Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Cooling Technology, Second Edition

Preface

p. xv

Fundamentals

p. 1

Need for Turbine Blade Cooling

p. 1

Recent Development in Aircraft Engines

p. 1

Recent Development in Land-Based Gas Turbines

p. 4

Turbine-Cooling Technology

p. 5

Concept of Turbine Blade Cooling

p. 5

Typical Turbine Cooling System

p. 7

Turbine Heat-Transfer and Cooling Issues

p. 1 3

Turbine Blade Heat Transfer

p . 13

Turbine Blade Internal Cooling

p . 17

Turbine Blade Film Cooling

p . 21

Thermal Barrier Coating and Heat Transfer

p. 21

Structure of the Book

p . 22

Review Articles and Book Chapters on Turbine Cooling and Heat Transfer

p. 2 3

Turbine Heat Transfer

p . 27

Introduction

p . 27

Combustor Outlet Velocity and Temperature Profiles

p. 2 7

Turbine-Stage Heat Transfer

p . 31

Introduction

p . 31

Real Engine Turbine Stage

p . 32

Simulated Turbine Stage

p . 38

Time-Resolved Heat-Transfer Measurements on a Rotor Blade

p. 44

Cascade Vane Heat-Transfer Experiments

p. 4 7

Introduction

p . 47

Effect of Exit Mach Number and Reynolds Number

p . 48

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p . 52

Effect of Surface Roughness

p . 54

Annular Cascade Vane Heat Transfer

p . 57

Cascade Blade Heat Transfer

p . 60

Introduction

p . 60

Unsteady Wake-Simulation Experiments

p . 62

Wake-Affected Heat-Transfer Predictions

p . 69

Combined Effects of Unsteady-Wake and Free-Stream Turbulence

p . 73

Airfoil Endwall Heat Transfer

p . 77

Introduction

p . 77

Description of the Flow Field

p . 77

Endwall Heat Transfer

p . 79

Near-Endwall Heat Transfer

p . 83

Engine Condition Experiments

p . 83

Effect of Surface Roughness

p . 85

Turbine Rotor Blade Tip Heat Transfer

p. 88

Introduction

p. 88

Blade Tip Region Flow Field and Heat Transfer

p. 88

Flat-Blade Tip Heat Transfer

p. 92

Squealer- or Grooved-Blade Tip Heat Transfer

p. 93

Leading-Edge Region Heat Transfer

p. 100

Introduction

p. 100

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 101

Effect of Leading-Edge Shape

p. 106

Effect of Unsteady Wake

p. 107

Flat-Surface Heat Transfer

p. 110

Introduction

p. 110

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 111

Effect of Pressure Gradient

p. 115

Effect of Streamwise Curvature

p. 116

Surface Roughness Effects

p. 117

Closure

p. 119

Turbine Film Cooling

p. 129

Introduction

p. 129

Fundamentals of Film Cooling

p. 129

Film Cooling on Rotating Turbine Blades

p. 133

Film Cooling on Cascade Vane Simulations

p. 140

Introduction

p. 140

Effect of Film Cooling

p. 140

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 150

Film Cooling on Cascade Blade Simulations

p. 151

Introduction

p. 151

Effect of Film Cooling

p. 151

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 154

Effect of Unsteady Wake

p. 156

Combined Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence and Unsteady Wakes

p. 162

Film Cooling on Airfoil Endwalls

p. 162

Introduction

p. 162

Low-Speed Simulation Experiments

p. 162

Engine Condition Experiments

p. 169

Near-Endwall Film Cooling

p. 171

Turbine Blade Tip Film Cooling

p. 173

Introduction

p. 173

Heat-Transfer Coefficient

p. 175

Film Effectiveness

p. 175

Leading-Edge Region Film Cooling

p. 179

Introduction

p. 179

Effect of Coolant-to-Mainstream Blowing Ratio

p. 180

Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 183

Effect of Unsteady Wake

p. 186

Effect of Coolant-to-Mainstream Density Ratio

p. 186

Effect of Film Hole Geometry

p. 192

Effect of Leading-Edge Shape

p. 193

Flat-Surface Film Cooling

p. 194

Introduction

p. 194

Film-Cooled, Heat-Transfer Coefficient

p. 195

Effect of Blowing Ratio

p. 196

Effect of Coolant-to-Mainstream Density Ratio

p. 197

Effect of Mainstream Acceleration

p. 198

Effect of Hole Geometry

p. 201

Film-Cooling Effectiveness

p. 206

Effect of Blowing Ratio

p. 208

Effect of Coolant-to-Mainstream Density Ratio

p. 209

Film Effectiveness Correlations

p. 210

Effect of Streamwise Curvature and Pressure Gradient

p. 215

Effect of High Free-Stream Turbulence

p. 220

Effect of Film Hole Geometry

p. 223

Effect of Coolant Supply Geometry

p. 225

Effect of Surface Roughness

p. 228

Effect of Gap Leakage

p. 230

Effect of Bulk Flow Pulsations

p. 234

Full-Coverage Film Cooling

p. 235

Discharge Coefficients of Turbine Cooling Holes

p. 235

Film-Cooling Effects on Aerodynamic Losses

p. 239

Closure

p. 243

Turbine Internal Cooling

p. 251

Jet Impingement Cooling

p. 251

Introduction

p. 251

Heat-Transfer Enhancement by a Single Jet

p. 251

Effect of Jet-to-Target-Plate Spacing

p. 254

Correlation for Single Jet Impingement Heat Transfer

p. 254

Effectiveness of Impinging Jets

p. 256

Comparison of Circular to Slot Jets

p. 256

Impingement Heat Transfer in the Midchord Region by Jet Array

p. 257

Jets with Large Jet-to-Jet Spacing

p. 259

Effect of Wall-to-Jet-Array Spacing

p. 260

Cross-Flow Effect and Heat-Transfer Correlation

p. 260

Effect of Initial Cross-Flow

p. 266

Effect of Cross-Flow Direction on Impingement Heat Transfer

p. 267

Effect of Coolant Extraction on Impingement Heat Transfer

p. 270

Effect of Inclined Jets on Heat Transfer

p. 276

Impingement Cooling of the Leading Edge

p. 278

Impingement on a Curved Surface

p. 278

Impingement Heat Transfer in the Leading Edge

p. 279

Rib-Turbulated Cooling

p. 287

Introduction

p. 287

Typical Test Facility

p. 290

Effects of Rib Layouts and Flow Parameters on Ribbed-Channel Heat Transfer

p. 291

Effect of Rib Spacing on the Ribbed and Adjacent Smooth Sidewalls

p. 291

Angled Ribs

p. 292

Effect of Channel Aspect Ratio with Angled Ribs

p. 295

Comparison of Different Angled Ribs

p. 296

Heat-Transfer Coefficient and Friction Factor Correlation

p. 297

High-Performance Ribs

p. 301

V-Shaped Rib

p. 301

V-Shaped Broken Rib

p. 304

Wedge- and Delta-Shaped Rib

p. 306

Effect of Surface-Heating Condition

p. 309

Nonrectangular Cross Section Channels

p. 313

Effect of High-Blockage-Ratio Ribs

p. 325

Effect of Rib Profile

p. 327

Effect of Number of Ribbed Walls

p. 333

Effect of a 180[degree] Sharp Turn

p. 343

Detailed Heat-Transfer Coefficient Measurements in a Ribbed Channel

p. 355

Effect of Film-Cooling Hole on Ribbed-Channel Heat Transfer

p. 366

Pin-Fin Cooling

p. 371

Introduction

p. 371

Flow and Heat-Transfer Analysis with Single Pin

p. 373

Pin Array and Correlation

p. 377

Effect of Pin Shape on Heat Transfer

p. 385

Effect of Nonuniform Array and Flow Convergence

p. 390

Effect of Skewed Pin Array

p. 391

Partial Pin Arrangements

p. 395

Effect of Turning Flow

p. 398

Pin-Fin Cooling with Ejection

p. 399

Effect of Missing Pin on Heat-Transfer Coefficient

p. 404

Compound and New Cooling Techniques

p. 406

Introduction

p. 406

Impingement on Ribbed Walls

p. 406

Impingement on Pinned and Dimpled Walls

p. 411

Combined Effect of Ribbed Wall with Grooves

p. 414

Combined Effect of Ribbed Wall with Pins and Impingement Inlet Conditions

p. 420

Combined Effect of Swirl Flow and Ribs

p. 421

Impingement Heat Transfer with Perforated Baffles

p. 425

Combined Effect of Swirl and Impingement

p. 431

Concept of Heat Pipe for Turbine Cooling

p. 432

New Cooling Concepts

p. 436

Turbine Internal Cooling with Rotation

p. 439

Rotational Effects on Cooling

p. 439

Smooth-Wall Coolant Passage

p. 439

Effect of Rotation on Flow Field

p. 439

Effect of Rotation on Heat Transfer

p. 446

Effect of Rotation Number

p. 448

Effect of Density Ratio

p. 450

Combined Effects of Rotation Number and Density Ratio

p. 450

Effect of Surface-Heating Condition

p. 452

Effect of Rotation Number and Wall-Heating Condition

p. 456

Heat Transfer in a Rib-Turbulated Rotating Coolant Passage

p. 458

Effect of Rotation on Rib-Turbulated Flow

p. 458

Effect of Rotation on Heat Transfer in Channels with 90[degree] Ribs

p. 461

Effect of Rotation Number

p. 461

Effect of Wall Heating Condition

p. 465

Effect of Rotation on Heat Transfer for Channels with Angled (Skewed) Ribs

p. 467

Effect of Angled Ribs and Heating Condition

p. 469

Comparison of Orthogonal and Angled Ribs

p. 472

Effect of Channel Orientation With Respect to the Rotation Direction on Both Smooth and p. 474 Ribbed Channels Effect of Rotation Number

p. 474

Effect of Model Orientation and Wall-Heating Condition

p. 474

Effect of Channel Cross Section on Rotating Heat Transfer

p. 482

Triangular Cross Section

p. 482

Rectangular Channel

p. 485

Circular Cross Section

p. 488

Two-Pass Triangular Duct

p. 489

Different Proposed Correlation to Relate the Heat Transfer With Rotational Effects

p. 497

Heat-Mass-Transfer Analogy and Detail Measurements

p. 503

Rotation Effects on Smooth-Wall Impingement Cooling

p. 504

Rotation Effects on Leading-Edge Impingement Cooling

p. 504

Rotation Effect on Midchord Impingement Cooling

p. 512

Effect of Film-Cooling Hole

p. 518

Rotational Effects on Rib-Turbulated Wall Impingement Cooling

p. 521

Experimental Methods

p. 531

Introduction

p. 531

Heat-Transfer Measurement Techniques

p. 531

Introduction

p. 531

Heat Flux Gauges

p. 532

Thin-Foil Heaters with Thermocouples

p. 535

Copper Plate Heaters with Thermocouples

p. 538

Transient Technique

p. 539

Mass-Transfer Analogy Techniques

p. 540

Introduction

p. 540

Naphthalene Sublimation Technique

p. 540

Foreign-Gas Concentration Sampling Technique

p. 543

Swollen-Polymer Technique

p. 545

Ammonia-Diazo Technique

p. 546

Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) Techniques

p. 547

Optical Techniques

p. 548

Introduction

p. 548

Infrared Thermography

p. 548

Thermographic Phosphors

p. 550

Liquid Crystal Thermography

p. 553

Steady-State Yellow-Band Tracking Technique

p. 554

Steady-State HSI Technique

p. 555

Transient HSI Technique

p. 557

Transient Single-Color Capturing Technique

p. 559

Flow and Thermal Field Measurement Techniques

p. 565

Introduction

p. 565

Five-Hole Probe/Thermocouples

p. 565

Hot-Wire/Cold-Wire Anemometry

p. 567

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)

p. 568

Particle Image Velocimetry

p. 570

Laser Holographic Interferometry

p. 572

Surface Visualization

p. 572

Closure

p. 577

Numerical Modeling

p. 585

Governing Equations and Turbulence Models

p. 585

Introduction

p. 585

Governing Equations

p. 586

Turbulence Models

p. 586

Standard k-[varepsilon] Model

p. 587

Low-Re k-[varepsilon] Model

p. 588

Two-Layer k-[varepsilon] Model

p. 588

k-[omega] Model

p. 589

Baldwin-Lomax Model

p. 589

Second-Moment Closure Model

p. 590

Algebraic Closure Model

p. 590

Numerical Prediction of Turbine Heat Transfer

p. 591

Introduction

p. 591

Prediction of Turbine Blade/Vane Heat Transfer

p. 592

Prediction of the Endwall Heat Transfer

p. 597

Prediction of Blade Tip Heat Transfer

p. 599

Numerical Prediction of Turbine Film Colling

p. 601

Introduction

p. 601

Prediction of Flat-Surface Film Cooling

p. 601

Prediction of Leading-Edge Film Cooling

p. 607

Prediction of Turbine Blade Film Cooling

p. 608

Numerical Prediction of Turbine Internal Cooling

p. 610

Introduction

p. 610

Effect of Rotation

p. 610

Effect of 180[degree] Turn

p. 614

Effect of Transverse Ribs

p. 619

Effect of Angled Ribs

p. 621

Effect of Rotation on Channel Shapes

p. 625

Effect of Coolant Extraction

p. 628

Final Remarks

p. 637

Turbine Heat Transfer and Film Cooling

p. 637

Turbine Internal Cooling With Rotation

p. 637

Turbine Edge Heat Transfer and Cooling

p. 638

Closure

p. 638

Index

p. 639

Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.