Gallo-Brittonic Etymological Dictionary

Gallo-Brittonic Etymological Dictionary Version 1.4 (12th August 2013) Edward Hatfield (Wedoku)

*ad (prep.) 1. to, toward, up to (+ acc.) [PIE : → A.Celtic : ad-] [Welsh : at] [Proto-Germanic : *at → Old English : æt → English : at] [Latin : ad] *ag-e/o1. drive, impel 2. go [PIE : *h2 -] [Welsh : | Cornish : a | Breton : a] [Old Irish : aigid] [Latin : aget] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ] *alio-s (ayo.) 1. other, another, one of two 2. second 3. other, another, alternate (?o.) [PIE : -s → A.Celtic : allo-s] [Welsh : ail (~ eiliau) | Cornish : yl | Breton : eil] [Old Irish : aile → Irish : eile | Gaelic : eile | Manx : elley] [Proto-Germanic : *aljaz → Old English : elle(s) → English : el(se)] [Latin : alius] [Greek : ] *ambi (prep.) 1. around, about, on both sides (+ acc.) 2. for, concerning 3. great, very, entirely (prefix)

[PIE : *ambh i- → A.Celtic : amb-] [Welsh : am] [Old Irish : imb / imm] [Proto-Germanic : *umbi → Old English : ymbe] [Latin : ambi] [Greek : amph ] [Sanskrit : ] *arkto-s → *arto-s (mo.) 1. bear 2. hero [PIE : *h2 -s (m.) → A.Celtic : art-] [Welsh : arth ~ eirth (m/f.) | Cornish : arth ~ arthes (m.) | Breton : arzh ~ arzhed (m.)] [Old Irish : art ~ airt (m.)] [Latin : ursus ~ ursī (m.)] [Greek : ~ r ( .)] [Sanskrit : kṣaḥ ~ kṣāḥ (m.)] *banwo-s (mo.) 1. piglet, young pig [A.Celtic : banuo-] [Welsh : banw ~ banwod (m.) | Cornish : baneu | Breton : banv] [Old Irish : banb ~ bainb (mo.) → Irish : banbh] *bena (fir.) 1. woman 2. wife 3. (as suffix) –ess [PIE : *g w (f.) → A.Celtic : -bena] [Welsh : benyw ~ -od (f.) | Cornish : benyn ~ -es (f.)] [Old Irish : ben ~ m ( .) → Irish : bean | Gaelic : bean | Manx : ben] [Proto-Germanic : [Greek : ~ s ( .)] [Sanskrit : ā ~ āḥ (f.)]

(f.) → Old English : cwene → English : queen]

*ber-e/o- (S1) 1. carry, infer (of arguments or facts) 2. bear, bring forth, yield, (passive) be born 3. judge, pass judgement, interpret (dreams) 4. carry away, take (with one) 5. win, secure (victory), carry off 6. obtain, take, get 7. spend (time), (intransitive) last, keep, endure 8. carry away from 9. bring to 10. put (with nouns expressing movement) 11. give [PIE : *bh ] [Old Irish : beirid → Irish : beir | Gaelic : beir] [Proto-Germanic : [Latin : f ] [Greek : ph ] [Sanskrit : bharati]

→ Old English : beran → English : bear]

*biwo-s (ao.) 1. alive, living, quick, animate 2. being, creature (?o.) 3. immortal (spiritual sense) [PIE : *g wih3 -s → A.Celtic : biuo-] [Welsh : byw | Cornish : byw | Breton : bev] [Old Irish : → Irish : beo | Gaelic : | Manx : bio] [Proto-Germanic : *kwikwaz → Old English : cwic → English : quick] [Latin : vīvu ] [Greek : ~ (m.) ] [Sanksrit : īv ] [Lithuanian : gyvas] *bukko-s (mo.) 1. he-goat 2. male deer

[PIE : *bh ukkos] [Welsh : bwch ~ byched (m.) | Cornish : boch | Breton : [Old Irish : bocc ~ buicc (mo.)]

uc’ ]

[Proto-Germanic : *bukkaz ~ * u ōz (m.) → Old English : bucc → English : buck] [Sanskrit : bukha] *bou-s (m/f.) 1. cow, ox 2. (plural) cattle [PIE : *g w (m/f.)] [Middle Welsh : bu] [Old Irish : (m/f.) → Irish :

~ ba | Gaelic :

| Manx : booa]

[Proto-Germanic : ū ~ wō z ( .) → Old English : c → English : cow] [Latin : ~ vēs (m/ .)] [Greek : ū ~ s (m/ .)] [Sanskrit : go (m/f.)] ā ī (mr.) 1. 2. 3. 4.

brother cousin kinsman, clansman word of similar declension

[PIE : *bh (m.)] 2 [Welsh : brawd ~ brodyr (m.) | Cornish : broder ~ breder (m.) | Breton : breur (m.)] [Old Irish : (m.) → Irish : ~ r r | Manx : braar] [Proto-Germanic : þ ~ * rōþr z (m.) → Old English : [Latin : f ā ~ rā rēs (m.)] h [Greek : p ~ phr r s (m.) sm ] [Sanskrit : ā (m.)] *dant (nt.) 1. tooth

þ

→ English : brother]

[PIE : *h3 (m.)] [Welsh : dant ~ dannedd (m.) | Cornish : dans (m.)] [Old Irish : ~ ( .)] [Proto-Germanic : *tanþs ~ tanþiz (m.) → Old English : [Latin : ~ ēs (m.)] [Greek : ū ~ s (m.)] [Sanskrit : (m.)]

þ → English : tooth]

*dekam → *dekan (num.) 1. ten [PIE : ṃ(t) → A.Celtic : decam-] [Welsh : deg | Cornish : deg | Breton : dek] [Old Irish : deichN → Irish : deich | Gaelic : deich | Manx : jeih] [Proto-Germanic : *texun → Old English : [Latin : decem] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ]

→ English : ten]

-s (mo.) 1. god 2. supernatural being [PIE : -s → A.Celtic : deuo-] [Welsh : duw ~ duwiau (m.) | Cornish : duw ~ duwow (m.) | Breton : doue] [Old Irish : ~ L (m.) → Irish : dia | Gaelic : dia | Manx : jee] [Proto-Germanic : Tī ~ - → Old English : T [Latin : deus ~ ī (m.)] [Sanskrit : v ḥ ~ vāḥ (m.)] [Lithuanian : v ~ v (m.)] u ī →

ux ī (fr.)

1. daughter [PIE : *dh ugh2 (f.) → A.Celtic : ux ī ] [Old Irish : dar-]

→ English : Tues-]

[Proto-Germanic [Greek : th [Sanskrit : duhit [Lithuanian : u

: ux ~ th (f.)] ė (f.)]

~ duxtriz (f.) → Old English : dohtor → English : daughter] r s]

*eks → *exs (prep.) 1. out of, from (+ dat.) [PIE : *h1 h s → A.Celtic : ex-] [Welsh : a / ech-] [Old Irish : as → Irish : as | Gaelic :

| Manx : ass]

[Latin : ex] [Greek : eks] [Lithuanian : š] *ekwo-s → *epo-s (mo.) 1.

rs ( sw

)

[PIE : *h1 -u- sw → -s (m.) → A.Celtic : epo-] [Welsh : -eb | Breton : -eb] [Old Irish : ech ~ eichL (m.) → Irish : each | Gaelic : each | Manx : agh] [Proto-Germanic : *exwaz ~ * xwōz (m.) → Old English : eoh] [Latin : equus ~ quī (m.)] [Greek : hippos ~ hippoi (m.)] [Sanskrit : v ḥ ~ vāḥ (m.)] *ewi-s → *owi-s (m/fi.) 1. sheep [PIE : *h2 [Old Irish :

(f.)] (m.)]

[Proto-Germanic : *awiz ~ * wīz ( .) → Old English : [Latin : ovis ~ vēs ( .)] [Greek : ~ s (m/ .)] [Sanskrit : v ḥ ~ avayaḥ (m/f.)] [Lithuanian : avis (f.)]

u → English : ewe]

*glasto-s (ao.) 1. green, greenish (of growing things) , verdant 2. blue, greenish blue, greyish blue 3. woad-coloured 4. metallic-coloured 5. ice or frost-coloured 6. grey 7. pale, wan (of complexion), faded (of clothing), livid, discoloured 8. fresh, young, inexperienced 9. raw, sharp 10. grey, overcast (of weather) 11. plain, unpretentious [PIE : *gel- s → A.Celtic : glastum] [Welsh : glas | Cornish : glas] [Old Irish : glas → Irish : glas | Gaelic : glas | Manx : glass] *gorto-s (mo.) 1. 2. 3. 4.

yard, enclosure, fold pasture, field battlefield land, territory

[PIE : h (m.) → A.Celtic : ?] [Welsh : garth ~ -au(mf/.) | Cornish : gorth] [Old Irish : gort ~ goirt (m.) → Irish : gort] [Proto-Germanic : *gardaz ~ * r ōz (m.) → Old English : geard → English : yard] [Latin : hortus ~ r ī (m.)] [Greek : kh ~ kh r (m.) s ur ] ī →

ī (mr.)

1. father 2. (plural) (paternal) ancestors [PIE : *ph2 (m.) → A.Celtic : ater] [Old Welsh : -atr] [Old Irish : athair (m.) → Irish : athair | Gaelic : athair | Manx : ayr]

[Proto-Germanic : f ~ fadriz (m.) → Old English : fæder → English : father] [Latin : pater ~ rēs (m.)] [Greek : ~ r s (m.)] [Sanskrit : pit (m.)] *helu-s → *elu-s 1. much, many [PIE : *pelh1- → A.Celtic : helv-] [Old Irish : il → Irish : iol-] [Proto-Germanic : *filuz] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : puru] -s → 1. fish [PIE : -] [Old Irish : c ~ s (m.) → Irish : iasc | Gaelic : iasg | Manx : eeast] [Proto-Germanic : *fiskaz ~ s ōz (m.) → Old English : fisc → English : fish] [Latin : piscis ~ s ēs (m.)] *hib-e/o- → *ib-e/o1. drink [PIE : *peh3 -] [Welsh : yfed | Cornish : eva | Breton : v [Old Irish : ibid → Irish : ibh | Manx : iu] [Latin : bibit] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit :

]

āmā →

āmā (fa.)

]

1. hand 2. arm [PIE : *pḷh2meh2] [Welsh : llaw ~ (dyw)lo (f.) | Cornish : leuv ~ leuvyow (f.) | Breton : ?] [Old Irish : m (f.) → Irish : m ~ m m | Manx : laue] [Proto-Germanic : fu m ~ u m z ( .) [Latin : palma ~ palmae (f.)] [Greek : m ~ m ( .)]

m → Old English : folm]

ā

-s →

ā

-s (ao.)

1. full, abounding 2. complete 3. quite (adv.) [PIE : *pḷh1 -s] [Welsh : llawn | Cornish : leun | Breton : leun] [Old Irish : → Irish : | Gaelic : | Manx : lane] [Proto-Germanic : *fullaz → Old English : full → English : full] [Latin : u ] [Sanskrit : ū ṇa] -s →

-s (ao.)

1. grey , pale, hoary 2. grey-haired, aged 3. old man, veteran (mo.) [PIE : *pel- → A.Celtic : leto-] [Welsh : llwyd | Cornish : loys | Breton : loued] [Old Irish : → Irish : liath | Gaelic : liath | Manx : lheeah] [Proto-Germanic : *falwaz → Old English : fealu → English : fallow] [Latin : pall-] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : palitaḥ] *horko-s → *orko-s (mo.)

1. young pig, piglet [PIE : → *porkos] [Old Irish : orc ~ uirc (mo.)] [Proto-Germanic : *farxaz ~ rxōz (m.) → Old English : fearh → English : farrow] [Latin : porcus ~ r ī (m.)] [Proto-Slavic : (n.)] [Lithuanian : š ] *hotlo-m → *otlo-n (no.) 1. drink, drinking [PIE : *peh3 -] [Old Irish : (no.) → Irish : [Latin : cu um ~ ō u ( .) [Greek : ]

| Gaelic : r

| Manx : oyl] u ]

*hriyo-s → *riyo-s (ao.) 1. free 2. at large [PIE : *prey-] [Welsh : rhydd | Cornish : rydh] [Proto-Germanic : *frijaz → Old English : f ă

m →

→ English : free]

ă

1. hundred [PIE : ṃ m → A.Celtic : cantom] [Welsh : cant | Cornish : kans | Breton : kant] [Old Irish : c → Irish : c | Gaelic : ceud | Manx : keead] [Proto-Germanic : xu [Latin : centum] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ] -

→ Old English : ? → English : ?]

*kan-e/o1. sing, recite, chant 2. praise 3. speak [PIE : *kan-] [Welsh : canu | Cornish : kana | Breton : [Old Irish : canid]

]

[Proto-Germanic : *xan?] [Latin : canet] *karo-s (ao.) 1. dear, beloved [PIE : ā - → A.Celtic : car- / -carus] [Welsh : car- | Cornish : kar- | Breton : kar-] [Old Irish : car-] [Proto-Germanic : x - → Old English : [Latin : cā u ]

- → English : whor-]

*karwo-s (mo.) 1.

r, s

(

r

)

[PIE : r → -wo- → A.Celtic : caruo-] [Welsh : carw ~ ceirw (m.) | Cornish : karow ~ kerewi (m.) | Breton : karv ~ kirvi (m.)] [Proto-Germanic : *xerutaz ~ *x ru ōz (m.) → Old English : heorot → English : hart] [Latin : cervus ~ rvī (m.)] [Proto-Slavic : *korva ~ * rvy ( .) w ] [Lithuanian : vė ~ rv s ( .) w ] *katu-s (mu.) 1. battle, fight, fighting [PIE : u → A.Celtic : catu-] [Welsh : cad ~ cadau (f.) | Cornish : kas ~ kasow (f.)] [Old Irish : cath (m.) → Irish : cath | Gaelic : cath | Manx : cah]

[Proto-Germanic : *xaþuz ~ xaþiwiz (m.) → Old English : heaþu] *korno-n (no.) 1. horn 2. drinking horn 3. horn (instrument) [PIE : -no- → A.Celtic : corn-] [Welsh : corn ~ cyrn (m.) | Cornish : korn ~ kern] [Old Irish : corn → Irish : corn ~ coirn (m.)] [Proto-Germanic : xu ~ xur ō (m.) → Old English : horn → English : horn] [Latin : c ū ~ cornua (n.)] [Sanskrit : ṅga (n.)] ū (mir.) 1. dog, hound 2. wolf [PIE : (m.) → A.Celtic : cuno-] [Welsh : ci ~ (m.) r s ki ~ keun (m.) | Breton : ki] [Old Irish : c ~ ? (m.) → Irish : c ~ c | Manx : coo] [Proto-Germanic : *xun(daz) ~ xu ( ōz) (m.) → Old English : hun(d) → English : houn(d) [Latin : can(is) ~ (ēs) (m/ .)] [Greek : ~ s (m/ .)] [Lithuanian : šuõ ~ šu ys (m.)] *kw -s →

-s (int.pro.)

1. who? [PIE : *kwi-s (m.)] [Welsh : pwy | Cornish : piw | Breton : piv] [Old Irish : c → Irish : c | Gaelic : c | Manx : quoi] [Proto-Germanic : *xwaz → Old English : [Latin : quis] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ḥ]

→ English : who]

*kwinkwe → *pinpe → *pimpe (num.) 1. five w [PIE : e → A.Celtic : pinp-] [Welsh : pump | Cornish : pymp | Breton : pemp] [Old Irish : c c → Irish : c | Gaelic : c | Manx : queig]

[Proto-Germanic : *fimf → Old English : f f → English : five] [Latin : quinque] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : c ] *letro-n (no.) 1. leather, skin [PIE : m (n.)] [Welsh : lledr ~ lledrau (m.) | Cornish : ledher (m.) | Breton : ler] [Old Irish : lethar → Irish : leathar | Gaelic : leathar | Manx : liare] [Proto-Germanic :

þ

~ þrō ( .) → Old English : leþer → English : leather]

*leuxsnā- → *lounā1. moon [PIE : *lewksnā-] [Welsh : llun | Cornish : lun | Breton : lun] [Old Irish : an → Irish : luan | Gaelic : -luain] [Latin : lūna ~ lūna (f.)] [Proto-Slavic : u ~ luny (f.)] *loherno-s → *lowerno-s (mo.) 1. fox [PIE : *h2wlop- → A.Celtic : louerno-] [Welsh : llywarn | Cornish : lowarn ~ lewern (m.) | Breton : louarn ~ lern (m.)]

[Latin : vu vu ēs ( .)] [Greek : ū~ ū s ( .)] [Lithuanian : ã ė ~ ã s ( .)] *makwo-s → *mapo-s 1. son, male descendant 2. boy, lad, child [PIE : *meh2 - r s , r w → A.Celtic : mapo-] [Welsh : mab ~ meib (m.) | Cornish : mab ~ mebyon (m.) | Breton : mab ~ mibien (m.)] [Old Irish : macc ~ maiccL (m.) → Irish : mac | Gaelic : mac | Manx : mac] *marko-s (mo.) 1. horse, stallion, steed [PIE : m -s (m.) → A.Celtic : marko-] [Welsh : march ~ meirch (m.) | Cornish : margh ~ mergh (m.) | Breton : m c’ (m.)] [Old Irish : marc ~ maircL(?) (m.) → Irish : marc | Gaelic : marc] [Proto-Germanic : *marxaz ~ *m rxōz (m.) → Old English : mearh] mā -s (ao.) 1. big, large, great, bulky 2. large amount or number of, much, many (no. + gen.) [PIE : *moh1-ro- → A.Celtic : maro-] [Welsh : mawr | Cornish : meur | Breton : meur] [Old Irish : m → Irish : m | Gaelic : m | Manx : mooar] [Greek : -m

]

*marwo-s (ao.) 1. 2. 3. 4.

dead, spiritually dead dead person, corpse, (plural) the dead (mo.) pertaining to the dead mortal (spiritual sense)

5. inanimate 6. (of water) stagnant [PIE : *m - → A.Celtic : maruo-] [Welsh : marw (~ meirw) | Cornish : marow | Breton : merv(el)] [Old Irish : marb → Irish : marbh | Gaelic : marbh] mā ī (fr.) 1. mother [PIE : m 2 (f.) → A.Celtic : matr-] [Welsh : modr- | Cornish : modr- | Breton : moer-] [Old Irish : m (f.) → Irish : m | Gaelic : m [Proto-Germanic : m ~ *mō r z → Old English : m [Latin : mā ~ mā rēs ( .)] [Greek : m (f.)] [Sanskrit : mā (f.)]

] → English : mother]

*mati-s (ai.) 1. 2. 3. 4.

good lucky, fortunate suitable beneficial, profitable

[PIE : m - → A.Celtic : mat-] [Welsh : mad | Cornish : mas | Breton : mad] [Old Irish : maith → Irish : maith | Gaelic : math | Manx : mie] *medio-s (ao.) 1. middle, mid 2. centre 3. middle, centre (mo.) [PIE : *medh yos → A.Celtic : medio-] [Old Irish : mide] [Proto-Germanic : *midjaz → Old English : midd → English : mid] [Latin : medius]

[Greek : m ] [Sanskrit : m

]

*medu-s (mo.) 1. mead [PIE : m h u (m.) → A.Celtic : medu-] [Welsh : medd (m.) | Cornish : medh (m.) | Breton : mez] [Old Irish : mid (m.) → Irish : miodh] [Proto-Germanic : *meduz ~ *midiwiz (m.) → Old English : medu → English : mead] [Greek : m h ü ~ - ( .) w ] [Sanskrit : m u ~ m ū ( .) y, m ] [Lithuanian : medus (m.) y ] *mī -s/n (m/no.) 1. animal, beast [PIE : *(s)meh1l-] [Welsh : mil ~ milod (m.) | Cornish : mil ~ miles (m.) | Breton : mil ~ miled] [Old Irish : m ~ m ( .) → Irish : m | Gaelic : mial | Manx : meeyl] [Greek : m

( .) s

]

mī -s → mī (stem : mī -) 1. (lunar) month 2. moon (as a measurement of time) [PIE : m (m.) → A.Celtic : m / m đ] [Welsh : mis ~ misoedd (m.) | Cornish : mis ~ -yow (m.) | Breton : miz] [Old Irish : m ~ m s (ms.) → Irish : m | Gaelic : m | Manx : mee] [Proto-Germanic : m þ ~ *mē ōþ z (m.) → Old English : m [Latin : m ~ mē sēs (m.)] [Greek : m ~ mē s (m .)] [Sanskrit : mā ḥ ~ māsāḥ (m.)] [Lithuanian : mė u ~ m s (m.)] -

þ → English : month]

*mligtu-s → *blixtu-s (mu.) 1. milk 2. a milking, milk yield [PIE : *h2m - > *mḷ -tu-] [Welsh : blith] [Old Irish : mlicht (mu.) → Irish : bleacht] [Proto-Germanic : *meluks ~ melukiz (f.) → Old English : meolc → English : milk] [Latin : mulg-] [Greek : m -] [Sanskrit : marj-] *mori (ni.) 1. sea [PIE : m (n.) → A.Celtic : mori-] [Welsh : m ~ moroedd (m.) | Cornish : mor ~ moryow (m.) | Breton : mor (m.)] [Old Irish : muir → Irish : muir (f.) | Gaelic : muir (m/f.) | Manx : mooir (f.)] [Proto-Germanic : *mari ~ *m rī ( .) → Old English : mere → English : mere] [Latin : mare ~ maria (n.)] [Proto-Slavic : *morje ~ *morja (n.)] *nerto-n (no.) 1. strength, power, force, might, energy [PIE : *h2 w r, r , v r y → *h2ner-to- → A.Celtic : nert-] [Welsh : nerth ~ nerthoedd (m.) | Cornish : nerth (m.) | Breton : nerzh (m.)] [Old Irish : nert (no.) → Irish : neart | Gaelic : neart | Manx : niart] *newiyo-s → *nowiyo-s (ayo.) 1. new, young, fresh 2. just, newly (adv.) [PIE : *newio-s → A.Celtic : novio-] [Welsh : newydd | Cornish : newyth | Breton : nevez] [Old Irish : → Irish : nua | Gaelic : nuadh | Manx : noa]

[Proto-Germanic : *niwjaz → Old English : [Latin : novus] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : v ] [Lithuanian : naujas]

→ English : new]

*nisdo-s (mo.) 1. nest [PIE : w ss w (m.)] [Welsh : nyth ~ nythod (m/f.) | Cornish : neyth (m.) | Breton : neizh] [Old Irish : net → Irish : nead | Gaelic : nead] [Proto-Germanic : *nestaz ~ * s ōz (m.) → Old English : nest → English : nest] [Latin : ī u ~ ī ī (m.)] [Sanskrit : īḍaḥ ~ īḍāḥ (m.)] *oinos (num.) 1. one [PIE : -s] [Welsh : un | Cornish : un | Breton : unan] [Old Irish : → Irish : aon | Gaelic : aon | Manx : un] [Proto-Germanic : *ainaz → Old English : [Latin : ū u ] [Lithuanian : vienas]

→ English : one]

ū →

x ū( )

1. eight [PIE : → A.Celtic : oxtu-] [Welsh : wyth | Cornish : eth | Breton : eizh] [Old Irish : ochtN → Irish : ocht | Gaelic : ochd | Manx : hoght] [Proto-Germanic : [Latin : c ] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : aṣṭa]

u → Old English : eahta → English : eight]

*reudo-s → *roudo-s 1. red, reddish, ruddy 2. crimson 3. red-haired [PIE : *h1rewdh - → A.Celtic : -roudos] [Welsh : rhudd | Cornish : rudh | Breton : ruz] [Old Irish : → Irish : ruadh | Gaelic : ruadh | Manx : ruy] [Proto-Germanic : *raudaz → Old English : [Latin : rufus] h [Greek : ] [Lithuanian : rudas]

→ English : red]

ī -s →

īx-s (mg.)

1. ruler, king [PIE : *h3 -s (m.) → A.Celtic : rigo- / -rix] [Old Irish : (m.) → Irish : | Gaelic : | Manx : ree] [Proto-Germanic : ī ] [Latin : x ~ rē ēs (m.)] [Sanskrit : ā ( ) (m.)] *samo-s (mo.) 1. summer [PIE : *sṃ-h2- - → A.Celtic : samo(n)-] [Welsh : haf ~ hafau (m.) | Cornish : hav ~ -ow (m.) | Breton : v~[Old Irish : sam (mo.) → Irish : samh(radh) | Gaelic : samh(radh)]

(m.)]

[Proto-Germanic : *sum(araz) → Old English : sum(or) → English : sum(mer)] [Sanskrit : mā season, year ] *sehtam → 1. seven

xă

[PIE : *septṃ → A.Celtic : sextam-] [Welsh : saith | Cornish : seyth | Breton : seizh] [Old Irish : sechtN → Irish : seacht | Gaelic : seachd | Manx : shiaght] [Proto-Germanic : *sebun → Old English : seofon → English : seven] [Latin : septem] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ] *seno-s (ao.) 1. old, aged, ancient 2. old person (mo.?) 3. ancestor (mo.?) [PIE : -s → A.Celtic : seno-] [Welsh : hen | Breton : hen] [Old Irish : sen → Irish : sean | Gaelic : sean | Manx : shenn] [Proto-Germanic : *senaz(?)] [Latin : senus] [Greek : rm r r [Sanskrit : ] [Lithuanian : s nas]

]

ā -n (no.) 1. shadow, shate 2. shelter, protection [PIE : *skot-] [Welsh : ysgawd (m.) | Cornish : skez | Breton : skeud] [Old Irish : sc (no.)] [Proto-Germanic : *skadwaz → Old English : sceadu → English : shadow] [Greek : ~s (m.) r ss ] *sohno-s → *souno-s (mo.) 1. sleep, slumber

[PIE : *swep-no] [Welsh : hun ~ hunau (f.) | Cornish : hun (m.) | Breton : hun] [Old Irish : (mo.) → Irish : suan | Gaelic : suain] [Proto-Germanic : *swefnaz ~ *sw [Latin : somnus ~ s m ī (m.)] [Greek : ~ (m.)] [Lithuanian : ã ~s (m.)]

ōz → Old English : swefn → English : sweven]

ā ( ā.) 1. love, affection, dersire 2. beloved (person or thing) [PIE : *sterkr r ] [Welsh : serch (m.)] [Old Irish : serch ( ā)] [Greek :

]

*swek-s → *swexs 1. six [PIE : ] [Welsh : chwech | Cornish : whegh | Breton : c’ c’ ] H [Old Irish : → Irish : | Gaelic : sia | Manx : shey] [Proto-Germanic : *sexs → Old English : siex → English : six] [Latin : sex] [Greek : hex] [Sanskrit : ṣ ṣ] *tarwo-s (mo.) 1. (wild) bull 2. auroch [PIE : -s (m.) → A.Celtic : taruo-] [Welsh : tarw ~ teirw (m.) | Cornish : tarow ~ terewi (m.) | Breton : tarv (m.)] [Old Irish : tarb ~ tairbL(?) (m.) → Irish : tarbh | Gaelic : tarbh | Manx : tarroo]

[Proto-Germanic : *þeuraz ~ þ urōz (m.) → Old English : [Latin : taurus ~ urī (m.)] [Greek : ~ r (m.)] [Lithuanian : tauras ~ taurai (m.)]

þ

]

uā →

u ā ( ā.)

1. tribe, tribal nation 2. people, laity 3. tribal territory [PIE : 2 (f.) → A.Celtic : teuto- / touto-] [Welsh : tud (f.) | Cornish : tus (m.) | Breton : tud (m.)] [Old Irish : ~ ( .) → Irish : tuath | Gaelic : tuath] [Proto-Germanic : þ u

~ þ u z ( .) → Old English : þ

→ English : thede]

ī

(ns.)

1. , r u , r ( 2. country, territory

w

s ry )

[PIE : *ters- ry ] [Welsh : tir ~ -oedd (m.) | Cornish : tir ~ -yow (m.) | Breton : tir (m.)] [Old Irish : (ns.) → Irish : | Gaelic : | Manx : çheer] [Proto-Germanic : *þurs[Latin : terra ~ terrae (f.)] [Greek : ters-] [Sanskrit : t ṣ-]

ry u

→ Old English : þurst → English : thirst]

*treyes →

ī (num.) (m.)

1. three [PIE : → A.Celtic : tri-] [Welsh : tri | Cornish : tri | Breton : tri] [Old Irish : H → Irish : | Gaelic : | Manx : three] [Proto-Germanic : þ ī → Old English : þ ī → English : three] [Latin : ]

[Greek : ė ] [Sanskrit : tri] *turko-s (mo.) 1. boar, hog 2. chieftain, hero [PIE : *twerk- u → A.Celtic : turk-] [Welsh : twrch ~ tyrchod (m.) | Cornish : torgh | Breton : u c’ ] [Old Irish : torc (m.) → Irish : torc ~ toirch | Gaelic : torc ~ tuirc] *uher → *wer (prep.) 1. on, upon (+ dat.) 2. over, above (+ dat.) 3. onto, among (+ acc.) [PIE : *(s)uper → A.Celtic : uer-] [Welsh : gor- | Cornish : gor- | Breton : gour-] [Old Irish : for] [Proto-Germanic : *uber → Old English : ofer → English : over] [Latin : super] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : u ] *uho → *wo (prep.) 1. under, below, beneath (+ acc. & dat.) [PIE : *(s)upo → A.Celtic : uo-] [Welsh : go- | Cornish : go- | Breton : gou-] [Old Irish : fo → Irish : f ] [Proto-Germanic : *up- → Old English : upp → English : up] [Latin : sub] [Greek : ] [Sanskrit : ] *wasno-s → *wanno-s (ao.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

weak, lacking strength or power, feeble, faint helpless weak or helpless person (mo.?) soft, flimsy

[PIE : *wa-sno- → A.Celtic : -uann-] [Welsh : gwan (~ gweinion (m.)) | Cornish : gwann] [Old Irish : fann → Irish : fann | Gaelic : fann] [Proto-Germanic : *? → Old English : wann → English : wan] ā -s (mi.) 1. seer, shaman, oracle 2. mystic poet [PIE : 2 tis] [Welsh : gwawdm] [Old Irish : f (m.) → Irish : f [Proto-Germanic : [Latin : vā (f.)]

]

- → Old English :

-]

*wegno-s (mo.) 1. waggon, cart, wain 2. means of transportation h [PIE : nos r s r r ] [Welsh : gwain ~ gweiniau (f.)] [Old Irish : f ~ (m.) → Irish : f

[Proto-Germanic : *wagnaz ~ w *windo-s (ao.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

white, bright, lustrous fair, light (of complexion or hair) fair, handsome fair, just, true (morally) clear (of sounds)

]

ōz (m.) → Old English : wægn → English : wain]

6. blighted (of corn) 7. blessed [A.Celtic : uindo-] [Welsh : gwyn | Cornish : gwynn | Breton : gwenn] [Old Irish : finn → Irish : fionn | Gaelic : fionn | Manx : fynn] *winto-s (mo.) 1. wind 2. smell 3. breath [PIE : *h2 1 ṇts] [Welsh : gwynt ~ gwyntoedd (m.) | Cornish : gwyns ~ gwynsow (m.) | Breton : gwent] [Old Irish : feth] [Proto-Germanic : *windaz ~ w [Latin : ventus ~ v ī (m.)] [Sanskrit : vā (ḥ?) (m.)]

ōz (m.) → Old English : wind → English : wind]

ī -s (ao.) 1. true, correct, right, just 2. real, actual 3. truth, correctness (no.) [PIE : *wer-] [Welsh : gwir | Cornish : gwir | Breton : gwir] [Old Irish : f → Irish : f | Gaelic : f ] [Proto-Germanic : [Latin : v u ]

→ Old English :

]

*wiro-s (mo.) 1. man 2. husband 3. warrior, hero [PIE : *weyh1u → *wih1 -s (m.) → A.Celtic : uiro- / -uir] [Welsh : ~ w r (m.) r s gour (m.) | Breton : gour (m.)] L [Old Irish : fer ~ fir (m.) → Irish : fear | Gaelic : fear | Manx : fer]

[Proto-Germanic : *weraz ~ *w rōz (m.) → Old English : wer → English : were-] [Latin : vir ~ v rī (m.)] [Sanskrit : vī ḥ ~ vīrāḥ (m.)] *wolto-s (mo.) 1. hair (of the head) 2. foliage [PIE : *weltr, r ss → A.Celtic : uolto-] [Welsh : gwallt ~ -au (m.) | Cornish : gols | Breton : guolt] [Old Irish : folt (mo.) → Irish : folt | Gaelic : falt | Manx : folt] [Proto-Germanic : *walþuz ~ *w þ w z [Greek : ry ( .)] [Lithuanian : v w ]

r s

(m.) → Old English : weald]

ă

-s (ao.)

1. young 2. young man, youth, warrior (mo.) [PIE : *h2yuh1ṇ → A.Celtic : iouinc-] [Welsh : ieuanc | Cornish : yowynk | Breton : yaouank] [Old Irish : c → Irish : | Gaelic : ] [Proto-Germanic : ū x [Latin : iuvenis] [Sanskrit : v ] [Lithuanian : u ] -

*PC → *GB 1.

→ jungaz → Old English : geong → English : young]

[PIE : *? → A.Celtic : ?] [Welsh : ? | Cornish : ? | Breton : ?] [Old Irish : ? → Irish : ? | Gaelic : ? | Manx : ?] [Proto-Germanic : *? → Old English : ? → English : ?] [Latin : ?] [Greek : ?] [Sanskrit : ?] -