Game Over 27.09.21

 

bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd Y

*

Nuïd ohti`igòncbd pdrd edbcgctd`ir*s

OCKCRPHVCI @H LXRPCBCD S PVDKRZDVHKBCDCKRPCPXBCIKDG

 

OCKCRPHVCI @H LXRPCBCD S PVDKRZDVHKBCDCKRPCPXBCIKDG

Dutirds<

Dnkhs Rairad Ngircd Küôhz Dgtdocrdk Dgtdocrdkii

Vhspiksdfghs<

Z. Lhròkcoi Igghris Vi`rïnuhz ‒ Drcds @crhbtir Nhkhrdg Eh y Dghnrïd `hg Zhrü

Hstd ohti`iginïd `h prhvhkbcòk md sc`i h`ctd`d pdrd biktrcfucr dg buopgcochkti `hg Bikvhkci `h Biiphrdbcòk Ckthrckstctubcikdg hktrh hg Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdkspdrhkbcd Ckstctubcikdg y hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk OP OPLC LC Ki. :68/6:64 :68/6:64 susbrcti hg 40 `h Lugci `hg 6:64 bik gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk `h gds scnuchkths dutirc`d`hs y sus hqucpis tãbkcbis< Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdkspdrhkbcd Ckstctubcikdg Ockcstri<

Cväk Odkigi Gcod Odnkh

HphruJehydghnrcd.irn

Ucbhockcstrd Ucbhockcstr d `h Cnudg`d` `h Ipirtukc`d`hs<

Bmrcstckh Frhk`hg

Ocrcdo Lugchtd Mudbdkc \dpdkd

@crhbtird Zrinrdod Vhncikdg BioUiOulhr

@crhbbcòk Nhkhrdg `h Zrhvhkbcòk y Hgcockdbcòk `h ti`d eirod `h vcighkbcd hk rdzòk `h nãkhri y nhkhrdbcikdg<

Hbmrcstckh.frhk`hgJncz.`h

Bgdu`cd Rtdby Zhôd Bgdris Hqucpi Pãbkcbi<

 D`hbud`i pdrd pdrd Figcvcd pir<

Oòkcbd Fhdtrcz Ohk`czäfdg Vi`rïnuhz

Bik gis dpirths `h<

Crod Bdopis Ndrvczu ‒ ZVHUCI NC\ Adrckd Ndrbïd ‒ Xkcvhrsc`d` Bdtògcbd Figcvcdkd Oòkcbd Nuhvdrd ‒ Zgdk Ckthrkdbcikdg

Rdk`rd Zdohgd \hndrrd Vcvhri Ocghkad Rdrochkti Oärquhz

Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk Ockcstri<

D`rcäk Tuhgbd Pdrquc

Zdugd Rzy ‒ ZVHUCI NC\

Ucbhockcstri `h H`ubdbcòk Vhnugdr<

Bhsdr Rcghs Rdk`y ‒ ZVHUCI NC\

Fdrtigioã Zuod Uhgäsquh Uhgäsquhzz

Rhrnci Udghkbcd - NC\

Hqucpi Pãbkcbi<

Odrïd `hg Bdrohk Rcghs \hkthki Bhbcgcd Pirrhz Bmiquh Ohkrry Uäsquhz Vhy

Ckbguyh gis rhsugtd`is `hg pcgitdlh prhshkbcdg bik dguokds*is `h gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Züfgcbd `h Hg Dgti y gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Odyir `h Rdk Dk`rãs. Gd Zdz ‒ Figcvcd. Lugci 6:64

 

ÏK@CBH

 >

 Dnrd`hbcochktis

44

Zrhshktdbcòk `hg Hstd`i

42

Odrbi Phòrcbi

23 Odrbi Ohti`igòncbi

52

Ckstrubbcikhs pdrd gd dpgcbdbcòk

 

 Dnrd`hbcochktis tis  Dnrd`hbcochk

 

Gd hxcsthkbcd `hg prinrdod Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd y hk pdrtcbugdr `h hsth odkudg hs pri`ubti `hg biopriocsi h copugsi `h dquhggds phrsikds h ckstctubcikhs quh, `urdkth gd copghohktdbcòk `h gd Vutd Zdrtcbcpdtcvd @h Rdgti hk Rdgti d gd vcighkbcd pikhois dgti `hodk`drik bik ckscsthkbcd biktdr bik ukd ohti`iginïd quh phroctchrd trdfdldr gd prhvhkbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs bik hstu`cdkths hk h`d` d`ighsbhkth y hktrdk`i d gd luvhktu`. Gd hgdfirdbcòk `h hstd nuïd hstuvi, sifrh ti`i, hk odkis `h Dnkhs Rairad y Ngircd Küôhz, quh pripuschrik gis bikthkc`is y gis d`dptdrik d ukd ohti`iginïd quh biofckd hg usi `h thbkiginïds `h ckeirodbcòk y rh`hs sibcdghs bik hg trdfdli hk dugd d trdvãs `h hlhrbcbcis quh priouhvhk hg dprhk`czdlh gü`cbi, pdrtcbcpdtcvi y rhsthxcvi. Hsti euh biopghohktd`i bik ukd hxmdustcvd rhvcscòk y biopghohktdbcòk pir pdrth `h gd @crhbbcòk `hg Zrinrdod Vhncikdg BioUiOulhr. Ohkbcòk hsphbcdg ohrhbh ti`i hg hqucpi ckvigubrd`i hk hg `cshôi `h gd Dpp y hk sus bikthkc`is du`civcsudghs, Adtmrck Ardutmhcohr, Ardutmhcohr, Ldzoïk Zikbh y Gdrcssd Vifctzsbm, dsï bioi tdofcãk Ucvcdkd Odg`ikd`i, quh nhstcikò gd prinrdodbcòk `h ãstd. Hk budkti d gd d`dptdbcòk `h hstd ohti`iginïd dg äofcti figcvcdki sh rhbikibh `h eirod hsphbcdg dg hqucpi `h gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Bdtògcbd Figcvcdkd, dg hqucpi y hstu`cdkths `h gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Odyir `h Rdk Dk`rãs, d hstu`cdkths `h gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Züfgcbd `h Hg Dgti y dg hqucpi `hg priyhbti ZVHUCI. Pi`ds gds phrsikds ckvigubrd`ds hk gd rãpgcbd `h gis bikthkc`is fdli gd nuïd ohti`igòncbd quh biktchkh hsth `ibuohkti mdk pdrtcbcpd`i `h eirod biopriohtc`d, ginrdk`i dsï hktrhndr uk pri`ubti rhvcsd`i y dbtudgczd`i. Zrhvhkcr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs ukd tdrhd `h oubmd phrshvhrdkbcd phrshvhrdkbcd y `csbcpgckd. Gi hs oäs dük hk hstds h`d`hs, hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu`, `ik`h miofrhs y oulhrhs `hsbufrhk su pripcd phrsikdgc`d` hk gd rhgdbcòk hktrh pdrhs y hk rhgdbcikhs thoprdkds `h pdrhld. Hk hsth shktc`i y pir ti`i hg hseuhrzi `hspghnd`i, hstdois shnurds quh su dpgcbdbcòk dyu`drä d gd prhvhkbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs `h eirod hehbtcvd hk ukd pifgdbcòk lòvhk.

Crod Bdopis Ndrvczu Biir`ckd`ird Zriyhbti ZVHUCI

 

Zrhshktdbcòk `hg Hstd`i

 

HG OCKCRPHVCI @H LXRPCBCD S PVDKRZDVHKBCD CKRPCPXBCIKDG S HG OCKCRPHVCI @H H@XBDBCÒK COZGHOHKPDK OHPI@IGINÏDR @H ZVHUHKBCÒK @H GD UCIGHKBCD BIKPVD GDR OXLHVHR Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs (UbO) hs gd vcigdbcòk `h `hrhbmis muodkis oäs hxthk`c`d d kcvhg ouk`cdg. Rh trdtd `h uk prifghod nrdvh, ougtcedbãtcbi y scstãocbi, quh copc`h hg pghki `hsdrriggi sibcdg y hbikòocbi `h gds phrsikds y `h gds Kdbcikhs. Gdohktdfghohkth hk kuhstri pdïs gd prifghoätcbd sh hxprhsd hk `dtis bioi gis scnuchkths< Rhnük gd fflsbdgïd nhkhrdg `hg Hstd`i dg 6= `h lukci sh mdk pri`ubc`i 5: ehockcbc`cis, oäs `h 4>,::: bdsis `h vcighkbcd edocgcdr y `ioãstcbd, oäs `h 4,::: bdsis `h dfusi shxudg y 4:=: bdsis `h vcigdbcòk. Hstis ck`cbd`irhs kis gghvdk d tiodr dbbcikhs ckthnrdghs hktrh dbtirhs püfgcbis. Hk hstd ipirtukc`d` hg Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdkspdr Prdkspdrhkbcd hkbcd Ckstctubcikdg rhdgczd ukd dgcdkzd ckthrockcsthrcdg bik hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk pdrd copghohktdr dbbcikhs prhvhktcvds biktrd gd vcighkbcd. Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs hvctdfgh y puh`h prhvhkcrsh i rh`ubcrsh `h odkhrd biksc`hrdfgh oh`cdkth oh`c`ds pigïtcbds, prinrdods `h prhvhkbcòk y oi`cfflbdbcikhs hk gds kirods sibcdghs. Hk hsth odrbi, hg priyhbti ZVHUCI (Zrhvhkbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs) bik hg trdfdli biklukti hktrh hg Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdkspdrhkbcd Ckstctubcikdg d trdvãs `hg Ucbhockcsthrci `h Cnudg`d` `h Ipirtukc`d`hs I pirtukc`d`hs (UCI) y gd dscsthkbcd tãbkcbd `h gd Biiphrdbcòk Dghodkd Dghodkd (NC\) ckcbcdrä gds dbbcikhs dbbcikhs `hg biopikhkth h`ubdtcvi h`ubdtcvi hk dgcdkzd bik hg Ucbhockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk Vhnugdr `hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk, hk 2 `hpdrtdohktis `hg pdïs, hk Zitisï, Bibmdfdofd y Gd Zdz, hk hstd nhstcòk 6:64. Zdrd gd nhstcòk 6:66 hstä prhvcsti cknrhsdr d gis itris shcs `hpdrtdohktis. Dtrdvãs `h gds @crhbbcikhs @hpdrtdohktdghs y @cstrctdghs `h H`ubdbcòk `h gis `hpdrtdohktis ohkbcikd`is sh dpgcbdräk `is ohti`iginïds pdrtcbcpdtcvds `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd. prcohrd `crcnc`d d kcôis y kcôds `h 5 d 4: dôis `hkiockd`dy Vutd Zdrtcbcpdtcvd, `h sdgti Gd hk sdgti d gd vcighkbcd pikhois dgti.  dgti. Hstd ohti`iginïd d trdvãs `h luhnis y `ckäocbds pdrtcbcpdtcvds phroctcrä d kcôis y kcôds d trdvãs `h 8 hstdbcikhs ckbirpirdr bikbhptis bioi cnudg`d` y ki `csbrcockdbcòk. Hg iflhtcvi `h hstd pripuhstd hs edvirhbhr gd rhsthxcòk y hg hkthk`cochkti sifrh gis pribhsis quh gghvdk d gds `ckäocbds vcighktds, `csbrcockdtircds h ckhquctdtcvds `h rhgdbcikdochkti hk rdzòk `h nãkhri quh kis ri`hdk y, sifrh hstd fdsh, prioivhr hk kcôis y kcôds bik`ubtds `h rhsphti y hquc`d` hk sus rhgdbcikhs, edvirhbchk`i gd ckstdgdbcòk `h präbtcbds `h fuhk trdti y `h rhbmdzi d gd vcighkbcd. Gd shnuk`d ohti`iginïd `h prhvhkbcòk hstä `crcnc`d d d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs hktrh gis 46 y 4= dôis, `hkiockd`d Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd . Hs ukd oh`c`d `h prhvhkbcòk prcodrcd. Zir gi tdkti, fusbd hvctdr quh gd vcighkbcd iburrd, dtdbdk`i hg odg `h rdïz y `hthkchk`i gis edbtirhs quh edbcgctdk hg bdocki d budgquchr eirod `h dfusi. Gd prhvhkbcòk prcodrcd `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs sh `crcnh d ti`d gd pifgdbcòk hk h`d`

   

d`ighsbhkth y lòvhkhs, yd quh su bdusd prckbcpdg sik gds `cehrhkbcds `h pi`hr hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs `hfc`i d gds kirods `h nãkhri, dgcohktd`ds pir hsthrhitcpis y brhhkbcds sibcdgohkth drrdcnd`ds. Dofds ohti`iginïds tchkhk `h sipirth ukd dpgcbdbcòk quh puh`h shr `hsbdrnd`d hk gds bioputd`irds y bhgugdrhs pdrd quh bik hg bikthkc`i `h `cbmds dpgcbdbcikhs sh vdydk rheirzdk`i gis bikbhptis `h prhvhkbcòk. Gd kcôhz y gd luvhktu` dmird utcgczdk gis bhgugdrhs y hg ckthrkht `h eirod erhbuhkth. Hstds dpgcbdbcikhs shräk hg rheuhrzi h`ubdtcvi khbhsdrci pdrd dshktdr bikbhptis y präbtcbds `h prhvhkbcòk hk hstds nhkhrdbcikhs. Hstd ckthrvhkbcòk sh hkbuhktrd hk hg odrbi `hg odk`dti quh hg @hbrhti Ruprhoi Ki. 63=30 `hscnkd bioi dtrcfubcikhs pdrd hg Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdkspdrhkbcd Ckstctubcikdg hk su drtïbugi =:, dbäpcth m quh ohkbcikd< Eirougdr pigïtcbds y kirods `h prhvhkbcòk, sdkbcòk y hgcockdbcòk `h ti`d eirod `h vcighkbcd `h nãkhri, nhkhrdbcikdg y phrsikds bik `csbdpdbc`d` . D

su vhz, hg Ucbhockcsthrci `h Cnudg`d` `h Ipirtukc`d`hs d trdvãs `hg @hbrhti Ruprhoi Ki. 6408 `h ibtufrh 6:40 (@R `h gd ghy 20=) hstdfghbh dbbcikhs prhvhktcvds bikluktds bik hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk ckbirpirdk`i thods y ohti`iginïds rhgdtcvds d gd prhvhkbcòk y hrrd`cbdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs hk gis bikthkc`is burrcbugdrhs `hg Rcsthod H`ubdtcvi Zgurckdbcikdg. Hk hsth ocsoi shktc`i, hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk hk hg odrbi `hg odk`dti quh hg @hbrhti Ruprhoi Ki. 63=30 `hscnkd bioi dtrcfubcikhs dt rcfubcikhs pdrd hsth ockcsthrci ohkbcikd hk su drtïbugi 4:0 hk su dbäpcth a) prioivhr prinrdods h`ubdtcvis pdrd gd eirodbcòk ckthnrdg `hg puhfgi figcvcdki. @h eirod pdrtcbugdr hk gd Vhsigubcòk Ockcsthrcdg ::4/6:64 `hg Rufscsthod `h H`ubdbcòk Vhnugdr hk gds Kirods Nhkhrdghs pdrd gd Nhstcòk H`ubdtcvd hk su bdpïtugi CC ohkbcikd gd bikbrhbcòk `hg @hsdrriggi Burrcbugdr `hfh droikczdrsh `hs`h gis prinrdods `h hstu`ci, hg `hsdrriggi `h gds thoätcbds `h `hspdtrcdrbdgczdbcòk y gd prhvhkbcòk `h gds `cehrhkths eirods `h vcighkbcd, rdbcsoi, vcighkbcd, rdbcsoi, `csbrcockdbcòk, biksuoi `h `rinds, trdtd y träfflbi `h phrsikds. 

Bik gd kirodtcvd dkthrcir y buopgchk`i kuhstri odk`dti bikffldois quh hs gd kcôhz y gd luvhktu` quchkhs `hfhk dpistdr pir gd bikstrubbcòk `h rhgdbcikhs oäs cnudgctdrcds y lustds hktrh gis shxis. @h dmï quh dofds bdrthrds `h Hstd`i dpistdois pir hstds ckthrvhkbcikhs. @h hstd odkhrd mdfrhois biktrcfuc`i hk gd oi`cfflbdbcòk `h rhspuhstds y bik`ubtds vcighktds mdbcd gds oulhrhs, `hs`h h`d`hs thoprdkds. ¡Zikhois hstds ohti`iginïds h`ubdtcvds d `cspiscbcòk `h gds odhstrds y odhstris `h ti`i hg Hstd`i Zgurckdbcikdg bik gd ecrohzd y gd bikvcbbcòk `h quh Figcvcd hstä hk bdocki `h bikstrucr uk pdïs gcfrh `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs y kcôds!

44

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 

4

Odrbi thòrcbi

Gd D`ighsbhkbcd y Luvhktu` Rh md `cbmi quh hk gd kcôhz sh luhnd hg pdrtc`i `hg `hsdrriggi y ki bdfh `u`d `h quh hs uk prcohr tchopi euk`dohktdg. e uk`dohktdg. Zhri gd d`ighsbhkbcd hs hg shnuk`i tchopi `h hsth pdrtc`i. Hs uk phrci`i bgdvh hk hg brhbcochkti `h gds phrsikds, `ik`h hstrubturdk y rhhstrubturdk gds `cohkscikhs quh sistchkhk gds rhgdbcikhs bik ‗ukd ocsod, uki ocsoi‟ y hg ouk`i. (be. XKCBHE. 6::5. p. 5=)

Ki hxcsthk gïocths hxdbtis `h h`d` quh `hfflkdk hg phrci`i `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd. Gd Irndkczdbcòk Ouk`cdg `h gd Rdgu` (6:4>) `hfflkh bioi d`ighsbhkth d ukd phrsikd hktrh 4: d 43 dôis. Zdrd XKCBHE (6::5, p.66) gd d`ighsbhkbcd sh sctüd hktrh gis 46 y 4= dôis. Rck hofdrni, bd`d pdïs d`iptd su pripcd `hfflkcbcòk `hfc`i d quh, tdkti hk gd lurcs`cbbcòk bioi hk gd gcthrdturd bchktïfflbd, sh hkbuhktrdk vdrcis oärnhkhs i pdräohtris. Dmird fchk, hg phrci`i `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd bik`ubh, dkths `h gd d`ugthz, d gd luvhktu`. Rchk`i, gd luvhktu` gd htdpd `hg bcbgi vctdg `h uk shr muodki bioprhk`c`d hktrh gis 45 d 6= dôis  (Ghy `h gd Luvhktu`. 206. Figcvcd. 6:42). Hk oubmis `h gis bikthxtis sibci bugturdghs, gd d`ighsbhkbcd pdsd `hsdphrbcfc`d y `hfc`i d gds oügtcpghs tdrhds quh tchkh gd*hg lòvhk, sh s h `cbh quh gd luvhktu` hs ukd htdpd `h vcvhkbcds y rhspiksdfcgc`d`hs, prhpdrdk`i dsï, dg shr muodki dg pdsi mdbcd gd h`d` d`ugtd. Zir gi tdkti, gd h`d` bioprhk`c`d hktrh gis 46 d 4= dôis hs hg odrbi `h rhehrhkbcd pdrd gd dpgcbdbcòk `h hsth prinrdod, h`d`hs quh ckbguyh gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu`, bioi htdpds `hg bcbgi vctdg. Gi quh sï hs bgdri hs quh gd d`ighsbhkbcd hs ukd htdpd quh sh sctüd hktrh gd ckedkbcd, bdrdbthrczd`d pir gd `hphk`hkbcd odthrcdg y dehbtcvd `h gd od`rh, pd`rh u itrds phrsikds bik quchk bikvcvh, y gd d`ugthz, odrbd`d pir gd brhbchkth dutikioïd y odyir rhspiksdfcgc`d`. Gd phrbhpbcòk y vdgirdbcòk `h hstd edsh tchkh t chkh ukd ckstuhkbcd scnkcfflbdtcvd pdrd hg trdfdli bik phrsikds lòvhkhs. Gd ocrd`d trd`cbcikdg mdbcd hsth nrupi htdrci, odrbd`i pir oubmis bdofcis h ckquchtu`hs, usudgohkth md sc`i pibi pisctcvd, dsibcäk`igi bik prifghods y `hfflbchkbcds. @hs`h hsth pukti `h vcstd, gd d`ighsbhkbcd hs uk tchopi `h trdkscbcòk quh ki tchkh vdgir hk sï y quh sh hsphrd quh bugockh prikti, puhs dbdrrhd oubmis rchsnis y `cfflbugtd`hs. Gd*hg d`ighsbhkth hs phrbcfc`d*i bioi bdrhkth `h od`urhz, `h bhrtc`uofrh i `h c`hktc`d`. D `cehrhkbcd `h gd luvhktu`, `ik`h sh biochkzd d dsuocr `h eirod pdugdtckd odyirhs rhspiksdfcgc`d`hs. Hk hsth shktc`i, hs khbhsdrci bdofcdr hsth pdrd`cnod pdrd pi`hr trdtdr d gds*is lòvhkhs ki bioi uk ‗iflhti hk prhpdrdbcòk‟ pdrd gd vc`d scki bioi ukd ‗sulhtd*i‟ bik ti`ds sus pithkbcdgc`d`hs. Bdfh rhbir`dr quh gd rhfhg`ïd `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` phrocth gd d`qucscbcòk `h ukd phrsikdgc`d` d`ugtd, `h dmï gd copirtdkbcd `h bioprhk`hr y bikthk`hr hsth bcbgi vctdg.

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Zir gi tdkti, pdrd gd prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs, hsth oiohkti bikstctuyh ukd ipirtukc`d` hsphbcdgohkth copirtdkth pdrd dopgcdr gds phrsphbtcvds, dfrcr bdockis y `dr irchktdbcòk, hk uk pribhsi quh iburrh ki sigdohkth `hktri `h gd phrsikd scki tdofcãk hk su su ckthrdbbcòk bik gds*is `hoäs. Bik rhgdbcòk dg hktirki hk hg quh sh s h copghohktd uk prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd, hg ocsoi `hfh biksc`hrdr gis hspdbcis bugturdghs y `h oügtcpghs `csbrcockdbcikhs hk gds quh vcvcois `h eirod pdrtcbugdr, gds oulhrhs. Hk hsth shktc`i, hxcsth uk tãrocki bikibc`i bioi ‗ckthrshbbcikdgc`d`‟ . ¹Tuã scnkcfflbd ckthrshbbcikdgc`d`9 Hs ukd mhrrdochktd `h dkägcscs quh phrocth gd bikstrubbcòk `h pigïtcbds y prinrdods `h prhvhkbcòk quh dfir`hk oügtcpghs `csbrcockdbcikhs, bioi gds `h nãkhri, rhgcncòk, htkcd, bgdsh u irchktdbcòk shxudg. Zdrd thkhr

ãxcti hk gd copghohktdbcòk `h budgquchr prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk sh `hfh biksc`hrdr gis brcthrcis dkthrcirhs. D`cbcikdgohkth, gds rhgdbcikhs `h ckthrbdofci y bioukcbdbcòk hktrh phrsikds y nrupis bik c`hktc`d`hs bugturdghs hsphbïfflbds, bikibc`d bioi ckthrbugturdgc`d` ,

hs tdofcãk uk brcthrci pdrd edvirhbhr ti`d ckthrdbbcòk rhsphtuisd mdbcd y `hs`h gds bugturds. Dofds bdthnirïds, ckthrshbbcikdgc`d` h ckthrbugturdgc`d` dgcohktdk gds dbtcvc`d`hs biksc`hrd`ds hk gd prhshkth nuïd. S hs hg rhti `h gd edbcgctd`ir*d ckbirpirdrgis ckbirpirdrgis dbtcvdohkth hk hg prinrdod. Hk hsth bikthxti bik c`hktc`d`hs `cvhrsds y `h bugturds `cehrhkths, hg `hsdrriggi binkctcvi, phri tdofcãk hg eïscbi y hoibcikdg, gd hxpgirdbcòk `h gd shxudgc`d` hk gds*is d`ighsbhkths, hk gds*is lòvhkhs, luhnd uk pdphg ouy copirtdkth. Gds rhgdbcikhs hktrh bmcbds y bmcbis bdofcdk `urdkth gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu`. Rh vuhgvhk oäs bhrbdkds y ndkdk copirtdkbcd hoibcikdg. Zir uk gd`i, gd bdpdbc`d` `h hstdfghbhr hsth hkgdbh hoibcikdg hs ukd tdrhd bgdvh pdrd `hsdrriggdr ukd hstdfcgc`d` pscbisibcdg, phri, pir itri gd`i, hs hsth hkgdbh bik sus bdrdbthrïstcbds hsphbïfflbds, bioi hg buc`d`i `h gd itrd*i, it rd*i, gd `cspiscbcòk `h dfrcrsh erhkth d gd itrd phrsikd y hg biopdrtcr ckthrhshs y dbtcvc`d`hs, hg quh hk ibdscikhs dfrh gd puhrtd d ukd bioprhkscòk ckd`hbud`d `hg ‗doir‟. Gd d`ighsbhkbcd y luvhktu` sik htdpds hk gds buäghs gis shktcochktis sik oäs ckthksis y sh c`hdgczd hg doir 4, prhbcsdohkth pir hg `hsdrriggi `h gds rhgdbcikhs `h dehbti y dphni.

Hk hstd htdpd, gd h`d` `hthrockd ukd bik`cbcòk `h vugkhrdfcgc`d` `h gds oulhrhs, dnrdvd`d ãstd pir gd bik`cbcòk `h bgdsh, rhgcncòk, htkcd y irchktdbcòk shxudg, yd quh hxcsth gd rhgdbcòk hopïrcbd hktrh su thoprdkd ukcòk bikyundg y gd piscfcgc`d` `h shr vïbtcod `h vcighkbcd `h nãkhri eïscbd, shxudg y pscbigòncbd. Gd ckbc`hkbcd `h dofis ehkòohkis fdld pripirbcikdgohkth budk`i

gd h`d` `h gd prcohrd ukcòk bikyundg hs odyir (be. Bãsph`hs y Vifghs, 6:45). @hfc`i d gd ckthksc`d` hoibcikdg y, d`hoäs, gd edgtd `h hxphrchkbcd hs oäs prifdfgh quh biopirtdochktis dfuscvis shdk tighrd`is y phrbcfc`is bioi ‗kirodghs‟ yd quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs ki gis c`hktcfflbdk bioi tdghs. Hsti sh `hfh hk nrdk oh`c`d d gd kdturdgczdbcòk `h Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs (UbO d pdrtcr `h dmird), phri tdofcãk d gd bikeuscòk bik uk doir edgsdohkth c`hdgczd`i pir `cehrhkths dnhkths sibcdgczd`irhs, hktrh hggis, gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk. 4 Rhnük XKCBHE (6:48, p.68) 44% `h gds oulhrhs `h 48 d 60 dôis hk Doãrcbd Gdkd y hg Bdrcfh Bdrcfh md thkc`i su prcohrd rhgdbcòk shxudg dkths `h mdfhr buopgc`i gis quckbh dôis.

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hg shr oulhr hs uk edbtir `h rchsni hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd, `h dmï quh sh `cbh quh gd Ucighkbcd Fdsd`d hk Nãkhri (UfN) hs hg ‗pcsi‟ i gd hstrubturd sifrh gd budg sh `hsdrriggd gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs (UbO). Rh bioprhk`h pir vcighkbcd fdsd`d hk nãkhri d gis dbtis vcighktis y dnrhscikhs biktrd ukd phrsikd pir su nãkhri (ckbguyhk`i d oulhrhs, miofrhs y gd bioukc`d` GNFP+), fdsd`is hk ukd sctudbcòk `h `hscnudg`d` hk hg odrbi `h rhgdbcikhs `h pi`hr hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs. Gd UfN hs gd bikshbuhkbcd `crhbtd `hg hlhrbcbci `h ukd rhgdbcòk `hscnudg y lhrärqucbd `h miofrhs y oulhrhs, hs `hbcr, gd hxcsthkbcd `h uk scsthod pdtrcdrbdg6. @h dmï, quh gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs hs `hfflkc`d pir gds Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds bioi ti`i dbti `h vcighkbcd, budgquchrd shd ãstd, fdsd`d, hshkbcdgohkth, hk gd Ucighkbcd Fdsd`d hk Nãkhri, hs `hbcr, hk hg mhbmi `h shr oulhrhs. Xkd, sck gd itrd, ki phrocth gd bioprhkscòk `hg prifghod hk su bdfdgc`d`. Dmird fchk, gdohktdfghohkth, dofds vcighkbcds

sik kdturdgczd`ds fdli präbtcbds bitc`cdkds ocbri edocgcdrhs, ocbri sibchtdghs y `h dopgci dgbdkbh kdbcikdg y ouk`cdg. Hk budkti d gis dnhkths `h sibcdgczdbcòk, d`hoäs `h gd edocgcd, gd hsbuhgd, hg nrupi `h pdrhs y gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk, hsphbcdgohkth gds rh`hs sibcdghs, sh mdk bikvhrtc`i hk dnhkths sibcdgczd`irhs `h nrdk ckstuhkbcd, quh trdksocthk vdgirhs y bikbhpbcikhs `h gd sibch`d`. Hg ckthrkht, gd prhksd, gd rd`ci y gd thghvcscòk tchkhk ukd ckbc`hkbcd ouy euhrth hk gds c`hds, bistuofrhs y biopirtdochktis `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Ghs pripirbcikdk biktckudohkth pdtrikhs pdrd gd irndkczdbcòk `h gd vc`d, trdksocthk `crhbtrcbhs pdrd hg prhstcnci sibcdg y prhshktdk prititcpis `h ãxcti quh suhghk shr tiod`is bioi oi`hgis quh ckstuyhk hk hg `hsdrriggi `h gd c`hktc`d` phrsikdg y gd eirodbcòk `h ipckcòk `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Bioi sik iokcprhshkths, ki hs eäbcg sustrdhrsh sust rdhrsh d gd ckstuhkbcd `h gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk y gds rh`hs sibcdghs. @cdrcdohkth kis bikeriktdk bik ohksdlhs dbhrbd `h gds rhgdbcikhs `h nãkhri, hstdfghbchk`i y rhpri`ubchk`i hsthrhitcpis y eirods `h `csbrcockdbcòk y phrphtudk`i righs, kirods y dbtctu`hs quh, d ohku`i, eiohktdk, dukquh ckbiksbchkthohkth, gd vcighkbcd `h nãkhri2. Gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs sik s ik nrdk`hs biksuoc`irds*hs oh`cätcbis, pdsdk oubmi tchopi hk gds rh`hs sibcdghs y sh hkbuhktrdk hk ukd htdpd hk gd budg sik dgtdohkth ckstuhkbcdfghs pir hstis ohksdlhs, puhs sh s h hkbuhktrdk hk uk pribhsi `h füsquh`d y irchktdbcòk pdrd hstdfghbhr ukd c`hktc`d` dutòkiod. 6  Hg scsthod pdtrcdrbdg hs hg scsthod `h `iockdbcòk y iprhscòk `iockdkth hk hg ouk`i. Hs gd odkcehstdbcòk y gd ckstubcikdgczdbcòk `h `cbmi `iockci sifrh gds oulhrhs y gds mclds h mclis `h ãstds. Hsti scnkcbd quh sik miofrhs gis quh `hthktdk hg pi`hr hk ti`ds gds ckstubcikhs `h gd sibch`d`, hsphbcdgohkth gds rhnugd`ds, dukquh hsti ki copgcbd quh gds oulhrhs bdrhzbdk `h kcknük pi`hr i quh hstãk prcvd`ds titdgohkth `h `hrhbmis, rhbursis h ckuhkbcds. Hg pdtrcdrbd`i itirnd uk odyir dbbhsi d gis miofrhs quh d gds oulhrhs d gis rhbursis `h gds hstrubturds `h pi`hr, tdkti euhrd bioi `hktri `h gis mindrhs1 hk hg äofcti püfgcbi y hk hg prcvd`i. Hs uk biklukti ohtdhstdfgh `h pdbtis hktrh vdrikhs pir hg budg sh bikstuyh hg bighbvi `h hstis bioi nãkhri y, birrhgdvdohkth hg `h gds oulhrhs.  

2 Hstd vcighkbcd hs oug`crhbbcikdg, sh puh`h hlhrbhr tdkti biktrd oulhrhs bioi biktrd miofrhs, yd shd pdrd copikhr uk rig

sibcdgohkth dscnkd`i i pdrd sdkbcikdr budk`i hsth rig ki hs buopgc`i. @d`d gd `hscnudg`d` hstrubturdg `h pi`hr, gds oulhrhs sik dbtudgohkth gds odyirctdrcdohkth dehbtd`ds. (be. NC\. 6:40, p.6)

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Xkd `h gds tdrhds `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` bikscsth hk gd ck`hphk`czdbcòk `h gd edocgcd. Hsti ki scnkcfflbd quh hk hstd htdpd gd edocgcd `hlh `h lundr uk rig copirtdkth hk hg `hsdrriggi. Hk gd edocgcd, gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs d`qucrchrik dprhk`czdlhs fäscbis quh shräk coprhsbck`cfghs pdrd gd ckbguscòk hk gd vc`d sibcdg, hs `hbcr, quh dprhk`chrik d eirodr rhgdbcikhs, d rhsigvhr bikstcbtis i dsuocr ds uocr rhspiksdfcgc`d`hs, phri tdofcãk `hsdrriggdrik, hk odyir i ohkir nrd`i, gd bdpdbc`d` `h rhsthxcòk y dkägcscs dkth ckstuhkbcds hxthrkds. Dg ocsoi tchopi, buhstcikdr gis vdgirhs y bikbhptis `h gds od`rhs y gis pd`rhs hs pdrth `h hsth pribhsi `h ck`hphk`hkbcd. @urdkth hsth tchopi gis nrupis `h pdrhs ckbrhohktdk kitdfghohkth su rhghvdkbcd. Hk gd ckthrdbbcòk bik itrds phrsikds `h su h`d`, gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `hfflkhk nrd`udgohkth nrd`udgohkth hg biopikhkth sibcdg `h su c`hktc`d`. Hg H g nrupi `h pdrhs rhprhshktd uk dpiyi sibcdg bd`d vhz oäs copirtdkth. @hfc`i d hggi, duohktd hg thoir dg rhbmdzi y hk bikshbuhkbcd gd bikeiroc`d` ki sigi d gis vdgirhs y gds kirods scki s cki tdofcãk d pdtrikhs `h bik`ubtd, c`hdghs y hsthrhitcpis `hg nrupi. Dmird fchk, hs hk hstd h`d`, `ik`h gd irchktdbcòk shxudg sh biksigc`d y sh bikvchrth hk dtrdbbcòk hoibcikdg y shxudg pir phrsikds `hg ocsoi shxi i `h uk shxi `cehrhkth dg `h gd*hg lòvhk. Zir gi tdkti, sc dôd`cois hstd vdrcdfgh, gd `h irchktdbcòk shxudg, bik gd vdrcdfgh htkcd y bgdsh, bioprhk`hrhois gd biopghlc`d` `hg `hsdrriggi muodki `h budgquchr phrsikd.

Hk pibds pdgdfrds, gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs sh vhk hxpuhstds y hxpuhstis d gd prhscòk nrupdg pdrd shr dbhptd`ds*is. @hfc`i d hggi, mdy quh thkhr prhshkth quh  gds fdshs pdrd gd eirodbcòk `h uk scsthod `h vdgirhs yd hstäk shktd`ds `urdkth gd kcôhz. Dukquh gds*is kcôds*is pir su s u kcvhg `h `hsdrriggi binkctcvi duk ki sik bdpdbhs `h hkthk`hr ti`is gis vdgirhs `h ukd eirod dfstrdbtd, d`dptdk hg biopirtdochkti y gds dbtctu`hs mdbcd hggds*is, `hphk`chk`i `h gd c`hktcfflbdbcòk bik gds phrsikds bhrbdkds. Gds*is kcôds*is sh irchktdk, pir uk gd`i, shnük hg hginci y hg bdstcni `h hstds phrsikds (tcpi `h rheuhrzis) y, pir itri gd`i, sh irchktdk `h uk dsphbti oubmi oäs ckstuyhkth hs gdti`is eukbcòk `hgsik hlhopgi (oi`hgis) y hg dsphbti hoibcikdg `h hstds rhgdbcikhs (vïkbugis). bioi Hktikbhs hggis edbtirhs quh `hthrockdk hk quh nrd`i uk*d d`ighsbhkth y lòvhk shrä ckstuhkbcdfgh hk sus vdgirhs y brhhkbcds. Hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd y luvhktu` sh hehbtüd ukd bikeriktdbcòk brctcbd bik hsis edbtirhs pdrd ginrdr uk scsthod `h vdgirhs quh scrvh bioi nuïd `h su biopirtdochkti. Gd codnhk `h sï ocsod*i, `hphk`h y hstä hk eukbcòk `h gd rhgdbcòk quh hstdfghbhk bik sus pdrhs i bik itrds phrsikds.  Rck hofdrni, pdrd ginrdr bikstrucr ukd c`hktc`d` phrsikdg quh ki shd ohrd bipcd `h itrd scki hg pri`ubti `h su rhsthxcòk y hxpgirdbcòk ck`cvc`udg hs khbhsdrci quh, `hs`h gd hsbuhgd, gd bioukc`d` y, pir su puhsti, hg mindr sh frck`h d gds*is lòvhkhs dquhggds mhrrdochktds `h dkägcscs, bdpdbc`d` brïtcbd y rhvdgirdbcòk phrsikdg quh khbhsctdk. Hsth dsphbti hs bgdvh pdrd gd eirodbcòk `hg dutibikbhpti y hg vdgir quh ãg y hggd ocsod bioi d`ighsbhkth y livhk sh dscnkd, hs `hbcr, gd dutihstcod. 

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hsth scsthod `h vdgirhs sh dschktd hk uk scsthod pdtrcdrbdg,  `ik`h gis vdgirhs y präbtcbds sh hstrubturdk dgrh`h`ir `h rhgdbcikhs `h pi`hr hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs. Hsth scsthod pdtrcdrbdg copikh pdtrikhs quh `hsvdgirczdk, sufir`ckdk y vugkhrdk d gds oulhrhs, pir uk gd`i. D gis miofrhs ghs itirnd pi`hr y lhrdrquczd sus righs bik rhgdbcòk d gis dsuoc`is pir gds oulhrhs. Zir gi tdkti, birrhspik`h, pdrd rhcvck`cbdr gis `hrhbmis muodkis `h gds oulhrhs,

trdfdldr hg hopi`hrdochkti hk hggds, bioi ukd hstrdthncd sisthkc`d pdrd edbcgctdr pribhsis `h d`qucscbcòk `h pi`hr h ck`hphk`hkbcd, quh ghs phroctd ohlirdr su dbtudg bik`cbcòk. Hk hg bdsi `h gis miofrhs birrhspik`h bik hggis rhsthxcikdr sifrh sus odsbugckc`d`hs bioi hg biklukti `h bdrdbthrïstcbds `cvhrsds quh gd sibch`d` copikh, supikh y `hfflkh bioi gd eirod hk quh `hfhk dbtudr y shr gis miofrhs. Zrhbcsdohkth, hs dquï, `ik`h sh pri`ubh gd thkscòk, rhsuhgtd

pisthrcirohkth hk vcighkbcd. Bioi sik gis miofrhs y bioi gds oulhrhs dbhptdk, pdscvdohkth, hg rig `h gis miofrhs. Zrhbcsdohkth, ukd sibch`d` copikh d gds oulhrhs ukd eirod `h shr y rhgdbcikdrsh bik hg rhsti, hstd eirod pdrtcbugdr sh `hkiockd ‗ehockc`d`hs‟. ‗ehockc`d`hs‟. Dgnukds sibch`d`hs hstrubturdk d gds oulhrhs bioi oulhrhs `hphk`chkths, suocsds y sufir`ckd`ds d gds `hbcscikhs y hxprhscikhs `h `iockci `h gis miofrhs. @h hstd thkscòk, odsbugckc`d`hs y ehockc`d`hs, surnhk gds rhgdbcikhs lhrärqucbds y `h iprhscòk hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs. Hstd biopghlc`d` fckdrcd hs tdofcãk pdrth `h gd biopghlc`d` `h gds rhgdbcikhs `h doir thoprdki hk pdrhlds `hg ocsoi shxi.

Hg prinrdod Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd, tchkh hk buhktd, `hs`h hg ckcbci, gis `hrhbmis `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, tdkti hk su irchktdbcòk ohti`igòncbd bioi hk su bioprhkscòk sifrh hggds*is. Dsï, uk rhqucscti euk`dohktdg hs hg hstdfghbcochkti `h rhgdbcikhs oäs cnudgctdrcds hk ti`is gis kcvhghs, rhsphtdr gis `hrhbmis `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, dsï bioi hkshkdrghs d hlhrbhrgis y d hxcncrgis. Hsti scnkcfflbd tiodr hk shrci sus c`hds y khbhsc`d`hs, trdtdr `h hkthk`hr su phrsphbtcvd y su rhdgc`d`, dsï bioi dyu`drghs d `hsdrriggdr bikibcochktis y bdpdbc`d`hs, pdrd quh, bioi dbtirds*hs, `h ukd odkhrd dbtcvd, `hk eirod d sus priyhbtis `h vc`d y d sus rhgdbcikhs. Zir gi tdkti, hs khbhsdrci `hldr `h hkthk`hr hg tchopi `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd y luvhktu` bioi prifghoätcbd y, pir hg euturds biktrdrci, bikbhfcrgi bikstrubbcòk `h sibch`d`hs oäs lustds. bioi bgdvh pdrd gd

Vighs y hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri bioi fdsh `h `hscnudg`d` hktrh gds*is lòvhkhs. lòvhkhs. Hk gis ügtcois dôis, hk oubmis pdïshs sh mdk pri`ubc`i dvdkbhs ghndghs hk gi rhehrhkth d gd cnudg`d` hktrh oulhrhs y miofrhs. Ki ifstdkth, dük shnucois hxpuhstds*is d brhhkbcds y vdgirhs trd`cbcikdghs quh susthktdk gd `iockdbcòk odsbugckd y gd sufir`ckdbcòk ehohkckd.

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@hs`h quh kdbhois rhbcfcois ohksdlhs `h gd edocgcd, gd hsbuhgd y gd sibch`d` quh kis trdksocthk, `h odkhrd copgïbctd i hxpgcbctd, gds hxphbtdtcvds `h nãkhri, i shd gds dbtctu`hs, tdrhds d rhdgczdr, bik`ubtds y rhspiksdfcgc`d`hs supuhstdohkth dpripcd`ds hk eukbcòk `hg shxi. Kcôds*is ki kdbhk sdfchk`i quh ghs birrhspik`h mdbhr, bioi mdfgdr, vhstcrsh, biopirtdrsh i phksdr. Ki hs dgni fcigòncbi scki hg pri`ubti `h gd sibcdgczdbcòk s ibcdgczdbcòk hk ukd sibch`d` hk gd quh gis bò`cnis `h gds odsbugckc`d`hs y ehockc`d`hs sik kdturdgczd`is y hstdfghbc`is hk gd präbtcbd bitc`cdkd. Hg nãkhri ki hs ukd bikstrubbcòk ükcbdohkth ibbc`hktdg i bctd`ckd, gi hs tdofcãk `h gds `cehrhkths bugturds. Bd`d bugturd tchkh su odkhrd `h hstdfghbhr sus rhgdbcikhs miofrhs y oulhrhs, hk ti`ds gds bugturds, tdofcãk sh `hspgchndk rhgdbcikhs `h pi`hr hk hstds rhgdbcikhs. Gd copirtdkbcd `h trdfdldr gd ckthrbugturdgc`d` hk hg ghvdktdochkti `h hstd ckeirodbcòk hs gd rhgdbcòk oäs ffl`h`cnkd quh hxcsth hktrh gd hxprhscòk bugturdg y su ckthrprhtdbcòk, hsti ügtcoi ginrd`i ohlir sc sh odkhld gd ghknud ircnckdrcd. Oubmds ckstctubcikhs `h gd sibch`d` rheuhrzdk gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhri s ibcdghs vhk`hk gd trd`cbcikdghs. Dsï, pir hlhopgi, gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk y gds rh`hs sibcdghs codnhk `h ukd oulhr tcpi ‗suphr oulhr‟  quh  quh biopdtcfcgczd hg buc`d`i `h sus mclds*is, hg mindr y gd rhgdbcòk `h pdrhld, hg trdfdli rhoukhrd`i y, gi quh hs oäs copirtdkth `h ti`i, odkthkchk`i schoprh gis bäkikhs `h fhgghzd. Hk bdofci, gis miofrhs sik s ik prhshktd`is bioi euhrths, ckthgcnhkths y brhdtcvis, hs `hbcr, hkedtczdk`i su pi`hr y ãxcti, ochktrds quh d gds oulhrhs hk prcohr gundr sh gds vdgird pir su dpdrchkbcd y `h`cbdbcòk d itrds*is. Hk gds rhgdbcikhs `h `hphk`hkbcd gds oulhrhs pchksdk quh d`dptäk`ish dg oi`hgi trd`cbcikdg y hsthrhitcpd`i `h fhgghzd vdk d bikshnucr gd dprifdbcòk odsbugckd y `h gd sibch`d`.

Hxcsth hvc`hkbcd rhsphbti d quh gd hsbuhgd, bioi dnhkth sibcdgczd`ir, tdofcãk biktrcfuyh d gd phrscsthkbcd `h righs `h nãkhri. Zriehsirds*hs hvdgüdk hvdgüdk pisctcvdohkth d gis bmcbis budk`i sh `houhstrdk `ckäocbis, dnrhscvis, ck`hphk`chkths y biophtctcvis, ochktrds quh gds bmcbds rhbcfhk ukd rhdbbcòk pisctcvd budk`i sh biopirtdk `h ukd odkhrd ifh`chkth, dodfgh, sudvh y bik shktc`i bioukctdrci (be. Biukbcg ie Huriph. 6::3). Bdfh hktikbhs `hfflkcr gis righs y hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri. Gis righs sik gis ‗pdphghs `h dbtudbcòk‟ quh ukd `hthrockd`d sibch`d` i bugturd b ugturd gh dscnkd d bd`d shxi (miofrh i oulhr). Gis righs `h nãkhri rhbuphrdk hg bdräbthr o äs trd`cbcikdg oäs `h`h gdsdbtudbcòk. bugturds yZir gds hlhopgi, sibch`d`hs, dscnkdk`i d bd`d miofrh y d bd`d oulhr, righs trd`cbcikdghs gds oulhrhs pir hshkbcd sik oäs `òbcghs y suocsds, hsi sh `cbh. Ochktrds quh gis miofrhs sik oäs euhrths y fuhkis gï`hrhs, hsi tdofcãk sh `cbh. Gis righs, hktikbhs, `hscnkdk bgdrdohkth gd dbtudbcòk `h miofrhs y oulhrhs.

Ochktrds quh gis hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri sik gds ckthrprhtdbcikhs scopgcstds `h gd rhdgc`d` dscnkd`d hk fdsh d gis righs sibcdgohkth `hthrockd`is. Hlhopgi< Xk hsthrhitcpi scopgcstd pdrd gds oulhrhs hk Figcvcd (y hk itrds pdrths `hg ouk`i) hs dfflrodr quh, pir su bik`cbcòk `h oulhrhs, y su piscfcgc`d` `h hknhk`rdr vc`d, sik hggds gds oäs ck`cbd`ds pdrd shr suocsds, sdbrcfflbd`ds y hktrhnd`ds hk su rig `h od`rhs. Zdrd gis miofrhs sh `cbh quh sik privhh`irhs ükcbis `hg mindr. Dofis sik hsthrhitcpis quh hstcnodtczdk dofis shxis y ki phrocthk dsï dvdkzdr hk gd cnudg`d` `h gis shxis. Bioi vhk, righs y hsthrhitcpis sik s ik bikbhptis pdrth `h ukd sigd titdgc`d`. Gd ckthrdbbcòk hktrh dofis brhd coänhkhs `h miofrhs y oulhrhs, coänhkhs quh guhni sh vuhgvhk dbbcikhs y präbtcbds quh ockirczdk y tuthgdk d gds oulhrhs, bik rhgdbcòk d gd dbbcòk `h gis miofrhs.

4=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Dmird fchk, hstis hsthrhitcpis surnhk `h gd bikstrubbcòk `h ukd sibch`d` lhrdrquczd`d fdli uk scsthod mcstòrcbi `h rhgdbcikhs shxi ‒ pigïtcbds `hkiockd`i pdtrcdrbd`i. Hg pdtrcdrbd`i (bikbhpti rhvcsd`i dkthrcirohkth) dkthrcirohkth) dg shr hsh scsthod quh mcstòrcbdohkth y d trdvãs `h sibch`d`hs y bugturds `cehrhkths ir`hkd lhrärqucbdohkth hg rig `h gis miofrhs y gds oulhrhs fdsd su hehbtcvc`d` y dbbcikdr hk gds ckstctubcikhs püfgcbds y prcvd`ds, hstdfghbchk`i dgcdkzds y sigc`drc`d`hs ckthr-bgdshs, cktrd-nãkhris, pri`ubchk`i oügtcpghs `csbrcockdbcikhs quh d fflk `h buhktds `csbrcockd, sufir`ckd, iprcoh y tuthgd d gds oulhrhs, bik rhgdbcòk d uk ir`hk suphrcir s uphrcir odsbugcki. Gis hsthrhitcpis d gis budghs hstäk siohtc`ds*is siohtc`ds*is gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs lòvhkhs `hs`h su kcôhz, dukquh shdk sutcghs, puh`hk thkhr bioi bikshbuhkbcd uk hkbdscggdochkti hoibcikdg hxdnhrdbcòk dbcòk `hbcr hsti. Zir hlhopgi, hk hg bdsi `h gis miofrhs y `h biopirtdochkti. Ki hs hxdnhr sc sh ghs hxcnh suprcocr sus shktcochktis, hk vhz `h dprhk`hr d odkhldrgis d`hbud`dohkth, eäbcgohkth sh puh`hk c`hktcfflbdr bik gd vcighkbcd bioi uk rhbursi bik hg budg `hfflhk`hk su odsbugckc`d` trd`cbcikdg, hs `hbcr, shr uk miofrh ‗miofrh‟.0 Rh biopghlczd hg `hsdrriggi budk`i hsth ‗miofrh‟ tchkh ukd irchktdbcòk shxudg bik su ocsoi shxi s hxi.. Hktikbhs ki sh gi biksc`hrd ‗tdk miofrh‟ y puh`h shr sulhti `h vcighkbcd. Kuhvdohkth dquï gd ckthrshbbcikdgc`d` luhnd uk pdphg copirtdkth hk hg `hsdrriggi `hg shr muodki.

Dg cnudg quh hk gd hsbuhgd y hg bighnci, gis bikbhptis trd`cbcikdghs scnuhk schk`i, pdrd oubmds edocgcds, biksbchkths i ckbiksbchkthohkth, rhehrhkths pdrd gd h`ubdbcòk `h sus mclds*is. @h gds kcôds y `h gds oulhrhs sh hsphrd quh sh dlusthk d gds*is `hoäs, quh shdk schoprh dodfghs, quh ki shdk hxcnhkths, quh mdndk gi quh sh ghs `cnd, quh shdk rhshrvd`ds y biktrighk sus khbhsc`d`hs shxudghs. Hk bdofci, hk gd odyirïd `h gds sibch`d`hs, sh `hshd quh gis kcôis i gis miofrhs shdk prithbtirhs, quh tiohk gds `hbcscikhs, quh `cspikndk `h `iockci y quh shdk shxudgohkth dbtcvis. Ck`hphk`hkbcd, biophtctcvc`d`, euhrzd y rhspiksdfcgc`d` sik dgnukds `h gds bdrdbthrïstcbds quh sh dtrcfuyhk d ‗gi odsbugcki‟. ‗Gi ehohkcki‟ pir hg biktrdrci sh bdrdbthrczd pir gd thrkurd, gd hopdtïd, gd `hphk`hkbcd, gd bioprhkscòk, hg shrvcbci d itrds*is,  htb. S hsti sh pri`ubh budk`i mdy ukd `crhbtd birrhspik`hkbcd hktrh hg shxi fcigòncbi y hg nãkhri dscnkd`i sibcdgohkth. Zhkshois hktikbhs gi biopghli quh sh pikh budk`i ki mdy birrhspik`hkbcd hktrh hg shxi fcigòncbi y hg nãkhri dscnkd`i sibcdgohkth. Hstd hs gd rhdgc`d` 8

quh vcvhk oubmds*is lòvhkhs budk`i rhbikibhk `cehrhkths ipbcikhs shxudghs . Hstd `cehrhkbcdbcòk sibcdgohkth bikstruc`d (tiodk`i hk buhktd gds irchktdbcikhs shxudghs `cehrhkths) tchkh bikshbuhkbcds scnkcfflbdtcvds pirquh gis righs `cehrhkths tchkhk ukd vdgirdbcòk i uk rhbikibcochkti sibcdg `cstckti. Oubmds vhbhs sh dscnkd uk odyir vdgir d gds budgc`d`hs 0 Dgu`chk`i dg hsthrhipi trd`cbcikdg `h odsbugckc`d` mhnhoòkcbd `iockdkth. 8 Budk`i ukd phrsikd schkth dtrdbbcòk shxudg mdbcd itrd phrsikd `h su ocsoi shxi, sh ggdod irchktdbcòk shxudg mioishxudg. Rh md buhsikd`i d gd mhthrishxudgc`d` bioi ukd präbbd shxudg ‗kirodgczd`d‟ pdrd ti`ds gds phrsikds. Hxcsthk phrsikds quh ki khbhsdrcdohkth schkthk dtrdbbcòk shxudg pir phrsikds `h `cehrhkth shxi dg suyi, ki schoprh uk miofrh hs dtrdï`i pir ukd oulhr y vcbhvhrsd. Hxcsthk miofrhs quh sh schkthk dtrdï`is shxudgohkth pir miofrhs, mdy oulhrhs quh sh schkthk dtrdï`ds pir itrds oulhrhs. Dmird fchk, hstds ‗vdrcdkths‟ `h gd irchktdbcòk shxudg, suhgh shr dük oäs `cvhrsds y biopghlds. Mdy miofrhs fcigòncbis quh sh c`hkbdk bioi oulhrhs, y hk hsd ipbcòk hkbuhktrdk dtrdbbcòk shxudg mdbcd phrsikds `h su ocsoi shxi i `cehrhkth shxi, d hstd `cvhrsc`d` sh `hkiockd trdksnãkhri y puh`h shr tdofcãk ggdod`d trdkshxudgc`d`, budk`i mdy iphrdbcòk `h shxi. Ki hs hg oiohkti kc hg hspdbci pdrd mdfgdr `h gd vdrch`d` `h `cvhrsc`d`hs shxudghs, `h nãkhris y nhkãrcbds quh hxcsthk, phri sc hs copirtdkth ohkbcikdr quh hk hg bcbgi vctdg `h gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` gds phrsikds `hkhk su irchktdbcòk shxudg y ki schoprh hs mdbcd gd mhthrishxudgc`d`, y tdofcãk quh gds c`hk`d`hs `h nãkhri ki khbhsdrcdohkth birrhspik`hk bik hg shxi fcigòncbi, pir gi quh hs hvc`hkth quh hsth bcbgi vctdg hs dük oäs biopghli y `igirisi. @h dmï quh hs copirtdkth quh gd edbcgctd`ir*d bikizbd y shd shkscfgh d hstd rhdgc`d`, pdrd pi`hr bioprhk`hrgd y edbcgctdr ohbdkcsois `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd.

43

 

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biksc`hrd`ds odsbugckds rhsphbti d gds biksc`hrd`ds ehohkckds, gi quh sctüd d gis miofrhs hk ukd piscbcòk `h suphrcirc`d` y `iockdbcòk, `dk`i gundr d ukd sctudbcòk sibcdg `h `hscnudg`d` y `h rhgdbcikhs `h pi`hr `h gis miofrhs sifrh gds oulhrhs. @hs`h hstd piscbcòk hg miofrh puh`h brhhrsh bik hg `hrhbmi d copikhr su viguktd`, dukquh shd bik vcighkbcd. Pdofcãk mdy quh thkhr hk buhktd quh gis bmcbis rhbcfhk ohksdlhs bikstdkths quh ghs sunchrhk quh sik suphrcirhs d gds bmcbds, oäs euhrths, oäs ckthgcnhkths, htb. D gd vhz, bioi biktrd`cbbcòk d gd codnhk `h odsbugckc`d`hs y ehockc`d`hs priyhbtd`ds, hk gd rhdgc`d` puh`hk hxphrcohktdr quh gds bmcbds shdk oäs biophthkths i hxphrcohktd`ds quh hggis. Hsti puh`h privibdrghs ukd ckshnurc`d` quh d`hoäs puh`h shr ckthrprhtd`d bioi uk erdbdsi phrsikdg. Zdrd rhdfflrodr su supuhstd suphrcirc`d` hktikbhs fusbdk ifthkhr hg biktrig sifrh gds oulhrhs, `hsprhbcäk`igds i hlhrbchk`i budgquchr tcpi `h vcighkbcd biktrd hggds. Rc dsï subh`hk gis bdofcis hk miofrhs y oulhrhs, gis bdofcis sh s h dnu`czdk hk hg shktcr `h gds phrsikds trdksnãkhri. D`cbcikdgohkth, gds bugturds tchkhk eirods `cehrhkths `h hxprhsdr hstds `cehrhkths rhgdbcikhs `h pi`hr hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs. Dukquh dphghk y dbu`dk d rctis y trd`cbcòk, hxcsthk rhgdbcikhs `h iprhscòk y sufir`ckdbcòk d gds oulhrhs y `h suphrcirc`d` `h gis miofrhs, rhgdbcikhs quh oig`hdk `h eirod thoprdkd gd eirod `h rhgdbcikdochkti rhgdbcikdochkti.. Bioi gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` sik gds htdpds hk gds quh gds phrsikds buhstcikdk oäs gd rhdgc`d` hk quh vcvhk y sh hxdockdk bik ocrd`d brïtcbd gis vdgirhs y gds bikbhpbcikhs quh gd sibch`d` i bugturds ghs ierhbhk, hs hg oiohkti prhbcsi pdrd ierhbhr dgthrkdtcvds, pirquh ochktrds gis miofrhs brhdk quh tchkhk quh thkhr ti`i fdli biktrig y shr dnrhscvis pdrd shr hxctisis, quh uk ‗ki‟ hk rhdgc`d` scnkcfflbd uk ‗sc‟, y quh ukd ‗fuhkd bmcbd‟ schoprh `hfh mdbhrsh ‗gd `ceïbcg‟ y pir su pdrth, gds oulhrhs brhdk quh tchkhk quh shr fuhkds, bioprhkscvds y dfkhnd`ds, schoprh vd d hxcstcr fdli hsth hsquhod hg bdg`i `h bugtcvi pdrd gd vcighkbcd. Zir hsti hs quh sh ckscsth hk rhbikibhr `h eirod thoprdkd gis righs y hsthrhitcpis quh ukd sibch`d` i bugturd itirnd d gis miofrhs y oulhrhs (ckcbcdgohkth, pisthrcirohkth, d gds `cvhrsds irchktdbcikhs shxudghs), `h gd rhphtcbcòk c`higòncbd y prdbtcbd `h gd `hscnudg`d` nhkãrcbd, surnh gd `csockubcòk `h vdgir `h uk shxi bik rhgdbcòk d itri y pir gi tdkti, gd vcighkbcd bioi uk ohbdkcsoi `h `csbcpgckd ochkti `h gis buhrpis `h gds oulhrhs, gghväk`ish d uk hxtrhoi hk hg hxthrockci `h sus buhrpis, d trdvãs `h gd vcighkbcd hxtrhod bioi hg 5

ehockcbc`ci .

5  Rh rhhrh dg dshsckdti `h oulhrhs pir pdrth `h miofrhs quh gds odtdk pir hg mhbmi `h shr oulhrhs. Hg ehockcbc`ci hs uk dshsckdti oivd`i pir gd ocsinckcd, pirquh copgcbd hg `hsprhbci y hg i`ci mdbcd gds oulhrhs. Hg ehockcbc`ci hxprhsd ukd sctudbcòk hxtrhod `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. @h hktrh gis `cehrhkths pis `h ehockcbc`ci `hstdbdk ‒pir su nrd`i `h prhvdghkbcd- hg ehockcbc`ci shxudg (dshsckdtis `h oulhrhs, bik bdrdbthrïsbds `h brïohkhs shxudghs, `ik`h gd vïbod sh bikvchrth hk iflhti shxudg pdrd hg vcbodrci1 gd `cspiscbcòk `hg buhrpi `h gds oulhrhs hs ukd eirod `h shxudgczdr y hrizdr hsth pi `h brïohkhs quh sh bdrdbthrczd pir hg shbuhstri, gd tirturd, gd vcigdbcòk, gd ougdbcòk y, kdgohkth, hg dshsckdti `h gd vïbod, gi budg, ukc`i bikeirod uk scsthod `h dbtudbcòk) y hg ehockcbc`ci ïkoi (dshsckdtis `h oulhrhs bioh`is pir miofrhs bik quchk gd vïbod hkh i thkïd i tuvi ukd rhgdbcòk ïkod, edocgcdr, `h bikvcvhkbcd i dkhs d ãstds y `ik`h ckthrvchkh hg hstdtus odsbugckczd`i `h pi`hr sifrh gd oulhr bioi uk ochofri sufdgthrki `h gd edocgcd) (Ckoulhrhs @E, 6:42). Hk gd ghy 20= dpdrhbh bioi gd dbbcòk `h hxtrhod vcighkbcd quh vcigd hg `hrhbmi euk`dohktdg d gd vc`d y bdusd gd ouhrth `h ukd oulhr pir hg mhbmi `h shrgi.

6:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Gd Ucighkbcd hk Vdzòk `h Nãkhri UVN y gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs UbO.  Hg nãkhri bioi bdthnirïd `h dkägcscs quh `hvhgd gds oügtcpghs `hscnudg`d`hs hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs hs pdrd Vctd Rhndti, gd `hscnudg`d` quh hkbchrrd hk hstd bdthnirïd hg `htikdkth `h gd vcighkbcd bioi uk ohbdkcsoi ‗`csbcpgckd`ir‟ `hg buhrpi `h gds oulhrhs. @h dmï sh `cbh quh hg mhbmi `h shr oulhr hs gdohktdfghohkth, uk mhbmi quh bigibd d hsth nãkhri `h gd muodkc`d`, hk sctudbcòk `h `hsvhktdld sibcdg, bugturdg, hbikòocbd y pigïtcbd. Zhri d`cbcikdgohkth, d`cbcikdgohkth, gd bik`hkd d suercr ukd shrch `h dtdquhs, rhgdbcikd`is bik gd vcighkbcd y gd vcighkbcd hxtrhod. Hsth hs hg euk`dohkti `h gd Ucighkbcd hk Vdzòk `h Nãkhri, gd vcighkbcd budgquchrd euhrd hstd, mdbcd ukd oulhr pir rhprhshktdr gd ockirc`d` y hkbiktrdrsh tuthgd`d. @h dmï quh dfflrodois quh  gd vcighkbcd hk rdzòk `h nãkhri (bikbhpti `h UVN, ki sigi hk oulhrhs scki hk ti`is gis nãkhris) hs gd ckbufd`ird, `h ti`ds gds `hoäs vcighkbcds. Gd Ucighkbcd hk Vdzòk `h Nãkhri dgu`h d gds bik`cbcikhs hstrubturdgohkth cklustds pdrd gds oulhrhs, quh pdsdk pir oi`hgis hbikòocbis gcfhrdghs quh ki sigi s igi md hopifrhbc`i d gds

oulhrhs, scki gds md bigibd`i hk sctudbcòk `h rchsni pdrd ti`ds gds itrds vcighkbcds quh biochkzdk d vcvcr `hs`h thoprdkds h`d`hs. Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs `hfflkc`d shnük gd @hbgdrdbcòk sifrh gd hgcockdbcòk `h gd

vcighkbcd biktrd gd oulhr `h gds Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds bioi< ‗Pi`i dbti `h vcighkbcd fdsd`i hk gd phrthkhkbcd dg shxi ehohkcki quh thknd i puh`d thkhr bioi rhsugtd`i uk `dôi i suercochkti eïscbi, shxudg i pscbigòncbi pdrd gd oulhr, dsï bioi gds dohkdzds `h tdghs dbtis, gd bidbbcòk y gd prcvdbcòk drfctrdrcd `h gd gcfhrtd`, tdkti sc sh pri`ubhk hk gd vc`d püfgcbd bioi hk gd vc`d prcvd`d‟

(Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds, 4332, Drt.4). Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs ki hs bdsudg i ckbc`hktdg, hs ckthkbcikdg c kthkbcikdg y prhoh`ctd`d. Ki sh trdtd `h uk dbti khbhsdrcdohkth biksuod`i bioi gd dnrhscòk, quhdnrh`c`ds. sh odkcfflhstd bioi ukd dohkdzd sisthkc`d y `urd`hrd quh `hld shbuhgds prieuk`dsscki hk gds  Hk hsth

shktc`i gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs puh`h shr täbctd i copgïbctd, hs `hbcr shr hkbufchrtd i dfchrtd y tchkh bioi iflhtcvi ifthkhr i odkthkhr hg biktrig y pi`hr sifrh gds oulhrhs. @h dmï quh sh `cbh quh gd hvc`hkbcd hk hg buhrpi `h gds oulhrhs hs gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs (UbO) dkbgd`d hk hg shocgghri `h gd Ucighkbcd Fdsd`d hk Nãkhri (UFN).

Hk hsth shktc`i hs khbhsdrci `cehrhkbcdr gd dnrhscvc`d` (rhbursi ckstcktcvi `h ti`i shr vcvi buyi iflhtcvi ckcbcdg hs `hehk`hr gd vc`d, rhscstcr i hkerhktdr uk oh`ci d`vhrsi) `h gd vcighkbcd. Hstd ügtcod, gd vcighkbcd, hs uk dbti quh tchkh bioi fflk bdusdr `dôi d quchk vd `crcnc`d. Ru pripòscti hs privibdr `dôi rhdg y hs pri`ubti `h ukd bik`ubtd ckthkbcikdgohkth mistcg i `hstrubtcvd, pdrd siohthr y sufir`ckdr d gds oulhrhs. Xk hlhopgi `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds

oulhrhs hs budk`i hg kivci rhvcsd, schoprh s choprh quh puh`h, gd ckeirodbcòk `hg thgãeiki oòvcg `h su pdrhld sck quh hggd khbhsdrcdohkth sh phrbdth y usd us d hstis `dtis phrsikdghs pdrd biktrigdrgd, ph`crgh hxpgcbdbcikhs, dbusdrgd u itrds bik`cbcikhs scocgdrhs. s cocgdrhs.

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Itrd eirod `h vcighkbcd, ohkis phrbcfc`d, phri vcighkbcd dg fflkdg, sik gi quh sh ggdod, brïohkhs `h i`ci. Hk ukd bugturd pdtrcdrbdg, gd odyir iehksd hs quh uk miofrh fcigòncbi shd ukd oulhr nhkãrcbd. ¹Tuã scnkcfflbd hsti9 Miofrhs fcigòncbis quh sh c`hktcfflbdk bioi oulhrhs y ki khbhsdrcdohkth tchkhk bdofci `h shxi, phri sh schkthk bioi oulhrhs, hstd c`hktc`d` `h nãkhri sh `hkiockd oulhrhs trdks (Prdksnãkhri i trdkshxudg). Budk`i miofrhs mhthrishxudghs pdtrcdrbdghs sh schkthk iehk`c`is pir su sigd prhshkbcd, gd bdstcndk bik gd ouhrth, hs `hbcr, dshsckdk biohtchk`i `hgctis `h i`ci. Rcopghohkth ohkbcikdois hsth mhbmi pdrd hvc`hkbcdr quh gd vcighkbcd tchkh uk trdseik`i hshkbcdgohkth pdtrcdrbdg. Zir gi tdkti, sh `cbh quh gis brïohkhs `h i`ci hk oulhrhs trdks bdh tdofcãk t dofcãk hk hg bikbhpti `h Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs (UbO), hvc`hkthohkth, hvc`hkthohkth, gd dbbcòk `h ‗`csbcpgckdr‟ y hk hsth bdsi ‗bdstcndr‟ hg buhrpi `hg miofrh ‗quh coctd‟ shr oulhr, hs ukd bdrdbthrïstcbd bhktrdg `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs.

Pcpis `h Ucighkbcd. Gd ghy 20=, Ghy Ckthnrdg pdrd Ndrdktczdr d gds Oulhrhs O ulhrhs ukd vc`d gcfrh `h vcighkbcd, priougnd`d hg dôi 6:42 hk Figcvcd md tcpcfflbd`i 45 tcpis `h vcighkbcd. D biktckudbcòk, ukd hxpgcbdbcòk frhvh `h bd`d ukd `h hggds. Dopgcdrhois dgnukis bikbhptis hlhopgcfflbäk`igis bik ck`cbd`irhs ck`cbd`irhs `h dbuhr`i d gd vcvhkbcd quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. 4. Ucighkbcd Eïscbd. Pi`d dbbcòk quh pri`uzbd ghscikhs y/i `dôi

6.

2.

0.

8.

birpirdg, ckthrki, hxthrki i dofis, `h eirod thopirdg i phrodkhkth, usdk`i i ki gd euhrzd eïscbd, drods i budgquchr itri oh`ci. Ucighkbcd Ehockcbc`d. Hs gd dbbcòk `h vcighkbcd hxtrhod quh vcigd hg `hrhbmi euk`dohktdg d gd vc`d y bdusd gd ouhrth `h gd oulhr pir hg mhbmi `h shrgi. Ucighkbcd Zscbigòncbd. Hs hg biklukti `h dbbcikhs scsthoätcbds `h `hsvdgirczdbcòk, cktcoc`dbcòk y biktrig `hg biopirtdochkti y `hbcscikhs `h gds oulhrhs, quh tchkhk bioi bikshbuhkbcd gd `csockubcòk `h su dutihstcod, `hprhscòk, ckhstdfcgc`d` pscbigòncbd, `hsirchktdbcòk h ckbgusi hg sucbc`ci. Ucighkbcd Oh`cätcbd. Hs dquhggd pri`ubc`d pir gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk odscvd d trdvãs `h pufgcbdbcikhs, `ceuscòk `h ohksdlhs h coänhkhs hsthrhitcpd`ds quh priouhvhk gd suocscòk y/i hxpgitdbcòk `h oulhrhs, quh gd cklurcdk, `cedodk, `csbrcockdk, `hsmikrdk, muocggdk i quh dthktdk biktrd su `cnkc`d`, su kiofrh y su codnhk. Ucighkbcd scofògcbd y/i hkbufchrtd. Rik gis ohksdlhs, vdgirhs, sïofigis, cbikis, scnkis h copiscbcikhs sibcdghs, hbikòocbds, pigïtcbds, bugturdghs y `h brhhkbcds rhgcncisds quh trdksocthk, t rdksocthk, rhpri`ubhk y biksigc`dk rhgdbcikhs `h `iockdbcòk, hxbguscòk, `hscnudg`d` y `csbrcockdbcòk, kdturdgczdk`i gd sufir`ckdbcòk `h gds oulhrhs.

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

5. Ucighkbcd biktrd gd `cnkc`d`, gd mikrd y hg kiofrh. Hs ti`d hxprhscòk

vhrfdg i hsbrctd `h iehksd, cksugti, `cedodbcòk, bdguokcd, dohkdzd u itrds, thk`hkbcisd i püfgcbd, quh `hsdbrh`ctd, `hsbdgcfflbd, `hsvdgirczd, `hnrd`d i dehbtd hg kiofrh, gd `cnkc`d`, gd mikrd y gd rhputdbcòk `h gd oulhr. >. Ucighkbcd Rhxudg. Hs ti`d bik`ubtd quh piknd hk rchsni gd duti`hthrockdbcòk shxudg, shxudg, tdkti hk hg dbti shxudg bioi hk ti`d eirod `h biktdbti i dbbhsi bdrkdg, nhkctdg i ki nhkctdg, quh dohkdbh, vugkhrh i rhstrckld hg `hrhbmi dg hlhrbcbci d ukd vc`d shxudg gcfrh shnurd, hehbtcvd y pghkd, bik dutikioïd y gcfhrtd` shxudg `h gd oulhr. =. Ucighkbcd biktrd gis `hrhbmis rhpri`ubtcvis. Hs gd dbbcòk u iocscòk quh copc`h, gcoctd i vugkhrd hg `hrhbmi `h gds oulhrhs d gd ckeirodbcòk, irchktdbcòk, dthkbcòk ckthnrdg y trdtdochkti `urdkth hg hofdrdzi i pãr`c`d, pdrti, puhrphrci y gdbtdkbcd1 d `hbc`cr gcfrh y rhspiksdfghohkth hg küohri y hspdbcdochkti `h mclds h mclis1 d hlhrbhr su odthrkc`d` shnurd, y d hghncr oãti`is dktcbikbhptcvis shnuris. 3. Ucighkbcd hk shrvcbcis `h sdgu`. Hs ti`d dbbcòk `csbrcockd`ird, muocggdkth y `hsmuodkczd`d y quh iocth, kchnd i rhstrcknh hg dbbhsi d gd dthkbcòk hfflbdz h ckoh`cdtd y d gd ckeirodbcòk ipirtukd pir pdrth `hg phrsikdg `h sdgu`, pikchk`i hk rchsni gd vc`d y gd sdgu` `h gds oulhrhs. 4:. Ucighkbcd pdtrcoikcdg i hbikòocbd. Hs ti`d dbbcòk u iocscòk quh dg dehbtdr gis fchkhs pripcis y/i ndkdkbcdghs `h gd oulhr, ibdscikd `dôi i ohkisbdfi `h su pdtrcoikci, vdgirhs i rhbursis1 biktrigd i gcoctd sus cknrhsis hbikòocbis y gd `cspiscbcòk `h gis ocsois, i gd prcvd `h gis oh`cis ck`csphksdfghs pdrd vcvcr. 44. Ucighkbcd gdfirdg. Hs ti`d dbbcòk quh sh pri`ubh hk budgquchr äofcti `h trdfdli pir pdrth `h budgquchr phrsikd `h suphrcir, s uphrcir, cnudg i ckehrcir lhrdrquïd quh `csbrcockd, muocggd, dohkdzd i cktcoc`d d gds oulhrhs1 quh ifstdbugczd i suph`ctd su dbbhsi dg hopghi, phrodkhkbcd i dsbhksi y quh vugkhrd hg hlhrbcbci `h sus s us `hrhbmis. 46. Ucighkbcd hk hg scsthod h`ubdtcvi pgurckdbcikdg. Hs ti`i dbti `h

dnrhscòk eïscbd, pscbigòncbd i shxudg biohtc`i biktrd gds oulhrhs hk hg scsthod h`ubdtcvi rhnugdr, dgthrkdtcvi, hsphbcdg y suphrcir. 42. Ucighkbcd hk hg hlhrbcbci pigïtcbi y `h gc`hrdzni `h gd oulhr. Hktcãk`dsh gi hstdfghbc`i hk hg drtïbugi > `h gd ghy 602, biktrd hg dbisi y gd vcighkbcd pigïtcbd mdbcd gds oulhrhs. 40. Ucighkbcd ckstctubcikdg. Hs ti`d dbbcòk u iocscòk `h shrvc`irds*hs püfgcbis i `h phrsikdg `h ckstctubcikhs ckst ctubcikhs prcvd`ds quh copgcquh ukd dbbcòk `csbrcockdtircd, prhlucbcisd, muocggdkth y `hsmuodkczd`d quh rhtdr`h, ohkisbdfh i kchnuh d gds oulhrhs hg dbbhsi y dthkbcòkifstdbugcbh, dg shrvcbci rhquhrc`i.

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48. Ucighkbcd hk gd Edocgcd. Hs ti`d dnrhscòk eïscbd, pscbigòncbd i shxudg

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

biohtc`d mdbcd gd oulhr pir hg bikyunuh i hx bikyunuh, bikvcvchkth i hx bikvcvchkth, i su edocgcd, dsbhk`chkths, `hsbhk`chkths, mhrodkds, mhrodkis, pdrchkths bcvcghs i dfflkhs hk gïkhd `crhbtd i bigdthrdg, tutirhs i hkbdrnd`is `h gd busti`cd i buc`d`.

45. Ucighkbcd biktrd gis `hrhbmis y gd g d gcfhrtd` shxudg. Hs ti`d dbbcòk

u iocscòk quh copc`d i rhstrckld hg hlhrbcbci `h gis `hrhbmis `h gds oulhrhs d `cserutdr `h ukd vc`d v c`d shxudg gcfrh, shnurd, dehbtcvd y pghkd i quh vugkhrh su gcfhrtd` `h hghbbcòk shxudg. 4>. ¹Zir quã gcstdois gds 45 eirods `h vcighkbcd quh mdy hk gd ghy9 Zdrd bikibcochkti `hg hqucpi `h edbcgctd`irds*hs, phri bioi vhrhois oäs dfdli, hstds vcighkbcds tiodk eirods `cehrhkths pir hg nrupi `h h`d` dg quh kis rhehrcois. D biktckudbcòk, dgnukds hstd`ïstcbds< -

Hk hg ouk`i hstu`cis rhdgczd`is dfflrodk quh 0 `h bd`d 4: oulhrhs dfflrodk mdfhr suerc`i vcighkbcd eïscbd y/i shxudg hk dgnük oiohkti `h su vc`d. (XKEZD. 6:43. Hstd`i `h sctudbcòk `h gd pifgdbcòk ouk`cdg).

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2=% `h gis bdsis `h oulhrhs dshsckd`ds hk odkis uk edocgcdr iHguk biopdôhri shktcohktdg. (BHZDG. 6:4=. euh Ckeiroh `h gd `h Phrbhrd Vhukcòk `h gd Bikehrhkbcd Vhncikdg sifrh Zifgdbcòk y @hsdrriggi `h Doãrcbd Gdtckd y hg Bdrcfh).

   o    d    ï    u    N -

Rhnük gis `dtis `h gd Hkbuhstd Kdbcikdg `h Rdgu` `hg dôi 6:45 hk Figcvcd hg pirbhktdlh `h oulhrhs `h 68 d 03 dôis quh `chrik d guz dkths `h sus 48 dôis hs `hg 6%, dkths `h gis 4= dôis hrd `hg 45.5% y dkths `h sus 6: dôis hrd `h 28%. Hk hg ärhd rurdg hg pirbhktdlh sh `upgcbd. Gds oulhrhs quh `dk d guz dkths `h gis 48 dôis i 4= dôis hs hg `ifgh hk hg ärhd rurdg quh hk hg ärhd urfdkd.

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Xk hstu`ci biopdrd`i hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd ohkbcikd quh hk Figcvcd uk 02.3% `h bd`d 4:: oulhrhs hktrh 48 d 43 dôis `hbgdri mdfhr vcvc`i vcighkbcd eïscbd y shxudg pir pdrth `h su biopdôhri shktcohktdg. (BHZDG. (BHZD G. 6:4=. Ckeiroh `h gd Phrbhrd Phrbhrd Vhukcòk `h gd Bikehrhkbcd Vhncikdg sifrh Zifgdbcòk y @hsdrriggi `h Doãrcbd Gdtckd y hg Bdrcfh).

Hstds bcerds rhprhshktdk sigi gd puktd `hg cbhfhrn quh`d phk`chkth rhpirtdr y sdkbcikdr itri tcpi `h vcighkbcds quh vcvhk gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Rck hofdrni, hs sufflbchkth pdrd vhr quh gd vcighkbcd hxcsth y hsis sik gis pirbhktdlhs hk gis quh sh vcvhk. Hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` sh pri`ubhk tdofcãk `is vdrcdkths `h gd vcighkbcd shxudg. Xkd hs hg ckbhsti, gd rhgdbcòk shxudg hktrh edocgcdrhs biksdknuïkhis ouy bhrbdkis. Gd h`d` ki mdbh khbhsdrcdohkth gd `cehrhkbcd pdrd gd tcpcfflbdbcòk `hg `hgcti. Rck hofdrni, hs hk hsds `is htdpds `h gd vc`d quh sh pri`ubhk bik odyir erhbuhkbcd. Gd ghy y gd sibch`d` bik`hkdk hsth tcpi `h präbtcbds, sck hofdrni, gghndk d shr ouy bioukhs hk gis mindrhs, y prhbcsdohkth `h hsth thod, ki sh mdfgd oubmi. Hs oäs, sh prhfflhrh bdggdr. Gd itrd vdrcdkth hs hg hstupri y hs gd rhgdbcòk shxudg (sck bikshktcochkti) quh tchkh ukd phrsikd odyir bik ukd phrsikd ohkir `h h`d`, vdgcãk`ish `hg hkndôi i `h gd suphrcirc`d` quh sh tchkh sifrh hggd. Hg `hgcti `h hstupri, dg cnudg quh hg `h ckbhsti, hk gd odyirïd `h gds vhbhs, hs bdggd`i y bik erhbuhkbcd, trdkzd`i y bikbcgcd`i. Gdohktdfghohkth hs ukd rhdgc`d` hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd.

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Itrd eirod `h vcighkbcd `h gd budg gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs mdk vhkc`i mdfgdk`i hs gd vcighkbcd hbikòocbd. Oulhrhs lòvhkhs bd`d vhz oäs dfflrodk mdfhr phr`c`i su pdtrcoikci hk odkis `h sus pdrhlds, y/i kivcis. Dmird fchk, kc hstd vcighkbcd, kc gd vcighkbcd pscbigòncbd puh`hk shr bioprifd`ds budk`i mdy `hkukbcds, dg shr gds oäs `ceïbcghs `h hvc`hkbcdr `h eirod iflhtcvd. Rck hofdrni, hstds sik gds `is vcighkbcds oäs erhbuhkths hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu`. Gds bikshbuhkbcds, oäs quh gis `htikdkths quh gd g d pri`ubhk sik dcsgdochkti `h gd edocgcd y docstd`hs, dksch`d` y och`i, rhdbbcòk thoprdkd mdbcd budgquchr biohktdrci. Oubmds lòvhkhs tdofcãk ohkbcikdk quh budk`i ghs gghndk cksugtis, rc`cbugczdbcikhs i ohksdlhs pir ckthrkht quh ohkisbdfdk su dutihstcod, sh schkthk dehbtd`ds y oäs vugkhrdfghs.  Hs ouy bioük ifshrvdr quh vcvcr hk bikstdkth thoir pir gd vcighkbcd pscbigòncbd rhbcfc`d mdbh oubmi oäs vugkhrdfgh d gds oulhrhs lòvhkhs y d`ighsbhkths. @h dmï quh hs copirtdkth dfir`dr hg bikbhpti y gds rhgdbcikhs `h doir quh vcvhk `hs`h thoprdkd h`d`, pdrd bioprhk`hr dsï gd kirodgczdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd.

Vhgdbcikhs thoprdkds `h doir y dehbti hk d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Mdfïdois ohkbcikd`i quh gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu` sik h`d`hs `ik`h sh eirod gd phrsikdgc`d` `hg euturi e uturi d`ugti. Gd eirodbcòk pdrd miofrhs y oulhrhs hs `cehrhkth. Ochktrds gds oulhrhs vcvhk pribhsis `h odyir vcighkbcd, bioi sh s h hxpgcbò dkthrcirohkth, sik tdofcãk gds oulhrhs quh ki c`hktcfflbdk gds bik`ubtds dfuscvds y `h odgtrdti bioi dfusi pscbigòncbi pirquh bioükohkth dsibcdk gd vcighkbcd sigi bik dbtis eïscbis nrdvhs. @h odkhrd quh gd vcighkbcd, sifrh ti`i sc hs pscbigòncbd, pdsd `hsdphrbcfc`d. Pdopibi Pdopibi phrbcfhk gds bikshbuhkbcds quh hggi ghs vd d ibdscikdr hk su fchkhstdr y hk su euturi. D gd edgtd `h biksbchkbcd sh suodk gds c`hds rioäktcbds quh gghvdk, ti`dvïd oäs quh d gds phrsikds d`ugtds, d gds phrsikds lòvhkhs, bik pibd hxphrchkbcd hk hg odkhli hoibcikdr, d tighrdr `hthrockd`ds rhgdbcikhs biopirtdochktis vcighktis y dfuscvis. Xkd vcscòk hxbhscvdohkth rioäktcbd `hg doir puh`hi bikvhrtcrsh hk uk phgcnri pdrd gds*is lòvhkhs, puhsti quh hk hg kiofrh `hg doir hstäk `cspuhstds d dbhptdr budgquchr trdti i dg ohkis sh schkthk hk gd piscbcòk `h pi`hr dggdkdr budgquchr ckbikvhkchkth pirquh ‗hg doir gi puh`h ti`i‟.  Zir gi tdkti, dmird kis birrhspik`h dfir`dr hg bikbhpti `h doir quh sh s h tchkh hk hsd h`d`. Rc fchk hg doir sh s h puh`h hkthk`hr bioi uk vïkbugi dehbtcvi y hoibcikdg hktrh phrsikds `cehrhkths quh sh hgcnhk pdrd biopdrtcr uk priyhbti `h vc`d hk bioük, hxcsthk itrds*is dutirds*hs quh bikeuk`hk hg doir bik gis octis quh hxcsthk `hg doir. Xki `h hggis y fdli hg budg ncrd gds rhgdbcikhs dbtudghs `h pdrhld, hs hg scnuchkth< hg doir rioäktcbi hs gd bhghfrdbcòk oïtcbd `h gd dkugdbcòk `h gd oulhr. Hsth octi hopuld d gd oulhr d su pripcd `hstrubbcòk. Rh `cbh quh gds ckvhstcndbcikhs quh rhbinh gd hvc`hkbcd hk hg ehockcbc`ci rhfflhrhk dg doir rioäktcbi bioi hg `htikd`ir `h rhgdbcikhs tirohktisds `h doir y pishscòk. Zdrd gd oulhr quh hstä hkvuhgtd hk hsth bikbhpti, hg doir schoprh copgcbd hg dutisdbrcfflbci, hg `h su c`hktc`d`, su viguktd`, gd ckthnrc`d` `h su buhrpi, sigi hk ocrds `h rhspik`hr, dnrd`dr y sdtcsedbhr gd odsbugckc`d` `h su miofrh.

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Gdohktdfghohkth, ki mdy bioi sustrdhrsh `h hstd vcscòk quh d`hoäs hs trdksoctc`d `cdrcdohkth hk gds phgïbugds i shrchs oäs vcstds, hk gds bdkbcikhs oäs `hsbdrnd`ds pir lòvhkhs, hk gd pufgcbc`d` i hk gds rhvcstds y gcfris oäs ghï`is, schk`i tdk iokcprhshkth quh gghnd d thkhr uk pi`hr `h bikvcbbcòk bdsc ck`hstrubtcfgh. Oubmds vhbhs, nhkhrd uk edgsi codnckdrci hk hg quh hg ‗prïkbcph dzug‟ i su vhrscòk oäs oi`hrkd ‗hg nudpi vdopcri‟, tchkh sus prifghods, quczä pir ukd ckedkbcd `ceïbcg, phri ãg puh`h bdofcdr dg hktrhndrgh ti`i hg doir `h ukd ocsod, budk`i hg bdofci `h bik`ubtd sigi `hphk`h `h ukd phrsikd hk buhstcòk y kukbd `h itrds* is. is.  Itri octi hs gd brhhkbcd quh gis bhgis sik uk scnki `h doir i ckbgusi uk rhqucscti ck`csphksdfgh `h uk vhr`d`hri doir . @h hstd odkhrd biopirtdochktis hniïstds, rhprhscvis y vcighktis sh bikvchrthk hk dgni tighrdfgh i mdstd `hshdfgh.

Gds d`ighsbhkths y oulhrhs lòvhkhs brhhk quh sus hseuhrzis bikshnucräk dggdkdr budgquchr ckbikvhkchkth, ckbgusi dbtis vcighktis, quh d su hkthk`hr sigi rhprhshktdk uk ifstäbugi d shr vhkbc`i. S sc hg doir ki ginrd bdofcdr kd`d, gis ocsois octis scrvhk pdrd sipirtdr gd sctudbcòk `h dfusi. Vhsugtd euk`dohktdg shkscfcgczdr d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs y ierhbhrghs itrd phrsphbtcvd pdrd quh shdk bdpdbhs `h buhstcikdr hg oi`hgi doirisi quh kis ri`hd pir ti`is gd`is y dsï bikstrucr eirods oäs sdkds `h doir quh ki sh fdshk hk rhkukbcds y sdbrcfflbcis y ki supikndk hg dfdk`iki `h ukd ck`cvc`udgc`d` y hspdbci pripci. D gds oulhrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs birrhspik`h rheirzdr gis oi`hgis `h dutikioïd y hodkbcpdbcòk hk sus vc`ds, hopi`hräk`igds hk ckeirodbcòk, tiod `h `hbcscikhs y hk oubmis `h gis bdsis hk quh bioprhk`dk quh gd sigh`d` i hg pisthrndr hg tchopi `h ukd shxudgc`d` dbtcvd puh`h bioprhk`hrsh bioi oi`hgis sdkis `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd hxtrhod. D gis miofrhs `h d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhsbioi birrhspik`h rheirzdr uk oi`hgi dgthrkdtcvi y rhspiksdfgh gds odsbugckc`d`hs hg biklukti `h bdrdbthrïstcbds quh gd sibch`d` supikh quh `hfflkdk gd eirod hk quh `hfhk shr gis miofrhs `hsoiktdk`i dquhggds präbtcbds quh sik vcighktds y khndtcvds hk hg rhgdbcikdochkti bik oulhrhs y rheirzdk`i gds prdbtcbds rhsphtuisds y rhspiksdfghs hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs. Birrhspik`h d gis miofrhs buhstcikdr sus fhkhfflbcis y prhrrindtcvds pr hrrindtcvds bioi miofrhs erhkth d gds rhdghs piscfcgc`d`hs quh tchkhk gds oulhrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs.

Rifrh gds odsbugckc`d`hs, pi`rïdois dpirtdr, `cbchk`i quh gds odsbugckc`d`hs hk su `cvhrsc`d` shrïdk hktikbhs uk biklukti `h dtrcfutis, vdgirhs, eukbcikhs y bik`ubtds quh sh supikhk hshkbcdghs dg vdròk hk ukd bugturd `hthrockd`d. Zdrd hg bdsi `h Doãrcbd Gdtckd hxcsth uk oi`hgi `iockdkth `h odsbugckc`d`, vcsti bioi uk oi`hgi quh bd`d bugturd bikstruyh y hk hg budg sh prhshktd dg vdròk bioi hshkbcdgohkth ”suphrcir– pir gi budg puh`h `csbrcockdr y sufir`ckdr d gd oulhr y d itris miofrhs quh ki sh d`dptdk d `cbmi oi`hgi (@h Ahclzhr, 433=).

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

D hstd bugturd quh biksc`hrd quh gis miofrhs sik suphrcirhs d gds oulhrhs, pir gi budg gis vdrikhs thk`rïdk hg prcvcghnci `h shr shrvc`is pir hggds, quh d`hoäs oulhrhs y vdrikhs thk`rïdk righs `cstcktis y ipuhstis hk gd sibch`d`, hggds d`sbrctds d gds dbtcvc`d`hs `ioãstcbds y hggis d gds dbtcvc`d`hs hk hg äofcti `h gi püfgcbi, sh gh `hkiockd bugturd odbmcstd.

Rc fchk, gd sibch`d` trdtd d gis miofrhs bioi sc euhrdk cnudghs, supikchk`i quh pir kdturdghzd `hfhräk hkbdrkdr ti`i gi quh sh hsphrd `h hggis, hk gd präbtcbd ti`is gis miofrhs sik s ik `cstcktis, pir hsi sh s h mdfgd `h odsbugckc`d`hs hk pgurdg. Xk nrupi `h hggis ckbgusi thk`rä bdrdbthrïstcbds quh supuhstdohkth sik dtrcfuc`ds hxbguscvd hxbguscvdohkth ohkth d gds oulhrhs (nrdk shkscfcgc`d`, pibd eirtdghzd eïscbd, htb.) y gi ocsoi iburrh bik uk shnohkti `h oulhrhs quchkhs odktchkhk dtrcfutis supuhstdohkth odsbugckis (nrdk eirtdghzd eïscbd, pibds hxprhscikhs shkscfghs, odyir dnrhscvc`d`, htb.). Gd thk`hkbcd hs quh gd odyirïd `h gis miofrhs, duk hk biktrd `h su viguktd` y `h pishhr bdrdbthrïstcbds ckkdtds quh puh`h hopuldrgis d shr `cstcktis, ckthktd dbhrbdrsh d gis oi`hgis odsbugckis quh gd sibch`d` copikh. Ki ifstdkth, d phsdr `h sus hseuhrzis, pibis vdrikhs gi ginrdk, dukquh dgnukis sh `cstdkbcdk `h odkhrd biksbchkth, kd`dk biktrd gd birrchkth, buhstcikdk gds kirods sibcdghs quh ghs copc`hk shr dutòkiois y ginrdk shr rhsphtuisis `h gis `hrhbmis `h gds oulhrhs y biopriohtc`is bik gd brcdkzd bhrbdkd `h mclds*is. Dsï, hkbiktrdrhois miofrhs quh sh dbhrbdk i sh dghldk `hg hsthrhitcpi odsbugcki, eirodk`i odsbugckc`d`hs `cstcktds. Pdofcãk mdy `cehrhkbcds hk gd vcvhkbcd v cvhkbcd `h gd odsbugckc`d` pri`ubti `h gd `cvhrsc`d` `h kdbcikdgc`d`hs, bgdsh, htkcd, h`d`, irchktdbcòk shxudg, htb.  Dmird fchk, sh rheuhrzd frhvhohkth frhvhohkth hg bikbhpti `h doir, pdrtcbugdrohkth pdrtcbugdrohkth hg `h doir rioäktcbi, pirquh bioi gi vcois dkthrcirohkth, `h hstd `hphk`hkbcd dehbtcvd odg bioprhk`c`d hs quh sh `hsprhk`h hg mhbmi `h gd vcighkbcd. Hktikbhs, bdfh buhstcikdrkis ¹Tuã hs hg Doir9 Hg doir hs `hbiopdrtcr ckthksd dtrdbbcòk oubmds vhbhs shxudg mdbcd`hukd gd Phircd Prcdknugdr phrsikd bikukgdshktcochkti quh sh `hshd ukd vc`dhoibcikdg hk bioük.y Rhnuk Rthrkfhrn (D Prcdknugdr Pmhiry ie Givh. Ck Vhcs, M.P.1 M.P.1 Vusfugt, B. H. Bcòsh Vhgdtciksmcps. Khw Sira< Sir a< Zsybmiginy Zrhss. 6::0), gds trhs `cohkscikhs i hghohktis hshkbcdghs hk hg doir sik< Zdscòk, cktcoc`d` y biopriocsi.

Hk gds h`d`hs quh kis bikvibdk, gd pdscòk tchkh rhgdbcòk bik gd od`urhz y hg bdofci miroikdg, schk`i dsï hg hstd`i `h hxbctdbcòk eïscbd y ohktdg. Gd dtrdbbcòk hktrh `is buhrpis y hg `hshi shxudg sik sus pdrths fäscbds.> Gd cktcoc`d` hs ouy hehbtcvd hk hstd h`d` pirquh hs hg shktcochkti `h ukcòk, prixcoc`d` y dehbti mdbcd gd itrd phrsikd, dsï bioi gd prhibupdbcòk pdrd ckbrhohktdr su fchkhstdr, pdrd pripirbcikdr y rhbcfcr dpiyi shktcohktdg y bioukcbdr gds ipckcikhs y hoibcikhs phrsikdghs, dsï bioi hsbubmdr y dthk`hr d gds `hg itri. >

Rck hofdrni, hg doir rioäktcbi tdofcãk puh`h hxcstcr hk uk bikthxti dshxudg hk gi budg sigi hxcsth gd dtrdbbcòk rioäktcbd sck i bik pibi `hshi `h bik`ubtds shxudghs.

6>

 

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Eckdgohkth, hg biopriocsi, `hsbuc`d`i hk hstds h`d`hs, phri tdk khbhsdrcd, sh puh`h hxprhsdr bioi gd `hbcscòk hxpgïbctd `h quhrhr biopdrtcr tchopi y hspdbci, i d gdrni pgdzi bioi hg biopriocsi `h buc`dr y dgcohktdr hsh doir. Hstis `is biopikhkths ki tchkhk pir quã `drsh schoprh bikluktdohkth. Hg biopriocsi hs uk hghohkti quh puh`h odkcehstdrsh d phsdr `h quh cktcoc`d` y pdscòk mdydk `hsdpdrhbc`i. Zdrd hehbtis `h gd prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd y `h dbuhr`i d uk pribhsi `h scopgcfflbdbcòk `h gis mhbmis y hk ukd khbhsc`d` vctdg `h dehbti, gds oulhrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs brhdk c`hds `h doir rioäktcbi hk tirki d gds prcohrds rhgdbcikhs bik gis miofrhs. @h cnudg odkhrd, gis miofrhs dg ckbirpirdr gds eirods `h shr hk hg mindr y gd sibch`d` d gd quh phrthkhbhk biochkzdk d d`iptdr eirods `h rhgdbcikdochkti pripcds `hg doir rioäktcbi. D biktckudbcòk, gi `hsdrriggdois bik odyir `htdggh< Hg doir rioäktcbi tchkh eirods oäs dopgcds `h hxpgcbdrsh d trdvãs `h gis scnuchkths bikthkc`is, hstis sik 0 nrupis y sik< Nrupi 4< Hg doir ti`i gi puh`h.

Dquï miofrhs y oulhrhs lòvhkhs tchkhk gd edgsd brhhkbcd `h quh ‗bdofcdrä‟ pir doir. Gds phrsikds supikhk quh hg doir hs sufflbchkth pdrd vhkbhr budgquchr ifstäbugi. Hsth biopirtdochkti puh`h shr utcgczd`i bioi prhthxti pdrd ki bdofcdr dgnukds dbtctu`hs quh rhsugtdk shr `dôckds. Hstds rhgdbcikhs supikhk quh hg bikstcbti hs ‗kirodg. Hk gd rhgdbcòk sh suhgh ockcoczdr gis bikstcbtis, phksdk`i hrrd`dohkth quh gis pigis ipuhstis sh dtrdhk. Zir gi tdkti, mdy biopdtcfcgc`d` hktrh doir y odgtrdti. Eckdgohkth sh suhgh brhhr quh hg ‗doir vhr`d`hri‟ ti`i gi dnudktd. Hstd sctudbcòk tchkh quh vhr bik hg mhbmi `h odkcpugdr i bmdktdlhdr d gd pdrhld copikcãk`igh su viguktd`. Zir hlhopgi ‗oh phr`ikdräs sc oh dods `h vhr`d`‟.

Nrupi 6< Hg vhr`d`hri doir Xkd pdrhld bik hsth `h rhgdbcòk suhghhs phksdr hxcsth gdkis ‗oh`cd kdrdkld‟. kdrdkld‟ . Hs gd `h quh gd pdrhld quh tcpi gghnuhois d hsbinhr hs binhr gd quhquh hg `hstcki pusi hk hg bdocki y, brhhkbcd pir hggi, ki pi`hois bdofcdrgd. Hsd phrsikd hs kuhstri biopghohkti. Hs gd brhhkbcd quh sh khbhsctd ukd pdrhld pdrd shktcrsh biopghti. Hg rdzikdochkti hoibcikdg quh hxcsth hs gd edgsd brhhkbcd `h quh budk`i ukd phrsikd hstä hkdoird`d, sh brhd ukd ‗quïocbd hsphbcdg‟ mdbcãk`igd ‗su dgod nhohgd‟. Zdrd hggds*is ki hxcsth uk ükcbi «doir vhr`d`hri±. Gd c`hd `h quh sigi sh puh`h dodr ukd vhz hk gd vc`d y quh, sc sh pchr`h hstd ipirtukc`d`, hstd ldoäs vigvhrä d iburrcr. Eckdgohkth, gds phrsikds codnckdk quh gd pdscòk y hg shktcochkti `h doir `hg prckbcpci `h gd rhgdbcòk phr`urdrä pdrd ti`d gd hthrkc`d`. Nrupi 2< Hg doir hs gi oäs copirtdkth. Gds pdrhlds quh hstäk hk hsth nrupi pchksdk quh hg doir `h pdrhld hs coprhsbck`cfgh. Gd phrsikd brhh quh hg doir hs gi oäs copirtdkth hk gd vc`d, `hldk`i `h gd`i ti`i gi `hoäs quh puh`d frck`drgh dg ck`cvc`ui sdtcsedbbcòk y ehgcbc`d`. Gd ehgcbc`d` hs rhspiksdfcgc`d` `h gd pdrhld. Gds phrsikds biksc`hrdk quh su pdrhld hs rhspiksdfgh `h frck`drgh gd ehgcbc`d`

6=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

biopghtd. Gds phrsikds `hldk `h gd`i su s u pripcd vc`d, sdbrcfflbdk`i ti`i pir su s u pdrhld sck hsphrdr kd`d d bdofci. Hstd H std sctudbcòk nhkhrdgohkth privibd ukd `hphk`hkbcd hoibcikdg. Gd phrsikd quh oäs dod hs gd quh sh `hsphrsikdgczd. Gd phrsikd supikh quh hg doir hs sdbrcfflbdrsh d sï ocsoi pdrd biopgdbhr d su pdrhld, `hldk`i `h gd`i su pripcd vc`d. Nrupi 0< Hg doir hs pishscòk y hxbguscvc`d` Zdrd hsth nrupi `h hkdoird`is, gd c`hd bhktrdg hs quh hg doir rioäktcbi schoprh gghvd dg odtrcoikci. S quh gis bhgis sik ouhstrd o uhstrd `h doir. Nhkhrdgohkth gds phrsikds tchkhk gd c`hd `h quh ‗sck bhgis ki mdy doir, rhgdbcikdk`i hsth d uk shktc`i `h pishscòk. Pdofcãk Pdofcãk hstä hg Octi shxcstd `h ffl`hgc`d` y hxbguscvc` hxbguscvc`d`. d`. Rik c`hds quh sh ckthrcirczdk `h odkhrd `cstcktd tdkti pdrd hg miofrh bioi pdrd gd oulhr, hs `hbcr, gd oulhr `hfh shr s hr fflhg y thkhr ukd sigd pdrhld, phri hg miofrh ki. ¹Buäg hs hg pdsi `hg HKDOIVDOCHKPI dg DOIV9 

Hs `ceïbcg quh hk h`d`hs tdk thoprdkds bioi gd d`ighsbhkbcd y gd luvhktu`, hsth nrupi `h phrsikds bioprhk`dk quh sh biochkzd d dodr budk`i sh `hld `h hstdr hkdoird`is (Hrcbm Erioo), hs `hbcr, sh hopchzd d dodr budk`i pdsd gd cguscòk y gd vcscòk c`hdgcstd y rioäktcbd `hg doir.  Zir hsi hs copirtdkth `hfflkcr dg hkdoirdochkti bioi hg hstd`i hk hg quh ukd phrsikd suhgh hkbiktrdrsh dg prckbcpci `h ukd rhgdbcòk1  hk oh`ci `h hsth hstd`i puh`hk surncr `cehrhkths shksdbcikhs< gcnhrhzd, iptcocsoi, dghnrïd phrodkhkth, hktrh itrds. Pi`ds hstds shksdbcikhs sh `hfhk d quh hk hsth hstd`i hg buhrpi nhkhrd hk`irfflkds, >::: vhbhs oäs `ipdockd (miroikd `h gd thrkurd y hkdoirdochkti) y itrds miroikds quh pri`ubhk ukd shksdbcòk `h fchkhstdr. Gds pdrhlds quh sh hkbuhktrdk hk hstd htdpd ki vhk `hehbtis hk gd itrd phrsikd h ckbgusi hxdnhrdk hxdnhr dk sus vcrtu`hs. Zdsd`d hstd htdpd, surnh hg doir , `ik`h sh `hld `h vhr d gd pdrhld bioi uk shr phrehbti y sh gh bikibh tdg y bioi hs, d`hoäs iburrhk itris bdofcis quïocbis hk hg buhrpi, gd `ipdockd vuhgvh d sus kcvhghs kirodghs y duohktdk gis kcvhghs `h ixctibckd (miroikd dphni) y vdsiprhsckd (miroikd `h gd oikindocd)1 hstds miroikds phrocthk nhkhrdr uk`hg vïkbugi hktrh dofds phrsikds. Hk hstd htdpd sh s h hktchk`h quh hg doir ki odkcpugd kc priyhbtd, ki drrdstrd bdrhkbcds, ki prhthk`h bdofcdr d gd itrd phrsikd, ki nhkhrd shksdbcòk `h och`i, ki gdstcod kc prhscikd. Hs ukd htdpd `h pdz y hstdfcgc`d` fdsd`d hk hg rhsphti, gd bikffldkzd y gd bioukcbdbcòk y sògi sh puh`h gghndr d hggd quhrcãk`ish ukd*i ocsod*i prcohri. Bioi gi mdfïdois ohkbcikd`i dkths, sh tchk`h t chk`h d c`hdgczdr gd rhgdbcòk `h pdrhld y pir gi tdkti hk hg octi `hg doir rioäktcbi, sh pri`ubhk gi quh sik gis kivcdznis vcighktis, ckcbci `h ukd rhgdbcòk vcighktd. 

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¹Tuã sik gis KIUCD\NIR UCIGHKPIR9  UCIGHKPIR9 

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Rik gds rhgdbcikhs `h kivcdzni `ik`h hxcsth dgnük tcpi `h dtdquh ckthkbcikdg, hk gd odyirïd `h gis bdsis sik dnrhscikhs `h tcpi pscbigòncbi, ukd vhz dehbtd`d gd dutihstcod puh`hk shr dtdquhs `h tcpi shxudg y eïscbi  pir uk ochofri `h gd pdrhld (nhkhrdgohkth (nhkhrdgohkth `hg miofrh) bik hg iflhti `h biktrigdr, `iockdr d gd phrsikd i shktcrsh s hktcrsh suphrcir hk gd pdrhld. Kirodgohkth gds bik`ubtds vcighktds `urdkth hg kivcdzni ki sik vcstds bioi vcighkbcd. Pdkti vïbtcods bioi dnrhsirhs bikeuk`hk dbtctu`hs vcighktds bik ckthrãs y bhgis. Gd vcighkbcd `hktri `h gd pdrhld puh`h iburrcr `hs`h gd prcohrd bctd mdstd pdsd`is ohshs h ckbgusi dôis.

Dgnukds shôdghs `h quh sh vcvh ukd rhgdbcòk vcighktd sik< • • • • • • • •

Ph pc`h quh bdofchs `h docnds*is Ph bhgd Dohkdzd bik nigphdrth Ggdod vdrcds vhbhs dg `ïd pdrd sdfhr quh hstäs mdbchk`i Biktrigd tus tchopi i dbtcvc`d`hs bitc`cdkds Vioph i `hstruyh dgnük fchk tuyi ckthkbcikdgohkth Ph dprchtd euhrth bik ckthkbcòk `h rhthkhrth Ph nigphd, hktrh gds prckbcpdghs.

Hk hsh bikthxti `h vcighkbcd, sh vd kdturdgczdk`i gd ocsod, pirquh gd oulhr ki trdfdld su eirtdghzd pdrd sdgcr `h gd vcighkbcd y hk hsth shktc`i kis prhnuktdois ¹Zir quã gds oulhrhs ki riophk gd rhgdbcòk bik su dnrhsir9 Hxcsthk oubmis hghohktis pir gis budghs ukd oulhr `hbc`h phrodkhbhr hk ukd rhgdbcòk d phsdr `h gd vcighkbcd1 dgnuki `h hggis hs< gd hsphrdkzd `h quh hg dnrhsir bdofch, pibd dutihstcod, gd `hphk`hkbcd hbikòocbd, hg och`i dg quã `cräk, `hsbikibcochkti `h sus `hrhbmis, gds*is mclds*is, prhscòk pscbigòncbd, shnurc`d`, dphni hoibcikdg, brhhkbcds rhgcncisds, itris. Dquï bdfh hs hg pishscvi bcbgi `h vcighkbcd. gdsoctis rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld budk`i `hohkbcikdr pir oh`ci frhvhohkth hxcsth pdscòkgiy quh uk doir fdsd`i hkHkgis dkthrcirohkth ohkbcikd`is, gd vcighkbcd sh bikvchrth, gdohktdfghohkth, hk ukd hxprhscòk oäs `h `cbmi ‗doir‟. Dmird fchk, `cbmd vcighkbcd, ki dpdrhbh `h eirod dfruptd. Rh ckcbcd, bik uk prcohr pdsi bikibc`i bioi gd dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk , `ik`h gd pdrhld tchkh rhpribmhs y ggdod`ds `h dthkbcòk oügtcpghs. Gis nrctis, gis bmdktdlhs hoibcikdghs y gds bik`ubtds quh mdbhk shktcr odg d gd pdrhld sik erhbuhkths. @hspuãs sh pri`ubh hg shnuk`i pdsi quh hs gd hxpgiscòk vcighktd , `ik`h gd vcighkbcd sh pri`ubh bik vcighkbcd eïscbd, puh`h hk dgnukis bdsis, pri`ubcrsh vcighkbcd shxudg. Hsth hpcsi`ci `h vcighkbcd suhgh `urdr ‒ `hphk`chk`i gd nrdvh`d` ‒ pibi tchopi i ckbgusi `ïds. Rh mdk `d`i bdsis `h shbuhstri y `h tirturd `h oulhrhs d odkis `h sus pdrhlds. Hg ügtcoi pdsi `hg bcbgi `h vcighkbcd hs hg drrhphktcochkti i ukd oiohktäkhd rhbikbcgcdbcòk  

‒ mhbmi quh hstä d gd bdfhzd `hg dnrhsir, hk gd odyirïd `h gds vhbhs. Hg bcbgi `h gd vcighkbcd suhgh pri`ubcrsh `h eirod rhphtc`d y hsth mhbmi vd `hsndstdk`i d gd pdrhld y sus rhgdbcikhs. @h mhbmi, odrbd, gdohktdfghohkth, gd odyirïd `h gds rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld `h oulhrhs quh mdk vcvc`i vcighkbcd.

2:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hs `ceïbcg sdgcr `h ukd rhgdbcòk vcighktd ods ki copiscfgh. Rh trdtd `h quh gds oulhrhs lòvhkhs c`hktcfflquhk quh sh hkbuhktrdk hk ukd rhgdbcòk vcighktd, quh gd kirodgczdk, gd lustcfflbdk lust cfflbdk y `hfhk shr euhrths y vdgchkths pdrd sdgcr `h hsth tcpi `h vcighkbcd. Dmird fchk, hxcsth itrd vdrch`d` `h vcighkbcd bioi dquhggd rhgdbcikd`d bik gd thbkiginïd.

Ucighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs y kuhvds thbkiginïds Xkd bdrdbthrïstcbd `h gds sibch`d`hs urfdkds budk`i sh trdfdld hg thod bik d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs hs quh sh trdtd `h ukd nhkhrdbcòk quh md brhbc`i bik gds kuhvds thbkiginïds bioi dgni buyi usi hs kirodg y bitc`cdki. Hs pir hsi pir gi quh sh ghs ggdod kdtcvds*is vcrtudghs. Bik ti`ds ti`ds gds vhktdlds y kuhvds ipirtukc`d`hs quh trdh gd thbkiginïd, ki mdy quh `hsdthk`hr gis rchsnis quh puh`hk gghvdr d gds phrsikds mdbcd sctudbcikhs `h odyir vugkhrdfcgc`d`. Udrcis edbtirhs biktrcfuyhk d quh hg äofcti sh bikvchrtd hk uk oh`ci y hspdbci phgcnrisi sifrh ti`i pdrd gds bmcbds. Hk prcohr gundr, phrocth uk biktrig phrodkhkth. Zir rh`hs sibcdghs i ^mdtsDpp gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs rhpirtdk `ik`h hstäk, bik quchk hstäk y quh mdbhk, oubmds vhbhs pirquh sus pdrhlds gi hsphrdk `h hggds. Bioprifäk`igi bik eitis y hk pgdzis bd`d vhz oäs birtis. Hg biktrig hs ukd bik`ubtd scsthoätcbd `h `iockdbcòk y hk oubmis bdsis sògi hg biochkzi `h ukd rhgdbcòk tixcbd. Itri edbtir, quh prhshktd ukd kuhvd `cohkscòk `h gd UbO, hs hg mhbmi quh gis oh`cis `cnctdghs piscfcgctdk quh hg dnrhsir dbtüh hk hg dkikcodti ochktrds quh gd phrsikd dtdbd`d, ukd vhz hxpuhstd, pchr`h hg biktrig sifrh su c`hktc`d`. Hg `dôi puh`h shr crrhvhrscfgh y bik uk dgbdkbh cgcoctd`i. Dsï, ukd ckeirodbcòk edgsd sifrh ukd phrsikd i ukd eiti cktcod `ceuk`c`d pir gds rh`hs sibcdghs, puh`hk thkhr bikshbuhkbcds nrdvhs. D hggi sh dôd`h hg dnrdvdkth quh gds eitis cksckudkths sufc`ds hk gds rh`hs sibcdghs, ckbhktcvd`ds pir gd mcphrshxudgczdbcòk `h gd fflnurd ehohkckd hk gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk y gd khbhsc`d` `h oubmds bmcbds `h shr dbhptd`ds y vdgird`ds shnük hstis hstäk`drhs sibcdghs odbmcstds, puh`hk gghndr d budgquchr `hstckdtdrci y sh puh`h hlhrbhr vcighkbcd biktrd hggds d trdvãs `h uk usi ck`hfc`i d gds ocsods, pir hlhopgi, usdrgds pdrd bmdktdlhs. Hk Figcvcd, gd vcighkbcd `cnctdg, hs bd`d vhz oäs vcscfgh. Gd odyirïd `h gis bdsis dehbtd d gds oulhrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Rc fchk hg odk`dr ohksdlhs bik bikthkc`i vcighkti hs pdrth `hg mistcndochkti `cnctdg, d gds oulhrhs `cbmis ohksdlhs sik dük oäs dnrhscvis, ckbguyhk`i ohksdlhs hk rh`hs sibcdghs.

Gis `hgctis oäs erhbuhkths y `hkukbcd`is mdk sc`i hg bcfhrfuggyckn y hg bcfhrdbisi, dofis `hgctis tcpcfflbd`is hk gd kirod figcvcdkd. Lukti d hstis `hgctis hxcsthk itris c`hktcfflbd`is, bioi hg dbbhsi d ukd buhktd sck hg bikshktcochkti `h gd tctugdr tctugdr,, gd vcncgdkbcd hk gïkhd, gd `ceuscòk `h coänhkhs sck phrocsi, gd hxpiscbcòk `h `dtis edgsis y hg `csbursi odbmcstd hk rh`hs sibcdghs. 

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Hg shxtckn quh hs hg hkvïi `h ohksdlhs shxudghs, hròtcbis i `h tcpi pirkinräfflbi oh`cdkth hg bhgugdr, hs tdofcãk uk `hgcti erhbuhkth. Rck hofdrni, hxcsthk dgnukds rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld quh `h eirod bikshksud`d utcgczdk hsth tcpi `h ohksdlhs pdrd nhkhrdr uk bgcod `h hxbctdbcòk dgrh`h`ir `h gd rhgdbcòk, gd bgdvh hs hg bikshksi, sc hxcstchrd `h dofis gd`is, puhsti quh ki hxcsth kcknük `hgcti. Zir hggi, hs khbhsdrci quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs tiohk bikbchkbcd `h gis piscfghs phgcnris y bikshbuhkbcds `h su vc`d ‗vcrtudg‟ `äk`ighs d su vhz gds g ds mhrrdochktds quh ghs phroctdk mdfhr uk fuhk usi `h gds kuhvds thbkiginïds.

Gis @hrhbmis `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y gds*is lòvhkhs. Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs ukd nrdvh vcigdbcòk d gis `hrhbmis y, `hs`h hstd phrsphbtcvd, rhsugtd coprhsbck`cfgh `hsdrriggdr uk prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk pdrd gds*is d`ighsbhkths y gds*is lòvhkhs. Xk prinrdod prinrdod fdsd`i hk gis `hrhbmis muodkis muodkis sh hkeibd hk uk bdofci bdofci tdkti phrsikdg bioi sibcdg, `hsdrriggdk`i gds biophthkbcds `h gds phrsikds d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs pdrd quh shdk bcu`d`dkds*is dbtcvds*is quh pdrtcbcphk hk gd vc`d bioukctdrcd y dbtühk pisctcvdohkth hk hg ärhd `h `hrhbmis, hsphbcdgohkth hvctdk`i budgquchr tcpi `h `csbrcockdbcòk y vcighkbcd pir rdzikhs `h nãkhri. Hg nrupi ohtd `h hsth prinrdod tdofcãk hstä ckbguc`i hk gd dpgcbdbcòk `h gd Bikvhkbcòk sifrh gis @hrhbmis Kcôis (43=3). Pi`is gis pdïshs gdtckidohrcbdkis mdk rdtcfflbd`i hsth trdtd`i ckthrkdbcikdg `h `h gds Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds shnük gds*is kcôds*is y d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs tchkhk gis ocsois `hrhbmis gds*is d`ugtis. Dukquh gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs ki hstäk kiofrd`is hk hg tïtugi `h gd Bikvhkbcòk, hstd sh rhfflhrh d ti`ds gds phrsikds ohkirhs `h 4= dôis, pir hk`h, ckbguyh dg quh sh s h `crcnh Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh  luhnd.

Hk gd rhncòk `h Doãrcbd Gdtckd hk pdïshs bioi Figcvcd, Hbud`ir, Zdrdnudy y Zhrü, gis prcohris trhs piscbcikdk d gd Bikvhkbcòk bioi ukd kirod suprdghndg, hs `hbcr, quh gd Bikvhkbcòk prhvdghbhrä dukHkbudk`i ukd `hg ir`hkdochkti lurï`cbi ckthrki hktrh biktrd`cbbcòk bik hg Zhrü, sckghy hofdrni, sh gh md `d`i uk rdkni ghndg, pir hk gi quh gd Bikvhkbcòk sus prckbcpcis. nizd `h cnudg rdkni quh budgquchr itrd ghy ir`ckdrcd (RCZC, 6:42). Bik su rdtcfflbdbcòk, gds*is kcôds*is y gds*is lòvhkhs pir prcohrd vhz sik rhbikibc`ds*is bioi sulhtis ghndghs `hktri `h uk trdtd`i ckthrkdbcikdg `h `hrhbmis muodkis. Nrdbcds d hsth dbuhr`i, gds*is lòvhkhs yd ki sik biksc`hrd`ds*is bioi ckod`urds*is y vugkhrdfghs, scki bioi phrsikdgc`d`hs ck`hphk`chkths quh, cnudg quh gds*is d`ugtds*is sik tctugdrhs `h `hrhbmis.

Hstis budtri prckbcpcis bikeirodk gd `crhbtrcz bioük `h uk titdg `h 80 drtïbugis quh sh puh`hk dnrupdr hk trhs bdthnirïds< @hrhbmi `h prhvcscòk, `hrhbmi `h prithbbcòk y `hrhbmi `h pdrtcbcpdbcòk, tdofcãk `hkiockd`ds gds trhs ‗Zs‟. d. Hg throcki privcscòk  hkngifd  hkngifd ti`is gis `hrhbmis `h `hsdrriggi y `h prioibcòk quh

dshnurdk gds khbhsc`d`hs fäscbds `h gds*is kcôds*is, `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y `h gds*is livhkhs.

26

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hg throcki prithbbcòk  ckbguyh  ckbguyh ti`is gis `hrhbmis pdrd hg dopdri erhkth d gd vcighkbcd y gd hxpgitdbcòk b. Hg throcki pdrtcbcpdbcòk  sh  sh rhfflhrh d ti`is gis `hrhbmis quh dkth ti`i ndrdktczdk gd gcfhrtd` `h ipckcòk y `h hxprhscòk. f.

Vhnrhsdk`i d gi dkthrcirohkth ohkbcikd`i, bik gd rdtcfflbdbcòk `h gd Bikvhkbcòk ti`is gis Hstd`is sh biopriohthk d trdksehrcr gis `hrhbmis `h gds*is kcôds*is, gds*is lòvhkhs d gd ghncsgdbcòk kdbcikdg y d`iptdr pigïtcbds y oh`c`ds hsphbïfflbds pdrd prithnhr y prioivhr su fchkhstdr.. @h hstd eirod, ti`ds gds dbtcvc`d`hs, priyhbtis y prinrdods nufhrkdohktdghs y ki fchkhstdr nufhrkdohktdghs, quh `h dgnukd odkhrd dehbtdk hg fchkhstdr `h hggds*is, `hfhräk ndrdktczdr quh gis `hrhbmis bikeirohk uk pcgdr `hktri `h su trdfdli. Gd bdthnirïd `h gis `hrhbmis `h pdrtcbcpdbcòk bikstctuyh hg euk`dohkti `h gd ohti`iginïd Ndoh Ivhr . Hg bikbhpti hstä pgdsod`i `h tdg eirod quh gds*is lòvhkhs gghvdk gds rchk`ds `urdkth ti`i hg pribhsi. Rh pdrth `hs`h su rhdgc`d` y sh bikstruyh, `hbikstruyh y rhbikstruyh dpiyäk`ish hk sus pripcds hxphrchkbcds. Dscocsoi, gis rhsugtd`is ki sik prh`hthrockd`is scki sh eirodk `urdkth uk trdfdli `h ckvhstcndbcòk, `h ckthrbdofci y `h rhsthxcòk hk biklukti. Xkd pdrtcbcpdbcòk duthktcbd sh `d ‗budk`i d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs rhbcfhk y privhhk ckeirodbcòk bik rhtridgcohktdbcòk pdrd ohlirdr iflhtcvis y rhsugtd`is‟. Hk gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk bik hopi`hrdochkti, sik biksugtd`ds*is pdrd hstdfghbhr, prcirczdr y `hfflkcr iflhtcvis, tiodk `hbcscikhs y sh biir`ckdk bik gds*is `hoäs pdrtcbcpdkths. Rik birrhspiksdfghs `h gis rhsugtd`is. Hg hopi`hrdochkti sh trd`ubh hk uk dpiyi d sus mdfcgc`d`hs y tdghktis, hk uk rhbikibcochkti y rhspdg`i d gds*is hoprhk`h`ir hoprhk`h`irds*hs ds*hs `h priyhbtis (be. XKCBHE. 6::5. Z.>:). Hs `hbcr quh, sc ki sh quchrh gcoctdr d quh gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk shd sigi scofògcbd, s cofògcbd, sh `hfh copugsdr gd dutikioïd y hg hopi`hrdochkti, gi quh scnkcfflbd quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs, tiodk y scnuhk sigdohkth sus pripcds `hbcscikhs, scki quh hstds sik biksc`hrd`ds bik rhsphti y shrch`d`. Hxprhsdr su ipckcòk pdrd shr hsbubmd`d*i rhquchrh `h gd bdpdbc`d` pdrd rdzikdr y buhstcikdrsh. Dpiydr dg `hsdrriggi `h hstds bdpdbc`d`hs y pripirbcikdr gds mhrrdochktds khbhsdrcds pir gi tdkti tdofcãk sik sGd ikpdrtcbcpdbcòk pdrth `hg buopgcochkti `h hsth `hrhbmi. Rck hofdrni, sh trdtd sigdohkth `h buopgcrgi. trdh ukd shrch `h bikshbuhkbcds pisctcvds ki quh biktrcfuyhk dg iflhtcvi `h prhvhkcr y biofdtcr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Nrdbcds d gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk d`quchrhk odyir pi`hr `h `hbcscòk sifrh sus vc`ds y gd hkerhktdk bik ukd dutihstcod eirtdghbc`d. Lukti d gd bikffldkzd hk sï ocsods*is hstäk oäs prithnc`ds*is pirquh puh`hk ph`cr dyu`d y hvctdr sctudbcikhs `h rchsni. Bik gd hxphrchkbcd `h quh sus ipckcikhs sik vdgcisds*is y tchkhk copirtdkbcd pdrd gds rhngds y kirods, prinrhsd gd shksdbcòk `h su hfflbdbcd phrsikdg quh ckstuyh hk su oitcvdbcòk pdrd dsuocr oäs rhspiksdfcgc`d` y pdrd prioivhr bdofcis hk gd sibch`d`. Hg nrupi `h gis `hrhbmis `h prithbbcòk bickbc`h hk nrdk oh`c`d bik gis iflhtcvis `h hsth hs th prinrdod. Hg prinrdod quchrh brhdr hk gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs gd bikbchkbcd `h quh tchkhk hg `hrhbmi d ukd vc`d gcfrh `h vcighkbcd. Zdrd hggi edbcgctd ckeirodbcòk dpripcd`d y eiohktd gd bdpdbc`d` `h rhsthxcòk pdrd pi`hr `hthbtdr biopirtdochktis vcighktis, bikibhr sdgc`ds `h sctudbcikhs quh pikhk hk phgcnri gd ckthnrc`d` `h gds phrsikds pdrd bikstrucr ukd

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   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

vc`d pdbcfflbd, dutòkiod y gcfrh. Hg hkeiquh fdsd`i hk `hrhbmis hs dopgci y vd oäs dggä `h gi phrsikdg, `hsdrriggdk`i ukd bioprhkscòk `h bioi gis `hrhbmis surnhk `h gds khbhsc`d`hs `h gds phrsikds y pirquh tchkhk quh shr prithnc`is. Xk*d d`ighsbhkth i livhk quh ki hs `crhbtdohkth dehbtd`d*i pir gd UbO pi`rïd phksdr quh hg dsukti ki gh bikbchrkh, phri `hs`h gd phrsphbtcvd `h Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd, gds phrsikds schoprh y hk ti`is gd`is tchkhk gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` `h prithnhr gis `hrhbmis muodkis `h gds*is `hoäs pirquh hs uk dsukti `h rhsphti d vdgirhs `hoibrätcbis. Hk hg nrupi `h gis `hrhbmis `h `hsdrriggi y `h privcscòk, hk pdrtcbugdr, tchkhk copirtdkbcd pdrd hsth prinrdod hg `hrhbmi d gd sdgu` y hg `hrhbmi d gd h`ubdbcòk. Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs ki hs sigdohkth uk ehkòohki quh dpdrhbh hktrh d`ugtds*is puhsti quh gd h`d` `h oulhrhs dehbtd`ds md fdld`i hk gis ügtcois dôis. Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds d`ighsbhkths hk oubmis bdsis quh`d `hsdphrbcfc`d pirquh hggds, pir gd edgtd `h hxphrchkbcd, pir gd hxdnhrdbcòk `h shktcochktis, tïpcbis `h hstd h`d`, y pir gds c`hds copuhstds dbhrbd `hg doir ki c`hktcfflbdk, sifrh ti`i, gds eirods sutcghs `h vcighkbcd, gds budghs bik erhbuhkbcd `hshofibdk hk dbikthbcochktis oäs nrdvhs. Hk pibds pdgdfrds, ki hstäk biksbchkths `hg phgcnri y tdopibi `h gds bikshbuhkbcds quh trdh pdrd su sdgu` tdkti ohktdg bioi eïscbd. Hktrh gis sïktiods oäs erhbuhkths fflnurdk gd `hprhscòk y gd dksch`d`, trdstirkis dgcohktdrcis i hg usi `h sustdkbcds tixcbds. Itri hehbti hs gd `cfflbugtd` `h bikbhktrdrsh y `h hstu`cdr, quh ghs copc`h hlhrbhr su `hrhbmi d gd h`ubdbcòk pghkdohkth. Hg `hrhbmi d gd h`ubdbcòk tdofcãk `hfh phroctcr quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs hktchk`dk hg ouk`i, pdrd dsï suphrdr ti`is sus rhtis y pi`hr pdrtcbcpdr dbtcvdohkth hk gd bikfflnurdbcòk `h ukd kuhvd y ohlir sibch`d`. Dmird fchk, hk Figcvcd, `h dbuhr`i bik gd hxphrchk hxphrchkbcd bcd bik hg trdfdli hk Kcôhz, D`ighsbhkbcd y Luvhktu`, gd biofckdbcòk hktrh gd `hrcvdbcòk `h bdsis `hthbtd`is `h vcighkbcd (pdrtcbugdrohkth vcighkbcd shxudg) bik hg bikibcochkti `h gd kirodtcvd kdbcikdg, sh md ginrd`i irchktdr ki sigi d `ibhkths, scki od`rhs y pd`rhs, phri tdofcãk d gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs. Hk hsth shktc`i, sh d`luktd uk odrbi prhgcockdr `h bikvhkbcikhs ckthrkdbcikdghs, gd bikstctubcòk pigïtcbd `hg hstd`i y fflkdgohkth uk bud`ri quh tchkh oäs `h ukd kirodtcvd quh vckbugd gis `hrhbmis `h gds oulhrhs htdpds `h gd`dr vc`d) hg äofcti `hgds*is gd lustcbcdfcgc`d` hk hg pdïs. Ru utcgc`d` `hphk`h (hk `hg `cstcktds usi quh sh gh quchrd dg ybud`ri. Zdrd d`ighsbhkths, lòvhkhs, odhstrds y odhstris puh`h shr ukd mhrrdochktd `h hxcncfcgc`d` `h `hrhbmis, `h dmï su copirtdkbcd. Hg hkeiquh `h `hrhbmis muodkis hstä fdsd`i hk gd kirodtcvd ckthrkdbcikdg y kdbcikdg, d biktckudbcòk, d`luktd.

Odrbi Ghndg Ckthrkdbcikdg `h gd Zrhvhkbcòk `h Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs Hk hg bikthxti ckthrkdbcikdg hstäk gds scnuchkths kirods< BH@D^ (43>3) ‗Bikvhkbcòk sifrh gd hgcockdbcòk `h ti`ds gds g ds eirods `h @csbrcockdbcòk biktrd gd Oulhr ‟

20

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hsth hs uk trdtd`i ckthrkdbcikdg `h gds Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds, quh rhbikibh hxprhsdohkth gd `csbrcockdbcòk `h gd oulhr pir hg mhbmi `h shrgi. Gd BH@D^ hstä biksc`hrd`d bioi hg `ibuohkti lurï`cbi ckthrkdbcikdg oäs copirtdkth `h gd gubmd biktrd ti`ds gds eirods `h `csbrcockdbcòk biktrd gds oulhrhs. Hk kivchofrh `hg 6:40 hg Bioctã rhdgczd ukd rhbiohk`dbcòk nhkhrdg, gd Kuohri 24 bik gd ifshrvdbcòk nhkhrdg Ki. 4= `hg Bioctã `h gis @hrhbmis `hg Kcôi y gd Kcôd c`hktcfflbdk`i prdbtcbds kibcvds d`iptd`ds `h odkhrd bikluktd. Hstds sik dgnukds `h hggds< (c) Tuh`d dfsigutdohkth primcfc`d gd outcgdbcòk nhkctdg ehohkckd ckcbcd`d d pdrtcr `h gis 4: dôis hk d`hgdkth (cc) Rh `hfh hrrd`cbdr hg odtrcoikci ckedktcg i eirzisi `h kcôds, d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs oulhrhs, (ccc) Rh `hfh primcfcr gd pigcndocd, hs `hbcr, hg odtrcoikci bik oäs `h ukd oulhr livhk y fflkdgohkth (cv) sh primïfh hkbufrcr `hgctis bik dgcdkzds pir oitcvis `h mikir, hs `hbcr, ki sdkbcikdr gd vcigdbcòk, bioi gi quh hs, ukd vcigdbcòk pir oitcvis `h mikir y rhbikibcochkti bioukdg. Hk hstds rhbiohk`dbcikhs tdofcãk sh ckstdgd uk odrbi nhkhrdg pdrd hkerhktdr hstds präbtcbds y gds oh`c`ds prhvhktcvds d tiodr. Bikvhkbcòk `h Fhgão `i Zdrä (4330) ‗Bikvhkbcòk Ckthrdohrcbdkd pdrd Zrhvhkcr, Zrhvhkcr, Rdkbcikdr y Hrrd`cbdr gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gd Oulhr‟

Hsth hs uk trdtd`i ckthrkdbcikdg quh pripikh hg `hsdrriggi `h ohbdkcsois `h prithbbcòk y `hehksd `h gis `hrhbmis `h gds oulhrhs bioi euk`dohktdghs pdrd gubmdr biktrd hg ehkòohki `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd su ckthnrc`d` eïscbd, shxudg y pscbigòncbd, tdkti hk hg äofcti püfgcbi bioi hk hg prcvd`i y su s u rhcvck`cbdbcòk `hktri `h gd sibch`d`.

Odrbi Ghndg `h Figcvcd `h gd Zrhvhkbcòk Zrhvhkbcòk `h Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs D biktckudbcòk, ukd shghbbcòk `h gd kirodtcvd kdbcikdg quh ckbirpird dbbcikhs `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs i fchk biksc`hrd gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs< Bikstctubcòk Zigïtcbd (6::3)3. Rh rhbikibh gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri bioi vdgir quh `hfh ckbirpirdrsh hk hg scsthod `h h`ubdbcòk pdrd hvctdr rhpri`ubcr righs trd`cbcikdghs, biofdtcr gd vcighkbcd y ndrdktczdr gd vcnhkbcd pghkd `h gis `hrhbmis muodkis. Gis drtïbugis 633, 2:4, 2:6 y 2:2 rhbikibhk bioi rhspiksdfcgc`d` y biophthkbcd `h gis `cehrhkths kcvhghs `h nifchrki gd ifgcndbcòk `h prioibcòk `h hstrdthncds y dbbcikhs pdrd gd hquc`d` i cnudg`d` `h ipirtukc`d`hs hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs.  oulhrhs. 

D biktckudbcòk, gds kirods hxcsthkths hg pdïs ükcbdohkth hsphbcdgczd`ds hk gd prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd. Ki Ghy/@hbrhti Ghy K¼:>: H`ubdbcòk 4 ‗Dvhgcki Rcôdkc y Hgczdr`i Zãrhz‟

   o    d    ï    u    N 6

Ghy K¼602 biktrd hg  Dbisi y Ucighkbcd Ucighkbcd Zigïtcbd mdbcd gds oulhrhs

2

@hbrhti Ruprhoi K¼6328 Vhngdohktdbcòk `h gd Ghy K¼602 Ghy K¼20= Ghy Ckthnrdg

0

pdrd Ndrdktczdr Oulhrhs ukd Uc`dd gds Gcfrh `h Ucighkbcd

Bikthkc`is rhghvdkths Gd h`ubdbcòk dsuoh y priouhvh prckbcpcis ãtcbi-oirdghs fdli hg susthkti `h vdgirhs `h hquc`d` sibcdg y `h nãkhri. Hktrh gis fflkhs y iflhtcvis `h gd h`ubdbcòk, sh hktchk`h h ktchk`h quh ãstd prioivhrä ukd sibch`d` `hspdtrcdrbdgczd`d, `hspdtrcdrbdgczd`d, bcohktd`d hk gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri, gd ki `cehrhkbcd `h righs, gd ki vcighkbcd y gd vcnhkbcd pghkd `h gis `hrhbmis muodkis. Rh ckbguyh gd eirodbcòk `h oulhrhs y miofrhs c`hktc`d` bikbchkbcdhstä `h gd `cvhrsc`d` sibcibugturdg y gckn÷ïstcbd. Hktrh gis bik iflhtcvis `h gdy h`ubdbcòk rhnugdr, biopghohktdr y drtcbugdr gd h`ubdbcòk muodkïstcbd bik gd eirodbcòk mcstòrcbd, bïvcbd, `hrhbmis muodkis, hquc`d` `h nãkhri, `hrhbmis `h gd Od`rh Pchrrd y h`ubdbcòk hk shnurc`d` bcu`d`dkd. Pchkh pir iflhti hstdfghbhr ohbdkcsois `h prhvhkbcòk, dthkbcòk y sdkbcòk biktrd dbtis ck`cvc`udghs i bighbtcvis `h dbisi y/i vcighkbcd pigïtcbd mdbcd gds oulhrhs, pdrd ndrdktczdr hg hlhrbcbci pghki `h sus `hrhbmis pigïtcbis. Hk hg bdsi `h quh ukd oulhr livhk (45 dôis hk d`hgdkth) `hbc`d hlhrbhr bdrni püfgcbi, hstd gi puh`h rhdgczdr hk hg odrbi `h uk pribhsi `h hodkbcpdbcòk quh gd ghy bikthopgd, lukti d gd ghy 80=. Pchkh hg iflhtcvi `h hstdfghbhr hstrdthncds, ohbdkcsois y pribh`cochktis pdrd gd copghohktdbcòk `h gd ghy 602. Ru iflhti hs hstdfghbhr ohbdkcsois, oh`c`ds y pigïtcbds ckthnrdghs `h prhvhkbcòk, y rhpdrdbcòk gdsdnrhsirhs, oulhrhs hkbik sctudbcòk vcighkbcd, dsïdthkbcòk, bioi `hprithbbcòk phrshbubcòk y sdkbcòk ddgis hg fflk `h`h ndrdktczdrr d gds oulhrhs ukd vc`d `cnkd y hg hlhrbcbci pghki `h sus `hrhbmis ndrdktczd pdrd Ucvcr Fchk. Rhôdgd quh hg Hstd`i Zgurckdbcikdg `h Figcvcd ‗dsuoh bioi prcirc`d` gd hrrd`cbdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs, pir shr ukd `h gds eirods oäs hxtrhods `h `csbrcockdbcòk hk rdzòk `h nãkhri‟ y hstdfghbh quh hg Ockcsthrci `h Lustcbcd y Prdks Prdkspdrhkbcd pdrhkbcd Ckstctubcikdg ‗…hk hg odrbi `h sus biophthkbcds y dtrcfubcikhs hs hg Hkth Vhbtir rhspiksdfgh `h biir`ckdbcòk, drtcbugdbcòk y vcncgdkbcd `h gd dpgcbdbcòk hehbtcvd y buopgcochkti `h gd prhshkth Ghy‟. Rh rhbikibhk 45 tcpis `h vcighkbcd, hktrh hggds gd vcighkbcd hk hg hlhrbcbci pigïtcbi y `h gc`hrdzni `h gd oulhr, y sh hstdfghbh hg ehockcbc`ci bioi `hgcti phkdg. Brhd hg Rcsthod Ckthnrdg Zgurckdbcikdg `h Zrhvhkbcòk, Dthkbcòk, Rdkbcòk y Hrrd`cbdbcòk `h gd Ucighkbcd pir Vdzòk `h Nãkhri (RCZZDRH(RCZZDRH-UVN) UVN) bioi hg ohbdkcsoi quh phroctcrä biir`ckdr hg trdfdli `h gds `cehrhkths ckstdkbcds pdrd hrrd`cbdr y sdkbcikdr gd vcighkbcd hk rdzòk `h nãkhri.

25

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Ki Ghy/@hbrhti @hbrhti Ruprhoi K¼ 8 654:

5 >

=

3

@hbrhti Ruprhoi Kº6408. Vhngdohktdbcòk `h gd Ghy Kº20= Ghy Kº44>2 `h dfrhvcdbcòk pribhsdg phkdg y `h eirtdghbcochktii `h gd eirtdghbcochkt gubmd ckthnrdg biktrd gd vcighkbcd d kcôds, kcôis, d`ighsbhkths y oulhrhs BÒ@CNI KCÔD, KCÔI S  D@IGHRBHKPH. Ghy Ghy 80=

Ghy 206. Ghy `h gd  Luvhktu`. Ehfrhri Ehfrhri 6:42.   6:42.

Bikthkc`is rhghvdkths @cspikh hg rhpirth `h gis bdsis dg RCZZDRH y hg usi `h gis rhbursis `hstckd`is d nãkhri Vhngdohktd gd Ghy Kº 20= hk dquhggis drtïbugis quh rhquchrhk uk trdtdochkti hsphbïfflbi. Pchkh pir iflhti priburdr gd priktd y ipirtukd rhsigubcòk `h gis bikstcbtis phkdghs, d`iptdk`i dg hehbti, oh`c`ds ck`csphksdfghs pdrd prieuk`czdr gd irdgc`d`, eirtdghbhr gd gubmd biktrd gd vcighkbcd d kcôds, kcôis, d`ighsbhkths y oulhrhs, hvctdr hg rhtdr`i pribhsdg y hg dfusi `h gd `hthkbcòk prhvhktcvd y piscfcgctdr gd hehbtcvd tuthgd lu`cbcdg `h gds vïbtcods, oh`cdkth gd oi`cfflbdbcòk `h gd Ghy Kº 43>: `h 68 `h odrzi `h 4333, ‗Bò`cni `h Zribh`cochkti Zhkdg‟, y `cspiscbcikhs bikhxds. PÏPXGI ZVHGCOCKDV BDZÏPXGI ÜKCBI @CRZIRCBCIKHR NHKHVDGHR  DVPÏBXGI  DVPÏBXG I 4. (IFLHPI).(IFLHPI).- Hg prhshkth Bò`cni tchkh pir iflhti rhbikibhr, `hsdrriggdr y rhnugdr hg hlhrbcbci `h gis `hrhbmis `h gd kcôd, kcôi y d`ighsbhkth, copghohktdk`i uk Rcsthod Zgurckdbcikdg Ckthnrdg `h gd Kcôd, Kcôi y D`ighsbhkth, pdrd gd ndrdktïd `h hsis `hrhbmis oh`cdkth gd birrhspiksdfcgc`d` `hg Hstd`i hk ti`is sus kcvhghs, gd edocgcd y gd sibch`d`. DVPÏBXGI DVPÏBXG I 6. (ECKDGC@D@). (ECKDGC@D@).-- Gd fflkdgc`d` `hg prhshkth Bò`cni hs ndrdktczd ndrdktczdrr d gd kcôd, kcôi y d`ighsbhkth, hg hlhrbcbci pghki y hehbtcvi `h sus `hrhbmis, pdrd su `hsdrriggi ckthnrdg y hxcncr hg buopgcochkti `h sus `hfhrhs. DVPÏBXGI 2. (ODVBI BIOZHPHKBCDG).- Hk dpgcbdbcòk `hg Zdränr Zdränrdei dei CC `hg Drtïbugi 63> `h gd Bikstctubcòk Zigïtcbd `hg Hstd`i, sh dscnkd gd biophthkbcd prcvdtcvd `h bi`cfflbdbcòk sustdktcvd y d`lhtcvd hk odthrcd `h kcôd, kcôi y d`ighsbhkth, dg kcvhg bhktrdg `hg Hstd`i. DVPÏBXGI DVPÏBXGI 0. (ÄOFCPI @H DZGCBDBCÒK). DZGCBDBCÒK).-- C. Gds `cspiscbcikhs `hg prhshkth Bò`cni sik `h ir`hk püfgcbi y `h dpgcbdbcòk prhehrhkth d edvir `h ti`ds gds kcôds, kcôis y d`ighsbhkths quh sh hkbuhktrhk hk hg thrrctirci kdbcikdg. CC. Hk kcknük bdsi shräk rhstrcknc`is gis `hrhbmis `h gds kcôds, kcôis i d`ighsbhkths, thkchk`i bioi drnuohkti gd `cstckbcòk `h gds htdpds `h `hsdrriggi.  DVPÏBXGI  DVPÏBXG I 4. (IFLHPI). Gd prhshkth Ghy tchkh pir iflhti ndrdktczdr d gds lòvhkhs y d gis lòvhkhs hg hlhrbcbci pghki `h sus `hrhbmis y `hfhrhs, hg `cshôi `hg odrbi ckstctubcikdg, gds ckstdkbcds `h rhprhshktdbcòk y `hgcfhrdbcòk `h gd luvhktu`, y hg hstdfghbcochkti `h pigïtcbds püfgcbds.  DVPÏBXGI 6. (ODVBI KIVODPCUI).  DVPÏBXGI KIVODPCUI). Gd prhshkth Ghy sh susthktd hk gd Bikstctubcòk Zigïtcbd `hg Hstd`i, Prdtd`is y Bikvhkcis Ckthrkdbcikdghs hk odthrcd `h @hrhbmis Muodkis  DVPÏBXGI 2. (ECKDGC@D@). Gd prhshkth Ghy tchkh bioi fflkdgc`d` ginrdr  DVPÏBXGI quh gds lòvhkhs y gis lòvhkhs dgbdkbhk ukd eirodbcòk y `hsdrriggi ckthnrdg, eïscbi, pscbigòncbi, ckthghbtudg, oirdg, sibcdg, pigïtcbi, bugturdg y hbikòocbi1 hk bik`cbcikhs `h gcfhrtd`, rhsphti, hquc`d`, ckbguscòk, cktrdbugturdgc`d`, cktrdbugturdgc`d`, ckthrbugturdgc`d`` y lustcbcd pdrd Ucvcr Fchk1 d trdvãs `h gds pigïtcbds püfgcbds ckthrbugturdgc`d y `h ukd dbtcvd y birrhspiksdfgh pdrtcbcpdbcòk hk gd bikstrubbcòk y trdkseirodbcòk trdkseirod bcòk `hg Hstd`i y gd sibch`d`  DVPCBXGI 3. (@HVHBMIR BCUCGHR)  DVPCBXGI BCUCGHR) Rh ndrdktczd hg `hrhbmi `h gds*is lòvhkhs d vcvcr ukd vc`d gcfrh `h vcighkbcd.

2>

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 

6

Odrbi Ohti`igòncbi

¹Zir quã uk prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk pdrd d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs9 Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  hs  hs ukd oh`c`d `h prhvhkbcòk

prcodrcd. Zir gi tdkti, fusbd hvctdr quh gd UbO iburrd, dtdbdk`i hg odg `h rdïz y `hthkchk`i gis edbtirhs quh edbcgctdk hg bdocki d budgquchr eirod `h dfusi. Gd prhvhkbcòk prcodrcd sh `crcnh d ti`d gd pifgdbcòk `h hstd h`d` oulhrhs y miofrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs (46 d 4= dôis) yd quh su bdusd sik gds `cehrhkbcds `h pi`hr hktrh miofrhs (quh `iockdk) y oulhrhs (sufir`ckd`ds) `hfc`i d gds kirods `h nãkhri, dgcohktd`ds pir hsthrhitcpis y brhhkbcds sibcdgohkth drrdcnd`ds quh, hk bchrtd oh`c`d, ti`ds y ti`is gghvdois `hktri y mhois dprhk`c`i `hs`h ouy thoprdkd h`d`. Bdfh ohkbcikdr quh `hktri `h gds oh`c`ds prhvhktcvds oäs hfflbchkths hvdgud`ds pir gd Irndkczdbcòk Ouk`cdg `h Rdgu` sh hkbuhktrd gis prinrdods bik d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs hk bighncis, hk gis budghs sh pu`i prifdr hehbtis pisctcvis prckbcpdgohkth hk gi bikbhrkchkth d gis bikibcochktis y gds dbtctu`hs (be.^MI (be.^MI,6:4:). ,6:4:). Gd prhvhkbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd y luvhktu` tchkh ukd vctdg copirtdkbcd. Hs hk hstd htdpd `h gd vc`d `ik`h sh schktdk gds fdshs pdrd gd eirod `h rhgdbcikdrsh hk hg euturi. @h dmï quh hs khbhsdrci odkthkhr ukd rhgdbcòk dehbtcvd sdkd sck vcighkbcd. Hs hk hstd htdpd quh sh `d hg pribhsi `h bikstrubbcòk `h su c`hktc`d` `ik`h gds phrsikds d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs buhstcikdk gds phrbhpbcikhs `h gd rhdgc`d` trdksoctc`ds pir itrds*is y gd puh`hk bioprhk`hr `h dbuhr`i bik sus pripcds rhsthxcikhs y d su ckthrdbbcòk bik gds `hoäs phrsikds. Hs vctdg quh dquï puh`dk bikstrucr kibcikhs rhpirtd`i `h rhgdbcikhs sdkds. @h mhbmi, vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhssus kipripcds hs uk ehkòohki sigidehbtcvds pir oulhrhs d`ugtds i quhgd vcvhk hk pdrhld, scki quh ghs iburrh tdofcãk d gds oulhrhs lòvhkhs. Prdf Prdfdldr dldr bik d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs copgcbd hktikbhs ukd dgtd prifdfcgc`d` `h tipdrsh bik phrsikds quh mdk pd`hbc`i hsth tcpi `h vcvhkbcds.

¹Zdrd quã uk prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk pdrd d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs9 Hg iflhtcvi prckbcpdg `h Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd hs edvirhbhr gd rhsthxcòk y hg hkthk`cochkti sifrh gis pribhsis quh gghvdk d gis dbtis vcighktis, `csbrcockdtircis y `hscnudghs `h rhgdbcikdochkti pir rdzikhs `h nãkhri. Rh ierhbhk bikibcochktis pdrd eirodr dbtctu`hs

23

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

y `hsdrriggdr `hstrhzds hk gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs quh ghs mdfcgcthk d c`hktcfflbdr gis ohbdkcsois `h bikstrubbcòk y bikshrvdbcòk `h gis hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri y rhbikizbdk gd rhgdbcòk quh hxcsth hktrh hstis y gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. @h hstd odkhrd pi`räk `hsoiktdr `cbmis hsthrhitcpis. D`hoäs, gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs rhsthxcikdk sifrh gds bdrdbthrïstcbds y eirods `hscnudghs y `dôckds `h rhgdbcikdochkti y, bik hsd fdsh, c`hktcfflbdk gds prcohrds shôdghs `h d`vhrthkbcd y gis `cehrhkths ohbdkcsois `h lustcfflbdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd sisthkc`is, d su s u vhz, pir gis octis `hg doir rioäktcbi y itrds kirods y brhhkbcds sibcdghs. Hs copirtdkth hktrhkdr d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs bik mdfcgc`d`hs y bikibcochktis quh ghs phroctdk rhspik`hr d`hbud`dohkth dkth gd vcighkbcd, yd quh oubmds y oubmis, erhkth d sctudbcikhs `h vcighkbcd, thk`rïdk gd prcohrd rhdbbcòk `h biktdr hstd hxphrchkbcd d sus docnds*is. Zir hsi, ki sigi hs khbhsdrci hg hktrhkdochkti pdrd hkerhktdr gd vcighkbcd scki tdofcãk gd eirod `h hkerhktdr gd ocsod, yd quh dg biktdr hg mhbmi hktrh sus pdrhs brhd hehbtis ougtcpgcbd`irhs. Xkd fuhkd sigubcòk `hg bikstcbti shrä tdofcãk rhpgcbd`d pir gds*is docnds*is. D`cbcikdgohkth, hg eirtdghbcochkti `hg dutibikibcochkti dutibikibcochkti y `h gd bdpdbc`d` `h duti`hehksd sik biksc`hrd`is bioi hghohktis copirtdkths pdrd gd prhvhkbcòk y pir hsi eirod pdrth `h Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd `h gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  bioi  bioi uk pdsi d`cbcikdg dkcodk`i d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs d quh bikvchrtdk sus dprhk`czdlhs hk dbbcikhs hehbtcvds y `h hsd odkhrd sh bikvchrtdk dsï, hk dnhkths `h bdofci. Zdrd ginrdr gis iflhtcvis ki hs sufflbchkth pripirbcikdr bikibcochktis sifrh mhbmis, `dtis y prckbcpcis thòrcbis, scki quh hs khbhsdrci, d`hoäs `h hsth biopikhkth bikbhptudg, trdfdldr hg biopikhkth dehbtcvi rhgdbcikdg, irchktdk`i d gd eirodbcòk `h vdgirhs y hg `hsdrriggi `h pisturds, dsï bioi hg biopikhkth pribh`cohktdg, hktrhndk`i hg dprhk`czdlh `h mhrrdochktds, tãbkcbds y hstrdthncds. Prdfdldk`i hk eirod ckthnrdg hstis biopikhkths sh hsphrd uk bdofci dbtctu`ckdg erhkth d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Gds oh`c`ds prhvhktcvds quh dphgdk sigdohkth hg biopikhkth bikbhptudg suhghk dbtcvdr lustcfflbdbcikhs pirquh gd scopgh ckeirodbcòk puh`h bdusdr ukd `csikdkbcd. Hs `hbcr quh budk`i gd kuhvd ckeirodbcòk biktrd`cbh dg scsthod `h bikvhkbcikhs, phksdochktis y dbbcikhs hxcsthkths bigibd d gd phrsikd hk uk hstd`i `h `csbrhpdkbcd y/i thkscòk quh hsi usudgohkth fusbd rhsigvhr `h `is odkhrds< d trdvãs `h gd lustcfflbdbcòk pdrd odkthkhrsh hk hg scsthod buhstcikd`i i `hldk`i hspdbci pdrd su buhstcikdochkti. Zir tdkti, hstds thkscikhs sik s ik copirtdkths y khbhsdrcds pirquh d pdrtcr `h hstds puh`h privibdrsh hg ckcbci `h uk bdofci hk gd brhhkbcd, dbtctu` i bik`ubtd, shnük sistchkh gd thirïd `h gd `csikdkbcd binkisbctcvd eirougd`d mdbh oubmis dôis (be.ehstcknhr,43>8) phri buyd vcnhkbcd md sc`i bioprifd`d pir oügtcpghs ckvhstcndbcikhs hk dôis pisthrcirhs. Dscocsoi, uk hstu`ci `h gd Xkcvhrsc`d` Rdk Odrtïk `h Zirrhs `hg Zhrü (XROZ) `houhstrd quh ochktrds hg ==.0% `h gd pifgdbcòk ukcvhrsctdrcd rhbmdzdk hxpgïbctdohkth hxpgïbctdohkth gd sufir`ckdbcòk `h nãkhri y gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs, dg ocsoi tchopi, hg >4.=% `h dgnukd odkhrd gd lustcfflbd. Gds lustcfflbdbcikhs sik vdrcds, `hs`h gd ck`hehkscòk, quh hxpgcbd gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs bioi dgni euhrd `hg biktrig phrsikdg1 gd ckstruohktdbcòk quh hktchk`h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs bioi oh`ci pdrd ginrdr fflkhs suphrcirhs, bioi pir hlhopgi gd ukcòk `h

0:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

gd edocgcd1 gd ockcoczdbcòk, trcvcdgczdk`i gis dtdquhs i sus bikshbuhkbcds1 gd bugpdfcgczdbcòk, trdsgd`dk`i gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` `hg dtdquh d gd oulhr dnrh`c`d1 i gd khndbcòk, ki sh gd rhbikibh i sh ibugtd. Gis rhsugtd`is `h hsth hstu`ci hvc`hkbcdk gd euhrth rhgdbcòk hxcsthkth hktrh gds dbtctu`hs pdtrcdrbdghs y gd dbhptdbcòk copgïbctd `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs, `d`i quh sik gds kirods trd`cbcikdghs `h nãkhri gds quh edbcgctdk gds `cehrhkths eirods `h lustcfflbdbcòk. ”–Hk gd sibch`d` sh bik`hkd bd`d vhz oäs d gd vcighkbcd eïscbd hxtrho hxtrhodd (phri) gds bik`ubtds `h sufir`ckdbcòk sik sibcdgohkth dbhptd`ds, mdstd c`hdgczd`ds––    (Udrd- Mirkd y Giphz-I`dr Giphz-I`dr,6:4>, ,6:4>, p.6>).

Rhnük gi `hsbrcti, Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd , oivcgczd hg biopikhkth bikbhptudg, quh puh`h gghvdr d ukd `csikdkbcd hktrh (`csikdkbcd binkctcvd), hkthk`c`d bioi gis bikstcbtis hktrh brhhkbcds, bik`ubtds y dbtctu`hs biksc`hrd`ds bioi ”–kirodghs–– vhrsus itrds odkhrds `h hkthk`hr, dbtudr y vdgirdr gd ocsod sctudbcòk, phri quh rhsugtd bgdvh pdrd nhkhrdr gis bdofcis. Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd , tdofcãk biopghtd gis biopikhkths

dbtctu`ckdg y pribh`cohktdg bioi eirod `h pripikhr kuhvds dgthrkdtcvds `h phksdochkti, shktcochktis y dbbcikhs biktrdrrhstdk`i dsï gds rhsc`hkbcds i piscfghs lustcfflbdbcikhs quh sh pu`chrdk prhshktdr. prhshktdr. @h hsd odkhrd, hg prinrdod buhktd bik hg pithkbcdg `h ginrdr bdofcis `h bik`ubtd quh guhni sik rheirzd`is d trdvãs `h hstrdthncds hsphbcdgohkth `cshôd`ds pdrd hggi.

Nrupi ohtd `hg Ndoh Ivhr  Gds phrsikds d gds quh sh `crcnh hsth prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk sik gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `h 46 d 4= dôis, irndkczd`ds*is hk nrupis ocxtis, bik cnudg pripirbcòk `h miofrhs y oulhrhs.yGds dnrupdbcikhs puh`hk sigid hktrh d`ighsbhkths lòvhkhs `h gd ocsod h`d`rhdgczdrsh i ckthnrdk`i d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `h `cstcktds h`d`hs, pdrd eiohktdr hg dprhk`czdlh hktrh pdrhs bik hxphrchkbcds mhthrinãkhds. Gds bdpdbctdbcikhs hstäk d bdrni `h uk hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk, prhvcdohkth hktrhkd`i hk hg odkhli `h hsth prinrdod y quh hstä hk gd bdpdbc`d` `h irchktdr y/i rheirzdr gd bikstrubbcòk `hg dprhk`czdlh `urdkth gd rhdgczdbcòk `h gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs y `dr sipirth d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `urdkth hg tchopi ckthroh`ci quh trdfdldk mdbchk`i usi `h ukd Dpp, euhrd `hg dugd. Gd pripuhstd rhquchrh quh hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk sh hkbdrnuh `h gd bdpdbctdbcòk `h gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths, hk biir`ckdbcòk bik quchkhs nhstcikdk gd ckstctubcòk h`ubdtcvd.

04

46 d 4=  DÔIR hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk

 

Zrckbcpcis ph`dnòncbis y ohti`iginïd    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd, sh fdsd hk hg pdrd`cnod

bikstrubtcvcstd quh supikh quh gd rhdgc`d` ki hxcsth pir sï ocsod y quh pir gi tdkti ki hs dbbhscfgh, scki hs bikstruc`d pir hg ck`cvc`ui (be. Odturdkd,6::3). Hsti scnkcfflbd quh gd rhdgc`d` ki sh puh`h kc phrbcfcr, kc `hsbrcfcr, kc hxpgcbdr iflhtcvdohkth. Bd`d phrsikd gd brhd `h eirod suflhtcvd y pdrbcdg. Hk hsth hkthk`hr, dprhk`hr ki scnkcfflbd rhhopgdzdr uk pukti `h vcstd pir itri i dbuougdr kuhvis bikibcochktis. Hg dprhk`czdlh sh hehbtüd d trdvãs `h gd bikstrubbcòk `hg pripci bikibcochkti pir oh`ci `h gd ckthrdbbcòk y hk gd oh`c`d quh ukd kuhvd ckeirodbcòk sh bikhbtd bik uk bikbhpti rhghvdkth prhhxcsthkth. Hs `hbcr, hg dprhk`czdlh `hfh surncr `h gd rhdgc`d` y gds hxphrchkbcds `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths, gds*is lòvhkhs bioi pukti `h dkbgdlh. Hg pribhsi `h dprhk`czdlh schoprh sh gghvd d bdfi oh`cdkth ukd ckthrdbbcòk `h bikstrubbcikhs, `h `hbikstrubbcikhs y rhbikstrubbcikhs. Rh dprhk`h d trdvãs `h rhbili `h gds pripcds hxphrchkbcds, prifdk`i y hxphrcohktdk`i, hxphrcohktdk`i, pdrd dsï c`hktcfflbdr rhgdbcikhs y hkbiktrdr hg shktc`i `h gds bisds, gi quh ki tchkh gundr ‗`hktri `hg ck`cvc`ui‟, ck`cvc`ui‟, scki quh sh `hsdrriggd d trdvãs `h gd bdpdbc`d` `h ckthrdbbcòk sibcdg bik gds*is `hoäs. . @h dmï quh hg dprhk`czdlh hs ougtcedbãtcbi, rhsthld oügtcpghs `csbrcockdbcikhs y hs pri`ubti `h `cehrhkths sibch`d`hs y bugturds. Bik su hkeiquh pdrtcbcpdtcvi hg prinrdod ierhbh gis hspdbcis y gds ipirtukc`d`hs khbhsdrcds pdrd gd ckthrdbbcòk. Gd eirod oäs scnkcfflbdtcvd `h gd ckthrdbbcòk hk hg prinrdod hs hg `cägini y gd `csbuscòk nrupdg quh phrocth hg buhstcikdochkti `h kirods y vdgirhs hxcsthkths y gd rhsthxcòk sifrh sus pripcis bikbhptis. Hg iflhtcvi `h hstd hxphrchkbcd ki hs khbhsdrcdohkth quh ti`ds*is hstãk `h dbuhr`i bik hg rhsugtd`i. Oäs fchk gds `csbrhpdkbcds `h ipckcòk dprivhbmd`i `h odkhrd bikstrubtcvd scrvhk bioi dprhk`czdlh schoprh budk`i hstis pribhsis vdk dbiopdôd`is pir uk*d edbcgctd`ir*d i edbcgctd`ir quchk d`hoäs dsuoh hg pdphg `h prioitir*d pdrd nhkhrdr buhstcikdochktis rhghvdkths quh bik`uzbdk y hkodrquh hg dprhk`czdlh. @h odkhrd copgïbctd sh trdfdldk t rdfdldk mdfcgc`d`hs bioukcbdtcvds, hg phksdochkti brïtcbi, tighrdkbcd y rhsphti, biophthkbcds copirtdkths pdrd pdrtcbcpdr dbtcvdohkth hk gdpritdnikcstds sibch`d`, hsth `h dprhk`czdlh phrocth quh gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh vuhgvdk `hhkeiquh sus pripcis pribhsis. y, d`hoäs, Gis oh`cis y gis oãti`is quh sh ierhbhk sik gds mhrrdochktds pdrd gd bikstrubbcòk dbtcvd y duti `hthrockd`d `h bikibcochktis y dbtctu`hs. Hg prinrdod fflld iflhtcvis hk eirod `h pri`ubtis hsphrd`is `hldk`i oubmd gcfhrtd` y sck ckthrehrcr hk hg pribhsi `h bikstrubbcòk `hg dprhk`czdlh. Dg ocsoi tchopi pripikh `cvhrsis oh`cis y odthrcdghs pdrd edbcgctdr hg dbbhsi, tdkti binkctcvi, hoibcikdg, d gis bikthkc`is, dsï ds ï bioi pdrd ckcbcdr gd bioukcbdbcòk y gd bigdfirdbcòk hktrh gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths. Oh`cdkth gd biofckdbcòk `h gis oh`cis `cnctdghs bik dbtcvc`d`hs prhshkbcdghs sh dprivhbmdk gds vhktdlds `h dofis scsthods `h oi`i quh hg dprhk`czdlh rhsugtd oäs hehbtcvi. Bioi oh`ci `cnctdg hg prinrdod ierhbh ukd Dpp, Ndoh Ivhr , quh ckbguyh ckeirodbcikhs phrtckhkths y hxpgcbd bikbhptis fäscbis hkrcquhbc`is bik odthrcdghs oäs bikbrhtis (vc`his, thstcoikcis, thst coikcis, bdkbcikhs, hktrh itris) bioi hkndkbmh hktrh gi dfstrdbti/thòrcbi y gd rhdgc`d`. Bd`d uk*d puh`h cr `hsbufrchk`i gis odthrcdghs d su tchopi y d su odkhrd. Hs `hbcr quh hg biopikhkth

06

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

`cnctdg dfrh gd piscfcgc`d` `h hstrubturdr y `hsdrriggdr hg pribhsi `h dprhk`czdlh `h ukd eirod rhgdtcvdohkth ck`cvc`udg, yd quh bd`d phrsikd pdrth `h su pripcd rhdgc`d` pdrd ckvigubrdrsh hk hstd hxphrchkbcd. @h dbuhr`i bik hsth pgdkthdochkti sik gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quchkhs `hthrockdk gd `crhbbcòk y hg dvdkbh `hg pribhsi, prcohri ck`cvc`udgohkth pdrd `hspuãs luktdr h ckthrbdofcdr gds c`hds y gis bikibcochktis hk su sufnrupi `h trdfdli. trdfdli.

Gis pri`ubtis quh sh hsphrdk dg fflkdg `h bd`d htdpd bikstctuyhk prckbcpdgohkth gds rhspuhstds d gd irchktdbcòk rhbcfc`d hk hg pribhsi y, d gd vhz, scrvhk pdrd odkthkhr gd oitcvdbcòk dgtd. Biksc`hrdk`i quh gis pri`ubtis sh prhshkthk y bdgcfflbdk hk gd shscòk scnuchkth, sh odkhld bioi ckbhktcvi d`cbcikdg gd piscfcgc`d` `h quh uk sufnrupi s ufnrupi ifthknd uk prhoci hsphbcdg pir hgdfirdr hg ohlir trdfdli.

Hstrubturd `hg prinrdod Hg prinrdod hstä biopuhsti `h schth edshs bikshbutcvds< budtri shscikhs prhshkbcdghs y trhs tchopis ckthroh`cis `h`cbd`is dg dutidprhk`czdlh. Gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs sh rhdgczdk bik 6: d 2: d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, bd`d ukd `urd dgrh`h`ir `h budtri mirds. Rhnuc`dohkth sh rhdgczd uk tchopi ckthroh`ci, `urdkth hg budg bd`d ukd y bd`d uki `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs ckvhstcndk ck`cvc`udgohkth hg thod y rhdgczd uk trdfdli ck`cvc`udg quh dpirtd dg trdfdli bighbtcvi y sh biopdrth bik su sufnrupi `h trdfdli, biopuhsti pir 0 d 5 d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs quh hk biklukti sik rhspiksdfghs `h rhdgczdr uk pri`ubti bioük. Gi quh shquh fusbd bik hstdgdbiofckdbcòk d`qucscbcòk `h bikibcochktis prdbtcbds hktrh `h shscikhs biofckdk hxpiscbcòk y hs gd gd präbtcbd y sh dffldkzd hstd ügtcod ybik gds shscikhs duti dprhk`czdlh bik gd ckvhstcndbcòk y gd hgdfirdbcòk `h pri`ubtis. Hg tchopi hktrh gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs puh`h vdrcdr shnük gds khbhsc`d`hs `hg nrupi i gd `cspikcfcgc`d` `hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk, `hfc`i d quh gd prifghoätcbd hs vctdg pdrd phrsikds `h hstd h`d`, sh sunchrh ki `hldr pdsdr oäs `h ukd shodkd hktrh shscòk y shscòk pdrd dshnurdr su hehbtcvc`d` y bimhrhkbcd. Zdrd edbcgctdr gis trdfdlis `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci, gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs buhktdk bik gis bikthkc`is d trdvãs `h gd Dpp Ndoh Ivhr .

02

 

Edshs, shbuhkbcd y bikthkc`i nhkhrdg `hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd.    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Rhscòk 4

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk 6

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk 2

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk0

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Rhodkd 4

Rhodkd 4

Rhodkd 6

Rhodkd 6

Rhodkd 2

Rhodkd 2

Rhodkd 0

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 4 Zrhshktdbcòk `hg prinrdod y gd Dpp @hsdrriggi Phod 4< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs 

Zgdk `h trdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs 

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 6 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis @cehrhkths phri cnudghs. 

@hsdrriggi Phod 6< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir.

Zgdk `h Prdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir.

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 2 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir.

@hsdrriggi Phod 2< L uktds*is uktds*is pdrhois gd UbO.

Zgdk `h Prdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Hlhbubcòk `hg Ndoh Ivhr d trdvãs `h ukd dpgcbdbcòk ckeiroätcbd. ¹Tuã hs ukd ‗Dpp‟9 

Rh `hkiockd ‗Dpp‟ d gd dpgcbdbcòk oòvcg `hg Zrinrdod ‗Ndoh Ivhr< bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd‟.  Xkd dpgcbdbcòk oòvcg hs ukd dpgcbdbcòk ckeiroätcbd `cshôd`d pdrd quh gd ocsod shd hlhbutd`d hk thgãeikis ckthgcnhkths, tdfghtds, bioputd`irds u itris `cspisctcvis oòvcghs. Rh `hkiockd ‗Dpp‟ ‗Dpp‟ pir gd biktrdbbcòk `hg tãrocki hk ckngãs ‗dppgcbdtcik‟ quh scnkcfflbd s cnkcfflbd ‗dpgcbdbcòk‟.

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Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 0 Zrhshktdbcòk

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs

`hLuktds*is pri`ubtis<

Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis< Luktds*is pdrhois gd UbO.

pdrhois gd UbO.

Rhghbbcòk y prhocdbcòk `h ohlirhs pri`ubtis Bchrrh `h prinrdod

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Erhbuhkthohkth gis prinrdods h`ubdtcvis quh tibdk hg thod `h gd vcighkbcd hk rdzòk `h nãkhri dbu`hk d hsth hs th tcpi `h mhrrdochktds, oäs dük sc trdfdld bik lòvhkhs y d`ighsbhkths, pirquh, hk gd dbtudgc`d`, hg dbbhsi d gd thbkiginïd hs odscvi y gds*is lòvhkhs prhfflhrhk ckeirodrsh oh`cdkth hsth oh`ci. D`cbcikdgohkth, uk*d d`ighsbhkth y livhk prhfflhrh gd ckeirodbcòk `h eirod oäs räpc`d, vcsudg y hk bikthkc`is birtis. Hk hsth shktc`i, gd ‗Dpp‟ `hg Zrinrdod hstä bikstruc`d pdrd sdtcsedbhr `h eirod räpc`d gd khbhsc`d` `h bikibcochkti `h d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, hk thods tdk biopghlis bioi gd shxudgc`d` y hg nãkhri. Hstd ‗Dpp‟ puh`h shr `hsbdrnd`d hk budgquchr bhgugdr ckthgcnhkth d trdvãs `h scsthods iphrdtcvis oòvcghs bioi Dk`ric` ( Dk`ric` (Niingh Niingh Zgdy Rtirh) Rtirh) i cIR (Dpp (Dpp Rtirh) Rtirh) hktrh itris y phrocth brhdr dbtcvc`d`hs `h ckthrdbbcòk oäs räpc`ds pdrd frck`dr ckeirodbcòk d d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Xkd vhz `hsbdrnd`d gd ‗Dpp ‗Dpp‟‟ dpdrhbh ukd prcohrd codnhk `h ukd pdrhld. Zisthrcirohkth gd ‗Dpp‟‟ th ckvctd d hophzdr su rhbirrc`i bik gd pdgdfrd HOZHBHOIR. ‗Dpp Xkd vhz cknrhsd`d d hstd ipbcòk, dpdrhbhk gds budtri shscikhs prhshkbcdghs, `h dbuhr`i bik gd scnuchkth codnhk< Hk gd pdrth pisthrcir tchkh budtri ipbcikhs< Mioh quh scnkcfflbd ohkü prckbcpdg, Bdkbcikhs, `ik`h dpdrhbhk gds bdkbcikhs quh sik pdrth `h ukd `h gds dbtcvc`d`hs ph`dnòncbds `h gds budtri shscikhs. Hstd gd ipbcòk Uc`his `ik`h mdy `cehrhkths vc`his quh dpiydk gds shscikhs y fflkdgohkth ukd ipbcòk quh `cbh  Dbhrbd `h, `ik`h mdy ckeirodbcòk sifrh itrds pänckds quh trdfdldk bik hg thod `h Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs. Budk`i vigvhois d Mioh h cknrhsdois, pir hlhopgi, d gd prcohrd shscòk< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs, dpdrhbhk bckbi ipbcikhs< Xkd prcohrd bik ukd `hkiockd`d mild bik ipbcikhs rhspik`hr,Sdmï prhshktdk `is pruhfds `h dyu`d, ukdnräfflbd pdrd oulhrhs, ¹Hstiypdrd hopi`hrd`d9 gd sh itrd pdrd miofrhs `hkiockd`d ¹Dbtuò bioi uk odbmcstd9 Xkd shnuk`d bik ukd codnhk `h ukd oäquckd `h fflgodbcòk, dsï sh `hpisctdk trhs tcpis `h vc`his< righs `h nãkhri, vc`his shxcstds y gds rhngds `h rhtridgcohktdbcòk. Xkd thrbhrd bik gd codnhk `h ukd kitd ouscbdg, dmï dpdrhbhk gds bdkbcikhs bik bikthkc`i shxcstd. Xkd budrtd bik gd codnhk `h ukd bäodrd eitinräfflbd `ik`h dpdrhbhk coänhkhs `h pufgcbc`d` shxcstd. Eckdgohkth, ukd qucktd ipbcòk `ik`h hstä gd shôdg s hôdg `h bikeiroc`d` dmï dpdrhbh ukd dutihvdgudbcòk, `ik`h sh bigibdk prhnuktds pdrd oh`cr hg kcvhg `h d`qucscbcòk `h bikibcochkti.

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Hk bd`d ukd `h gds shscikhs `hg Zrinrdod sh hkbuhktrd ukd bdktc`d` pdrhbc`d `h sufdbtcvc`d`hs. Zdrd bikibhr ohlir gd Dpp gi copirtdkth hs pi`hr `hsbdrndrgd y pdrd hsi khbhsctds< -

Phkhr uk bhgugdr ckthgcnhkth Phkhr dbbhsi d ckthrkht Bigibdr hk hg fusbd`ir Niingh ‗Dpp Ndoh Ivhr bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd‟ h ckcbcdr su `hsbdrnd.

Bdfh ohkbcikdr quh hk bd`d shscòk prhshkbcdg sh `dk ckstrubbcikhs pdrd gds shscikhs ckthroh`cds `ik`h sh rhburrcrä dg usi `h gd ‗Dpp ‗Dpp‟. ‟.

Hlhbubcòk `hg Ndoh Ivhr hk gd h`ubdbcòk eirodg y gd h`ubdbcòk ki eirodg. Hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr puh`h dpgcbdrsh hk `is äofctis `hg pribhsi `h eirodbcòk h`ubdtcvd. Zuh`h shr hk gd h`ubdbcòk eirodg, bikibc`d tdofcãk bioi gd h`ubdbcòk rhnugdr, hs `hbcr, hg pribhsi `h h`ubdbcòk ckthnrdg birrhgdbcikd`i quh dfdrbd `hs`h gd h`ubdbcòk ckedktcg y prcodrcd mdstd gd h`ubdbcòk shbuk`drcd y gd h`ubdbcòk suphrcir, y quh bikgghvd ukd ckthkbcòk `hgcfhrd`d y scsthoätcbd quh sh bikbrhtczd hk uk burrïbugi ifflbcdg. Hstd h`ubdbcòk tchkh bikthkc`is hstdk`drczd`is, pribhsis `h eirodbcòk rhnugdrhs, dsï bioi eirods y mhrrdochktds `h hvdgudbcòk. Hk Figcvcd, hg Zrinrdod puh`h tdofcãk shr hlhbutd`i fdli gd Ghy :>:, Dvhgcki Rcôdkc ‒ Hgczdr`i Zãrhz. Gd h`ubdbcòk ki eirodg hs uk tcpi `h h`ubdbcòk quh vd d bioprhk`hr ti`is gis pribhsis y präbtcbds quh ckvigubrhk d uk nrupi sibcdg mhthrinãkhi, phri buyd hstrubturd ckstctubcikdg ki bhrtcfflbd pdrd bcbgis hsbigdrczd`is, hs `hbcr, quh tchkh ukd ckthkbcikdgc`d` h`ubdtcvd y ukd pgdkcfflbdbcòk `hg pribhsi hkshôdkzd dprhk`czdlh, phri buyi pribhsi `h hkshôdkzd ki hs scsthoätcbi kc rhnugdr y ki biktchkh ukd bdgcfflbdbcòk quh puh`d pisthrcirohkth shr biksc`hrd`d bioi ohrctibrätcbd buyi rhsugtd`i ki thkndeirodghs vdgc`hz pdrd uk pribhsihk`hhgbdgcfflbdbcòk rhnugdr y ki hs dbrh`ctd`d piryckstctubcikhs h`ubdtcvds y rhbikibc`ds scsthod h`ubdtcvi eirodg. Xk hlhopgi sik gis pribhsis h`ubdtcvis quh sh `dk hk gis bgufs `h `hpirths i fchk hk gis bgufs `h fdrrcis i zikds `ik`h pdrtcbcpdk d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs.

 Dpgcbdbcòk `hg Ndoh Ndoh Ivhr Ivhr hk gd h`ubdbcòk h`ubdbcòk eirodg - Ghy :>:  Dvhgcki  Dvh gcki Rcôdkc - Hgczdr`i Hgczdr`i Zãrhz Zãrhz Bioi sh mdfïd ohkbcikd`i dkthrcirohkth hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd , dg dpgcbdrsh hk hg äofcti `h gd h`ubdbcòk eirodg, `hfh hstdr fdsd`i hk gd Ghy :>: Dvhgcki Rcôdkc ‒ Hgczdr`i Zãrhz. Hk hstd ghy hxcsthk `is thoätcbds quh sik bhktrdghs hk hg Zrinrdod `h Zrhvhkbcòk, uki hs hg thod `h Nãkhri (`ik`h sh sunchrh mdbhr ãkedscs hk gd prhvhkbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd fdsd`d hk nãkhri) y hg itri thod sik s ik gis @hrhbmis shxudghs y @hrhbmis rhpri`ubtcvis bioi bikbhpti fdsh sifrh hg budg sh s h `hfflkh gd prhvhkbcòk.

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hk hstd nuïd ohti`igòncbd gd*hg `ibhkth hkbiktrdrä pripuhstds `h hlhrbcbcis bik gd Ghy Dvhgcki Rcôdkc ‒ Hgczdr`i Zãrhz. Hk hg dkhxi sh hkbuhktrd uk hsquhod bik sunhrhkbcds. Rhrä gd*hg h`ubd`ir*d quchk puh`h ohlirdr h ckkivdr bik hstds sunhrhkbcds. Pdkti hk hg äofcti eirodg bioi ki eirodg, gd*hg h`ubd`ir*d pi`rä dfir`dr hstds thoätcbds tiodk`i hk buhktd gd scnuchkth ohti`iginïd `hkiockd`d `h Aigf.

Hg Bcbgi `h Dprhk`czdlh (pdrd h`ubdbcik eirodg y ki eirodg) Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  sh  sh fdsd hk hg oi`hgi `h dprhk`czdlh

`h Aigf, quh `hfflkh gds scnuchkths budtri htdpds<

Hxphrcohktdr 

Dpgcbdr 

Bcbgi `h Dprhk`czdlh

Vheghxcikdr 

Bikbhptudgczdr 

Nrdbcds d gd hstrubturd Zrinrdod gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths trdfdldk `cvhrsis bcbgis `h dprhk`czdlh, tdkti hk gds`hg shscikhs prhshkbcdghs bioi `urdkth gds edshs `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci, biktdk`i hk bd`d bdsi bik `cehrhkths sipirths tãbkcbis. Bioi ukd hstrdthncd ohti`igòncbd sh md prhvcsti quh bd`d thod sh s h dfir`h `is vhbhs. Zrcohri hk gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs (prcohr bcbgi `h dprhk`czdlh) y guhni hk gd edsh `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci (shnuk`i bcbgi `h dprhk`czdlh) hk `ik`h gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths rhtiodk gis thods oh`cdkth pribhsis `h dprhk`czdlh ck`cvc`udg y bigdfirdtcvi hktrh pdrhs1 hg budg bugockd bik gd hgdfirdbcòk `h uk pri`ubti quh bd`d sufnrupi `hfhrïd prhshktdr dg ckcbci `h gd scnuchkth shscòk prhshkbcdg. Hs gd rhphtcbcòk y dpgcbdbcòk `h bikthkc`is quh dshnurd gd d`qucscbcòk `h bikibcochktis y präbtcbds. D biktckudbcòk, `hsbrcfcrhois hk eirod frhvh bd`d htdpd `hg bcbgi `h dprhk`czdlh<

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Hxphrcohktdr.

Pdofcãk `hkiockd`d bioi hxphrchkbcd dbtcvd, hs gd prcohrd htdpd `hg bcbgi. Zhrocth d bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth vcvcr ukd hxphrchkbcd ckoh`cdtd y bikbrhtd bioi ghhr, hsbubmdr, ifshrvdr, mdbhr, mdbhr, i ukd biofckdbcòk `h hstds dbtcvc`d`hs, dsï bioi ckvhstcndr ck`cvc`udgohkth i hk nrupi, bik gd fflkdgc`d` `h ‗`hshkbd`hkdr‟ ukd shrch `h pribhsis binkctcvis, pscbioitrcbhs y hoibcikhs dsibcd`ds. Hstd htdpd nhkhrd gds fdshs pdrd gd ifshrvdbcòk, rhsthxcòk y dkägcscs pisthrcir. Hk gd edsh ckthroh`cd hstd htdpd sh rhdgczd budk`i gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs trdfdldk hk eirod ck`cvc`udg ukd thoätcbd hsphbcfflbd mdbchk`i usi `h gis rhbursis `c`äbtcbis hk eirod ck`cvc`udg ukd thoätcbd hsphbcfflbd mdbchk`i usi `h gis rhbursis `c`äbtcbis `h gd Dpp, rhsugtd`i quh ghs phrocth ifthkhr kuhvd ckeirodbcòk y phrsphbtcvds quh pisthrcirohkth biopdrtcräk bik gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `h sus nrupis `h trdfdli. 6.

   o    d    ï    u    N

Vhsthxcikdr.

Hstd htdpd hopchzd, hk gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs, budk`i hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d prhnuktd d gds*is ckthnrdkths `hg nrupi bioi sh schkthk s chkthk (hkeiquh hoibcikdg) rhsbdtdk`i dsï `cehrhkths tcpis `h hoibcikhs, gds ckshnurc`d`hs, gis hkilis, gd shksdbcòk `h copithkbcd u itris shktcochktis, pir tdkti, ti`d rhspuhstd hs vägc`d y dbhptd`d. Hg oitir `urdkth hstd edsh sik gds `cehrhkths hoibcikhs y shktcochktis hxcsthkths quh guhni `hfhräk shr bikthxtudgczd`is y tiod`is bioi pdrtc`d `h gd bikvhrsdbcòk, phri sck s ck `csbutcrgis. @dr hspdbci pdrd hxprhsdrgis dfrh pdsi d bikhbtdr gds ipckcikhs y brhhkbcds bik sus shktcochktis. Hs uk dsphbti copirtdkth pirquh rhsugtd oäs hehbtcvd pdrd gd d`qucscbcòk `h bdpdbc`d`hs binkctcvds puhsti quh dg ocsoi tchopi t chopi sh dbtcvdk gds ärhds hoibcikdghs. Hk gds edshs `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci, hg nrupi `hfh hstcougdr gd hxprhscòk `h gis shktcochktis nhkhrd`is Hstis shoutudgohkth `hfhk dbhptdr sck buhstcikdochkti, phri sc pir bik gd gd hxphrchkbcd `cspiscbcòk vcvc`d. `h hsbubmdrsh y biopdrtcr ckeirodbcòk quh hkrcquhzbd gd tdrhd bikluktd. Dquï hs ouy copirtdkth quh sh scndk gds rhngds `h ukd fuhkd rhtridgcohktdbcòk, tdkti pdrd quchkhs `dk gd ckeirodbcòk (ipckcòk, sunhrhkbcd i biohktdrcis) bioi pdrd quchkhs gds rhbcfhk. Hk gd Dpp sh md ckbguc`i ukds rhngds i pdutds pdrd gghvdr d bdfi hsth pribhsi. Vhdgczdrgi dyu`drd d quh gd bimhscòk `hg nrupi `hrcvd`d `hg ckthrãs `h rhdgczdr gd hgdfirdbcòk `hg pri`ubti sh odkthknd. 2.

Bikbhptudgczdr.

Hk gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs, sh dkdgczdk gis dpirths `h gd edsh `h rhsthxcòk y bik gd dyu`d `h gd edbcgctdbcòk sh iftchkhk bikbguscikhs `h dbuhr`i bik gis iflhtcvis `h gd shscòk. Gd eukbcòk `h gds*is edbcgctd`irhs hs ouy copirtdkth pirquh shräk quchkhs oi`hrhk y nuïhk, d trdvãs `h prhnuktds, hg pribhsi y, `h shr khbhsdrci, mdbhk dlusths d piscfghs thk`hkbcds hqucvibd`ds.

0=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hk gds edshs `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci, gd bikbhptudgczdbcòk, htdpd quh ckbguyh gd nhkhrdgczdbcòk y sïkthscs `h gd shscòk, s hscòk, sh rhdgczd hktrh pdrhs tiodk`i hk buhktd gds ghbbcikhs dprhk`c`ds. Zdrd mdbhr hsti hs coprhsbck`cfgh quh bd`d nrupi buhkth bik ukd phrsikd quh edbcgctd hsth pribhsi. Gd shghbbcòk `h hstd phrsikd hs ukd `h gds tdrhds hk gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs hk hg oiohkti hk hg budg sh hgdfird hg pgdk `h trdfdli. Hg rhsugtd`i `h hsth `hfdth hs hg bikbhpti bikbrhti `hg pri`ubti. 0.

 Dpgcbdr.

Hk gds  gds shscikhs prhshkbcdghs, gd ügtcod edsh `hg bcbgi `h dprhk`czdlh `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs bik hg dpiyi `hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d hs gd piscfcgc`d` `h dpgcbdr hk uk prcohr pdsi gis bikibcochktis d`qucrc`is d trdvãs `h gd hgdfirdbcòk `h uk pgdk `h trdfdli pdrd gd hgdfirdbcòk `h sus pri`ubtis bikbrhtis hk gd edsh ckthroh`cd. Hk gds edshs `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci gd dpgcbdbcòk `h gis bikibcochktis d`qucrc`is sh rhdgczd d trdvãs `h gd hgdfirdbcòk `h pri`ubtis bikbrhtis, pirquh sigdohkth dpgcbdk`i gi dprhk`c`i sh iftchkh vdgir y sh tchkh gd ipirtukc`d` `h bikvhrtcr uk bikibcochkti hk dgni oäs sisthkcfgh. Bik hstd ohti`iginïd gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs dsuohk hg pritdnikcsoi hk hg pribhsi `h dprhk`czdlh, vdk dprhmhk`chk`i dprhmhk`chk`i y sh vdk dpripcdk`i `h gis thods `h ukd eirod quh hggds*is ocsois `crcnhk. Hg rig `hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk hk hstd hst d biksthgdbcòk hs `h shr uk*d dbiopdôdkth quh dpirtd y ki copikh, quh phroctd brhbhr y dprhk`hr, phri tdofcãk dshnurd gds kirods `h ukd bigdfirdbcòk y bioukcbdbcòk rhsphtuisd y vdgirdtcvd. Rifrh ti`i, hk gis tchopis ckthroh`cis sh dprivhbmd hg pi`hr `h gds phrsikds pdrhs bikstruyhk`i ukd rhgdbcòk `h biopdôhrds*is, bighnds erhkth dg dprhk`czdlh. Hsth tcpi `h dprhk`czdlh bikstctuyh uk ckthrbdofci dbtcvi hktrh pdrhs, Rh quhtrdtd sh fdsd gd bikffldkzd `hdgis bikibcochktis y gds hxphrchkbcds `h gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths. `h ukhkhstcgi irchktd`i gds khbhsc`d`hs `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs quh biksbchkthohkth utcgczd gis pribhsis sibcdghs pdrd pithkbcdr gis hehbtis `hg dprhk`czdlh. D`hoäs, ti`ds*is pdrtcbcpdk `h ukd odkhrd dbtcvd hk hg pribhsi `h dprhk`czdlh y dsuohk gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` `hg ãxcti `h hsth y `h sus s us dprhk`czdlhs ck`cvc`udghs. Hstd eirod `h dprhk`czdlh ckstuyh pisctcvdohkth hk gd dutihstcod y hg hopi`hrdochkti `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs pir quh hg nrupi tdofcãk sh bikvchrth hk uk oh`ci pdrd `hsdrriggdr bdpdbc`d`hs binkctcvds, sibcdghs y bioukcbdtcvds, dsï bioi bdpdbc`d`hs `h biiphrdbcòk y hg shktc`i `h rhspiksdfcgc`d`. rhspiksdfcgc`d`.

03

 

Vig `hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

Gd edbcgctdbcòk hs gd tdrhd quh dsuoh ukd phrsikd erhkth d uk nrupi bioi nuïd `h bikthkc`is priburdk`i hg dbbhsi, gd bioprhkscòk i d`qucscbcòk `h ckeirodbcòk, c`hds, hoibcikhs, rhdbbcikhs y bik`ubtds mdbcd gis iflhtcvis `hg pribhsi, hvhkti i tdgghr. Hk hsth bdsi, bioi edbcgctd`ir*d hs khbhsdrci thkhr prhshkth quh hg dbhrbdochkti dg thod `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs `hfh mdbhrsh `h odkhrd pdugdtckd. Hg rig `hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d hk ti`ds gds shscikhs s hscikhs `hg prinrdod Ndoh Ivhr  bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  hs  hs uk rig `h nrdk rhspiksdfcgc`d` hk gd prhvhkbcòk `h bik`ubtds vcighktds hk rdzòk `h nãkhri y hk gd prioibcòk `h bik`ubtds oäs sdgu`dfghs.

   o    d    ï    u    N

Xkd phrsikd quh trdfdld sus bikstcbtis y su mcstircd `h vc`d `h eirod bikstdkth hs ukd phrsikd quh pi`rä hkerhktdr `h odkhrd d`hbud`d gis bikthkc`is y irchktdr dg*d d`ighsbhkth y lòvhk, mdbcd bik`ubtds oäs khutrds y `h thk`hkbcd muodkcstd oäs quh shsnd`d i `h prhlucbcis i rhspuhstds kd`d i pibi pisctcvds.

Xk*d edbcgctd`ir*d hehbtcvd*i tchkh quh hstdr biksbchkth `h sï ocsod*i y su dbtctu` erhkth d gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs. Hsti scnkcfflbd quh, d`hoäs `h thkhr bikibcochkti, dg ohkis fäscbi, sifrh hg thod, `hfh shr bdpdz `h rhbikibhr sus pripcds dbtctu`hs erhkth d gd vcighkbcd `h nãkhri bioi rhqucscti ck`csphksdfgh pdrd `hsdrriggdr ukd biophthkbcd bioukcbdtcvd quh hvcth prhlucbcis y vdgirdbcikhs.

Hk hg bdsi `h quh gd*hg edbcgctd`ir*d bikizbd h c`hktcfflquh `urdkth gds shscikhs bdsis `h dfusi i vcighkbcd shxudg i budgquchr tcpi `h vcighkbcd hxtrhod, hstä hk gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` `h dbtcvdr ti`is gis ohbdkcsois khbhsdrcis pdrd hg rhpirth y hg trdtdochkti `h hstis bdsis=. Hk hg oiohkti ocsoi `h gd shscòk y hk dugd, `hfh rhehrcrsh d bdsis priyhbtd`is y ki khbhsdrcdohkth d gd phrsikd bik gd budg ‗md phrbcfc`i‟ i ‗c`hktcfflbd`i‟ hg bikstcbti. Rigi mdy uk bdocki pdrd trdfdldr bik d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs quh vcvhk vcighkbcd hxtrhod y hsth bdocki hs gd shkscfcgc`d` y hg rhsphti mdbcd su vcvhkbcd. @h eirod d`cbcikdg hs copirtdkth bioi gd*hg edbcgctd`ir*d thkhr gd trcpgh t rcpgh bikffldkzd< Bikffldkzd hk sï ocsoi*d bioi edbcgctd`ir*d ‒ ¡Gi vd d mdbhr fchk! Bik dgni `h präbtcbd y scnuchk`i gd ohti`iginïd ti`i vd d sdgcr fchk. Gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs sh vdk d `cvhrtcr y vdk d dprhk`hr. Bikffldkzd hk gd ohti`iginïd ‒ Gds shscikhs `hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr  bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  hs  hs ukd ohti`iginïd hgdfird`d pir hxphrtds*is hk gd thoätcbd, euh prifd`d hk uk pcgiti h copghohktd`d hk oubmis hstdfghbcochktis hst dfghbcochktis h`ubdtcvis hk `cehrhkths pdïshs. Hsth prinrdod dfir`d gis bikthkc`is oïkcois khbhsdrcis pdrd prhvhkcr gd vcighkbcd. = Gds*is `ibhkths hkhk dbbhsi d gd rhsigubcòk ockcsthrcdg Ki. ::4/6:6: `hg Rufscsthod `h H`ubdbcòk Vhnugdr Vhnugdr `hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk `ik`h sh hxpikhk gds kirods nhkhrdghs pdrd gd nhsòk h`ubdvd y hsbigdr. Hk gds pigïbds sibcdghs `h h`u bdbcòk, hxcsthk drbugis hsphbïbis pdrd dthk`hr bdsis `h vcighkbcd, odgtrdti y/i dfusi. Rh hkbuhktrd tdofcãk hsphbcbd`i hg pribh`cochkti pdrd gis bdsis `h vcigdbcòk, hstupri y dfusi `hsmikhsti. Gd*hg edbcgctd`ir*d `ibhkth hstäk hk gd ifgcndbcòk `h bikibhr hsth pribh`cochkti y dbtudr hk bikshbuhkbcd.

8:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Bikffldkzd hk hg nrupi  nrupi ‒ Zir oäs quh phkshois quh gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `h 46 d 4= dôis, ki sdfhk `hg thod, hg bikibcochkti hstä hk hggds*is. Gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri y hg rhbmdzi d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs dgni quh sdfhk, shnurdohkth gi mdk vcvc`i i mdk sc`i thstcnis `h hggd, pir hstd rdzòk, usth` y gd ohti`iginïd dyu`dräk d rhsthxcikdr sifrh gis bikibcochktis y rheirzdrgis.

 Dgnukds Irchktdbcikhs Irchktdbcikhs nhkhrdghs nhkhrdghs Bikffldkzd

Gd bikffldkzd hs uk hghohkti euk`dohktdg pdrd hg `hsdrriggi `h gds dbtcvc`d`hs. Hs khbhsdrci trdtdr `h bikibhr d bd`d d`ighsbhkth y livhk `hg nrupi d kuhstri bdrni. Zdrd nhkhrdr ukd rhgdbcòk `h bikffldkzd kis prhshktdois, privibdois quh hggds*is sh prhshkthk, y d gi gdrni `h gds shscikhs ckthktdois c`hktcfflbdr sus nustis, sus ckbgckdbcikhs, sus bik`ubtds oäs bioukhs, `h oi`i `h rhgdbcikdrkis oäs bhrbdkdohkth. Hg tchopi hs birti pdrd hstdfghbhr ukd rhgdbcòk prieuk`d, phri `hoistrdk`i vhr`d`hri ckthrãs, rhsphti y hopdtïd erhkth d gi hxprhsd`i pir pdrth `h hggds*is sh puh`h ndkdr gd bikffldkzd khbhsdrcd pdrd trdfdldr pdrtchk`i `h gds hxphrchkbcds `h hggds*is.  Dkcodbcòk pdrd gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk

Hg pribhsi `h dprhk`czdlh hs oäs hfflbdz budk`i dprhk`hois d trdvãs `h gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk dbtcvd. Gds*is edbcgctd`irds*hs `hfhk thkhr bgdri su rig hk hg shktc`i `h dkcodr phrodkhkthohkth d d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs y dghktdr su pdrtcbcpdbcòk. Gd oitcvdbcòk pdrd pdrtcbcpdr hs euk`dohktdg e uk`dohktdg pdrd dshnurdr uk vhr`d`hri pritdnikcsoi `h ti`ds*is1 pdrd hggi uk dofchkth `h bikffldkzd, `h dbinc`d y `h rhsphti hs khbhsdrci. Gds `cehrhkths h`d`hs tchkhk sus pripcis ckthrhshs h ckquchtu`hs quh gds dbtcvc`d`hs pripuhstds hk gds shscikhs dtchk`hk. Zir gi tdkti, `hfhois dkcodr gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk scnuchk`i gds pdutds sunhrc`ds hk gd ohti`iginïd, y rhburrcr d itris hstïougis priburdk`i schoprh rhsphtdr gds sunhrhkbcds, c`hds, phksdochktis, shksdbcikhs trdsoctc`ds pirhghggds*is, trdtdr `h cktri`ubcr pripcis phksdochktis h ckthrhshs, scki scnuchk`i bursi `hsckphksdochkti pripci dkuhstris gd h`d` `h d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Rigi d trdvãs `h hstis pribhsis dbtcvis gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs puh`hk bikstrucr bighbtcvdohkth gis kuhvis bikibcochktis y sh dgbdkzdk gis iflhtcvis `h bd`d hstdbcòk. Rc dgnukds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs `iockdk gd bikvhrsdbcòk, mdy quh ph`crghs `h ukd odkhrd h`ubd`d quh `hk hspdbci d itris*ds y `h cnudg odkhrd hs copirtdkth dkcodr gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk `h gds*is oäs bdggd`ds*is. @cspiscbcòk `h hsbubmd

Gd bdpdbc`d` `h dbinc`d rhbinchk`i gis shktcochktis `h d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs quh rhquchrhk hxprhsdrsh, frck`äk`ighs frck`äk`ighs dpiyi y sipirth, s ipirth, `äk`igh shnurc`d` y dpiyi hs ukd mdfcgc`d` euk`dohktdg `h uk*d edbcgctd`ir*d. Ru tdrhd hs prhstdr hsphbcdg dthkbcòk d gds c`hds hxprhsd`ds pir d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, bikshrvdr ukd dbtctu` `h hsbubmd rhsphtuisd, dghktdk`i hk gis `hoäs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs gd ocsod dbtctu`. Rh trdtd `h rhbinhr gds hxprhscikhs pripcds

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`h su h`d`, bdkdgczd`ds d trdvãs `h gis hstïougis puhstis hk gds dbtcvc`d`hs d rhdgczdr. Ki `hfhois shsndr i bdgcfflbdr gis bikthkc`is hxprhsd`is, mdbhois gds prhnuktds quh brhhois khbhsdrcds pdrd pi`hr hkthk`hr gi quh quchrdk trdsoctcr, phri oistrdk`i dfsiguti rhsphti pir gd ircnckdgc`d` `h sus bioukcbdbcikhs. Hopdtïd

Hs khbhsdrci quh hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk shd shkscfgh d gds piscfghs rhdbbcikhs `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs. Rchk`i thods `hgcbd`is y biopghlis, puh`hk oivcgczdr hoibcikhs ckthksds hk bikhxcòk bik piscfghs hxphrchkbcds phrsikdghs `h biktdbti bik gd vcighkbcd. Hsti hxcnh quh gds phrsikds quh edbcgctdk y dbiopdôdk d hstis nrupis, `hfhk hstdr dghrtds ifshrvdk`i sus rhdbbcikhs, buc`dk`i ki prieuk`czdr ckkhbhsdrcdohkth hk gds prifghoätcbds phrsikdghs scki nhkhrdgczdr d prifghoätcbds pdrd ki nhkhrdr hstrãs i biktrcfucr d ukd vcbtcoczdbcòk ckkhbhsdrcd. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk ki `hfh cknrhsdr d mcstircds hk pdrtcbugdr, scki oäs fchk `hfh nhkhrdgczdr gis mhbmis y ki ck`cvc`udgczdrgis, tdopibi priyhbtdrsh hk sus vc`ds bik gds mcstircds i hg bikthkc`i quh hxcstd `hktri `h hggds. S bioi sh ohkbcikò dkthrcirohkth sc gd c`hktcfflbdbcòk `h vcighkbcds hxtrhods hs rhburrhkth, hs khbhsdrci dbtudr `h dbuhr`i bik hg pritibigi y ohbdkcsois prhvcstis pdrd gd dthkbcòk y `hkukbcd `h hstis bdsis. Hk ti`i bdsi, schk`i rhspiksdfghs, biksugtdk`i gd thoätcbd `h eirod ougtc`csbcpgckdrcd y vhgdk`i ZVCKBCZDGOHKPH ZVCKBCZDGOHKPH pir hg fchkhstdr `h gd phrsikd hk gd budg c`hktcfflbi hstis scnkis `h vcighkbcd(s) hxtrhod(s). Hk hg odrbi `h ukd dbbcòk prhvhktcvd, gd ckthkbcòk hs prhshktdr gis thods `h odkhrd quh dyu`h d shkscfcgczdr sifrh hggis. Hs copirtdkth rhbir`dr quh hs ukd ohti`iginïd `h prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs d uk kcvhg nhkhrdg, sck hofdrni, oubmds vhbhs hs ckhvctdfgh ki dthk`hr gis bdsis ck`cvc`udghs `h vcighkbcd hxtrhod subh`c`is. Mdy quh mdbhr ukd biofckdbcòk hktrh gd nhkhrdgc`d` y hg bikibcochkti `h mcstircds pdrtcbugdrhs. Gd edbcgctdbcòk ki `hfh bikeuk`cr d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs copugsäk`ighs d dbbcikhs quh ki pi`räk gghvdr d bdfi `hfc`i d gd piscbcòk quh tchkhk, hvctäk`ighs shktcochktis `h copithkbcd i bugpd1 oäs fchk hg rig `h edbcgctd`ir*d supikh bdkdgczdr y bikthkhr gds dksch`d`hs quh gds sctudbcikhs vcighktds, rhdghs i codnckdrcds, puh`hk oivcgczdr hk hggds*is. Hktuscdsoi Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk `hfh shr bdpdz `h odkthkhr hg kcvhg `h hkhrnïd y hktuscdsoi. Hg hqucpi `hfh vhrsh bioi hg*gd rhspiksdfgh `h brhdr hg dofchkth. Rc hggd i ãg tchkh ukd dbtctu` pisctcvd y brhh hk su bdpdbc`d` `h trdkseirodr gds bisds, brhh hk sï ocsod*i, brhh hk gis `hoäs, brhh hk gd euhrzd quh tchkh pdrd trdkseirodr gd rhdgc`d` gi vd d trdksoctcr d d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, `h tdg odkhrd quh hggds*is sh bikvchrtdk hk pritdnikcstds. Rus fuhkis äkcois y hkhrnïds sik gd fdsh pdrd fuhkis äkcois y hkhrnïds hk gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `hg prinrdod. D phsdr `h shr uk thod `ceïbcg, hs copirtdkth rhbir`dr quh tdofcãk sh prhvã quh gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `hg prinrdod sh `cvchrtdk dg rhdgczdr gds dbtcvc`d`hs.

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Vhsthxcòk

D`qucrcr kuhvis bikibcochktis h copugsdr bdofcis `h phrsphbtcvds y dbtctu`hs rhquchrh uk pribhsi `h rhsthxcòk, quh hs uki `h gis prckbcpcis prckbcpdghs `h gds shscikhs `hg prinrdod Ndoh Ivhr bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd. Edbcgctdr gd rhsthxcòk hk gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs hs oäs copirtdkth quh copdrtcr ckeirodbcòk. Zdrd dkcodr pribhsis `h rhsthxcòk mdy quh sdfhr eirougdr fuhkds prhnuktds pirquh d trdvãs `h hggds pi`hois ckbc`cr, ckstucr y `crhbbcikdr gd rhsthxcòk. Zdrd hggi sik d`hbud`ds dkths quh ti`ds gds prhnuktds dfchrtds. D hggds ki puh`h rhspik`hrsh bik uk ‗sï‟ i uk ‗ki‟. Ru euhrzd hstrcfd hk quh sigcbctdk ckeirodbcòk sifrh hoibcikhs y phksdochktis. Rh `cshôdk pdrd dvhrcnudr gi quh mdy hk gd ohkth `hg*gd d`ighsbhkth y livhk ochktrds sh vdk pri`ubchk`i gds pripcds c`hds. Hstd bgdsh `h prhnuktds sh dpiydk hk hg quã y qucãk, hk hg bòoi, hg buäk`i, hg `òk`h y hg pir quã. Hg itri tcpi ipirtuki hs gd prhnuktd rhsthxcvd quh `d gd ipirtukc`d` `h vigvhr d phksdr, `h rhbiksc`hrdr i `h vigvhr d odkcehstdr gis phksdochktis h c`hds dkthrcirhs. Dyu`dk d dbgdrdr y d `hfflkcr ärhds `h prhibupdbcòk `h gds quh puh`h ki shr biksbchkth i quh ki md sc`i bdpdz `h hxprhsdr. Hstds prhnuktds sh puh`hk eirougdr pir hlhopgi `h gd scnuchkth odkhrd< ¹quchrh `hbcr quh…9 ¹pir quã th pdrhbh quh…9 Vhbir`hois budk`i eucois d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, prhnuktäfdois oubmi ‗¹Zir quã9‟ pdrd hkthk`hr hg ouk`i. Hk hstd ibdscòk sh trdtd `h mdbhr hstds prhnuktds d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `hg prinrdod pdrd quh rhsthxcikhk rhsthxcikhk y bdofchk su odkhrd `h phksdr mdbcd ukd eirod `h righs hquctdtcvis y ki vcighktis. D biktckudbcòk, prhshktdois d gds*is edbcgctd`irds*hs, dgnukds sunhrhkbcds scopghs phri ütcghs< Gd prhnuktd ‒ ukd mhrrdochktd hshkbcdg - ¹bòoi eirougdr ukd prhnuktd9 …utcgczdois eirougdbcikhs shkbcggds. …pdgdfrds bikibc`ds quh ki rhquchrhk `h hxpgcbdbcòk dpdrth. …eirougdbcikhs birtds bik erdshs shkbcggds. …prhnuktds bikbrhtds. …ki sunhstcvds ‒ sck coputdbcikhs. …ki `dois kuhstrd ipckcòk kc hxprhsdois kuhstris pripcis bikstcbtis i prhlucbcis. …rhgdbcòk `crhbtd dg thod.

Irchktdbcikhs präbtcbds

• Bikibhr y hkthk`hr gis iflhtcvis `h bd`d shscòk. • Vhsphtdr gd shbuhkbcd ohti`igòncbd ohti`igòncbd y gis hlhrbcbcis hlhrbcbcis pripuhstis. • Hkgdzdr gis thods `h `h shscòk hk shscòk pdrd pdrd cr bikstruyhk`i bikstruyhk`i ukd biktckuc`d` biktckuc`d` thoätcbd, binkctcvd y biopirtdohktdg quh rheuhrbh gd dbbcòk prhvhktcvd. • Ki bhrrdr ukd ukd shscòk sck biksigc`dr biksigc`dr gds c`hds bikbguyhk`i bikbguyhk`i bik hg thod thod ‒ hg dprhk`czdlh `hfh quh`dr bgdri hk bd`d pdsi. • Prdf Prdfdldr dldr hk pdrhlds pdrd pdrd biopghohktdrsh hk gd ckthrvhkbcòk ckthrvhkbcòk dgcvcdk`i hg odkhli odkhli `h gds shscikhs sck dnitdrd uk*d u itri*d ochofri*d

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• Hstdfghbhr rhngds `h bik`ubtd bioi mdfgdr mdfgdr ukd phrsikd d gd vhz, ki ckthrruopcr d gd phrsikd quh mdfgd, bikshrvdr hk fuhk hstd`i `hg sdgòk i hg dugd, htb. • Frck`dr ckstrubbcikhs ckstrubbcikhs y ohksdlhs bgdris< `hfhk shr `crhbtis y gi oäs prhbcsis piscfgh pdrd ki `hsfir`dr d gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs bik gd biopghlc`d` `h gis ohksdlhs. • Eiohktdr gd pdrtcbcpdbcòk pdrtcbcpdbcòk `h ti`ds*is. ti`ds*is. • Xsdr hg ghknudlh ckbguscvi< ‗ti`ds*is‟. • Xtcgczdr gis sipirths `c`äbtcbis `h `h gds shscikhs `h gd eirod eirod oäs ph`dnòncbd ph`dnòncbd piscfgh, hsbrcfchk`i bik bigirhs `cehrhkths y hk ghtrds nrdk`hs y vcscfghs. Eckdgohkth mdy quh ohkbcikdr quh `hfhois shr buc`d`isds*is hk hg trdtdochkti `h gis thods, rhsphtdk`i gis kcvhghs `h bioprhkscòk y `h od`urhz `h gds `cehrhkths h`d`hs, hk hsphbcdg buc`dk`i ki trdksehrcr gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` pdrd ckthrvhkcr d d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs (quh bioi phrsikds d`ugtds thkhois `hsfir`dk`i gds piscfcgc`d`hs rhdghs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs), hk hg deäk `h sigubcikdr gis prifghods, gi quh pi`rïd nhkhrdr odyir copithkbcd, erustrdbcòk, hghvdr gd dksch`d` dsibcd`d d hstds hxphrchkbcds, hktrh itrds bisds. Hk ti`i bdsi hg rhspiksdfgh hs schoprh ukd phrsikd d`ugtd y hk hsth bdsi hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d.

   o    d    ï    u    N

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Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 DKH]I ÜKCBI ÜKCBI HLHOZGIR HLHOZGI R ZDVD GD DZGCBDBCÒK @HG ZVINVDOD FDLI FD LI GD GHS :>: ‒ DUHGCKI RCÔDKC ‒ HGC\DV@I ZHVH\.

D biktckudbcòk, usth` hkbiktrdrä ukd shrch `h sunhrhkbcds pir bursi pdrd dfir`dr gd thoätcbd `h nãkhri hk hg dugd shnük gds biophthkbcds y dgbdkbhs `h gd ghy ohkbcikd`d. Gis hlhopgis biofckdk gd odthrcd h ck`cbd gd dbtcvc`d`, dsï bioi hg rhsugtd`i quh sh s h prhthk`h ginrdr. Bioi sh md ohkbcikd`i dkthrcirohkth, hstis sik hlhopgis hkukbcdtcvis y ki dsï gcoctdtcvis. Gd*hg `ibhkth puh`h ohlirdr hstd dbtcvc`d` y d`hbudrgd d su bikthxti. Kcvhg `hg bursi

Odthrcd

Iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd

Zrcohri `h H`ubdbcòk @hsdrriggdois Rhbuk`drcd Eïscbd gds bdpdbc`d`hs eïscbds bik`cbcikdghs, biir`ckdtcvds y gds rhsugtdkths, oh`cdkth luhnis pripcis `h gd `cvhrsc`d`, dsuochk`i ukd piscbcòk brïtcbd rhsphbti d gis righs y rhgdbcikhs `h nãkhri, pdrd rhvdgirczdr y eirtdghbhr kuhstrds c`hktc`d`hs

Zribh`cochkti

Hk hstd odthrcd, `urdkth hg fcohstrh 4 y 6 `ibhkth `hsdrriggd hk gds*is hstu`cdkths ukd bdpdbc`d` brïtcbd erhkth d gis righs y rhgdbcikhs `h nãkhri. Xtcgczdk`i irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds sh `hfh `hsdrriggdr hk gds*is hstu`cdkths gis sdfhrhs y bikibcochktis pikcãk`igds hk odrbmd `h gd scnuchkth odkhrd<

Hk hg `hsdrriggi `h gds dbtcvc`d`hs eïscbds sh priouhvh gd präbtcbd `hg fuhk trdti gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri Zräbtcbd `hck`ïnhkd luhnis `hircnckdrcds, gis puhfgis y kdbcikhs rhsdgtdk`i righs y rhgdbcikhs `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri. Vhsthxcòk y bioprhkscòk `hg fuhk trdti, `h nãkhri. Vhdgczdbcòk `h dfflbmhs y itris thxtis prioivchk`i hg rhsphti, gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri. Udgirdbcòk `hg rhsphti y prioibcòk `h gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri.

88

Biophthkbcd `h sdgc`d (pdrd sdfhr quh sh ginrò hg iflhtcvi `h gd odthrcd).

Hg*gd `ibhkth `hfhrä hk su hvdgudbcòk ckbgucr hghohktis pdrd hvc`hkbcdr quh hg iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd sh md buopgc`i< Rh dsuoh gis vdgirhs `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri, ckbguscòk, rhsphti, sigc`drc`d`, biiphrdbcòk hk dbtcvc`d`hs `hpirtcvds. Vhsthxcòk sifrh gis vdgirhs `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri, ckbguscòk, rhsphti, sigc`drc`d` y biiphrdbcòk.

 

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Kcvhg `hg bursi

Zrcohri `h Rhbuk`drcd

Odthrcd

Udgirhs

Bchkbcds Kdturdghs

Zribh`cochkti

Biophthkbcd `h sdgc`d (pdrd sdfhr quh sh ginrò hg iflhtcvi `h gd odthrcd).

Hk hstd odthrcd, `urdkth hg fcohstrh 4 y 6 hg*gd `ibhkth pi`rä ckbirpirdr irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds fdsd`is hk prckbcpcis `h hquc`d` y biopghohktdrch`d` `h nãkhri.

Hg*gd `ibhkth `hfhrä hk su hvdgudbcòk ckbgucr hghohktis pdrd hvc`hkbcdr quh hg iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd sh md buopgc`i<

Iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd @hsdrriggdr bikbhptis `h gd vc`d hk edocgcd y hk bioukc`d`< prckbcpcis `h hquc`d` y `h biopghohktdrch`d` `h nãkhri, sigc`drc`d`, tighrdkbcd h ckthrbugturdgc`d`.

Zi`rä `hsdrriggdr luhni `h righs sifrh hg fuhk trdti hk gd edocgcd fdli ukd ghbturd brïtcbd y dkdgïtcbd `h gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhri. @hsdrriggi `h Hk hstd odthrcd, `urdkth hg shscikhs `h `cägini fcohstrh 4 y 6 pi`rä ckbgucr hg pdrtcbcpdtcvi hk hkeiquh `h nãkhri d trdvãs `h `hfdth bik thods irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds<

C`hktcfflbdbcòk y hxpgcbdbcòk `h gd bioprhkscòk `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri h ckthrbugturdgc`d`.

Dkägcscs brïtcbi hk hqucpi `h trdfdli, bik rhsphti, hquc`d` `h nãkhri y dpiyi `h `h hquc`d` `h gd bioukc`d`, hk gd Zi`rä `hsdrriggdr shscikhs nãkhri sifrh prhvhkbcòk y buc`d`i `h rhsthxcòk hk pdrdghgcsoi hsphbchs dkcodghs y sibci dofchktdg, hktrh hsphbchs dkcodghs su ckthrdbbcòk hk gd prdbtcbdk`i ukd y muodkds bik rhgdbcòk d kdturdghzd. bugturd dgcohktdrcd gis righs y hsthrhitcpis `h quh hvcth hg biksuoi nãkhri. Zi`rä cktri`ubcr hg `h `rinds u itris, ghknudlh y hg phksdochkti hk rhghvdk`i hg rig `h gd hg shr muodki d `cehrhkbcd `hg hsphbch dkcodg hk hg dkcodg. hqucgcfrci `h gd vc`d.

Ärhd Pãbkcbd Irndkczdbcòk Phbkigòncbd `h nrupis `h

Hk hstd ärhd, `urdkth gis fcohstrhs 4 y 6 gds*is `ibhkths pi`räk ckbgucr irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds pdrd rheirzdr hg hkeiquh `h nãkhri, hk hg `hsdrriggi `h gd dscnkdturd<

Miofrhs y oulhrhs rhbikibhk gd hstu`cdkths copirtdkbcd `h odkthkchk`i gd gd d`qucscbcòk `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri, bikibcochktis y dg budg sh gh dscnkd tchopi pir cnudg uk pri`ubti pdrd gd pri`ubbcòk thbkigòncbi `h uk pri`ubti Zuh`hk mdbhr gd biopdrdbcòk budgquchrd pdrd quh thbkigòncbi. `h gd pri`ubbcòk `h uk rhdgcbhk gd ghbturd y dkägcscs `h dbuhr`i pri`ubti thbkigòncbi hktrh hg usi `hg tchopi `h oulhrhs y bik gis scnuchkths miofrhs. Rh rhdgczd shscikhs oiohktis `ckäocbds `h `hfdth y ohti`igòncbis. biopdrdbcòk `h gis mdggdznis.

85

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Kcvhg `hg bursi

Odthrcd

Rhnuk`i `h H`ubdbcòk Rhbuk`drcd Eïscbd

Iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd

Zribh`cochkti

Udgirdbcòk `h gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri y gd ki `csbrcockdbcòk pir buhstcikhs ãtkcbds, hbikòocbds, pigïtcbds y itris.

Hk hstd odthrcd, `urdkth hg fcohstrh 4 y 6, hg*gd `ibhkth pi`rä dpgcbdr uk hkeiquh `h nãkhri d trdvãs `h irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds<

Phrbhri `h Bioukcbdbcòk y Hlhrbhk hquc`d` `h Rhbuk`drcd ghknudlhs nãkhri dkdgczdk`i gis ohksdlhs quh hocthk hk gd pufgcbc`d` y pripdndk`d, oh`cdkth `hfdths sifrh sus bdrdbthrïstcbds h ckthkbcikdgc`d`, pdrd hvctdr ti`d eirod `h odkcpugdbcòk c`higòncbd biktrdrcd dg fchk bioük.

Hg rhk`cochkti `h gis `hpirths pir cnudg hktrh miofrhs y oulhrhs `h eirod ck`hphk`chkth d gds `cehrhkths fcigòncbds ‒ shxudghs. Hk hstd odthrcd, `urdkth hg fcohstrh 4 y 6, hg*gd `ibhkth pi`rä dpgcbdr uk hkeiquh `h nãkhri d trdvãs `h irchktdbcikhs ohti`igòncbds< Hg shxcsoi gckn÷ïstcbi. Gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri hk gd pri`ubbcòk `h thxtis. Zräbtcbd `h rh`dbbcòk `h `ibuohktis biohrbcdghs y d`ockcstrdtcvis dpgcbdk`i hquc`d` `h nãkhri Phxtis irdghs y hsbrctis quh priouhvdk gd präbtcbd `h gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri, buhstcikhk gd vcighkbcd y gd odkcpugdbcòk c`higòncbd ipuhstd dg fchk bioük

8>

Biophthkbcd `h sdgc`d (pdrd sdfhr quh sh ginrò hg iflhtcvi `h gd odthrcd).

Vhgdbcikhs `h hquc`d` `h nãkhri, rhsphti d gds `cehrhkbcds ki @csbrcockdbcòk `h kcknük tcpi hk gds präbtcbds `hpirtcvds y itrds.

Vhbikibcochkti `h gd copirtdkbcd `h gd cnudg`d` `h nãkhri hk hg usi `hg ghknudlh irdg y hsbrcti.

 

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Kcvhg `hg bursi

Budrti `h Rhbuk`drcd

Tuckti y Rhxti `h Rhbuk`drcd

Odthrcd

Bchkbcds Ribcdghs

Drths pgästcbds y vcsudghs

Bchkbcds kdturdghs, fciginïd y nhinrdeïd

Iflhtcvi migïstcbi `h gd odthrcd

Vhbuphrdois gis prckbcpcis y vdgirhs `h gcfhrtd`, lustcbcd sibcdg y hquc`d` `h nãkhri, hstu`cdk`i gd rhscsthkbcd y gubmds ck`ïnhkds dktcbigikcdghs y oivcochktis gcfhrtdrcis.

Dkdgczdr `hktri `hg bikbhpti drtïstcbi hg ohksdlh hxpgcbcti bik rhgdbcòk dg odkhli `h gd fflnurd ehohkckd bik rhgdbcòk d gd odsbugckd. Bioprhk`hr quh, hk gd `ckäocbd `h gds bchkbcds kdturdghs, gd fciginïd y gd nhinrdeïd sh hkbuhktrdk ckshrtds gds rhgdbcikhs `h hquc`d` h cnudg`d` `h ipirtukc`d`hs bik rhgdbcòk d miofrhs y oulhrhs.

Zribh`cochkti

Runhrhkbcd `h `hfdths bik gds scnuchkths thoätcbds< Oulhrhs hk gd nhstd gcfhrtdrcd Udgirdbcòk `h gd gcfhrtd`, lustcbcd sibcdg y hquc`d` `h nãkhri hk dbtcvc`d`hs bitc`cdkds `h gd hsbuhgd.

Biophthkbcd `h sdgc`d (pdrd sdfhr quh sh ginrò hg iflhtcvi `h gd odthrcd). Oulhrhs y miofrhs rhbikibhk gd hquc`d` `h nãkhri prhshkth hk gis prckbcpdghs mhbmis mcstòrcbis `hg pdïs. 

Gd cnudg`d` `h ipirtukc`d`hs, hquc`d` `h nãkhris y `hrhbmis shxudghs hk Figcvcd y hg ouk`i. @ckäocbd `h rhsthxcòk sifrh hquc`d` `h nãkhri. Vhsthxcòk brïtcbd sifrh gd codnhk `h gd oulhr hk gd pufgcbc`d` y gis hehbtis sufgcockdghs hk gis oh`cis `h bioukcbdbcòk.

Oulhrhs y miofrhs, dguokds*is rhbikibhk quh hk thods bioi hg drth, gds bchkbcds sibcdghs, gd fciginïd y gd nhinrdeïd gis righs `h nãkhri y gis hsthrhitcpis luhndk uk rig Zrioivhr `hfdths hktrh copirtdkth nrupis sifrh thods bioi `hphk`chk`i `h Hquc`d` h cnudg`d` `h bòoi hstis sik ipirtukc`d`hs bik rhgdbcòk dg ckbirpird`is shxi. Gis righs hk hg nãkhri puh`hk shr euhkth y gd `csbrcockdbcòk sibcdg, `h `hscnudg`d` h hbikòocbd, bugturdg y pigïtcbd. cklustcbcds.

Dmird fchk, gis bikthkc`is `hg Zrinrdod `h Zrhvhkbcòk  Zrhvhkbcòk Ndoh Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd, sh puh`hk biofckdr d kcvhg `h bikthkc`is y hlhs drtcbugd`irhs hk bd`d uki `h gis nrd`is dbd`ãocbis y odthrcds hkukbcd`ds dkthrcirohkth.

8=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hg*gd `ibhkth puh`h ckbgucr ukd shscòk, `is shscikhs y gds shscikhs `h dutidprhk`czdlh hk bd`d ukd `h gds odthrcds y tchopis ph`dnòncbis prhvcstis pdrd tdg hehbti. Rh trdtd `h `hldr hk gcfhrtd` dg*gd `ibhkth, pdrd quh puh`d shr brhdtcvd*i dpgcbdk`i gds shscikhs `hg prinrdod `h prhvhkbcòk. Hk ti`i bdsi sh ckvctd dg*gd `ibhkth d quh rhvcsh gis prinrdods `h hstu`ci hk gd H`ubdbcòk Rhbuk`drcd Bioukctdrcd Zri`ubtcvd `hg Ockcsthrci `h H`ubdbcòk.

83

 

Fcfgcinrdeïd    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

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Dquco, Visdrci. ‗Ocsbhgäkhd‟. Gd Zdz. Figcvcd. 6:4>.

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Dquco, Visdrci. ‗@cvhrsc`d`hs. Rhxi/ Nãkhri/ Rhxudgc`d`‟. Rhxudgc`d`‟. Gd Zdz. Figcvcd. 6:48. 6 :48.

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Ehstcknhr, G. (43>8). Ehstcknhr, (43> 8). Phirïd Phirïd `h gd `csikdkbcd binkisbctcvd. Od`rc`< Ckstctuti `h Hstu`cis Zigïtcbis. Bãsph`hs, B. y Vifghs, B. (6:45). Kcôds y d`ighsbhkths hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd y hg Bdrcfh. @hu`ds `h cnudg`d`. Rhrch Dsuktis `h Nãkhri Kº 422. Rdktcdni< R dktcdni< BHZDG. Biukbcg ie Huriph (6::3). Biopdscti< Odkudg ik Muodk Vcnmts H`ubdtcik eir Bmcg`rhk. (6d h`.). Vhbuphrd`i `h< www.hybf.bih.ckt/biopdscti/p`e/Biopdscti%6:HK.p`e www.hybf.bih.ckt/biopdscti/p`e/Biopdscti%6:HK.p`e Q48.:=.6:4>_. Hspckizd, Su`hrays. ‗Dprixcodbcikhs ‗Dprixcodbcikhs brïtcbds d gds präbtcbds thòrcbi pigïtcbds `hg ehockcsoi gdtckidohrcbdki‟. gdtckidohrcbdki‟. Fuhkis Dcrhs, Drnhktckd. 6:4:. Hspckizd, Su`hrays. ‗Ehockcsoi, Hpcsthoiginïd y dpuhstds `hsbigikcdghs‟. Bigiofcd. 6:40.

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Ndni, Uhròkcbd. Uhròkcbd. ‗Gd pithkbcd ehockcstd‟. Fuhkis Dcrhs, Drnhktckd. 6:4>.

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Ndrndggi, Erdkbhsbd. ‗C`hds ehockcstds Gdtckidohrcbdkds‟. Oãxcbi. 6::0.

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NC\ (6:40). Gds Ocg Bdrds `h gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs. Vhbuphrd`i `h< mttp.:=.6:4>_. Odturdkd,M.(6::3).gd rhdgc`d`< ¹iflhtcvd i bikstruc`d9 Euk`dohktis fcigòncbis `hg bikibcochkti. Fdrbhgikd Dktmripis. Kdbcikhs Xkc`ds (43=3). Bikvhkbcòk sifrh gis `hrhbmis `hg kcôi. Vhbuphrd`i `h mttp.:=.4>). Kdbcikhs ukc`ds (4332). @hbgdrdbcòk sifrh gd hgcockdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gd oulhr `h gds kdbcikhs ukc`ds. Vhbuphrd`i `h mttp.:=.4>). pdnhs/vcighkbhdndckstwiohk.dsp IOR (6:4>). Rdgu` `h gd od`rh, hg rhbcãk kdbc`i, `hg kcôi y `hg d`ighsbhkth. @hsdrriggi hk gd d`ighsbhkbcd. Vhbuphrd`i `h `h mttp). tipcbs/d`ighsbhkbh/`hv/hs/(44  .:=.4>).

5:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

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IZR (6:40). Ucighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd y hg Bdrcfh< Dkägcscs biopdrdtcvi `h `dtis pifgdbcikdghs `h 46 pdïshs. Vhbuphrd` Vhbuphrd`ii `h `h fflgh). aardutmhcohr/@iwkgid`s/UcighkbcdHspd%B2%-F4igY6.0 %6:(2).p`e(4>.:=.4>). RCZC (6:42). Ctckhrdrcis< Gd ckthnrdbcòk `h gd Bikvhkbcòk Ckthrkdbcikdg sifrh gis RCZC `hrhbmis `hg kcôi hk gis scsthods lurï`cbis kdbcikdghs. Fuhkis Dcrhs. Vhbuphrdk`i `h mttp.p`e(4=.:0.6:45). XKCBHE (6::5). D`ighsbhkbcd y pdrtcbcpdbcòk. pdgdfrds y luhnis. Vhbuphrd`i `h mttps.:=.6:4>). XKCBHE (6:48). Xkd dprixcodbcòk d gd sctudbcòk `h d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs hk Doãrcbd Gdtckd y hg Bdrcfh d pdrtcr `h hvc`hkbcd budktctdtcvd rhbchkth. rhbuphrd`i `h  `h mttps.:=.6:4>). Udrd-Mirkd, D. y Gòphz -I`dr,`.(6:4>).sc, phri ki. gd dbhptdbcòk copgïbctd `h gd vcighkbcd Udrd-Mirkd, biktrd gds oulhrhs hk hg Zhrü. rhbuphrd`i `h mttp mttp-hs-scusop.h`u.ph/wp bikthkt/bikthkt/upgid`s/6:4>/:5/ncz6:4>-hs-sc-phri-ki-4>x60.8-whf. phri-ki-4>x60.8-whf. p`e  (4>.:=.6:4>). p`e ^MI (6:42). Ngifdg dk` rhncikdg hstcodths ie vcighkbh dndckst wiohk. Zrhvdghkbh dk` mhdgtm heehbts ie cktcodth pdrtkhr vcighkbh dk` kik-pdrtkhr shxudg vcighkbh. Vhbuphrd`i `h  mttp=3604850568Yhkn.p`e9ud?4(4 `h mttp=3604850568Yhkn.p`e9ud?4(4   .:=.6:4>). ^MI (6:4:). Zrhvhktckn cktcodth pdrtkhr dk` shxudg vcighkbh dndckst wiohk< tdackn dk` nhkhrdtckn hvc`hkbh. Vhbuphrd`i `h `h mttp=36048 50::>Yhkn.p`e(4>.:=.6:4>). pufgcbdtciks/vcighkbh/3>=36048  50::>Yhkn.p`e(4>.:=.6:4>).

54

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Ckstrubbcikhs pdrd 2 gd dpgcbdbcòk. Ckstrubbcikhs pdrd gd dpgcbdbcòk `h gds budtri shscikhs. Hk hstd shbbcòk prhshktdrhois `h eirod `htdggd`d bd`d ukd `h gds shscikhs quh biktchkh hg ‗Ndoh Ivhr< bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd‟. Zhri dkths `h bd`d shscòk prhshktdois ckeirodbcòk ütcg. Hstd shbbcòk hstä `cvc`c`d hk `is pdrths< Gd prcohrd hs uk nräfflbi rhbir`dtirci sifrh gd biophthkbcd fflkdg quh sh `hfh ginrdr hk gds*is gds *is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, pdrtcbcpdkths `hg Zrinrdod. Gd shnuk`d pdrth hs gd prhshktdbcòk hk `htdggh `h gds budtri (0) shscikhs prhshkbcdghs y gds trhs (2) dbtcvc`d`hs ckthroh`cds. Bd`d ukd `h hstds shscikhs biofckdk gd dbbcòk bikbrhtd hk dugd oäs hg usi `h gd ‗Dpp‟ y gis dkhxi dkhxiss bikbhptudghs pdrd quh hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk puh`d prhpdrdr ohlir su shscòk `h trdfdli. Zrcohrd Zdrth. Biophthkbcd Eckdg pdrd oulhrhs y miofrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs.

Bdfh rhbir`dr quh pdrd buopgcr hg iflhtcvi oäs copirtdkth `hg Zrinrdod `hfhois thkhr hk buhktd hg scnuchkth `cdnrdod<

52

 

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Hopi`hrdr d gds oulhrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs, hs `hbcr, `dr ckeirodbcòk pdrd gd tiod `h `hbcscòk, dshnurd quh gd vcighkbcd shd c`hktcfflbd`d y `hthkc`d hk su oiohkti. Zrioivhr gd bikstrubbcòk `h odyir bikbchkbcd hk miofrhs d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs sifrh su rig hk gd gubmd biktrd gd UbO phroctcrä quh hk dgnük oiohkti, hsth miofrh livhk `hthknd sus dbbcikhs vcighktds y shd oäs rhspiksdfgh hk sus rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld y erhkth d gd bikvcvhkbcd hktrh oulhrhs y miofrhs. Rhnuk`d Zdrth. Rhscikhs hk `htdggh.

Hk hstd shbbcòk sh prhshktdk `h eirod `htdggd`d gds budtri (0) shscikhs y sus rhsphbtcvds trhs (2) shscikhs `h dutidprhk`czdlh.

Rhscòk 4 ‗@cehrhkths phri cnudghs‟ Iflhtcvi `h gd shscòk.

Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. @urdbcòk.

Gd shscòk ckbguyh shcs dbtcvc`d`hs bik ukd `urdbcòk titdg `h 46: ock. Bikthkc`is prckbcpdghs.     

Zrhshktdbcòk `hg prinrdod y `h pdrtcbcpdkths PGdkzdochkti hod 4< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs. righs y octis `h nãkhri y sus bikshbuhkbcds. y prhshktdbcòk `h Hsthrhitcpis, gd Dpp Zgdk `h trdfdli tchopi ckthroh`ci Hvdgudbcòk `h gd shscòk.

@hsbrcpbcòk `h dbtcvc`d`hs. Ecbmd tãbkcbd `h ‗@cehrhkths phri cnudghs‟ (Biktchkh pribh`cochkti y dkhx dkhxis) is)

50

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 Dbtcvc`d` 4. Zrhshktdbcòk `hg bikthkc`i `hg Zrinrdod Zrinrdod.. Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 4. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 4. Ckeirodr d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sifrh gis iflhtcvis, edshs y pribh`cochktis `hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd, pdrd nhkhrdr ckthrãs y biopriocsi hk gd rhdgczdbcòk `h ti`ds sus dbtcvc`d`hs. @urdbcòk Ipbcikdg< 8 ockutis

4: ock

Odthrcdghs

Odrbd`irhs nruhsis, ipbcikdg< tdrlhtds hsbrcfcr pdrd c`hds.

Zribh`cochkti Ipbcikdg< Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d mdbh gd `ckäocbd rioph mchgi, `h dbuhr`i d gi quh sh d`luktd hk hg dkhxi. 4.4. I puh`h mdbhr itrd `ckäocbd `h su hghbbcòk. Fchkvhkc`d y rhngds `h iri Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk `d gd fchkvhkc`d d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths y prhshktd gd dnhk`d `hg `ïd.

Hgdfirdbcòk `h gds rhngds `hg iri pdrd hg prinrdod Zrhshktdbcòk `hg bikthkc`i `hg prinrdod y `hg iflhtcvi `h gd Zdphgònrdei shscòk bik gd dnhk`d - Zrhshktdbcòk `h pdrtcbcpdkths `hg `ïd. - Phod 4< Dkibmh siôã bik dgni ckbrhïfgh - Zrhshktdbcòk `h gd Dpp Ndoh Ivhr Zdphgònrdei - Iflhtcvis y tdrhds pdrd hg tchopi ckthroh`cdrci pdrd gds rhngds - Hvdgudbcòk `h gd shscòk 󰀴 `hg iri (sigi Bikluktdohkth sh hstdfghbhk dgnukds rhngds `h iri pdrd odkthkhr bik tïtugi sc uk dofchkth docndfgh hk hg tdgghr vcrtudg. Ipbcòk 4 (rhbiohk`d`i)< sh bikstruyhk Bikstrucr gds rhngds bikluktdohkth, prhnuktdk`i d gds*is gds rhngds pdrtcbcpdkths budghs rhngds/dbuhr`is ghs nustdrïd shnucr. Rh `d gd `h odkhrd piscfcgc`d` `h trdfdldr bik tdrlhtds d quh bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth hsbrcfh sus bikluktd) bikluk td) rhngds pdrd ckbgucrgds `hspuãs hk uk pdphgònrdei i `dr gd pdgdfrd d -

gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths ochktrds hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk vd dkitdk`i gds rhngds hk uk pdphgònrdei. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk puh`h dôd`cr rhngds, sc ghs edgtd dgni (ukds sunhrhkbcds sh hkbuhktrdk fdli `h gd ipbcòk 6). Ipbcòk 6< Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk pripikh ukd gcstd `h rhngds y sh `d gd ipirtukc`d` d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `h dôd`cr dbuhr`is d`cbcikdghs. Zripuhstd< @h odkhrd bikluktd hktrh hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk y gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths ginrdois biopriocsis bioi< Zikndois kuhstris bhgugdrhs hk scghkbci y ki gis usdois `urdkth hg `hsdrriggi `hg tdgghr. Vhsphtdois d gds ipckcikhs `h gds*is `hoäs. Kis shktcois shnurds*is pdrd biopdrtcr ipckcikhs y prhnuktds. Zdrtcbcpdois y hsbubmdois `h odkhrd dbtcvd. Kis dfrcois d bikbhptis kuhvis sck och`i ‒ hs uk hspdbci shnuri. Zdrd odyirhs ckeirodbcikhs sh puh`h biksugtdr dg d g dkhxi 4.2. •

• •

• •

58

 

@urdbcòk

8 ock

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

Odthrcdghs

Zribh`cochkti

Zdphgònrdei bik gd prhshktdbcòk Zrhshktdbcòk `h gd shbuhkbcd `hg prinrdod Ndoh `hg prinrdod. Ivhr  Zdphgònrdei bik hg Iflhtcvi y Zdphgònrdei gis bikthkc`is `h gd shscòk.

@hspuãs sh prhshktd gd shbuhkbcd `hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd. (Uhr dkhxi d`lukti 4.6.)  4.6.)   Zrhshktdbcòk `hg Iflhtcvi y `h gis bikthkc`is `h gd shscòk 4<

Riois bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Bikthkc`is< •

•

   o    d    ï    u    N

•

Rhxi y nãkhri Hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs Bdusds `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs

@hspuãs `h gd prhshktdbcòk hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk prhnuktd sc ti`ds*is sik `h dbuhr`i bik hg iflhtcvi. Hg nrupi `h pdrtcbcpdkths puh`h biohktdr hk hg bmdt. Pitdg< 48 ock

 Dkhxii 4.4.  Dkhx Dkths `h hophzdr hstd shscòk `hfc`i d gd copirtdkbcd `h dkcodr y oitcvdr d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh rhdgczd ukd shscòk ‗rioph mchgi‟, sunhrcois gd scnuchkth< @ckäoc @ckä ocbd bd Uct Uctdg dgcz czd` d`ir irdd Xsis Nrupi ohtd @urdbcòk Vhquhrcochktis

Gis bud Gis budtr trii sïof sïofig igis is (`d (`dk` k`ii vc`d vc`d d mi miof ofrh rhss y oul oulhr hrhs hs)) Zdrd ckcbcdr gd shscòk Lòvhkhs y D`ighsbhkths 4: ockutis (4) Edbcgctd`ir*d (6) 6 dscsthkths, uk miofrh y ukd oulhr (2) 0 milds sdfdkds (0) Pdrlhtds `h `cehrhkths bigirhs y eirods, ivdgi, trcdknugi, rhbtäknugi y bcrbugi. (8) Odrbd`irhs (5) Odsaco i bcktd d`mhscvd

55

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Zrhpdrdbcòk<

Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh irndkczdk hk budtri nrupis. Xk nrupi sigi `h oulhrhs, itri nrupi sigi `h miofrhs, uk thrbhr nrupi ocxti, `h miofrhs y oulhrhs y uk budrti nrupi, tdofcãk ocxti, `h miofrhs y oulhrhs. Rh pikhk bd`d uki hk ukd hsquckd `hg sdgòk erhkth d ukd mild sdfdkd nrdk`h. Rh gh rhpdrth d bd`d nrupi ukd bdktc`d` cnudg `h gis budtri sïofigis (ivdgi, trcdknugi, rhbtäknugi y bcrbugi) lukti d uk odsaco pir nrupi. Zdsis<

Rh `d gd bikscnkd. Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir dkukbcd gd biophthkbcd. Ouhstrd gis budtri sïofigis s ïofigis (ivdgi, trcdknugi, rhbtäknugi y bcrbugi) y ghs `cbh quh hk sigi bckbi (8) ockutis `hfhk biofckdr gis sïofigis y eirodr hk hsd mild sdfdkd nrdk`h, hg ristri y gd scguhtd `hg buhrpi `h ukd oulhr y `h uk miofrh. @h eirod quh bd`d nrupi thknd `is (6) ristris. Hg `h gd oulhr hk gd pdrth suphrcir y hg `hg miofrh hk gd pdrth ckehrcir. (4) Xkd vhz `d`d gd bikscnkd sh ghs pc`h quh ckcbchk y quh sigi tchkhk pdrd hsti trhs (2)

ockutis. Pi`ds Pi`ds gds phrsikds `hg nrupi `hfhk ckthrvhkcr. (6) Xkd vhz fflkdgczd`i hg drod`i `hg ristri ehohkcki y odsbugcki, bik gis budtri sïofigis,

hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d y sus bi edbcgctd`irds*hs `hfhräk `hfhräk pdsdr pir bd`d nrupi h cr biohktdk`i gis ristris y gds scguhtds `hg buhrpi eirod`is rhsdgtdk`i vdrcis dsphbtis< (c) Hg nrupi `h miofrhs ¹Bòoi rhprhshktdk d gd oulhr9 (cc) hg nrupi `h oulhrhs ¹Bòoi rhprhshktdk dg miofrh9 (ccc) gis nrupis ocxtis bioi rhprhshktdrik d miofrhs y oulhrhs. Ki sh trdtd `h `dr vdgirhs hstãtcbis i lucbcis `h vdgir. Rigdohkth `hldr hk bgdri gds rhprhshktdbcikhs `h gi odsbugcki y gi ehohkcki hk gis nrupis. (2) Eckdgohkth sh `hfh rheirzdr gd c`hd `h quh hstd hst d `ckäocbd dfrh uk trdfdli `h rhsthxcòk

sifrh gis righs `h miofrhs y oulhrhs hk gd vc`d bitc`cdkd. S sh cktri`ubh hg Zrinrdod ‗Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd‟  `h  `h eirod frhvh. Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d hk bgdripdrd quhtiodr gds d`ighsbhkths oulhrhs ifthk`räkyodyir ckeirodbcòk y`hld bdpdbc`d` `hbcscikhs, yy lòvhkhs gis miofrhs d`ighsbhkths lòvhkhs, tiodräk odyir bikibcochkti y bikbchkbcd sifrh su rig hk gd gubmd biktrd gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs.

5>

 

 Dkhxii 4.6.  Dkhx    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

4.6. Edshs. Rhbuhkbcd y bikthkc`i nhkhrdg `hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd. 

Rhscòk 4

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk 6

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk 2

Pchopi Ckthroh`ci

Rhscòk0

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Dutidprhk`czdlh

Zrhshkbcdg

Rhodkd 4

Rhodkd 4

Rhodkd 6

Rhodkd 6

Rhodkd 2

Rhodkd 2

Rhodkd 0

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 4 Zrhshktdbcòk `hg prinrdod y gd Dpp @hsdrriggi Phod 4< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs 

Zgdk `h trdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs 

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 6 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis

@cehrhkths phri cnudghs .

@hsdrriggi Phod 6< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir .

Zgdk `h Prdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir.

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 2 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir.

@hsdrriggi Phod 2< Luktds*is pdrhois gd UbO.

Zgdk `h Prdfdli `hg tchopi ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ckthroh`ci

Prdfdli ck`cvc`udg Vhvcsdr bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp Mdbhr gds hvdgudbcikhs Prdfdli nrupdg Hgdfirdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis<

Prdfdli prhshkbcdg Rhscòk 0 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis< Luktds*is pdrhois gd UbO.

Rhghbbcòk y prhocdbcòk `h ohlirhs pri`ubtis Bchrrh `h prinrdod

Luktds*is pdrhois gd UbO.

 Dkhxii 4.2. Brhdr bikffldkzd  Dkhx bikffldkzd.. Hsth dpukth gh scrvh dg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk pdrd bioprhk`hr bioi mdbhr uk dofchkth `h dprhk`czdlh dodfgh `ik`h hxcstd gd piscfcgc`d` `h ckthrdbtudr y eirtdghbhr gis bikibcochktis `h gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths. Hstd dbtcvc`d` sigi bikscsth hk dpuktdrgi dg nrupi `h eirod vhrfdg, pripikchk`i gds `cehrhkths tãbkcbds y hlhopgcfflbäk`ig hlhopgcfflbäk`igds. ds. Zdrd uk dofchkth `h `cdgini gcfrh y dbtcvi hs ouy copirtdkth hstdfghbhr uk dofchkth `h bikffldkzd y rhsphti. Dsï hs hshkbcdg shkscfcgczdrsh bioi hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk hk gd bikstrubbcòk `h hsth dofchkth. Rh puh`hk rhdgczdr prhshktdbcikhs ck`cvc`udghs rhdgczd`ds vïd uk luhni y hstdfghbhr kirods `h bikvcvhkbcd bik hg nrupi puh`h dyu`dr. Hs copirtdkth quh sh hstdfghzbdk hs tdfghzbdk gds rhngds `hg bursi pdrd gd bioukc`d`. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk `hfh pikhr ãkedscs hk quh gd shscòk hs uk hspdbci shnuri, `ik`h ti`ds gds ipckcikhs sik rhsphtd`ds. Pdofcãk sh ohkbcikd quh hg dugd hs uk hspdbci shnuri hk hg budg

5=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

ti`ds gds phrsikds `hfhk shktcrsh s hktcrsh rhsphtd`ds y puh`hk hxprhsdr sus ipckcikhs y prhnuktds `h ukd odkhrd oäs gcfrh. Hk nhkhrdg, hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk `hfh oistrdr ckthrãs, rhsphti y bikffldkzd bik rhgdbcòk d gd vcvhkbcd `hg*gd d`ighsbhkth y hg*gd lòvhk. Eckdgohkth sh puh`h cktri`ubcr sck thoir gis hspdbcis `h ckbioi`c`d` y hstrãs quh thkndk gds*is d`ighsbhkths y gds*is lòvhkhs. Dsï sh puh`h rheirzdr gd c`hd `h quh hstä fchk hstdr ckbioi`ds i ckbioi`is pir gis thods `csbutc`is, phri budk`i gd ckbioi`c`d` gghnd d bdusdr thkscòk y hstrãs, uki puh`h `hthkhr hg hlhrbcbci y ki throckdrgi.

53

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

 Dbtcvc`d` 6. Zrhshktdbcòk `h pdrtcbcpdkths. Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 4. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 6. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths ckcbcdk i eirtdghbhk sus vïkbugis `h biopdôhrcsoi ckthrbdofcdk`i ckthrbdofcdk`i sus phrbhpbcikhs, brhhkbcds y puktis `h vcstd sifrh s ifrh `cvhrsis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhri. @urdbcòk Odthrcdghs 4: ockutis odrbd`irhs nruhsis, odsack i tdrlhtds pdrd hsbrcfcr gis

kiofrhs

48 ockutis Erdnohktis `h bdkbcikhs shxcstds coprcoc`ds pdrd gd bdktc`d` `h pdrtcbcpdkths.

Zribh`cochkti Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d pc`h d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quh sh vdydk prhshktdk`i bik su kiofrh (sc hg nrupi y hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk ki sh bikibh dkths, sh rhbiochk`d hsbrcfcr gis kiofrhs d tdrlhtds i stcbahrs quh sh pikndk hk su phbmi) y ohkbcikhk gd hxphbtdtcvd quh tchkhk dg ckcbcdr hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr. Dgni dsï bioi ‗Oc hxphbtdtcvd hs dprhk`hr pdrd thkhr rhgdbcikhs ki

vcighktds‟, pir hlhopgi. Rh pribh`h d rhdgczdr gd dbtcvc`d` `ik`h sh dkdgczdk erdshs `h bdkbcikhs quh rhpri`ubhk hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri, i priouhvhk bikbhptis shxcstds i gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk shghbbcikd ukd bdktc`d` `h bdkbcikhs `h gd gcstd (dkhxi 6.4 i erdshs `h bdkbcikhs hghnc`ds pir hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk) y `cstrcfucr gd ocsod erdsh d mdstd 5 pdrtcbcpdkths. Gd c`hd hs quh sh hstdfghzbdk ukis nrupis phquhôis bik erdshs `cehrhkths. Dsï bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth rhbcfh dg dzdr ukd erdsh `h ukd bdkbcòk, y tchkh quh fusbdr gds itrds phrsikds bik gd ocsod erdsh. @hspuãs `h hkbiktrdrsh bik su nrupi, gd ghh hk viz dgtd y `hldk su ipckcòk `h gd erdsh bikthstdk`i d gds prhnuktds ¹@h quã mdfgdk9 ¹Tuã pchksdk sifrh hg bikthkc`i `h gd erdsh9  Rh  Rh `d 8 ockutis.

Zdphgònrdei prhpdrd`i bik gds prhnuktds ¹@h quã mdfgdk9 ¹Tuã pchksdk sifrh hg bikthkc`i `h gd Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk tchkh prhpdrd`i uk pdphgònrdei bik gds prhnuktds erdsh9  Zdphgònrdei prhpdrd`i bik gds prhnuktds  prhnuktds  ¹Bik hstds bdkbcikhs usth`hs brhhk quh sh pri`ubh vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs9 

dkitd`ds gi ckstdgd hk gundr`hvcscfgh pdrd ti`is gishktrh nrupis. gis nrupisy bikvhrshk hg uk hqucpi edbcgctdbcòk bdockd gis Ochktrds nrupis hsbubmdk`i d bd`d nrupi pir uk oiohkti y dbgdrdk`i `u`ds sc mdy. @hspuãs `h uk phquhôi ckthrbdofci hk nrupis phquhôis, sh rhhkbuhktrdk hk hg nrupi nrdk`h kuhvdohkth y sh `cdgind gi scnuchkth hk 8 ockutis:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 Dkhxi 6.4.  Dkhxi Erdnohktis `h bdkbcikhs shxcstds.       

‗Hstiy hkdoird`i `h budtri fdfchs. Rchoprh oh `dk gi quh quchri. Bmckndk budk`i yi ghs `cni. Kcknukd oh pikh, phri‟. phri‟. ‗@ãldoh biktdrth, yi ki vckh d dodrth, sògi vckh d `drth mdstd gds shcs‟. ‗Pïrdth hk budtri `hsku`d, biopghtd quh miy vds d thofgdr bioi kukbd mds thofgdu‟. ‗Dpdnd gd guz, bchrrd fchk hg budrti, quïtdth gd ripd quh hsti hs uk dsdgti, tü quchrhs oc tirrh, sufcrth d gi dgti‟. ‗Zdscti d pdscti, sudvh sudvhbcti, kis vdois phndk`i, piqucti d piqucti, mdstd privibdr tus nrctis‟. @ãldoh biktdrth, yi vckh d dodrth. Rigi vckh d `drth mdstd gds shcs. ‗Tuchk fusbd ukd oulhr bdrd fikctd oubmd pgdtd `hfh thkhr pdrd odkthkhr oulhr fikctd‟. (Aldrads)

Rh puh`hk ufcbdr oäs bdkbcikhs, bik sus s us ghtrds birrhspik`chkths, hk gd Dpp Ndoh Ivhr. I vhr. Pdofcãk hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk tchkh gd gcfhrtd` `h hsbinhr itrds erdshs `h bdkbcikhs quh rhpri`ubhk hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri, i priouhvhk bikbhptis shxcstds i gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Bioi dgthrkdtcvd tdofcãk sh puh`h hsbubmdr d ukd bdkbcòk hghnc`d pir hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk y dkdgczdrgi bik gds ocsods prhnuktds hk hg nrupi nrdk`h.

>4

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

 Dbtcvc`d` 2. Hlhrbcbci< Dkibmh siôã bik dgni ckbrhïfgh. Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 4. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs.

hs thrhitcpis, quh Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 2. Ckbhktcvdr gd rhsthxcòk sifrh gis righs `h nãkhri y hsthrhitcpis, ckbguyh ukd bgdrd `cehrhkbcdbcòk bik shxi. @urdbcòk 8 ockutis

Odthrcdghs Coprhscòk `hg `cägini (drbmcvi 2.4)

Zribh`cochkti Hxphrchkbcd Dbtcvd

Ipbcikdg< Du`ci bik hg `cdgini hk gd Dpp (shscòk 0 `h gd Dpp), pdrgdkths pdrd quh sh hsbubmh bgdrdohkth hg `cdgini.

Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk ckvctd d `is pdrtcbcpdkths `h ghhr gd mcstircd ‗Dkib ‗Dkibmh mh siôã bik dgni ckbrhïfgh‟ (coprcocr Dkhxi. 2.4. dkths pdrd gds phrsikds quh ghhk), bioi dgthrkdtcvd hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk puh`h ghhrgi i pikhrgi hk dgtd viz `hs`h gd Dpp. Budk`i sh ghh hg `cägini, sh pc`h dg rhsti `h gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quh bchrrhk sus ilis pdrd pi`hr hsbubmdr bik odyir dthkbcòk. Ochktrds tdkti sh pc`h quh pikhk dthkbcòk d ti`ds gds bisds quh ghs pdrhbhk rdrds , pibi rhdghs, bmcstisds y hxtrdôds hxtrdôds hk hsh suhôi. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk tchkh prhpdrd`d uk pdphgònrdei quh ckbguyh gd ckstrubbcòk.

Zdphgònrde Zdphgònrdei (tdrhd ochktrds sh hk hsbubmd hg i`cägini)< Vhncstrdois kuhstris bud`hrkis ti`ds gds bisds quh kis pdrhbhk rdrds, pibi rhdghs,

   o    d    ï    u    N

bmcstisds y hxtrdôds hk hsh suhôi.

Bud`hrkis i pdphg y figïnrdeis pdrd gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths.

8 ock ockut utis is

Zdp dphg hgòn ònrd rdei ei pr prhp hpdr drd` d`ii bik bik gd

Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths hsbubmdk hg `cägini mdstd `is vhbhs. D`cbcikdgohkth, sh puh`h coprcocr hg thxti `hg `cdgini pdrd gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths. ¹Bòoi kis shktcois9

prhnuktd ukd pdgdfrd, bòoi kishg Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d prhnuktd d bd`d `h gds*is shktcois ¹Hk `hspuãs `h ghhr/hsbubmdr pdrtcbcpdkths< Hk ukd pdgdfrd, ¹bòoi th schkths `cdgini9 `hspuãs `h hsbubmdr hg `cägini9 Rh phrocth quh stuydk gds hoibcikhs y gis shktcochktis y gis biktchkh sc hs khbhsdrci. khbhsdrci. Mdbchk`i gd rik`d bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth bikthstd, hk ukd pdgdfrd.

>6

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

@urdbcòk Odthrcdghs 48 ockut ockutis is Zdphg Zdphgònr ònrdei dei bik bik gds gds prhnuk prhnuktds tds `h `h `cdgini<

¹Tuã kisypdrhbcò pibi rhdg, bmcstisi hxtrdôirdri, `hg `cägini9 ¹S pir quã tuvchrik gd phrbhpbcòk `h bisds hxtrdôds hk gd mcstircd9 ¹Kis pi`hois codnckdr uk ouk`i sck hsthrhitcpis (ckthrprhtdbcòk scopgcstd `h gd rhdgc`d`) `hg shr oulhr y hg shr miofrh9

Zribh`cochkti Bikvhrsdois

@hspuãs sh sigcbctd quh ukds*is pdrtcbcpdkths biopdrthk sus ifshrvdbcikhs hg hk hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk dkitd gdsochktrds rhsthxcikhs uk pdphgònrdei fdli `h gd prhnuktd ¹quã ghs  pdrhbh rdri, pibi pibi rhdg, bmcstisi y hxtrdôi hxtrdôi hk hsh suhôi9 Pdofcãk sh prhnuktd pir quã tuvchrik gd  phrbhpbcòk `h bisds bisds hxtrdôds hk gd mcstircd. mcstircd. Rh throckd bik gd prhnuktd ¹Kis pi`hois codnckdr uk ouk`i sck hsthrhipis (ckthrprhtdbcòk (ckthrprhtdbcòk scopgcstd `h gd rhdgc`d`) `hg shr oulhr y hg shr miofrh9 Rc ki hstä bgdri quh hs uk hsthrhitcpi

sh puh`h `dr uk hlhopgi bioi< D ti`is gis bmcbis y gis miofrhs ghs nustd hg eutfig. Rh rhodrbd quh hs pirquh ti`ds*is thkhois ukd `hfflkcbcòk `h gi quh hs shr oulhr y shr miofrh. Rh gds priouhvh hg `cdgini y hg `hfdth rhsphtdk`i ipckcikhs (rheirzdk`i quh hs uk hspdbci shnuri hk gi quh ti`ds*is puh`hk pdrtcbcpdr sck shr luznd`ds*is). Biktrdstd ipckcikhs sifrh gd ckeirodbcòk quh `dk gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths, buhstcikäk`igis y `hldk`i dfchrtd gd piscfcgc`d` `h quh hxcstd uk ouk`i khutri (sck hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri) bioi hg quh kis ouhstrd gd mcstircd hsbubmd`d. Ods dfdli hk rheirzdochkti bikbhptudg sh tchkh odyir ckeirodbcòk pdrd `dr hk hsth hspdbci.

>2

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

@urdbcòk Odthrcdghs 4: ockutis ockutis Vhbiohk`d`i< Uc`hi `h righs y hsthrhitcpis `h nãkhri

mttps5

C`hktc`d` `h Nãkhri y Irchktdbcòk Rhxudg `cvhrsd< Ghsfcdkds, Ndys, Prdksnãkhri Prdksnãkhri,, Fcshxudg, y itris Gd c`hktc`d` `h nãkhri hs bòoi th schkths rhsphbti d tc ocsod y d tc ocsoi, oulhr, miofrh, u itrd c`hktc`d` `cvhrsd. Hs gd eirod hk quh tu bhrhfri ckthrprhtd qucãk hrhs. Ki hstä gcnd`d dg shxi fcigòncbi.

Gd irchktdbcòk shxudg i dtrdbbcòk shxudg quh shktcois mdbcd itrds phrsikds. Ki schoprh birrhspik`h bik phrsikds `h shxi `cehrhkth, puh`h shr bik phrsikds `h kuhstri ocsoi shxi.

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Rhxi< miofrh, oulhr, h ckthrshxudg

Ckthrshxudg< Gd dkdtioïd rhpri`ubtcvd i shxudg ki birrhspik`h bgdrdohkth d uk shxi fcigòncbi trd`cbcikdg (oulhr i miofrh).

Nãkhri< Odsbugcki y Ehohkcki

Bdrdbthrïstcbds quh puh`hk bdofcdr hk hg tchopi sh trdkseirodk `h dbuhr`i d gds rhdgc`d`hs bugturdghs hk hg ouk`i.

¹Tuã sik gds odsbugckc`d`hs9

Gis kuhvis oi`hgis odsbugckis buhstcikdk gds kirods sibcdghs quh ghs copc`hk shr dutòkiois, sdgchk`i `hg oi`hgi odbmcstd, ginrdk`i shr rhsphtuisis bik gis `hrhbmis `h gds oulhrhs, brcdk`i `h odkhrd bhrbdkd d sus mclds h mclis, thkchk`i rhgdbcikhs dehbtcvds `hs`h uk hkeiquh `hdbtcvc`d`hs hquc`d` y rhdgczdk`i `hbikstruyhk`i gis righs `h nãkhri. Hstd kuhvd eirod `h shr miofrh buhstcikd gis prcvcghncis pdrd dsï biktrdrrhstdr y dtdbdr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs.

>>

C`hktc`d` `h Nãkhri y Irchktdbcòk Rhxudg `cvhrsd< Ghsfcdkds, Ndys, Prdksnãkhri Prdksnãkhri,, Fcshxudg, y itris

Hktikbhs tdkti c`hktc`d` `h nãkhri bioi irchktdbcòk shxudg eirod pdrth `h gds `cvhrsc`d`hs y gcfhrtd`hs shxudghs `hg shr muodki.

 

 Dbtcvc`d` 0 Zrhshktdbcòk `h gd Dpp Ndoh Ivhr     k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 4. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h c`hktcfflbdr gis hsthrhitcpis y righs `h nãkhris trd`cbcikdghs y gds odkcehstdbcikhs `h ckhquc`d` quh bdusdk vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 0. Gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs bioprhk`hk hg bikthkc`i y gd utcgc`d` `h gd Dpp, dsï bioi hg iflhtcvi `h su usi, bioi ukd mhrrdochktd pdrd su dprhk`czdlh y sh oitcvdk d utcgczdrgd hk gds edshs ckthroh`cds `h gd bdpdbctdbcòk.

  @urdbcòk

Odthrcdghs

Zribh`cochkti

4: ockutis

Uc`hi ‗Ckstrubbcòk `h usi< Dpp Ndoh Ivhr‟  Ivhr‟ mttpsHgH>eM=  i pdphgònrdei Xzo>HgH>eM= bik gds bdrdbthrïstcbds prckbcpdghs

Bdrdbthrïstcbds y bikthkc`i `h gd Dpp (hsquhod i vc`hi)

I (ipbcikdg) uk pdphgònrdei quh hxpgcbd gd hstrubturd `h gd Dpp (tdfgd `hg Dkhxi 0.4). (Uhr oäs ckeirodbcòk hk Dkhxis 0.4. y 0.6 birrhspik`chkth d hstd dbtcvc`d`) Ipbcikdg< Bhgugdrhs, priyhbtird, bioputd`ird, hqucpi `h sikc`i i dopgcfflbd`irhs   dopgcfflbd`irhs  Dpp Ndoh Ivhr<

sh hkbuhktrd gd Dpp fusbdk`i ‗Ndoh Ivhr vcighkbcd‟ i pir gis scnuchkths hkgdbhs Niingh Zgdy mttps:9g?hk   c`46>5080=>:9g?hk

Vhbiohk`dbcòk< Biopdrtcr gis hkgdbhs `h `hsbdrnd dkthrcirohkth pdrd quh ti`ds*is gd odyirïd `hg nrupi `h pdrtcbcpdkths tchkh gd Dpp `hsbdrnd`d dkths `h gd shscòk. Rc ki hs hg bdsi bdsi sh biopdrtd hg hkgdbh kuhvdohkth `urdkth `urdkth gd shscòk y sc mdy gd ipbcòk `h thkhr dbbhsi d ckthrkht `urdkth gd shscòk, sh rhbiochk`d `hsbdrndr gd Dpp hk hg ocsoi oiohkti. Zdrd cktri`ubcr hg trdfdli bik gd Dpp, hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk mdfgd `h gd copirtdkbcd `h ukd dpgcbdbcòk, gi quh scnkcfflbd y pdrd quh sh utcgczd. Zuh`h prhshktdr hg vc`hi «Ckstrubbcòk `h usi< Dpp Ndoh Ivhr± i uk pdphgònrdei (tdfgd Dkhxi 0.4) quh hxpgcbd gd hstrubturd `h gd Dpp. (Uhr oäs ckeirodbcòk hk Dkhxi 0.4. y 0.6 birrhspik`chkth d hstd dbtcvc`d`) Dbgdrdbcòk< Gd Dpp pir hg oiohkti eukbcikd, phri sh hstä nhkhrdk`i ukd vhrscòk dbtudgczd`d. Rh hxpgcbd y sh biopdrth ukd bdrphtd `cnctdg i gis `ibuohktis coprcoc`is ti`is gis hlhrbcbcis `h gd Dpp^ir`, pdrd sc mdy mdbhrgis hk bik gd bioputd`ird hk `ibuohktis `cfflbugtd`hs bik gd Dpp. Rh prhshktdk gis `ibuohktis ^ir` quh rhprhshktdk gis bikthkc`is figcvcdkis `h gd Dpp< bikthkc`is y dbtcvc`d`hs bioi< Phst i duti`cdnkòstcbi, odthrcdg `h ckeirodbcòk, rhsthxcòk y dpiyi y dutihvdgudbcòk.

Rh vd vchk`i quh ti`ds*is gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths thkndk `hsbdrnd`d gd Dpgcbdbcòk hk sus bhgugdrhs. Dquhggds Bdrphtd vcrtudg `h `ibuohktis phrsikds quh ki buhkthk bik uk bhgugdr mdräk nrupi bik Dpp. Ipbcikdg< Coprhscikhs `h uk*d biopdôhrd*i quh thknd bhgugdr ckthgcnhkth. @ibuohktis Dpp pdrd gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quh ki puh`hk `hsbdrndr gd Dpp.

>=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

@urdbcòk

4: ock.

Odthrcdghs

Zribh`cochkti

Uc`hi< Zhgcnris hk gds rh`hs Uc`hi< «Zhgcnris hk gds rh`hs sibcdghs±  sibcdghs mttps3

 

Phods

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Rhscòk 4< @cehrhkths phri cnudghs

Rhscòk 6< Gd vcighkbcd sh pcktd `h doir

Rhscòk 2< Zikth gd bdocshtd

Rhscòk 0< Luktds y luktis pdrhois gd UbO - Odthrcdg d`cbcikdg

Odthrcdg `h ckeirodbcòk y rhsthxcòk

-

Phsts< ¹Dbtüi bioi uk odbmcstd9, ¹Hstiy hopi`hrd`d9 Uc`hi `h righs `h nãkhri, pufgcbc`d` shxcstd, rhngds `h ukd fuhkd rhtridgcohktdbcòk Bdkbcikhs shxcstds Zufgcbc`d` / bdrthghs shxcstds Dutihvdgudbcòk Phsts. @chni gh `cbh d Bdocgd< ‗Tucãk hs Bdrgis9 ¹Zir quã th odk`d ohksdlhs y `h `ik`h tchkh tu küohri9 Rh bòoi sik gis bmcbis. Tuchri prithnhrth `h budgquchr rchsni pirquh oh prhibupi pir tc y ¡pir quã th quchri!‟. Bdocgd pchksd< ‗Bdrgis hs oc docni. Kc scquchrd oh nustd. Rhnurdohkth sh pikh bhgisi, pirquh oh quchrh ‒ quh gck`i . ‟

3=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Gdockd =. @chni gh nrctd d Bdocgd< ‗! Miy mh edgtd`i d bgdshs pdrd cr d tu t u bighnci y hsphrdrth y ¹Tuã hs gi quh vhi9 ¡Tuh bikvhrsdfds bik hg tcpi hsh! Hrhs ukd rhndgd`d. ¡Tuã`dth bik ãg, phrrd! Bdocgd pchksd< ‗Zhri ¹Zir quã oh cksugtd9 Rigi bikvhrsäfdois, ki mcbh kd`d odgi‟. Gdockd 3. @chni gh `cbh d Bdocgd< ‗Zhr`òkdoh Bdocgd, pir edvir. Zhri trdtd `h hkthk`hr bòoi oh shktïd budk`i th vc bik ãg. Pü sdfhs quh yi oh ouhri pir tc. Ki quchri phr`hrth ¡Zhr`òkdoh! Bdocgd pchksd< ‗Hstd drrhphktc`i…y shnurdohkth ki vd d vigvhr d pdsdr. ¡Hs fuhkd phrsikd y ki oh quchrh phr`hr! Gdockd 4:. (@cfuldr gd odki `h @chni bhrrd`d bik odkbmds i nigphs hk gis puôis, `cfuldr d Bdocgd nigphd`d hk gis frdzis). @chni gh `cbh d Bdocgd< ‗! ¹Ph eucsth d hstd fflhstd sck dvcsdroh9 ¡Ki gi puh`i brhhr! Rhnuri tuvcsth dgni oäs bik hsh tdg Bdrgis. ¹Bòoi pu`csth mdbhroh dgni dsï9‟. Bdocgd pchksd< ‗Kukbd codnckh quh shrïd bdpdz `h phndroh. Ocs docnds oh d`vhrtïdk, phri ki ghs brhïd. ¡¡¡¡Ki quchri vigvhr d vhrgi!!!!‟. Gdockd 44. @chni hsbrcfh d Bdocgd< ‗Zir edvir, bikthstd hg thgãeiki. Oh schkti ouy odg. Ki qucsh mdbhrth `dôi. Pü sdfhs quh th quchri y ki puh`i vcvcr sck tc. Ph luri quh bdofcdrh‟. Bdocgd pchksd< ‗! ¡Ki sã quã mdbhr!  Dkhxi 2.6 2.6 Zrhnuktds irchktd`irds irchktd`irds pdrd hg trdfdli `h `hfdth

Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d puh`h utcgczdr budgquchrd `h hstds prhnuktds pdrd oitcvdr hg `hfdth< -

¹Buäghs sik gds prcohrds shôdghs `h UbO9 ¹Buäghs eirods/tcpis `h gd UbO mdy9 ¹Zir quã d vhbhs gd UbO sh kdturdgczd9

--

¹Buäghs sik gds eirods quh usdk pdrd gd UbO9hk ukd rhgdbcòk vcighkbcd pdrd ¹Tuã pi`rïdk khbhsctdr gds sh phrsikds quhlustcfflbdr sh hkbuhktrdk sdgcr `h hggd9

33

 

 Dkhxii 0.6.  Dkhx    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Vheirzdochkti Vheirzdoch kti Bikbhptudg ¹Bòoi sh bikstruyd y dschktd ukd rhgdbcòk vcighktd9  Zdphgònrdei 4< Gis octis `h doir 

4. Brhbchk`i dprhk`cois dprhk`cois uk bikbhpti `h doir quh ki hs rhdg, rhdg, pir hlhopgi, hlhopgi, pir pir gd thghvcscòk i gis oh`cis. 6. Octis `h doir sik brhhkbcds sifrh hg doir doir quh sh pchksd sik vhr`d`hrds, gis gis ocsois sigi rheuhrzdk hsthrhitcpis. 2. Hlhopgis `h octis sik< • • •

Rigi pi`hois hstdr ehgcbhs bik kuhstrd oh`cd kdrdkld ükcbd. Gis bhgis sik scnkis `h doir. Hg doir gi puh`h ti`i. Bik doir sh puh`hk suphrdr ti`is gis prifghods ckbgusi gd vcighkbcd.

0. Gis octis octis `h doir puh`hk lustcfflbdr gd vcighkbcd. Zdphgònrdei 6< Hg bcbgi `h vcighkbcd

Ckbgucr uk `cfuli `hg bcbgi `h gd vcighkbcd hk uk pdphgònrdei y usdr gd `hsbrcpbcòk dfdli pdrd nucdr gd hxpgcbdbcòk (sck ckbgucr ti`i hg thxti). Hg `hg bcbgi `h gd vcighkbcd  Dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk

 Dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk

@hbcscòk `hg dnrhsir 

4::

Hxpgiscòk

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Hk gds rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld budk`i `h pir oh`ci hxcsth pdscòk y uk doir pishscvi fdsd`i hk gis octis dkthrcirohkth ohkbcikd`is, gd vcighkbcd sh bikvchrth, gdohktdfghohkth, gdohktdfghohkth, hk ukd hxprhscòk oäs `h `cbmi ‗doir‟. Dmird fchk, `cbmd vcighkbcd, ki dpdrhbh `h eirod dfruptd. Rh ckcbcd, bik uk prcohr pdsi bikibc`i bioi gd dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk , `ik`h gd pdrhld tchkh rhpribmhs y ggdod`ds `h dthkbcòk oügtcpghs. Gis nrctis, gis bmdktdlhs hoibcikdghs y gds bik`ubtds quh mdbhk shktcr odg d gd pdrhld sik erhbuhkths. (Hk gd mcstircd `h Bdocgd y @chni sh puh`h ifshrvdr quh @chni hopchzd `h hlhrbhr biktrig sifrh Bdocgd.) @hspuãs sh s h pri`ubh hg shnuk`i pdsi quh hs gd hxpgiscòk vcighktd , `ik`h gd vcighkbcd sh pri`ubh bik vcighkbcd eïscbd, puh`h hk dgnukis bdsis, pri`ubcrsh vcighkbcd shxudg. Hsth hpcsi`ci `h vcighkbcd suhgh `urdr ‒ `hphk`chk`i gd nrdvh`d` ‒ pibi tchopi i ckbgusi `ïds. Rh mdk `d`i bdsis `h shbuhstri y `h tirturd `h oulhrhs d odkis `h sus pdrhlds. (Hk gd mcstircd `h Bdocgd y @chni gd vcighkbcd hxpgitd bik nrctis y oäs d`hgdkth bik vcighkbcd eïscbd.) Hg ügtcoi pdsi `hg bcbgi `h vcighkbcd hs hg drrhphktcochkti i ukd oiohktäkhd rhbikbcgcdbcòk (Hk gd mcstircd `h Bdocgd y @chni, @chni tdofcãk pc`h `csbugpds priohtchk`i quh kukbd oäs subh`hrä) ‒ mhbmi quh hstä d gd bdfhzd `hg dnrhsir, hk gd odyirïd `h gds vhbhs. Hg bcbgi `h gd vcighkbcd suhgh pri`ubcrsh `h eirod rhphtc`d y oubmds vhbhs sh vuhgvh oäs räpc`i. Hsth mhbmi vd `hsndstdk`i d gd pdrhld y sus rhgdbcikhs. Gd `hbcscòk `h sdgcr `h riophr hg bcbgi `h gd vcighkbcd tiod hg dnrhsir bioi `hspuãs `h throckdr gd rhgdbcòk vcighktd bik ukd phrsikd, hg bcbgi vcighkti puh`h hophzdr kuhvdohkth bik itrd phrsikd. Dsï kukbd hs gd bugpd `h gd vïbtcod. Kd`d lustcfflbd d gd vcighkbcd. Pcpis `h vcighkbcd

Rh ouhstrd hg vc`hi

 

 Dbtcvc`d` 4 Mcgi Bik`ubtir     k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 2. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h `hsbrcfcr gds bikshbuhkbcds `h gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs y pgdkthdr ipbcikhs `h prhvhkbcòk y sdgc`d, hsphbcdgohkth hktrh sus biopdôhrds*is.

s hscòk dkthrcir `h eirod Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 4. Vhbir`dr gds c`hds euhrzd `h gd shscòk pdrtcbcpdtcvd pdrd bikthxtudgczdr gd shscòk dbtudg. @urdbcòk Odthrcdghs Ipbcikdg<   8 ockutis

8 ock

   o    d    ï    u    N

8 ock

Zribh`cochkti Ipbcikdg

 

 Dbtcvc`d` 8 Hvdgudbcòk `h gd shscòk.    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 2. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h `hsbrcfcr gds bikshbuhkbcds `h gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs y pgdkthdr ipbcikhs `h prhvhkbcòk y sdgc`d, hsphbcdgohkth hktrh sus biopdôhrds*is. Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 8.

Hvdgudr gd shscòk. @urdbcòk

8 oc ockutis

Odthrcdghs

Zribh`cochkti

Zdphgònrdei bi bik hg if iflhtcvi `h `h gd gd Rh rhvcsd hg iflhtcvi pir pdrths. shscòk ¹Dguokds*is, siois bdpdbhs `h … Coprhscikhs `h gd Mild `h - … `hsbrcfcr gds bikshbuhkbcds `h gd Ucighkbcd Hvdgudbcòk, figïnrdeis biktrd gds Oulhrhs9 -

… pgdkthdr ipbcikhs `h prhvhkbcòk y sdgc`d, hsphbcdgohkth hktrh kuhstrds biopdôhrds y biopdôhris9

Rc sh khbhsctd dgnukd dbgdrdbcòk, sh dbgdrd hk hsth oiohkti. Hvdgudbcòk<

Dshnurdr quh gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths puh`dk ipckdr y hvdgudr gds shscikhs. Hk hg dkhxi 5.4. `h gd shscòk 4 sh prhshktd gd mild `h hvdgudbcòk.

44=

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Rhscòk 0 Luktds*is, pdrhois gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gd Oulhr Iflhtcvi `h gd shscòk.

Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h rhsthxcikdr sifrh su hxphrchkbcd y dprhk`czdlhs bik hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  y  y pisthrcirohkth pripikhr h copugsdr pribhsis `h bdofci erhkth d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. @urdbcòk.

Gd shscòk ckbguyh d shcs dbtcvc`d`hs bik ukd `urdbcòk titdg `h 46: ock. Bikthkc`is prckbcpdghs.    

Mcgi Bik`ubtir Zrhshktdbcikhs `hg pri`ubti< ¡Zikth gd bdocshtd! Zrhocdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis ndkd`irhs Hvdgudbcòk fflkdg



Ecbmd tãbkcbd `h ‗Luktds*is, pdrhois gd Ucighkbcd biktrd gd Oulhr‟  (Biktchkh pribh`cochkti y dkhxis)

443

 

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 Dbtcvc`d`. 4 Mcgi Bik`ubtir  Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 0. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h rhsthxcikdr sifrh su hxphrchk hxphrchkbcd bcd bik hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  y  y pisthrcirohkth pripikhr h copugsdr pribhsis `h bdofci erhkth d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 4. Vhbir`dr gds c`hds euhrzd `h gd shscòk dkthrcir `h eirod pdrtcbcpdtcvd pdrd bikthxtudgczdr gd shscòk dbtudg. @urdbcòk

Odthrcdghs

Zribh`cochkti

Ipbcikdg< Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d mdbh gd `ckäocbd rioph mchgi, `h dbuhr`i d gi quh sh d`luktd hk hg dkhxi. 4.4. Rh puh`h hghncr itrd `ckäocbd, `hphk`h `hg hqucpi edbcgctd`ir. Zdrd cktri`ubcr gd shscòk hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk prhshktd gd dnhk`d `hg `ïd<

Ipbcikdg< 8 ockutis

Zdphgònrdei bik gd Dnhk`d `hg `ïd -

   o    d    ï    u    N 8 ock

Mcgi bik`ubtir Zrhshktdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis ¡Zikth gd bdocshtd! Vheirzdochkti bikbhptudg Zrhocdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis ndkd`irhs Bhrtcfflbd`is y Zdgdfrds `h Bchrrh Hvdgudbcòk `h gd shscòk Zdrd rhbir`dr sh prhshktdk gds rhngds `hg iri `hfflkc`is hk gd shscòk 4.

Zdphgònrdei `h gd shscòk 4 bik gds rhngds `hg iri -

Zdphgònrdei bik hg iflhtcvi `h gd shscòk

odrbd`irhs nruhsis, ipbcikdg< tdrlhtds

8 ock

Vhngds `h iri Iflhtcvi `h gd shscòk

Zdphgònrdei bik gd prhnuktd ¹Tuã euh gi quh oäs dprhk`chrik hk gd shscòk dkthrcir y `urdkth hg trdfdli nrupdg

@hspuãs sh prhshktd hg iflhtcvi `h gd shscòk y hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk prhnuktd dg nrupi sc hstäk `h dbuhr`i bik hg iflhtcvi< ‗Riois bdpdbhs `h rhsthxcikdr sifrh kuhstrd hxphrchkbcd y dprhk`czdlhs bik hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh sh  luhnd  y  y pisthrcirohkth pripikhr h copugsdr pribhsis `h bdofci erhkth d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs.‟ Mcgi Bik`ubtir  Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d rhbuhr`d gds c`hds euhrzd `h gd shscòk dkthrcir prhnuktdk`i ¹Tuã euh gi quh oäs dprhk`chrik hk gd shscòk dkthrcir y `urdkth hg trdfdli nrupdg quh mcbchrik9

Zdrd dpiydrsh puh`h hsbrcfcr i phndr tdrlhtds hk gd pczdrrd bik gis thods `h gd shscòk dkthrcir i bioi dgthrkdtcvd prhnuktdr dg nrupi sifrh gis dsphbtis sc dük ki mdk sdgc`i< copdbtis `h gd vcighkbcd1 ipbcikhs `h prhvhkbcòk. Dkitd gds rhspuhstds `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs pdrd bikibhr gis dprhk`czdlhs h c`hds euhrzd quh mdk dscocgd`i. Rh `hfh hstdr dthktd d gds phrsikds quh ki rhbuhr`dk gds c`hds euhrzds quh quh`hk bik bikbhptis bgdris. •

•

quh mcbchrik9

Pitdg< 4: ockutis

46:

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 Dkhxi 4.4.  Dkhxi @ckäocbd oitcvd`ird Dkths `h hophzdr hstd shscòk `hfc`i d gd copirtdkbcd `h dkcodr y oitcvdr d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh rhdgczd ukd `ckäocbd, sunhrcois gd scnuchkth< @ckäocbd Uctdgczd`ird Xsis Nrupi ohtd @urdbcòk Vhquhrcochktis

¡Xeee! S gis dkcodghs Uctdgczd`ir Lòvhkhs y D`ighsbhkths 8 ockutis (4) Edbcgctd`ir*d

Zrhpdrdbcòk< Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh pdrdk hk uk bïrbugi quh ghs phrocth vhrsh hktrh sï, hg hlhrbcbci tdofcãk hs piscfgh erhkth d su scggd hk uk dugd kirodg. Zdsis< (4) Gd edbcgctd`ir*d pc`h d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quh sh s h pikndk `h pch, quh hstcrhk gis frdzis

mdbcd drrcfd y dg hstcrdrgis hst crdrgis `cndk hk viz dgtd hg dkcodg quh oäs ghs nustd. Zir hlhopgi, nrctdk ¡Zhrri! ¡Ndti! ¡Hghedkth! ¡Bdfdggi! Budgquchr dkcodg quh ghs nusth, dg throckdr `h sufcr gis frdzis drrcfd, rhtchkhk hg dcrh `hspuãs `h nrctdr hg dkcodg quh oäs ghs nusth. Guhni, ghs `cbh quh sh dndbmhk mdbcd `hgdkth hstd hst d vhz, hxmdgdk`i hg dcrh quh rhtuvchrik, `hldk`i bdhr gis frdzis bioi sc qucschrdk tibdr gis `h`is `h gis pchs (ki hs khbhsdrci quh gis tiquhk), ochktrds quh hxmdgdk ti`i hg dcrh `h gis pugoikhs. Hsti sh rhpcth trhs vhbhs. @hspuãs gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths bdofcdk su gundr hk hg hspdbci `ik`h sh edbcgctd gd dbtcvc`d` y sh rhpcth hg hlhrbcbci pir gi ohkis `is vhbhs oäs. (6) Hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d `houhstrd y dkukbcd hk viz dgtd bd`d bdofci `h oivcochkti pdrd quh gd dbtcvc`d` iburrd `h eirod bikluktd. D bd`d sufc`d `h odkis puh`h ph`cr quh vdrïhk `h dkcodg. Gi copirtdkth hs oivhr d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths y biofckdr hk nusti pir gis dkcodghs.

464

 

 Dbtcvc`d` 6 Zrhshktdbcòk `h pri`ubtis. ¡Zikth gd bdocshtd!    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h

hxphrchkbcd bcd Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 0. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h rhsthxcikdr sifrh su hxphrchk Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds sh luhnd  bik hg Zrinrdod  oulhrhs. y pisthrcirohkth pripikhr h copugsdr pribhsis `h bdofci erhkth d gdoulhrhs vcighkbcdkibiktrd gds y

Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 6. Gis nrupis `h pdrtcbcpdkths biopdrthk sus pri`ubtis rhbcfchk`i rhtridgcohktdbcòk sifrh gis ocsois pir pdrth `h gd edbcgctd`ir*d y sus biedbcgctd`irds*hs. @urdbcòk 0: ockutis

Odthrcdghs Zri`ubtis hgdfird`is pir gis nrupis y hg odthrcdg khbhsdrci pdrd su prhshktdbcòk

Zdphgònrdei quh Zdphgònrdei ckbguyh gd ckstrubbcòk pdrd gd prhshktdbcòk<

   o    d    ï    u    N

¹Tuã pri`ubtis pi`rïdois hgdfirdr pdrd rhprhshktdr gds dbbcikhs quh puh`hk tiodr pdrd prhvhkcr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs9 

Zribh`cochkti Gd edbcgctd`ir*d ckeirod d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths quh bd`d pri`ubti rhbcfcrä ukd bdgcfflbdbcòk `h bd`d ukd y bd`d uki `h hggis y `hg hqucpi `h edbcgctd`irhs.

Rh puh`h hxpgcbdr gis brcthrcis `h hvdgudbcòk kuhvdohkth (bik hg pdphgònrdei `h gd shscòk 4) y sh `cstrcfuyh ukd mild `h hvdgudbcòk d bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth. Rh pc`h quh bdgcfflquhk `hspuãs `h gd prhshktdbcòk `h bd`d pri`ubti. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk tdofcãk hvdgüd. Bd`d nrupi prhshktd su pri`ubti hk uk tchopi `h 8 oäxcoi `h 4: ockutis throckdk`i bik uk dprhk`czdlh quh sh md thkc`i bioi nrupi.

@hspuãs `h gds prhshktdbcikhs hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk pikh Nrupi pir nrupi dthkbcòk quh gis pri`ubtis ki rhpri`ubhk hsthrhitcpis kc prhshkthois kuhstris vcighkbcd. Rc hs hg bdsi, dyu`dk d gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths `h pri`ubtis hk 8 rheirougdr sus pri`ubtis. ockutis. Bhrrdois rhspik`chk`i d gd @hspuãs `h bd`d prhshktdbcòk sh pc`h räpc`dohkth dg prhnuktd< ‗Dg hgdfirdr nrupi bdgcfflbdr hg pri`ubti. hsth pri`ubti dprhk`cois< …‟ 

Hk dkhxis 6.4. sh sunchrhk dgnukds prhnuktds pdrd nucdr gd bikvhrsdbcòk bik bd`d nrupi. Rh surnchrh gcoctdrsh d ukd prhnuktd pir nrupi pir buhstcikhs `h tchopi. tc hopi.

Coprhscikhs `h gis Eirodtis `h hvdgudbcòk `h Ipbcikdg< Rc hs khbhsdrci sh puh`hk eirtdghbhr dgnukis pri`ubtis (Dkhxi bikbhptis. (Dkhxi 6.6.) 8.2 shscòk 4) pdrd bd`d pdrtcbcpdkth y hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk.  Rh rhbinhk gis eirodtis `h bdgcfflbdbcòk vhrcfflbdk`i quh hstãk d`hbud`dohkth gghkd`is. Dg throckdr gd shscòk hg hqucpi `h hvdgudbcòk `hfh biksigc`dr gis puktdlhs hk uk eirodti `h hvdgudbcòk nhkhrdg. 4: ockutis `h `hsbdksi

(*) Hstis 4: ockutis sik phrocth gd prhpdrdbcòk `h gd sufscnuchkth dbtcvc`d` `h gd prhocdbcòk pir pdrth `hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk.

466

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

 Dkhxi 6.4.  Dkhxi  Dgnukds prhnuktds prhnuktds irchktd`irds hk hg `cägini `c`äbtcbi, `c`äbtcbi, `hspuãs `h gd prhshktdbcòk `h gis pri`ubtis Gd edbcgctd`ir*d puh`h utcgczdr gds scnuchkths prhnuktds irchktd`irds pdrd prioivhr `hfdth sifrh gis pri`ubtis< -

¹Bòoi ginrdrik pikhrsh `h dbuhr`i pdrd hgdfirdr hg pri`ubti prhshktd`i9 ¹Bioi nrupi, bòoi mdk pi`c`i c`hktcfflbdr dbbcikhs bikluktds pdrd gd prhvhkbcòk `h vcighkbcd9 ¹Buäg hs gd odyir `cfflbugtd` quh mdk c`hktcfflbd`i bioi nrupi pdrd prhvhkcr y `hthkhr gd vcighkbcd9 ¹Tuã tcpi `h `cfflbugtd`hs mdk thkc`i pdrd mdbhr gis pri`ubtis9 ¹Bòoi gis rhsigvchrik9 Rc ocrdois kuhvdohkth su pri`ubti ¹Mdy dgni quh qucschrdk bdofcdr pdrd ohlirdrgi9 ¹Tuã shrcd9 Ifshrvdk`i gis pri`ubtis pripcis y dlhkis ¹Hk quh pi`rïdk ohlirdr pdrd pdrd dyu`dr d brhdr ukd sibch`d` y rhgdbcikhs oäs lustds hktrh gds phrsikds9

462

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

 Dkhxi 6.6.  Dkhxi Vheirzdochkti bikbhptudg. Dgnukds c`hds euhrzd quh dyu`dk d thkhr dbbcikhs hk biktrd gd UbO. D biktckudbcòk, dgnukds c`hds quh ki khbhsdrcdohkth sik rhehrhkths `h gd shscòk 2, phri sc dyu`dk d rheirzdr gd copirtdkbcd `h thkhr dbbcikhs hk biktrd `h gd UbO< -

Hk hg pribhsi `h bikstrubbcòk `h gis nãkhris sh d`lu`cbdk hspdbcis, tdrhds y righs `cehrhkths d miofrhs y oulhrhs, bik ukd vdgirdbcòk sibcdg `cstcktd< ckerdvdgiräk ckerdvdgiräk`ish `ish gi ehohkcki y sifrh vdgirdk`i gi odsbugcki. Hstd `cehrhkth vdgirdbcòk `d gundr d ukd sctudbcòk sibcdg `h `csbrcockdbcòk, `hscnudg`d` y `cehrhkbcds `h pi`hr. @hs`h hstd piscbcòk sibcibugturdgohkth bikstruc`d, gis miofrhs puh`hk brhhrsh bik `hrhbmi d copikhr sus nustis u ipckcikhs y d biktrigdr d sus pdrhlds y itrds rhgdbcikhs phrsikdghs pir hlhopgi docnds i mhrodkds.

-

Hstd sctudbcòk hstä tdk kdturdgczd`d quh oubmds bdkbcikhs hk gd rd`ci, Siutufh, Siutufh, Rpityey, gd pufgcbc`d`, smiws, rhvcstds, htb. sh fdsdk hk righs sibcdghs hsthrhitcpd`is y biktrcfuyhk d odkthkhr ukd sctudbcòk `ik`h gds oulhrhs `hfhk dsuocr ukd piscbcòk `h sufir`ckdbcòk y gis miofrhs ukd piscbcòk `h `iockci.

-

Gds copiscbcikhs rhsphbti d gi quh puh`hk mdbhr i `hldr `h mdbhr gds oulhrhs, gd sufir`ckdbcòk `h sus khbhsc`d`hs erhkth d gd `h gis miofrhs, hg odgtrdti, gds furgds, muocggdbcikhs y nigphs bikstctuyhk odkcehstdbcikhs `h vcighkbcd.

-

Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs suhgh ‗lustcfflbdrsh‟ prhbcsdohkth fdsäk`ish hk bikstrubbcikhs y vdgirdbcikhs sibcdghs. Rck hofdrni, gd vcighkbcd ki tchkh kcknukd lustcfflbdbcòk. Gds oulhrhs, fdli kcknukd bcrbukstdkbcd `hfhk shr vcighktd`ds y gis miofrhs, fdli kcknukd bcrbukstdkbcd `hfhk dnrh`crgds. Gd rhspiksdfcgc`d` `h gd dnrhscòk hs schoprh `h quchk dnrh`h.

-

Gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs suhgh prhshktdrsh hk eirod `h bcbgi< dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk, hxpgiscòk vcighktd y ‗ukd gukd `h ochg‟ (uk drrhphktcochkti). Dg prckbcpci puh`hk shr bik`ubtds sutcghs y bitc`cdkds quhsupuhsti dthktdk biktrd gd dutikioïd phrsikdg `h gds oulhrhs y quh suhghk shr ‗ckvcscfghs‟ i sibcdgohkth ghnctcod`ds. Rck hofdrni, hg bcbgi sh rhpcth y gis hpcsi`cis bd`d vhz sik oäs erhbuhkths h ckthksis hk gis budghs hg bcbgi sh bcbgi sigdohkth sh vuhgvh hk gd dbuougdbcòk `h thkscòk y gd hxpgiscòk vcighktd. Oubmds vhbhs sh puh`hk quh`dr dtrdpd`ds hk ukd rhgdbcòk tòxcbd y hk bdsis hxtrhois gd sctudbcòk puh`h gghndr dg ehockcbc`ci.

-

Rh `hfh thkhr bgdri quh gd kdturdgczdbcòk `h gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs nhkhrd uk bgcod `h copukc`d` quh gd rhpri`ubh y quh mdbh d gds oulhrhs dnrh`c`ds rhspiksdfghs `h gd ocsod, mdbcãk`igds shktcrsh bugpdfghs y luznd`ds pir su hktirki. Hsti `cfflbugtd` quh puh`d sdgcr `hg bcbgi vcighkti hk hg quh sh hkbuhktrd dtrdpd`d.

-

Gds rhgdbcikhs `h pdrhld, pdrd shr sdkds y ki dbdrrhdr phgcnri pdrd gds oulhrhs, `hfhk ckbirpirdr gd cnudg`d` hktrh sus ckthnrdkths, ki `cehrhkbcds `h pi`hr, bd`d quchk tchkh `hrhbmi d sus pripcds ipckcikhs, hxphbtdtcvds y `hbcscikhs.

460

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

-

Gd sctudbcòk `h vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs hs bròkcbd y nhkhrdgczd`d. Zuh`h bioprifdrsh eäbcgohkth ifshrvdk`i gds bcerds hxcsthkths.

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Pi`ds y ti`is siois rhspiksdfghs `h prhvhkcr y `hthkhr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs d pdrtcr `h dbbcikhs ck`cvc`udghs y bighbtcvds, rhbikibchk`i gd dutikioïd `h gds oulhrhs y gd piscfcgc`d` `h quh gis miofrhs sh buhstcikhk gis hsthrhitcpis vcighktis quh sh ghs copikh.

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Hs copirtdkth brhdr bikbchkbcd biktrd gd vcighkbcd bioi tdg y hsphbcdgohkth mdbcd gds oulhrhs, rhbmdzdk`i ti`ds sus odkcehstdbcikhs y dsï, nhkhrdr uk bgcod `h tighrdkbcd bhri, `ik`h gis dnrhsirhs shpdk quh yd ki biktdräk bik rhspdg`i sibcdg mdbcd hsth tcpi t cpi `h bik`ubtd.

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Xkd `h gds ckthrvhkbcikhs quh md vhkc`i schk`i hehbtcvd hs gd `h copugsdr quh gis miofrhs sh prikukbchk `h eirod hkãrncbd biktrd gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs y `hldr `h prithnhr i lustcfflbdr d gis dnrhsirhs i tighrdr sus dbtis `h vcighkbcd. Dbbcikhs bioi hstds `hsdeïdk hsthrhitcpis `hstrubtcvis, dpiydk gd cnudg`d` h ckspcrdk d miofrhs, lòvhkhs y kcôis `h ti`ds pdrths d rhbmdzdr y `hkukbcdr gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs.

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Rc fchk hxcsthk gis shrvcbcis brhd`is pir ghy y tdofcãk irndkczdbcikhs ki nufhrkdohktdghs quh dtchk`hk bdsis `h vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs, gds ckstctubcikhs püfgcbds tchkhk gd eukbcòk `h dbiopdôdr d gd phrsikd quh `hkukbcd mdstd fflkdgczdr gd ocsod y bikshnucr shkthkbcd1 oubmis `h hggis ki gi mdbhk y ki prhbcsdohkth pir edgtd `h viguktd` scki oäs fchk pir gd furibrdbcd `hg scsthod `h lustcbcd `h kuhstri pdïs. D phsdr `h hsi, vcvcr bik vcighkbcd tchkh odyirhs bistis muodkis quh `hkukbcdr gd ocsod. Gds oulhrhs quh vcvcois bik vcighkbcd pscbigòncbd, eïscbd i shxudg, ki sògi siois oäs vugkhrdfghs d vcvcr vcighkbcd hxtrhod, ehockcbc`ci, ehockcbc`ci, scki tdofcãk quh kuhstrd vc`d ki hs ehgcz kc pghkd. Ki thkhois pir quã dnudktdr gd vcighkbcd, pir hsi `hfhois `hkukbcdrgd y mdbhr ti`i gi piscfgh pdrd `hthkhrgd.

468

 

   k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

 Dbtcvc`d` 2 Vheirzdochkti bikbhptudg  Iflhtcvi `h gd Rhscòk 0. Gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sik bdpdbhs `h rhsthxcikdr sifrh su hxphrchkbcd bik hg Zrinrdod Ndoh Ivhr< Bik gd vcighkbcd d gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd  y  y pisthrcirohkth pripikhr h copugsdr pribhsis `h bdofci erhkth d gd vcighkbcd biktrd gds oulhrhs. Iflhtcvi `h gd Dbtcvc`d` 2. Vheirzdr gis bikbhptis bgdvhs `h gds trhs shscikhs dkthrcirhs. @urdbcòk Odthrcdghs 48 Pdrlhtds `h ockutis bikbhptis y `hsbrcpbcikhs/ `cfulis prhpdrd`is hk `is bigirhs< 4 bigir pdrd gis kiofrhs `h gis bikbhptis, 4 bigir pdrd gds `hfflkcbcikhs/ `cfulis (sc sh trdfdld bik d`ighsbhkths oäs lòvhkhs `h dprix. 46-40 dôis)

@hphk`chk`i `hg tdodôi `hg nrupi sh `hfh prhpdrd 6 d 2 shts. Uhr oäs `htdgghs .

Zribh`cochkti Dkths `h gd shscòk hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk `hfh prhpdrdr gds tdrlhtds hk `is bigirhs `cehrhkths shnük gds ckstrubbcikhs hk Dkhxi 2.4.

@hphk`chk`i `hg tdodôi `hg nrupi sh rhbiochk`d `cvc`cr hk nrupis phquhôis `h 4: ‒ 48 phrsikds. Cnudg hs rhbiohk`dfgh dscnkdr uk/d edbcgctd`ir*d d bd`d nrupi (hsphbcdgohkth rhbiohk`d`i hk h`d`hs oäs lòvhkhs) i sc hsi ki hs piscfgh oikctirhdr `h bhrbd d gis nrupis phquhôis. Zdrd lundr hg hqucpi `h `cstrcfuyh tdrlhtds (uk shtd gd pdrd bd`d nrupi) ki-ir`hkd`ds hkedbcgctdbcòk ukd ohsd nrdk`h, hkgds hg pcsi i phnd`i pczdrrd bik gd bdrd ki-hsbrctd mdbïd drrcfd (Dkhxi 2.6.4). Rh hxpgcbd hg luhni dg nrupi `h pdrtcbcpdkths y sh `d ukis 4: ockutis pdrd lundr< Zrcohri hk nrupis (phquhôis) gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths sh `cstrcfuyhk dgrh`h`ir `h gds tdrlhtds. Hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk ouhstrd quh uk bigir tchkh hg bikbhpti y quh itri bigir gd `hsbrcpbcòk i hg `cfuli birrhspik`chkth. Zdrd hophzdr ukd*i pir ukd*i gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths tiodk turkis pdrd ghvdktdr ukd bdrtd `h bd`d bigir rhvhgdk`i hg bikbhpti y gd `hsbrcpbcòk/ `cfuli (Dkhxi 2.6.6). Dmird prcohri gd phrsikd quh md ghvdktd`i gds tdrlhtds y `hspuãs ti`i hg nrupi `hfhk `hbc`cr sc hg bikbhpti birrhspik`h bik gd itrd tdrlhtd. Rc ki hs hg bdsi hg*gd pdrtcbcpdkth `hfh vigvhr gds tdrlhtds bdrds mdbïd dfdli dg ocsoi gundr `h `ik`h gds rhbincò. Rh rheuhrzd quh ti`ds y ti`is pdrtcbcpdkths `hfhk dbir`drsh fchk `h gd piscbcòk `h bd`d tdrlhtd pdrd pi`hr hkbiktrdrgd itrd vhz `hspuãs. @hspuãs hs hg turki `h gd scnuchkth phrsikd, itrd vhz ghvdktdk`i `is tdrlhtds `h bigirhs `cehrhkths. Rc sh hkbuhktrd ukd tdrlhtd quh birrhspik`h d ukd tdrlhtd quh yd mdk vcsti dkths. Hg nrupi puh`h dbikshldr quh gd pròxcod phrsikd lustdohkth ghvdktd hstds `is tdrlhtds pdrd hkbiktrdr hg pdr. Dphkds gd phrsikd y hg nrupi `hbc`h quh gds tdrlhtds bikstctuyhk ukd pdrhld sh puh`hk bigndr d ukd pczdrrd d`cbcikdg pikhrgi bikluktdohkth d itrd ohsd u itri gundr. Hk hg bdsi quh sh hkbuhktrd ukd tdrlhtd quh birrhspik`h d ukd tdrlhtd quh yd sh md biofckd`i bik itrd, gds*is pdrtcbcpdkths puh`hk ckthrbdofcdr gd tdrlhtd hqucviquctd bik gd birrhbtd y `hvigvhr gd tdrlhtd hqucvibd`d dg luhni. Hsi sh rhpcth mdstd quh ti`ds gds pdrhlds hstuvchrik hkbiktrd`ds y bignd`ds luktds pir hg nrupi (Dkhxi 2.6.2).

465

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

@urdbcòk Odthrcdghs Zribh`cochkti 48 Pdrlhtds `h Budk`i mdk throckd`i, hg nrupi rhvcsd luktdohkth bik hg*gd edbcgctd`ir*d ockuti bikbhptis y ukd vhz oäs sc hstäk `h dbuhr`i quh ti`is gis bikbhptis sh mdk dscnkd`is. `hsbrcpbcikhs/ Rc hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk kitd quh uki(s) `h gis bikbhptis hstäk

`cfulis prhpdrd`is hk `is bigirhs< 4 bigir pdrd gis kiofrhs `h gis bikbhptis, 4 bigir pdrd gds `hfflkcbcikhs/ `cfulis (sc sh trdfdld bik d`ighsbhkths oäs lòvhkhs `h dprix. 46-40 dôis)

dscnkd`is odg, shbgdris rhvcsdpdrd hg y ti`ds gis bikbhptis khbhsctdk rheirzdochkti pdrd quh quh`dk y ti`is. quh Hsphbcdgohkth bik hg trdfdli `h `cfulis hs suodohkth copirtdkth quh hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk pikh dthkbcòk quh ti`ds y ti`is `hg nrupi yd ki sh quh`dk bik `u`ds.

@hphk`chk`i `hg tdodôi `hg nrupi sh `hfh prhpdrd 6 d 2 shts. Uhr oäs `htdgghs.

46>

 

 Dkhxi 2.4  Dkhxi  Luhni `h Vheuhrzi Vheuhrzi Bikbhptudg Bikbhptudg    k    ò    c    b    d    t    c    g    c    b    d    e    h    `    d    b    c    n    ò    g    i    `    i    t    h    o    d    ï    u    N

@hphk`chk`i `h gd h`d` `h gds*is d`ighsbhkths y lòvhkhs sh prhpdrdk shts `h tdrlhtds ckbguyhk`i gis bikbhptis hk uk bigir y gd `hsbrcpbcòk `h gis bikbhptis hk itri bigir i hk shcs tdrlhtds bik gis bikbhptis hk uk bigir y gis `cfulis quh rhprhshktdk d gis bikbhptis hk itri bigir. Hk hg bdsi `h gis `cfulis hg hqucpi `h edbcgctdbcòk puh`h `cfuldr gds ocsods i coprcocr gds coänhkhs y phndrgis d gds tdrlhtds bigird`ds. Bigir 4 Bikbhpti

Bigir 6 Ipbcòk 4< @hsbrcpbcikhs

Ipbcòk 6< Codnhk

Vhbiohk`d`i pdrd d`ighsbhkths `h 48 ‒ 4= dôis

Vhbiohk`d`i pdrd d`ighsbhkths `h 46 ‒ 40 dôis

Rhxi fcigòncbi

Bdrdbthrïstcbds fcigòncbds bioi òrndkis rhpri`ubtcvis.

Nãkhri

Bdrdbthrïstcbds sibcdghs bioi righs y dtrcfutis quh ukd sibch`d` hsphrd `h gis miofrhs y gds oulhrhs. (hs dprhk`c`i)

Ckthrprhtdbcòk scopgcstd `h gd rhdgc`d` priyhbtd`d d uk nrupi `h phrsikds Hsthrhitcpis `h Nãkhri (p.h. d ti`is gis miofrhs ghs nustd hg eutfig) Biopirtdochktis, dbtcvc`d`hs y dtrcfutis quh bd`d sibch`d` biksc`hrd dpripcd`is pdrd gds oulhrhs y gis Vighs `h Nãkhri miofrhs. (p.h. rig `h oulhr< shr od`rh,

 

(ki sh ckbguyh hsth bikbhpti hk gd vhrscòk `h `cfulis)

(ki sh ckbguyh hsth bikbhpti hk gd vhrscòk `h `cfulis)

rig `h miofrh< gghvdr hg `ckhri d bdsd)

Ucighkbcd biktrd gds Oulhrhs

0 tcpis `h Ucighkbcd

Ucighkbcd fdsd`d pir hg mhbmi `h shr oulhr.

•

Eïscbd (p.h. nigphs)

•

Zscbigòncbd (p.h. biktrig)

•

•

Rhxudg (p.h. ifgcndr d thkhr dbtis shxudghs) Hbikòocbd (p.h. biktrig sifrh `ckhri)

46=

 

 

Ndoh Ivhr, Ivhr, bik gd vcighkbcd mdbcd gds oulhrhs ki sh luhnd

Bigir 4

Bigir 6 4. Dbuougdbcòk `h Phkscòk

Bcbgi `h gd Ucighkbcd

6. Hxpgiscòk `h Ucighkbcd 2. Drrhphktcochkti/Vhbikbcgcdbcòk

*@hbcscòk `hg dnrhsir Octis `hg Doir 

Hl< gd oh`cd kdrdkld, hg doir gi puh`h ti`i, bhgis sik pdrth `hg doir, htb.

Bikshbuhkbcds `h gd Ucighkbcd

Hehbtis p.h. fdld dutihstcod, `hprhscòk, gd ouhrth htb.   Rh hsbrcfd hk ghtrds nrdk`hs d gd tdrlhtd