Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation

November 22, 2017 | Author: Silvester | Category: Dividend, Bond Credit Rating, Debt, Cost Of Capital, Stocks
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Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation Pengajar: Reza Masri., SE., MBA

Oleh: Ahmad Ardiansyah / 03 Franky MT / 10 Galing Priyatna / 11 Istiyana Ulta K / 15 Eksekutif A Angkatan 33A

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2013

Pada pertengahan September 2005, Ashley Swenson, chief financial officer (CFO) dari large computer-aided design dan computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) equipment manufacturer dibutuhkan untuk memberikan keputusan, apakah akan membayar dividen kepada pemegang saham perusahaan, atau untuk membeli kembali saham. Jika Swenson memilih untuk membayar dividen, ia harus juga memutuskan besarnya payout. Sebuah pertanyaan anak perusahaan adalah apakah perusahaan harus memulai kampanye iklan guna pencitraan perusahaan, dan mengubah nama perusahaan untuk mencerminkan prospek baru. Kasus ini berfungsi sebagai ulasan omnibus dari banyak aspek praktis dari dividen dan berbagi keputusan buyback, yang termasuk didalamnya (1) signaling effect, (2) clientele effects, dan (3) keuangan serta implikasi investasi meningkatkan pembayaran dividen dan pembelian kembali saham keputusan . Kasus ini dapat memperbaiki dari teori Miller-Modigliani1 dividendirrelevance dan berfungsi untuk menyoroti pertimbangan praktis yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika menetapkan kebijakan dividen perusahaan. The Dividend Decision and Financing Policy Keputusan akan Dividen tentu bagian dari kebijakan pembiayaan perusahaan. Pembayaran dividen yang dipilih dapat mempengaruhi kelayakan kredit dari perusahaan dan karenanya biaya utang dan ekuitas, jika biaya modal berubah, akan mengakibatkan perubahan juga pada nilai perusahaan. Sayangnya, seseorang tidak dapat menentukan apakah perubahan nilai akan berdampak positif atau negatif tanpa mengetahui tentang optimalitas kebijakan hutang perusahaan. Hubungan antara utang dan kebijakan dividen telah mendapat sedikit perhatian di kalangan akademisi, terutama karena kompleksitasnya, tetapi tetap merupakan masalah penting bagi petugas keuangan kepala dan penasehat mereka. The Gainesboro kasus menggambarkan dampak dari pembayaran dividen pada kredit. Setting Debt and Dividend-Payout Targets Kasus dari Gainesboro Machine Tools Korporasi juga menggambarkan tantangan yang menetapkan dua komponen yang paling jelas dari kebijakan keuangan: Target pembayaran utang dan kapitalisasi. Kebijakan-kebijakan yang terkait dengan target pertumbuhan perusahaan, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam model pertumbuhan mandiri: gss = (P/S × S/A × A/E)(1 − DPO) dimana gss adalah the self-sustainable growth rate P adalah net income S adalah sales A adalah assets E adalah equity DPO adalah the dividend-payout ratio Model ini menggambarkan tingkat di mana perusahaan dapat tumbuh jika ada mengeluarkan saham baru dari saham biasa, yang menggambarkan perilaku atau keadaan hampir semua perusahaan. Model ini menggambarkan bahwa kebijakan keuangan dari suatu perusahaan adalah sistem tertutup: Tingkat pertumbuhan, pembayaran dividen, dan utang target saling bergantung satu sama lain. Model ini menawarkan wawasan kunci 1

yang ada kebijakan keuangan dapat diatur tanpa mengacu pada orang lain. Sebagai Gainesboro menunjukkan, dividen payout tinggi mempengaruhi kemampuan perusahaan untuk mencapai target pertumbuhan dan kapitalisasi dan sebaliknya. Rabun kebijakan gagal untuk mengelola link antara keuangan target akan mengakibatkan kegagalan untuk memenuhi target keuangan. Setting Debt-Capitalization Targets Teori keuangan dibagi pada apakah keuntungan yang dibuat dengan mengoptimalkan bauran utang dan ekuitas perusahaan. Praktisi dan akademisi banyak, bagaimanapun, percaya bahwa utang optima ada dan mengabdikan upaya besar untuk memilih target utang kapitalisasi perusahaan. Beberapa pertimbangan bersaing klasik mempengaruhi pilihan target utang:

1. Mengeksploitasi perisai utang pajak. Teorema Modigliani dan Miller menyiratkan bahwa dalam dunia pajak, pembiayaan utang menciptakan value.1 Kemudian, Miller berteori bahwa ketika pajak pribadi dicatat, pilihan leverage perusahaan tidak mungkin menciptakan nilai. Sejauh ini, sebagian besar bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa pilihan memanfaatkan tidak mempengaruhi nilai. 2. Mengurangi biaya financial distress dan kebangkrutan. Modigliani dan teori Miller naif tersirat bahwa perusahaan harus tuas hingga 99% dari modal. Hampir tidak ada perusahaan melakukan hal ini. Selain beberapa tingkat bijaksana utang, biaya modal menjadi sangat tinggi karena investor menyadari bahwa perusahaan memiliki probabilitas lebih besar menderita kesulitan keuangan dan kebangkrutan. Pertanyaan kritis kemudian menjadi: Apa itu "bijaksana"? Dalam prakteknya, dua tolok ukur klasik yang digunakan: a. Industri-rata utang / modal: Banyak perusahaan tuas ke tingkat yang dilakukan oleh rekan-rekan, tetapi kebijakan ini sangat tidak masuk akal. Rata-rata industri mengabaikan perbedaan kebijakan akuntansi, strategi, dan pandangan laba. Idealnya, kehati-hatian didefinisikan dalam istilah spesifik perusahaan. Selain itu, rasio kapitalisasi mengabaikan fakta penting bahwa perusahaan bangkrut karena kehabisan uang tunai, bukan karena memiliki utang yang tinggi / rasio modal. b. Spesifik perusahaan jasa utang: perusahaan lainnya yang menetapkan target utang berdasarkan kemampuan diperkirakan untuk menutupi pembayaran pokok dan bunga dengan laba sebelum bunga dan pajak (EBIT). Praktek ini membutuhkan peramalan distribusi probabilitas tahunan EBIT dan pengaturan tingkat utang-kapitalisasi, sehingga kemungkinan menutupi utang konsisten dengan strategi manajemen dan toleransi risiko. 3. Mempertahankan cadangan terhadap kemalangan tak terduga atau peluang. Banyak perusahaan menjaga saldo kas dan jalur kredit bank yang tidak terpakai lebih besar daripada mungkin tampak diperlukan, karena manajer ingin dapat merespon tuntutan mendadak pada sumber daya perusahaan keuangan yang disebabkan, misalnya, oleh perang harga, penarikan produk besar, atau kesempatan untuk

membeli pesaing terberat. Akademisi tidak memiliki saran ilmiah tentang seberapa besar cadangan tersebut seharusnya. 4. Menjaga akses mereka terhadap modal. Di masa ekonomi sulit, peminjam kurang layak kredit dapat menutup keluar dari pasar modal dan, dengan demikian, tidak dapat memperoleh dana. Di Amerika Serikat, "kurang layak kredit" mengacu pada perusahaan yang peringkat utang kurang dari investment grade (yang mengatakan, kurang dari BBB2 atau Baa3). Oleh karena itu, banyak perusahaan menetapkan target utang sedemikian rupa untuk setidaknya mempertahankan layak kredit (atau investment grade) peringkat utang. 5. Oportunis memanfaatkan jendela modal pasar. Kebijakan hutang beberapa perusahaan 'bervariasi di seluruh siklus modal pasar. Perusahaan-perusahaan masalah utang ketika suku bunga rendah (dan menerbitkan saham ketika harga saham tinggi), mereka adalah pemburu (meskipun tidak ada tawar-menawar ada di pasar yang efisien). Oportunisme tidak menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan menetapkan target begitu banyak seperti mengapa perusahaan menyimpang dari target tersebut.

Setting Dividend-Payout Targets Secara teori, kebijakan dividen seharusnya tidak berpengaruh pada nilai saham perusahaan. Meskipun demikian, keputusan dividen payout-menyerap begitu banyak waktu yang dibayar tinggi, eksekutif senior cerdas yang dividend payout harus ekonomis penting. Ini adalah pertimbangan utama yang muncul dalam keputusan payout:

1. Pembiayaan investasi yang menarik: Miller dan Modigliani Teorema dividen-tidak relevan terkenal menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dividen harus ditetapkan sebagai sisa-yaitu, pertanyaan sebenarnya adalah untuk menanyakan apakah dan bagaimana perusahaan dapat membiayai semua net present value positif (NPV) investasi peluang. Dalam pandangan itu, dividen dibayarkan hanya arus kas yang tersisa setelah perusahaan membuat investasi menarik. 2. Mengirim sinyal: Eksekutif tidak ingin memberitahu dunia apa yang mereka memperkirakan untuk perusahaan mereka, karena proyeksi yang akan telegraf gerakan mereka dengan pesaing mereka. Membayar dividen semakin tinggi adalah salah satu cara untuk menyampaikan optimisme tentang masa depan. Komunitas investasi, bagaimanapun, membentuk harapan sendiri tentang masa depan perusahaan dan pembayaran dividen. Dividen telah sinyal konten bila mereka menyimpang dari ekspektasi investor. Perubahan sangat tinggi atau rendah dalam pembayaran dividen menyampaikan berita kepada investor. Pemotongan dividen (bahkan untuk membiayai investasi yang menarik) secara universal dianggap sebagai berita buruk. 3. Membangun reputasi: Penelitian Akademik menemukan bahwa pembayaran dividen "ratchet" up: mereka cenderung naik atau terus stabil, tetapi hanya jatuh jarang. Banyak perusahaan mengiklankan

string yang tak terputus mereka meningkat dividen tahunan. Manajer percaya bahwa dividend payout membangun reputasi kinerja investasi. 4. Segmentasi pasar modal dan menarik klien yang investor: Jika pasar modal tidak homogen, beberapa investor akan membayar lebih untuk saham perusahaan dengan bayaran tinggi dan lain-lain akan membayar lebih sedikit. Dari sudut pandang, CFO harus seperti pemasar konsumen, yang bertujuan untuk memposisikan produk mereka (misalnya, saham mereka) untuk klien investor yang bersedia membayar paling. Pilihan perusahaan dividen payout dapat mempengaruhi posisi sahamnya. Pandangan ini provokatif dan tidak mudah dilaksanakan untuk perusahaan publik yang besar. Di sisi lain, pertimbangan ini sangat penting bagi bisnis milik pribadi, karena menunjukkan bahwa manajer harus mendengarkan kebutuhan pemilik uang tunai.

Conclusion Utang perusahaan dan kebijakan dividen muncul setelah menimbang sulitnya trade-off diantara persaingan yang diinginkan. Tidak ada algoritma atau model lugas mendikte kebijakan. Sebagai analis dan manajer, kita menghadapi kebutuhan untuk menjalankan proses pengambilan keputusan berjalan dengan baik dengan all trade-offs surface dan semua argumen didengar. Pada akhirnya, kebijakan yang baik memenuhi tiga ujian: 1. Apakah mereka menciptakan nilai? 2. Apakah mereka menciptakan keunggulan kompetitif? 3. Apakah mereka mempertahankan visi manajerial perusahaan? 4.

Case #25 Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation Synopsis and Objectives In mid September 2005, Ashley Swenson, the chief financial officer (CFO) of a large computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) equipment manufacturer needed to decide whether to pay out dividends to the firm’s shareholders, or to repurchase stock. If Swenson chose to pay out dividends, she would have to also decide upon the magnitude of the payout. A subsidiary question is whether the firm should embark on a campaign of corporate-image advertising, and change its corporate name to reflect its new outlook. The case serves as an omnibus review of the many practical aspects of the dividend and share buyback decisions, including (1) signaling effects, (2) clientele effects, and (3) the finance and investment implications of increasing dividend payouts and share repurchase decisions. This case can follow a treatment of the Miller-Modigliani2 dividend-irrelevance theorem and serves to highlight practical considerations to consider when setting a firm’s dividend policy. Suggested Questions 1.In theory, to fund an increased dividend payout or a stock buyback, a firm might invest less, borrow more, or issue more stock. Which of those three elements is Gainesboro’s management willing to vary, and which elements remain fixed as a matter of the company’s policy? 2. What happens to Gainesboro’s financing need and unused debt capacity if: a. no dividends are paid? b. a 20% payout is pursued? c. a 40% payout is pursued? d. a residual payout policy is pursued? Note that case Exhibit 8 presents an estimate of the amount of borrowing needed. Assume that maximum debt capacity is, as a matter of policy, 40% of the book value of equity. 3. How might Gainesboro’s various providers of capital, such as its stockholders and creditors, react if Gainesboro declares a dividend in 2005? What are the arguments for and against the zero payout, 40% payout, and residual payout policies? What should Ashley Swenson recommend to the board of directors with regard to a long-term dividend payout policy for Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation? 4. How might various providers of capital, such as stockholders and creditors, react if Gainesboro repurchased its shares? Should Gainesboro do so? 2 Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani, “Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares,” Journal of Business 34 (October 1961): 411–433.

5. Should Swenson recommend the corporate-image advertising campaign and corporate name change to the Gainesboro’s directors? Do the advertising and name change have any bearing on the dividend policy or the stock repurchase policy that you propose? The Dividend Decision and Financing Policy The dividend decision is necessarily part of the financing policy of the firm. The dividend payout chosen may affect the creditworthiness of the firm and hence the costs of debt and equity; if the cost of capital changes, so may the value of the firm. Unfortunately, one cannot determine whether the change in value will be positive or negative without knowing more about the optimality of the firm’s debt policy. The link between debt and dividend policies has received little attention in academic circles, largely because of its complexity, but it remains an important issue for chief financial officers and their advisors. The Gainesboro case illustrates the impact of dividend payout on creditworthiness. Setting Debt and Dividend-Payout Targets The Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation case well illustrates the challenge of setting the two most obvious components of financial policy: target payout and debt capitalization. The policies are linked with the firm’s growth target, as shown in the selfsustainable growth model: gss = (P/S × S/A × A/E)(1 − DPO) Where: gss is the self-sustainable growth rate P is net income S is sales A is assets E is equity DPO is the dividend-payout ratio This model describes the rate at which a firm can grow if it issues no new shares of common stock, which describes the behavior or circumstances of virtually all firms. The model illustrates that the financial policies of a firm are a closed system: Growth rate, dividend payout, and debt targets are interdependent. The model offers the key insight that no financial policy can be set without reference to the others. As Gainesboro shows, a high dividend payout affects the firm’s ability to achieve growth and capitalization targets and vice versa. Myopic policy—failing to manage the link among the financial targets—will result in the failure to meet financial targets.

Setting Debt-Capitalization Targets Finance theory is split on whether gains are created by optimizing the mix of debt and equity of the firm. Practitioners and many academicians, however, believe that debt optima exist and devote great effort to choosing the firm’s debt-capitalization targets. Several classic competing considerations influence the choice of debt targets: 1. Exploit debt-tax shields. Modigliani and Miller’s theorem implies that in the world of taxes, debt financing creates value.1 Later, Miller theorized that when personal taxes are accounted for, the leverage choices of the firm might not create value. So far, the bulk of the empirical evidence suggests that leverage choices do affect value. 2.Reduce costs of financial distress and bankruptcy. Modigliani and Miller’s theory naively implied that firms should lever up to 99% of capital. Virtually no firms do this. Beyond some prudent level of debt, the cost of capital becomes very high because investors recognize that the firm has a greater probability of suffering financial distress and bankruptcy. The critical question then becomes: What is “prudent”? In practice, two classic benchmarks are used: a. Industry-average debt/capital: Many firms lever to the degree practiced by peers, but this policy is not very sensible. Industry averages ignore differences in accounting policies, strategies, and earnings outlooks. Ideally, prudence is defined in firm-specific terms. In addition, capitalization ratios ignore the crucial fact that a firm goes bankrupt because it runs out of cash, not because it has a high debt/capital ratio. b. Firm-specific debt service: More firms are setting debt targets based on the forecasted ability to cover principal and interest payments with earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). This practice requires forecasting the annual probability distribution of EBIT and setting the debt-capitalization level, so that the probability of covering debt service is consistent with management’s strategy and risk tolerance. 3. Maintain a reserve against unforeseen adversities or opportunities. Many firms keep their cash balances and lines of unused bank credit larger than may seem necessary, because managers want to be able to respond to sudden demands on the firm’s financial resources caused, for example, by a price war, a large product recall, or an opportunity to buy the toughest competitor. Academicians have no scientific advice about how large those reserves should be. 4. Maintain future access to capital. In difficult economic times, less creditworthy borrowers may be shut out from the capital markets and, thus, unable to obtain funds. In the United States, “less creditworthy” refers to the companies whose debt ratings are less than investment grade (which is to say, less than BBB 2 or Baa3). Accordingly, many firms set debt targets in such a way as to at least maintain a creditworthy (or investment grade) debt rating. 11 Actually, value is transferred from the public sector, as a loss of tax revenue, to the private sector. From a macroeconomic standpoint, no value has been created. 22 BBB is the lowest investment-grade bond rating awarded by Standard & Poor’s, a bond-rating agency.

5.Opportunistically exploit capital-market windows. Some firms’ debt policies vary across the capital-market cycle. Those firms issue debt when interest rates are low (and issue stock when stock prices are high); they are bargain-hunters (even though no bargains exist in an efficient market). Opportunism does not explain how firms set targets so much as why firms deviate from those targets. Setting Dividend-Payout Targets In theory, dividend policy should have no effect on the value of a firm’s shares. Nonetheless, dividend-payout decisions absorb so much of the time of highly paid, intelligent senior executives that dividend payout must be important economically. These are the key considerations that emerge in payout decisions: 1. Financing attractive investments: Miller and Modigliani’s famous dividendirrelevance theorem suggests that dividend policy should be set as a residual—that is, the real question to ask is whether and how the firm can finance all of its positive net present value (NPV) investment opportunities. Under that view, dividends paid out are simply the cash flow that remains after a firm makes attractive investments. 2. Sending signals: Executives do not want to tell the world what they foresee for their companies, because that projection would telegraph their moves to their competitors. Paying progressively higher dividends is one way to convey optimism about the future. The investment community, however, forms its own expectations about the firm’s future and dividend payments. Dividends have signaling content when they deviate from investors’ expectations. A surprisingly high or low change in dividend payments conveys news to investors. Cutting a dividend (even to finance an attractive investment) is universally perceived as bad news. 3. Building a reputation: Academic research finds that dividend payments “ratchet” up: they tend to rise or hold steady, but only fall rarely. Many companies advertise their unbroken string of annual dividend increases. Managers believe that dividend payout builds a reputation of investment performance. 4. Segmenting the capital market and attracting an investor clientele: If capital markets are not homogeneous, some investors will pay more for the share of highpayout firms and others will pay less. From that point of view, CFOs should be like consumer marketers, aiming to position their product (for example, their shares) to the investor clientele that is willing to pay the most. The firm’s choice of dividend payout may influence the position of its shares. This view is provocative and not easily implemented for large public corporations. On the other hand, this consideration is enormously important for privately owned businesses, because it suggests that managers should listen to the owners’ needs for cash.

33 Baa is the lowest investment-grade bond rating awarded by Moody’s Investment Service, a bond-rating agency.

Conclusion Corporate debt and dividend policies emerge after weighing difficult trade-offs among competing desirable ends. No algorithm or model straightforwardly dictates policies. As analysts and managers, we confront the need to run the decision process well by ensuring that all trade-offs surface and that all arguments are heard. Ultimately, good policies meet these three tests: 1. Do they create value? 2. Do they create a competitive advantage? 3. Do they sustain the company’s managerial vision?

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