to w o r k t h a t n e e d s

s p e c i a l s k i l l s a n d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : Teachers

must be free to exercise

their professional judgment. 2 p l a y i n g a s p o r t o r t a k i n g p a r t i n a n a c t i v i t y a s a j o b r a t h e r t h a n for e n j o y m e n t : a professional

actor/photographer /pra'fesa/ noun [C]

u n i v e r s i t y : a professor

a s e n i o r t e a c h e r i n a college or

of

English

/'praugraem/ noun [C]

1 a s e r i e s of p l a n n e d e v e n t s :

a festival with an exciting musical programme 2 a t e l e v i s i o n o r r a d i o b r o a d c a s t : More people watch the news than any other programme. 3 a document that tells you what w i l l happen i n a p e r f o r m a n c e or event p r o g r a m m e r / ' р г а ц д г а е т э / noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to c r e a t e computer programs /'prDd3ekt, ' p r a u d j e k t / noun [C] a p i e c e of w o r k t h a t i n v o l v e s c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n : The university has set up a new

research project to study language development /'promis/ verb [l/T]

in babies.

1 to t e l l s o m e o n e t h a t y o u w i l l

d e f i n i t e l y do s o m e t h i n g : The police chief promised tougher action against young criminals. 2 to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s e e m l i k e l y : This evening promises to be a lot of fun. /'propati/ noun [U] t h e t h i n g s t h a t y o u o w n : The books are my personal property, noun [c/U] l a n d a n d t h e b u i l d i n g s on

it: He owns several properties /pra'tekt/ verb [T]

Are you prepared

in

London.

to k e e p s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe:

to protect yourself

/pra'tekf(a)n/ noun [U]

in case of

attack?

t h e p r o c e s s of k e e p i n g

s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g safe: the protection

of the

countryside

p r o t e i n / ' p r a u t k n / noun [U] a s u b s t a n c e i n f o o d s s u c h a s m e a t , eggs and m i l k that keeps you healthy /'prautest/ noun [C/u]

a strong complaint or disagreement:

protest against the nuclear testing noun [C]

a formal

a n occasion

w h e n p e o p l e s h o w s t r o n g p u b l i c o p p o s i t i o n to s o m e t h i n g : a

protest

march

p r o t e s t /pra'test/ verb [i]

to s h o w p u b l i c l y t h a t y o u o p p o s e

s o m e t h i n g : Workers are protesting

against high

unemployment.

/ p r a o d / adj 1 f e e l i n g h a p p y a b o u t y o u r a c h i e v e m e n t s , y o u r p o s s e s s i o n s , o r p e o p l e w h o y o u a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h : We're so proud of her for telling the truth. 2 a p r o u d p e r s o n d o e s not l i k e o t h e r p e o p l e to h e l p t h e m o r to t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e w e a k : a proud

and

independent

nation

/pAbli'keif(a)n/ noun [U]

t h e p r o c e s s of p r o d u c i n g a

b o o k for people to buy: She became famous her first novel, noun [Ci

financial

after the publication

p u b l i s h e r /'рлЬЬ/э/ noun [C] a p e r s o n o r c o m p a n y t h a t p r o d u c e s a n d sells books / ' р л ш ] / verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g u n p l e a s a n t to s o m e o n e b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e d o n e s o m e t h i n g b a d o r i l l e g a l : He was

punished

for

/рз-s/

stealing.

noun [C]

a s m a l l b a g for c a r r y i n g m o n e y

S

/print/ verb [l/T] to produce words, n u m b e r s , p i c t u r e s etc on paper, u s i n g a p r i n t e r or p r i n t i n g press: The book is beautifully printed on quality paper, verb m 1 to p u b l i s h s o m e t h i n g i n a newspaper or magazine: They refused to print my letter. 2 to produce a p h o t o g r a p h on paper

Q

/'printa/ noun [C] 1 a piece of equipment that y o u use for p r i n t i n g documents t h a t y o u have created on a computer 2 a person or business that p r i n t s books, newspapers etc

q u e s t i o n n a i r e /kwestfa'nea/ noun [q a set of q u e s t i o n s t h a t a lot of p e o p l e a r e a s k e d a s a w a y o f g e t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y t h i n k o r do

/'pnz(a)n/ noun [C/u] a n i n s t i t u t i o n where people are kept as a p u n i s h m e n t for c o m m i t t i n g a c r i m e : He's currently in prison for tax fraud.

of

a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r o r book: a weekly

publication

p r i m e m i n i s t e r / p r a i m 'minista/ noun [C] the p o l i t i c a l leader i n c o u n t r i e s such as the U K t h a t are governed by a p a r l i a m e n t

18

products

/pra'fej"(a)nal/ adj

/ k j u : / noun [C]

a l i n e of p e o p l e t h a t a r e w a i t i n g for

s o m e t h i n g : There was a long queue for / ' k w i k l i / adv

tickets.

at a fast s p e e d : We have to work

quickly.

race

respect /'ref(d)rans/ noun [C/U] a comment that mentions s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : He made no reference to my untidy appearance, noun [C] a statement g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about you that you a s k someone who k n o w s you or h a s worked w i t h you to p r o v i d e w h e n y o u a p p l y for a n e w j o b : Her former employer provided a reference for her.

/reis/ noun [C] a competition that decides who is the fastest at d o i n g s o m e t h i n g : He is training for a big race, noun [C/u] a g r o u p of people w h o a r e s i m i l a r b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e s k i n c o l o u r or o t h e r p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , o r b e c a u s e t h e y s p e a k t h e s a m e l a n g u a g e or h a v e t h e s a m e h i s t o r y or c u s t o m s : We do not discriminate on the basis of race or gender. r a i n f o r e s t /'rem.fDnst/ noun [C/U] a forest i n a t r o p i c a l r e g i o n of t h e w o r l d w h e r e it r a i n s a lot r a i s e y o u r v o i c e /,reiz j3 'VDIS/ phrase to s p e a k i n a l o u d a n g r y w a y : We told him not to raise his voice to our children. r a s h /гае// noun [c] a n a r e a of s m a l l r e d s p o t s o n y o u r s k i n t h a t i s c a u s e d by a n i l l n e s s or a r e a c t i o n to s o m e t h i n g /ri:t|7 verb [T] to a r r i v e s o m e w h e r e : We hoped to reach the camp before dark, verb [I] to m o v e y o u r h a n d t o w a r d s s o m e t h i n g y o u a r e t r y i n g to t o u c h o r p i c k u p : He turned round and reached for the phone, verb [i/т] to m a n a g e to t o u c h s o m e t h i n g or p i c k it u p b y s t r e t c h i n g out y o u r a r m : We keep the bottles up here so the children can't reach them. r e a d o u t /,ri:d 'aut/ phr vb to s a y t h e w o r d s t h a t y o u a r e r e a d i n g so that people c a n h e a r t h e m : He read the list of names

out.

r e a d u p o n / r i : d 'лр on/ phr vb to get i n f o r m a t i o n o n a p a r t i c u l a r subject by r e a d i n g a lot a b o u t it: I need to read up on my

r e b e l l i o u s /n'beljds/ adj o p p o s i n g a u t h o r i t y or t h e a c c e p t e d r u l e s of society

s o m e o n e r e b o o t s it, it s t a r t s a g a i n a f t e r it h a s b e e n t u r n e d off /n'si:t/ noun [C] a d o c u m e n t t h a t y o u get f r o m s o m e o n e s h o w i n g t h a t y o u h a v e g i v e n t h e m m o n e y or goods: Keep all your credit card receipts. h a p p e n i n g or s t a r t i n g a s h o r t t i m e ago: a

r e c e p t i o n i s t /n'sepjlajmst/ noun [q s o m e o n e w h o w o r k s i n r e c e p t i o n at a hotel o r office a n d w h o s e j o b i s to w e l c o m e v i s i t o r s , d e a l w i t h q u e s t i o n s etc /'resspi/ noun [C] a set of i n s t r u c t i o n s for c o o k i n g or p r e p a r i n g a p a r t i c u l a r food: a recipe for apple pie / r e k s ' m e n d / verb [T] to s a y t h a t s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s good a n d w o r t h u s i n g , h a v i n g or e x p e r i e n c i n g : you recommend a good restaurant?

Can

/'rek3:d/ noun [C] 1 i n f o r m a t i o n that is kept about s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d or t h a t s o m e o n e h a s done: medical/ historical records 2 t h e best a c h i e v e m e n t so f a r i n a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y , e s p e c i a l l y a s p o r t : She holds the world record in the 800 metres. 3 a l a r g e c i r c u l a r b l a c k p i e c e of p l a s t i c c o n t a i n i n g m u s i c or o t h e r s o u n d s : an original Beatles' record /ri'kj:d/ verb [T] to m a k e a r e c o r d of s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d , u s u a l l y by w r i t i n g it d o w n : They were asked to record the time at which the attack happened, verb [i/т] to p u t s o u n d s o r i m a g e s onto a DVD, CD or v i d e o : Can you record the football for me at 10 o'clock? / п ' к л у э / verb [I]

to b e c o m e fit a n d h e a l t h y a g a i n a f t e r a n

i l l n e s s o r i n j u r y : I haven't fully recovered from the flu.

verb [T]

to get b a c k s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s b e e n lost o r s t o l e n o r i s o w e d : thieves were caught, but many of the items were never

The

recovered.

r e c y c l e /rirsaik(a)l/ verb m to t r e a t w a s t e m a t e r i a l s so t h a t t h e y c a n be u s e d a g a i n /n'dju:s/ verb [T]

to m a k e s o m e t h i n g s m a l l e r o r l e s s i n

size, a m o u n t , i m p o r t a n c e , p r i c e etc: Try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet. r e e f /ri:f/ noun [C] a l o n g l i n e of r o c k or c o r a l i n t h e s e a , w i t h its top j u s t below or j u s t above t h e s u r f a c e r e f e r e e /refd'ri:/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s e j o b i s to m a k e s u r e t h a t p l a y e r s i n a g a m e obey t h e r u l e s

/'regjutali/ adv 1 a f t e r e q u a l a m o u n t s of t i m e h a v e p a s s e d : The committee meets regularly. 2 f r e q u e n t l y : The equipment needs to be checked regularly. /ri'leitid/ adj 1 c o n n e c t e d : We think the two crimes are related in some way. 2 b e l o n g i n g to t h e s a m e f a m i l y : Annie's related to the director. /ri'leif(3)nfip/ noun [C] 1 the w a y i n w h i c h two or m o r e people or t h i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d : There is a close relationship between poverty and crime. 2 a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h two people a r e s e x u a l or r o m a n t i c p a r t n e r s : / was already in a relationship when I met Ben. /'reldtivli/ adv

i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s o m e o n e or

s o m e t h i n g s i m i l a r : a relatively

small

flat

/niaekst/ adj c a l m a n d not w o r r i e d : Bill came back from holiday looking relaxed and tanned.

his

/ri'li:s/ verb [T] 1 to let s o m e o n e l e a v e a p l a c e w h e r e t h e y h a v e b e e n kept: The authorities had recently released two suspects. 2 to stop h o l d i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : She slowly released her grip on Louisa's hand. /п'1аюЬ(э)1/ adj

r e b o o t /ri:'bu:t/ verb [l/T] i f a c o m p u t e r or s y s t e m r e b o o t s , or i f

/'ri:s(a)nt/ adj discovery

ar /"regjula/ adj 1 a r r a n g e d so t h a t t h e r e i s t h e s a m e a m o u n t of t i m e or s p a c e b e t w e e n t h i n g s : regular monthly meetings 2 d o i n g s o m e t h i n g o r done f r e q u e n t l y : a regular customer 3 f o l l o w i n g t h e n o r m a l p a t t e r n s of g r a m m a r : regular verbs

r e l a x i n g /n'laeksm/ adj p l e a s a n t a n d m a k i n g y o u feel r e l a x e d

British

history.

recent

r e f i n e /rffain/ verb m to r e m o v e t h i n g s f r o m a n a t u r a l s u b s t a n c e i n o r d e r to m a k e it p u r e

able to be t r u s t e d : a reliable

workman/car

r e l y o n /n'lai pnl phr vb 1 to n e e d s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to c o n t i n u e l i v i n g , e x i s t i n g , o r o p e r a t i n g : The museum relies on voluntary donations to keep open. 2 to t r u s t s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g to do s o m e t h i n g for y o u : Sometimes you just have to rely on your own judgment. /'reniddi/ noun [C] 1 a s o l u t i o n to a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m : There are no easy remedies for learning difficulties. 2 a c u r e for p a i n o r for a m i n o r i l l n e s s : homeopathic/herbal remedies r e m o t e c o n t r o l /n.maut kan'traul/ noun [u] a s y s t e m of c o n t r o l l i n g a m a c h i n e or a vehicle from a distance r e n e w a b l e /n'nju:ab(3)l/ adj 1 a r e n e w a b l e c o n t r a c t o r a r r a n g e m e n t c a n be c o n t i n u e d for a l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e 2 r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y a n d n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s r e p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s by n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , so t h a t they a r e n e v e r completely u s e d up |y / r r p l a i / verb [l/T] • * * to s a y , w r i t e o r do s o m e t h i n g a s a n a n s w e r : Tknow,' Corbett replied quietly. /п'рэ:г7 noun [C] 1 a s p o k e n o r w r i t t e n d e s c r i p t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t , s i t u a t i o n o r event: A new report shows violent crime is on the increase. 2 a n a r t i c l e or b r o a d c a s t t h a t g i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s o m e t h i n g i n t h e n e w s : Did you see that report about house prices in London? 3 a d o c u m e n t t h a t i s w r i t t e n by a t e a c h e r , g i v i n g d e t a i l s of a s t u d e n t ' s s c h o o l w o r k verb [i/т] to give i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e t h i n g i n a news a r t i c l e or broadcast: Three journalists were sent to report on the conflict, verb [T] to p r o d u c e a n o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t o r a w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t a b o u t a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t : The committee will report the results of its investigation tomorrow. /,repju'teif(d)n/ noun [C/u] t h e o p i n i o n p e o p l e h a v e about h o w good o r b a d s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g i s : The town has a bad reputation. /rfsartf, 'ri:s3:tJ7 noun [U] the d e t a i l e d s t u d y of s o m e t h i n g i n o r d e r to d i s c o v e r n e w facts: medical/historical/linguistic research /'rezid(d)nt/ noun [C] someone who lives i n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e : Many local residents have objected to the new road. /n'spekt/ noun [U] 1 the attitude that someone is i m p o r t a n t a n d s h o u l d be a d m i r e d , a n d t h a t y o u s h o u l d t r e a t t h e m p o l i t e l y : She has worked hard to gain the respect of her colleagues. 2 a feeling that s o m e t h i n g is i m p o r t a n t a n d deserves s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n : a healthy respect for the law verb [T] to t r e a t s o m e o n e in a way that shows that you t h i n k they a r e important a n d should b e a d m i r e d : He is highly respected in his profession.

responsibility

/ri.spDnsa'bilati/ noun [u] s o m e t h i n g t h a t you have to do as a d u t y or a job: She has a lot of responsibility as a nurse. /ri'spDns3b(a)l/ adj 1 i f you are responsible for something that has happened, you caused i t , or you deserve to be blamed for i t : Parents feel responsible when things go wrong. 2 i n charge of someone or s o m e t h i n g : The manager is responsible for the running of the theatre. /rest/ noun [singular] the p a r t of s o m e t h i n g that r e m a i n s , or the people or t h i n g s t h a t r e m a i n : I'm not really hungry - do you want the rest? noun [c/U] a p e r i o d of t i m e t h a t you spend r e l a x i n g or sleeping: Can we stop for a minute? I need a rest, verb [l] 1 to spend a period of t i m e r e l a x i n g or sleeping: It would be nice to sit down and rest for a while. 2 to not use a p a r t of y o u r body that is t i r e d or i n j u r e d , so that it can get better: You'll need to rest your foot for at least two days. r e s t r i c t i o n /ri'stnkftain/ noun [C] something, for example a law, that l i m i t s what you can do /n'zAlt/ noun [c/U] s o m e t h i n g t h a t is caused d i r e c t l y by s o m e t h i n g else: He said the argument was the result of a misunderstanding, noun [С] 1 the final score i n a sports game, the n u m b e r of votes t h a t someone gets i n an election or the n u m b e r of points that someone gets i n a c o m p e t i t i o n : The election result was a disaster for the party. 2 a piece of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t you get by e x a m i n i n g , s t u d y i n g or c a l c u l a t i n g something: The results of the survey will be published shortly, noun [plural] results: success t h a t you achieve: He breaks rules, but he gets results. /пЧаю/ verb [I] to stop w o r k i n g permanently, especially when you are old: He retired from the army last month.

science fiction

/'глЫГ/ noun [U] 1 t h i n g s that you t h r o w away because they are no longer useful: The streets were littered with rubbish. 2 t h i n g s that someone says or w r i t e s t h a t are not reasonable or sensible: As usual, he was talking complete rubbish. 3 something t h a t is of v e r y low q u a l i t y : Critics have described the paintings as worthless rubbish. r u c k s a c k /'rAk.sask/ noun [C] a bag that you c a r r y on your back /ru:d/ adj be alone.

not polite: I don't want to seem rude, but I'd

rather

r u i n /'ru:m/ verb [T] to spoil or destroy something: She had ruined mother's chances of getting a job.

/rud/ noun [C] a statement that explains what you can or cannot do i n a p a r t i c u l a r situation: grammatical rules noun [U] the person, group, or c o u n t r y that officially controls a place: British rule over Hong Kong ended in 1997. r u n n e r /'глпэ/ noun [C] a person or a n i m a l that r u n s i n a race, or someone who r u n s for pleasure

s

Лаек/ verb [T]

workers

to f o r c e s o m e o n e to l e a v e t h e i r j o b : Hundreds

are to be sacked

at the

/seed/ adj f e e l i n g u n h a p p y , m a k i n g y o u feel u n h a p p y o r s h o w i n g t h a t y o u feel u n h a p p y : It was a sad day when we sold

r e u n i o n /ri:'ju:nian/ noun [c] a social event for people who have not seen each other for a long t i m e : a family reunion

home.

r e v i s i o n /n'vi3(a)n/ noun [c/u] the process of c h a n g i n g , i m p r o v i n g or m a k i n g additions to something: He intends to undertake a major revision of the constitution, noun [U] the w o r k of s t u d y i n g for an e x a m i n a t i o n : I can't go out-I've got to do some revision for my exams. /ritjy adj 1 h a v i n g a lot of money, p r o p e r t y or valuable possessions: a rich man 2 c o n t a i n i n g a lot of t h i n g s such as butter, eggs or cream that make y o u r stomach feel f u l l very q u i c k l y : a rich chocolate dessert /raid/ verb [i/т] to sit on a bicycle, motorcycle or an a n i m a l such as a horse and c o n t r o l i t as i t moves: / learned to ride a bike when I was five. r i g h t - h a n d e d /rait 'haendid/ adj n a t u r a l l y t e n d i n g to use y o u r r i g h t h a n d r a t h e r t h a n y o u r left to do t h i n g s such as w r i t i n g /nrj/ noun [C] 1 a piece of j e w e l l e r y i n the f o r m of a circle t h a t you wear on a finger: She had a ring on every finger. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t is i n the shape of a circle: onion rings /risk/ noun [C/U] the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o m e t h i n g unpleasant or dangerous m i g h t happen: The risks to consumers are being analysed, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g a l t h o u g h you k n o w t h a t something t h a t is bad could happen as a result: He risked a lot of money on the company. r i v e r b a n k /'nva ,baer)k/ noun [C] the l a n d at the side of a r i v e r

r o b /rob/ verb [T] to take money or p r o p e r t y f r o m someone i l l e g a l l y : They were planning to rob the museum.

was filled with pain and

Joan's

s a i l i n g /'seihrj/ noun [U] t h e s p o r t o r a c t i v i t y of t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s w a t e r i n a s a i l i n g boat /'sadari/ noun [C] a fixed a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t y o u e a r n e a c h m o n t h o r y e a r f r o m y o u r j o b : an annual salary of £25.000 /saend/ noun [U] a p a l e b r o w n s u b s t a n c e t h a t y o u find at a b e a c h o r i n t h e d e s e r t , f o r m e d f r o m v e r y s m a l l p i e c e s of r o c k :

The children

were playing

in the

sand.

/sa:s/ noun [c/U] a l i q u i d food t h a t y o u p u t o n o t h e r foods to g i v e t h e m a p a r t i c u l a r f l a v o u r : tomato sauce /seiv/ verb [T] 1 to m a k e it p o s s i b l e for s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g to a v o i d d a n g e r , h a r m , i n j u r y etc: campaigns to save the planet 2 to a v o i d u s i n g s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s m o n e y , t i m e o r

e n e r g y , o r to u s e l e s s of it: You can save £25 if you buy your before Saturday.

it i n t h e f u t u r e : Save some energy for the end of the race, verb [l/T] if a g o a l k e e p e r s a v e s a b a l l i n a sport s u c h a s football, they prevent the b a l l from going into the net s c a n d a l /'skaend(a)l/ noun [c/U] a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h p e o p l e b e h a v e i n a d i s h o n e s t o r i m m o r a l w a y t h a t s h o c k s people: a sex scandal s c a n n e r /'skaena/ noun [С] 1 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t y o u u s e for c o p y i n g a p i c t u r e o r d o c u m e n t i n t o a c o m p u t e r 2 a p i e c e of e q u i p m e n t t h a t i s u s e d for p r o d u c i n g a p i c t u r e of t h e i n s i d e of a n o b j e c t o r a p a r t of y o u r b o d y s c a r /ska:/ noun [С] a p e r m a n e n t m a r k o n y o u r s k i n w h e r e y o u h a v e

b e e n i n j u r e d : He has a scar under his left eye. the

/skead/ adj operation.

f r i g h t e n e d o r w o r r i e d : I'm scared stiff of

s c a r y /'skeari/ adj f r i g h t e n i n g : a scary

s c h o l a r s h i p /'skDlaJip/ noun [C] a n a m o u n t of m o n e y t h a t a n o r g a n i s a t i o n g i v e s to s o m e o n e s o t h a t t h e y c a n s t u d y at a p a r t i c u l a r s c h o o l o r u n i v e r s i t y : Sophie was awarded a

/гэир/ noun [C/U] a type of v e r y t h i c k s t r i n g t h a t can be used for t y i n g or p u l l i n g t h i n g s /ru:t/ noun [C] the roads or paths t h a t you use w h e n you go from one place to another: The tunnel is the route taken by most drivers.

tickets

3 to k e e p o r s t o r e s o m e t h i n g so t h a t y o u c a n u s e

r o b b e r y /'robari/ noun [c/U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g money or p r o p e r t y

r o o m m a t e /'ru:m,meit/ noun [C] someone who you share a r o o m w i t h

our

sadness.

r o b b e r /'гоЬэ/ noun [C] someone who steals money or p r o p e r t y r o m a n c e /rau'maens/ noun [U] the b e h a v i o u r t h a t is t y p i c a l of t w o people who love each other: She wasn't in a mood for romance, noun [C] a book or film about a r o m a n t i c relationship

120

s a d n e s s /'saednas/ noun [u] t h e f e e l i n g of b e i n g u n h a p p y :

childhood

of

factory.

r e t i r e d /n'taiad/ adj no longer w o r k i n g at a job, especially when you are old: a retired teacher/police officer

r e v i s e /ri'vaiz/ verb [T] to change, i m p r o v e or make additions to something: a revised draft of the treaty verb [l/T] to study y o u r notes and i n f o r m a t i o n again i n order to prepare for an e x a m i n a t i o n

her

scholarship

to attend Boston

having

story

University.

/'saians/ noun [U] t h e s t u d y a n d k n o w d e d g e of t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d a n d its b e h a v i o u r , t h a t i s b a s e d o n e x p e r i m e n t s a n d f a c t s a n d i s o r g a n i s e d i n t o a s y s t e m : recent advances in

science s c i e n c e f i c t i o n / s a i a n s 'fikfan/ noun [u] b o o k s a n d films a b o u t i m a g i n a r y f u t u r e e v e n t s t h a t often i n c l u d e s p a c e t r a v e l a n d creatures from other planets

scientist

simplify

/'saisntist/ noun [C] someone w h o is t r a i n e d i n science, especially someone whose j o b is to do scientific r e s e a r c h /sky./ noun [C] the n u m b e r of p o i n t s t h a t someone gains i n a game o r test: The average score for the test was 75. verb [l/T] to get a p o i n t i n a game or sport: No one scored in the first half. /skri:n/ noun [C] the flat surface o n a computer, t e l e v i s i o n or piece of electronic e q u i p m e n t where w o r d s and p i c t u r e s are shown: Suddenly the screen went blank. s c u b a d i v i n g /'sku:ba d a i v m / noun [ii] the a c t i v i t y of s w i m m i n g under w a t e r w i t h a c o n t a i n e r of a i r o n y o u r back and a tube for breathing through s e a l e v e l /'si: ,leval/ noun [u] the average level of the sea. I t is used for m e a s u r i n g the h e i g h t of p a r t s of the l a n d . s e a r c h e n g i n e /'s3:tf .endjm/ noun [C] a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m t h a t is used for s e a r c h i n g for i n f o r m a t i o n on the I n t e r n e t s e a s i c k /'si:,sik/ adj feeling i l l f r o m the movement of the boat t h a t you are t r a v e l l i n g o n s e a s i c k n e s s /'si: siknis/ noun [u] s e a s i d e /'si:,said/ noun [singular] a n area t h a t is n e a r the sea, especially one where people go for a h o l i d a y : This was their first family holiday together at the seaside. /siit/ noun [C] vans have leather

s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u c a n sit o n : Some of the seats.

>n ДекДэ)п/ Houn [С] 1 a p e r s o n , g r o u p , p a r t , or area t h a t forms p a r t of s o m e t h i n g l a r g e r : The frozen-foods section is in the rear of the shop. 2 a p a r t of a newspaper, book, o r other piece of w r i t i n g t h a t may be considered separately: The story was reported on the front page of the business section. /si'kjuardti/ noun [U] 1 safety f r o m attack, h a r m , or damage: The information received is highly confidential and relates to national security. 2 the d e p a r t m e n t w i t h i n a n organisation t h a t protects b u i l d i n g s a n d w o r k e r s : If you won't leave, I'll have to call security. /si:d/ noun [c/U] a s m a l l h a r d p a r t produced by a p l a n t t h a t can g r o w i n t o a new p l a n t of the same t y p e : a packet of seeds /si:m/ verb [l] to appear to be s o m e t h i n g , or t o appear to have a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y : John seems nice. s e l e c t i v e /si'lektiv/ adj c a r e f u l about w h a t y o u choose or accept: He is very selective in his reading. s e l f - c e n t r e d /selfsentad/ dj too interested i n yourself, so t h a t y o u do not t h i n k about w h a t other people feel or need s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e /self'konfidans/ noun [U] the f e e l i n g t h a t y o u can do t h i n g s w e l l and t h a t people respect y o u s e l f - e m p l o y e d /self i m ' p b i d / adj w o r k i n g for y o u r s e l f r a t h e r t h a n being employed d i r e c t l y by a company or o r g a n i s a t i o n s e l f i s h /'selfif/ adj t h i n k i n g o n l y about y o u r s e l f and not c a r i n g about other people: a greedy selfish man s e l f - r e l i a n t /selfn'laiant/ adj able to do t h i n g s for y o u r s e l f w i t h o u t depending o n other people /sel/ verb [T] to let someone have s o m e t h i n g i n exchange for money: We've decided to sell our house and move to Spain. s e n i o r c i t i z e n /sknia 'sitizan/ noun [C] someone w h o is at or past the age w h e n most people stop w o r k i n g s e n s a t i o n /seriseif(3)n/ noun [C/U] the a b i l i t y to feel s o m e t h i n g , or s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u feel: When she awoke she had lost all sensation in her legs. s e n s a t i o n a l i s m /sen'seij(3)n3,liz(3)m/ noun [U] a w a y o f r e p o r t i n g events, especially i n a newspaper, t h a t makes t h e m seem as e x c i t i n g or s h o c k i n g as possible /'sentans/ noun [C] 1 a g r o u p of words, u s u a l l y i n c l u d i n g a subject a n d a verb, t h a t expresses a statement, question or i n s t r u c t i o n 2 a p u n i s h m e n t t h a t is o f f i c i a l l y g i v e n by a judge: She received the maximum sentence of ten years. /'sep(3)ret/ adj 1 not together: My brother and I always had separate rooms. 2 not connected w i t h s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s i m i l a r : Police have arrested seven drug smugglers in three separate incidents this week. /'siariiz/ noun [С] 1 a set of t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o programmes t h a t are a l l about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, person o r

g r o u p of people: Tonight's programme is the second in a three-part series. 2 a set o f t h i n g s t h a t are made w i t h the same design, o r made i n the same way: a popular new series of children's books /'siarias/ adj 1 bad or dangerous enough to m a k e y o u w o r r i e d : It's not a serious problem. 2 m e a n i n g w h a t y o u say or do, a n d not m a k i n g a j o k e : I'm sorry, I didn't realise you were being serious. /'s3:vis/ noun [С] * * * 1 a system t h a t provides t h i n g s t h a t the p u b l i c needs: transport/education services 2 a r e l i g i o u s ceremony: a church service s e t u p /set л р / phr vb [l/T] to s t a r t s o m e t h i n g such as a business, o r g a n i s a t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n : The group plans to set up an import business. /Jip/ noun [C] a v e r y l a r g e boat t h a t is used for c a r r y i n g people or goods l o n g distances: His ship sailed from Pearl Harbor on Monday. /Jbk/ noun [singular/u] the f e e l i n g of b e i n g v e r y s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g bad t h a t happens unexpectedly: Jessica's face was blank with shock, noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t happens u n e x p e c t e d l y a n d makes y o u feel v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset: The price of housing was quite a shock for us. /Jbkt/ t h a t happens sudden death. you consider the film.

adj 1 v e r y s u r p r i s e d a n d upset by s o m e t h i n g bad unexpectedly: We were deeply shocked to hear of his 2 v e r y offended or e m b a r r a s s e d by s o m e t h i n g t h a t i m m o r a l : People were shocked by the sex scenes in

/Ju:t/ verb [l/T] 1 to f i r e a g u n : We were ordered not to shoot until he gave the signal. 2 i n sport, to t h r o w or k i c k a b a l l i n an a t t e m p t to score p o i n t s : He shot the ball straight at the goalkeeper. verb ГП * * * t o h i t someone o r s o m e t h i n g w i t h a b u l l e t f r o m a g u n : The man was shot in the head as he left the bar. s h o p a s s i s t a n t /Jbp a.sistant/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to serve people i n a shop s h o p l i f t i n g /jbpjiftir)/ noun [U] the c r i m e of s t e a l i n g t h i n g s f r o m a shop s h o r t s t o r y Ijxt 'std:ri/ noun [C] a s h o r t piece of w r i t i n g about an imaginary situation /Jaut/ verb [l/T] 1 to say s o m e t h i n g i n a loud voice: He was one of those speakers who shout into the microphone. 2 to make a sudden loud noise because y o u are a f r a i d or y o u feel p a i n : A man in the next bed was shouting wildly in pain. /fan/ noun [C] 1 a p e r f o r m a n c e i n a theatre: the new show at the Aldwych Theatre 2 a t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e : It's the funniest comedy show on television. 3 a n e x h i b i t i o n : a fashion/ flower show / / а и э / noun [C] 1 a piece of e q u i p m e n t t h a t forces s m a l l drops of w a t e r i n t o the a i r and is used for w a s h i n g y o u r body, or a s m a l l area w i t h a shower i n i t : The shower isn't working. 2 the a c t i v i t y of w a s h i n g y o u r s e l f by s t a n d i n g u n d e r a shower: I'm going to have a shower. /fai/ adj n e r v o u s and e m b a r r a s s e d i n the c o m p a n y of other people, especially people w h o y o u do not k n o w : I'd love to meet her but I'm too shy to introduce myself. s i b l i n g /'siblm/ noun [C] y o u r s i b l i n g s are y o u r b r o t h e r s and sisters /sik/ adj i f y o u are sick, food t h a t y o u have eaten suddenly comes out of y o u r stomach t h r o u g h y o u r m o u t h : I'm going to be sick! s i d e r o a d /'said ,reud/ noun [C] a s m a l l r o a d t h a t is connected to a major r o a d /sain/ noun [C] a flat object w i t h w o r d s o r p i c t u r e s o n i t , put i n a p u b l i c place i n o r d e r to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n or to advertise s o m e t h i n g : a flashing neon sign /'sadant/ adj 1 not t a l k i n g o r m a k i n g any noise: a crowd of silent onlookers 2 not p r o n o u n c e d : The 'b' in 'thumb' is silent. /'sili/ adj 1 not i n t e l l i g e n t o r sensible: a silly mistake 2 not i m p o r t a n t : Don't get upset over silly things that people say. /'simp(3)l/ adj 1 easy to u n d e r s t a n d or do: Students were given a simple skills test. 2 p l a i n , w i t h o u t any c o m p l i c a t e d features o r d e c o r a t i o n : a simple meal s i m p l i f y /'simphfai/ verb [T] t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g less c o m p l i c a t e d or difficult

121

singer

stepfather

s i n g e r /'sma/ noun и someone who sings, especially someone w h o sings w e l l or as t h e i r j o b /'siijg(a)l/ adj 1 o n l y one: a single sheet of paper 2 not m a r r i e d , or not i n a r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p : Please state whether you are single, married or divorced. s i n i s t e r /'sinista/ adj t h r e a t e n i n g to do s o m e t h i n g h a r m f u l or e v i l : a sinister remark /'sista/ noun [C] a g i r l or w o m a n who has the same parents as y o u : He has two brothers and two sisters. s i s t e r - i n - l a w /'sista(r)in,b:/ noun [C] 1 the sister of y o u r h u s b a n d or wife 2 the wife of y o u r b r o t h e r s i t c o m /'sit.kom/ noun [C] a h u m o r o u s t e l e v i s i o n or r a d i o series about a group of characters /,sitju'eif(a)n/ noun [C] the set o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a t exist at a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e i n a p a r t i c u l a r place: The country is facing a very difficult economic situation. /saiz/ noun [C/u] a measurement of h o w large or s m a l l s o m e t h i n g is: balloons of all shapes and sizes s k a t e /skeit/ noun [C] 1 a t y p e of shoe w i t h a t h i n m e t a l blade on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on ice 2 a t y p e of shoe w i t h f o u r t h i c k wheels on the b o t t o m , used for m o v i n g q u i c k l y on a smooth surface verb [i] to move over a surface u s i n g skates s k i /ski:/ verb [I] to slide over snow on s k i s /skil/ noun [C/u] the a b i l i t y to do s o m e t h i n g w e l l , u s u a l l y as a r e s u l t of experience a n d t r a i n i n g : I admired the skill and dedication of the nursing staff. s k i l l e d /skild/ adj s k i l f u l : a skilled

craftsman

s k i n n y /'skini/ adj v e r y t h i n /'slaitli/ adv

a l i t t l e : /feel slightly better

today.

/slip/ verb [l] 1 i f you slip, y o u r feet slide a c c i d e n t a l l y a n d y o u f a l l or lose y o u r balance: Margaret slipped and broke her arm. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g slips, it slides out o f the p o s i t i o n i t s h o u l d be i n : The knife slipped and cut my finger. s l o w d o w n /slao daun/ phr vb to move at a slower speed, or to make someone or s o m e t h i n g move at a slower speed: Slow down.' You're driving too fast. /smo:t/ adj 1 i n t e l l i g e n t : Sophie is a smart hard-working student. 2 clean and t i d y i n appearance and dressed i n nice clothes: smart new clothes /smauk/ verb [l/T] to suck smoke f r o m a cigarette, pipe etc i n t o y o u r m o u t h and lungs: Phil was reading the paper and smoking a cigarette. S M S /,es em 'es/ noun [U] short message service: a m e t h o d of sending a w r i t t e n message u s i n g a m o b i l e phone /snau/ noun [U] s m a l l soft w h i t e pieces of ice t h a t f a l l f r o m the sky and cover the g r o u n d : The path was hidden under a blanket of snow. /saop/ noun [C/U] a substance t h a t y o u use w i t h w a t e r i n order to wash y o u r body or a n object: a bar of soap noun [С] a soap opera s o c i a b l e /'saufob(a)l/ adj a sociable person is f r i e n d l y and enjoys being w i t h other people /'saujiajl/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to society and to people's lives i n general: a period of enormous political and social change 2 r e l a t i n g to a c t i v i t i e s t h a t involve b e i n g w i t h other people, especially a c t i v i t i e s that y o u do for pleasure: a social activity/ engagement /'snf(t),wea/ noun [U] the p r o g r a m s used by computers for d o i n g p a r t i c u l a r jobs: word-processing software Л э о И з э / noun [C]

someone who is a member of an a r m y

/'solid/ adj a solid substance is firm a n d h a r d and is not a l i q u i d or a gas: The lake was frozen solid. /sa'lu:J"(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a way to solve a p r o b l e m or deal w i t h a bad s i t u a t i o n : Putting children in prison is not the solution. 2 the answer to a question i n a game or a p r o b l e m i n mathematics / S D I V / verb [T] 1 to find a s o l u t i o n to s o m e t h i n g t h a t is causing d i f f i c u l t i e s : solve a crisis/dispute/conflict 2 to find the

22

reason or e x p l a n a t i o n for s o m e t h i n g : solve a riddle Ллп/ noun [C]

mystery/puzzle/

y o u r male c h i l d : My younger son is a doctor.

/su:n/ adv w i t h i n a short t i m e : If we don't leave soon, we're going to miss our bus. 2 q u i c k l y : How soon can this package be delivered to Brussels? s o r e IsxJ adj p a i n f u l and uncomfortable, u s u a l l y as a result of an i n j u r y , i n f e c t i o n or too m u c h exercise: I always feel stiff and sore after gardening. /saund/ noun [C] s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u can hear: Laura didn't make a sound as she left the room, noun [u] the loudness of a r a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n etc: Turn the sound up a bit -1 can't hear. s o u n d t r a c k /'saun(d),traek/ noun [C] the music that is played d u r i n g a f i l m or t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e , or a CD of t h i s music /speis/ noun [C/u] a n e m p t y or available area: We replaced the bath with a shower to create more space, noun [U] 1 the whole of the u n i v e r s e outside the Earth's atmosphere: a space mission 2 the area i n w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g exists: different points in space and time /spea/ adj 1 kept i n a d d i t i o n to other s i m i l a r t h i n g s , so that you can use i t i f y o u need i t : a spare key/battery 2 available: Have you got any spare room in your car? /'spi:ka/ noun [C] 1 someone who t a l k s about a subject to a g r o u p : She's a very interesting speaker. 2 someone who is able to speak a p a r t i c u l a r language: an English speaker 3 a piece of e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t t h a t sends out sound /'spejalist/ noun [C] someone whose t r a i n i n g , education, or experience makes t h e m a n expert i n a p a r t i c u l a r subject: a web design specialist /'spi:fi:z/ noun [C] a plant or a n i m a l group whose members a l l have s i m i l a r general features and are able to produce y o u n g plants or a n i m a l s together: the human species s p e c t a c u l a r /spek'taekjub/ adj e x t r e m e l y impressive /spi:d/ noun [c/u] the rate at w h i c h s o m e t h i n g or someone moves or w o r k s : They were working with incredible speed. /spend/ verb [l/T] to use money to pay for t h i n g s : How much money did you spend? verb [T] to stay somewhere, or to do s o m e t h i n g , for a p e r i o d of t i m e : We spent the day at the beach. s p i l l /spil/ noun [c/U] an a m o u n t of l i q u i d that has accidentally flowed out of its container: an oil spill s p l i t u p /split 'лр/ phr vb to end a sexual or r o m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p /spred/ verb [i/T] 1 to g r a d u a l l y affect a l a r g e r area or a large n u m b e r of people or t h i n g s , or to make something do t h i s : Rain will spread from the west this evening. 2 to put t h i n g s i n m a n y p a r t s of a n area, or to be present i n m a n y parts of a large area: There are 54 community colleges spread across California. 3 i f i n f o r m a t i o n spreads, or i f y o u spread i t , it becomes k n o w n by m o r e people t h a n before: Someone has been spreading nasty rumours about Stella's private life. s p y /spai/ verb [l] to w o r k as a spy /steid3/ noun [C] 1 a particular point i n time d u r i n g a process or series of events: We were now on the last stage of our journey. 2 the p a r t o f a theatre where the actors or musicians p e r f o r m : They had now been on stage for over four hours. /stea/ verb [i] to look at someone or s o m e t h i n g v e r y d i r e c t l y for a l o n g t i m e : It's rude to stare. s t a t e s c h o o l /'steit ,sku:l/ noun [C] i n the U K , a school that is paid for by the g o v e r n m e n t and that provides free education /'steif(a)n/ noun [C] 1 a b u i l d i n g or place where t r a i n s or buses stop so t h a t passengers can get on or off: It was dark when we arrived at the station. 2 a company t h a t broadcasts television or r a d i o p r o g r a m m e s : Listen to your local radio station for travel information. s t a y i n /stei i n / phr vb to r e m a i n i n y o u r home and not go out: / think I'd rather stay in tonight. /stid/ verb [l/T] to take s o m e t h i n g that belongs to someone else w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n : She was caught stealing food from the supermarket. s t e p f a t h e r /'step,fa:6a/ noun [C] the m a n who is m a r r i e d to y o u r mother, b u t w h o is not y o u r father

stepmother

survive

s t e p m o t h e r Дтер.тлЭэ/ noun [Ci t h e w o m a n w h o i s m a r r i e d to y o u r father, but w h o i s not y o u r m o t h e r /std/ adv u s e d for s a y i n g t h a t a s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s to e x i s t u p to a n d i n c l u d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e : Her hair was still damp from her walk in the rain. Мз:/ verb [l/T] to m o v e food o r a l i q u i d a r o u n d u s i n g a s p o o n o r o t h e r object: Stir the sauce gently over a low heat. / ' Я л т э к / noun [С] 1 t h e soft p a r t at t h e f r o n t o f y o u r b o d y t h a t i s b e t w e e n y o u r c h e s t a n d y o u r legs: A horse had kicked her in the stomach. 2 t h e o r g a n i n s i d e y o u r b o d y w h e r e food g o e s w h e n y o u h a v e e a t e n it: She'll feel better when she has some food in her stomach. s t o m a c h a c h e noun [c/u] p a i n i n y o u r s t o m a c h /staun/ noun [u] the h a r d substance that r o c k s a r e made of: a cottage built of stone noun [C] 1 a s m a l l piece of rock: Children threw stones at him. 2 a l a r g e h a r d s e e d t h a t i s i n s i d e a p i e c e of f r u i t : a peach stone /staim/ noun [C] a n o c c a s i o n w h e n a lot o f r a i n o r s n o w f a l l s v e r y q u i c k l y , often w i t h v e r y s t r o n g w i n d s o r t h u n d e r a n d l i g h t n i n g : A fierce storm hit the west coast of Florida early this morning. /stremd3/ adj 1 u n u s u a l or unexpected i n a w a y that s u r p r i s e s , w o r r i e s o r f r i g h t e n s y o u : Ian is a very strange person. 2 not f a m i l i a r o r k n o w n to y o u : When you arrive in a new country, everything seems strange. /stress/ noun [C/u] 1 a w o r r i e d o r n e r v o u s f e e l i n g t h a t m a k e s y o u u n a b l e to r e l a x , o r a s i t u a t i o n t h a t m a k e s y o u f e e l l i k e t h i s : the stresses and strains of everyday living 2 t h e e m p h a s i s t h a t y o u p u t o n a p a r t i c u l a r w o r d o r p a r t o f a w o r d b y s a y i n g it m o r e loudly /stnkt/ adj 1 s o m e o n e w h o i s s t r i c t e x p e c t s p e o p l e to o b e y r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y , o r o b e y s r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y t h e m s e l v e s : The coach is very strict about our diet. 2 s t r i c t r u l e s o r c o n d i t i o n s m u s t be o b e y e d c o m p l e t e l y : They operate within strict time limits. /strorj/ adj 1 p h y s i c a l l y p o w e r f u l a n d h e a l t h y : Are you strong enough to carry that? 2 n o t e a s i l y b r o k e n , d a m a g e d o r d e s t r o y e d : a strong fabric/glue/rope 3 someone who is strong h a s c o n f i d e n c e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d e m o t i o n a l s t r e n g t h : You've got to be strong and not let their jokes bother you. 4 v e r y n o t i c e a b l e : a strong light/colour s t u b b o r n ЛглЬэп/ adj 1 n o t w i l l i n g to c h a n g e y o u r i d e a s o r d e c i s i o n s : Stop being so stubborn! 2 v e r y d i f f i c u l t to c h a n g e , defeat o r r e m o v e : stubborn opposition s t u c k / s u k / adj c a u g h t o r h e l d i n a p o s i t i o n s o t h a t y o u c a n n o t m o v e : Carl's car got stuck in the mud. /'stju:d(a)nt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o g o e s to a u n i v e r s i t y , c o l l e g e o r s c h o o l : Jennifer is one of my best students. /'stAdi/ verb [l/T] to l e a r n a b o u t a s u b j e c t b y g o i n g to s c h o o l , u n i v e r s i t y e t c : She's studying history at university, verb [l] to do w o r k s u c h a s r e a d i n g a n d h o m e w o r k : You need to study hard if you want to pass. /stAf/ noun [U] 1 o b j e c t s o r t h i n g s : What's all this stuff on my desk? 2 a m a t e r i a l , o r a s u b s t a n c e : The costumes were made of thin, gauzy stuff. 3 g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n : I already know all that stuff. s t y l i s h /'stailif/ adj a t t r a c t i v e a n d f a s h i o n a b l e : stylish

clothes

s u b t i t l e /'sAb,tait(a)l/ noun [plural] s u b t i t l e s : a t r a n s l a t i o n o f w h a t people a r e s a y i n g i n a foreign l a n g u a g e f i l m o r t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m m e w h i c h a p p e a r s at t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s c r e e n noun [C] a n a d d i t i o n a l title that a p p e a r s after t h e m a i n title of a piece of writing /sak'shd/ verb [I] to a c h i e v e s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u p l a n n e d to do o r a t t e m p t e d to do: Everyone wants the peace process to succeed. /sak'sesf(a)l/ adj • * * • 1 a c h i e v i n g t h e r e s u l t t h a t y o u w a n t : The team has had a highly successful season. 2 a s u c c e s s f u l p e r s o n d o e s w e l l i n t h e i r c a r e e r : a successful businesswoman 3a s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s m a k e s a lot o f m o n e y : It was another very successful year for the bank. /'sAd(a)nli/ adv strange feeling suddenly

quickly a n d without any w a r n i n g : A came over him.

/'sAfa/ verb [l/T]

to e x p e r i e n c e s o m e t h i n g v e r y u n p l e a s a n t

o r p a i n f u l : In wars, it's usually /s3'fif(s)nt/ adj not sufficient

innocent

civilians

that

suffer.

a s m u c h a s i s n e e d e d : The wages

were

for people to live on.

/ s a f e s t / verb [T] 1 to offer a n i d e a o r a p l a n for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : He suggested that we have dinner first, and then watch the film. 2 to m a k e p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g e x i s t s o r i s t r u e : Evidence suggests a link between asthma and pollution. /sad3estf(a)n/ noun [C] a n i d e a o r p l a n t h a t y o u offer for s o m e o n e to c o n s i d e r : Could I make a suggestion? noun [U] t h e a c t of s u g g e s t i n g s o m e t h i n g : It was at Larry's suggestion that I attended the meeting. /suit/ noun [C] 1 a set of clothes m a d e f r o m the s a m e cloth, u s u a l l y a j a c k e t w i t h t r o u s e r s o r a s k i r t : He was wearing a dark suit and a tie. 2 a t y p e o f c l o t h i n g t h a t y o u w e a r for a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i v i t y : a diving/jogging suit s u m u p / s A m л р / phr vb to g i v e a s u m m a r y of s o m e t h i n g /'sAmari/ noun [C] a short a c c o u n t of s o m e t h i n g that g i v e s o n l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n : The text provides summaries of the plots of Shakespeare's plays. Л л т э / noun [C/U] * * * t h e s e a s o n b e t w e e n s p r i n g a n d a u t u m n , w h e n t h e w e a t h e r i s h o t t e s t : the summer of 1973 s u n g l a s s e s /'sAn,gla:siz/ noun [plural] d a r k g l a s s e s t h a t y o u w e a r to protect y o u r eyes w h e n the s u n is bright /sa'pa:t/ noun [U] 1 h e l p a n d a p p r o v a l t h a t y o u g i v e to a p a r t i c u l a r i d e a , p o l i t i c i a n , o r g a n i s a t i o n e t c : / urge my colleagues to join me in support of this plan. 2 h e l p a n d k i n d n e s s t h a t y o u g i v e to s o m e o n e w h o i s h a v i n g a d i f f i c u l t t i m e : / am grateful to my family for their love and support, noun [C/U] something that h o l d s t h e w e i g h t o f a n o b j e c t , b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e so t h a t it d o e s n o t m o v e o r f a l l verb [T] 1 to h e l p s o m e o n e a n d be k i n d to t h e m w h e n t h e y a r e i n a d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : My friends have supported me through the entire trial. 2 to h o l d t h e w e i g h t of s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g so t h a t t h e y do n o t m o v e o r f a l l : The plants were supported with wire. 3 to l i k e a p a r t i c u l a r s p o r t s t e a m a n d a l w a y s w a n t t h e m to w i n : I support West Ham - who do you support? /sa'pauz/ verb [T] to t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g i s p r o b a b l y t r u e , r i g h t o r p o s s i b l e : I suppose she must be delighted about getting the job. /fx, Jba/ adj 1 c e r t a i n that something is real, true or c o r r e c t : / think she's called Monica, but I'm not sure. 2 c e r t a i n to h a p p e n o r s u c c e e d : Everyone thought that the deal was a sure thing. s u r f /s3:f/ verb [i] to r i d e o n w a v e s i n t h e s e a o n a s u r f b o a r d verb [i/T] to l o o k at v a r i o u s p l a c e s o n e a f t e r a n o t h e r o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n : She spends hours every day just surfing the Net. s u r f i n g /'sxfm/ noun [U] 1 a s p o r t i n w h i c h p e o p l e r i d e o n w a v e s u s i n g s u r f b o a r d s 2 t h e a c t i v i t y of l o o k i n g at d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s o n t h e I n t e r n e t o r o n t e l e v i s i o n i n o r d e r to f i n d s o m e t h i n g interesting s u r g e o n ЛзУз(э)п/ noun [C] a d o c t o r w h o d o e s o p e r a t i o n s /'S3:d3ari/ noun [U] m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t i n w h i c h a d o c t o r c u t s o p e n s o m e o n e ' s b o d y noun [C] a p l a c e w h e r e p e o p l e c a n v i s i t a doctor or a dentist /sa'praiz/ noun [C] a n u n u s u a l event, o r a n unexpected p i e c e o f n e w s : The news came as a big surprise to everyone, noun [U] the feeling that y o u h a v e w h e n s o m e t h i n g u n u s u a l or u n e x p e c t e d h a p p e n s : Many students expressed surprise at the news. /sa'praizd/ adj

feeling s u r p r i s e because

u n e x p e c t e d h a s h a p p e n e d : We were surprised the

something

by Ben's reaction

to

news.

surprising

/sa'praiziq/ adj u n u s u a l o r u n e x p e c t e d : It's not at all that she's angry, considering what you said.

s u r r o u n d i n g s /sa'raundinz/ noun [plural] a p l a c e a n d a l l t h e t h i n g s i n it: She soon became accustomed to her new surroundings. /sa'vaiv/ verb [i/T]

1 to c o n t i n u e to e x i s t o r l i v e i n a

d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n : Only one of the museum's paintings fire. think

survived

2 to s t a y a l i v e a f t e r a n i n j u r y , i l l n e s s o r a t t a c k : Doctors the victims

will

the don't

survive.

I

survivor

toothbrush

s u r v i v o r /sa'vaiva/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o i s s t i l l a l i v e a f t e r a n accident, illness or attack

t e r r i f y i n g Д е г э Д а п п / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n i n g : a experience

s u s p e c t /'sAspekt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o m i g h t h a v e c o m m i t t e d a c r i m e : a murder suspect

t e x t b o o k /'teks(t),buk/ noun [C] a b o o k t h a t c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n about a p a r t i c u l a r subject

/sa'spekt/ verb [T] t o believe t h a t s o m e t h i n g is t r u e : Police suspected that she had some connection with the robbery. s u s p i c i o u s /sa'spijas/ adj 1 i f y o u a r e s u s p i c i o u s , y o u d o n o t trust someone or y o u t h i n k that something bad m i g h t have h a p p e n e d : Colleagues became suspicious when he started acting strangely. 2 i f s o m e t h i n g i s s u s p i c i o u s , y o u t h i n k t h a t i t m i g h t b e b a d o r d a n g e r o u s : Customers noticed a suspicious package by the door. / s w i : t / adj 1 foods a n d d r i n k s t h a t a r e sweet taste l i k e s u g a r : I'd like something sweet, like a piece of cake. 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s s w e e t h a s a n i c e s m e l l , s o u n d o r a p p e a r a n c e : The room is filled with the sweet fragrance offlowers. 3 k i n d a n d g e n t l e : He's such a sweet man. s w i t c h o f f /switf "of/ phr vb 1 t o s t o p l i s t e n i n g t o s o m e o n e , o r t o s t o p t h i n k i n g a b o u t s o m e t h i n g : He just switches off and ignores me. 2 i f y o u s w i t c h o f f s o m e t h i n g s u c h as a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o f f , i t s t o p s w o r k i n g : The heating has switched off. s w i t c h o n /switf ton/ phr vb i f y o u s w i t c h o n s o m e t h i n g s u c h a s a l i g h t o r a m a c h i n e , o r i f i t s w i t c h e s o n , i t s t a r t s w o r k i n g : Don't switch on the light.

terrifying

t h e f t / 9 e f t / noun [c/u] t h e c r i m e o f s t e a l i n g s o m e t h i n g t h e m e p a r k / ' 6 i : m ,pa:k/ noun [C] a l a r g e p a r k w h e r e p e o p l e p a y t o play games a n d have f u n a n d where a l l the entertainment is designed according to one theme / 9 i k / adj 1 a t h i c k object o r m a t e r i a l has a long distance b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thick woollen sweater 2 u s e d f o r s t a t i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e o p p o s i t e s u r f a c e s o r e d g e s o f a s o l i d o b j e c t : The walls are only a few inches thick. 3 a t h i c k l i q u i d i s m o r e s t i f f o r s o l i d t h a n n o r m a l a n d d o e s n o t flow e a s i l y : a thick cream sauce 4 s t u p i d t h i e f /Girt/ noun [C] s o m e o n e w h o s t e a l s s o m e t h i n g / 9 ш / adj 1 a t h i n object or m a t e r i a l has only a short d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o o p p o s i t e s i d e s , e d g e s o r s u r f a c e s : a thin layer of dust 2 s o m e o n e w h o i s t h i n h a s v e r y l i t t l e f a t o n t h e i r b o d y : Charles was thin and very tall. 3 a t h i n l i q u i d c o n t a i n s m o s t l y w a t e r , s o t h a t i t f l o w s e a s i l y : a plate of meat covered with thin gravy /"G3:sti/ adj f e e l i n g t h a t y o u w a n t o r n e e d t o d r i n k s o m e t h i n g : I'm really thirsty - could I have a glass of water? / б а и / adv, conj 1 b u t : / really enjoyed your lecture, though there were some parts I didn t quite understand. 2 used w h e n a d d i n g a statement o r question that seems s u r p r i s i n g after the p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t : 'The Savoy's a very nice hotel.'Tsn't it rather expensive, though?' t h r i l l e r /'GrikV noun [C] a b o o k , p l a y o r f i l m t h a t t e l l s a n e x c i t i n g story

t a b l o i d / ' t a e b b i d / noun [C] a n e w s p a p e r t h a t h a s s m a l l p a g e s a n d n o t m u c h serious news t a k e o v e r / t e i k 'auva/ phr vb 1 t o b e g i n t o d o s o m e t h i n g t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e w a s d o i n g : Jane took over as director after Richard retired. 2 t o t a k e c o n t r o l o f s o m e t h i n g , e s p e c i a l l y a n o t h e r company t a l k a t i v e / ' t a i k a t i v / adj s o m e o n e w h o i s t a l k a t i v e t a l k s a l o t / t e i s t / verb [linking verb] to have a p a r t i c u l a r flavour: Although the meal was cold, it tasted delicious, verb [T] t o eat o r d r i n k s o m e t h i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i t s flavour: The dinner was one of the best meals I have ever tasted, noun [c/U] 1 t h e flavour t h a t s o m e t h i n g c r e a t e s i n y o u r m o u t h w h e n y o u e a t o r d r i n k i t : / love the taste of chocolate. 2 t h e t y p e s o f t h i n g t h a t y o u l i k e : The meals are designed to suit all tastes. / ' t k t f e / noun [C] French/maths/piano

someone whose j o b is to teach: a teacher

/ t i : m / noun [C] 1 a g r o u p o f people w h o play a sport o r g a m e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r g r o u p : a football/basketball team 2 a g r o u p o f p e o p l e w h o w o r k t o g e t h e r : a negotiating team t e c h n i c i a n / t e k ' m f ( a ) n / noun [C] s o m e o n e w d t h t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g whose job involves w o r k i n g w i t h a n d t a k i n g care o f special equipment /tek'nDtad3i/ noun [C/U] advanced scientific knowledge that is used for p r a c t i c a l purposes, especially i n i n d u s t r y : computer/military technology /'ti:n,eid3a/ noun [C]

a y o u n g p e r s o n b e t w e e n t h e ages o f

13 a n d 19 / ' t e m p r i , t j a / noun [C/U] a measurement ofhow hot o r c o l d a p l a c e o r o b j e c t i s : The plants need a temperature of at least 15°C to grow well. / ' t e m p ( a ) r a r i / adj 1 existing, done or used for only a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : These measures are only temporary. 2 t e m p o r a r y w o r k e r s do a j o b for a l i m i t e d p e r i o d o f t i m e : a temporary lecturer /хз:т/ noun [C] 1 a w o r d o r phrase that is used for r e f e r r i n g t o o r d e s c r i b i n g s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g : a technical/ medical term 2 o n e o f t h e p e r i o d s o f t i m e t h a t t h e y e a r i s d i v i d e d i n t o f o r s t u d e n t s : What classes are you taking this term? t e r r i f i e d / ' t e r a f a i d / adj e x t r e m e l y f r i g h t e n e d

124

/Graut/ noun [C] 1 t h e a r e a at t h e back o f y o u r m o u t h a n d i n s i d e y o u r n e c k : She's in bed with a throat infection. 2 t h e f r o n t p a r t o f y o u r n e c k : The bigger man grabbed him by the throat. t h u n d e r /'GAnda/ noun [u] t h e l o u d n o i s e t h a t y o u s o m e t i m e s h e a r i n the sky d u r i n g a storm o n t i m e / n n ' t a i m / phrase a r r i v i n g a t t h e c o r r e c t t i m e a n d n o t l a t e : The train was on time. / ' t a i n i / adj female motoring

e x t r e m e l y s m a l l : She is one of a tiny minority journalists.

of

/ t i p / noun [С] 1 a n a r r o w o r p o i n t e d e n d , e s p e c i a l l y o f s o m e t h i n g l o n g o r t h i n : the tip of your nose/finger 2 an amount of money that y o u give to someone i n addition to the price o f a s e r v i c e : Shall we leave a tip for the waiter?'3 a u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n o r p i e c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t s o m e o n e g i v e s y o u : The booklet gives some good tips on getting the most out of your software. / ' t a i a d / adj tired.

n e e d i n g t o r e s t o r s l e e p : Your mother

looked

t i r i n g / ' t a i a r m / adj m a k i n g y o u f e e l t i r e d / t a u / noun [C] o n e o f t h e f i v e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s a t t h e e n d o f y o u r f o o t : Vera slipped off her shoes and wriggled her toes. Д э ' д е б э / adv 1 i f you put or join t w oor more things t o g e t h e r , y o u c o m b i n e o r c o n n e c t t h e m : Mix together the flour, eggs, and water. 2 w i t h e a c h o t h e r : Kevin, Jack and Dave share a house together. t o l e r a n t / ' t D l a r a n t / adj w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t o t h e r p e o p l e ' s b e l i e f s , w a y o f l i f e etc w i t h o u t c r i t i c i s i n g t h e m , even i f y o u d i s a g r e e w i t h them t o n n e Д л п / noun [C] a u n i t f o r m e a s u r i n g w e i g h t , e q u a l t o 1,000 kilograms / t u : l / noun [C] 1 a piece o f e q u i p m e n t that y o u hold to do a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f w o r k : kitchen/gardening tools 2 s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u u s e i n o r d e r t o p e r f o r m a j o b o r a c h i e v e a n a i m : The Internet has become an important research tool for students. / t u : 6 / noun [C] a n y o f t h e h a r d w h i t e objects inside y o u r m o u t h t h a t y o u u s e f o r b i t i n g : a loose/missing/broken tooth t o o t h a c h e / ' t u : 6 e i k / noun [singular/u] a p a i n i n o n e o r m o r e o f y o u r teeth t o o t h b r u s h Ди:6,Ьгл)7 noun [C] a s m a l l b r u s h t h a t y o u u s e f o r cleaning y o u r teeth

toothpaste

unofficial

t o o t h p a s t e /'tu:9,peist/ noun [C/U] a soft t h i c k substance t h a t y o u put on a t o o t h b r u s h to clean y o u r teeth /top/ noun [C] 1 the highest place, p o i n t , p a r t or surface of something: We could see mountain tops in the distance. 2 a l i d or cover for a c o n t a i n e r or pen: the top of the shampoo bottle 3 a piece of c l o t h i n g t h a t covers the upper p a r t of y o u r body: She was wearing a red skirt and a black top.

t u r n i n t o /t3:n i n t u i / phr vb to change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different, or to m a k e s o m e t h i n g change or develop i n t o s o m e t h i n g different: Our holiday turned into a nightmare. t u r n o n /,t3:n ton/ phr vb to s t a r t u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g , or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Is your computer turned on?

/tre'dif(a)n/ noun [c/U] a v e r y o l d custom, b e l i e f or story: Native American culture and traditions

t u r n o f f /Гз:п 'nil phr vb 1 to leave the r o a d t h a t y o u are t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g i n order to go along a n o t h e r one: If you're coming on the M4, turn off at junction 26. 2 to stop u s i n g a piece of equipment or a supply of gas, e l e c t r i c i t y or water by pressing, t u r n i n g or m o v i n g s o m e t h i n g : Will you turn the television off, please?

/tra'dij'(a)nal/ adj 1 r e l a t i n g to v e r y o l d customs, beliefs or stories: traditional Mediterranean cooking 2 t y p i c a l of the t h i n g s people have u s u a l l y done: Our house was built in a traditional style.

t u r n o v e r /t3:n 'auva/ phr vb 1 to stop w a t c h i n g one t e l e v i s i o n station a n d s t a r t w a t c h i n g another: Let's turn over-this is really boring. 2 to t u r n a page i n a book or a sheet o f paper so t h a t the other side is t o w a r d s y o u : You may turn over your exam papers now.

Л а и э / noun [C] a b u i l d i n g : a water

a t a l l n a r r o w s t r u c t u r e , b u i l d i n g or p a r t of tower

t r a f f i c j a m /'traefik У з з е т / noun [C] a l i n e of vehicles w a i t i n g b e h i n d s o m e t h i n g that is b l o c k i n g the r o a d t r a i n e r s /'tremaz/ noun [plural] a t y p e of comfortable shoe t h a t y o u

wear i n i n f o r m a l situations or for d o i n g sport t r a n s i s t o r /traen'zista/ noun [C] a n object t h a t controls the flow of e l e c t r i c i t y inside electronic e q u i p m e n t /traens'leit/ verb [i/T] to change spoken or w r i t t e n w o r d s i n t o a different language: I don't speak Russian, so someone will have to translate, verb ш to cause a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n or r e s u l t : Will the sales increase translate into more jobs? /traens'leif(a)n/ noun [C] a piece of w o r k i n w h i c h spoken or w r i t t e n words have been changed i n t o a different language: Some people like to make lists of words with translations in their own language, noun [U] the a c t i v i t y of c h a n g i n g spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language: Most legal translation is done by lawyers with foreign language training. t r a n s l a t o r /traens'leita/ noun [C] someone whose j o b is to t r a n s l a t e spoken or w r i t t e n words i n t o a different language t r a n s m i s s i o n /traenz'mif(a)n/ noun [C/u] the process o f s e n d i n g electronic signals such as r a d i o or t e l e v i s i o n signals, or a s i g n a l that is sent i n t h i s way: New telephone lines allow faster data transmission by fax or modem, noun [U] the process by w h i c h s o m e t h i n g spreads f r o m one person to another: the transmission of disease t r a n s m i t /traenz'mit/ verb [T] 1 to send a n electronic s i g n a l such as a radio or television s i g n a l : The Cup Final was transmitted via satellite to over 20 countries. 2 to pass i n f o r m a t i o n , beliefs or attitudes to other people: We transmit our values to our children. 3 to spread a disease f r o m one person to another: HIV can be transmitted by sexual contact. t r i b e /traib/ noun [C] a large group of related f a m i l i e s w h o l i v e i n the same area and share a c o m m o n language, r e l i g i o n and customs: Native American tribes /trip/ noun [C] a n occasion w h e n y o u go somewhere and come back again: a fishing/camping/sightseeing trip t r o l l /trol, traul/ noun [C] 1 a n i m a g i n a r y , v e r y ugly, c r e a t u r e i n old S c a n d i n a v i a n stories t h a t lives i n a cave a n d is e i t h e r v e r y s m a l l or very t a l l 2 an ugly or unpleasant person t r o l l e y /'trod/ noun [C] a large c o n t a i n e r w i t h wheels t h a t y o u push and use for c a r r y i n g t h i n g s i n a s u p e r m a r k e t or at a n a i r p o r t /trAst/ noun [U] a feeling that y o u t r u s t someone or something: The doctor-patient relationship has to be based on trust, verb [T] to believe that someone or s o m e t h i n g is good, honest or reliable: Both communities have to trust each other. t r u s t w o r t h y /'trAs(t),w3:6i/ adj someone w h o is t r u s t w o r t h y c a n be trusted /trai/ verb [i/T] to attempt to do s o m e t h i n g : Owen tried a shot at goal, but the ball went wide, verb [T] to do s o m e t h i n g i n order to find out w h e t h e r i t is enjoyable, suitable or effective: Haveyou tried these biscuits? They're great! /tju:b/ noun [C] 1 a l o n g n a r r o w object s i m i l a r to a pipe t h a t l i q u i d or gas can move t h r o u g h : Nurses had to feed Dan through a tube. 2 a long n a r r o w plastic or m e t a l c o n t a i n e r t h a t y o u squeeze i n order to push out the soft substance inside: a tube of toothpaste noun [singular] the tube: the system of u n d e r g r o u n d t r a i n s i n London: a tube station/train

t u r n r o u n d /Гз:п 'raund/ phr vb to change the p o s i t i o n of y o u r body or head so t h a t y o u are f a c i n g i n a different d i r e c t i o n : The girls in front turned round and grinned. t u r n u p /t3:n 'лр/ phr vb 1 to a r r i v e somewhere: She failed to turn up for work on Monday. 2 to increase the a m o u n t of sound, heat or l i g h t t h a t is p r o d u c e d by a piece of equipment, by pressing a b u t t o n or by m o v i n g a s w i t c h : Can you turn the volume up a bit? :e /twais/ adv * + * two times: He's phoned morning.

twice already

this

/ t w i n / noun [C] one of t w o c h i l d r e n w h o were b o r n at the same t i m e to the same m o t h e r : my twin brother/sister /twist/ verb [i/т] to bend or t u r n i n t o a different shape, or to force s o m e t h i n g out of its o r i g i n a l shape by b e n d i n g i t or t u r n i n g it: The force of the explosion had twisted the metal, verb [T] 1 to i n j u r e a p a r t of y o u r body by suddenly b e n d i n g i t too m u c h : I've twisted my ankle so I won't be able to play. 2 to change the i n t e n d e d m e a n i n g of s o m e t h i n g s l i g h t l y , so t h a t i t means w h a t you w a n t i t to mean: You're twisting my words.

Uu /лдИ/ adj 1 unpleasant to look at 2 a n u g l y s i t u a t i o n involves v i o l e n t or a n g r y b e h a v i o u r : an ugly confrontation u m p i r e / л т р а г э / noun [C] someone whose j o b is to make sure t h a t players obey the r u l e s i n some sports, for example tennis, baseball a n d c r i c k e t /'лпк(э)1/ noun [C] the b r o t h e r of one of y o u r parents, or the h u s b a n d of y o u r aunt: The business was owned by my uncle. u n d e r g r a d u a t e /,Anda'graed3uat/ noun [C] a student w h o is s t u d y i n g for a first degree at a college or u n i v e r s i t y unemployed

/ д ш т ' р к ж ! / adj w i t h o u t a j o b : Haveyou for a year or more?

been

u n e x p e c t e d l y /Anik'spektidli/ adv s o m e t h i n g t h a t is s u r p r i s i n g because y o u d i d not expect i t at a l l , or y o u expected i t to happen i n a different way: His response was unexpectedly positive. Mn'haepi/ adj 1 feeling sad or upset: Why are you so unhappy? 2 not satisfied: People are very unhappy about the high ticket prices. u n h e a l t h y /An'heiei/ adj 1 i l l , or not p h y s i c a l l y fit 2 not good for you /'ju:ni,fa:m/ noun [C] a set of clothes t h a t y o u w e a r to show t h a t y o u are p a r t of a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i s a t i o n or school: He was still wearing his school uniform. /An'kaind/ adj

u n f r i e n d l y , i n s u l t i n g or c r u e l : an

unkind

remark u n l e a d e d An'ledid/ adj unleaded p e t r o l does not c o n t a i n lead /An'nesas(a)ri/ adj not needed: Remove unnecessary files from your computer.

all

u n o f f i c i a l /лпэ'П/(э)1/ adj 1 not organised or f o r m a l l y approved by anyone i n a u t h o r i t y 2 not h a v i n g a n official p o s i t i o n or status

125

untidy

wild

u n t i d y /An'taidi/ adj 1 not a r r a n g e d i n a w a y t h a t is t i d y : an untidy desk 2 not k e e p i n g t h i n g s t i d y : He's always criticising me for being untidy. /лп]шзиэ1/ adj 1 not n o r m a l , c o m m o n or o r d i n a r y : You're in a very unusual situation. 2 different f r o m other people or t h i n g s i n a way t h a t is i n t e r e s t i n g , a t t r a c t i v e or i m p r e s s i v e : The designers have chosen unusual colour combinations. /Ap'set/ adj 1 sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y about s o m e t h i n g : Why are you so upset? 2 i f y o u r stomach is upset, y o u have a n i l l n e s s affecting y o u r stomach, u s u a l l y caused by s o m e t h i n g t h a t y o u have eaten or d r u n k : Phone and tell them you've got an upset stomach, verb [T] to m a k e someone feel sad, w o r r i e d o r a n g r y : I'm sorry, I didn't mean to upset you. /'з:Ьэп/ adj r e l a t i n g to t o w n s a n d cities: People moved to the urban areas for jobs. /'3:d3(a)nt/ adj u r g e n t t h i n g s are t h i n g s t h a t y o u need to deal w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y : He had some urgent business to attend to. U S B p o r t / j u : es 'bi: pa:t/ noun [C] a place o n a c o m p u t e r w h e r e y o u c a n attach a cable for c o n n e c t i n g a p r i n t e r , k e y b o a r d , m o d e m etc /'ju:sf(d)l/ adj h e l p f u l for d o i n g o r a c h i e v i n g s o m e t h i n g : a useful tool/technique/gadget

V v a c a n c y /'veikansi/ noun [C] 1 a j o b t h a t is a v a i l a b l e : We have several vacancies to fill in the Sales Department. 2 a r o o m i n a h o t e l t h a t is available: We have no vacancies at all during July. /'vadi/ noun [ci a l o w area of l a n d between t w o m o u n t a i n s or h i l l s , often w i t h a r i v e r f l o w i n g t h r o u g h i t : Their house has wonderful views across the valley. v a n d a l /"vaend(ad/ noun [C] someone w h o deliberately damages o r destroys t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y v a n d a l i s e /'vaenda.laiz/ verb [T] to d e l i b e r a t e l y damage or destroy t h i n g s , especially p u b l i c p r o p e r t y /va'raiati/ noun [singular] a n u m b e r of different people or t h i n g s : Adults study for a variety of reasons, noun [С] a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of t h i n g : a new variety of tomato /'vearias/ adj several d i f f e r e n t : There are various of solving the problem.

ways

v e g e t a r i a n /,ved3a'tearian/ adj r e l a t i n g to o r i n t e n d e d for vegetarians: a vegetarian diet/cookbook/restaurant /'УЗ:/(Э)П/ noun [C] a f o r m of s o m e t h i n g t h a t is d i f f e r e n t f r o m other f o r m s or f r o m the o r i g i n a l : The software comes in several different versions.

ж

m\

m

/weid3/ noun [C] a r e g u l a r amount of money that you earn for w o r k i n g : a daily/hourly/weekly wage w a i t i n g r o o m /'weitin ,ru:m/ noun [C] a r o o m where you w a i t for s o m e t h i n g such as a t r a i n , or for someone such as a doctor to be ready to see y o u w a l k i n g s t i c k /"wutkirj ,stik/ noun [c] a stick t h a t some people use to help t h e m to w a l k /weist/ verb [T] to use more of s o m e t h i n g t h a n is necessary, or to use i t i n a way t h a t does not produce the best results: There were accusations that the government was wasting public money. w a t e r /'wa:ta/ verb [T] to p o u r water on plants i n order to keep them h e a l t h y verb т 1 i f y o u r eyes water, tears f o r m i n them because s o m e t h i n g is h u r t i n g t h e m 2 i f y o u r m o u t h waters when you see or s m e l l nice food, saliva begins to f o r m i n your m o u t h /weiv/ noun [C] 1 a l i n e of water that rises up on the surface of a sea, lake or r i v e r : The boat was smashed by a huge wave. 2 a movement t h a t y o u make w i t h y o u r h a n d or w i t h an object as a way of saying hello or goodbye to someone or as a s i g n a l to them verb [l/T] to move y o u r hand i n order to say hello or goodbye: He smiled and waved when he saw me. verb Dl to move something a r o u n d i n the a i r : People clapped and cheered and children waved flags. /wi:k/ adj 1 l a c k i n g physical s t r e n g t h or good health: The illness had left him too weak to speak. 2 l a c k i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n and easily persuaded to do s o m e t h i n g that y o u should not do: weak, indecisive leadership 3 bad i n q u a l i t y or a b i l i t y : Her written work is good, but her oral skills are rather weak. /'wkknas/ noun [U] the state or c o n d i t i o n of being weak: the increasing weakness of the government noun [C] a fault or p r o b l e m that makes someone or something less effective or a t t r a c t i v e : They listed the strengths and weaknesses of their product. w e a l t h y /'wel9i/ adj r i c h : a wealthy

businessman

w e b c a m /'web.kaem/ noun [C] a camera that is connected to a computer and produces images on a website w e b s i t e /'web,sait/ noun [C] a place on the I n t e r n e t where i n f o r m a t i o n is available about a p a r t i c u l a r subject, company, u n i v e r s i t y etc w e d d i n g a n n i v e r s a r y /'wedin aeni'v3:sari/ noun [C] a celebration of the n u m b e r of years t h a t two people have been m a r r i e d /weit/ noun [U] a measurement of how heavy a person or t h i n g is: It was about 12 pounds in weight, noun [C] a piece of heavy m e t a l t h a t is designed for l i f t i n g for exercise or as a sport w e l l - b e h a v e d /,wel bi'heivd/ adj b e h a v i n g i n a way that is polite and quiet and does not upset people

/ ' v i k t i m / noun [C] 1 someone w h o has been h a r m e d o r k i l l e d as the r e s u l t of a c r i m e : a murder victim 2 someone w h o has been affected by s o m e t h i n g such as a n accident or i l l n e s s : flood/earthquake victims

w e l l - b u i l t /,wel 'bilt/ adj a w e l l - b u i l t person has an attractive, strong body

/Vaialans/ noun [U] 1 v i o l e n t b e h a v i o u r : acts of violence 2 a s t r o n g force t h a t s o m e t h i n g has, often one t h a t causes a lot of damage: the violence of the storm

w e l l - o f f /'welpf/ dj r i c h

/'vaialant/ adj 1 u s i n g p h y s i c a l force to h u r t people or damage p r o p e r t y : There were several violent incidents on the streets. 2 a v i o l e n t w i n d , s t o r m or explosion happens w i t h a lot of force and causes serious damage /'vairas/ noun [C] 1 a v e r y s m a l l l i v i n g t h i n g t h a t can enter y o u r body and m a k e y o u i l l , o r a disease o r i l l n e s s caused by t h i s : Malaria is caused by a virus. 2 a p r o g r a m t h a t enters y o u r computer and damages o r destroys i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u have stored: Most viruses are spread over the Internet. v o c a t i o n a l /vau'keif(a)nal/ adj r e l a t i n g to the s k i l l s t h a t y o u need for a p a r t i c u l a r job: a vocational course/qualification v o l l e y b a l l /'vDli,bad/ noun [u] a s p o r t i n w h i c h t w o teams use t h e i r hands and a r m s to h i t a b a l l to each other over a h i g h net v o w e l /'vaual/ noun [C] one of the letters a, e, i , о o r u , or the sounds t h a t they represent

w e l l - k n o w n /'wel.naun/ adj k n o w n by m a n y people, or by the people involved i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n

w e l l - p a i d /'wel,peid/ adj r e c e i v i n g a satisfactory amount of money for the w o r k t h a t y o u do /'wispa/ verb [i/T] to speak v e r y q u i e t l y to someone, so that other people cannot hear you: Stop whispering, you two! /haul/ adj 1 a l l of something: My whole family came to watch me playing in the concert. 2 not d i v i d e d or broken: Add three whole eggs plus two additional yolks. w i c k e d /'wikid/ adj m o r a l l y w r o n g and deliberately i n t e n d i n g to h u r t people /wad/ noun [C] the w o m a n t h a t a m a n is m a r r i e d to: I'd better phone my wife and tell her I'll be late. /waild/ adj 1 a w i l d a n i m a l or plant lives or grows on its own i n n a t u r a l conditions and is not raised by humans: The wild rose is a familiar sight in woods and hedges. 2 a w i l d area is one where people do not l i v e or cannot live: wild, mountainous regions 3 e x c i t i n g and enjoyable: They have some pretty wild parties.

wing

zone

/ w i n / noun [C] 1 one of the p a r t s o n a b i r d or insect t h a t move up and d o w n and a l l o w i t to fly: a moth's delicate wings 2 one of the long flat p a r t s on b o t h sides of a plane t h a t a l l o w i t to f l y

w r e c k /гек/ noun [C] 1 s o m e t h i n g t h a t has been badly damaged o r is i n v e r y bad c o n d i t i o n 2 someone w h o looks or feels v e r y i l l or tired

/'wmtd/ noun [C/U] the season after a u t u m n and before spring, w h e n i t is u s u a l l y cold: a cold/severe/hard winter

w r i n k l e /'пг)к(э)1/ noun [C] a l i n e t h a t appears o n y o u r s k i n w h e n y o u get older, o r w h e n y o u r s k i n has been damaged by the sun

w i r e l e s s /'waialas/ adj not u s i n g w i r e s : wireless

w r i t e d o w n /rait 'daun/ phr vb to w r i t e s o m e t h i n g on a piece of paper

phones

w i s d o m /'wizdam/ noun [U] the a b i l i t y to m a k e good decisions based on knowledge and experience: The Egyptian leader was praised for his courage and wisdom. /waiz/ adj 1 a wise a c t i o n or decision is sensible and shows that y o u have good j u d g m e n t : You made a wise decision when you chose to study Spanish. 2 a wise person is able to make good choices and decisions because they have a lot of experience w i t c h /witJ7 noun [C] a w o m a n w i t h magic powers /wi6'aut/ adv, prep used for s a y i n g w h a t someone or s o m e t h i n g does not have: I can't find the answer without a calculator.

/ W n d a / verb [i/т] to t h i n k about s o m e t h i n g because you want to k n o w more facts, or because y o u are w o r r i e d : 'How did they find out?'she wondered, verb [i] to be v e r y impressed or s u r p r i s e d by s o m e t h i n g : It's hard not to wonder at the miracle of a newborn baby. made of wood: a wooden

someone w h o w r i t e s books, stories or

X X - r a y '/eks ,rei/ noun [С] 1 a t y p e of r a d i a t i o n t h a t is used for l o o k i n g i n s i d e t h i n g s such as y o u r body 2 a p i c t u r e of the inside of someone's body t h a t is t a k e n u s i n g X-rays

w o l f /wulf/ noun [C] a w i l d a n i m a l t h a t looks l i k e a large dog

/'wud(a)n/ adj

/'raita/ noun [C] a r t i c l e s as t h e i r j o b

box

w o r k o u t /w3:k 'aut/ phr vb 1 to do p h y s i c a l exercise as a w a y of keeping fit 2 to find an answer to s o m e t h i n g by c a l c u l a t i n g i t : Use the chart to work out how much tax you have to pay. t h e W o r l d W i d e W e b /бэ ,w3:id waid 'web/ noun [singular] a v e r y large

Y y e l l /jel/ verb [i/т] t o shout l o u d l y y o g h u r t /'jDqa(r)t/ noun [C/u] a food made f r o m m i l k t h a t has become t h i c k a n d s l i g h t l y sour

collection of documents, pictures, sounds etc stored on computers i n m a n y different places and connected t h r o u g h the I n t e r n e t /'wArid/ adj nervous and upset because y o u are t h i n k i n g about y o u r problems or about bad t h i n g s t h a t c o u l d happen: Everyone was very worried when John didn't show up. w o r r y i n g /'wArim/ adj m a k i n g y o u feel w o r r i e d /rasp/ verb [T] to cover someone or s o m e t h i n g by p u t t i n g paper, cloth etc r o u n d t h e m : Keep the cheeses fresh by wrapping each one individually.

/zaun/ noun [C] earthquake zone

a n area w h e r e a p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g happens: an

gHM

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DICTIONARY

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