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Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
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False Anglicisms in Italian
Polimetrica
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Cristiano Furiassi
International Scientific Publisher
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2010 Polimetrica ® S.a.s. Corso Milano, 26 20052 Monza – Milano Phone ++39. 039.2301829 Web site: www.polimetrica.com ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2 Printed Edition ISBN 978-88-7699-204-9 Electronic Edition The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. This book is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica B License”. “Polimetrica B License” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned as such. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Stampato con il contributo dell’Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e Comparate.
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To my parents and sister
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Table of Contents
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Table of Contents Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Foreword ................................................................................................... 11 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Preface ....................................................................................................... 13 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 17 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 1. Defining and Classifying False Anglicisms ......................................... 19 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature ................................................... 19 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 1.2 A Definition of False Anglicisms ..................................................... 34 5.1.3 Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 A LitmusIncluding Test for Detecting False Anglicisms ................................. 36
Urs Watter 1.4 A Classification of False Anglicisms ................................................ 38 5.11.4.1 StateAutonomous Interest and Responsibility Compounds (AC) ................................................ 39 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 1.4.2 Autonomous Derivatives (AD) ................................................ 40 1.4.3 Compound Ellipses (CE) .......................................................... 41 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 1.4.4 Clippings (C) ............................................................................ 43 Semantic Shifts ................................................................ 44 5.31.4.5 Migration Policy and(SS) Ethics ......................................................... 106 1.4.5.a Metonymic Shifts ..............................................................46 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1.4.5.b Metaphoric Shifts .............................................................. 47 1.4.5.c Meronymic Shifts .............................................................. 47 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 1.4.6 Eponyms (E) ............................................................................ 48 5.61.4.7 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Toponyms (T) .......................................................................... 49 1.4.8 Generic Trademarks (GT) ........................................................ 50 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 1.5 Other Phenomena Related to False Anglicisms ................................ 52 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 1.5.1 Functional Shifts ...................................................................... 53 1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms ................................................................... 53 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 1.6 False Anglicisms and False Friends .................................................. 55 Barry Halliday
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Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
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3.4Mediated The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 1.7 False Anglicisms ............................................................... 58 3.5The Conclusion 1.8 Origins ...................................................................................... of False Anglicisms ......................................................59 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 1.9 Attitudes towards False Anglicisms ..................................................60 64 1.10 The Spread of False Anglicisms in European Languages ................... 65 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on of Recent 1.11 The Impact False Migration Anglicisms Policies on the English Language ................. 68 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1.12 False Anglicisms in the Language Contact Scenario ...................... 71
Laura Zanfrini 2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms .................. 77 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 2.1 Electronic Resources......................................................................... 77 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 2.1.1 Electronic Dictionaries ............................................................. 78 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 2.1.2 Computer Corpus Lexicography .............................................. 79 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 2.2 Lexicographic Products .................................................................... 82
General Dictionaries 82 4.42.2.1 Selective Policies and the................................................................. Brain Drain............................................ 87 2.2.2 Dictionaries of Foreign Words and Neologisms ...................... 85 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 2.3 The Lexicographic Approach to False Anglicisms ........................... 86 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 2.3.1 The Inadequacy of General Dictionaries ..................................97 86 2.3.2 The Limitations of Dictionaries of Foreign Words and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Neologisms ....................................................................................... 88 Urs Watter 2.4 Language Corpora ............................................................................ 91 Newspaper Corpora....................................................... 95 5.12.4.1 StateItalian Interest and Responsibility 2.4.1.atheir The Citizens La Repubblica 96 towards Living Corpus Abroad................................................ ........................................... 102 2.4.1.b The HF Corpus ..................................................................97 5.22.4.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 English Corpora ....................................................................... 98 2.4.3 Italian Newspaper Archives ................................................... 100 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 2.4.4 Web Corpora .......................................................................... 100 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms ......................... 101 5.52.5.1 “Colombia nos the une” Exploring La...................................................................... Repubblica Corpus .....................................109 102 2.5.1.a Orthographic Complexity ................................................ 102 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 2.5.1.b Morphological Variation .................................................105 2.5.1.c Prototypicality .................................................................114 106 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach ........ 107 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms ........................ 107 2.6.1Together Exploitingfor thethe HFWell-being Corpus ...................................................... 108 Working of Migrants ........................... 119 2.6.1.a Intersecting Word Lists ................................................... 108 Barry Halliday
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9 Table of Contents
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Grapheme Approach ........................................................ 58 2.6.1.b Recurrent Combinations ................................109 2.6.1.c Merging the Methods ......................................................110 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 2.6.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Driven Approach ....... 111 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria .............................. 112 FinalofWord List........................................................................ 113 4.2.8 TheThe Ethics Migration. Reflections on Recent MigrationinPolicies 2.9 Quantifying False Anglicisms the Italian Language ................... 117 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 3. ALaura Dictionary Zanfriniof False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) .......................... 119 3.1 4.1Introduction..................................................................................... Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..119 65 3.2 Audience 119 4.2The Initiatives for.................................................................................. Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration .............121 73 3.3 Macrostructure ................................................................................
4.3Microstructure From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................122 82 3.4 ................................................................................. Spelling .................................................................................. 4.43.4.1 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................123 87 3.4.2 Pronunciation ......................................................................... 124 4.53.4.3 EqualGrammar Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................124 90 ................................................................................ 3.4.4 Typology ................................................................................ 125 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 3.4.5 Date ........................................................................................ 126 3.4.6 Mediating Language............................................................... 126 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 3.4.7 Frequency ............................................................................... 126 Urs3.4.8 Watter Usage Domain ........................................................................ 128 3.4.9 ............................................................................... 129 5.1 StateDefinition Interest and Responsibility 3.4.10 Collocation ........................................................................... 130 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 3.4.11 Italian Synonym ................................................................... 130 5.23.4.12 Applied EthicsTranslation .............................................................................. English Equivalent ............................................104 130 3.4.13 Cross Reference ................................................................... 131 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 3.4.14 Example ............................................................................... 131 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......................................... 132 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Dictionary ................................................................................................ 135 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 215 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 219 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Foreword Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Initiatives study for Governing and Humanitarian Dr 4.2 Furiassi’s is the Family impressive result of seven years of Migration: Labour Migration but notthe Workers’ Migration ............. painstaking work. He was inspired by research undertaken by 73 his teacher and Guest colleague, Virginia Pulcini,Guests who has studied the impact 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 of English on the Italian language from at least 1994, and by the 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 publication of the results of my major research project on Anglicisms 4.5European Equal Opportunity and(Görlach Denied Opportunities in 16 languages 2001, 2002a,................................ 2002b, 2003). 90 Dr Furiassi ......................................................................................... has, with great insight and diligence, taken up the Bibliography 97 opportunity of investigating a topic, which was covered in my Dictionary of Including EuropeanEmigrants Anglicismsin(DEA), but did of notOrigin receive major 5. Colombia: Their Societies ....... 101 attention. However, he was able to use the DEA data for Italian as a Urs Watter starting point, checking the correctness of entries and supplementing State Interest and Responsibility the5.1 evidence (especially for the post-1995 period). He also added towards their Citizens Living Abroadanalysis, ........................................... statistical research methods in corpus which provided 102 him with dates.............................................................................. and token frequencies – features largely absent 5.2contexts, Applied Ethics 104 from the DEA, since this is based on informants’ judgments rather 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 than corpora. He Migration has carefully the term ‘false Anglicism’, making108 use 5.4 Policydefined in Colombia ...................................................... of a comprehensive survey of earlier research and has classified the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 types according to morphological and semantic criteria; he has also 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 achieved convincing decisions on the thorny problems of what makes (natively .................................................................................... unrecorded) compounds and divergent meanings 5.7 Challenges 114 evidenced by the Italian items conspicuous enough to qualify as Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 false Anglicisms. His venturing into corpus attestations is valuable, since he is able to explore the potentials and limitations of this Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 approach. Barry Halliday
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3.4 TheAnglicisms Human Rights’ Approach 58 False have a great........................................................ many different sources, ranging
from speakers’/writers’ practice to sophisticated word3.5incompetent Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 play produced by fully bilingual users; he has largely left this field ......................................................................................... 60 forBibliography further exploration. The main section of his book, the Dictionary of False Anglicisms 4. The Ethics of Migration. in Italian (DFAI), is done very carefully, giving all the linguistic Reflections on Recent information one could Migration wish for,Policies including detailed definitions, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 collocations and translations into ‘proper’ English as well as Laura Zanfrini felicitous quotations. 4.1 Policies and Structural Demand for relevance Immigrant Labour .. 65 TheRestrictive results here published will have some for contact linguistics, lexicography and language teaching. They illustrate a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian fascinating facetLabour of verbal culturebutinnot a globalizing world. ............. It is hoped Migration: Migration Workers’ Migration 73 that his research will continue in this field and that similar studies Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guestsresults .................................. 82 will4.3beFrom undertaken for other DEA languages: would then help to place the Italian situation into a contrastive light. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
June 14th 2010 ......................................................................................... 97 Bibliography Görlach 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofManfred Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Preface Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 you Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Have ever met a recordman? Have you ever gone footing? Have Migration: Labour Migration but ............. 73 you ever played basket? Have you not everWorkers’ read a Migration novel with a happy end? you ever mettothe mister ofGuests your .................................. favorite soccer team? 4.3Have From Guest Workers Unwelcome 82 Have you ever broken the carter of your bike? Have you ever seen a 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 car hit a new jersey? Have you ever used a ticket restaurant? Well, if Opportunity Opportunities ................................ 90 you4.5areEqual a native speakerand of Denied English, probably you do not even know what I am talking about. These questions include words, such 97 as Bibliography ......................................................................................... recordman, footing, basket, happy end, mister, carter, new jersey, and ticket restaurant, which most ItalianSocieties speakers believe be 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their of Origin .......to101 purely English – and used in English – but that a native speaker of Urs Watter English would not consider part of his/her own language – and 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility would neither understand nor use. These lexical items are false towards their Citizens ........................................... 102 Anglicisms, coinages thatLiving are Abroad increasingly found in the Italian language and Ethics that might sound alien if used in an English-speaking 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 environment, at least in certain contexts. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 The existence of false Anglicisms is just another example of the important role that English has today. Indeed, lexical borrowings 108 and 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... calques from English have become part of the Italian vocabulary and 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 are constantly increasing in number. Also new coinages that 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 resemble English words are frequently used by Italian speakers. This is 5.7 dueChallenges to the fact that English-sounding and/or English-looking .................................................................................... 114 words have a positive cultural connotation. Bibliography ....................................................................................... This book provides a systematic lexicological framework and116 an ad hoc lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms useful not Working Together for Well-being only to linguists, but the also to Italianof Migrants speakers, ........................... Italian learners119 of Barry Halliday English, translators, journalists, and native speakers of English. It
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3.4 Thethe Human Rights’ Approach 58 analyzes phenomenon of false........................................................ Anglicisms in Italian, which has so 3.5 far Conclusion received only fragmentary attention from linguists. One aim59is ...................................................................................... to address the descriptive problems that scholars face when dealing Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 with false Anglicisms. The other aim is to illustrate the methodological issues involved in the retrieval and study of false 4. The Ethics Both of Migration. Anglicisms. concerns have led to the compilation of a Reflections on Recent Migration Policies dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 The entire work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is Laura Zanfrini devoted to the systematization of the subject matter. It includes a 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantexplanations Labour .. 65 theoretical introduction which provides lexicological for the different phenomena considered, with particular reference to 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian the often heterogeneous terminology used Migration to refer............. to false Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 Anglicisms. By drawing on the literature on Anglicisms and false 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Anglicisms, the book provides the reader with a definition of false Anglicisms andPolicies a detailed A litmus test was also 4.4 Selective and theclassification. Brain Drain............................................ 87 devised to differentiate false Anglicisms from real ones. Other issues 4.5 Equalare Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 addressed the distinction between false Anglicisms and false friends, the origin of false Anglicisms, the impact of false Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Anglicisms on Italian and English, and the attitudes towards false Anglicisms their diffusion. Atinthe endSocieties of the chapter, is a 5. Colombia:and Including Emigrants Their of Originthere ....... 101 descriptive Urs Watterframework of language contact that sheds new light on false Anglicisms. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The second chapter focuses on the ways in which the study of towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 false Anglicisms may be approached and improved by exploiting 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. lexicographic resources and corpus data. With regard 104to lexicography, inadequate treatment of false Anglicisms is evident 5.3 Migrationthe Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 just by referring to already existing dictionaries. With regard to 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 corpus linguistics, thein use of corpora to trace examples of false Anglicisms is described. Dictionaries and corpora have also been 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 crucial for establishing clear-cut criteria which eventually led to the 5.6 AlianzaofPaís .................................................................................. 112 compilation a definitive list of false Anglicisms in Italian. TheChallenges third chapter describes the procedures carried out in order to 5.7 .................................................................................... 114 compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian and illustrates Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 both macrostructure and microstructure features. The audience is also described. Various problems encountered in finding proper Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 English translation equivalents and in providing suitable definitions Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ of false Anglicisms are discussed. The dictionary is also preceded 58 by a user’s guide including acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 The final part of the book features a dictionary of false Bibliography 60 Anglicisms in ......................................................................................... Italian. A list of 286 false Anglicisms obtained through the lexicographic and corpus linguistic procedures described 4. The Ethics of Migration. became the word list of the dictionary. Reflections onto Recent Migrationthe Policies With regard methodology, approach is mainly synchronic and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 rather than diachronic. Although it is largely agreed that the study of Laura Zanfrini language contact should be based upon diachronic investigation, the 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 present analysisPolicies considers lexical items which appear to be false Anglicisms when one compares the contemporary stage of Italian 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian with that of English. clues are............. given 73 for Migration: LabourHowever, Migrationsome but notdiachronic Workers’ Migration the dating of certain false Anglicisms and for etymologies which 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 prove particularly problematic. What lies atPolicies the coreand of the theBrain following pages is the belief that, even 4.4 Selective Drain............................................ 87 though the phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian has only been 4.5 Equal Opportunity Opportunities marginally considered,anditDenied deserves further................................ attention since 90it influences the ......................................................................................... Italian lexicon considerably – as well as other Bibliography 97 languages which are in contact with English – and therefore needs to be explained and categorized. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Acknowledgements Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2book Initiatives for result Governing and Humanitarian This is the of aFamily research project started in 2001. Its Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 publication would not have been possible without the help of the following who have supported Guests me in .................................. conceiving, planning, 4.3 Frompeople Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 writing, and proofreading the present work. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 I am greatly indebted to Virginia Pulcini (Università degli Studi 4.5 Equalfor Opportunity andand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 di Torino) her insight the extraordinary care with which she hasBibliography monitored my research. I owe very warm thanks to Maria Teresa ......................................................................................... 97 Prat Zagrebelsky (Università degli Studi di Torino), who has devoted her time mostIncluding generously with extensive during whole 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Theircomments Societies of Originthe ....... 101 process of writing. Urs Watter I want to thank Knut Hofland (Universitetet i Bergen), coordinator 5.1 Interest and Computer Responsibility of theState International Archive of Modern and Medieval towards their Citizens Livingoffered Abroadhis ........................................... 102 English (ICAME), who kindly expertise in dealing with computational tools. .............................................................................. Further thanks are due to Guy Aston (Università 5.2 Applied Ethics 104 di Bologna) for providing me access to linguistic resources of utmost 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 importance. I am also very grateful to Carla Marello (Università degli Studi Torino),Policy who has encouraged my effort since the initial stages 5.4di Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 of the research, and Giovanni Iamartino (Università degli Studi di 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Milano), who has always shown confidence in the project. I wish to 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. express my gratitude to Manfred Görlach (Universität zu Köln) 112 and Anthony Cowie (University of Leeds) for their valuable comments and 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 stimulating suggestions on how to organize the lexicographic matter 116 andBibliography compile the....................................................................................... dictionary. John Humbley (Université Paris DiderotParis 7) also deserves special mention for his precious suggestions on Working Togethermaterial. for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 key bibliographic Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Approach 58 I would like toRights’ acknowledge my........................................................ debt to Elana Ochse, Chris Owen,
and3.5Franca Barrilà (Università degli Studi di Torino) who provided Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 native speaker’s insights through timely corrections on the final draft. I ......................................................................................... 60 alsoBibliography wish to express my appreciation to Paolo Mairano (Università degli Studi di Torino) who gave much-needed feedback on the 4. The Ethics of Migration. phonetic transcriptions included in the dictionary. Reflections on was Recent Migration Policies This project also supported by the 2006 Laurence Urdang and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 EURALEX (European Association for Lexicography) Award, which Laura Zanfrini greatly encouraged me to pursue this lexicographic enterprise. 4.1 Policies andbook Structural for Immigrant Labourfrom .. 65 TheRestrictive publication of this was Demand made possible by funding the Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Comparate of the Università degli di Torino and the............. Ministero Migration: Labour Migration butStudi not Workers’ Migration 73 dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) through the 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Programma di Ricerca ditoInteresse Nazionale (PRIN) 2007, entitled Dictionaries, and Words across Languages, 4.4 SelectiveLanguage Policies andMaterials the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Cultures and Ideologies (# 2007YRY2LY) and coordinated by 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Giovanni Iamartino. Besides acknowledging the role of colleagues, whose support has Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 been decisive in ensuring the outcome of this project, I am particularly toEmigrants my parents sister, to whom this....... volume 5. Colombia:indebted Including in and Their Societies of Origin 101 is dedicated, Urs Watter for setting me out on the route to university and for believing in my abilities over the years. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The responsibility for the final product, including possible towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 inaccuracies or omissions, obviously remains my own. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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The Humanand Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 1.3.4 Defining Classifying False Anglicisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Traditionally, false Anglicisms have Guests only .................................. been hinted at when 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 studying the lexical influence of languages in contact and usually 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 classified as a subgroup of Anglicisms: the aim of this survey is to 4.5 Equal andand Denied ................................ 90 isolate falseOpportunity Anglicisms to Opportunities clarify the terminological issues involved. Up to......................................................................................... now, the specific treatment of false Anglicisms has Bibliography 97 not received adequate attention and the existing literature has been unable to Including provide Emigrants univocal interminology and unambiguous 5. Colombia: Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 definitions. Urs Watter Many different terms are used to refer to the phenomenon of false 5.1 in State Interestand andfalse Responsibility loans general Anglicisms in particular. With regard to towards their Citizens ........................................... 102 false loans, the following Living labels Abroad have been used: false loans (Hope 1971, Pulcini Ethics 1994), pseudo-loans (Sanniti di Baja 1992, Pulcini 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 1999, 2002, Fischer 2008), pseudoborrowings or pseudo-borrowings 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 (Kirkness 2001, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-formations (Fischer 5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... 108 2008) in EnglishPolicy and in pseudoprestiti (De Mauro and Mancini 2003), falsi prestiti (Klajn 1972, Dardano 1978, Iamartino 2001, Torretta 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 2002, Rosati 2004), finti prestiti (Marello 1996), prestiti apparenti 5.6 Alianza PaísFanfani .................................................................................. 112 (Gusmani 1986, 1991a, Torretta 2002, Bombi 2005), prestiti fittizi Rana 1989), and falsi esotismi (Gusmani 1986, Cardona 5.7 (La Challenges .................................................................................... 114 1988, Bombi 1991, 2005, De Mauro and Mancini 2003) in Italian. Bibliography 116 With regard....................................................................................... to false Anglicisms, the following labels have been used: false Anglicisms or false anglicisms (Moss 1995, Pulcini Working Together for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 1997a, Nicholls 2003, Furiassi 2003),ofquasi-English words (Görlach Barry Halliday 2003), pseudo-English (Rothenberg 1969), pseudo English words
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 (Onysko 2007b),Rights’ pseudo-English loans (Hope 1971), pseudo anglicisms, pseudoanglicisms, pseudo-anglicisms, or Pseudo3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Anglicisms (Hastings 1984, Filipović 1985, Dardano 1986b, Pratt Bibliography 60 1986, Spence ......................................................................................... 1987, Moss 1995, Picone 1996, Pulcini 1997b, Nicholls 2003, Görlach 2003, Gottlieb 2004, 2005, Brazaitis 2006, 4. The Ethics of Migration. Onysko 2007a, 2007b, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-English words Reflections on Recent Migration (Görlach 2003) in English and Policies falsi anglicismi (Fanfani 1991a, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Bombi 2003, 2005), falsi anglismi (Beccaria 1992, 2006), Laura Zanfrini pseudoanglicismi (Klajn 1972, Bruni 1984, Serianni 1987, Rando 4.1 Restrictive Structural for et Immigrant Labour .. 65 1987, Dardano Policies 1987a, and 1993, 1998,Demand Dardano al. 2000, Fanfani 1991a, 2002, Iamartino 2001, Serafini 2002, Giovanardi 2007), 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian pseudoanglismi (Beccaria 2006),but andnotanglicismi apparenti............. (Serianni Migration: Labour Migration Workers’ Migration 73 1987) in Italian.1 4.3 Workersonto Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 In From orderGuest to report the high degree of variability in the terminology thisandsection includes a critical survey of the 4.4 Selectiveused, Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 literature on false Anglicisms – mostly published in English and 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 Italian – with special reference to Opportunities the Italian language. Authors who have dealt with......................................................................................... false Anglicisms are quoted in chronological order.97 Bibliography In 1950, Haugen – although without specifically analyzing the phenomenon false Anglicisms thatSocieties a loan: of Origin ....... 101 5. Colombia: of Including Emigrants–insaid Their Urs Watter […] may vary all the way from an imitation satisfactory to a native 5.1 StatetoInterest and the Responsibility speaker one that native speaker would not recognize at all. (Haugen 1950: 212) towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 1
Terminological ambiguity is also ...................................................... evident in other linguistic traditions: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 Pseudoanglizismen (Cypionka 1994: 8, Schweickard 1998: 298) or Scheinentlehnungen (Carstensen 1980: 77, 1981: 175) in German, faux anglicismes 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 (Deroy 1956: 63, Humbley 1974: 55, 2008a: 228, Spence 1987: 169, Thody 1995: Alianza2008: País29), .................................................................................. 112 104,5.6 Bogaards pseudo-anglicismes (Trescases 1983: 87, Humbley 2008a: 229, Bogaards 2008: 23), or sur-anglicismes (Guiraud 1971: 40) in French, and 5.7anglicismos Challenges(Lorenzo .................................................................................... 114 falsos 1996: 177) or pseudoanglicismos (Rodríguez Segura 1999: 28, Gómez Capuz 2000: 62, 2001: 54, Capanaga 2002: 69, Rodríguez Bibliography ....................................................................................... González 2002: 144) in Spanish. It is curious to notice that Mengaldo (1994: 116 130) uses the label ‘parole fantasma’, i.e. ghost words, to refer to false Anglicisms in Italian. In fact, according Landau (2001: 42): ‘A ghost word is a word that119 has Working Together fortothe Well-being of Migrants ........................... never existed in actual usage but that appears in dictionaries through the Barry Halliday lexicographer’s error.’.
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3.4of The Human Rights’orApproach ........................................................ 58 Lack understanding misunderstanding on the part of the native speaker of English runs as a leitmotiv through the various definitions 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 provided and seems to be what actually differentiates an Anglicism, ......................................................................................... 60 i.e.Bibliography a real English borrowing, from a false Anglicism. In 1971, Hope began to recognize and analyze the phenomenon of 4. The EthicsinofRomance Migration. ‘false loans’ languages by stating that: Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy andrecipient Europe language ........................................... Here a word is created in the on the pattern of61 Laura which Zanfrini forms exist generally in the source, but without corresponding to a specific etymon (e.g. the French ‘pseudo-English’ loans 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand Immigrant .. 65 autostop and Policies recordman which have alsoforon occasionLabour passed temporarily Italian). […] Notand all Humanitarian false loans are accurately 4.2 Initiativesinto for Governing Family described as loan-creations. A number of pseudo-forms felt by73 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. native speakers to be loan-words are indeed traceable to foreign etyma, lossWorkers of semantic motivation has.................................. led to ellipsis and82 4.3 Frombut Guest to Unwelcome Guests consequent reduction to a single substantive what was initially a 4.4 Selective Policies and 1971: the Brain 87 transparent phrase. (Hope 618,Drain............................................ 619) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
In 1972, Klajn started to examine false Anglicisms in Italian for ......................................................................................... 97 theBibliography first time providing the following definition: vero pseudoanglicismo, o falso […] sarebbe una ....... parola 5. Un Colombia: Including Emigrants in prestito Their Societies of Origin 101 ritenuta inglese, ma che in inglese non esiste affatto. Tali esempi non Urs Watter si trovano, ma di pseudoanglicismi è lecito parlare in due casi: a) se la 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility parola usata in italiano ha un significato talmente diverso da quello towardsdatheir Abroad ........................................... 102 originale nonCitizens essereLiving più sentita come semplice mutamento semantico, ma come un lessema nuovo; b) se l’italiano adopera un 5.2 Appliedo Ethics .............................................................................. 104 composto locuzione creata con elementi inglesi, i quali però in 2 inglese non formano (Klajn 1972: 101) 5.3 Migration Policyun andinsieme. Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... 108 A few years Policy later, in Dardano (1978: 84) introduced the term ‘falsi
prestiti’ to broadly refer...................................................................... to the phenomenon of false loans. More 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 specifically, Dardano used the terms ‘pseudo-Anglicisms’ (Dardano 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Challenges .................................................................................... 114 All5.7 translations from Italian into English – signaled by ‘Tr.’ – are by the author. Tr. ‘A real pseudoanglicism, or false loan […] is a word that is considered English, but 116 doesBibliography not exist in....................................................................................... English at all. Even though examples cannot be found, pseudoanglicisms occur either: a) if a word used in Italian has a meaning which is so different from the original cannot be considered simply a semantic shift, but Working Together forthat theitWell-being of Migrants ........................... 119is perceived a new lexeme; or: b) if a compound or phrase created from English Barry as Halliday elements is used in Italian but does not form a combination in English.’.
2
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 1986b: 244) and Rights’ ‘pseudoanglicismi’ (Dardano 1987a: 26, 1993: 52, 1998: 356, Dardano et al. 2000: 32) to denote false loans of supposed 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 English origin. Dardano defined false Anglicisms as: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 […] parole che non esistono in inglese come tight, oppure parole che usaofcon tutt’altro significato: dancing «sala da ballo» (ingl. 4. l’inglese The Ethics Migration. dancehall), smoking «abito da sera» (ingl. dinner jacket o tuxedo). Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 3 (Dardano 1987a: 26) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
In 1985, Filipović (1985: 249), who widely contributed to the 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand Immigrant Labour ..[…] 65 study of Anglicisms inand Europe, stated that for ‘pseudoanglicisms are4.2 composed elements, butHumanitarian are not themselves English Initiativesof forEnglish Governing Family and expressions.’. Filipović also added a structural arguing Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ explanation Migration ............. 73 that false Anglicisms are adapted loans: 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 By their definition pseudoanglicisms are words and expressions 4.4 Selective Policies elements and the Brain coined of component whichDrain............................................ are by themselves English loans87 adapted the system of the borrowing language […].90 4.5 Equal to Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ Pseudoanglicisms are formed in two ways: a) by composition using Bibliography ......................................................................................... two Anglicisms already integrated into the system of the borrowing97 language; b) by derivation using a suffix from the giving language. A third Including form of pseudoanglicisms is developed ellipsis. It 5. […] Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societiesthrough of Origin ....... 101 isUrs often the case that the suffix -ing is dropped in English words and Watter pseudoanglicisms are formed. (Filipović 1985: 250, 251) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility their Citizens Living Abroad the ........................................... 102 In towards 1986, Gusmani, while analyzing phenomena connected to
linguistic interference, warned the reader about the fact that: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Là l’archetipo straniero sia verisimilmente ipotizzabile 106 o 5.3 dove Migration Policy and Ethicsnon ......................................................... comunque si riscontri una discrepanza tra esso e il supposto prestito, 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... tale da porre inPolicy dubbio la reale esistenza di un rapporto mimetico, 108 si dovrà mettere in serio conto la possibilità di un prestito apparente. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 L’apparenza, tuttavia, non è ingannevole in misura identica e in parecchi casiPaís non.................................................................................. è possibile prendere una decisione netta, in quanto 5.6 Alianza 112 lo stesso rapporto mimetico che condiziona il prestito conosce 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 gradazioni molto varie: quello che importa è prendere coscienza del
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 3
Tr. ‘[…] words that dofor notthe exist in English such as tight, or words that are used Working Together Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119in English with totally different meanings: dancing «sala da ballo» (English dancehall), Barry Halliday smoking «abito da sera» (English dinner jacket or tuxedo).’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’farApproach problema, e, anziché di ogni........................................................ erba un fascio, distinguere tra le58 diverse categorie di fenomeni. (Gusmani 1986: 100)4 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Gusmani seems......................................................................................... to share the idea that false Anglicisms – and false Bibliography 60 loans in general – are deceiving because of the absence of an English model. 4. The Ethics of Migration. By focusing the Migration lack of anPolicies English model, in 1987 Spence Reflections on on Recent stated that: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini Where words are formed from recognisable English elements to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and no Structural forinImmigrant Labour .. 65 produce lexemes that have formal Demand equivalent English (and never have had one), it seems difficult not to see them as pseudo-anglicisms. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian (Spence 1987: for 173) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
In line Filipović 251), Spence 180) added that 4.3 Fromwith Guest Workers(1985: to Unwelcome Guests (1987: .................................. 82 ‘[…] the concept of pseudo-anglicism is an historical one’, thus 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain 87 emphasizing the necessity of Drain............................................ a diachronic approach to the 5 description of the phenomenon. Spence also................................ recognized that the 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 difference between false Anglicisms and adapted Anglicisms is Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 slight: 5. […] Colombia: Including Emigrants Societies of Origin ....... 101 there would be hesitation overin theTheir borderline between adaptations Urspseudo-anglicisms. Watter and This kind of problem is even more difficult to solve when one is attempting to determine the degree of semantic 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility deviation that justifies one speaking of “falseness”. (Spence 1987: 181)towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 4
Tr. word or phrase might be considered an apparent loan when the foreign 5.5‘A“Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 archetype is not likely to exist or there is a discrepancy with the supposed borrowing 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. so that the relationship between the two words is jeopardized. However, it is112 not always a case of formal resemblance and it is often impossible to come to a final 5.7 Challenges 114 decision, since the .................................................................................... relationship that characterizes borrowings may have various shades; what really matters is being aware of the problem and differentiating Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 between the diverse phenomena instead of generalizing.’. 5 With regard to French, Picone (1996: 5) recognized that a ‘Pseudo-Anglicism’ is coined ‘[…]Together when a French neologism madeof upMigrants of English........................... constituents mimics an Working for the Well-being 119 integral Barryborrowing.’. Halliday He provides new look and tennisman as examples of false Anglicisms in French.
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3.4 Human Rights’ 58 By The focusing on the Approach attitude ........................................................ of British and American native
speakers towards...................................................................................... false Anglicisms, Serianni defined ‘anglicismi 3.5 Conclusion 59 apparenti’ or ‘pseudoanglicismi’ as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 […] vocaboli molto comuni che un inglese o un americano non nell’accezione in cui sono usati in Italia. […]. 4. capirebbero, The Ethics ofalmeno Migration. 6 (Serianni 1987: ix) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 In Laura the Zanfrini same book prefaced by Serianni, Rando added that
‘pseudoanglicismi’ are:
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 […] voci di origine o di forma inglese che però, non vengono usate in 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian quella lingua for […], oppure quei vocaboli formati per ellissi di una Migration: Labour Migration not7 Workers’ Migration ............. 73 parola inglese. (Rando 1987: xxii,but xxiii) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
In 1989, the term ‘prestito fittizio’ was introduced by La Rana 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 (1989: 307) to Policies label false loans. Two years later, Fanfani suggested that4.5a Equal distinction had to be made between ‘prestiti apparenti’ and Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 ‘pseudo-anglicismi’ or ‘falsi-anglicismi’. The former, ‘prestiti Bibliography 97 apparenti’, were......................................................................................... defined as: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 […] Urs termini Watter che hanno un aspetto del tutto inglese anche se un inglese non li riconoscerebbe o li riconoscerebbe a stento. Difatti sono 5.1 State Interest andoResponsibility coniazioni, sviluppi deformazioni autonome che non si riferiscono towards their modello Citizens inglese, Living Abroad ........................................... 102 ad alcun preciso come, ad es., carter e claxon che in inglese sono marchi di fabbrica mentre in italiano […] son divenuti 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 degli appellativi. (Fanfani 1991a: 13)8 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 6
Tr. apparent Anglicisms, or «pseudoanglicisms» […] are very common 5.4‘[…] Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 words that an English or American speaker would not understand, at least with the meaning with which nos theyune” are used in Italy. […].’. 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... 109 7 Tr. ‘[…] «pseudoanglicisms» […] lemmas which have either an English origin or 5.6 Alianza 112 an English form País that, .................................................................................. however, are not used in that language […], or words formed through the ellipsis of an English word.’. 8 Challenges Tr.5.7 ‘apparent loans’.................................................................................... […] ‘[…] words that have a totally English appearance 114 even though an English speaker would either not recognize them at all or would have Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116or difficulty in recognizing them. They are in fact coinages, developments autonomous deformations which do not refer to any precise English model as, for instance, carter and claxon, which are trademarks in English […] but have become Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 appellative nouns in Italian’. With regard to ‘apparent loans’, Torretta (2002: 11) Barry Halliday states that ‘[l]a denominazione ‘apparenti’ deriva dal fatto che l’aspetto formale
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The Human Rights’ Approach 58 The3.4latter, ‘pseudo-anglicismi’ or ........................................................ ‘falsi-anglicismi’ were defined as: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... […] termini per i quali non è possibile ritrovare una precisa59 corrispondenza formale in inglese. Auto-stop, beauty-case, footing, ad60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... es. […]. (Fanfani 1991a: 14)9 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Fanfani (2002: 222) has maintained the term ‘pseudoanglicismi’ Reflections on Recent Migration Policies even in later studies. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 In 1991, Bombi put forward a plausible reason for the birth of Laura Zanfrini false Anglicisms in Italian, explaining that ‘falsi esotismi’ are: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 […] quelle creazioni realizzate con materiale straniero ma prive di 4.2 Initiatives Governing Humanitarianispirate. Attivo modello nellafor lingua da Family cui siandpresumono Migration: ci Labour Migration but not Migration .............e73 ogniqualvolta sia una situazione di Workers’ intenso contatto culturale linguistico, il fenomeno del falso prestito conosce oggi un notevole82 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. incremento a seguito degli estesi rapporti tra lingue […]. (Bombi 1991: 87)10 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.4 Selective
Equalstudy Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 In 4.5 a later published in 2005, Bombi slightly modified her previous statement by adding that: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 In realtà non si può fissare una netta linea di separazione tra prestiti 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 veri e falsi, dal momento che anche questi ultimi sono indirettamente Urs Watterdall’esistenza di una dinamica interlinguistica […]. (Bombi sollecitati 11 2005: 148)Interest 5.1 State and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Bombi agrees with Spence (1987: 180), maintaining that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
suggerirebbe una derivazione diretta dalla lingua straniera, ma in realtà tali forme 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 sono state generate direttamente nella lingua indigena.’. Tr. ‘The label ‘apparent’ is meant indicate thatnos theune” formal aspect suggests a direct derivation from the foreign 5.5to“Colombia ...................................................................... 109 language, although such forms are actually coined in the native language.’. 9 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Tr.5.6 ‘pseudo-Anglicisms’ or ‘false Anglicisms’ ‘[…] words which do not have an equivalent form in English. For example, auto-stop, beauty-case, footing […].’. 10 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Tr. ‘[…] false exoticisms […] creations made with foreign material but lacking a model in the language which they are supposed to derive from. The phenomenon of falseBibliography loans, which....................................................................................... is active any time there is a situation of intense linguistic116 and cultural contact, is increasing nowadays as a result of the widespread exchanges that are occurringTogether between different Working for the languages.’. Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 11 Tr. ‘There really is no clear boundary between real and false loans since even the Barry Halliday latter are indirectly elicited by an existing interlinguistic trend […].’.
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ Nello studio dei Rights’ falsi esotismi e, più in generale, dei prestiti apparenti58 si deve sempre procedere integrando il confronto interlinguistico in 3.5 Conclusion sincronia con ...................................................................................... il parametro dell’analisi diacronica, decisiva per59 attribuire la parola in questione alla categoria del vero o del falso60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... prestito. (Bombi 2005: 157)12 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Although false Anglicisms are nowhere close to being stabilized in Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Italian, in 1992 Sanniti di Baja maintained that: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Zanfrini ItLaura seems almost impossible to revise the use of many of the old pseudo-loans because they are Demand too much part of the Italian 4.1 Restrictive[…] Policies and Structural foraImmigrant Labour .. 65 system and are by now highly codified. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 158, 159) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Underlining the novelty of false Anglicisms, in the same year 4.3 From Guest241) Workers to Unwelcome Guestsspesso .................................. 82 Beccaria (1992: argued that ‘Noi siamo più inglesi degli inglesi […]. Usiamo che nessun inglese si sognerebbe 4.4 Selective Policiesfalsi and anglismi the Brain Drain............................................ 87 di usare […].’.13 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 In 1995, Moss lamented the fact that: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 […] a phenomenon which is often mentioned but on which no detailed has yet appeared is the way in which Italian modifies 5. study Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......the 101 appearance or meaning or use of a certain number of […] crude Urs Watter anglicisms while still retaining their basic English complexion, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 12
Tr. ‘In the study of false exoticisms and, more in general, of apparent loans, it is always necessaryEthics to proceed by integrating a synchronic interlinguistic comparison 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 with the parameter of diachronic analysis, which is vital to determine whether a 5.3belongs Migration and ......................................................... 106 word to thePolicy category of Ethics real or false loans.’. 13 Tr. ‘We are often more English than the English […]. We use false Anglicisms Migration Policy in never Colombia that5.4 English speakers would even ...................................................... dream of using.’. It is worth noticing108 that Beccaria (1992: 241) uses the term anglismo rather than anglicismo. According to 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 the GDU, the former, anglismo, has entered the Italian vocabulary more recently (1970) is considered truly Italian, the latter, anglicismo, is older (1829) but112 is a 5.6 but Alianza País .................................................................................. calque from the English word Anglicism. Also inglesismo, the oldest one (1757), is 5.7 Challenges 114 accepted in Italian as.................................................................................... a variant of anglismo or anglicismo. However, Sabatini (2008: 268) recognizes: ‘[…] la forma anglicismo, che deriva dal francese anglicisme ed è Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 penetrata in italiano nel corso del sec. XIX, come ormai più comune. Ma la forma anglismo, derivata più tardi direttamente dall’inglese, sarebbe più pertinente […].’. Tr. ‘[…] theTogether form anglicismo, which derivesoffrom French ........................... anglicisme and entered Working for the Well-being Migrants 119 th Italian during the course of the 19 century, as the most common. But the form Barry Halliday anglismo, later derived directly from English, would be more appropriate […].’.
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ thereby making Rights’ of them ‘pseudoanglicisms’ or ‘false anglicisms’.58 (Moss 1995: 124) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Therefore, Moss provided the following definition: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 I take as pseudoanglicisms those unadapted borrowings which, 4. The Ethics of Migration. through their appearance or their morphological use, have deviated or Reflections Recent Migration Policies are different on from an original English form so that a native speaker of and “Non-policies” Italy would and Europe ........................................... English who knew in Italian be aware of such deviation or61 Laura Zanfrini difference on encountering them in a written context. (Moss 1995: 127, 128). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Moss attempted a classification of false Anglicisms and made a 4.2 also Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian distinction between types. false Anglicisms Migration: Labourseveral Migration but notSome Workers’ Migration .............may 73 involve ‘[…] only small changes of orthographical form compared 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 with the original English. […] (e.g. confort, gol, poney, vafer, 4.4 Selective and the Brain are Drain............................................ 87 zombi).’ (MossPolicies 1995: 129). Others ‘[…] lexical items which have the4.5 same exterior form as ones borrowed from English but have Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 become modified semantically compared with the original. […] boss, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 feeling, manager, and showroom […].’ (Moss 1995: 130). Another false Anglicism is ‘[…] an English word […] adopted by Italian as a 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Anglicism Origin ....... may 101 different part Including of speech.’ (Moss 1995: 132). A false Urs Watter also occur when ‘[…] the Italian pseudoanglicizing form depends on an 5.1 abbreviation that it Responsibility has operated on the original English term, the State Interest and part usually being taken the whole. established examples of towards their Citizensfor Living AbroadWell ........................................... 102 this kind of elliptical adaptation are basket from ‘basket ball’, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 clergyman from ‘clergyman’s dress’ […].’ (Moss 1995: 132). 5.3 Migration and Ethics 106 Moreover, falsePolicy Anglicisms may......................................................... be ‘[…] forms which in particular grammatical contexts depart from their original usage. […] (e.g. un 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 dribbling, un poker, un software) […]’ or ‘[…] ‘English-looking’ 5.5 that “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 terms do notnos actually exist in English but have been invented in Italian by false with similar forms that English does have 5.6 Alianza Paísanalogy .................................................................................. 112 (e.g. cover man based on ‘cover girl’ […]) […].’ (Moss 1995: 134, 5.7 Challenges 135). Finally, in.................................................................................... addition to ‘[…] terms like carter, scotch, 114 and spider, English brand names which have failed to survive in English Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 (or perhaps have never been used) […]’ and ‘[…] ‘mixed’ language forms such as autogrill, acronyms such as ‘USA’ Working Together for the ciclocross Well-being […]’, of Migrants ........................... 119 andBarry ‘vip’, which have ‘[…] pronunciations so different from the Halliday
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3.4 Theoriginal Human […]’, Rights’may Approach ........................................................ 58 English be considered false Anglicisms (Moss 1995: 135, 136). ...................................................................................... 59 3.5 Conclusion In 1996, Marello introduced the label ‘finti prestiti’: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Vi sono poi quei casi curiosi di finti prestiti: pile, termine che noi d’aver preso dall’angloamericano, in Gran Bretagna e negli 4. crediamo The Ethics of Migration. Stati Uniti non si usa.Migration La microfibra in questione è detta fleece. Reflections on Recent Policies 14 (Marello 1996: 36) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Policies (1999: and Structural Immigrantlabeling Labour .. 65 In Restrictive 1999, Italiano 36), Demand without for explicitly the
phenomenon, that falseFamily Anglicisms are unknown in English4.2 Initiativessaid for Governing and Humanitarian speaking countries: ‘[…] ormai vengono coniate espressioni «nuove Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 di zecca» con soli termini inglesi. Prolificano ovunque locuzioni 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests Italiano .................................. 82 sconosciute in paesi di lingua inglese […].’. (1999: 57) also recognized that thereandare ‘[…] Drain............................................ prestiti che cambiano il loro 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain 87 significato originario nel processo di adozione. Tre esempi di questo 15 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 procedimento sono i sostantivi slip,Opportunities footing e spot.’. In more recent years, ‘falsi prestiti’ or ‘pseudoanglicismi’ have Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 been dealt with by Iamartino (2001: 122), who stated that ‘[…] non sono prestiti nemmeno quelle parole che una linguaofcrea combinando 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter materiali lessicali di origine alloglotta.’.16 In 2002, Serafini claimed that the coinage of false Anglicisms in 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Italiantowards is considered fashionable: their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 14
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Tr. ‘There are curious instances of fake loans: pile, a word that we believe to be taken American-English, is not used in Great Britain or in the United States. 5.5from “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 This micro-fiber is called fleece.’. 15 5.6 ‘[…] Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Tr. nowadays brand new expressions are coined using English words. Expressions unknown to English-speaking countries proliferate everywhere […].’. 5.7borrowings Challengesthat .................................................................................... 114 ‘[…] alter their original meaning in the adaptation process. Examples of this kind are slip, footing and spot.’. Except for slip, the examples Bibliography 116 quoted by Italiano....................................................................................... (1999: 57) are not semantic shifts. In fact, footing is made by joining the English free morpheme foot and the suffix -ing and spot is the elliptic form of the English compound commercial. Working Together for thespot Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 16 Tr. ‘false loans or pseudoanglicisms […]’ ‘[…] words that a language creates Barry Halliday combining material of foreign origin are not authentic borrowings.’.
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The Human Rights’ Approach E3.4proprio di moda si può parlare,........................................................ se si giunge addirittura a coniare58 parole dall’aspetto inglese che però gli inglesi non usano o non hanno 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 mai usato (pseudoanglicismi) […]. (Serafini 2002: 603)17 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
In 2002 McArthur (2002: 155), without specifically alluding to false noticed how ‘highly Anglicized Italian’ includes 4. TheAnglicisms, Ethics of Migration. ‘restriction and adaptation of senses: un flirt (‘an affair’); […] un Reflections on Recent Migration Policies mister (‘a sports coach’)’ and ‘clipping compounds: un full (‘a full and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europeof........................................... 61 hand [of cards]’); un night (‘a night club’)’. Laura Zanfrini In 2003 Nicholls described ‘pseudo-anglicisms’ or ‘false 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 anglicisms’ as follows: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Pseudo-anglicisms […]Migration are loan but words gone wrong. They look like73 Migration: Labour not Workers’ Migration ............. English words and often came from English words but they are used differently. […] Workers Some false anglicisms are invented by analogy with82 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. other English terms, presumably out of a feeling that they ought, 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 logically, to exist. (Nicholls 2003) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Görlach labeled the phenomenon using the terms ‘quasi-English
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 words’, ‘pseudo-English words’, and ‘‘pseudo’ anglicisms’:
the distinction between ‘proper’ ‘pseudo’ anglicisms is....... a nice 5. […] Colombia: Including Emigrants in and Their Societies of Origin 101 one. […] Non-E. [Non-English] features can be found in a) spelling, Urs Watter when native words or items borrowed from other languages are spelt 5.1ifState Responsibility as they Interest were E.and [English] […] b) pronunciation, when words from theirare Citizens LivingasAbroad 102 othertowards languages pronounced if they........................................... were E. […] c) morphology, when derivation and compounds are made that may or may not 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 conform withEthics E. patterns, but are certainly not recorded in E. […] d) meaning, whenPolicy E. words are applied to non-E. contexts (sometimes 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 the ‘deviance’ is caused by the loanword’s fossilizing older E. 5.4 Migration in Colombia meanings) […].Policy (Görlach 2003: 62)...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
With regard to pronunciation, an instance of English pronunciation attributed to aPaís non-English borrowing is the word stage – meaning 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 ‘apprenticeship’, ‘internship’, ‘placement’, ‘residency’, ‘training 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 course’, or ‘training period’ – which is a borrowing from French, i.e. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 17
Tr. ‘If Italians coin for words have anofEnglish appearance but that English Working Together thewhich Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 speakers not use and never did (pseudoanglicisms) it is because it is fashionable BarrydoHalliday […].’.
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3.4 Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 [staʒ ], The but Human is usually pronounced by Italian speakers as if it were English, i.e. [steidʒ ].18 Although many Italian speakers are not aware59 of 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... theBibliography fact that stage is borrowed from French and believe it to be ......................................................................................... 60a genuine English borrowing, the word stage cannot be considered a false Anglicism Italian. 4. The Ethics of in Migration. In 2003, De Mauro and Mancini Reflections on Recent Migration Policies suggested the following definition of false Anglicisms: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini […] ‘pseudoprestiti’: parole che nella lingua da cui fingono di trarre origine o non esistono hanno uso e Demand valore del differenti, come 4.1 Restrictive Policies oand Structural fortutto Immigrant Labour .. 65 beauty case o […] footing. (De Mauro and Mancini 2003: iii)19 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 In 2004, Rosati recognized that:
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 […] ci sono anche molti falsi prestiti (detti anche anglicismi apparenti o4.4pseudoanglicismi; inglese, false-loans o pseudo-loans) – parole87 Selective Policiesinand the Brain Drain............................................ molto comuni […] che un inglese non capirebbe nell’accezione in cui 20 4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 sono usateOpportunity in Italia. (Rosati 2004: 19) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
An Italian scholar who has dealt with false Anglicisms in depth is Pulcini. She has provided comprehensive definitions of false 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Anglicisms Urs Watterthat have tackled several structural points. In 1994 Pulcini defined ‘false loans’ as: 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility […]towards words which have acquired new meaning in Italian: smoking (in their Citizens LivingaAbroad ........................................... 102 English ‘dinner jacket’), tight (‘morning coat’), body (‘leotard’), 5.2 Applied Ethics 104 montgomery (‘duffel.............................................................................. coat’), golf (‘jumper’), toast (‘toasted sandwich’), footing (‘jogging’). these and many other words and 5.3 Migration PolicyLinguistically, and Ethics ......................................................... 106 phrases have been ‘nativized’ into Italian, having become part of the Italian lexis with an independent meaning from the original English one. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 (Pulcini 1994: 51) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. This is probably due to the fact that the Italian vocabulary also includes the112 real Anglicism stage – homograph of the French stage – which is used to refer to the 5.7 Challenges 114 flooring, usually in a.................................................................................... theater or stadium, where artists perform. 19 Tr. ‘[…] ‘pseudoloans’: either do not exist or have completely different uses or Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 meanings in the language which they pretend to originate from.’. 20 Tr. ‘[…] there are also many false loans (also labeled apparent Anglicisms or pseudoanglicisms; false-loans pseudo-loans English) ........................... – words which are 119 very Working Together for theorWell-being of inMigrants common but that an English speaker would not understand from the way in Barry[…] Halliday which they are used in Italy.’. 18
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 Then, she used theRights’ term ‘false-anglicisms’ to refer to: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... […] words which look and sound more or less English but have a59 separate meaning: beauty-case (make-up bag), fotoreporter60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... (photographer-cum-journalist), autogoal (own-goal), mister (coach), (football big scorer), golf (jumper), flipper (pinball game), 4. bomber The Ethics of Migration. record-man (record holder), autostop (hitch-hiking), speaker TV Reflections on Recent Migration Policies (newsreader), spot (TV commercial), to identify some well-known and “Non-policies” in Italy examples. (Pulcini 1997a: 79)and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
A third label wasPolicies later used: 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Pseudo-anglicisms, or ‘faux emprunts’ French and ‘falsi prestiti’ in 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andinHumanitarian Italian, are words which look English in fact Migration are not part of this73 Migration: Labour Migration but notbut Workers’ ............. language […]. Pseudo-anglicisms could be considered as autonomous 4.3 From of Guest Workersbased to Unwelcome .................................. coinages a language on items Guests of another language through82 various semantic and syntactic mechanisms: reduction of compounds 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 (‘toast’ from ‘toasted sandwich’), extension of a rule (‘footing’ by analogy with e.g. ‘boating’ and ‘rowing’), change................................ of a brandname into90 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities a common noun (‘carter’ for crank-case). They may be un-English Bibliography coinages made......................................................................................... up with English words, as for example: milord, milady97 (my lord, my lady), recordman (record holder), autostop (hitch-hike) beauty-case (make-up bag). (Pulcini 1997b: 155) of Origin ....... 101 5. and Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Urs Watter
In 1999, Pulcini (1999: 362) also stated that ‘[p]seudo-loans are 5.1 State Interest and which Responsibility autonomous coinages resemble but are not real English words’ towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102 and in 2002 she proposed aLiving classification: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 The following types of pseudo-loans can be distinguished: (a) lexical 5.3 Migration i.e. Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 pseudo-loans, combinations of English lexical items and/or Latin prefixes to form a word which does not exist in English, e.g. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 recordman (‘record-holder’), autostop (‘hitch-hiking’), autogol (‘own goal’), beauty-case (‘make-up bag’); (b) morphological pseudo-loans, 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 i.e. reduction of a compound or elision of an element in the English 5.6 Alianza e.g. País .................................................................................. 112 expression, happy end (‘happy ending’), trench (‘trench coat’), smoking (‘smoking jacket’), gin tonic (‘gin and tonic’); (c) semantic 5.7 Challengesi.e. .................................................................................... 114 pseudo-loans, attribution of a new meaning to an already existing English word,....................................................................................... e.g. footing (‘jogging’), speaker (‘newsreader’), slip Bibliography 116 (‘panties’), stage (‘short training course’). (Pulcini 2002: 163) Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
In 2005, Gottlieb outlined a comprehensive taxonomy of ‘PseudoBarry Halliday Anglicisms’ as follows:
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3.4Archaisms The Humanderived Rights’from Approach ........................................................ (i) English expressions now obsolete: […]58 (‘smoking’, via German, from smoking jacket, now dinner jacket or 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 tuxedo) (ii) Semantic slides where an English word is used ‘wrongly’: Swedish60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... babysitter (for English baby bouncer […]) (iii) Conversions of existing English words, for example adjective into 4. The Ethics of Migration. noun: German Handy (for mobile phone or cellular phone) Reflections on Recent Migrationexisting Policies (iv) Recombinations, reshuffling English lexical units: Italian and “Non-policies” and Europe ........................................... slowfood (as opposedintoItaly American fast food) […] (Gottlieb 2005: 164)61 Laura Zanfrini
Gottlieb (2005: Policies 166) concluded thatDemand ‘[…] pseudo-Anglicisms 4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant Labour ..[…] 65 are sometimes coined in the domestic culture.’. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family Humanitarian In 2007 Giovanardi (2007: 251) and stated that ‘[…] non sono rari i Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration 73 casi diMigration: pseudoanglicismi, cioè di but vocaboli usati in italiano,............. ma senza alcuna corrispondenza lingua madre, oppure usati con 82 un 4.3 From Guest Workersnella to Unwelcome Guests .................................. significato diverso rispetto all’originale.’.21 4.4 Policies and the 87 A Selective very recent study on Brain falseDrain............................................ Anglicisms, within the wider framework of Anglicisms, was published by ................................ Onysko, who stated 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 that: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms are indicators of lexical 5. productivity Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 in the RLEmigrants [Receptor Language]. […] pseudo anglicisms Urshybrids Watter result from a novel combination of borrowed lexical units. and […] On closer scrutiny, the definition of pseudo anglicisms borders on 5.1 State Interest andsemantic Responsibility morphological and changes of borrowings in the RL. […] their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Thetowards term “pseudo anglicism” describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL uses lexical elements of the SL [Source Language] to 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. (Onysko 2007a: 52) 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in that: Colombia ...................................................... 108 Onysko also recognized 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 […] pseudo English words, i.e. pseudo anglicisms, […] are virtually unknown in País the English language cultural areas, so these terms could 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 not have been copied from an English model. […] On closer analysis, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 however, pseudo anglicisms are not totally unrelated to an English model. […] pseudo anglicisms are derived from English lexical units, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 21
Tr. ‘[...] pseudo-Anglicisms, that is words of commonly used in Italian but without Working Together for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 any Barry equivalent term in the donor language, or used with a different meaning, are not Halliday unusual.’.
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ whose originalRights’ denotations, however, become blended in58 unprecedented ways as a new lexical unit is constructed […]. (Onysko 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 2007b: 221, 222) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Terminological ambiguity is also evident in Fischer, who states that: 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies […] pseudo-borrowings or pseudo-loans […] are words or word and “Non-policies” in Italy elements in languages other and thanEurope English........................................... that were borrowed from61 Laura Zanfrini English but are used in a way that native English speakers would not recognize. Pseudo-anglicisms oftenDemand take for theImmigrant form ofLabour blends, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural .. 65 combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word. (Fischer 2008: for 7) Governing Family and Humanitarian 4.2 Initiatives Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
For the purposes of this book, the umbrella term ‘false 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcomeused, Guestswithout .................................. 82 Anglicisms’ willWorkers be consistently differentiating between the various labels provided by the scholars surveyed. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 In the definitions reviewed there seems to be widespread 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 agreement on the absence of an English lexical model which inspires theBibliography coinage of ......................................................................................... false Anglicisms. However, false Anglicisms are97at least partially connected to an English model, which is creatively 5. Colombia: Including Emigrantsmodel in Their of Origin ....... reshaped. In fact, the supposed is Societies freely reinterpreted in101 the Urs Watter Italian language by joining two English free morphemes in order to form compound thatResponsibility does not exist in English, e.g. recordman, by 5.1aState Interest and obtaining a new word which is made an English free morpheme towards their Citizens Living Abroadof........................................... 102 and an English suffix, e.g. footing, by deleting the head of an English 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. two-word compound, irrespective of the ellipsis rules proper of104 the English language, e.g. basket, by clipping a genuine English word, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 e.g. happy end, by reusing an English word with a new meaning that 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 is not found in English, e.g. mister, and by employing proper names, e.g.5.5carter, placenos names, e.g. new jersey, or trademarks, e.g. ticket “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 restaurant, which look English in form, as common nouns. On the 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 one hand, the fact that an English model is somehow recognizable 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... justifies the choice of the label ‘Anglicism’. On the other hand,114 the factBibliography that the Anglicism is so reinterpreted that either does 116 not ....................................................................................... formally exist in English or is used with a different meaning in Italian justifies the choice the labelof‘false’. Working Together for the of Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 1.23.4AThe Definition of False Anglicisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
A theoretical definition of false Anglicisms is based on the definition Bibliographyprovided ......................................................................................... 60 of Anglicisms by Görlach: 4. An Theanglicism Ethics of isMigration. a word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the ........................................... vocabulary of the receptor61 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe language. (Görlach 2003: 1) Laura Zanfrini 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural 65 Therefore, a false Anglicism may beDemand definedfor as Immigrant a word orLabour idiom..that is 4.2 recognizably its and formHumanitarian (spelling, pronunciation, Initiatives forEnglish GoverninginFamily morphology, or at least one of the three), but is Migration accepted ............. as an item Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not 22 4.3orFrom Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests meaning .................................. exist is used with a conspicuously different in English.82 False Anglicisms are the creations of the Italian language that 4.4 Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 formally resemble English words but actually do not belong to the 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied instead Opportunities ................................ 90 English language, e.g. recordman of record holder. There are alsoBibliography false Anglicisms that are proper English words but are used97in ......................................................................................... Italian with totally different meanings, e.g. smoking instead of tuxedo 23 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their of Origin ....... 101 or dinner jacket. False Anglicisms areSocieties considered authentically Urs Watter English by most Italian speakers.24 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 22 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Since the exact provenance of a precise lexical model is not always readily identifiable, no distinction is made between ‘false Anglicisms’ and ‘false 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Americanisms’. ThePolicy English milieu which prompts the coinage of false Anglicisms is conceived as a whole, without differentiating between British English, American 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 English, or other well-established varieties of English. Görlach (2003: 63) indeed points ‘[…] the nos veryune” restricted possibility of determining by formal means109 the 5.5out “Colombia ...................................................................... provenance of anglicisms from Britain or America (or Australia, etc.) […]’. 23 As (2008: points out: ‘[…] at least in theory, we have to distinguish 5.6Fischer Alianza País 3) .................................................................................. 112 between the borrowing process as such, i.e. when the borrowing enters the receiver 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 language, and consecutive processes, i.e. when the newly borrowed word undergoes further changes in the language of which it has now become part.’. 24 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Gani (2002: 20) states that ‘[o]ccasionally, the English used is not incomprehensible, but brings a smile to an English speaker’s lips.’. Gani (2007: 41) also adds that ‘[i]ronically, Italians using English ‘imports’........................... have no trouble at all Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants 119 understanding each other. It’s English speakers who are unfamiliar with Italian who Barry Halliday get confused.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ False anglicisms are either formally or semantically different from the58 original English words from which they are supposed to derive, so that 3.5 Conclusion both an English...................................................................................... native speaker, proficient in Italian, and an Italian59 native speaker,......................................................................................... proficient in English, would recognize them in spoken60 Bibliography and written registers. (Furiassi 2003: 123) 4. The Ethics of Migration. At any rate, false Anglicisms per se should not be classified as Reflections on Recent Migration Policies adapted Anglicisms since they are neither orthographically nor and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
morphologically adapted to the structure of the Italian language. Laura Zanfrini False Anglicisms, which formally mirror English orthographic 4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant Labour 65 patterns, may bePolicies essentially definedDemand as English-looking words,.. i.e. words constituted sequences of characters which are typical of the 4.2 Initiatives forby Governing Family and Humanitarian English language. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 With regard to orthography, words such as autogol, bloc notes, 4.3 From Guest Workers in to Unwelcome Guests .................................. eliskì, and fotoreporter, which the lexical item (-gol instead82 of -goal, bloc instead of block), the combining form (fotoinstead 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 of photo-), or both (eli- instead of heli- and -skì instead of -ski) are 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 adapted to the orthographic conventions of Italian, are rare instances of Bibliography graphically ......................................................................................... adapted false Anglicisms but will not be considered 97 false Anglicisms proper (Hall 1957: 24, Rando 1970: 130). Some of 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......since 101 these might beIncluding labeled as hybrid Anglicisms, e.g. fotoreporter, Watter theyUrsare constituted by a mixture of Italian and English forms. Conversely, the forms autogoal, block notes, and heliski will be 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility considered false Anglicisms sinceAbroad no graphic adaptation occurs.25102 towards their Citizens Living ........................................... The extent to which false Anglicisms may undergo orthographic 5.2 Applied changes is Ethics limited.............................................................................. to the elimination of a space or 104 the addition/deletion of a hyphen in compounds, a variability which 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106is also very common in English.26 These devices can be considered 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 minor graphic strategies which do...................................................... not really prevent linguists from classifying suchnos compounds as false Anglicisms (Furiassi 2005: 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 283). In fact, there are usually three alternative patterns: solid 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 compounds, e.g. recordman, compounds separated by a space, e.g. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 25
The compound photoreporter is not used in the Italian language. 26 As statedTogether by Moss (1995: 129): ‘[…] the of hyphen either ........................... brings together the119 two Working for the Well-being Migrants separately spelt words of the English original or breaks into two an original single Barry Halliday word […].’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 beauty case, or hyphenated compounds, e.g. block-notes.27 At times, the3.5 same false Anglicism may have all these forms, e.g. longseller, Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 long seller, and long-seller. Bibliography 60 With regard......................................................................................... to morphology, derivatives should be considered the output of the assimilation process of borrowings, i.e. adapted 4. The Ethicsrather of Migration. Anglicisms, than false Anglicisms. The resulting form has no Reflections Recentsince Migration Policies equivalent in on English material of the recipient language, i.e. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Italian, is added to forms imported from the donor language, i.e. Laura Zanfrini English. For instance, the English verb to format needs to be adapted Restrictive in Policies Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 into4.1formattare orderand to Structural comply with thefor morphological rules of Italian verb formation.28 Hence, the adding of suffixes is a way of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian adjusting the borrowing to thebut structural patterns of the Italian Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 language. 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 A curious example of atofalse Anglicism which has lost all English traces in ItalianPolicies is golf:and thisthe false Anglicism is so rooted in the Italian 4.4 Selective Brain Drain............................................ 87 language that several derivatives were coined by means of Italian 4.5 Equal Opportunity Deniedgolfone Opportunities 90 suffixes, e.g. golfetto, and golfino, (Melzi................................ 1990: 133). These derivatives, however, should not be considered false Anglicisms Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 since false Anglicisms – to be defined as such – may only be adapted in in order to comply with the phonological of 5. pronunciation Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Originsystem ....... 101 29 Italian. Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 1.3 Atowards Litmustheir Test for Detecting False Anglicisms 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
A litmus test can be run in order to identify false Anglicisms in 5.3 Migration Policy and other Ethics language. ......................................................... 106 Italian, as well as in any When a word of supposed English origin, i.e. having rather indisputable English spelling or 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 27
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
The label ‘solid compounds’ is used by Cowie (1983: 104). 28 5.6 recognized Alianza País 112 As by.................................................................................. Bisetto (2004: 62): ‘I prestiti che, ancor oggi, devono necessariamente subire un processo di adattamento alla forma di parola dell’italiano Challenges .................................................................................... 114 sono5.7 i verbi per i quali l’aggiunta del “morfema verbale” (-are, di solito) che rende le parole conformi alla forma di citazione dei verbi è obbligatoria.’. Tr. ‘Borrowings Bibliography 116 which – even now ....................................................................................... – must necessarily be adapted when entering Italian are verbs: the “verbal morpheme” (usually -are) is obligatory in order to formulate the infinitive.’. 29 The different Italian for pronunciation of English acronyms ........................... (Moss 1995: 135), 119 such Working Together the Well-being of Migrants as AIDS, and VIP – pronounced as acronyms instead of initialisms or vice Barry USA, Halliday versa – will be considered a case of phonological adaptation of real Anglicisms.
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3.4 The Human Rights’inApproach ........................................................ pronunciation, appears an Italian text or utterance and that text58 or utterance is translated into English by a native speaker, if the 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 supposed borrowing from English is felt by the native speaker to Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 need substitution – since it is not understood or looks/sounds inappropriate – it is considered a false Anglicism. Conversely, if in 4. The Migration.the supposed borrowing is not felt to need the caseEthics of a of translation, Reflections on Policies non-adapted Anglicism. substitution, theRecent wordMigration is a genuine and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Therefore, the questions asked at the beginning of the introduction Laura Zanfrini may now be reconsidered as reliable explanatory examples in order 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 to validate the litmus test: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 1.a Avete mai incontrato un recordman? Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
1.b Have you ever met a recordman?
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
1.c Have you ever met a record holder?
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
2.a Siete mai andati a fare footing?
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.b Have you ever gone footing?
2.c Have Including you ever gone jogging? 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
3.aState Avete mai and giocato a basket? 5.1 Interest Responsibility Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 3.btowards Have their you ever played basket? 5.2 Ethics .............................................................................. 104 3.cApplied Have you ever played basketball? 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
4.aMigration Avete mai lettoinun romanzo con un happy end? 5.4 Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 4.b“Colombia Have younos ever read a novel with a happy end? 5.5 une” ...................................................................... 109 4.cAlianza Have you ever read a novel with a happy ending? 5.6 País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
5.a Avete mai incontrato il mister della vostra squadra di calcio
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 preferita?
5.b Have you ever metWell-being the misterof ofMigrants your favorite soccer team? Working Together for the ........................... 119 Barry Halliday 5.c Have you ever met the coach of your favorite soccer team?
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3.4 Human ........................................................ 58 6.aThe Avete maiRights’ rotto ilApproach carter della bicicletta? 3.5 59 6.bConclusion Have you...................................................................................... ever broken the carter of your bike? Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 6.c Have you ever broken the chain guard of your bike? 4. The Ethics of Migration. 7.a Avete mai visto una macchina urtare un new jersey? Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and Italya and Europe 61 7.b “Non-policies” Have you everinseen car hit a new........................................... jersey? Laura Zanfrini
7.c Have you ever seen a car hit a traffic divider?
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
8.aInitiatives Avete mai ticketand restaurant? 4.2 for utilizzato Governingun Family Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 8.b Have you ever used a ticket restaurant?
4.3 Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 8.cFrom Have youWorkers ever used a meal ticket? 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Examples 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, and 8.a show utterances 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 which may be heard or read in daily Italian. If English translations of Bibliography 97 such sentences ......................................................................................... are attempted, the translator would certainly feel that the English-looking and English-sounding words (in italics) in the 5. Colombia: Including Theirare Societies Origin Italian sentences cannotEmigrants be kept, asinthey in 1.b, of 2.b, 3.b, ....... 4.b, 101 5.b, Urs Watter 6.b, 7.b, and 8.b, but must be substituted by proper English equivalents, as in 1.c, 3.c, 4.c, 5.c, 6.c, 7.c, and 8.c. 5.1 State Interest and 2.c, Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
1.45.2 A Applied Classification of False Anglicisms Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Due their manifold features, Anglicisms pose some problems 5.3toMigration Policy and Ethicsfalse ......................................................... 106 if scholars wish to classify them.30 This is evident considering the 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 numerous definitions and classifications surveyed thus far. In fact, false originate from various linguistic processes. Even 5.5 Anglicisms “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 though in some cases false Anglicisms may not fit into rigid 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 categories and it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin, 5.7 types Challenges .................................................................................... 114 eight of false Anglicisms can be distinguished: autonomous Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 30
As Dardano et al. (2000: 32) state: ‘[…] il continuo prodursi di forme miste e di pseudoanglicismi pone for ai ricercatori vari problemi, anche di........................... natura classificatoria.’. Working Together the Well-being of Migrants 119 Tr. ‘[…] continual production of mixed forms and pseudoanglicisms gives rise to Barrythe Halliday a number of problems for researchers, also of a classificatory nature.’.
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 compounds (AC),Rights’ autonomous derivatives (AD), compound ellipses (CE), clippings (C), semantic shifts (SS), eponyms (E), toponyms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 (T), and generic trademarks (GT).31 As previously shown, the litmus ......................................................................................... 60 testBibliography devised applies to all types of false Anglicisms.32 4. TheAutonomous Ethics of Migration. 1.4.1 Compounds (AC)
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
False Anglicisms made up of autonomous compounds are nonLaura Zanfrini English compounds formed with two lexical elements that can be 4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant Labour ..is 65a separately foundPolicies in English, whose Demand compound form, however, genuine Italian for product. This Family leads to coinage of brand-new false 4.2 Initiatives Governing andthe Humanitarian Anglicisms: such compound words are not used in English.............. 73 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration A typical example of a false Anglicism constituted by an 4.3 From Guest Workersistothe Unwelcome Guests .................................. autonomous compound word recordman which is not used82in English but isPolicies actually of two authentic English free 4.4 Selective andcomposed the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
31
False Anglicisms which are classified as eponyms, toponyms, and generic Urs Watter trademarks – trademarks which have acquired a generic meaning and that sound or look5.1 English an Italian – undergo a particular kind of metonymic shift, State to Interest and speaker Responsibility i.e. a type of semantic shift, which consists in ‘downgrading’ the proper noun102 to a towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... common noun and in applying the names of people, places, or trademarks to common items. According to Ephratt (2003: 393), this process is called genericness. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 32 Although there are some differences, the division of false Anglicisms into 5.3 Migration Policy andtaxonomy Ethics ......................................................... categories is similar to the outlined by Gottlieb (2005: 164), 106 who identifies ‘archaisms’, i.e. compound ellipses, which are viewed as the diachronic 5.4 than Migration Policy inoutcome Colombia rather the synchronic of ...................................................... language contact, ‘semantic slides’,108 i.e. semantic shifts, and ‘recombinations’, i.e. autonomous compounds and autonomous 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 derivatives. On the other hand, Onysko (2007a: 52) does not seem to agree that ‘pseudo Anglicisms’ be divided into ‘lexical pseudo loans’, i.e. autonomous 5.6 Alianza Paísshould .................................................................................. 112 compounds, ‘morphological changes’, i.e. compound ellipses and clippings, and 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... ‘semantic pseudo loans’, i.e. semantic shifts, since ‘the division […] blurs114 the difference between semantic and morphological adaptation of Anglicisms […] and ....................................................................................... 116 the Bibliography creation of pseudo Anglicisms as lexical units irrespective of an English model.’. Onysko (2007a: 55) considers ‘pseudo Anglicisms’ in the narrow sense only: ‘[…] English lexical elements lexical creations […] without an English model Working Together forused thefor Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 […]’. According to Onysko’s taxonomy, only autonomous compounds would be Barry Halliday classified as false Anglicisms.
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33 3.4 The Human 58 morphemes, i.e. Rights’ record Approach and man......................................................... The English equivalent is the 34 compound record...................................................................................... holder. 3.5 Conclusion 59 Conversely, compounds such as web-cafè or cafè-racer – cafè Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 being clearly French – should be labeled as ‘loanblends’ (Lass 1969: 66, Haugen 1950: 218) or ‘hybrid compounds’ (Onysko 2007a: 52) 4. The Ethics Migration. instead of falseofAnglicisms. Reflections on Recent Migration It is worth considering that notPolicies all false Anglicisms appearing as and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 two words necessarily fall within the category of autonomous Laura Zanfrini compounds. For instance, according to the GDU, camera car is used 4.1 Restrictiveand Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 in motorcycle car racing to indicate a special cameraLabour located on the4.2 vehicle while racing: the real English word being on-board Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 35 camera. However, car exists inMigration Italian ............. as a real Migration: Labourcamera Migration butalso not Workers’ 73 Anglicism and it refers to a moving vehicle equipped with a camera Fromfor Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 and4.3used special types of shooting, especially in the moviemaking industry. Therefore, false Anglicism camera car would 4.4 Selective Policies and thethe Brain Drain............................................ 87 be more appropriately classified as a semantic shift rather than an 4.5 Equal Opportunity autonomous compound.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
1.4.2 Autonomous Derivatives (AD)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Watter number of cases an English free morpheme and an In Urs a limited English bound morpheme may be joined to give birth to a false 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Anglicism in Italian. A prototypical example of autonomous towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 derivative leading to a false Anglicism is footing, which was first 5.2 Applied Ethics attested in Italian in.............................................................................. 1921 (GDU) and was mediated by French. 104 The false Anglicism footing is composed of the lexical element foot and 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 33 According to Görlach (2003: 61): ‘The element -man is apparently on109 the 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... borderline of suffix and lexical morpheme.’. 34 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. According to Spence (1987: 181): ‘It is clear that the words that one can 112 most clearly label as “bogus” are those that have no formal equivalent in English, and 5.7have Challenges .................................................................................... 114 never had […].’. In line with Spence’s belief , Onysko (2007a: 54) recognizes that ‘[…] a pseudo Anglicism is not the result of lexical transfer (i.e. borrowing) but Bibliography 116 is the product of a....................................................................................... language-inherent creation that is based on a novel combination and use of English lexical material in the RL [Receptor Language].’. 35 From thisTogether point forward, the dictionaries and included in the reference Working for the Well-beingconsidered of Migrants ........................... 119 section willHalliday be listed by means of the most common abbreviations or acronyms used Barry in the literature.
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The Human element Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 the3.4 grammatical -ing.36 The first element had already been well-known to both French and Italian speakers through the authentic 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Anglicism football (Moss 1995: 133); the second element is a very Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 productive suffix in English. The English equivalent is jogging. False Anglicisms classified as autonomous derivatives are not used in 4. The Ethics of Migration. English to identify the same Italian referent. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andCompound “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1.4.3 Ellipses (CE) Laura Zanfrini
Even though the ellipsis of compounds is a quite common word4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant .. 65 formation process in both English Demand and Italian, certain Labour ellipses of English compounds are characteristic of the Italian language (Luciani 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian CreulyMigration: 1987: 298, Iamartino 2001: 121). As recognized by Vogel Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 (1990: 100), no other language ‘[…] shows as consistent a pattern of 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 shortening of compounds as Italian. […] the reducing of English 4.4 Selective and the Brainand Drain............................................ 87 compounds is Policies quite productive continues to contribute new forms to Italian […].’. For instance, the word basket does not 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 function as the elliptical form of basketball in the English language. ......................................................................................... In Bibliography fact, the false Anglicism basket is not likely to be intuitively97 or immediately associated to the sport of basketball by a native speaker 37 Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 5. English. Colombia: of Urs Watter
5.1 StateitInterest Responsibility Although does notand happen in the Italian language, it is worth noticing that in Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... Spanishtowards there aretheir hybrid derivatives which exploit the productivity of the suffix102 -ing by attaching it to Spanish free morphemes. Riquelme (1998: 87) defines them: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 ‘Vocablos espurios, bastardos […] híbridos desternillantes como en español cuerding o puenting: ni bridging ni «puenteo» […].’. Tr. ‘spurious, bastard words 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 […] hilarious hybrids as in Spanish cuerding or puenting: neither bridging nor 5.4 «puenteo» […].’. It is interesting to notice how both cuerding and puenting 108 have Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... a typically Spanish root, i.e. cuerda and puente, and, at the same time ‘a little English flavor’ added the...................................................................... -ing suffix. These coinages would be classified 5.5 “Colombia nosbyune” 109as ‘hybrids’ or ‘loanblends’ (Lass 1969: 66, Winford 2003: 45). Plausible English 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 equivalents are ropelling and bunjee jumping respectively. Another very recent example is balconing, which can be defined as ‘the dangerous practice of jumping 5.7balconies Challenges .................................................................................... from towards swimming pools’. According to Heath (1994: 388),114 ‘the introduction of a foreign affix into target language word morphology’ may be Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 defined as the ‘borrowing of grammatical morphemes’. 37 Dardano (1998: 357) argues that ‘[…] in luogo di clip si usano anche videoclip e video; quest’ultimo pseudoanglicismo, che (per un fenomeno119di Working Together èforuno the Well-being of Migrants ........................... reinterpretazione in cui il determinante è scambiato con il determinato) elimina la Barry Halliday “testa” del composto […].’. Tr. ‘[…] in addition to clip Italian has videoclip and 36
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approachoriginating ........................................................ Therefore, false Anglicisms from the ellipsis of 58 an
English compound can be formally found in English, though with59a 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... different meaning. After becoming lexical units semantically affected ......................................................................................... 60 by Bibliography but formally independent from the English compounds from which they derive, such elliptical forms may hinder the full 4. The Ethics of of Migration. comprehension the word in question, e.g. water in place of water 38 Reflections on Recent Migration Policies closet. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Indeed, non-English compound ellipses derive their meanings Laura Zanfrini from the English compounds which have been truncated. In English 4.1 Restrictive andwhich Structural Demand foronImmigrant Labour .. 65 compounds, the Policies modifier, is collocated the left of the head, adds a specification to the meaning of the head. However, English 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian compounds do not have the same structure as Migration Italian compounds, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 where the head usually comes first, followed by the modifying 39 Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.3 From element. In fact, in post-modifying languages, i.e. Italian, the righthand element would and normally deleted. Conversely, in pre4.4 Selective Policies the Brainbe Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Emigrants Their Societies ....... 101of video; the latterIncluding is a false Anglicism,in which (accordingoftoOrigin the process Urs Watter in which the head and the modifier change place) eliminates the reinterpretation head of the compound […].’. The CDAE gives a different interpretation, recognizing 5.1asState Interestellipsis and Responsibility video the accepted of videoclip, thus turning it into a real Anglicism, not a towards their there Citizens Living Abroadof........................................... false one. In English are other examples the same phenomenon: when102 the ellipsis of a compound is formed, the element on the left is kept instead of the 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 element on the right. According to the NODE, an instance of this is the word skate, which is used as the elliptical form of skate-board. 38 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 As Iamartino (2001: 121) puts it: ‘[…] è palese che i lessemi così ottenuti riducono fortemente le proprie connessioni formali e semantiche con le forme 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 originali […].’. Tr. ‘[…] it is evident that lexemes which are formed this way strongly reduce formal semantic connections with the original forms […].’. 109 5.5 “Colombia nosand une” ...................................................................... 39 As Sanniti di Baja (1992: 155) states: ‘The structure of English compounds, too, .................................................................................. 112to can5.6 be Alianza changed País through an analogous process of nominalization: we can refer instances such as night from night club, cocktail from cocktail party, pocket from 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 pocket book.’. In addition, Vogel (1990: 99-101) states that ‘[…] when Italian borrows a particular type of compound from English, typically only one of its Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 members is retained […]. What is interesting about the way in which Italian borrows and shortens the type of compounds in question is not only that it reduces the compound a single word, butWell-being that the word is retained is precisely the119 one WorkingtoTogether for the of that Migrants ........................... native speakers of English would not choose if they were to shorten the same Barry Halliday compounds.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ 58 modifying languages, i.e.Approach English,........................................................ compound ellipses are more likely 40 to occur by eliminating the word on the left. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography 60 1.4.4 Clippings......................................................................................... (C)
Clippings are of one of the productive word-formation strategies of the 4. The Ethics Migration. English language whichMigration involve Policies the shortening of words. Forms Reflections on Recent ‘abbreviated from larger words’ (Plag 2003: 121) are very common and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 in Laura English, e.g. ad for advertisement (end clipping), specs for Zanfrini spectacles (medial clipping), phone for telephone (initial clipping). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 However, as Ross (1999: 87) argues: ‘[…] it is cross-language clipping that gives to […]Family enigmas 4.2 Initiatives for rise Governing and[…].’. Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 FromtoGuest to ‘Il Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 According KlajnWorkers (1972: 72): conflitto, nei composti, tra la sequenza italiana e quella inglese non sempre ha per conseguenza una diminutio capitis […]. A volte è 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 l’ordine degli elementi o il loro rapporto che si inverte per sottostare alla regola dell’attributo […] and La parola serbare la forma originale, invertendo 4.5 Equalpreposto. Opportunity Deniedpuò Opportunities ................................ 90 però l’ordine delle funzioni, per cui il secondo termine, che in inglese era il principale (determinato), viene inteso come attributo (determinante).’. Tr. 97 ‘In Bibliography ......................................................................................... compounds, the contrast between the Italian sequence and the English one does not always result in a diminutio capitis […]. Sometimes it is the order of the elements or 5. Colombia: Emigrants Origin ....... their relationshipIncluding that is inverted in orderintoTheir followSocieties the rule ofofadjective first.101 […] Urs Watter The word can keep the original form but invert the functional order, so that the second element, which is the main one in English (head), is now viewed as an 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility adjective (modifier).’. Chiarioni (1974: 84) confirms this: ‘L’applicazione formale towards their Citizens Abroad del trattamento italiano, cioè Living l’omissione del ........................................... secondo termine, in questo 102 tipo d’espressioni binomie inglesi (jolly, cocktail, night per jolly joker, cocktail party, 5.2club) Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 night mostra che tali espressioni sono state adottate e diffuse specialmente da chi aveva minor conoscenza e minor pratica della loro lingua d’origine.’. Tr. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 ‘Applying the Italian form to these kinds of binomial English expressions, that is omitting the secondPolicy element, […] shows...................................................... that such expressions have been adopted 5.4 Migration in Colombia 108 and used especially by those speakers with a limited knowledge of the language from they originated.’. Moreover, dealing with false Anglicisms in the press, 5.5which “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Dardano (1986a: 490) claims that ‘[s]pesso l’inglese della stampa presenta fenomeni Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 che5.6 esemplificano ampliandole le tendenze che caratterizzano i contatti tra lingue. […] si propone quel tipo di adattamento che consiste nell’eliminare il secondo 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 elemento, cioè il «determinatum», dei composti nominali, attribuendo al tempo stesso al primo elemento, cioè al «determinans» il significato del composto […].’. ....................................................................................... 116 Tr. Bibliography ‘The use of English words in the press exemplifies and magnifies the trends which characterize language contact. […] what is proposed is a kind of adaptation that consistsTogether in eliminating the Well-being second element, namely the........................... «determinatum», 119 from Working for the of Migrants nominal Barrycompounds Halliday and at the same time attributing to the first element, namely the «determinans», the meaning of the compound […].’. 40
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3.4 TheAnglicisms Human Rights’ 58 False thatApproach originate........................................................ from clippings are abbreviations
of real English words that would not be accepted in English, e.g. flirt 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 for flirtation, happy end for happy ending, relax for relaxation. The Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 difference between compound ellipses and clippings is that the former involve the elimination of an entire lexical item while the 4. Theare Ethics of Migration. latter limited to the deletion of a suffix. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andSemantic “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1.4.5 Shifts in (SS) Laura Zanfrini
As Tosi (2001: 207) says: ‘Sometimes borrowed words maintain 4.1original Restrictive Policies and Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 their meaning and Structural sometimes they for alter either meaning or form, or both.’. With reference to imported Anglicisms, Tosi (2001: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 216) adds that Italian the Migration meaning’............. and other Migration: Labour ‘sometimes Migration butchanges not Workers’ 73 times ‘uses old meanings’ or makes ‘semantic alterations. […] This 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 phenomenon sometimes surprises native speakers of English […].’. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 According to Filipović: 4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ There are Opportunity also cases when an Anglicism expands the number of its90 meanings after it has been integrated into the receiving language.97 Bibliography ......................................................................................... (Filipović 1996b: 45) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin41....... 101
Semantic shifts involve a process of meaning extension. A false Urs Watter Anglicism derived from a semantic shift is a word that may be 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility encountered in English but that takes on a new meaning in Italian 42 towards Citizens Abroad ........................................... (Merlini 1987:their 316). TheLiving meaning given to such items strikes102 the 41
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The label ‘semantic shifts’ may partially overlap with what Lass (1969: 66) labels 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 as ‘loanshifts’, i.e. non-adapted borrowings entering a language with a usage which is different from the native one, and with what Weinreich (1963: 49) labels as 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 ‘homonyms’, i.e. ‘if there is a “leap” in meaning, a HOMONYM is established in the recipient language’.nos According to Lass, a ‘loanshift’ may be either a 109 ‘loan 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... homonym’, when a word takes on a completely different meaning from its original one,5.6 or Alianza a ‘loan synonym’, when a word in a receiving language maintains one País .................................................................................. 112or more, but not all the meanings it has in the donor language. With regard to the 5.7 Challenges 114 present classification.................................................................................... of false Anglicisms in Italian, only ‘loan homonyms’ will be considered as false Anglicisms generated by semantic shift. 42 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 When semantic extensions take place, some scholars refer to them as ‘semantically adapted Anglicisms’ instead of false Anglicisms. For instance, Gottlieb (2005: 165) provides typology of of ‘semantic loans’, i.e. ‘existing words Working Together for the aWell-being Migrants ........................... 119 acquiring meanings or new homonyms’, in which ‘extensions’ are included. Barry new Halliday However, ‘extensions’ do generate false Anglicisms since meaning extension
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3.4 TheEnglish Human Rights’ 58 ordinary speakerApproach as odd......................................................... In Italian, for example, the word mister – besides ...................................................................................... being used as a real Anglicism – also refers to the 3.5 Conclusion 59 trainer of a sports team: the appropriate English equivalent would Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 actually be either (sports) coach or trainer.43 Even though they are formally identical in both languages, false 4. The Ethics of Migration. Anglicisms characterized by a semantic shift are words that have kept Reflections on Recent Migration Policies an authentic English form but whose meaning significantly departs and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 from the English original (Chiarioni 1974: 85). Therefore, the Laura Zanfrini acceptable degree of semantic difference which would allow certain 4.1 Restrictive Policies andas Structural Demand forisImmigrant Labour .. 65 lexical items to be labeled false Anglicisms incomprehensibility since it is evident that the attribution of new meanings to Italian false 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Anglicisms which have Englishbuthomographs leads 73to Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ eventually Migration ............. ambiguity.44 4.3 From Guestmeaning Workers torestrictions Unwelcome Guests 82 Conversely, should.................................. be considered real Anglicisms since only one several meanings accepted in English 4.4 Selective Policies and of thethe Brain Drain............................................ 87 is used in the borrowing language. The English form is borrowed but Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 not4.5 allEqual its meanings (Geeraerts 1997: 94). Consequently, on the one hand, words such as bar, boss, and drink – ‘loan synonyms’ according Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 to Lass (1969: 66) and ‘semantic narrowing’ according to Alexieva (2008: 43) and Dunn (2008: 53)in– Their are authentic borrowings 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Societies of Origin .......from 101 English, even though in Italian they are only used with one of the Urs Watter several meanings accepted in English. In Italian, the Anglicism bar is 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
inevitably jeopardizes comprehension: a new meaning, which is not present in 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 English, is acquired in the borrowing language. In fact, in the taxonomy proposed by Gottlieb there seems to be a certain degree of overlap between ‘extensions’, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 considered as real Anglicisms, and ‘semantic slides’, considered as false Anglicisms. 43 According to Fanfani 174, 175), at times, words borrowed from English 5.4 Migration Policy(2003: in Colombia ...................................................... 108 display ‘[…] sfumature diverse o addirittura un certo scarto rispetto al significato dell’inglese. […] la nos semantica della parola è ormai slegata da quella della lingua 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 modello ed è sostanzialmente determinata dai riaggiustamenti imposti dalla lingua 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. ricevente.’. Tr. ‘[…] different shades of meaning or a certain distance from112 the proper English meaning. […] the meaning of the word is far from the meaning it has 5.7donor Challenges .................................................................................... 114 in the language and is substantially determined by the readjustments imposed by the recipient language.’. 44 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 On semantic shifts, Chiarioni (1974: 85) maintains that ‘[…] il vocabolo straniero viene spesso adottato con accezioni diverse (o con diversa estensione di significato) rispetto allaTogether lingua d’origine.’. Tr. ‘[…] theofforeign lemma is often adapted119 and Working for the Well-being Migrants ........................... acquires different semantic shade (or a different meaning extension) if compared Barrya Halliday to the donor language.’.
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3.4used The as Human Rights’ of Approach ........................................................ 58 only a synonym pub (Hazon), boss, usually referring to the head a criminal organization (GDU), has a negative connotation, 3.5of Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 and drink only indicates an alcoholic beverage in Italian (DEA). On ......................................................................................... 60 theBibliography other hand, words such as box, miss, and mister – ‘loan homonyms’ according to Lass (1969: 66), ‘homonyms’ according to 4. The Ethics of Migration. Weinreich (1963: 49), ‘extensions’ according to Gottlieb (2005: Reflections on Recent Migration Policiesto Alexieva (2008: 44) and 165), and ‘semantic widening’ according and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Dunn (2008: 54) – must be classified as false Anglicisms since they Laura Zanfrini acquire a new meaning in Italian. In English, box does not refer to a 4.1 Restrictive Structural Demand for Immigrant garage, a miss Policies is not and a showgirl, and mister is never Labour used ..as65a synonym of coach or trainer. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian How differentLabour can the meaning the Migration English homograph Migration: Migration but be not from Workers’ ............. 73 and how can semantic distance be measured? Since the intelligibility 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 criterion is Guest not completely watertight,Guests to verify whether a false Anglicism generated by the a semantic shift occurs, the previously 4.4 Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 illustrated litmus test should be run.45 4.5 Equal Opportunity andby Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Finally, as suggested Moss (1995: 130), false Anglicisms characterized semantic shifts may be classified according to the Bibliographyby ......................................................................................... 97 types of meaning relations which take part in their coinage: metonymic metaphoric andSocieties meronymic shifts. The 5. Colombia:shifts, Including Emigrantsshifts, in Their of Origin ....... 101 ordinary speaker is not usually conscious of such processes, even Urs Watter though these semantic relations may be among the core linguistic 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility reasons that structurally explain false Anglicisms. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied EthicsShifts .............................................................................. 104 1.4.5.a Metonymic Migration Policy and Ethics 106 An5.3 instance of metonymic shift......................................................... is the false Anglicism poker, which generally denotes the famous card game in both Italian and English. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 However, in Italian poker also indicates the score that can be 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 obtained in suchnos a game when a player has four cards of the same kind. The proper English equivalent is actually four of a kind 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges Since the semantic.................................................................................... distance of the Anglicism from the English homograph is114 not always easy to measure, in some cases the borderline between semantically adapted Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116to Anglicisms, i.e. real Anglicisms, and false Anglicisms becomes fuzzy. According Pulcini (forthcoming): ‘[…] when a word is borrowed from a language into another aWorking certain amount of semantic deviation from the source word takes place so that the Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sameBarry word,Halliday even when referring to the same entity, ends up having ‘much the same meaning’ but not quite ‘the same meaning’ in the host language.’.
45
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 (Oxford-Paravia). Consequently, the Italian false Anglicism poker, meaning ‘score’,...................................................................................... can be considered to be in metonymic relation with 3.5 Conclusion 59 the real Anglicism poker, meaning ‘card game’. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1.4.5.b Metaphoric Shifts
4. The Ethics of Migration.
A Reflections metaphoriconshift occurs when Policies seemingly unrelated subjects are Recent Migration compared and leads to the formation of a ........................................... new concept that resembles and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 the Laura original concept. An example of metaphoric shift is the false Zanfrini Anglicism bomber, which is used in Italian instead of the real 4.1 Restrictive Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 Anglicism strikerPolicies or topand goal-scorer to indicate ‘a player Labour who scores many goals’ (Hazon). The Family original is represented by a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing andconcept Humanitarian bomber airplaneLabour whileMigration the new but concept, whichMigration generates............. the false Migration: not Workers’ 73 Anglicism, is based on the fact that just as a bomber airplane drops 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 many bombs, a bomber, used in the sense of striker or top goal46 4.4 Selective Policiesgoals. and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 scorer, scores several 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
1.4.5.c Meronymic Shifts
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Meronyms indicate parts which form a greater concept. For instance, the false Anglicism flipper is actually theSocieties name ofof one of ....... the 101 two 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Origin plastic devices that push the ball inside a pinball (machine). The Urs Watter false Anglicism flipper can then be considered as a meronym of 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility pinball (machine). Meronyms are the opposite of holonyms: in the towards their Citizens Living present case pinball (machine) Abroad can be........................................... viewed as the holonym102 of 47 flipper. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 46
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
A problematic false Anglicism which may have originated through a metaphoric shift5.4 is Migration spider, indicating car. Indeed, the Devoto-Oli defines Policy ainconvertible Colombia sports ...................................................... 108 spider as: ‘Autovettura sportiva, decappottabile, a due posti. [Propr. “ragno” per la forma]’, thus asserting spider was coined since the shape of the car resembles 5.5 “Colombia nosthat une” ...................................................................... 109 that of a spider. However, the false Anglicism spider may also be viewed as a 5.6 Alianza Paíscoined .................................................................................. 112A trademark originally to denote some Italian car models (Moss 1995: 135). further explanation for the origin of this word is the ellipsis of the compound spider 5.7 (GDU). Challenges .................................................................................... wheel Besides the entry spider, the Merriam-Webster contains114 the compounds spider cart and spider phaeton, which might be connected to the origin Bibliography 116 of spider. Finally,....................................................................................... it is interesting to note that the GDU also includes the spelling spyder, which has actually been used as a trademark for some car models. 47 Even though the DEA not mark the of word flipper ........................... as a false Anglicism, Working Together fordoes the Well-being Migrants 119it explains ‘[t]his term came to be accepted together with the newly introduced Barrythat Halliday pinball machines during the 1960s and in due course spread to (almost) all parts of
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3.4Eponyms The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 1.4.6 (E) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
According to the CODL, an eponym is ‘[a]n individual name from Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 which a common noun is derived: e.g. that of ‘the eponymous’ Lord Sandwich as the source for sandwich’ and eponymy is ‘the relation 4. The Ethics of Similarly, Migration. according to the OCEL, an eponym is ‘[a] between them’. Reflections on Recent Migration personal name from which a word Policies has been derived […]. The person and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 whose name is so used […]. The word so derived […].’.48 In a Laura Zanfrini broader sense: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 […] eponyms are words referring to objects or activities which are 4.2 Initiatives for person Governing and Humanitarian named after the whoFamily invented and/or diffused them. Such Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration words are a particular kind of metonymy which consists in ............. applying73 the names of inventors to common items […]. (Furiassi 2006c: 200) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Sometimes the Policies shift from to common noun has already 4.4 Selective and proper the Brainnoun Drain............................................ 87 occurred in the English language. These instances, e.g. sandwich, 4.5be Equal Opportunity andAnglicisms Denied Opportunities 90 must classified as real in Italian................................ (Dardano 1978: 84). Other times the......................................................................................... names of inventors are not used in English to denote Bibliography 97 common items and occur only in Italian.49 As Spence states: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter the Continent. Since the term is not English (which has pinball machine), the term Interest and Responsibility may5.1 beState a German coinage based on English to flip.’. The false Anglicism flipper towards theiraCitizens 102 may indeed be either semanticLiving shift ofAbroad the real........................................... English word flipper or an ellipsis of the compound flipper pinball, as attested by the existence of the International 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. Flipper Pinball Ethics Association (IFPA). It is worth noting that Moss (1995: 104 131) considers flipper a metonymy and Klajn (1972: 105) a synecdoche. 48 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 According to Cardona (1988: 123) and Baugh and Cable (1993: 299-301), eponyms may derive from proper nouns or...................................................... from trademarks. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 49 As Gusmani (1986: 101, 102) argues: ‘[…] un nome proprio straniero viene accolto come appellativo per ...................................................................... un oggetto che sta in una qualche relazione (sia109 essa 5.5 “Colombia nos une” reale o supposta) con la persona che porta quel nome, con quel marchio e via 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 dicendo. […] In questo tipo di casi si è verificato, in generale al momento stesso del prestito, uno slittamento semantico dovuto ad erronea interpretazione del nome 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... proprio come appellativo, favorita dall’ambiguità del contesto in cui la parola è 114 stata dapprima conosciuta o da altre circostanze esterne (marchio di fabbrica scritto Bibliography 116 sull’oggetto ecc.).’........................................................................................ Tr. ‘[…] a proper noun of foreign origin is adopted to indicate an object which is (truly or supposedly) related to the person with that name, with a certain brand, and so forth. […] Well-being In these instances a semantic shift has taken place Working Together for the of Migrants ........................... 119– usually when the borrowing occurred – due to a misinterpretation of the proper noun Barry Halliday as common noun, which has been favored by the contextual ambiguity in which the
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3.4fair Thenumber HumanofRights’ Approach A […] words are ........................................................ derived from English proper nouns58 that have never – unlike sandwich, jersey, cheddar and others – been 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... employed as common nouns in English. It does seem rather bizarre to59 class as an anglicism a form that has never functioned as a lexeme in60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... English – which is true of carter […] and of a number of others. (Spence 1987: 176) 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections Recent Migration Policies Such eponymsonhave been considered false Anglicisms since they are and “Non-policies” 50 in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 not used in English. For example, pullman is used instead of bus or Laura Zanfrini
coach, carter instead of chain-guard, crank case, or gear case, and 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 montgomery in place of and duffel coat orDemand duffle coat (Oxford-Paravia). 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
1.4.7 Toponyms (T) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 A toponym is a place name. Alternatively, in the RDLL the label 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 ‘toponymic’, instead of ‘toponym’, is used to refer to a ‘[t]erm for 4.4 Selective Policies Brain Drain............................................ 87 geographic areas suchandasthecities, villages, states, and countries.’. According to the OCEL: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Although not......................................................................................... toponyms properly so called, many nouns have97 Bibliography toponymic origins and/or associations […]. Such words are often trade and food. […] SomeSocieties words, though originally 5. associated Colombia:with Including Emigrants in Their of Origin ....... 101 toponymic, are more properly eponyms (coined from personal names Urs Watter and titles drawn from place-names) […]. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility When towards a toponymic becomes generic, it is........................................... not only used to refer to102 the their Citizens Living Abroad
name of a place but may be associated with an object or a concept 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 with that geographical name. Although it is often mistaken for an eponym, a popular example of ......................................................... a toponym, which is widespread106in 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics English, is sandwich (Auchter 1998: 222). 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6was Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 word first known or by other external circumstances (brand name written on the product, etc.).’. 50 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 The word liberty can be added to this list. Etymologically, it refers to the proper name of the owner of a store in London (Arthur Lasenby Liberty) selling fabrics, Bibliography 116 furniture, and other....................................................................................... objects characterized by floral patterns (GDU). In Italian, liberty indicates a particular floral style in fashion and elegantly decorated buildings in architecture (DELI). Even some dictionaries (Hazon ........................... and Ragazzini) consider Working Together forthough the Well-being of Migrants 119 liberty a real Anglicism in Italian, the equivalent English word is art nouveau Barry Halliday (Oxford-Paravia).
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach 58 However, some toponyms of ........................................................ British or American origin, which
have generic, are not used in English and must be considered 3.5become Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 false Anglicisms. For instance, new jersey is used in Italian to refer ......................................................................................... 60 to Bibliography a long, uninterrupted, reverse T-shaped concrete median barrier used to separate lanes in highways (GDU). Etymologically, the false 4. The Ethics of Migration. Anglicism new jersey derives from the toponym of the American Reflections Recent where Migration Policiesmedian barriers were first state of NewonJersey, concrete and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 developed and installed. Laura Zanfrini
1.4.8 Trademarks 4.1Generic Restrictive Policies and (GT) Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Another important category isFamily that of also referred to as 4.2 Initiatives for Governing andtrademarks, Humanitarian ‘brandMigration: names’ Labour (Moss Migration 1995: 135), names’ (OED), but not‘proprietary Workers’ Migration ............. 73 ‘proprietary terms’ (OCEL), ‘trade names’ (Hartmann and James 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 2001, OCEL), ‘trade terms’ (OED), or ‘word marks’ (Ephratt 2003: 4.4 A Selective Policies and theby Brain 87 393). trademark is defined the Drain............................................ OCEL as follows: 4.5sign Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ A or name that is secured by legal registration or (in some cases)90 by established......................................................................................... use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar97 Bibliography brands sold by competitors […]. […] companies complain when their trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 elsewhere […]. There is in practice a vague area between generic Urs Watter terms proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and trademarks that are as such. The situation is complicated 5.1 State Interest andrecognized Responsibility by different usages in different countries […]. […] a trademark 102 is towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... registered by adding TM (for ‘trademark’) or R (for ‘registered’) in a superscript the term […]. The term usually differs from 5.2 Appliedcircle Ethicsafter .............................................................................. 104 trade name […] by designating a specific product and not a business, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 service, or class of goods, articles, or substances: but some trademarks and trade names may happen to be the same. […] The inclusion of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 such names in dictionaries, even when marked ‘trademark’ or 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 ‘proprietary term’, indicates that their status has begun to shift. Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both 5.6 Alianza 112 generally andPaís in .................................................................................. lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of dictionaries is to.................................................................................... regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial 5.7 Challenges 114 letter […]. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Some trademarks may be affected by genericness, i.e. ‘[…] the use Working Together not for the Migrants ........................... 119 of the trademark as Well-being a mark butof as a descriptive word […].’ Barry Halliday
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3.4 The2003: Human404). Rights’With Approach ........................................................ 58 (Ephratt regard to trademarks which become generic, the OCEL also recognizes that: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 In law, a trademark ceases to be protected when it comes to be more60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... widely used for, and understood as, a type rather than a brand: for theofproprietary 4. example, The Ethics Migration.names Hoover for type of vacuum cleaner and Xerox for that makes xerographic copies are, despite Reflections onequipment Recent Migration Policies being trademarks, widely used for vacuum cleaners in general and and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 xerographic copies of all kinds. When so used, especially as verbs, Lauraare Zanfrini they written without an initial capital (to hoover; a xerox, to
xerox). In such uses and the Structural terms areDemand in effect generic. When 4.1 Restrictive Policies for Immigrant Labourthis .. 65 happens, the mark is referred to as generic or a generic.51 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73is The relationship between false Anglicisms and generic trademarks
explained by Klajn: 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Pseudoanglicismi possono anche quando nomi propri o87 4.4 Selective Policies and thenascere Brain Drain............................................ marche commerciali angloamericane diventano nomi comuni in altre 52 4.5 Equal Opportunity and103) Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 lingue. (Klajn 1972: 102,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Accordingly, Gottlieb (2005: 167) notices how ‘[…] pseudo-English trade marks may become generic terms, losing both their ‘alien’ 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 heritage and their commercial nature.’.53 Urs Watter Undoubtedly, there are some generic trademarks, such as Jeep™ State ™ Interest Responsibility or 5.1 Kleenex whichandare the same in English and Italian. However, towards theirtrademarks Citizens Living ........................................... 102 English-looking mayAbroad also be coined in languages other than English since, as Pahta and Taavitsainen maintain: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 51
According to Solly 227, 228): ‘This is not necessarily good news 109 for a 5.5 “Colombia nos(2002: une”...................................................................... company: the entry of these words into common use in the language might testify to the 5.6 commercial of its advertising and market; on the other, it brings the112 risk Alianzasuccess País .................................................................................. of ‘genericide’ and thus the serious loss of revenue to the business.’. 52 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Tr. ‘Pseudoanglicisms also arise when English or American proper nouns and brand names become common nouns in other languages.’. 53 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Graphically, trademarks are often – though not always – recognizable in dictionaries since they are marked with special labels, i.e. ® and ™ (Zardo 1996: 373, ® 374). With regard to texts, (2003: 402) ‘[…] to add the sign ‘119 ’ in Working Together for Ephratt the Well-being of suggests Migrants ........................... ™ every mention of a registered trademark and the sign ‘ ’ for an unregistered Barry Halliday trademark.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’brand, Approach ........................................................ An English-language trademark, company name, or slogan58 lends a commodity an up-to-date, fashionable and youthful image. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 (Pahta and Taavitsainen 2004: 183) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Trademarks that must be classified as false Anglicisms are those which the following parameters: 4. Thecomply Ethics ofwith Migration. Reflections on Recentmust Migration Policiesi.e. ‘a trademark loses its a) the trademark be generic, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 specific referential features and is........................................... used with a more general Laura Zanfrini (Furiassi 2006c: 200); reference’
4.1 Policies and look Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 b) Restrictive the trademark must or sound English, i.e. it isLabour coined by
means offor real English Family words,and e.g.Humanitarian ticket restaurant; 4.2 Initiatives Governing LabourisMigration but recognizable not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 c) Migration: if a trademark not readily as English in form, it must be Workers owned by a company Guests which .................................. is based in an English4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome 82 speaking country, e.g. rimmel;
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
d) the trademark must not be used in English, at least not in the
54 ................................ 90 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities way it used in Italian, e.g. caterpillar.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Instances of generic trademarks, whose formal appearance leads Italian speakers to consider them English but which are instead false 5. Colombia: peculiar Including Emigrants TheirAutogrill Societies®of Origin ....... 101 Anglicisms to Italianin are for motorway ® ™ ™ Urs Watter restaurant, K-Way for Windbreaker , Rimmel for mascara, and ® Ticket Restaurant for Responsibility meal ticket.55 5.1 State Interest and towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
1.55.2 Other Phenomena Related to False Anglicisms Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
To be complete, other types of coinages which are somehow related 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 to false Anglicisms need to be mentioned. However, these coinages, 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 54
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
A unique generic trademark recorded in Italian dictionaries (Gabrielli) is 5.7 ™Challenges 114 Klaxon : it refers to.................................................................................... ‘a type of horn’ in Italian whereas it indicates ‘a type of siren’ in English (Furiassi 2006c: 211). However, since the Italianized spellings claxon and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 clacson are far more common, klaxon will not be considered as a false Anglicism. 55 The Hazon, the Oxford-Paravia, and the Ragazzini curiously record K-Way® in both English and Italian. The Well-being Oxford-Paravia also includes windbreaker as an Working Together for the of Migrants ........................... 119 equivalent of K-Way® in American English, while the Hazon labels Windbreaker™ Barry Halliday as a trademark, which is confirmed by the Merriam-Webster.
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The Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 i.e.3.4 functional shifts andApproach hybrid Anglicisms, will not be considered false 3.5Anglicisms. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 1.5.1 Functional Shifts
A4. particularly The Ethics ofinteresting Migration. phenomenon concerns ‘functional shifts’ (Merriam-Webster), also called Policies ‘conversions’ (Bauer 1983: 32, Reflections on Recent Migration Gottlieb 2005: 164), ‘zero derivations’ (EDLL), or ‘zero forms’ and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 (Todd and Hancock 1986: 507). These lexical items change the word Laura Zanfrini class without changing the form when shifting from English to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Italian. Since functional shifts are alsoand very common in the English 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family Humanitarian language, in theLabour process of cross-linguistic they are Migration: Migration but not Workers’conversion Migration ............. 73 considered false Anglicisms only when the meaning acquired in 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Italian differs considerably from the English meaning. For instance, a 4.4 Selective Drain............................................ 87 functional shiftPolicies whichand is the alsoBrain a semantic shift – therefore a false Anglicism – is flirt, an English verb (and noun) that may be used in 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Italian as a noun to refer to a lover or a date.56 Bibliography 97 By contrast,......................................................................................... functional shifts which do not involve semantic shifts, e.g. snob, an English noun which may be used as an adjective 5. Colombia: Including Emigrantsreal in Their Societiessince of Origin in Italian, must be considered Anglicisms they....... can101 be Urs Watter found in English in spite of the different word class (Furiassi 2007: 229-233). In fact, if the meaning remains the same, the 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility comprehension of the borrowing which has undergone towards their CitizensEnglish Living Abroad ........................................... 102 conversion in Italian is not impaired, especially considering that 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 English is a language where functional shift is quite common.57 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Hybrids are also known as ‘hybrid compounds’ (Weinreich 1963: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 52), ‘mixed forms’ (Moss 1995: 135), or ‘loan blends’ (OCEL). 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 According to País Fischer (2008: 6, 7), hybrids may also be labeled 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 116 ItBibliography is not an easy....................................................................................... task to trace the origin of the false Anglicism flirt: it may be considered either as the functional (and semantic) shift of the verb to flirt or as the clipping of the noun flirtation. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 57 InBarry contrast with what is stated here, Gottlieb (2005: 164) considers ‘conversions’ a Halliday type of false Anglicisms. 56
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 ‘mixed compounds’, ‘semi-calques’, or ‘partial substitutions’. With regard to hybrid Anglicisms, Onysko acknowledges that: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Hybrid anglicisms […] have stirred some controversy as to the degree60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... their creation is influenced by the existence of an English model. 2007a: 52) 4. (Onysko The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Onysko also argues that: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini The notion of hybridity […] relates to derivational processes including
affixation of borrowed bases and the formation of compounds 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..of65 native and borrowed free morphemes. (Onysko 2007a: 55) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian HybridMigration: Anglicisms areMigration here defined the narrow sense as the Labour but not in Workers’ Migration ............. 73
outcome of a combination of an Italian free morpheme with an 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 English free morpheme, e.g. affluenza record, vendite boom, zanzara 4.4 Selective Policies and the Drain............................................ killer. Although hybrids in Brain general and hybrid Anglicisms 87in particular play a significant role in lexical productivity in Italian, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 hybrid Anglicisms cannot be properly considered false Anglicisms Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 because they are mixed forms which include an authentic Italian 58 lexical item and an authentic English lexical item. 5. Colombia: Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 However, Including there are Emigrants also someincombining forms, such as auto-, Urs Watter mini-, and tele-, which, joined with real English words, give birth to false autogoal, minibasket, and telefilm.59 Although 5.1Anglicisms, State Interest e.g. and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 58
A curious instance of hybrid Anglicism in Italian is retour match, i.e. return 5.2orApplied 104 match second Ethics game in.............................................................................. English, which combines a French free morpheme and an English free morpheme. See Frenguelli (2005: 170) for a detailed classification of 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 hybrid Anglicisms in Italian. 59 According to thePolicy CODL, combining...................................................... form is ‘[a] form of a word, or a 108 form 5.4 Migration in aColombia related to or in meaning like a word, used only as an element in compounds […]’. Combining forms innos the une” Italian language are dealt with by Ramat (1998: 13),109 who 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... labels them ‘prefissoidi’: ‘[…] un altro ‘europeismo’ evidente a livello delle 5.6 Alianza Paísè .................................................................................. 112 strutture del lessico costituito oggi dai cosiddetti «prefissoidi» quali euro-, mini-, tele- e simili, pienamente produttivi anche in italiano […]. Si tratta veramente di uno 5.7 Challenges 114 ‘stock’ di morfemi .................................................................................... europei, che si applicano a referenti tipici della vita attuale (pertanto con diffusione anche extraeuropea) e rappresentano un tipo di Bibliography ....................................................................................... composizione nominale molto agile, il quale era fondamentalmente estraneo116 alla struttura delle lingue romanze ma si è poi affermato fortemente in anni recenti sotto laWorking spinta di Together modelli anglosassoni […].’. Tr. of ‘[…] another ‘Europeanism’ which for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119is evident at Halliday the structural level of the lexicon is formed by means of the so-called Barry «prefixoids» such as euro-, mini-, tele-, etc., fully productive also in Italian […].
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3.4combining The Human forms Rights’are Approach ........................................................ 58 such of Latin or Greek origin, they are also well-established in the English language and their reintroduction59in 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Italian, and the Romance languages in general, is due to the influence of Bibliography English. For......................................................................................... this reason, the lexical items coined by means 60 of combining forms will not be considered hybrids but false Anglicisms 4. Thecan Ethics of Migration. which be classified as autonomous compounds. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.6Laura FalseZanfrini Anglicisms and False Friends
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
At first glance, it would not seem too complicated to distinguish 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian between false Anglicisms andFamily false and friends. However, the difference Labour Even Migration but not Workers’ Migration 73 is not Migration: always evident. though they are often related............. to and/or mistaken for false friends, false Anglicisms are a phenomenon of 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 their own.60 4.4 Policies and the (Browne Brain Drain............................................ 87 TheSelective label ‘false friends’ 1987: i, Browne and Natali 1989, Browne et al. 1995) derivesOpportunities from French................................ ‘faux amis’ (Spence 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied 90 1987: 169, Ballard 1999: 11) and has an equivalent Italian term Bibliography 97 which is ‘falsi......................................................................................... amici’ (Pulcini 1997b: 153). The same linguistic category exists also in German, as ‘falschen Freunde’ (Carstensen 5. Colombia: Including Their Societies of Origin .......(Sañé 101 1980: 94), and Spanish,Emigrants as ‘falsosinamigos’ or ‘falsos afines’ Urs Watter and Schepisi 1992: v). False friends are pairs of words that have a similar or identical form but a partially or totally different meaning.61 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2areApplied Ethicsof.............................................................................. 104of They a real ‘stock’ European morphemes which apply to referents typical everyday life (therefore common in extra European contexts too) and represent a 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 versatile kind of nominal composition. In the past they were never present in the structure of Romance languages but have...................................................... quickly developed in recent years thanks 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 to the thrust of Anglo-Saxon models […].’. See Haller (1988), Bombi (1993), and Antonelli (1996) for nos a detailed analysis of combining forms in Italian. 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 60 As Spence argues: ‘The basic difficulty one faces when seeking to define pseudo5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 anglicisms in anyPaís precise way is that there is no yardstick by which one can establish the degree of semantic or formal difference that justifies the classification of 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 lexemes as faux anglicismes rather than as faux amis.’ (Spence 1987: 170). 61 As Prat Zagrebelsky (1997: 221) states: ‘Per «falsi amici» si intendono quelle Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 parole appartenenti a lingue diverse che, benché simili per pronuncia e grafia, divergono totalmente o parzialmente nel significato […].’. Tr. ‘The term «false friends» denotes wordsfor belonging to differentoflanguages that have a total or partial Working Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 difference in meaning, although they are phonetically and graphically similar.’. The Barry Halliday definition of false friends provided here is also supported by Bombi (1996: 57):
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 According to the CODL, a false friend is ‘[a] word which sounds like one3.5 inConclusion another language and may be taken by mistake as having the ...................................................................................... 59 same meaning.’. In addition, according to Pulcini: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 The difference in meaning between formally congruent forms derives their historical evolution within each language. (Pulcini 1997b: 4. from The Ethics of Migration. 153) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 False friends Laura Zanfrinialways refer to forms which are etymologically
connected (Bombi 1996: 62). Instances of false friends are library Restrictive Policies andfrom Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 and4.1libreria (book shop) the Latin etymon librarĭa,Labour education and4.2educazione (politeness) from educatiōne, fabric and fabbrica Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian (factory) from fabrĭca, and factory and fattoria (farm) from factor Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 (Merriam-Webster).62 4.3 Guesthand, Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 OnFrom the one the todifference between false Anglicisms and false seems to be a terminological nature. False friends are 4.4friends Selective Policies andofthe Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 ‘L’espressione falsi amici ricopre quelle ingannevoli corrispondenze istituibili97 tra Bibliography ......................................................................................... coppie di parole che, pur presentando affinità formale, sono caratterizzate da una diversificazione semantica secondariamente intervenuta nelle varie tradizioni: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... l’affinità dei significanti peraltro non è casuale in quanto si tratta di termini con101 una Urs Watter comune base etimologica, spesso di matrice latina.’. Tr. ‘The expression false friends covers those deceptive correspondences that can be established between 5.1pairs. StateAlthough Interestthey and are Responsibility word similar in form, there is a semantic difference that has towards their Citizens Living Abroadover ........................................... 102of taken place among various linguistic traditions time: moreover, the affinity meanings is not random since it involves words that share a common etymological 5.2very Applied Ethics Hayward .............................................................................. core, often Latin.’. and Moulin (1984: 190) also state that ‘[t]he 104 kind of error we are dealing with usually involves two different languages. Confusion 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 arises because word A (which belongs to the foreign language being learned or used) looks sounds exactly or nearly like word B, which belongs to the learner’s mother 5.4orMigration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tongue. The user then establishes an unwarranted inter-lingual equivalence on the basis this total ornos partial similarity. […] The best definition of the problem109 one 5.5of“Colombia une” ...................................................................... can give is probably in Saussurean terms. In the learner’s mother tongue a particular 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112in signifiant is associated with a particular signifié. Once the signifiant appears, even a foreign-language context, the above-mentioned association is so strong that the Challengesthinks .................................................................................... 114 user5.7 automatically of his mother-tongue signifié (in its totality).’. 62 As Mazzon (1994: 246) claims: ‘[…] parole come in fact (in realtà), actually Bibliographylecture ....................................................................................... 116 (effettivamente), (conferenza), morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine), library (biblioteca) cambiano il loro significato con quello del “falso amico” italiano più prossimo.’. Tr. ‘[…]for words such as in fact realtà), actually (effettivamente), Working Together the Well-being of(in Migrants ........................... 119 lecture (conferenza), Barry Halliday morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine), library (biblioteca) change their meaning with the “false friend” that is closest in Italian.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 especially discussed in Approach translation studies and language teaching when translators...................................................................................... and teachers face word pairs which can 59 be 3.5 Conclusion deceiving. False Anglicisms do not involve a comparison of word Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 pairs in different languages and are more pertinent to language 63 contact and interlinguistic studies (Bombi 1996: 57). 4. The Ethics of Migration. On the other hand, the difference between false Anglicisms and Reflections on Recent Migration false friends has to be traced backPolicies to the meaning of the adjective and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 ‘false’. The modifier ‘false’ has two different meanings according to Laura Zanfrini the head to which it is related. With regard to false friends, ‘false’ 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand forIndeed Immigrant Labour .. 65 refers to something deceptive and misleading. ‘false friends’ are the opposite of ‘friends’, which have been defined either as 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian wordsMigration: belonging to Migration different but languages thatMigration share ............. the same Labour not Workers’ 73 etymology and have the same or a close form and meaning, or as true 4.3 From (Pulcini Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 loanwords 1997b: 150). WithGuests regard.................................. to false Anglicisms, ‘false’ contrasts with and something true, real, and authentic. False 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Anglicisms are in fact the opposite of real Anglicisms, i.e. loanwords 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 directly borrowed from and English. Furthermore,......................................................................................... there may be a certain degree of overlap between Bibliography 97 false friends and false Anglicisms only when the latter are formed by autonomus compoundin ellipses, clippings, or semantic 5. Colombia:derivatives, Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 shifts, since in these four cases Italian false Anglicisms and real Urs Watter English words are not only similar but identical. For instance, the 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility autonomous derivative footing, the combination of foot plus -ing, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 does not share any of the meanings of its English homograph. In 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 English the compound ellipsis water, from water closet, would never be 5.3 used to referPolicy to a and toilet bowl, the clipping flirt, from flirtation, Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106 would never indicate a lover or a date, and the semantic shift mister 5.4 Migration Policyorin trainer. ColombiaThe ...................................................... 108 never means coach false Anglicism footing sinply happens to havenos an une” English homograph, whose meaning is totally 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... 109 unrelated; water and flirt have English homographs because the 5.6 Alianza former is partPaís of a.................................................................................. real English compound, i.e. water closet, and112 the latter the bare infinitive flirt; mister has an identical 5.7 coincides Challengeswith .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 63
As Browne (1987: i) acknowledges: ‘[…] sebbene l’esistenza dei «falsi amici» sia cosa ben nota, spesso cifor troviamo in difficoltàofquando dobbiamo tradurli.’. Tr. 119 ‘[…] Working Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... although existence of «false friends» is well known, we are often in trouble when Barrythe Halliday we have to translate them.’.
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3.4 in TheEnglish Human because Rights’ Approach ........................................................ form it is a false Anglicism only insofar as 58 its meaning is concerned. These types of false Anglicisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59– autonomous derivatives, compound ellipses, clippings, and semantic Bibliography 60 shifts – are the......................................................................................... only ones which have formal equivalents in English. Conversely, autonomous compounds, e.g. recordman, do not exist in 4. The Ethics of Migration. English. Reflections Recent Migration Policies At most, on false friends between English and Italian may be and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 forcedly considered a sub-group of false Anglicisms since the label Laura Zanfrini ‘false Anglicisms’ also includes formally identical items in two 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural shifts, Demandjust for Immigrant Labour‘false .. 65 different languages, i.e.andsemantic as the label friends’ does (Pulcini 1997b: 150). However, the idea of classifying 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian false Migration: friends asLabour subordinate Anglicisms is not totally Migrationtobutfalse not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 convincing from a methodological and heuristic perspective. False 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Anglicisms are more likely to originate because of a spontaneous creative act Policies or even misunderstanding rather than for 87 an 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ etymologically justified reason.64 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
97 1.7Bibliography Mediated......................................................................................... False Anglicisms 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their of Origin 101 As Gottlieb Including (2005: 166) affirms: ‘[…]Societies the transfer of ....... English Urs Watter language features is often relayed via a third language.’. In fact, false Anglicisms which and areResponsibility mediated by French, e.g. recordman, or by 5.1 State Interest towards theirsuch Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... other languages, as German, e.g. flipper, have been labeled102 by Görlach (2003: 60) as ‘English words disguised through mediation’. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 It is worth pointing out that some autonomous compounds, e.g. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 autostop, beauty case, block ......................................................... notes, recordman, recordwoman, autonomous derivatives, e.g. footing, compound ellipses, e.g. golf, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 64
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
At times, false friends are calques that are successively created in the ‘receiving’ 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. language, e.g. assumere from to assume, realizzare from to realize, evidenza 112 from evidence. Coco (2003: 45) emphasizes ‘[…] come la somiglianza formale tra parole 5.7 eChallenges .................................................................................... 114si inglesi italiane favorisca la produzione di calchi nella nostra lingua e come ciò accompagni ad uno slittamento semantico del termine italiano, che può assumere Bibliography 116 significati nuovi ....................................................................................... e apparire alla sensibilità dei più accorti come usato impropriamente.’. Tr. ‘[…] that the formal similarity between English and Italian words fosters the coinage calques and that of thisMigrants is associated with a semantic119 shift Working Together forofthe Well-being ........................... of the Italian word, which may acquire new meanings and appear inappropriate by Barry Halliday expert readers.’.
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3.4 The clippings, Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 smoking, e.g. Approach happy end, and semantic shifts, e.g. slip, which entered the...................................................................................... Italian lexicon in the past, were often characterized 3.5 Conclusion 59 by the mediation of French.65 This demonstrates that many false Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Anglicisms mediated by other languages have been part of the Italian vocabulary for a long time (Furiassi 2003: 139, 140). For instance, 4. The Ethics according to of theMigration. GDU, the lemma slip was first attested in 1935, Reflections on Recent recordman in 1905, and Migration smoking asPolicies far back as 1891.66 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
1.8 The Origins of False Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing andAnglicisms Humanitarian– are commonly False Anglicisms – as wellFamily as real Migration: but notthe Workers’ .............with 73 encountered in Labour Italian,Migration confirming idea Migration that anything American or British characteristics is prestigious. False Anglicisms 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 account for the massive influence that the English language and the 4.4 Selective the Brain which Drain............................................ 87 American andPolicies Britishandculture, are considered modern, efficient, andOpportunity positivelyand connoted, have had and................................ continue to have 90 on 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities Italian. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 False Anglicisms are no doubt very popular and attractive and they are the manifestation of language creativity (Fanfani 2002: 222). 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies ofthat: Origin ....... 101 This statementIncluding is supported by Hope, who maintains Urs Watter False loans are obvious evidence of constructive intervention on the 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility receiver’s part improving on the material provided externally, and so
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Though referring to real Anglicisms, the following statement by Görlach (2002a: 5) may also be applied to false Anglicisms: ‘Modern borrowing is most often 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 straight from English – whether from BrE or AmE, and from written, spoken, or electronic sources.Policy The channels of earlier loans were often more indirect: 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 borrowing might predominantly or exclusively depend on written sources and might be through the language(s) in the schools and most prestigious in109 the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”prevalent ...................................................................... society. […] This mediation left unmistakable traces in the spelling, pronunciation, 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112in morphology, andPaís meaning of such Anglicisms, often deleting all English features their form.’. Görlach (2003: 60) also recognized that ‘E. [English] words passing 5.7 Challenges 114 through, say, French.................................................................................... or German were often changed significantly, sometimes losing all traces of their E. [English] origin in the process.’. 66 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 As Moss (1995: 134) affirms: ‘[…] since most of these same hypercorrected terms also exist in French and, in terms of linguistic borrowing, Italian’s linguistic debt to French has been and continues be considerable, it may well be that at least some Working Together for the to Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 of these are anglicisms which have been mediated into the language through Barryforms Halliday French.’. 65
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3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ are borrowings used forApproach their contribution to the resources of the58 literary medium – for local colour, perhaps, or for their poetic or other 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 stylistic overtones. (Hope 1971: 723) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Why are false Anglicisms so popular? The reasons for the use and spread of false Anglicisms in Italian are manifold and can be 4. The Ethics of Migration. explained both linguistically and extra-linguistically, i.e. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies psychologically, sociologically, politically. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 The structural Laura Zanfrini reasons for the spread of false Anglicisms in Italian are mainly due to the phonic effect that English-sounding words have Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 and4.1 their great ‘handiness’, i.e. they are easy to use and mix within Italian sentences. As Burchfield vii, viii) affirms: ‘[…] 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family (2001: and Humanitarian Migration: Workers’ Migration ............. 73 elements of the Labour EnglishMigration languagebut arenotbeing adopted in a spectacular fashion […].’.67 In addition, false (and real) Anglicisms are 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 undoubtedly very straightforward and effective as they play on the 4.4 Selective Policies the Brainand Drain............................................ 87 linguistic principle ofand economy emphasize concepts through semantically rich formulas (Dardano 1998: 358). 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 There have been various theories with regard to the linguistic Bibliography 97 motivations for......................................................................................... the coinage of false Anglicisms. Some scholars (Pulcini 2002: 163, Busse and Görlach 2002: 29) maintain that 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101– Italian speakers – and Emigrants speakers of languages other than English Urs Watter create false Anglicisms because they have a limited competence in 68 English. (Gusmani 1986: 109, Onysko 2007a: 55) 5.1 StateOther Interestscholars and Responsibility argue towards that some proficiency in English necessary in order to create their Citizens Living Abroadis........................................... 102 false Anglicisms. Jezek (1993: 206) even presupposes that a certain 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 degree of bilingualism or at least a frequent contact with an English5.3 Migration Policy andmust Ethics exist. ......................................................... 106 speaking environment Indeed, the fact that false Anglicisms are coined by means of real English words implies that 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Italian speakers who use them must have at least some knowledge of 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza 112 Berruto (1987:País 87).................................................................................. adds that ‘[…] non raramente in italiano i termini stranieri subiscono sviluppi autonomi dal punto di vista semantico o formale […], come golf Challenges .................................................................................... 114 che5.7 diventa “capo d’abbigliamento”, […] night-club che si semplifica in night […].’. Tr. ‘[…] foreign words in Italian often change their semantic and formal properties ....................................................................................... 116 […],Bibliography like golf which means “garment”, […] night club which is reduced to night […].’. 68 As stated Together by Pulcini (2002: ‘The coinage of pseudo-loans is prompted partly Working for the163): Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 by aBarry limited competence in English and by the creative desire to coin an EnglishHalliday looking word for stylistic purposes.’. 67
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The Human Rights’ 58 the3.4 English language. In Approach fact, not ........................................................ only must the constitutive elements of 3.5 false Anglicisms be familiar to those who create false Anglicisms, Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 but the specific function of certain morphemes and the mechanisms ......................................................................................... 60 of Bibliography derivation and compounding must also be known.69 A further explanation is provided by Wilkinson (1991: 52), who suggests that 4. The Ethics of Migration. ‘[…] Europeans […] will continue to acquire more English through Reflections on Recent Migration Policies their contacts with other Europeans than through contact with those and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 forLaura whom it is the mother-tongue.’. This is confirmed by Modiano Zanfrini (2007: 533), who states that ‘[…] mainland Europeans are claiming 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
69 The nature of false Anglicisms has been discussed in detail by Gusmani (1986: 4.3‘Pur From Guest Workers to genere Unwelcome Guests 82 109): ribadendo che questo di parole esula.................................. dall’ambito degli autentici prestiti, bisogna tuttavia ammettere che l’atto creativo è stato influenzato – anche se 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 solo indirettamente – dalla tradizione linguistica straniera, perché esso presuppone la conoscenza di alcune caratteristiche dell’altra lingua e la volontà di imitarle. Si tratta 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 in sostanza di formazioni analogiche su modelli stranieri noti attraverso altri prestiti o laBibliography conoscenza diretta della lingua, modelli che però non vengono direttamente ......................................................................................... 97 riprodotti (epperciò non ha senso parlare di prestiti), ma soltanto presi come punto di riferimento per ulteriori autonome creazioni: […] la materia di cui sono costituiti è 5. Colombia: Including Their Societies ....... 101 […] d’influsso straniero e Emigrants […] non vi in è diretta imitazione of diOrigin un archetipo. Le Urs Watter componenti possono essere di origine alloglotta, il prodotto (cioè la parola in quanto tale) resta un’innovazione indigena. Siccome il prestigio che circonda la forma 5.1 Statestraniera Interestè and Responsibility d’impronta un fattore determinante nella diffusione dei falsi esotismi e their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 poiché towards essi presuppongono una buonaAbroad conoscenza delle strutture della lingua imitata, sarà possibile incontrarne soprattutto in quegli ambienti in cui si assiste ad Applied Ethicstra .............................................................................. una5.2 profonda simbiosi culture diverse, con preminenza di una sull’altra.’.104 Tr. ‘Although these kinds of words are not exactly authentic borrowings, their creation 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 has been affected – even if only indirectly – by the tradition of learning foreign languages, since itPolicy presupposes the knowledge of some features of the 108 other 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... language and the will to mimic it. In essence, they are analogical formations on foreign models known other loans or through direct knowledge of109 the 5.5 “Colombia nos through une”...................................................................... language itself. However, these models are not reproduced directly (that is why it is 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 nonsense to define them as borrowings), but only taken as reference points for other invented words: […] they are made up […] of foreign elements but […] there is no 5.7imitation Challenges .................................................................................... 114 direct of a foreign archetype. Even if components are of foreign origin, the product (namely the word itself) is still a native innovation. The prestige of a form ....................................................................................... 116 withBibliography foreign characteristics is a determining factor in the spread of false exoticisms and, since they presuppose a good knowledge of the structures proper of the language which is beingfor imitated, they are found mainly in........................... contexts where there Working Together the Well-being of Migrants 119is symbiosis between different cultures, with a certain predominance of one over the Barry Halliday other.’.
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3.4 Theand Human Approach ........................................................ 5870 English, in Rights’ doing so are molding it into something new.’. Finally, Chiarioni (1974: 85) and Colombo (1993: 186) argue that 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 false Anglicisms are the invention of Italian speakers who do not Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 have a sufficient knowledge of the Italian language itself.71 Although the answer to the question of why they are so popular is 4. The Migration. still farEthics from of certain, it is clear that false Anglicisms are created by Reflections on Recent Migration–Policies ‘inventors’ – usually journalists whose final aim is not accuracy and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 but the impact they want to make on the audience (Accornero Laura Zanfrini 2005).72 In fact, most false Anglicisms have been introduced and 4.1 popular RestrictivebyPolicies and Structural Demand for reasons Immigrant Labour ..and 65 made newspaper texts for stylistic (Furiassi Hofland 2007: 347). The channels through which false Anglicisms 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian have spread – Labour newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the Migration: Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Internet – are numerous and easily accessible. Therefore, since false 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Anglicisms are very likely to appear Guests in the.................................. media, especially 82in advertising, their impact onthe Italian bound to increase constantly.87 4.4 Selective Policies and BrainisDrain............................................ Psychologically, the use of false Anglicisms gives Italian 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ speakers theOpportunity status, the and authority, and the allure they crave. From90a sociological perspective, the taste for the exotic, the charm of97a Bibliography ......................................................................................... foreign language, and the glamorous quirk of being creative and playing with language the coreinmotivations forofthe birth....... of false 5. Colombia: Including are Emigrants Their Societies Origin 101 Urs Watter 70
Among English deverbal nouns ending in -ing, which, according to Mollin (2004: 5.1areState Interest and Responsibility 132), typical of Euro-English, zapping, that is the practice of switching channels towards their Living Abroad ........................................... 102 by rapidly pressing theCitizens buttons on the remote control in order to skip advertisements when watching television programs, is frequently used in Italian. However, although 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104of channel surfing and channel hopping seem to be preferred by native speakers English, zapping cannot be considered a false Anglicism since it is attested in the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 OED and the Merriam-Webster. 71 As (1974: 85) in says: ‘Un’accettazione indiscriminata dei forestierismi 5.4Chiarioni Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108è generalmente favorita da un’insufficiente conoscenza della propria lingua […].’. Tr. ‘People who accept foreign words indiscriminately are generally speakers who 109 have 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... a somewhat limited competence of their own language […].’. 72 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112la Gusmani (1986: 110, 111) argues that ‘[s]embra opportuno riservare designazione di falso esotismo a quei casi in cui chi ha messo in circolazione queste 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114in innovazioni l’ha fatto col proposito di impiegare un forestierismo, sia che fosse qualche modo cosciente di contrabbandare un «ghost-word» sia che fosse convinto Bibliography ....................................................................................... della reale esistenza di un corrispondente nell’altra lingua.’. Tr. ‘It is probably 116 more appropriate to label as false exoticisms only cases in which those who introduced these innovations did itfor in the order to use a foreign word, either because they 119 were Working Together Well-being of Migrants ........................... somehow of smuggling in a «ghost-word» or because they were sure of the Barry aware Halliday existence of an equivalent item in the other language.’.
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3.4 The Human Approachsocially ........................................................ 58 Anglicisms, whichRights’ then become acceptable.73 In fact, young speakers – though unconsciously – seem particularly prone to using 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 false Anglicisms in Italian as a way to feel closer to the international Bibliography milieu in which......................................................................................... they live. Since teenagers will grow older sooner60 or later, it is likely for some false Anglicisms to propagate (and for 4. Theto Ethics of Migration. others be dropped) in the future.74 Reflections Recent Migration Finally, theonpolitical reason forPolicies the spread of false Anglicisms in and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Italian coincides with the conditions which favored the circulation of Laura Zanfrini real Anglicisms (Rando 1973a). As Prat Zagrebelsky argues: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 The Italian context, where no linguistic policy is seriously enforced, 4.2 Initiatives for of Governing andaHumanitarian unlike the case France, Family provides good background for the Migration: Migration but not Workers’ Migrationof............. observation of Labour the ‘spontaneous’ selection and integration English73 words into the language. (Prat Zagrebelsky 1999: 108) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Italian, as opposed tothe French (Dardano 1994: 429, Humbley 4.4 Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 2008b: 85-89) and Spanish (Calvi 1998, Carrera Díaz 2000), has 4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities 90 always beenOpportunity a ‘democratic language’, open to ................................ neological borrowing from other languages (Pulcini 2002: 153). In fact, ‘extrovert Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
73
Referring to ‘falsi esotismi’ or ‘pseudoprestiti’, De Mauro and Mancini (2003: ix) Urs Watter claim that ‘[…] il bisogno di interscambio linguistico è così forte da portare alla formazione prestitiand di Responsibility desiderio, avventurose coniazioni glottologicamente 5.1 StatediInterest improprie di là d’ogni effettivo Living contattoAbroad tra lingue. [...] Non c’è da stupirsi se102 essa towards their Citizens ........................................... sedimenta in elementi lessicali.’. Tr. ‘[…] the need for linguistic interchange is so strong luxury loans.............................................................................. are created, adventurous coinages that are inappropriate 5.2 that Applied Ethics 104 from the glottological point of view, beyond any kind of real contact between 5.3 Migration and that Ethics 106 languages. […] It isPolicy no wonder they......................................................... settle as lexical elements.’. 74 As Giovanardi (2003: 17) states: ‘L’universo giovanile è permeato di anglicismi.’. Policy in Colombia Tr. 5.4 ‘TheMigration world of young people is imbued...................................................... with Anglicisms.’. Radtke (1992: 26)108 also adds that ‘[l]’uso ricercato di prestiti fa sorgere nei giovani la convinzione di essere 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 ‘più avanzati’ rispetto ad altri strati sociali e questa convinzione rafforza in loro il senso solidarietà e il.................................................................................. sentimento di identificazione.’. Tr. ‘The sophisticated use 5.6diAlianza País 112of loans makes teenagers believe that they are ‘more advanced’ than other social strata. Challenges .................................................................................... 114 This5.7 belief strengthens their sense of solidarity and identification.’. Again referring to the language of young people, Jezek (1993: 207) states that ‘[r]isulta difficile, Bibliography ....................................................................................... all’interno di questo magma linguistico, individuare se alcune espressioni siano 116 state forgiate in ambiente anglo-americano o se, piuttosto, siano nuove creazioni nate in Italia.’. Tr. Together ‘Within thisfor linguistic jumble, itof seems difficult to determine whether Working the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 some expressions were coined in an American-English context or are new creations Barry Halliday invented in Italy.’.
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3.4 The towards Human Rights’ Approach 58 attitudes’ the influence of........................................................ English on Italian are widespread (Furiassi 2008a: ...................................................................................... 316, Petralli 1992a: 126). In addition, as argued 59 by 3.5 Conclusion Sabatini: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 The Italian situation is still affected, perhaps, by the reaction to the imposed by the fascist government. (Sabatini 2008: 267) 4. «purism» The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1.9and Attitudes towards False Anglicisms Laura Zanfrini
Scholars have different opinions about the influence that Anglicisms 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 and false Anglicisms have on the Italian language (Furiassi 2008a: 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 314, 315). Some linguists (Dardano 1986b, Castellani 1987, Hastings Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 1987, Bolelli 1987, Nencioni 1987, 1996, Migliorini 1992, Sobrero 4.3 Colombo From Guest1993, Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 1992, D’Achille 2003, Giovanardi 2003, 2007) adopt an 4.4 ‘introvert andtheare against their use, maintaining that Selectiveattitude’ Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 Italian is being spoiled by the unmonitored penetration of Anglicisms Equal Opportunity coinage and Denied ................................ and4.5the unsupervised of Opportunities false Anglicisms. Borrowings 90in general are viewed as an attempt to take over the national language Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 and more prescriptive measures should be taken in order to protect 75 it. Others (Bruni 1984, Vanvolsem 1985, Berruto 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of 1987, Origin Beccaria ....... 101 1992, Urs2006, Watter Moss 1992, Simone 1993, Lepschy and Lepschy 1995, 1999a, Marello 1996, Cortelazzo 2000, Fanfani 2002, Serafini 2002, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Serianni 2002, Bombi 2005, De Mauro 2005) have an ‘extrovert towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 attitude’, are less worried about their presence, and consider the use 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 of Anglicisms and false Anglicisms one of the many ways in which the5.3 Italian language can beEthics enriched. As Rothenberg argues: Migration Policy and ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration in Colombia 108di Colombo (1993: Policy 186) thinks that false...................................................... Anglicisms are ‘[s]cherzi della mania imporre prestiti stranieri a parlanti ancora incerti nell’uso dell’italiano. Una mania 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 che crea mostriciattoli non solo perfettamente inutili, ma inventati di sana pianta: non5.6 mi Alianza risulta che in qualche paese anglofono ticket abbia il significato che gli112 si è País .................................................................................. dato da noi; è un’invenzione nostrana come l’ormai assimilato golf (che in inglese Challenges .................................................................................... 114 non5.7 indica un indumento) e il più recente footing, inaudito su labbra anglofone.’ Tr. ‘[t]ricks played to impose foreign borrowings to Italian speakers who are still Bibliography ....................................................................................... insecure about using their own language. A mania that creates totally useless 116 little monsters based on nothing. There is no English-speaking country where ticket has the same meaning it hasfor in Italian; it is an invention, like the........................... already assimilated119 golf Working Together the Well-being of Migrants (which does not refer to a piece of clothing in English) and the more recent footing, Barry Halliday never used by English-speaking lips.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ Still, Italians should notApproach automatically reject Anglicisms, nor wait58 cravenly until such terms have become accepted even by purists. Well 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... selected Anglicisms […] can enrich the language […]. Courage,59 vision, good sense, good taste, and a sense of humor are essential; and60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... cultivated, creative Italians with such endowments should welcome and adapt Anglicisms that could be uniquely useful and readily 4. The Ethics of Migration. assimilable in Italian, and even esthetically qualified. (Rothenberg Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 1969: 164, 165) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura After Zanfrini taking stock of such different perspectives, one can only
conclude that noPolicies linguistic contamination be interpreted as 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demandshould for Immigrant Labour .. 65 wrong since it is always the product of cultural change, thus being a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and and Humanitarian symptom of vitality, development, growth. As Beccaria (1992: 76 Migration: Labour Migration but notpregio Workers’ ............. 73 263, 264) maintains: ‘Esser misti è un nonMigration un difetto.’. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
1.10 Spread of False Anglicisms in European Languages 4.4The Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
As attested by Filipović (1996a), Deneire (1997), and Görlach Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 (2002b), numerous studies have been carried out recently on the influence of English in Europe. According to Filipović: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 In theWatter twentieth century the contact of English with other languages of Urs Europe became closer due to new means of communication. The 5.1 State result wasInterest a veryand freeResponsibility and versatile linguistic borrowing of English towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 words by European languages. (Filipović 1996b: 38)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. Filipović (1985: 254) also observed how ‘Anglicized jargon 104 is a frequent source Policy of pseudoanglicisms in various countries.’. Indeed, 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 the phenomenon of false Anglicisms is not just a feature of Italian: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 like most aspects of English today, false Anglicisms are also present 77 5.5 “Colombia nos une”languages. ...................................................................... 109 in many other European 76
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Tr. ‘Being mixed is a merit not a fault.’. In addition, as Moore and Varantola 5.7 150) Challenges .................................................................................... (2005: argue: ‘As long as language can assimilate the linguistic loan, play114 with it and mould it to fit its own patterns, there is no danger. On the contrary, the Bibliography 116 changes are normal....................................................................................... developments in language contact.’. 77 The DEA documents the spread of English in 16 European languages including Albanian, Finnish, German, Greek, Hungarian, WorkingBulgarian, TogetherCroatian, for the Dutch, Well-being of French, Migrants ........................... 119 Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish. Some Barry Halliday contributors to the DEA and other authors also compiled dictionaries of Anglicisms
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3.4 Humanas Rights’ ........................................................ ForThe instance, statedApproach in the DEA, in Icelandic city dress refers58to
‘a man’s suit composed of a black jacket and waistcoat and striped 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 trousers’; in Norwegian road-racing means ‘car (or motor bike) 78 Bibliography ......................................................................................... racing’; in Dutch a space cake is ‘a cake filled with hashish’;60in German a handy is ‘a mobile phone’;79 in Russian a clipmaker is ‘a 4. The Ethics of Migration. person who produces videoclips’; in Polish caddy refers to ‘a kind of Reflections on Recent Policies trousers’; in Croatian a Migration barmixer is ‘a person who mixes cocktails’; and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 in Bulgarian a paceclock is ‘a device that measures the speed of a Laura Zanfrini runner’; in French baby-foot is used to refer to ‘table football’; in 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for ImmigrantinLabour .. 65 Spanish a filmletPolicies is ‘a commercial spot on TV/cinema’; Romanian (and French, its source) roastbeef is used as a nickname to refer to 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian ‘the English’; inLabour Finnish soft-ice but is ‘a kind of ice cream Migration: Migration notspecial Workers’ Migration .............sold 73 in a soft, i.e. semifluid, form’; in Hungarian a deep cleaner is ‘a 4.3 Fromlotion’; Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. cosmetic in Albanian (via French) a recordman is 82‘a sportsman whoPolicies has achieved a record’; in Greek no future refers87to 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ ‘an attitude expressing hopelessness (among young people)’.80 4.5 Equalfalse Opportunity and Denied ................................ Some Anglicisms haveOpportunities even reached the status 90 of internationalisms or, more appropriately, pseudo-English Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 internationalisms, i.e. English-looking words which have the same form and the same Emigrants meaning in manySocieties languages of different 5. Colombia: Including in Their of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter in their own languages. Although the following list does not mean to be exhaustive, 5.1examples State Interest and Responsibility some are Carstensen et al. (2001) for German; Alfaro (1970), Lorenzo their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 (1996), towards and Rodríguez González and Abroad Lillo Buades (1997) for Spanish; Höfler (1982), Rey-Debove and Gagnon (1990), and Tournier (1998) for French; Graedler Applied(1997) Ethics for .............................................................................. 104 and5.2 Johansson Norwegian; Sørensen (1997) for Danish; and Seltén (1993) for Swedish. 78 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 According to Johansson and Graedler (2002) also snacksy is a false Anglicism which used in Norway. 5.4isMigration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 79 According to Gottlieb (2005: 166), also Dressman, meaning ‘male model’, City, meaning ‘center of town’, and...................................................................... Oldtimer, meaning ‘classic car’, are false Anglicisms 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 which are used in Germany and Austria. 80 5.6 examples Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 The provided seem to answer the complaint made by Petralli (1992a: 119): ‘[…] i fenomeni neologici relativi ai prestiti linguistici sono stati spesso visti 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 (malvisti) unilateralmente dalla parte della lingua d’arrivo di volta in volta implicata. Così facendo si è però trascurata una dimensione europea del prestito interlinguistico ....................................................................................... 116to già Bibliography operante da parecchio tempo: […].’. Tr. ‘[…] neologistic phenomena related linguistic borrowings have often been interpreted (seen as unpopular) from the onesided point Together of view offor thethe target language of involved. By ........................... doing so, the European Working Well-being Migrants 119 phenomenon of interlinguistic borrowings – which has been active for a long time – Barry Halliday is being neglected […].’.
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3.4 The families Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ language (Petralli 1992a: 121, 1992b: 74). Obviously, 58 all false Anglicisms may eventually acquire the status of 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 internationalisms. For instance, autostop (hitchhiking), happy end Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 (happy ending), recordman (record holder), and smoking (dinner jacket or tuxedo) are found in several European and non-European 4. The Ethicsthus of Migration. languages, giving rise to ‘World-Wide Pseudo-English’ Reflections on Recent (Carstensen 1986: 831).Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 In addition, it is also worth noting that the phenomenon of false Laura Zanfrini loans in Italian is not restricted to false Anglicisms.81 As recognized Restrictive Policies Demand Immigrant(2003) Labour false .. 65 by 4.1 Marello (1996: 36)and andStructural De Mauro andforMancini Gallicisms, e.g. pain brioche, porte-enfant, tonné, false Germanisms, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian e.g. blitz, and Labour false Hispanisms, espadrillas, may also 73 be Migration: Migration but e.g. not Workers’ Migration ............. found.82 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Vice versa, as Workers recognized by Lepschy and Lepschy (1999b: 191), Pinnavaia (2001: 106, and 107), 207), Iamartino (2002: 32, 4.4 Selective Policies theTosi Brain(2001: Drain............................................ 87 2003: 215), Sanson (2002: 336), Stammerjohann (2008: xi), 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 Stammerjohann et al. (2008), andOpportunities Furiassi (forthcoming), there are some false Italianisms – mostly based on semantic shifts – which are Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 found in English. For instance, the false Italianism confetti is used in English to indicate ‘tinyEmigrants colored paper disks or paper streamers 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin .......[…]’ 101 (Merriam-Webster), i.e. coriandoli in Italian (Oxford-Paravia). Urs Watter Nevertheless, confetti is employed in Italian to refer to dragées or 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sugared almonds (Oxford-Paravia). Moreover, in Italian the word towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 stiletto means dagger (Oxford-Paravia). Conversely, in English, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104– stiletto – usually found as a modifier in the phrase stiletto heels refers to ‘a high thin women’s shoes […]’ (Merriam5.3 Migration Policy andheel Ethicson......................................................... 106 Webster), i.e. tacco a spillo or scarpa con tacco a spillo in Italian 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia (Oxford-Paravia). Other examples...................................................... of false Italianisms in English108 are bimbo, gondola, latte, pepperoni, and terrazzo. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Görlach (2003: 125-162) acknowledges the importance of compiling dictionaries of -isms from languages other than English, starting from Gallicisms and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Germanisms. 82 In contrast with Marello (1996: 36), who considers espadrillas a false Hispanism, De Mauro and Mancinifor (2003) consider it a of variant of espadrilles, a genuine 119 loan Working Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... fromBarry French. The false Hispanism espadrillas corresponds to alpargatas or Halliday esparteñas in Spanish. 81
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3.4The The Impact Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 1.11 of False Anglicisms on the English Language 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Italian spoken and/or written with many Anglicisms and/or false Bibliographywhich ......................................................................................... 60 Anglicisms, has been alternatively labeled as ‘italiese’ (Chiarioni 1974: 85, Dardano 1986b: 242, 1998: 356), ‘Ingliano’ 4. The Ethics of Migration. (Devereux 1976: 301), ‘italo-inglese’ (Stammerjohann 2003: 78), Reflections on Recent Migration Policies ‘itangliano’ (Elliot 1977: 8, Dunlop 1989: 33, McArthur 2002: 155, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Venuta 2004: 5, Beccaria 2006: 146), ‘Italish’ (Gani 2003: 174), Laura Zanfrini ‘anglo-italiano’ (Italiano 1999: 36), and ‘itanglese’ (Venuta 2004: 5), 4.1 Restrictive andof Structural Immigrant 65 is neither a newPolicies variety Italian Demand (Sanga for 1981: 102) Labour nor a ..new 83 variety of English (Bressan Family 2006: 315). Instead, the coinage and 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian spreadMigration: of false Anglicisms may be interpreted phenomena which Labour Migration but not Workers’asMigration ............. 73 may affect the English language.84 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
83
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Bressan (2006: 315) adds ‘inglese maccheronico’ and ‘spaghetti English’ to this list.4.5 In addition, when French, Spanish are................................ spoken or written with Equal Opportunity andGerman, Denied and Opportunities 90a large number of Anglicisms (and false Anglicisms), the following labels are used: ‘franglais’ (Étiemble 1980, Hartmann 1983b: 117, Bogaards 2008: 13) 97or Bibliography ......................................................................................... ‘franricain’ (Hagège 1987: 16), ‘Germish’ (Vogel 2004: 57), ‘Denglisch’, ‘Germang’, ‘Engleutsch’, ‘Neudeutsch’, ‘McGermish’ (Busse 2008b: 60) or 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ‘Denglish’ (Bergien 2008: 183), and ‘Spanglish’ (San Vicente 2002: 21). ....... 101 84 Urs Watter Crystal (1988: 134) maintains that ‘[i]nevitably, the emergence of new Englishes raises the spectre of fragmentation – the eventual dissolution of English into a range 5.1 Stateunintelligible Interest and languages Responsibility of mutually […].’. Prat Zagrebelsky (1998: 7) states that towards their Citizens LivingsiAbroad ........................................... 102le ‘[è] impossibile predire se in futuro svilupperà un rapporto equilibrato tra esigenze per un verso di garantire l’intelligibilità e per l’altro di riconoscere le 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104in diversità e le specificità. O se, al contrario, si arriverà come è già avvenuto passato per altre lingue internazionali, alla fissione dell’inglese in diverse lingue.’. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Tr. ‘It is impossible to predict whether there will be a balanced relationship between the 5.4 needMigration for granting mutual comprehension on the one hand, and acknowledging Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 diversity and specificity on the other. Or, vice versa, whether English will be fixed in different languages, already happened to other international languages in109 the 5.5 “Colombia nosasune” ...................................................................... past.’. As Italiano (1999: 36) claims: ‘Così si sta creando una variante di inglese5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. italiano totalmente originale, che un giorno potrebbe, perché no, far ritorno al 112 natìo suolo inglese e ivi assumere legittima statura di forma alternativa.’. Tr. ‘A totally 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 original variety of English-Italian is being created. One day this variety could return to the native English territory and become a legitimate accepted alternative there.’. Bibliography ....................................................................................... Italiano (1999: 105) further develops her theory: ‘Ciò che gli stranieri fanno 116 della miriade di pezzetti d’inglese a loro disposizione, potrebbe risultare persino così innovativo accattivante farne ritorno sul of suolo inglese sotto una nuova forma WorkingeTogether fordathe Well-being Migrants ........................... 119e con Barry un nuovo significato, al punto di spingere all’obsolescenza i termini originari. Halliday La lingua che si troverà più perdente sarà forse l’inglese stesso […].’. Tr. ‘What
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3.4 Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 TheThe presence of falseApproach Anglicisms may be viewed either as the
‘nativization’ (Knospe 2007: 140), i.e. Italianization, of English 59 or 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... as the ‘Englishization’ (Kachru 1994: 140) of Italian, a language Bibliography 60 whose speakers......................................................................................... ‘[…] ‘digest’ linguistic material transferred from English […] freely and creatively.’. However, as summarized by 4. The Ethics of Migration. Fischer: Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and foreignization “Non-policies”ofinother Italylanguages and Europe ........................................... […] through English seems unlikely61 Laura(Fischer Zanfrini2008: 4) […].
4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand ImmigrantofLabour .. 65 Vice versa, Policies since false Anglicisms arefor instances language
change, is the for English language endangered by them? As 4.2 Initiatives Governing Familyreally and Humanitarian forecast by Simone (1988: 200), is witnessing the............. birth and Migration: Labour Migration butthe notworld Workers’ Migration 73 growth of ‘neoinglese’? Obviously, in the age of ‘global English’ 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 (Salvi 2002, Crystal 2003), ‘world English’ (Baugh and Cable 1993), 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ‘English as aPolicies worldandlanguage’ (Conrad and Fishman 1977), ‘international English’ (Ross 1997, Seidlhofer 2003), or ‘English as 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90a lingua franca’ (Mauranen 2005, Seidlhofer 2001, 2007), false Bibliography Anglicisms may......................................................................................... eventually do more harm to English than Italian.8597 On the one hand, it is interesting to notice how false Anglicisms 5. Colombia: Theiraccording Societies oftoOrigin ....... 101 originate fromIncluding the sameEmigrants processes in which, Crystal (2003: Urs Watter 160), are typical of the vocabulary features of new Englishes, i.e. compounding fromandEnglish elements, word-class conversion, and 5.1 State Interest Responsibility varioustowards processes of abbreviation, and blending.102 In their Citizens Living Abroadclipping, ........................................... addition, Crystal (2003: 160) states that sometimes ‘[…] a word or 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 phrase from a well established variety is adopted by a New English Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 and5.3 given a newPolicy meaning or use, without undergoing any structural change.’. On the other hand, some word-formation processes which 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 lead to the coinage of false Anglicisms in Italian coincide with the 5.5 “Colombia strategies nos une”...................................................................... 109 word-formation which give birth to neologisms in English, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 foreigners do with the myriad pieces of English available to them may even become Bibliography 116a so innovative and ....................................................................................... intriguing that such words may return to their original soil with new form and a new meaning, thus making the original words obsolete. The language that will lose more willWell-being perhaps be English itself […].’. Working Together for the of Migrants ........................... 119 85 See McArthur (2001: 4, 5) for a comprehensive list of labels used to refer to Barry Halliday English as a world language.
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The Human Rights’ Approachchange, ........................................................ 58 i.e.3.4compounding, semantic proper-noun derivatives, shortenings, and ...................................................................................... trademarks (Ayto 1996: 65). 3.5 Conclusion 59 As recognized by Berns (1995a: 6), it is true that ‘[…] Europeans Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 make adaptations and introduce innovations that effectively deAmericanize and de-Anglicize English’ but false Anglicisms may 4. The Ethics of Migration. eventually affect English, by ‘de-Anglicizing and de-Americanizing’ Reflections on Recent Migration Policies it (Berns 1995b: 26), only if they are, in turn, introduced in the and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 English language. Laura Zanfrini However, the ‘Europeanization of English’ (Quirk 1970: 68) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Demand for Labour .. 65 through the reborrowing ofStructural false Anglicisms is Immigrant not common, except for a very limited number of cases.86 For example, the compound 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian slow food, originally a false Anglicism Italian,Migration may be ............. considered Migration: Labour Migration but not in Workers’ 73 a lexical innovation reborrowed by real English from pseudo4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 English. AsGuest explained by McFedries (2004: 172), the term slow food, coined in Italy Policies in 1986, to ‘[a]n agricultural and gastronomic 4.4 Selective andrefers the Brain Drain............................................ 87 movement that emphasizes traditional, organic growing methods and Equal Opportunity Denied 90 the4.5 appreciation of fineandfood andOpportunities wine’ or to................................ ‘[f]ood grown and consumed in this way’. The Slow Food movement was actually Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 founded in Italy in 1987 and, according to the GDU, slow food has ® been attested Including in Italian Emigrants since 1989.inThe compound Slow Food 5. Colombia: Their Societies of Origin .......soon 101 became a registered trademark – now used generically – and then Urs Watter spread to other languages, including English. Therefore, slow food 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility will not be considered a false Anglicism but a neologism in the towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 86
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
As Scollon and Wong Scollon (2005: 31, 32) state: ‘A world-wide movement in reaction to both thePolicy health in andColombia sociopolitical consequences of producing and eating 5.4 Migration ...................................................... 108 fast food has begun in Italy. The name for the movement uses the English words “slow even when speaking and writing in Italian, a move accomplished 5.5food”, “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109in part by registering the English words as a brand name, Slow Food®.’. In addition, 5.6 (2003: Alianza País .................................................................................. 112di Bombi 112) states that ‘[l]’impiego del sintagma in riferimento ad un fatto civiltà tipicamente italiano ci induce a interpretare tale neoformazione come una 5.7 Challenges 114di creazione autonoma .................................................................................... dell’italiano in termini di falso anglicismo. […] la creazione slow food è stata agevolata dalla pregressa integrazione in italiano dei prestiti slow e ....................................................................................... 116 fastBibliography food […].’. Tr. ‘The fact that the phrase is used to refer to a cultural concept which is typically Italian leads us to think that this neologism is an autonomous creation of the Italian language, therefore a false Anglicism. ........................... […] the coinage of 119 slow Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants foodBarry was favored by the integration of the borrowings slow and fast food in Italian Halliday […].’.
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87 3.4 Thelanguage. Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 English In fact, the CALD defines slow food as ‘good food is prepared and cooked carefully’. 3.5that Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 All in all, because of their sporadic nature, false Anglicisms Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 should not be viewed as a phenomenon that may seriously endanger the vocabulary of English, at least in the near future.
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 1.12 Anglicisms in the Contact Scenario 61 andFalse “Non-policies” in Italy andLanguage Europe ........................................... Laura Zanfrini
In finalizing the definition, classification, and systematization of 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 false Anglicisms in Italian, some remarks about their linguistic status 4.2be Initiatives fororder Governing Humanitarian must added in to be Family able to and relocate false Anglicisms within Migration: Migrationscenario but not Workers’ Migration .............with 73 the broad and Labour multi-faceted of language contact, particular reference to the lexical influence exerted by English on 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Italian. 4.4 SelectivetoPolicies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 According Onysko: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Despite groundbreaking research in the field of language contact […], the definition ......................................................................................... of language influence and thus the conceptualization of97 Bibliography the term anglicism has remained subject of controversy […]. (Onysko 215) Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 5. 2007b: Colombia: Urs Watter
This is even truer for false Anglicisms, which have traditionally 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility received less attention from linguists: some scholars consider ‘false towardsatheir Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Anglicisms’ subtype of ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’ whereas other scholars consider ‘false Anglicisms’ an independent 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 manifestation of language contact.88 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 87
With regard to neologisms in English, Onysko (2007a: 55) notices that 109 ‘[…] 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... dictionaries lag behind in documenting English neologisms, which can be borrowed Alianza .................................................................................. 112 […]5.6 before beingPaís registered in English. […] This emphasizes the fact that possible pseudo anglicisms need to be confirmed with the help of dictionaries and native 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 speakers.’. 88 As Fischer (2008: 9, 10) maintains: ‘Another question is whether pseudoBibliography 116 anglicisms should....................................................................................... be viewed as anglicisms, since they are not true borrowings. Nevertheless, most scholars at least deal with pseudo-anglicisms in connection with anglicisms, since the influence of English is many pseudoWorking Together for the Well-being of obvious. MigrantsMoreover, ........................... 119 formations lend themselves to study because they are so impressive and Barry Halliday extraordinary.’.
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3.4 Therecent Humanpast, Rights’ Approach ........................................................ In the when scholars approached the complex issue58 of
language contact...................................................................................... (Haugen 1950, Weinreich 1963, Hope 1971, Klajn 3.5 Conclusion 59 1972, Filipović 1985, Dardano 1986b, Viereck 1986), a traditional Bibliography ......................................................................................... typological classification differentiated between ‘borrowings’ 60 or ‘loanwords’, ‘calques’, and ‘hybrids’. Under the heading ‘borrowings’ 4. The Ethics of Migration. or ‘loanwords’, ‘non-adapted’ or ‘direct borrowings’ or ‘loanwords’ Reflections Recent Migration Policies and ‘adapted’ on or ‘indirect borrowings’ or ‘loanwords’ were identified. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 As shown in Fig. 1, within this framework and with reference to the Laura Zanfrini lexical influence exerted by the English language, ‘false Anglicisms’ 4.1considered Restrictive Policies andkind Structural Demand or for ‘indirect ImmigrantAnglicisms’, Labour .. 65 were a special of ‘adapted’ either morphologically suited to the rules of the supposed recipient 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian language or semantically apt for itsbutcultural context. Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers language to Unwelcome contact Guests .................................. 82 (lexical influence of English on Italian)
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 borrowings hybrids calques or loanwords
(hybrid Anglicisms)
(calques from English)
(Anglicisms) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 non-adapted or direct adapted or indirect borrowings or loanwords borrowings or loanwords 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. (non-adapted or direct Anglicisms) (adapted or indirect Anglicisms)104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 false loans
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 (false Anglicisms) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Figure 1. Language Contact: A Traditional Typology 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
However, as shown by more recent studies (Gusmani 1986, 1989, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Picone 1996, Iamartino 2001, Busse and Görlach 2002, Humbley Bibliography 116 2002, Pulcini ....................................................................................... 2002, Onysko 2004, 2007a, 2007b, Gottlieb 2004, 2005, Fischer 2008), ‘false Anglicisms’ are not to be considered as Working Together the Well-being ........................... ‘Anglicisms’ sensufor stricto since they of areMigrants autonomously created –119 not Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ borrowed – by non-English speakers in a non-English context.89 58 As claimed by Busse (2008b: 64): ‘pseudo-Anglicisms […] are not 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 borrowings […].’. Bibliography With regard......................................................................................... to morphology, false Anglicisms would have to 60 be seen as a phenomenon per se, unsubordinated to ‘adapted’ or 90 4. The Ethics of Migration. ‘indirect Anglicisms’. False Anglicisms are coined with the aid of Reflections on Recent Migration Policies English language material but are not formally adapted to the and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 supposed recipient language system, as happens instead for ‘adapted’ Laura Zanfrini or ‘indirect Anglicisms’. On the one hand, false Anglicisms 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..and 65 constituted by Policies autonomous compounds, e.g. recordman, autonomous derivatives, e.g. footing, are not to be considered 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’ since they Migration consist in............. the free Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 combination of English lexical and/or morphological material on the 91 Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Guestspeakers. Workers to part4.3ofFrom Italian On the other hand, false Anglicisms 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 89
As (1986: 106) argues: ‘Una particolare categoria di prestiti apparenti 4.5Gusmani Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90è quella costituita dai cosiddetti ‘falsi esotismi’ […], parole che hanno tutto l’aspetto di forestierismi o sono addirittura identiche, in apparenza, ad un termine straniero, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 ma che in realtà sono state create indipendentemente da un preciso modello. Che non si sia in presenza di un genuino fenomeno di prestito è dimostrato o dall’assenza Colombia: Including Emigrants instraniera Their Societies of esiste, Origin di5.un eventuale corrispondente nella lingua o, se questo dal....... fatto101 che Urs Watter esso ha un significato affatto diverso.’. Tr. ‘A particular category of apparent borrowings is constituted by the so-called ‘false exoticisms’ […], words that totally 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility resemble or are even formally identical to foreign words, but that have been in fact their Citizens Living model. AbroadThe ........................................... 102 created towards independently from a precise fact that this is not a genuine borrowing is demonstrated either by the absence of an equivalent item in the foreign 5.2 Applied Ethics 104 language or, if this exists,.............................................................................. by its totally different meaning.’. 90 As Gusmani (1986: 99) maintains: ‘[…] l’aspetto straniero di un termine non 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 costituisce in sé garanzia sufficiente per considerarlo un forestierismo. […] Determinanti restano la presenza di un modello alloglotto e la verisimiglianza108 che 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... tra questi e il termine in questione intercorra un rapporto mimetico.’. Tr. ‘[…] the foreign appearance of word...................................................................... is not by itself sufficient to consider it a borrowing. 5.5 “Colombia nosa une” 109 […] The determining factors are the presence of a foreign model and the possibility País .................................................................................. 112 that5.6 the Alianza word in question is an imitation of the foreign element.’. 91 As Gusmani (1986: 114) argues: ‘[…] la combinazione, nei processi di 5.7 Challenges 114 derivazione o anche.................................................................................... di composizione, di elementi linguistici d’influsso straniero, ormai perfettamente accclimatati in un dato sistema, può benissimo attuarsi Bibliography ....................................................................................... nell’ambito di questo stesso sistema e non rientrare quindi a nessun titolo 116 nella fenomenologia del prestito.’. Tr. ‘[…] the combination – in the processes of derivation compounding – ofWell-being linguistic elements of foreign influence, which119 are WorkingorTogether for the of Migrants ........................... already an Halliday established part of a given linguistic system, may take place within this Barry system and lie outside the phenomenology of linguistic borrowings.’. Moreover,
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 originating from Rights’ compound ellipses, e.g. basket, and clippings, e.g. happy end, cannot be considered ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’ 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 since they neither conform to the rules of English word formation ......................................................................................... 60 norBibliography obey the rules of Italian word formation.92 With regard to semantics, false Anglicisms occur only when 4. The Ethics of Migration. meaning extension takes place since the new meaning acquired in Reflections on Recent Policies Italian is distant from Migration the meaning (or meanings) of the English and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 homograph. Therefore, not even semantic shifts, e.g. mister, Laura Zanfrini eponyms, e.g. carter, and toponyms, e.g. new jersey, are a subtype of 4.1 Restrictive PoliciesAnglicisms’: and Structuralthese Demand for Anglicisms Immigrant Labour .. 65a ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect false acquire totally new meaning in Italian and do not simply select one of several 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian meanings that aLabour word Migration already has in Workers’ English.93Migration False Anglicisms Migration: but not ............. 73 originating from generic trademarks are a case apart since in the 4.3 From Workerswhich to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 coinage of Guest trademarks, eventually become generic, different linguistic strategies either a British or American 4.4 Selective Policiesare and involved: the Brain Drain............................................ 87 trademark, which is not generic in English, e.g. Rimmel™, becomes 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Iamartino (2001: 122) states that ‘[…] non sono prestiti nemmeno quelle parole 97 che Bibliography ......................................................................................... una lingua crea combinando autonomamente materiali lessicali di origine alloglotta.’. Tr. ‘[…] even those words that a language creates by combining lexical 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 material of foreign origin cannot be calledin borrowings.’. 92 Urs Watter By referring to ‘prestiti ‘decurtati’’, Gusmani (1986: 100) claims that ‘[…] composti inglesi che appaiono, soprattutto in francese e in italiano, in una forma 5.1 State Interest andcon Responsibility abbreviata, cioè in genere perdita del secondo elemento: dunque la discrepanza their CitizensquiLiving Abroad ........................................... rispettotowards al modello concerne il significante.’. Tr. ‘‘clipped’ borrowings’ 102 ‘[…] English compounds that are often clipped – mainly in French and Italian – through Applied the 5.2 ellipsis of theEthics second.............................................................................. element: so the discrepancy with the model concerns104 the form of the word.’. In addition, Dardano et al. (2000: 41) say that ‘[l]’anglicismo 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 “tagliato” [è] una “falsificazione” della grammatica inglese.’. Tr. ‘Anglicisms which are 5.4 “clipped” [are] aPolicy falsification of English grammar.’. Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 93 Gusmani (1986: 104) remarks that ‘[s]embra poi improprio attribuire la qualifica di veri prestiti alle designazioni di oggetti che traggono spunto dalla provenienza 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 degli stessi dall’ambiente a cui, a torto o ragione, sono sentiti legati […]. […] di 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112la prestito si potrà legittimamente parlare solo a proposito del nome proprio, mentre creazione dell’appellativo, fondata su un’associazione di idee compiuta in ambiente 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 esclusivamente italiano, è avvenuta al di fuori di ogni influsso della tradizione alloglotta.’. Tr. ‘It does not seem appropriate to attribute the status of real Bibliography ....................................................................................... borrowings to those designations of objects that have been inspired by116 the environment which they are (rightly or wrongly) believed to be connected to […]. […] the only borrowed is the proper noun, whereas the creation 119 of a Working Together forelement the Well-being of Migrants ........................... common which is based on an association of ideas entirely made in an Italian Barrynoun, Halliday environment, has occurred with no influence on the part of the foreign tradition.’.
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3.4 The Approachis ........................................................ generic in Human Italian Rights’ or a trademark coined in Italy (or elsewhere) 58 by ® combining real English words, e.g. Ticket Restaurant . Since very 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 often generic trademarks are not coined in an English-speaking ® Bibliography ......................................................................................... context, e.g. Autogrill , there is no reason to classify these types60 of false Anglicisms as ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’. 4. The Ethics of As Sanniti di Migration. Baja argues: Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy andof Europe ........................................... A loan has to do with the act lending, though here there often61 Laura Zanfrini remains very little which is borrowed, and a lot which is taken, changed and added. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 159) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
This the reason the graph Fig.Humanitarian 1 has been drawn anew in 4.2isInitiatives for why Governing Familyinand order Migration: to grant false Anglicisms the prominence they deserve within Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 the scenario of language contact. In Fig. 2 false Anglicisms 4.3 Froman Guest Workers representation to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 constitute alternative of language contact on the same level asPolicies Anglicisms, calques from English, and hybrid 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Anglicisms. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
language contact Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 (lexical influence of English on Italian)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter borrowings hybrids calques 5.1 State Interestfalse andloans Responsibility or loanwords (false Anglicisms) (hybrid Anglicisms) (calques from English) towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 (Anglicisms)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 non-adapted or direct adapted or indirect 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 borrowings or loanwords borrowings or loanwords (non-adapted or direct Anglicisms) (adapted or indirect Anglicisms)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Figure 2. Language Contact: A New Typology 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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The Human Rights’Corpus Approach ........................................................ 2. 3.4 Lexicography, Linguistics and False 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Anglicisms Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
2.1 Electronic Resources
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Electronic resources be essential research instruments 87 for 4.4 Selective Policiesproved and thetoBrain Drain............................................ the study of false Anglicisms and for the compilation of a dictionary 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 of false Anglicisms in Italian. Nowadays, ......................................................................................... there are two stages of dictionary making for which Bibliography 97 computers are essential: the exploitation of already available machine-readable lexicographic suchof Origin as electronic 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants inresources Their Societies ....... 101 Urs Watter– both on-line and in CD-ROM format – and the use of dictionaries electronic corpora (Calzolari et al. 1987: 55).1 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Thetowards retrieval analysis ofAbroad false ........................................... Anglicisms is possible both theirand Citizens Living 102 through dictionaries and through corpora, where textual data may be 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 converted intoEthics lexicographic information. In conjunction with nativespeaker intuition, electronic dictionaries and computerized corpora 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 provide evidence on the basis of which the lexicographer may 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 evaluate whether or not a candidate item should qualify as a false 2 Anglicism. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 1
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
According to Barnbrook (1996: 134): ‘The need for computer assistance in 5.7 Challenges 114 lexicography is now.................................................................................... fully established, although it is a fairly recent development. […] Modern dictionaries, like most modern publications, depend on the Bibliography ....................................................................................... technologies of word processing, desktop publishing and data manipulation116 that computers have made possible. […] Lexicography already makes extensive use of basic text exploration […].’. Working Togethertechniques for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 2 Rundell and Stock (1992: 28, 29) state that ‘[t]he arrival of large corpora has Barry Halliday clearly revolutionized lexicographic practice. It has also sparked a lively debate on
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3.4Electronic The HumanDictionaries Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 2.1.1 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Although they are secondary sources of linguistic investigation, existing dictionaries constitute a valid starting point for the making Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 of new dictionaries and assist the lexicographer in drafting a provisional listofof candidate entries. 4. The Ethics Migration. Through the electronic medium, dictionaries have become richer Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andand more user-friendly, and the range of ........................................... possible uses and users has “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 expanded. Most recent on-line or CD-ROM dictionaries are not Laura Zanfrini simple transcriptions of paper dictionaries: they are real linguistic 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand Immigrant Labourfrom .. 65 laboratories, where theandlanguage can be for actively studied 3 different perspectives. Electronic are convenient tools 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Familydictionaries and Humanitarian Migration not Workers’ ............. 73 whichMigration: enhance Labour the scope of but linguistic and Migration metalexicographic research and allow scholars to deal with the internal structure of the 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 dictionary far better than printed editions (Marello 1996: 219). 4.4 and advantages the Brain Drain............................................ OneSelective of thePolicies several of electronic dictionaries 87is modularity, i.e. the possibility of being partially modified and adapted 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 in order to better interact with the specific needs of the user. Moreover, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 electronic dictionaries take advantage of multimedia facilities, using 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies intuition’. of Origin[…] .......while 101 the relative value of corpusEmigrants evidence and ‘native-speaker Urs Watter intuition is a valuable aid to interpreting the evidence of a corpus, it cannot on its own form the basis of a reliable – still less authoritative – account of word meaning Interest Responsibility or 5.1 wordState usage. Our and dependence on native-speaker intuition is likely to be towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102as progressively reduced as corpora become bigger and more representative, and automatic analysis tools become more sophisticated. […] whether the role of 5.2 Applied Ethicsever .............................................................................. 104 intuition can or should be eliminated altogether is […] a question that will be hotly debated for years to come.’. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 3 According to Dodd (2003: 355): ‘It is clear that we are not far from the point at which dictionary will incease to be ...................................................... merely a product, such as a book, 108 or a 5.4 the Migration Policy Colombia somewhat more sophisticated substitute for a book, for example a CD-ROM, which remains as fixed in its contents as a book is, and will also become a service.’. In109 fact, 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... some dictionaries were not originally conceived as electronic but they have only Alianza País been5.6transferred into.................................................................................. electronic format by exactly mirroring paper editions.112 As Fontenelle (1997: 2) argues, there is a difference between a ‘machine-readable 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 dictionary (MRD)’, i.e. ‘a dictionary which had been encoded in machine-readable form for typesetting purposes’ and a ‘computerized dictionary’, i.e. ‘a dictionary Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 whose organization of information is based on a set of explicit and well-defined conventions.’. In addition, Wilks et al. (1993: 9) add the label ‘machine-tractable dictionary to for contrast ‘machine-readable dictionary (MRD)’: ‘MachineWorking(MTD)’ Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 tractability means […] the conversion of an existing dictionary to a form that is Barry Halliday appropriate for further CL tasks.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ codes Approach ........................................................ 58 various communicative such as writing, sounds, and images. Also and ...................................................................................... tables are often easily obtainable and printable. 59 An 3.5graphs Conclusion additional user-friendly feature of electronic dictionaries makes it Bibliography 60 possible for the......................................................................................... user to look up a word just by keying in part of it, thus saving a great amount of time. By means of Boolean operators, which 4. The Ethics of Migration. enable dictionary users to combine different parameters, electronic Reflections on Recentfull-text Migration Policiesvery quickly.4 For instance, editions also perform searches and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 etymological queries allow the user to verify whether the presence of a Laura Zanfrini false Anglicism in Italian is mediated by another language. Moreover, 4.1 Restrictive Policies Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 usage and register labelsand addStructural frequency data and specify the semantic field to which a false Anglicism belongs.5 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Finally, theseLabour types Migration of customized be easily saved Migration: but not searches Workers’ can Migration ............. 73 and reused when needed. Therefore, the feasibility of full-text 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. searches is Guest the main reason for choosing electronic dictionaries82to study false Anglicisms, thisDrain............................................ procedure allows the user 87to 4.4 Selective Policies and since the Brain retrieve the precise target entries in the whole dictionary rapidly. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
2.1.2 Computer......................................................................................... Corpus Lexicography Bibliography 97 Technology has revolutionized many areas of linguistics and one of 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies ....... 1016 the tools which has undergone the in greatest changes of is Origin the dictionary. Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest Full-text searches areand alsoResponsibility defined as multiple searches, cross searches, or complex towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 searches. 5 Among the several advantages of electronic dictionaries, a word can be searched Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 for 5.2 even when the exact spelling is unknown (Jackson 2002: 69-72). Indeed, electronic dictionaries – independent from a rigid alphabetical order – do not require 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 the user to know the lemma form of the searched word which is being looked up. Users look upPolicy all theinwords that ...................................................... start, end, or contain a specific string 5.4may Migration Colombia 108of characters using wildcard options, i.e. ? and *. A certain item may be looked up in different parts of the i.e. definition, semantic fields, examples, 5.5 “Colombia nosmicrostructure, une”...................................................................... 109 etymology, etc. Complex searches may be carried out using Boolean operators by 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. coordinating, alternating, or excluding the desired parameters, i.e. AND, OR,112 and NOT. The user can also rapidly switch from one entry to another. In addition, it is 5.7possible Challenges .................................................................................... 114 often to obtain information about morphology, e.g. plurals, inflected forms, and semantics, e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms. Finally, as argued by Spina Bibliography ....................................................................................... (2001: 95) and Marello (2002: 159), it is possible to listen to the pronunciation116 of a specific word without necessarily being able to read the symbols used in phonetic transcription, such as IPA Phonetic Alphabet)............................ 119 Working Together for(International the Well-being of Migrants 6 Dodd 352) argues that ‘[t]extual analysis software has been associated Barry(2003: Halliday mostly with literary studies, but it has become obvious that it is of great value to 4
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3.4 though The Human ........................................................ Even onlyRights’ a few Approach decades ago the idea of using computers58to compile a dictionary seemed unfeasible, computational linguistics 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 had already anticipated the wide range of opportunities that Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 technology would offer. Lexicography has proved to be dynamic and open to the integration and the enrichment brought about by new 4. The Ethics Migration.to Dodd: research tools.ofAccording Reflections on Recent Migration Policies in Italy and Europe Itand is “Non-policies” not hard to imagine a future in ........................................... which the production of61 Laura Zanfrini dictionaries will be aided to a yet greater extent by computer. A very large proportion of all texts produced nowadays are at some stage put 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 into computer-readable form […]. (Dodd 2003: 354) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Since the early 1970sMigration computers been used on a large scale73in Migration: Labour buthave not Workers’ Migration .............
the production of dictionaries, and over the last few years they have 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 significantly modified the working techniques used to compile 7 4.4 Selective andinformation. the Brain Drain............................................ 87 dictionaries andPolicies to present As recognized by Biber et al.: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Today, advances in computer technology have given corpus-based lexicographic research several advantages over earlier work. (Biber et97 Bibliography ......................................................................................... al. 1998: 22) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Computer Urs Watter corpus lexicography may be viewed as a field of
research which combines the perspectives of computational 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility linguistics, computational lexicography, and computer corpus towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 linguistics (Ooi 1998: 2). Computer corpus lexicography may also be 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 lexicographers as well. ThisinisColombia thanks to ...................................................... its capacity to produce at short notice,108 and 5.4 Migration Policy with absolute accuracy, a list of all the words used in a given text in either alphabetic or frequency order, whether normal or inverse, and to expand this to an index giving 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 each word’s place of occurrence in the text if needed. It can also provide a 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112in concordance, permitting the immediate surroundings of each word to be examined detail, with right-sorted and left-sorted contexts usually both possible.’. 7 5.7Marello Challenges .................................................................................... 114di As (1996: 155) argues: ‘Il calcolatore elettronico, permettendo immagazzinare e rielaborare grandi quantità di dati, è stato fondamentale per le Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 operazioni di spoglio preliminari alla compilazione di dizionari storici e soprattutto per redigere concordanze, liste di frequenza, dizionari inversi […].’. Tr. ‘Since it is possible to store and process a large amount of computers have been of utmost Working Together for the Well-being ofdata, Migrants ........................... 119 importance for the preliminary steps in compiling historical dictionaries and Barry Halliday especially concordances, frequency lists, reverse dictionaries […].’.
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3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 viewed asHuman the making of dictionaries with the aid of machine8 readable corpora....................................................................................... Halliday in fact argues that: 3.5 Conclusion 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... The effect of these resources on dictionary-making is already60 apparent: the dictionary can now be founded on authentic usage in and speech. (Halliday 2004: 17) 4. writing The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Compiling a dictionary of false Anglicisms with the aid 61 of and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... corpora has several advantages. First of all, frequency lists and Laura Zanfrini
concordance lines show how often and where a false Anglicism is 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 encountered. It is also possible to detect the most frequent spelling 4.2 multiple Initiativesorthographic for Governingvariants Family and when areHumanitarian found in the corpus. This is Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration 73 particularly useful since somebutfalse Anglicisms – ............. especially autonomous compounds – often vary in spelling as, for instance, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 longseller, which can also be spelt long seller or long-seller. In 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 addition, the most common collocations of each false Anglicism help to 4.5 distinguish between and alternative senses and determine the typical Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 contexts in which they appear. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Computerized corpora also prove to be useful for retrieving, collecting, and storing real citations to be quoted in the example 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 section of the microstructure (Sherman 1979: 142). According to Urs Watter Cowie (1989: 55), examples have two major functions: ‘[…] that of 5.1 State aInterest Responsibility clarifying senseandand that of distinguishing between senses.’. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Examples extracted from corpora – as opposed to made-up examples – show the searched words in context and grant the authenticity of 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 the false Anglicisms selected and included in the dictionary. 5.3 Migration Policy and ......................................................... 106 Authentic examples alsoEthics show the grammatical and semantic 9 properties that false in the Italian language. 108 The 5.4 Migration PolicyAnglicisms in Colombia have ...................................................... 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 8
The role of .................................................................................. corpora in dictionary-making is highlighted by Rundell112 and 5.6pivotal Alianza País Stock (1992: 21), who state that ‘[…] corpus data must now be regarded as an 5.7 Challenges 114 indispensable tool in.................................................................................... any serious dictionary venture.’. This is confirmed by Tognini Bonelli and Sinclair (2006: 217), who point out that ‘[…] major dictionaries will be Bibliography 116 based on corpora in....................................................................................... the years to come […].’. 9 As Drysdale (1987: 213) points out: ‘Examples are often overlooked in the discussion lexicography, either because they are considered to be less important WorkingofTogether for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 thanBarry definitions, which may be true, or because they are thought to involve less of Halliday the lexicographer’s skill, which is not true. […] reliance on made-up examples
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3.4 microstructural The Human Rights’ Approach 58 only feature of ........................................................ the dictionary that most corpora cannot provide is...................................................................................... pronunciation. 3.5 Conclusion 59 Finally, even though definitions are not directly supplied by Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 corpora, contexts of occurrence and collocations are certainly an aid to the lexicographer who has to create definitions to be included in a 4. The Ethics of Migration. dictionary. According to Hanks: Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” Italya and Europe analytical ........................................... […] any attempt to in write completely definition of any61 Laura Zanfrini common word in natural language is absurd. […] What a good dictionary offers instead is a typification: the dictionary definition 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 summarises what the lexicographer finds to be the most typical common features, in his experience, in the use, context, and 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian collocations of the word. (Hanks 1979: 38) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
2.2 Lexicographic Products
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
All4.5 theEqual lexicographic resources consulted are referred to by means90 of Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ acronyms or abbreviations which are well-established in the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 literature. The dictionaries mentioned below – electronic editions were preferred to paper editions in order to carry out a quick and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 efficient investigation – are listed in chronological order from the Urs Watter least recent to the most recent. A comprehensive list is available in State Interest and Responsibility the5.1 reference section. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
2.2.1 Dictionaries 5.2General Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 The5.3list of the latest of......................................................... the Italian monolingual dictionaries Migration Policyeditions and Ethics 106 consulted in order to detect the presence of false Anglicisms in the 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 Italian vocabulary is asinfollows: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana (DELI) published in
1999; País .................................................................................. 112 5.6 Alianza Grande dizionario italiano dell’uso (GDU), also known114 as 5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
GRADIT, in seven volumes: six volumes were published in
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 2000 and the supplement Nuove parole italiane dell’uso116 del Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
involves risk of creating some sentences that are forced and artificial, whether Barrythe Halliday awkwardly stilted or inappropriately colloquial.’.
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3.4 The Humandizionario Rights’ Approach 58 Grande italiano........................................................ dell’uso was published in 2003 10
(De Mauro 2003a); 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 11
Il Vocabolario Treccani (Treccani) published in 2003; Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario della lingua italiana (DISC)
4. The Ethics of Migration. published in 2007; Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Grande dizionario italiano (Gabrielli) published in 2008; and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (DevotoIl Devoto-Oli
Oli) published in 2009;
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Lo Zingarelli 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (Zingarelli)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian published in 2009.12 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
In addition, some monolingual English dictionaries were 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 examined in order to verify whether English-looking words extracted 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 from Italian monolingual dictionaries and collections of foreign words and neologisms were to be considered false or real 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Anglicisms:13 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 14
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) published in 1989;
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Originpublished ....... 101 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (NSOED) Urs Watter in 1997;
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Applieddella Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Il5.2 dizionario lingua italiana (De Mauro) was also examined; the De Mauro is the abridged edition of the GDU. 11 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 The on-line edition of the Treccani is available at www.treccani.it. 12 Since 1994 the Policy Zingarelli has been ...................................................... updated yearly (Petralli 1996: 20). 108 Each 5.4 Migration in Colombia edition includes neologisms, Anglicisms, and also false Anglicisms that previous editions did not list. nos For une” instance, concept store appears in the 2004 edition though 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... 109 not in the 2003 edition. This commercially strategic policy is of great use to scholars 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 interested in metalexicographic issues, thus making it possible to do diachronic research on the same source (Pulcini 1999: 361). It now seems that other major 5.7 Challenges dictionary publishers.................................................................................... have adopted the same strategy. The on-line edition of114 the Zingarelli is available at www.dizionari.zanichelli.it. 13 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 The observation made by Onysko (2007a: 55) on the limitations of monolingual English dictionaries is of core importance: ‘[…] dictionaries are not capable of containing possible English the lack of an entry in an English Workingall Together for the compounds Well-beingsoofthat Migrants ........................... 119 dictionary is not tantamount to its non-existence in the English language.’. Barry Halliday 14 The updated and revised on-line edition of the OED is available at www.oed.com. 10
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged 15
(Merriam-Webster) published in 2000; 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 The New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) published 60in Bibliography ......................................................................................... 2001;
4. The Ethics of Migration. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (COED) published in 2004; Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Cambridge Dictionary of American English (CDAE) published in and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
2007; Laura Zanfrini
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) published in 2009.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian TheMigration: following advanced learner’s English dictionaries were also Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
used:
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (MEDAL)
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 published in 2002; 4.5 Equal Advanced OpportunityLearner’s and Denied Dictionary Opportunities(OALD) ................................ Oxford published 90in
2005; ......................................................................................... 97 Bibliography Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 (COBUILD) published in 2006; Urs Watter
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CALD) published in
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 2008. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Finally, Italian-English bilingual dictionaries were examined in 5.2 to Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 order find real English equivalents of false Anglicisms: 5.3 Migration Policy Il anddizionario Ethics ......................................................... 106 Oxford Paravia. inglese-italiano italiano-inglese
(Oxford-Paravia) published in 2006;
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Grande dizionario inglese (Picchi) published in 2007;
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Grande dizionario di inglese (Hazon) published in 2009;
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Il Ragazzini 2010. Dizionario inglese-italiano italiano-inglese (Ragazzini) published in 2009.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
15
The on-line edition of the Merriam-Webster is available at www.merriamBarry Halliday webster.com.
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3.4Dictionaries The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 2.2.2 of Foreign Words and Neologisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Several dictionaries of foreign words – including Anglicisms – and neologisms were also used to extract false Anglicisms not found in Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 general dictionaries. Although these dictionaries are more likely to record coinages, they should be consulted with caution since 4. The recent Ethics of Migration. they are less reliable in determining whether a neologism will last Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andand survive in the language. “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 The main resource taken into consideration in order to draft a Laura Zanfrini provisional list of false Anglicisms in Italian is the DEA (A 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Manfred ImmigrantGörlach Labour ..and 65 Dictionary of European Anglicisms), edited by 16 published in 2001. In addition, Dizionario degli anglicismi 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family the and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but by notGaetano Workers’Rando Migration 73 nell’italiano postunitario, compiled and............. published in 1987, was consulted. Although it is not up to date and does not 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 clearly mention the selection criteria adopted, i.e. adapted 4.4 Selectivecalques, Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 Anglicisms, andthe encyclopedic information are included along with non-adapted Anglicisms, this dictionary was used since 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90it is the only existing dictionary of Anglicisms in Italian (Pulcini 2007: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 291). The complete list of glossaries and collections of foreign words 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... and neologisms consulted, arranged in chronological order, is101 the Urs Watter following: Jacono (1939), Monelli (1943), Panzini (1950), Migliorini (1963), Klajn (1972), De Felice (1984), Pasquarelli and Palmieri 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility (1987),towards Pittàno 2001), Carpitano 102 and their(1987), CitizensQuarantotto Living Abroad(1987, ........................................... Càsole (1989), Cortelazzo and Cardinale (1989), Cosoli (1989), 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Schmid (1989, 1992), Vassalli (1989), Amato et al. (1990), Lurati 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106 (1990), Magni Policy (1990),and Zolli (1991), Bencini and Citernesi (1992), Bolelli (1993), Mini (1994), Verardi (1995), Cortelazzo (1995, 1996, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1997), Onorati (1996), Giovenali (1997), Lucarini and Scrofani 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... (1999), Adamo and Della Valle (2003, 2005, 2009), De Mauro 109 and Mancini (2003), and Gualdo (2003), Bencini and Manetti 5.6 Alianza PaísGiovanardi .................................................................................. 112 (2005), De Mauro (2006).17 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 16
As Görlach (1994, 1997, 1998) points out, the DEA was previously conceived as the UDASELTogether (Usage Dictionary of AnglicismsofinMigrants Selected European Languages). Working for the Well-being ........................... 119 17 InBarry addition to the above list, several lists of Anglicisms and false Anglicisms were Halliday retrieved in the following articles: Marri (1988a, 1988b, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990,
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TheLexicographic Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 2.33.4 The Approach to False Anglicisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian was initially studied Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 through the analysis of general dictionaries and collections of foreign words and neologisms and a provisional list of false Anglicisms was 4. The Ethics of Migration. obtained. Although the editors of these dictionaries proved to be Reflections on Recent Migration Policies aware of the fact that some English-looking words in the Italian and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 vocabulary are not real English words, only some false Anglicisms Laura Zanfrini were recognized as such: at times false Anglicisms are mistaken for Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant .. 65 real4.1Anglicisms. Therefore, only Demand a limited numberLabour of false Anglicisms wereforfound through dictionaries. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
2.3.1 The Inadequacy of General Dictionaries
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
The inclusion and definition of false Anglicisms in Italian 4.4 Selectivedictionaries Policies andistherather Brain problematic Drain............................................ 87 monolingual since the procedures followed by dictionary editors, when dealing with false Anglicisms, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 do not always seem to be consistent. In some cases false Anglicisms 97 areBibliography not treated......................................................................................... adequately even in the most up-to-date Italian monolingual dictionaries, i.e. Devoto-Oli, DISC, GDU, and 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Originare .......often 101 Zingarelli. The labels Emigrants used to refer to false Anglicisms Urs Watter ambiguous and false Anglicisms are sometimes inappropriately recorded asInterest true Anglicisms (Furiassi 2003: 126, 127). 5.1 State and Responsibility None of the Italian dictionaries consulted includes a full range towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 of false Anglicisms and there are remarkable differences in the 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 labels used to refer to them: the Devoto-Oli uses the formulas ‘non Migration Policy anglosassoni’ and Ethics ......................................................... 106 in 5.3 uso nei paesi or ‘non usato/a nei paesi anglosassoni’; the DISC labels each false Anglicism as ‘voce 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 pseudoingl.’; the GDU identifies false Anglicisms with the label 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 ‘voce pseudoingl.’; finally, the Zingarelli labels false Anglicisms with abbreviations ‘pseudo-ingl.’ or ‘vc. ingl. non usata 112 nei 5.6the Alianza País .................................................................................. paesi anglosassoni’. 5.7 Challenges 114 According to.................................................................................... a recent study (Furiassi 2003), the three entries explicitly labeled as false Anglicisms in the Devoto-Oli are beauty Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
1991), Fanfani (1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c, Barry Halliday 1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 1995, 1996), and Fazi (1988).
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3.4 footing, The Human Approach 58 case, andRights’ free shop. The........................................................ seven entries registered as false Anglicisms in the...................................................................................... DISC are beauty case, beauty hostess, Citymatic59®, 3.5 Conclusion happy end, naziskin, paraflying, and talkman. The thirteen items Bibliography 60 included in the......................................................................................... GDU as false Anglicisms are baby pusher, beauty, 18 beauty-case, far west, gin fizz, helisky, infotainment, nightclubbing, 4. The Ethics of Migration. pair-oar, play-out, recordman, recordwoman, and Slow-Food®. The Reflections on Recent Policies three entries which areMigration considered to be false Anglicisms in the and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Zingarelli are block-notes, flipper, and recordman. Laura Zanfrini Except for recordman, which is present in both the GDU and the 4.1 Restrictive Structural Labour .. the 65 Zingarelli, and Policies beauty and case, which Demand appearsfor inImmigrant the Devoto-Oli, DISC, and the GDU, all the other items vary in each dictionary. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian The total number of Migration false Anglicisms is twenty-three, which Migration: Labour but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 appears to be very limited. Therefore, no definite picture emerges 4.3this From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 from examination. Moreover, three outDrain............................................ of twenty-three are actually true 4.4 Selectivesince Policies and items the Brain 87 Anglicisms, i.e. infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar, the 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 findings areOpportunity even more and contradictory. Despite the fact that the GDU treats the entries infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar as false Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Anglicisms, they can be found in the LDOCE, the NODE, and the Merriam-Webster. These discrepancies may lead scholars have 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Originto....... 101a biased picture of the incidence of false Anglicisms on Italian. Urs Watter Although there are not very many false Anglicisms in the Italian 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility vocabulary, there are many more than the ones recorded in the towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 dictionaries analyzed. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 18
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
The form helisky, recorded in the GDU, the Devoto-Oli, and the Zingarelli, is clearly a misspellingnos ofune” heliski, which derives from the blending of heli-, 109 from 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... helicopter, and -ski, from skiing. As Fanfani (1991: 14) states: ‘[…] è risaputo che la Alianza País .................................................................................. y, in5.6 quanto grafema forestiero, esercita un’attrattiva e […] non deve essere 112 stato estraneo […] a casi di “ipercorrettismo” […].’. Tr. ‘[…] it is well-known that y, 5.7a Challenges .................................................................................... 114to being foreign grapheme, is particularly attractive and […] somehow connected “hypercorrection” […].’. It must be noted that the written variant eliskì is also Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116in attested in the Zingarelli. In addition, French etymology is assigned to helisky both the Devoto-Oli and the Zingarelli, while the GDU considers it ‘voce pseudoingl.’. Finally, for sincethe theWell-being NODE includes the noun heli-skiing, meaning Working Together of Migrants ........................... 119 ‘skiing in Halliday which the skier is taken up the mountain by helicopter’, heliski, the Barry clipping of heli-skiing, will be considered a false Anglicism.
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3.4The The Limitations Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 2.3.2 of Approach Dictionaries of Foreign Words and Neologisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
TheBibliography collections......................................................................................... of foreign words and neologisms available for the 60 Italian language were analyzed manually: some were very accurate, as far as methodology was concerned, and exhaustive; others were 4. The Ethics of Migration. simple miscellanea. Nonetheless, all contained false Anglicisms Reflections on Recent Migrationthey Policies thatand were not recorded in general dictionaries. “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 The most detailed lexicographic resource considered is the DEA Laura Zanfrini (A Dictionary of European Anglicisms). The search for false 4.1 Restrictive Policies Demand for Immigrant .. 65 Anglicisms in the DEA and wasStructural rather straightforward since, Labour as Görlach (2001: xxi) clearly indicates,Family each entry followed by an asterisk ‘is 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian Migration: Labour although Migrationan butAnglicism not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 not a word in English, nevertheless’. The 162 items alphabetically listed below in Tab. 1 are marked with an 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 asterisk in the DEA and labeled ‘It’, i.e. attested in Italian. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 A (15)
eurocity
madison
scout
4.5Afro-look Equal Opportunity and class Denied Opportunities 90 executive maizena™ ................................ script-girl after-ski F (9) matchball self-actor/-ing 97 Bibliography ......................................................................................... after sun
five-o’clock tea
matchwinner
shed roof
airfresh™ Includingfloating mediaSocieties man shetland 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter antibaby pill
fly-and-drive
megabit
shirting
antidoping flying junior midrange six-days 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility antidumping forcing minibasket ski stopper 102 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... art director
forechecking
minimarket
skunks
auditing
Fosbury flop
montgomery
skylab
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policyfree and Ethics ......................................................... auto-camping climber Muppets slowfox 106 auto-caravan free muting smoking 108 5.4 Migration Policy inclimbing Colombia ...................................................... autoreverse
G (5)
N (1)
soft porno
autoscooter
gin-fizz
net (ball)
soft white
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6autostop Alianza País .................................................................................. gin-tonic O (2) soft-core 112 autotraining gold-exchange off-off software house 114 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... (standard)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... B (4) golf oxford sonnyboy 116 babydoll
Good Templar
P (13)
star system
hammerless
pay-TV
stockhouse
Working Together for the Well-being ofparking Migrants ........................... beauty farm H (8) stark delicious 119 Barry Halliday body-shirt
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™ 3.4 boxer The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ handicam peeling stop-and-go 58
(13) hard discount pershing stripteaser 3.5 CConclusion ...................................................................................... 59 cableman
hard porno
playgirl
stunt girl
carpool
horror show
powersteering
sweating system
I (2)
primaries
taxi-girl
IC
progressive jazz
Bibliography 60 camping-gas ......................................................................................... heavy rock powerlifting super-G 4. The Ethics of Migration. carter hot jazz preshave (lotion) T (13) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies cellotape hydroforming pressbook tax-free shop 61 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... ™ cinemascope Laura Zanfrini
cinerama™
taylorism/Taylor 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantsystem Labour .. 65 clivia 4.2 Initiatives for investment Governingfunds Family andpuddling Humanitarian toe-loop compoundJ (5) punching ball Migration top ............. class Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 copy-shop
jacket crown
Q (0)
top manager
cowper-
jamming
R (12)
top weight
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4cracking Selective Policiesjazzband and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 randomization topless test Opportunityjetand linerDenied Opportunities randomize ................................ topmodel 4.5crash Equal 90 D (9)
jet-society
ranking list
travelling matte
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 daltonian
K (2)
record(s)man
trawler-yacht
day hospital
knockdown
reforming
truck (system)
diplexer Urs Watter
K-way™
relax
tubeless
discman
L (6)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 ™
™
Remington
U (1)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility doomwriting land-art reset u(ltra)p(ast)e(uriz towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 ation) double-face leasing restyling V (1) 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 double-scull
lobbyism
ribs
video art
doubleton
longplay
riding coat
W (0)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4dressman Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 looping roastbeef X (0) E (3) lynch S (26) Y (0) 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 easy rider
M (12)
salvationist
Z (0)
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Table False Anglicisms in the DEA 5.7 1. Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The criteria adopted in the DEA – described exhaustively in Görlach (2003) deserve for further remarks. ofFirst of all, the number119 of Working– Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... lexicographic sources exploited by the DEA compilers (Görlach Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human ........................................................ 58 2001: xviii) to Rights’ verify Approach the authenticity and usage of candidate Anglicisms, i.e. to attest to their presence in the English language,59is 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... limited to The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD) published in 1995, ......................................................................................... 60 theBibliography Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (SOED) published in 1993, and The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (BDE) published in 4. The19Ethics of Migration. 1988. Reflections on Recent Policieswith an asterisk in the DEA Secondly, some of theMigration entries marked and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 and existing in the Italian language were found in English Laura Zanfrini dictionaries and/or corpora with the same meaning given in the DEA Restrictive Policiesbeandconsidered Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 and4.1should therefore real Anglicisms. For instance, reset was recorded in the LDOCE and defined as ‘a control that is 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian used to make a Labour machine or instrument ready toMigration work again’. Also Migration: Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 some toponyms which have become generic can be found in English 4.3 From Guest Unwelcomewas Guests .................................. 82 dictionaries. For Workers example,to Shetland, defined in the MerriamWebster as ‘a Policies fabric and or athegarment made of Shetland wool’ and 4.4 Selective Brain Drain............................................ 87 Oxford was defined in the LDOCE as ‘a type of shirt made of thick 4.5 Equal Opportunity andofDenied Opportunities ................................ 90 cotton’. In addition, some the items marked with an asterisk in the DEA are not ......................................................................................... found in Italian dictionaries and/or corpora, e.g. Bibliography 97 dressman, soft white. Finally, other itemsEmigrants only appear in Societies the Italian language as 5. Colombia: Including in Their of Origin ....... 101 translations, Urs Watter e.g. dopo sole from after sun, renditions, e.g. servo sterzo from powersteering, or adaptations, e.g. salvazionista from 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility salvationist. Some of the Anglicisms marked with an asterisk and towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 attested in Italian are obsolete, e.g. Cinemascope™ (Pulcini 2008c: 5.2 Conversely, Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 477). some items, such as beauty case, flipper, and jolly, which are false Policy Anglicisms, are......................................................... not marked with an asterisk in106 the 5.3 Migration and Ethics DEA and therefore not included in the list above. 5.4 Policy in Colombia 108is TheMigration exclusion of some recent ...................................................... false Anglicisms from the DEA justified by the nos factune” that...................................................................... the DEA word list was collected prior109to 5.5 “Colombia 1995. As Görlach explains: 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 The Dictionary of European Anglicisms is intended as a 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 documentation of the lexical input of English into European languages Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
19
The following remark made by Bailey (2003: 256) is curious: ‘[…] some of these “non-English” anglicisms fact English,ofthough not included in the Concise Working Together forare theinWell-being Migrants ........................... 119 Oxford Dictionary.’, Barry Halliday as is his suggestion that ‘[o]ne would be happy to introduce some of these “non-English” anglicisms to our language.’.
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3.4 to The Approach ........................................................ up theHuman early Rights’ 1990s (with a cut-off date of 1995) […]. (Görlach58 2001: xvi) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Since more than......................................................................................... a decade has passed, new false Anglicisms are likely Bibliography 60 to be in use nowadays. Another reason why some newly attested false Anglicisms are not 4. The Ethics of Migration. recorded in the DEA the fact Policies that the dictionary project is not Reflections on RecentisMigration based on corpus evidence. Indeed, as Görlach points out: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini […] the basic decision as far as the currency of loanwords from 4.1 Restrictive Policieswas andnot Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 English is concerned to rely Demand on text corpora. (Görlach 1997: 68) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not 73 Even if large and balanced corpora are Workers’ not easy Migration or cheap............. to collect,
many moreGuest electronic shouldGuests be obtainable now for the 4.3 From Workerscorpora to Unwelcome .................................. 82 languages for which they were not available when the DEA was 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 compiled. If a new corpus-based edition of the DEA is compiled, it 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ would be ofOpportunity paramountand importance to verify whether the corpora90to be used comply with the parameters of representativeness and Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 comparability (Busse 2008a).20 Although it will be very difficult to achieve, Hartmann hopes, as general desiderata in lexicography, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......that: 101 Urs Watter […] every European language should have a set of comparable (and interchangeable) text Responsibility corpora, concordances and databases of both 5.1 State Interest and written and spoken material, should be made available to towards their Citizens Livingwhich Abroad ........................................... 102 lexicographers, language teachers and students […]. (Hartmann 2006: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 156)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
2.45.4 Language Corpora Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nosaune” ...................................................................... 109 Inevitably, it takes certain amount of time for general dictionaries and5.6 even dictionaries of foreign words and neologisms to record the Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 latest innovations which take place everyday in the language 5.7 Challenges 114 (Furiassi 2008b: .................................................................................... 153, 154). As Bowker and Pearson argue: Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 20
Humbley Together (2008b: 103) ‘[…] to continue the DEA and to be stricter on Working forsuggests: the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 the Barry criteriaHalliday of inclusion, so that cross-linguistic comparisons can at least be made with some accuracy.’.
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3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ One of Human the biggest problems associated with dictionaries is their58 inherent incompleteness. […] dictionaries go out of date very quickly. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 (Bowker and Pearson 2002: 15) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Even if the dictionaries used were up-to-date and scientifically valid, other such as Italian newspaper corpora and English 4. The sources, Ethics of Migration. corpora, were consulted in order Policies to undertake further research on Reflections on Recent Migration false Anglicisms since, as recognized Meijs (1996: 100), ‘[…] and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europeby ........................................... 61 lexicography without computerized corpus data is practically Laura Zanfrini unthinkable nowadays.’.21 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Although there is a consensus among linguists on the fact that ‘[t]here is no such thing as aFamily perfect for lexicography […].’ 4.2 Initiatives for Governing andcorpus Humanitarian Migration: Labour2008: Migration Workers’ Migration .............help 73 (Atkins and Rundell 54),but thenotfollowing considerations explain why newspaper corpora are likely to be the best compromise. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Some authoritative scholars maintain that ‘the language of 4.4 Selective the Brain 87 newspapers is Policies just oneand variety’ of Drain............................................ the language (Sinclair 1991: 18) and4.5 that ‘analyses must be based on a diversified corpus representing Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 a wide range of registers in order to be appropriately generalized to ......................................................................................... 97 theBibliography language as a whole’ (Biber 1993: 220); others believe that ‘newspapers employ a variety of text types or genres’ (Jucker 1992: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......today 101 3) and that ‘for a linguistic study of general language use Urs Watter focusing on vocabulary or grammar, newspaper texts clearly offer a more basis literary or specialized categories’ (Engwall 5.1 adequate State Interest andthan Responsibility 22 1994: towards 64). their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 21
With regard to newspaper language, Dardano (1986a: 492) claims that ‘[…] il 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 linguaggio dei giornali presenta una duplicità di aspetti; da una parte costituisce un’entità ben differenziata alla ...................................................... lingua comune, dall’altra appare come 5.4 Migration Policy inrispetto Colombia 108lo specchio e il promotore di innovazioni riguardanti il futuro della nostra lingua. Il linguaggio dei giornali anticipa quello che può definirsi una nuova fase 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109di europeizzazione dell’italiano.’. Tr. ‘[…] newspaper language has two main aspects; País 112 on 5.6 the Alianza one hand it .................................................................................. represents a well-defined entity if compared to everyday language; on the other hand, it appears as the mirror and the promoter of innovations 5.7 Challenges 114 regarding the future .................................................................................... of our language. Newspaper language anticipates what can be defined as a new phase of the Europeanization of Italian.’. 22 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 The issue of representativeness is obviously a complicated one. Kilgarriff (1997: 137) poses the following questions: ‘[…] what different text-types do we want in the corpus, and Together in what ratios? How many samples of each, and in what sample 119 size? Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... AndBarry the entirely practical question that this then collides with is: how many samples Halliday of each text type can we get hold of, with what copyright restrictions, and at what
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3.4 Human Rights’ Approachoften ........................................................ 58 TheThe language of newspapers works as a mediator between
‘specialized discourse’ and ‘general language’ (Gotti 2003: 26). The 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 fact that false Anglicisms are often graphically marked and explained by Bibliography glosses after......................................................................................... their occurrence in newspaper texts is likely to 60 fix them in both the passive and the active lexical competence of Italian 4. The Ethics of Migration. newspaper readers. According to Gotti (2003: 64), ‘terms coined in a Reflections on Recent Migration Policies specialized setting are increasingly likely to become part of everyday and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 lexis’, thus introducing Anglicisms and false Anglicisms, which may Laura Zanfrini be initially circumscribed to specialized fields, in general use. 4.1 Restrictive Indeed, as Moss Policies argues:and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 the Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian As most widely diffused Family of the written media, these [newspapers buttonot Workers’ Migration and Migration: magazines]Labour are theMigration most likely reflect the majority of ............. people’s73 exposure to the use of anglicisms in the language. (Moss 1992: 132) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Newspaper language indeed ‘highly receptive and open towards 4.4 Selective Policiesisand the Brain Drain............................................ 87 neologisms, loanwords and linguistic creativity in general’ (Furiassi 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 and Hofland 2007: 349). Italian newspapers – as potentially Bibliography of ......................................................................................... 97 representative a wide range of registers – were chosen because they are rich in false Anglicisms, which, along with Anglicisms, are 5. Colombia: in Their connotation, Societies of Origin ....... 101 very often Including used forEmigrants their positive strategically Urs Watter communicative features, and intrinsic ‘stile brillante’ (Marello 1996: 23 32).5.1 By Interest referring Italian newspapers, Robinson (2006: 13) State andto Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 cost. The outcome is a corpus which will never be beyond challenge at a theoretical 5.2but Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 level, which does nevertheless allow us to address with a degree of objectivity some central questions about the language, where before we could only speculate.’. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Biber (2008: 63, 64) adds that ‘[r]epresentativeness refers to the extent to which a sample includes Policy the fullin Colombia range of ...................................................... variability in a population. […] 108 the 5.4 Migration representativeness of a corpus depends on the extent to which it includes the range of 5.5 linguistic distributions in...................................................................... the population. […] linguistic representativeness “Colombia nos une” 109 depends on issues such as the number of words per text sample, the number of 5.6 Alianza País 112 samples per ‘text’, and.................................................................................. the number of texts per text type.’. 23 Though referring to the broad phenomenon of foreign words in Italian 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... newspapers, the following quotations may also be of significant value for114 the description of false Anglicisms. By referring to borrowings in the press, Vanvolsem Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 (1985: 162) affirms that ‘[l]’uso delle parole straniere ormai appare a tutti i livelli della lingua dei giornali […].’. Tr. ‘Nowadays the use of foreign words appears at every level of newspaper Dardanoof(1987b: 61) adds that ‘[l]’anglicismo Working Together forlanguage.’. the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 […]Barry spessoHalliday deborda in ogni settore del quotidiano, come indice di prestigio, di precisionismo, di rapporto diretto con le fonti dell’informazione.’. Tr. ‘Anglicisms
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3.4 Thethat Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ suggests ‘[…] English is being used as a language of status58to draw attention.’. The press indeed plays a very important 3.5 readers’ Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 role as a primary source for the introduction of Anglicisms and false Bibliography 60 Anglicisms in ......................................................................................... the Italian language (Merlini 1986: 19).24 The connotative meaning associated to real English or simply English4. The Ethics Migration. looking wordsof is perhaps the main reason why they are used in Reflections on Recent Migration Policies newspaper articles and especially in eye-catching headlines (Magni and “Non-policies”25in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1968, Proietti 1992). Because of its high receptivity and openness Laura Zanfrini
Restrictive and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 […]4.1 often appear inPolicies every section of newspapers as a for mark of prestige, ‘precision’, and of a direct relationship with information sources.’. Finally, Carrera Díaz (2000: Initiatives for che Governing Family andèHumanitarian 19) 4.2 states that ‘[q]uel soprattutto colpisce la fortissima e peculiare presenza Migration:integrali Labournei Migration not Workers’scritti, Migration 73 degli anglicismi mezzi dibut comunicazione cioè ............. nella stampa italiana, aspetto che, mi pare, non trova paragone nei mass media di nessuna delle Fromromanze Guest Workers Unwelcome .................................. 82 altre4.3 lingue […].’. Tr.to‘What is reallyGuests striking is the strong and unique presence of non-adapted Anglicisms in written media, that is, in the Italian press. It 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 seems that this does not happen to the same degree in the mass media of the other Romance languages […].’. 24 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 As for the lexical features of on-line newspapers, Bonomi (2002: 343, 344) recognizes ‘[…] una forte componente attualistica (stranierismi, soprattutto angloBibliography ......................................................................................... 97 americanismi, e in minor misura neologismi).’. Tr. ‘[…] an important present-day component (foreign words, especially Anglicisms and Americanisms, and, to a 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 lesser extent, neologisms).’. 25 Urs Watter On the reasons for the spread of English loanwords in the Italian press, Dardano (1986a: 488, 489) claims that ‘[…] prevale senza dubbio il potere connotativo dei 5.1 State Interest andèResponsibility vocaboli stranieri, il quale certo un fattore determinante nelle scelte del linguaggio towards theirun’altra Citizensmotivazione Living Abroad ........................................... 102 dei giornali. Spesso dell’anglicismo appare in primo piano: l’inglese, ricco di monosillabi e bisillabi, torna utile nei titoli […]. Anche per coloro Applied Ethics .............................................................................. che5.2 hanno una mediocre conoscenza dell’inglese la brevità delle parole e 104 delle espressioni è indice di rapidità e modernità; la stessa plasticità di una lingua, che ha 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 categorie morfosintattiche facilmente intercambiabili e ampie possibilità di composizione nominale, diffusi ...................................................... sentimenti di ammirazione. Rispetto108 alla 5.4 Migration Policysuscita in Colombia complessa grammatica dell’italiano, l’inglese appare come una lingua facile e funzionale. […] sia nos gli anglicismi sia i neologismi ubbidiscono ad alcune tendenze 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 di fondo della scrittura giornalistica: la ricerca della concisione nei titoli, la 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. collocazione delle parole chiave nei luoghi di massima evidenza, l’alternanza112 dei sinonimi, la «citazione» della fonte.’. Tr. ‘[…] the connotative power of foreign 5.7 Challenges 114of words undoubtedly .................................................................................... prevails, being a key factor in the linguistic choices newspapers. There is another important reason for the use of Anglicisms: English, Bibliography ....................................................................................... which is full of oneand two-syllable words, comes in handy in headlines 116 […]. Short words and expressions are a sign of speed and modernity, even for those that only have aTogether limited competence in English; of theMigrants flexibility ........................... of a language, that119 has Working for the Well-being easily interchangeable morpho-syntactic categories and many possibilities of Barry Halliday nominal composition, arouses broad feelings of admiration. In comparison with
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3.4 Theinnovations, Human Rights’ Approachvocabulary ........................................................ 58 towards newspaper has managed to greatly affect Italian usage in toto (Guţia 1981): written texts in fact favor 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 highly motivated vocabulary acquisition and are therefore Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 particularly suitable for the study of this lexical phenomenon. The fact that false Anglicisms are contextualized and sometimes directly 4. The Ethics Migration. explained in of Italian newspapers may give them more chances to 26 Reflections on Recent Migration Policies survive. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini 2.4.1 Italian Newspaper Corpora
4.1 RestrictiveaPolicies and Structural Immigrant .. 65 Unfortunately, large-scale generalDemand corpusforsimilar to Labour the British National Corpusfor(BNC) is still unavailable for the Italian language.27 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Italian which is so complex, English Guests seems to.................................. be an easy and functional 4.3 grammar, From Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 language. […] both Anglicisms and neologisms are effective in underlying trends of 4.4 Selective Policies and the Drain............................................ 87 newspaper language: the quest forBrain concise headings, making key words most evident, alternating synonyms, “quoting” sources.’. 26 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 On the role played by the press in spreading Anglicisms, Dardano (1986a: 485) argues that ‘[l]a stampa svolge certamente un ruolo di primo piano nel campo del Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 prestito linguistico: il testo scritto permette l’apprendimento mediato e formalmente più motivato di anglicismi puri e variamente adattati perché in esso le diversità 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin 101 grafiche, fonologiche e morfologiche cheinseparano le due lingue trovano....... soluzioni più Urs idonee alla struttura dell’italiano e più vicine alle aspettative dei lettori Watter qualificati. Inoltre il testo scritto, tendenzialmente più stabile di quello orale, offre 5.1 State Interestdiand Responsibility maggiori possibilità accompagnare con glosse e con collegamenti intratestuali chiarificatori gli their anglicismi.’. ‘The press certainly has a central role in the 102 field towards CitizensTr.Living Abroad ........................................... of linguistic borrowing: the written text makes the acquisition of both non-adapted Appliedadapted EthicsAnglicisms .............................................................................. 104 and5.2 variously mediated and more formally motivated, since orthographic, phonological, and morphological variants, which separate the two 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106of languages, are morePolicy suitable to the structure of Italian and match the expectations the educated reader. In addition, the written text, which is usually more stable than Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... the 5.4 spoken one, has moreinopportunities to provide Anglicisms with glosses108 and clarifying intratextual links.’. 27 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 The only available corpus of written Italian is the Corpus di Italiano Scritto (CORIS), which, País however, is not rich in false Anglicisms. The CORIS was compiled 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 at the Centro Interfacoltà di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata (CILTA) of the 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Università di Bologna, Italy. It was devised in 1998 and is available on-line on an experimental basis. According to Rossini Favretti et al. (2002: 27): ‘The project aimsBibliography to create ....................................................................................... a representative and sizeable general reference corpus116of contemporary Italian […]. CORIS contains 100 million running words and will be updated every two years of a built-in monitor ........................... corpus. It consists 119 of a Working Together forby themeans Well-being of Migrants collection of authentic texts in electronic form considered to be representative of Barry Halliday written Italian […]. Besides the defined model, a dynamic model (CODIS) was
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3.4 The Human Rights’ 58 Therefore, in order to Approach retrieve ........................................................ and study false Anglicisms, two corpora of Italian...................................................................................... newspaper language were considered, i.e. the 59 La 3.5 Conclusion Repubblica corpus and the HF corpus.28 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Italian newspaper corpora were mainly analyzed in order to verify how the false Anglicisms found in the lexicographic products 4. The Ethics Migration. consulted areofused. In addition, the collocations of each false Reflections on Migration Policies between alternative senses. Anglicism made Recent it possible to distinguish and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 By highlighting the typical contexts of occurrence in which false Laura Zanfrini Anglicisms appear, authentic examples were also selected. Finally, Restrictiveof Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour 65 the4.1 application computational techniques made it possible to ..find new false Anglicisms that were not included in the dictionaries 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian consulted. Investigating Italian but newspaper corpora and ............. comparing Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration 73 data included in English corpora was essential in order to distinguish 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 authentic and falseWorkers Anglicisms. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
2.4.1.a The La Repubblica Corpus
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
The La Repubblica corpus was compiled at the Scuola Superiore di Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Lingue Moderne per Interpreti e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the Università di Bologna, Italy. The La Repubblica corpus amounts to 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101– 380,823,725 tokens. Emigrants The corpus includes 593,593 articles Urs Watter originally collected in 16 CD-ROMs – that appeared in 5,163 issues published betweenand1985 and 2000 by the national daily La 5.1 State Interest Responsibility Repubblica, one of the most widely-read Italian newspapers. 102 The towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... corpus is also tokenized, POS-tagged, lemmatized, and categorized 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 in terms of genre and topic (Baroni et al. 2004). Advanced searches 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 in the La Repubblica corpus can be performed through the Corpus 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 designed, which allows the selection of subcorpora […] in order to adapt the corpus 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 structure to different comparative needs. A number of tools were developed, both for 5.7 access Challenges .................................................................................... 114 corpus and corpus POS tagging and lemmatisation.’. See also Rossini Favretti (2000) for more details about the CORIS and the CODIS. 28 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 The corpora considered for analysis do not include the most widely read free-press newspapers distributed in Italy, i.e. Leggo, City, and Metro, even if the free press has reached Together a wide audience the last decade and at times – as recognized by Working for theover Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Frenguelli (2006: 231-233) – has even outnumbered the best-selling Italian Barry Halliday newspapers, i.e. Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, and La Stampa.
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29 3.4 The Human(CQP) Rights’(Evert Approach ........................................................ Query Program 2005). The La Repubblica corpus58is considered a pioneer project in the compilation of a large-scale 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 corpus – more than 100 million words – of Italian newspaper Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 language.
4. The Ethics of Corpus Migration. 2.4.1.b The HF
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Theand HF“Non-policies” corpus was implemented at the ........................................... Bergen Advanced Training in Italy and Europe 61 SiteLaura in Multilingual Tools (BATMULT) of the Universitetet i Bergen, Zanfrini Norway.30 The corpus was named HF after the initials of the 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Knut Structural Demand Immigrant Labour ..The 65 surnames of its compilers, Hofland andfor Cristiano Furiassi. acronym also recalls the nameFamily of a building at the university campus 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian whereMigration: the projectLabour startedMigration (Furiassibut and 350).............. 73 notHofland Workers’2007: Migration The HF corpus contains texts gathered along a ten-month span – 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 from August 2003 to May 2004 – from the web sites of three Italian 4.4 SelectiveLaPolicies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 newspapers: Repubblica, Corriere della Sera, and La Stampa. The4.5method used to select articles and include them in the HF corpus Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 employed enhanced Unix scripts combined with w3mir software, Bibliography which was used......................................................................................... to copy and mirror HTML texts from the web sites97 of the newspapers considered. The texts collected amount to about 5. Colombia: Emigrants Their from Societies of Origin .......about 101 24.34 million Including tokens (about 13.44 in million La Repubblica, Urs Watter 6.51 million from Corriere della Sera, and about 4.39 million from La 5.1 Stampa) and 384,414 types. The software used to search the State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 29
A previous experimental version of the La Repubblica corpus included 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 175,239,348 tokens and 880,111 types. The texts collected covered a time span of eight from 1985 to 1993, including...................................................... more than 224,000 articles that appeared 5.4years, Migration Policy in Colombia 108 in about 2,000 issues of the Italian newspaper La Repubblica. This version of the corpus also implemented at the Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti 5.5 –“Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the Università di Bologna, Italy, and available for research 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 purposes since the beginning of 2002 – is searchable with SGML Aware Retrieval Application (SARA) (Aston and Piccioni 2004). SARA is the software used to search Challenges 114of the 5.7 British National .................................................................................... Corpus (BNC). See Aston and Burnard (1998) for the use SARA with the BNC. 30 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 The Bergen Advanced Training Site in Multilingual Tools (BATMULT) is located in the Avdeling for kultur, språk og informasjonsteknologi senter (Aksis), formerly Humanistisk informasjonsteknologi (HIT) andof now Uni Digital. The implementation Working Together for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 of the project developed at BATMULT was partly sponsored by the Marie Curie Barry Halliday Training Site (MCTS) host fellowship.
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3.4 The Humanon Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 corpus is based Corpus Workbench (CWB) and each newspaper may be searched individually. 3.5also Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 The HF corpus, which has been accessible on-line since 2004 Bibliography 60 exclusively for......................................................................................... research purposes, is available for future work, not only to find instances of false Anglicisms but also to retrieve 4. The Ethicsneologisms, of Migration.and other features of Italian newspaper Anglicisms, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies language. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini 2.4.2 English Corpora
4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 English corporaPolicies were mainly analyzed in order to verify whether candidate items,for i.e.Governing words likely to be Anglicisms, were indeed 4.2 Initiatives Family andfalse Humanitarian 31 false Migration: AnglicismsLabour or real English words. English corpora were Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 looked up any time an English-looking word extracted from either 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 lexicographic resources or Italian newspaper corpora was absent 4.4the Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 from English dictionaries consulted. In addition, English corpora were searched in order to find instances of real English equivalents 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 of false Anglicisms. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 The following is the alphabetically-ordered list of the English corpora and/or corpus collections utilized: the British National Corpus 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their ....... 101 (BNC), the Bank of English (BoE), the Societies Corpus of of Origin Contemporary Urs Watter American English (COCA), the International Computer Archive of Modern andInterest Medieval (ICAME), and the International Corpus 5.1 State and English Responsibility 32 of English (ICE). towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 The BNC is a corpus of about 100 million words of British 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 English of which 90 % is constituted by written texts and 10 % by 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics of ......................................................... spoken texts. The compilation the BNC started in 1991 and106 the latest edition was released in 2007. The BNC project was carried out 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 and is managed by an industrial/academic consortium which includes “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 the5.5 University of nos Oxford and Lancaster University, UK.33 31
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
As Aston and Burnard (1998: 48) state: ‘One of the most widespread uses of large 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 corpora of contemporary language is to identify changes in vocabulary. Many recently-published dictionaries of English have used corpora to hunt for neologisms, Bibliography ....................................................................................... or for evidence that words or senses have fallen into disuse, in order to decide 116 what words and senses they should include.’. 32 See Hockey (1998) for comprehensive electronic ........................... resources and databases Working Together fora the Well-beinglistofofMigrants 119 available for research. Barry Halliday 33 See Leech et al. (2001) for further information on the BNC.
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3.4 Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ TheThe BoE project was launched in 1991 at the University 58of
Birmingham, UK. The BoE is a monitor corpus, i.e. constantly 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 updated, which has now reached over a billion words of both spoken ......................................................................................... 60 andBibliography written registers. The BoE is mostly made of British English 34 texts but also American and Australian English texts are included. 4. The Migration. The Ethics COCA,ofcompiled at Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, and Reflections on Recent Migration first released in 2008, contains morePolicies than 400 million words, including and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 approximately 20 million words each year from 1990 to 2009. The Laura Zanfrini COCA is a collection of American English texts equally divided among 35 4.1 Restrictive Policiesmagazines, and Structural Demand forand Immigrant Labour .. 65 spoken, fiction, popular newspapers, academic. The ICAME is a collection of corpora which resides at the 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 36 Universitetet i Bergen, Only following corpora included Migration: LabourNorway. Migration but notthe Workers’ Migration ............. 73 in the archive were used: the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British 4.3 From Guestincluding Workers toapproximately Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 English (LOB), 1 million words of written British English,Policies started and in 1970 and Drain............................................ completed in 1978; the Freiburg4.4 Selective the Brain 87 Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British English (FLOB), including 4.5 Equal Opportunity Opportunities 90 about 1 million wordsandofDenied British English, ................................ started in 1991 and completed in 1998; the Brown Corpus of American English (BROWN), Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 including nearly 1 million words of written American English, started in 1964 and Including completed in 1979;in the Corpus of 5. Colombia: Emigrants TheirFreiburg-Brown Societies of Origin ....... 101 American English (FROWN), including about 1 million words of Urs Watter American English, started in 1992 and completed in 1998.37 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Finally, the ICE is a corpus collection that accounts for different towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 geographical varieties of both written and spoken English. The ICE 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 project began in 1990 and includes several components corresponding to different varieties English: Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, New 5.3 Migration Policyofand Ethics ......................................................... 106 Zealand, Jamaica, East Africa, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 Philippines. Each ICE incomponent amounts to about 1 million words. For5.5 the“Colombia present analysis, only the British English component of109 the nos une”...................................................................... ICE, i.e. ICE-GB, was considered. The ICE-GB, released in 1998 and 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 34
Only the sample version of the BoE was consulted. See Hunston (2001) for a Bibliography 116 detailed analysis of....................................................................................... the BoE. 35 See Davies (2009) and Davies et al. (2008) for a complete description of the COCA. 36 See Hofland et al. (1999) for aWell-being description of ICAME collection. Working Together for the ofthe Migrants ........................... 119 37 See Hofland and Johansson (1982) for a detailed description of the BROWN Barry Halliday corpus included in the ICAME collection.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ College ApproachLondon, ........................................................ 58 developed at University UK, is based on the Survey 38 of English Usage...................................................................................... (SEU). 3.5 Conclusion 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 2.4.3 Italian Newspaper Archives
Although newspaper archives are not proper corpora, they were 4. The Ethics of Migration. considered foron analysis they include Reflections Recentsince Migration Policies the latest articles published to and date.“Non-policies” The archivesin of the best-selling Italian newspapers, i.e. Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, and La Stampa, were exploited Laura Zanfrini in order to retrieve examples of false Anglicisms attested in Italian 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 monolingual dictionaries but absent Demand from Italian newspaper corpora, i.e.4.2 theInitiatives La Repubblica corpus Family and theand HFHumanitarian corpus. for Governing ForMigration: instance, Labour doomwriting, attested the DEA, the Gabrielli, Migration but notinWorkers’ Migration .............and 73 the GDU, was only found in Italian newspaper archives but not in 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Italian newspaper corpora. The false Anglicism doomwriting may be 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 defined as ‘pessimistic style of writing, affected by an apocalyptic vision of the future, which consists in describing and prophesizing 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 disasters’. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.4.4 Web Corpora
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Corpora, as well as dictionaries, may not be totally reliable in Urs Watter recording the latest changes in the use of language. For this reason it State Interest and Responsibility was5.1necessary to resort to web corpora in order to extend the range 39 their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 towards of analysis. Web corpora were analyzed when items that might be considered were found neither in English 5.2 Appliedfalse Ethics Anglicisms .............................................................................. 104 dictionaries nor in English corpora. Eventually, the presence of such 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 items in a certain number of different English texts extracted from the5.4 Web would Policy lead the researcher to consider them as very recent Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 neological formations in the English language, i.e. real Anglicisms. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6Greenbaum Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 See (1991a, 1991b, 1996) for a description of the ICE. On the issue of considering the Web as a corpus, Grefenstette (2002: 214) states Challenges .................................................................................... that5.7 ‘[t]he future lexicographer will not only master his or her language, but will114 also master the computer. Lexicography will be performed by computational Bibliography ....................................................................................... lexicographers rather than by language artisans.’. In addition, Carr (1997: 116 209) suggests the term ‘Cyberlexicography’, which is definable as ‘employing the Internet to compile or create dictionary’. See Aristar Dry........................... and Rodrigues Aristar Working Together for thea Well-being of Migrants 119 (1998) for Halliday more information on how the Web can contribute to both linguistic and Barry lexicographic research.
38 39
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3.4 The Human Rights’by Approach ........................................................ 58 However, as noticed Grefenstette: 3.5 Conclusion […] the WWW...................................................................................... is big, but it is obviously not as clean as a corpus of59 newspaper texts […]. (Grefenstette 2002: 206) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Therefore, theof only reliable resources used were WebCONC and 4. The Ethics Migration. WebCorp. WebCONC WebCorp are systems employed to extract Reflections on Recentand Migration Policies andand customize concordances from texts included in web sites. “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 WebCorp is a set of tools which allows access to the Web as a corpus Laura Zanfrini (Morley 2006, Renouf et al. 2007). WebCONC is a single tool used to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour 65 generate Key Word in Context (KWIC) concordances based on ..web pages. Both systems allow theFamily researcher to limit the analysis to one 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian language – English or Migration Italian inbut thisnotcase – either by selecting the Migration: Labour Workers’ Migration ............. 73 language in which web sites are written (WebCONC) or by specifying 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 the web site domain (WebCorp), e.g. .it for Italy, .uk for United 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Kingdom. Along with considering corpora, Word Spy was also employed 4.5 Equal Opportunity andweb Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 for further investigation on false Anglicisms. According to McFedries Bibliography ......................................................................................... (2004: x), Word Spy is a web site ‘devoted to “lexpionage”, 97 the sleuthing of new words and phrases’ in the English language. It does 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their but Societies Originthat .......have 101 not include “stunt words” or “singlets”, ‘newofterms Urs Watter appeared multiple times in newspapers, magazines, books, Web sites, and5.1 other sources’. Word Spy also provides a definition of the Staterecorded Interest and Responsibility items collected and shows the context of occurrence. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policyapproach in Colombia ...................................................... 108 In the corpus-based to false Anglicisms, Italian newspaper corpora, i.e. the La Repubblica corpus, were analyzed in order to 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 gather usage instances of false Anglicisms which had already been 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 attested in thePaís lexicographic resources consulted.40 The corpus-based approach highlights the instability of false Anglicisms in Italian 114 and 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 40
According to Tognini Bonelli (2001: 65): ‘[…] the term corpus-based is used to refer to a methodology thatthe avails itself of the corpus mainly to expound, test Working Together for Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119or exemplify theories and descriptions that were formulated before large corpora Barry Halliday became available to inform language study.’.
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3.4degree The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 their of orthographic complexity and morphological variation. It also makes it possible to detect different degrees of prototypicality. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography 60 2.5.1 Exploring......................................................................................... the La Repubblica Corpus
A4. list false of Anglicisms TheofEthics Migration.obtained from lexicographic resources was compiled and on then the La Repubblica corpus was consulted in order Reflections Recent Migration Policies to and verify whether they were all present. However, not all false “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Anglicisms extracted from the dictionaries were found. Vice versa, Laura Zanfrini the La Repubblica corpus contains false Anglicisms which are not on and Structural resources. Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 the4.1 listRestrictive compiledPolicies from lexicographic 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2.5.1.aMigration: Orthographic LabourComplexity Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 With to punctuation, false Anglicisms encountered in press 4.3 regard From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 articles may be marked with single quotation marks, e.g. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ‘recordman’, double inverted commas, e.g. “beauty farm”, double angle brackets, e.g. «food valley», or italicized orthography, e.g. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 beauty case. However, false Anglicisms which are frequently used Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 are not always graphically marked, e.g. footing. Sometimes false Anglicisms generic trademarks, and 5. Colombia: derived Including from Emigrants in Their Societies of eponyms, Origin ....... 101 toponyms are written with an initial capital letter, e.g. Autogrill. Urs Watter However, it is also important to add that misspellings are frequent in 5.1 State texts, Interestespecially and Responsibility newspaper in connection with the use of Anglicisms towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 and false Anglicisms. Rothenberg advanced the following justification: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Some pseudo-English must be due to the difficulty of printing foreign terms correctlyPolicy […]. (Rothenberg 1969: 151) 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Colombia whether ...................................................... 108 Although it is Policy still in uncertain misprints are occasional mistakes due to nos haste errors, there are numerous examples109 of 5.5 “Colombia une”or ...................................................................... misspelling made by the authors of newspaper articles, e.g. breafing 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 or breefing instead of briefing, pull instead of pool, spyder instead of spider, streap(tease) or streep(tease) instead of striptease, and wisky 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 instead of whisky or whiskey.41 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
41
AccordingTogether to Hall (1957: ‘L’esistenza di queste alternanze è comprovata Working for the24): Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 dagliBarry sbagliHalliday di ortografia che si manifestano un po’ dappertutto nella trascrizione di nomi e di parole straniere. Si trovano principalmente in scritti di persone incolte o
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach Although misspellings do not........................................................ qualify as false Anglicisms, 58at
times this lack ...................................................................................... of precision may affect frequency counts. For 3.5 Conclusion 59 instance, skimann was also found in the La Repubblica corpus as 60 theBibliography erroneous ......................................................................................... transcription of skiman. In addition, the false Anglicism pull is used – fortunately only very few times – as the 4. The Ethics of Migration. variant of the authentic Anglicism pool, inappropriate orthographic Reflections on Recent Migration in cases where the context would Policies have required the real Anglicism and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 pool, e.g. ‘C’è un pull di investigatori distaccato dalle indagini Laura Zanfrini tecniche per lavorare soltanto sul testamento politico dell’ex 4.1 Restrictive and1988). Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 sindaco.’ (LR 15Policies gennaio Finally, thefor false Anglicism water, which is the compound ellipsis of the real Anglicism water-closet, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian was sometimes associated to thebutitem closed instead of ............. closet, i.e. Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration 73 water-closed, e.g. ‘In particolare, l’attentatore ha collocato 4.3 Fromnel Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guestsclosed, .................................. l’ordigno piccolo vano, sopra il water dove si trova82il 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
senza solide conoscenze di altre lingue […]. Ma di tali inesattezze non sono scevre Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 neanche pubblicazioni di livello superiore; […] anche nei giornali delle città principali […] e nelle opere di professori universitari.’. Tr. ‘The presence of orthographic variants is witnessed by spelling mistakes which of areOrigin widespread the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies .......in101 transcription of proper nouns and foreign words. They are mainly found in the Urs Watter writings of the unlearned or people without a good knowledge of foreign languages […].5.1However, such and mistakes are also evident at higher levels; […] in the State Interest Responsibility newspapers of the main cities […] and Abroad in works........................................... written by university professors’. towards their Citizens Living 102 As Erasmi (1983: 241) notices: ‘Per le parole prese tali e quali si noteranno a volte incertezze ortografiche; sarà possibile leggere spyder, wisky dove il primo 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104è senz’altro un errore e dove nel secondo sarebbe possibile vedere un inizio di 5.3 Migration Ethicswords ......................................................... 106 adattamento graficoPolicy […].’. and Tr. ‘When are taken just as they are, some spelling mistakes may occur; words such as spyder or wisky may be encountered: the former 5.4 Migration Policy mistake in Colombia is undoubtedly a spelling while ...................................................... the latter might show that there has 108 been some kind of initial attempt at graphic adaptation […].’. In addition, Bonomi (2002: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 160, 161) argues that ‘[i]nteressante e significativa è, poi, la presenza di molte grafie errate Innanzitutto si hanno casi di semplici errori di grafia di fonemi o grafemi 5.6[…]. Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 estranei all’italiano […] e casi di errori di flessione […]; poi si hanno casi di 5.7 Challenges 114la ipercorrettismo […];.................................................................................... la terza possibilità, che è la più frequente, si ha quando grafia errata è segno di un parziale adattamento, più o meno consapevole […].’. Tr. ....................................................................................... 116 ‘TheBibliography numerous cases of wrong spelling are interesting and revealing […]. There are cases of simple mistakes due to foreign phonemes and graphemes […] and cases of mistaken are also cases of hypercorrectness […]; the 119 third Workinginflections Together[…]; for there the Well-being of Migrants ........................... case,Barry whichHalliday is the most frequent one, occurs when wrong orthography is a sign – more or less conscious – of partial adaptation […].’.
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 portarotolo delle Rights’ strisce di carta che si usano per coprire la tavoletta del3.5 wc.’ (LR 8 giugno 1994). Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 While the majority of false Anglicisms – formally appearing as Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 single-word units – were searched for in the La Repubblica corpus simply by keying the desired item in the query slot, the retrieval of 4. TheAnglicisms Ethics of Migration. false in the form of compounds was more problematic Reflections on Recent Migration because of orthographic variants: Policies when looking for compound false and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Anglicisms in the La Repubblica corpus, the procedure consisted in Laura Zanfrini inserting three variants of the desired item in the query slot: as a 4.1 compound, Restrictive Policies andwords Structural Demandby for aImmigrant Labour 65 solid as two separated space, and as ..two words separated by a hyphen.42 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Some false Anglicisms can only be Workers’ found inMigration the La Repubblica Migration: Labour Migration but not ............. 73 corpus as solid compounds, e.g. clergyman, skiman. An instance of a 4.3Anglicism From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. false solely retrievable as a compound separated by a space82is beach basket. Although hyphenated compounds constitute one of 87 the 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ possible variants of some compound false Anglicisms, false Anglicisms and Denied Opportunities in 4.5 the Equal form Opportunity of hyphenated compounds are less................................ likely to appear 90 as variants of solid......................................................................................... compounds or compounds separated by a space. Bibliography 97 Some false Anglicisms have two variants: solid compounds and compounds a hyphen, e.g. Societies recordwoman or ....... record5. Colombia:separated Including by Emigrants in Their of Origin 101 woman, or compounds separated by a space and compounds Urs Watter separated by a hyphen, e.g. baby pusher or baby-pusher, beauty case 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility or beauty-case, food valley or food-valley. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Some false Anglicisms, which are usually considered compounds, 5.2have Applied Ethicsorthographic .............................................................................. 104 may all three variants: solid compounds, two words separated by a Policy hyphen, two......................................................... words separated by a space, 106 e.g. 5.3 Migration and or Ethics farwest, far west, or far-west, freeshop, free shop, or free-shop 5.4 Migration ...................................................... longseller, longPolicy seller,in Colombia or long-seller, recordman, record man,108 or record-man, sexyshop, sexy shop, or sexy-shop. For instance, a search 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 performed by using the La Repubblica corpus showed that the false 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Anglicism long seller appears 26 times, longseller 13 times, and longseller These data are mirrored by similar statistics regarding the 5.7 11. Challenges .................................................................................... 114-s plurals: the form long sellers – the most likely to occur – was found 8 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 times, longsellers was found twice, whereas long-sellers only Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
42
The onlyHalliday false Anglicisms longer than two graphic words are coast to coast, fly Barry and drive, and stop and go.
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3.4 Theonce. Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ appeared Therefore, the form longseller will be selected as 58 the entry of the dictionary since it is the most frequent in the corpus. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 2.5.1.b Morphological Variation
The morphological variants of false Anglicisms are particularly 4. The Ethics of Migration. interesting in on theRecent formation of plurals (Rando 1970: 136-138). Like Reflections Migration Policies most Anglicisms, when they become plural, false Anglicisms may add and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 the Laura inflection -s, e.g. il free shop becomes i free shops, form irregular Zanfrini plurals with -men endings, e.g. il recordman becomes i recordmen, or 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant .. 65 maintain invariable plurals, e.g. il Demand personal remains iLabour personal. Therefore, plurals searched forand in the La Repubblica corpus by 4.2 Initiatives forwere Governing Family Humanitarian addingMigration: the morpheme to the singular of the false Anglicism or Labour-sMigration but notform Workers’ Migration ............. 73 by changing the suffix -man into -men. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 In the majority of cases, false Anglicisms – as well as real 4.4 Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 Anglicisms – maintain thethe invariable singular form even in contexts which would require a plural form. For example, the following items 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 were only found in the singular: i beauty, i blob, i dancing, i golf, i Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97i jolly, i lift, i mister, i peeling, i personal, i pocket, i pull, gli slip, topless, i trench, i water. 5. Colombia: in TheirisSocieties of Originplural, ....... 101at Although Including the most Emigrants frequent choice the invariable Urs Watter times false Anglicisms add the inflection -s in plural contexts, e.g. i cocktails, flippers,and i free shops, i nights, i sexy shops, i testimonials, 5.1 Statei Interest Responsibility i tickets. It seems that the insertion of the........................................... inflectional morpheme 102 -s is towards their Citizens Living Abroad used to reinforce the English authenticity of a term which is not in 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 fact English. Moreover, the addition of -s does not always mean that 5.3 Migration Ethics 106 a plural form isPolicy beingand used: for ......................................................... instance, block notes, which is only orthographically found in the plural, maintains the suffix -s even in 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 contexts which would require a singular form, e.g. il block notes. 5.5 une”...................................................................... The“Colombia irregularnos English plural -men is applied only to the 109 few false Anglicisms ending in -man. However, of the false 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Anglicisms ending in -man found in the La Repubblica corpus, e.g. 5.7 Challenges 114 adventure man, .................................................................................... clergyman, recordman/record man/record-man, recordwoman/record-woman, skiman, only a few, e.g. adventure Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 men, recordmen/record men/record-men, skimen, change the suffix -man into -men according to of theMigrants inflectional rules proper119 of Working Together for the Well-being ........................... the Barry English language. It must be noted that skimen may appear with Halliday
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3.4 Theorthography Human Rights’ Approach a plural even when ........................................................ it is used in the singular, e.g.58 lo skimen. The plural form clergymen is also used in contexts which 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 would regularly require the singular form, e.g. un clergymen. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
4. The Ethics of Migration.
When searching corpora, particular attention must be paid to the Reflections on Recent Migration Policies context of occurrence since some false may also be used and “Non-policies” in Italy and EuropeAnglicisms ........................................... 61 either as real Anglicisms or as part of real Anglicisms. An example Laura Zanfrini of the former is the semantic shift poker, which is a real Anglicism 4.1 used Restrictive Policies Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 when to denote theand card game itself, e.g.for‘[…] impara a giocare a poker […]’ (LR giugno 1985), it is a false Anglicism when 4.2 Initiatives for1Governing Familywhile and Humanitarian it indicates a combination of fourbutcards of the same kind,............. e.g. ‘[…] Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration 73 ha un poker […]’ (LR 24 febbraio 1991). An example of the latter is 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 the word cocktail, which is a real Anglicism if used with the meaning 4.4 Selective Policies thebere BrainunDrain............................................ 87 of alcoholic drink, e.g. and ‘[…] cocktail con gli amici […]’ (LR 2 dicembre 1987). Conversely, cocktail is a false Anglicism if used 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 as the elliptic form of cocktail party, e.g. ‘[…] ha partecipato a un Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 cocktail […]’ (LR 4 maggio 1990). In addition, the retrieval of false Anglicisms is further complicated 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants inhomographs. Their SocietiesFor of Origin .......when 101 by the existence of Italian-English instance, Urs Watter searching the word pile, the output will include both the false Anglicism meaning fleece or fleece jacket, e.g. ‘[…] indossando il 5.1 Statepile, Interest and Responsibility pile […]’ (LR 17 febbraio 1998),Abroad and the Italian word pile, meaning towards their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 stacks, e.g. ‘[…] pile di lettere […]’ (LR 18 settembre 1991) or 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 batteries, e.g. ‘[…] le pile del mangianastri […]’ (LR 26 ottobre 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 1985). The procedure for distinguishing between real and false Anglicisms 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 was carried out manually and required a long process of observation of 5.5 word “Colombia nos une”This ...................................................................... each in context. phenomenon led to the definition109 of different degrees prototypicality of false Anglicisms, which can112 be 5.6 Alianza Paísof .................................................................................. determined by calculating the number of times a certain item was 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 concretely used as a false Anglicism compared to the total number of times it occurred in the La Repubblica corpus. Some false Anglicisms Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 are always used as such, e.g. far west, block notes, recordman, autostop, telequiz, footing, sexyshop, of skiman, longseller, food valley, Working Together for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 beauty-case, baby-pusher, peeling, adventure man, record-woman, Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 afterhour, basket,Rights’ thus making them the most prototypical; some are often not always used as false Anglicisms, e.g. testimonial, slip, 3.5 but Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 ticket, smoking, clergyman, flipper, trench, volley, tight, toast, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 pocket, box, water, dancing, night, minibar, personal, cocktail, mister, lift, free shop, jolly, poker; some – the least prototypical – are 4. Theused Ethics rarely asofa Migration. false Anglicisms, e.g. pull, golf, full, beauty, topless, Reflections pile, ginger. on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini 2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach
Restrictive Policies and of Structural for Immigrant .. 65 A 4.1 corpus-based analysis the LaDemand Repubblica corpusLabour provided insights on theforgreat deal Family of orthographic and morphological 4.2 Initiatives Governing and Humanitarian variation which Labour characterizes Anglicisms in Italian............. (Furiassi Migration: Migrationfalse but not Workers’ Migration 73 2005: 282-295). This variation clearly shows how false Anglicisms 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 do not constitute a stable and well-defined phenomenon, but are 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 complex and hard to circumscribe: the problematic nature of false Anglicisms forces the linguist to pay close attention to the context 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 of occurrence. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 The main disadvantage of using a corpus-based approach to study false Anglicisms consists in not being able to find new ones: only 5. Colombia: Including in Theirselected Societiesfrom of Origin ....... 101 false Anglicisms whichEmigrants were previously lexicographic Urs Watter resources could be searched for in the La Repubblica corpus. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The corpus-driven approach to false Anglicisms implies that the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 construction and investigation of a specific corpus, i.e. the HF corpus, 5.4 Migration in Colombia 108 allows the user toPolicy retrieve new false...................................................... Anglicisms from first-hand sources, without making reference to the false Anglicisms previously selected 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 from dictionary word lists (Furiassi 2004: 57-65, 2007: 347).43 5.6 Alianza the País HF .................................................................................. 112 Although corpus was initially conceived as a dynamic 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 43
As Tognini Bonelli (2002: 75) points out: ‘The corpus-driven approach […], in Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 contrast to the corpus-based approach, constitutes a methodology that uses a corpus beyond the selection of examples to support linguistic argument or to validate a theoretical of the of scholar is to the integrity of the data Workingstatement. TogetherThe forcommitment the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119as a whole The theoretical statements […] arise directly from, and reflect, the Barry[…]. Halliday evidence provided by the corpus.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’the Approach ........................................................ self-expanding corpus, data considered in this work are limited58to the3.5 collection period: since the main goal was the compilation of 59 an Conclusion ...................................................................................... up-to-date database of Italian newspaper articles from which false Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Anglicisms could be extracted after data were collected, the system automatically updates on a daily basis and a list of words is produced 4. The Ethics 44 of Migration. continuously. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andExploiting “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 2.6.1 the HF Corpus Laura Zanfrini
The HF corpus originally contained 24.34 million tokens and 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demandby for Immigrant Labour ..was 65 384,414 types. Policies The word list generated the HF corpus reduced to 232,001 types after the elimination of proper nouns – by 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian removing upper-case – but andnot numbers. word............. list was Migration: Labour words Migration Workers’ This Migration 73 subsequently refined through the implementation of various 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 automatic procedures in order to allow false Anglicisms to be 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 selected. TheEqual method applied and in order toOpportunities extract false................................ Anglicisms from the 4.5 Opportunity Denied 90 HF corpus is twofold. The first procedure makes use of the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 intersection of previously selected English and Italian word lists with the word list obtained from the HF corpus. The second procedure 5. Colombia: Including in identify Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 applies n-gram statisticsEmigrants in order to orthographic patterns of Urs Watter English and Italian words respectively. At a later stage, the two methods were combined and a single list was created. The aim of 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility both methods is that of eliminating English and Italian words from towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 the HF corpus word list and retaining potential false Anglicisms. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.6.1.a Intersecting Word Lists ......................................................... 106 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics By5.4 intersecting list ofin English forms and a list of Italian word Migration aPolicy Colombiaword ...................................................... 108 forms with the HF corpus word list, it was possible to detect and 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 44
The self-expansion of the HF corpus mirrors the procedures developed for the Norwegian Corpus Norsk Aviskorpus (NNC-NA). See Hofland (2000) Working Newspaper Together for the -Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 for aBarry detailed description of the automatic collection of newspaper articles from the Halliday Web and their inclusion in a corpus.
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3.4 The real Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 eliminate English words and real Italian words in order to isolate 45 potential false Anglicisms from the resulting list. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 This procedure generated a provisional list of 6,663 words which ......................................................................................... stillBibliography included some undesired items. This list was then submitted60to further automatic trimming: for instance, in order to exclude 4. The Ethics ofacronyms, Migration. and prepositions, words shorter than or abbreviations, Reflections on Recent Migration Policieswere deleted from the list. equal to three orthographic characters and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 This did not affect frequency counts since no false Anglicism equal Laura Zanfrini to or shorter than three letters exists, as shown by previous research 4.1 Restrictive Policies resources and Structural Demand2003). for Immigrant Labour .. 65 based on lexicographic (Furiassi Therefore, a list of 6,137 items was obtained. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
2.6.1.b Recurrent Grapheme Combinations
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Within the scope of the present work, n-grams of graphemes were 4.4 to Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 used recognize theand orthographic patterns of both the English language and the Italian language and to identify items belonging to 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 English and Italian according to the probabilities that certain Bibliography ......................................................................................... 9746 grapheme-combinations occur in either English or Italian. Subsequently, each word in the HF corpus word list was checked 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their of Origin against two n-gram based word lists, oneSocieties for English and....... one101 for 47 Urs Watter Italian, and identified as a possible English or Italian word. Thanks to this and procedure, which made it possible to eliminate 5.1 State Interest Responsibility English and Italian words from the........................................... HF corpus word list, towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102a 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 45
See Furiassi and Hofland (2007: 352-355) for a detailed description of108 the 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... computational techniques implemented in order to extract a list of potential false Anglicisms from thenos HF corpus. 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 46 N-grams are recurrent combinations of items of various kinds, e.g. graphemes, 5.6 Alianza Paísphrases, .................................................................................. morphemes, words, sentences, which may be customized according to112 the user’s needs. N-grams are useful for several linguistic functions – including finding 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 collocations for machine translation and automatic tagging of texts – and provide insights into language usage. See Krenn and Samuelsson (1997) and Caropreso et al. Bibliography ....................................................................................... (2000) for a comprehensive definition of n-grams and their use in computational116 and corpus linguistics. 47 As Onysko (2007b: 223) affirms: ‘Since language is accessible through form (as Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sounds or Halliday symbols), the recognition of anglicisms […] is dependent on formal Barry salience of English units […].’.
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3.4 The Human ........................................................ provisional list ofRights’ 3,863Approach items was obtained.48 After excluding 58 all words with accented characters – which do not exist in the English 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 language – and words equal to or shorter than three letters, in order ......................................................................................... 60 to Bibliography exclude acronyms, abbreviations, and prepositions, the final list was reduced to 3,751 items. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on the Recent Migration Policies 2.6.1.c Merging Methods and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
TheLaura two word lists generated from the first method (6,137 items) and Zanfrini the second method (3,751 items) were merged and a new word list of 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for were Immigrant Labourto.. the 65 9,888 items wasPolicies obtained. Since 1,541 words common first4.2and the second method, Family the combined word list was reduced to Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian 8,347 Migration: items. Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 This refined list was intended to eventually include words which 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 are merely English-looking but neither English nor Italian, i.e. false 4.4 Selective Policies it and thebeen Brainrefined, Drain............................................ 87 Anglicisms. Although had this list of English-looking words still included – along with false Anglicisms – real English and 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 real Italian words that could not be eliminated automatically: manual Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 selection of false Anglicisms proved necessary. The search for new false Anglicisms was carried out by manually 5. Colombia: Including of Origin 101 checking the context ofEmigrants occurrenceinofTheir eachSocieties single item in the....... refined Urs Watter word list. This list proved to be useful mainly to find instances of false do not have a formal equivalent in English, 5.1Anglicisms State Interestwhich and Responsibility i.e. autonomous compounds in Abroad the form of solid compounds 102 and towards their Citizens Living ........................................... autonomous derivatives. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Some of the new false Anglicisms detected by means of the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 corpus-driven approach described are barwoman, stripman, stripwoman, and infopoint. The false Anglicism barwoman, e.g. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 ‘Studia Scienze delle Comunicazioni ma nel weekend fa la 5.5 “Colombia ...................................................................... barwoman.’ (LRnos 22une” gennaio 2004), which in Italian refers to109‘a woman who serves beverages at a bar’, corresponds to the English 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 words barmaid or bartender. Italian speakers may not be aware of Challenges the5.7 fact that in .................................................................................... English maid is used instead of woman for 114 the Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
48
See Furiassi and Hofland (2007: 355-358) for a detailed account of the n-gram Barry Halliday based methodology applied to the HF corpus word list.
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3.4 Theof Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 feminine barman, whereas bartender is invariable for male and female. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Similarly to barwoman, the appropriate substitute for stripman, ......................................................................................... 60 e.g.Bibliography ‘Con buffet, animazione intrigante e numerosi show e stripman.’ (CS 28 gennaio 2004), and stripwoman, e.g. ‘È il piatto forte del 4. The Ethics Migration. locale: la tableofdance che ogni sera viene proposta agli ospiti da sexy Reflections on Recent Migration Policies stripwoman.’ (CS 17 novembre 2003), is simply stripper, since and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 English does not differentiate between male and female strippers. Laura Zanfrini Other appropriate English equivalents are striptease artist and strip 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 teaser. It must be noticed that the plural stripmen was also found, e.g. ‘I partecipanti sono gli stripmen che vengono votati dal pubblico 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian del locale.’ (CS 9Labour febbraio 2004).but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Migration: Migration Finally, infopoint is the compound of info(rmation) – which is 4.3 From Guest of Workers to Unwelcome Guestse.g. .................................. already a form clipping – and point, ‘Ci sarà anche 82 un infopoint per aggiornare i cittadini sul recupero dell’anfiteatro.’ (CS 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 13 settembre 2003). In this case, several English equivalents are 4.5 Equal help Opportunity Denied Opportunities 90 available: desk, and information booth, ................................ information bureau, information center/centre, and information desk. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.6.2 Advantages and Limits of the Approach 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants inCorpus-Driven Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Watter of false Anglicisms in any corpus cannot rely upon TheUrs retrieval automatic processing exclusively.49 Undoubtedly, computational 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility linguistic tools proved toLiving be extremely useful for saving time102in towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... building a corpus, in retrieving specific items, and in collecting a list 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 likely to contain false Anglicisms. Despite the advantages, the 5.3 Migrationtechniques Policy and employed Ethics ......................................................... 106 computational still do not seem to be sufficient to handle the complex and manifold phenomenon of false Anglicisms: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 even though some pre-processing may be carried out automatically, 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... instances of falsenos Anglicisms can only be extracted manually.50 109 49
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Indeed, according to Leech (1991: 14, 15): ‘[…] the machine can discover some, .................................................................................... 114 but 5.7 not Challenges all, of the truth; […] successful analysis depends on a division of labour between the corpus and the human mind.’. 50 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 According to Rundell (2002: 152, 153): ‘The wonderful thing about technology is that it can supply us with the volume of data that we need […] in order to uncover and describeTogether linguisticfor behaviour […]. Butofthe idea that........................... the interpretative119 and Working the Well-being Migrants ‘synthetic’ parts of lexicography can be automated to any significant degree seems Barry Halliday to me unlikely and possibly misguided. For the foreseeable future, tasks like this will
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3.4 Human Rights’ analysis Approach ........................................................ 58 TheThecorpus-driven applied to a corpus of Italian
newspaper language, i.e. the HF corpus, made it possible to retrieve 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 up-to-date examples of false Anglicisms of any type if they appeared 60 as Bibliography autonomous......................................................................................... compounds written as solid compounds. Although some automatic filters were added in order to polish the final word 4. The Ethics of Migration. list, further time-consuming manual scanning of the list was Reflections on indispensable forRecent tracingMigration instances Policies of new false Anglicisms.51 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Initiatives forofGoverning Family corpus-based, and Humanitarian The4.2combination lexicographic, and corpus-driven Migration: Migration but Migration 73 procedures led toLabour the compilation of not a setWorkers’ of criteria which ............. are crucial for4.3 an From operational definition of false Anglicisms. Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Along with the theoretical definition of false Anglicisms 4.4 Selective Policiesitand the Brain 87 previously provided, is useful to Drain............................................ list a set of specific features that items must Opportunity possess in and order to qualify as false Anglicisms. The 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 following criteria – inferred from both lexicographic evidence (1.a, ......................................................................................... 97 1.b,Bibliography 1.c) and corpus data (2.a, 2.b, 2.c) – determine the procedures for selecting false Anglicisms and establish whether a candidate item 5. Colombia: Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 should qualifyIncluding as an entry in an adinhoc dictionary: Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 1.a a false Anglicism must not be found as an entry or sub-entry towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
in monolingual English dictionaries;
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.b if a false Anglicism is found as an entry or sub-entry in
5.3 Migration PolicyEnglish and Ethics ......................................................... 106 monolingual dictionaries, it must have a different
meaning in Italian;
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
be most effectively performed by a collaborative partnership of humans and 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... machines. For we require not only high-quality data and cutting-edge software,114 but also that rare combination of editorial judgement, market knowledge, linguistic Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 awareness, and good-old fashioned intuition […].’. As argued by Wilks et al. (1993: 9): ‘[…] intuition without data is blind, and data without intuition are meaningless.’. 51 See AlexTogether (2005: 133) development of a system which automatically Working for for the the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 extracts Anglicisms from corpora. See also Valle (2007) for a study of Anglicisms Barry Halliday manually extracted from corpora.
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3.4 Human Rights’ Approach 58 1.cThe a false Anglicism must be ........................................................ found either in Italian monolingual
dictionaries or in collections of foreign words and neologisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 in the Italian language;
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.a a false Anglicism must not be found in large-scale English corpora; 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Anglicism Recent Migration 2.b if a false is foundPolicies in large-scale English corpora, it and “Non-policies” in Italy meaning and Europe ........................................... 61 must have a different in Italian; Laura Zanfrini
2.c a false Anglicism must be found in Italian newspaper
4.1 Restrictive corpora.52Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for 1.b, Governing Family and Humanitarian While criteria 1.a, 2.a, and 2.b must all be true at the same time, Labour Migration not Workers’i.e. Migration 73 criteriaMigration: 1.c and 2.c can be appliedbut alternatively, a false ............. Anglicism must found in Workers dictionaries or corpora. Moreover, criteria 1.a and 4.3be From Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 2.a only apply to autonomous compounds and autonomous 4.4 Selective Policies and formally the Brain Drain............................................ 87 derivatives, which do not exist in English, whereas criteria 1.b4.5 and 2.bOpportunity concern all types of false ................................ Anglicisms. Finally, Equal andother Denied Opportunities 90 criteria 1.c and 2.c apply to all types of false Anglicisms. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 2.8 The Final Word List Urs Watter
The false Anglicisms listed below were gathered by combining the 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility data automatically and/or manually extracted from the lexicographic towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 products considered and the data obtained from the corpus-based and 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. corpus-driven analyses described above. Tab. 2 displays the 104 286 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 52
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
In general, the advice provided by Cortelazzo (2000: 188, 189) was followed: ‘[…] viene pubblicato tutto quello che si viene via via raccogliendo, ma112 solo 5.6non Alianza País .................................................................................. quelle parole che mostrano in sé le premesse per potersi consolidare (il che significa 5.7riscontrate Challenges .................................................................................... 114 averle in almeno due fonti diverse, meglio se distanziate nel tempo).’. Tr. ‘Not everything which was gathered is going to be published but only those words ....................................................................................... thatBibliography seem to be consolidating (which means that they were found in at least116 two different sources, preferably distant in time).’. Indeed, as Norling-Christensen (1995: 35) argues: Together ‘[…] the occurrence of a linguistic phenomenon in one single random Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sample is no indication of the distribution of this phenomenon in the language at Barry Halliday large.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ lexical items which will Approach become the headwords of the Dictionary58of 53 False in Italian (DFAI). 3.5 Anglicisms Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 A (20) cocktail L (10) revolving Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 ™
account colossal leasing Rimmel adventure comic liberty roller 4. The Ethics of Migration. adventure manon Recent compact S (38) Reflections Migration Policieslift after dinner crack lifting scotch and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 afterhour crash movie live self bar Laura Zanfrini after show cross living self service 4.1after Restrictive Policies and Labour tea cult Structural Demand loft for Immigrant sexy bar .. 65 custom Family andlongseller 4.2ambient Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian sexy party antiage D (12) look maker Migration sexy............. shop 73 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ antidoping dancing Luna Park™ sexy show 4.3antismog From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 dark M (11) sexy star mail skibus 4.4aquagym Selective Policiesdark andlady the Brain Drain............................................ 87 aquapark discount match ball skiman 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 aquascooter doomwriter minibar skin Bibliography 97 assist man ......................................................................................... doomwriting minibasket skipass autocaravan dread minimarket skiroll 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 autogoal Includingdribbling minivolley ski stopper Urs Watter® Autogrill drink miss slip autoreverse drive in mister slot 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility autostop duty mobbing slowfox towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 B (38) duty free mobility manager smart bar 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. baby E (1) montgomery smart shop 104 boss eurogoal N (10) smile 5.3baby Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 baby box F (17) naziskin smoking 5.4 ...................................................... babyMigration business Policy in farColombia west new jersey social card 108 baby dance fast...................................................................... food new opening soft air 109 5.5 “Colombia nos une” baby doll fiction next opening soft core 5.6baby Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 gang fidelity card night speaker killer film cult no global Spider® 114 5.7baby Challenges ....................................................................................
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 53
Atkins and Rundell (2008: 163) state that ‘[a] ‘lexical item’ is any word, abbreviation, partial word, or phrase which can figure in a ........................... dictionary (often as119 the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants headword of an entry) as the ‘target’ of some form of lexicographic description, Barry Halliday most commonly a definition or a translation.’.
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3.4baby Thepark Human Rights’flash Approach ........................................................ 58 no profit spot baby parking flat no stop starter baby pusher flipper notes step Bibliography backstage ......................................................................................... flirt nude look stockhouse 60 badge fly and drive O (7) stop ™ 4. TheBarbie Ethics of Migration. food valley off stop and go Reflections Migration Policies barwoman on Recentfooting office stopper andbasket “Non-policies” inforcing Italy and Europe 61 open........................................... space strip ™ Laura Zanfrini Baywatch franchising optional stripman beach basket Policies free shop organizer stripwoman 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 beach volley full outing super 4.2 beauty Initiatives for Governing Family andoversound Humanitarian full optional surf Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ MigrationT............. 73 beauty case G (10) P (23) (21) beauty farm gadget palmer .................................. taxi girl 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests 82 beauty hostess garden parking telefilm 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 beep gas killer peeling Telepass® personal ................................ telequiz 4.5bermuda Equal Opportunityginger and Denied Opportunities 90 big gin lemon petting tennisman Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 bisex gin tonic phone center testimonial bite girl pick up ticket 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Blob® global pile Ticket Restaurant® Urs Watter block notes golden plaid tie break 5.1 State body Interest and Responsibility golf play tight towards their Citizens Living Abroadplayback ........................................... 102 bomber H (9) tilt book happy end playmaker toast 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 bowling hard discount playout top 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... box heliski pocket topless 106 boxer hit poker total body 108 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... break hitball pole training 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 brick holding pony trench ™ (26) País .................................................................................. hot club Pony Express trend maker 112 5.6 C Alianza camera car hotline power drink trial 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 camping house pressing trolley Canadair™ ....................................................................................... I (5) pull tunnel Bibliography 116 Career Book® infopoint pullman U (1) Working Together forinstant the Well-being of push Migrants ........................... 119 carter film up under Barry Halliday carver instant seller Q (2) V (2)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
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3.4 carving The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ internet bar quad VibraCall™ 58 casting internet point quiz volley catch J (5) R (11) W (4) Bibliography 60 Caterpillar™ ......................................................................................... jersey reality wafer champions jet recordman water 4. The Ethics of Migration. charleston jet society recordwoman windsurf Reflections on Recent jolly Migration Policies chat regimental Wonderbra™ andcheck-in “Non-policies”jumbo in Italy ........................................... 61 tramand Europerelax X (0) Laura chillZanfrini out K (2) residence Y (1) restyling yorkshire 4.1clergyman Restrictive Policies killer and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 coast to coast K-Way® revival Z (0)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Table 2. False Anglicisms: The Finalbut Word List 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
The procedures necessary to compile the dictionary headword list are 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain obviously manifold and complex.54 Drain............................................ Indeed, according to Atkins: 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 The source of lexicographical evidence – the input to this process – Bibliography ......................................................................................... may vary from a large electronic corpus with sophisticated software97 tools of manipulation, through citations gathered during a reading 5. program, Colombia: Including Emigrants Their of Origin ....... 101 and the contents of one’sinown andSocieties other people’s published dictionaries, Urs Watter down to back-of-an-envelope jottings. (Atkins 2008: 33) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Despite the methodology that has been applied and the selection towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 criteria that have been established, the resulting word list might not Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 be 5.2 totally replicable since the final decision on whether to include or exclude a falsePolicy Anglicism depends to a certain extent on 106 the 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... lexicographer’s intuition.55 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... Finally, sincePolicy updated lexicographic resources may come into108 the market, more elaborate computational tools and techniques may be 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 developed, and new corpora may be created, the number of false 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7Atkins Challenges .................................................................................... 114 As and Rundell (2008: 162) recognize: ‘The headword list is a list of the words that are the headwords of entries in the dictionary.’. 55 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 With regard to scientific replicability, Kilgarriff (1997: 147) asks the following questions: ‘Would another team, working in the same framework, with the same goals, arriveTogether at the samefor list? […] This then breaks down into two questions: firstly, Working the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 would it beHalliday the same list if they used the same corpora, and secondly, how similar Barry would it be if they did not?’. 54
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 Anglicisms included in the dictionary word list is likely to increase in the 3.5 future. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.9 Quantifying False Anglicisms in the Italian Language 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Although several scholarsMigration have already tried to quantify the incidence Reflections on Recent Policies of and Anglicisms in Italian (Rando 1969, Antonelli 2005, 61 De “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 1973b, ........................................... Mauro and Ferreri 2005, Gualdo and Scarpino 2007, Furiassi 2007, Laura Zanfrini 2008a, Bistarelli 2008), no thorough quantitative study on false 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Anglicisms is yet available. 4.2 for of Governing Family and Humanitarian TheInitiatives incidence false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary is Migration: not Workers’ represented by Labour how Migration many arebutincluded in Migration the word............. lists 73 of 56 dictionaries. The frequency of false Anglicisms in the Italian 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 language is determined by how often they are used in corpora.57 4.4 Policieschosen and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 TheSelective dictionary to analyze the incidence of false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary is the ................................ GDU, which can 90 be 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities considered to include a valid approximation of the total number of Bibliography 97 words existing......................................................................................... in the Italian language. The main problem encountered in ascertaining the number of false Anglicisms in the 5. Colombia: Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 GDU – the Including same is Emigrants valid for inany other lexicographic source Urs Watter considered – is that false Anglicisms are not always clearly identifiable due toand theResponsibility different labels assigned. However, since the 5.1 State Interest towards their detected Citizens Living ........................................... false Anglicisms in theAbroad present analysis are 286 and102 the entries in the GDU are 251,209 (De Mauro 2000, 2003b), it is 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 possible to estimate that the incidence of false Anglicisms on the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Italian vocabulary is approximately 0.1 %. With regard to corpora, orthographic complexity, morphological 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 variation, misspellings, and the different degrees of prototypicality of 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza Paísthe .................................................................................. 112 When measuring incidence of false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary, ‘type frequency’ must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) states: ‘Only patterns of 5.7 Challenges language have type .................................................................................... frequency, because this refers to how many distinct items114 are represented by the pattern.’. 57 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 When measuring the frequency of false Anglicisms in the Italian language, ‘token frequency’ must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) writes: ‘Token frequency counts the number Together of times a unit appears in runningoftext.’. In addition, Bybee (2007:119 16) Working for the Well-being Migrants ........................... points out that ‘[w]hen one is studying token frequency, there is an inherent problem Barry Halliday in determining the point at which high should be distinguished from low.’. 56
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3.4 Anglicisms The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ false must all be carefully considered in order not 58to affect frequency ...................................................................................... counts. A recent analysis, which was carried out 3.5 Conclusion 59 using the La Repubblica corpus, showed that there are about 83 false Bibliography ......................................................................................... Anglicisms every 1,000,000 words, i.e. approximately 0.08 60 ‰ (Furiassi 2005: 296). However, it must be noticed that some false 4. The Ethicscan of Migration. Anglicisms be labeled as hapax legomena or casuals since they Reflections on Recent 58 Migration Policies occur only sporadically. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration butexactly not Workers’ 73 In this respect, false Anglicisms behave like realMigration Anglicisms.............. As Loonen (1996: 6) argues: ‘[…] the process of borrowing from English is now practised 4.3 From Guests worldwide andGuest is notWorkers restrictedtotoUnwelcome specialised areas. It .................................. seems to obey the rules82of linguistic catch-as-catch-can […]. However, many of the borrowed words are 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 incidental loans and bound to disappear or to be transformed into native forms sooner or later.’. Accordingly, (1981: ................................ 40) states that ‘[o]ccorre 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Scotti DeniedMorgana Opportunities 90 distinguere tra veri prestiti e parole straniere citate occasionalmente (xénismes, o casuals secondo ......................................................................................... le terminologie); questi casuals sono usati abbastanza Bibliography 97 frequentemente nelle cronache giornalistiche per produrre un effetto di esotismo, e sono spesso introdotti da virgolette o circonlocuzioni. Col tempo i casuals possono 5. Colombia: Including in Theircitazione Societies of comportano Origin ....... alcun 101 diventare prestiti, ma allo Emigrants stadio di semplice non Urs Watter processo di interferenza linguistica, e quindi di prestito.’. Tr. ‘Real borrowings are to be distinguished from foreign words which are occasionally quoted (xénismes, or 5.1 State Interest anddifferent Responsibility casuals according to the terminology); such casuals are rather frequently theircolumns CitizensinLiving Abroad ........................................... 102 used intowards newspaper order to produce an exotic effect and are often introduced by inverted commas or periphrases. As time goes by, casuals may 5.2 Applied Ethics become borrowings, but.............................................................................. as long as they remain simple quotations, they do104 not constitute a phenomenon of linguistic interference or borrowing.’. Finally, Dardano 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 (1986a: 487) argues that ‘[n]ella stampa la prima fase dell’interferenza linguistica è data5.4dalla citazione di un vocabolo ...................................................... o di un’espressione straniera; citazione Migration Policy in Colombia 108 occasionale, ma al tempo stesso portatrice di un chiaro valore connotativo: si vuole colpire l’attenzione del e sottolineare la presenza di un collegamento diretto 5.5 “Colombia noslettore une”...................................................................... 109 con la fonte dell’informazione. […] Dalla citazione si passa al prestito attraverso un 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112le processo di transizione e di acclimatamento di cui i giornali permettono di seguire varie fasi. Tale processo riguarda sia il significato sia le circostanze d’uso del 5.7 Challenges 114 vocabolo.’. Tr. ‘The .................................................................................... first phase of linguistic interference in the press is the quotation of a foreign word or expression; it may happen only occasionally but the expression ....................................................................................... mayBibliography be heavily connotative: the aim is that of catching the reader’s attention116 and showing a direct connection to the source of information. […] An element which is quoted becomes a borrowing the process of transition and acclimatization Working Together for the when Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 takesBarry place.Halliday Newspapers make it possible to follow this process which concerns both the meaning and the usage of a certain word.’.
58
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The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3. 3.4 A Dictionary of False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.1 Introduction
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
The need for a lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms was 4.3 From Guest Workers to by Unwelcome .................................. 82 already mentioned in 1974 ChiarioniGuests (1974: 85), who stated that 1 ‘[s]arebbe istruttivo […] un vocabolarietto italiese-inglese […].’ 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 On the basis of the analytical and methodological frameworks 4.5 EqualinOpportunity andchapters, Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 illustrated the previous a set of headwords was devised in order to be included in a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 In this chapter the audience to which the dictionary is addressed will be identified Including and the main features of both macrostructure, i.e.101 the 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... general characteristics of the dictionary, and microstructure, i.e. the Urs Watter internal properties of each entry, will be described.2 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
3.2 The Audience
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The5.3Dictionary of False in Italian (DFAI) is addressed to Migration Policy andAnglicisms Ethics ......................................................... 106 an educated Italian readership who is familiar with the language of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 the mass media and is also competent or desires to become proficient 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
País .................................................................................. Tr.5.6 ‘AAlianza little italiese-inglese dictionary […] would perhaps be instructive […].’.112 Martin et al. (1983: 78) define macrostructure as ‘an ordered series of lexical 5.7 entries Challenges .................................................................................... items, or lemmata (the ordering principle often being the alphabet)’114 and microstructure as ‘linguistic information contained inside the entry.’. Accordingly, Bibliography 116 Béjoint (2000: 11, ....................................................................................... 12) defines macrostructure as ‘a result of the selection of ‘words’ through the use of various criteria’ and microstructure as ‘the result of the application a pre-established in each entry.’.119 See Working of Together for the programme Well-beingofofinformation Migrantsgiven ........................... Furiassi (2006b, 2007) for the drafting of provisional criteria to be adopted in order Barry Halliday to compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.
1 2
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 in the English language (Pulcini 2006: 316). However, the scenario of possible target...................................................................................... users is multifaceted. 3.5 Conclusion 59 First of all, a dictionary focused on such a limited area of Italian Bibliography 60 lexis will meet ......................................................................................... the scholarly needs of linguists interested in defining and classifying false Anglicisms and in ascertaining the difference 4. The Ethics of Migration. between real Anglicisms and false Anglicisms. Reflections onand Recent Migration Policies will also benefit from the Monolingual bilingual lexicographers and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 DFAI. Although it is often difficult to reconcile the demands of Laura Zanfrini lexicographers with those of publishers, Italian monolingual dictionaries 4.1be Restrictive and Structural Demand for Labour .. 65 may extendedPolicies by including an inventory of Immigrant false Anglicisms. In addition, providing the appropriate English translation equivalents of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian those Migration: words which are Migration to be considered false Anglicisms in Italian Labour but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 would eventually improve the compilation of Italian-English bilingual 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 dictionaries. A lexicographic product this Drain............................................ kind will also be useful to Italian 4.4 Selective Policies and theofBrain 87 speakers, Italian EFL learners, translators, and native speakers of 4.5 Equal Opportunity and advantage Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 English, who may take of the information provided 3 according to their specific needs. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Italian speakers may benefit from the use of this dictionary to extend the lexical knowledge of the linguistic milieu in which 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... they 101 liveUrs and to understand the ambiguities created by the use of false Watter Anglicisms in written and spoken Italian. In particular, Italian EFL 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility learners and teachers will find this dictionary helpful to verify the towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 identity of words which look and/or sound English. In fact, some 5.2Anglicisms Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 false might seem awkward or even embarrassing if used in an environment. 5.3English-speaking Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 3
As5.5 Lepschy (1989:nos 189, 190) states: ‘[…] in un buon vocabolario la persona “Colombia une” ...................................................................... 109di media cultura si aspetta di trovare ragguagli […] almeno sommari, a cui sono 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. dedicati separatamente i vocabolari specializzati […]; è dunque legittimo112 che l’autore di un vocabolario destinato al pubblico colto e alle scuole si proponga di 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... rispondere a questo complesso di esigenze, e conciliarle in maniera coerente è114 anzi proprio una delle difficoltà che si presentano al lessicografo.’. Tr. ‘[…] in a good Bibliography 116 dictionary the user....................................................................................... of average education expects to find at least some information […] which is usually included in specialized dictionaries […]; the compiler of a dictionary to for an expert audience andoftoMigrants schools should try to achieve these Workingaddressed Together the Well-being ........................... 119 goals; meeting these needs coherently is one of the difficulties the lexicographer has Barry Halliday to face.’.
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3.4 Human Approach 58 TheThe DFAI is aRights’ reference and ........................................................ pedagogical tool for scholars and
students inasmuch as it deals with and clarifies the phenomenon59 of 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... interference between Italian and English vocabularies and problems ......................................................................................... 60 of Bibliography ‘[…] synchronic irregularities […] of phonologic, orthographic, morpho-syntactic, or lexical nature’ (Iamartino 2001: 126). 4. The Ethics of Migration. Since Italian synonyms and English translation equivalents of Reflections on Recent false Anglicisms are Migration included, Policies the dictionary may also assist and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 translators and help English native speakers understand the meaning Laura Zanfrini of English-looking words which have been creatively manipulated by Restrictive Policies Structural Demandand for culture. Immigrant Labour .. 65 the4.1 speakers/writers of aand different language 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 3.3 Macrostructure 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
The dictionary contains 286 headwords which were accurately 4.4 Selective Policies andlexicographic the Brain Drain............................................ 87 selected according to the and corpus linguistics criteria previously 4.5 Equaldescribed. Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 A dictionary of false Anglicisms cannot be properly considered a Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 ‘special-purpose dictionary’ (Landau 2001: 35), since it is not aimed 4 at describing a specialized area of the lexicon. A dictionary of false 5. Colombia:inIncluding Emigrants in Their of Origin ....... 101 Anglicisms Italian covers a ‘specific areaSocieties of language’ (Atkins and Urs Watter Rundell 2008: 24) and may be labeled as a ‘segmental dictionary’ since deals with aand ‘restricted’ area of the lexicon and is the result of 5.1itState Interest Responsibility 5 towardsselection’ their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 a ‘deliberate made by the compiler (Hartmann 1983a: 7). The approach of the dictionary is descriptive and synchronic. It is 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 descriptive since it records instances of false Anglicisms found in 5.3 Migration andthe Ethics 106 dictionaries andPolicy used in press......................................................... without any normative implication. The5.4dictionary has a synchronic approach in the sense that it does not Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Alianza País .................................................................................. As5.6 stated by Landau (2001: 35, 36): ‘Special-purpose dictionaries […] may112 deal with etymology, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, usage, synonymy, offensive Challenges and5.7 taboo words, .................................................................................... slang, dialect, neologisms, and many other subjects. 114 […] Collections of new words (neologisms) vary from flippant newspaper glossaries to Bibliography ....................................................................................... extensive dictionaries with illustrative quotations documenting each new term.’.116 5 A range of synonyms for ‘segmental dictionaries’ has been put forward by Svensén (1993, 2009), who usesfor the the termWell-being ‘restricted dictionary’, and ........................... by Malkiel (2003),119 who Working Together of Migrants usesBarry the term ‘special dictionary’. Similar terminological labels have also been used Halliday by Muljaĉić (1991: 161-173), Lepschy (1989: 184-200), and Béjoint (2000: 32-41). 4
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3.4 explicit The Human Rights’ Approach 58 have etymological aims.6........................................................ However, information about the origin of false Anglicisms, the mediating languages involved, the 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 linguistic processes employed in their coinage, and the date of first Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 attestation is provided. Another essential feature – closely related to the audience to which 4. The Ethics of the dictionary is Migration. addressed – is bidirectionality.7 Necessarily, the DFAI on Recent Migration Policies willReflections also contain information typical of bilingual dictionaries, such as and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 phonetic transcriptions and translation equivalents, i.e. real English Laura Zanfrini words that Italian EFL learners are supposed to use instead of false 4.1 Restrictive andor Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Anglicisms whenPolicies speaking writing Demand in English. Contrary to expectations, a dictionary of false Anglicisms in 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian ItalianMigration: is neitherLabour a ‘dictionary -isms’ (Filipović 1984: ............. 73), i.e.73a Migrationofbut not Workers’ Migration dictionary of loanwords in a language in contact with another, nor a 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 ‘dictionary of foreign words’ (LandauGuests 2001:.................................. 41), since the items included are pseudo-foreign. False Drain............................................ Anglicisms are indeed authentic 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain 87 Italian creations, which prevent lexicographers from classifying a 4.5 EqualofOpportunity Denied Opportunities 90 dictionary this kind asand a collection of foreign ................................ words sensu stricto. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
3.4 Microstructure
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter Each headword – listed in the dictionary in bold type and small print – complies with the and criteria employed to select false 5.1 State Interest andparameters Responsibility towards theirlexicographic Citizens Livingresources Abroad ........................................... 102 Anglicisms from and corpora.8 Although eponyms and toponyms were originally written with an 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 initial capital letter, the false Anglicisms derived from them – having
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
6
As (2003: 173)inargues: ‘[…]...................................................... una ricognizione storica del lessico 5.4Fanfani Migration Policy Colombia 108di influenza inglese non può fare a meno di esercitarsi entro un ben circoscritto spaccato sincronico […].’. Tr. ...................................................................... ‘[…] a historical overview of the influence of English 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 vocabulary cannot exist without a well-circumscribed synchronic view.’. 7 5.6 Alianza 112at Marello (2003: País 337,.................................................................................. 338) maintains that ‘[w]hen bidirectionality is only hinted (by indication of grammatical gender, phonetic transcription of pronunciation, style 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... marking or other translated labels), it often serves merely to weigh down114 the microstructure with indicators that are not at all useful to one of the two Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 communities and not useful enough to the other.’. 8 According to Cowie (1983: 100): ‘The basic structural component of the dictionary isWorking the entry, Together or article, afor block informationof (grammatical, semantic, stylistic,119 etc.) theofWell-being Migrants ........................... having theHalliday appearance of a paragraph and headed in boldface print by the aptly Barry named headword.’.
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3.4 Thegeneric Humannouns Rights’–Approach ........................................................ become are listed in the dictionary by means of58a lower-case initial...................................................................................... letter. 3.5 Conclusion 59 Conversely, all false Anglicisms that are believed to originate from Bibliography 60 trademarks are ......................................................................................... included in the dictionary with an initial capital letter ® ™ and marked with the symbols and , even if they are often written 4. The Ethics of Migration. with a lower-case initial letter in the newspaper texts considered. The Reflections on Recent Migration Policiestrademarks; the symbol ™ symbol ® indicates Italian registered and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 indicates English or American registered trademarks. However, the Laura Zanfrini unintentional omission of capitalization or the absence of the labels ® Policies and Structural Demand for Labour 65 and4.1™Restrictive should not be regarded as affecting theImmigrant legal status of ..any trademark or any company owner of the trademarks mentioned.9 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Finally, acronyms and abbreviations are excluded from the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 dictionary since they deserve separate treatment. An instance of this 4.3isFrom Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 kind the Guest Italian acronym sms, whose English equivalent is text message. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 In line with the criteria set out by Jackson (2002: 26), each article 4.5 Equal and the Denied Opportunities ................................ includes 14Opportunity features of headword, whose metalanguage 90is 10 described below: spelling, pronunciation, grammar, typology, date, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 mediating language, frequency, usage domain, definition, collocation, synonym, English translation equivalent, 5. Colombia:Italian Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......cross 101 reference, and example. Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
3.4.1 Spelling
The alternative spelling variants of each false Anglicism, separated 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 by a comma, are shown between round brackets in small print next to Migration Orthographic Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 the5.3 headword. variants serve to identify the different forms in which false Anglicisms may be used in Italian, e.g. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 longseller, long seller, long-seller. The most frequent orthographic 5.5 “Colombia une”headword. ...................................................................... 109 variant is chosennos as the 9
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Also the French registered trademark K-Way® is marked by the label ®. 10 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 According to Hartmann (1983a: 8): ‘[…] dictionary-making may be usefully guided by a ‘metalanguage’, i.e. a way of talking about language, and for handling ....................................................................................... andBibliography presenting linguistic information.’. The dictionary tends to conform to116 the principles listed by Görlach (1999: 153) in relation to the DEA: ‘[…] there should be an English summary of for the principles used, and least the abbreviations should119 also Working Together the Well-being ofatMigrants ........................... be explained in English.’. However, since the dictionary is mainly intended for an Barry Halliday Italian audience, the metalanguage used will be Italian.
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3.4Pronunciation The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.4.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 The3.5Italian pronunciation of false Anglicisms is indicated by IPA transcription between square brackets. If multiple pronunciations Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 exist, they are all indicated and separated by a comma. 4. The Ethics of Migration.
3.4.3 Grammar Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in false Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 A striking factor is that Anglicisms, as well as real Anglicisms, Zanfrini are Laura almost all nouns, with rare exceptions such as antismog, full optional, and off,Policies which and mayStructural only be Demand used as for adjectives, giornata 4.1 Restrictive Immigrante.g. Labour .. 65 antismog, vettura full optional, spettacolo off. Although the false 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and are Humanitarian Anglicisms recorded in the dictionary mostly nouns, traditional Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration 73 grammatical tags for parts of speech are used and placed............. after the phonetic i.e. nome (noun), and ‘agg.’, i.e. 4.3 Fromtranscription: Guest Workers‘n.’, to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 aggettivo (adjective).11 When false Anglicisms function as both 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 nouns and adjectives, the label ‘n./agg.’ is used and the definition of Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 the4.5 false Anglicism is preceded by Opportunities ‘riferito a’ (referred to). In addition, the labels ‘m.’, i.e. maschile (masculine), and ‘f.’, i.e. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 femminile (feminine), signal the grammatical gender which is attributed to Including each falseEmigrants Anglicism in Italian, usually the....... natural 5. Colombia: in Their Societies of Origin 101 gender (Clyne 2003: 147). If both genders are possible, this is Urs Watter indicated by ‘m./f.’.12 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Finally, morphological variants regarding the formation of plurals towards their Citizens Livingmail, Abroadskiman ........................................... 102 are shown, e.g. mail remains may become skimen, cocktail may become cocktails. The inflectional ending ‘-s’ signals 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 that the morpheme -s may be added to form the plural, whereas 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 ‘-men’ signals that a false Anglicism ending in -man may switch to 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 11
This grammatical nos feature also shared by real Anglicisms – may be due to109 the 5.5 “Colombia une”–...................................................................... fact that false Anglicisms are coined to lexicalize objects, concepts, and phenomena which thought to be more stylish if characterized by a certain resemblance 112 with 5.6are Alianza País .................................................................................. English. With regard to the word classes of Anglicisms, Pulcini (2002: 159-161) 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... recognizes that in Italian there are very few adjectives borrowed from English,114 e.g. trendy, there are no adverbs, and verbs must necessarily be adapted to the Italian Bibliography 116 system, preferably ....................................................................................... by assigning the morphological ending of the first conjugation -are. 12 With regard to gender assignment, false Anglicisms – as well as Anglicisms – are likely to be Together used in Italian as masculine nouns. However,........................... some false Anglicisms Working for the Well-being of Migrants 119 mayBarry be alternatively used as masculine or feminine, e.g. autocaravan, happy end, Halliday Spider®.
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3.4 in Thethe Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 -men plural. When a false Anglicism displays an invariant form, abbreviation ‘inv.’, i.e. invariabile (invariable), is used. 59 3.5 the Conclusion ...................................................................................... Bibliography 3.4.4 Typology ......................................................................................... 60
Typological are assigned to each lemma according to the 4. The Ethicslabels of Migration. different typesonofRecent false Anglicisms recognized. As shown in Tab. 3, Reflections Migration Policies acronyms mirror the Italian labels assigned to each type. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini acronym (Italian)
acronym (English)
example
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 A
accorciamento
C
clipping
happy end
(from happy ending) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration:composto Labour Migration Workers’ Migration ............. 73 CA AC but notautonomous recordman autonomo
compound
(record + man) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 DA
derivato
AD
autonomous
footing
autonomoand the Brain Drain............................................ derivative 4.4 Selective Policies (foot + -ing) 87 eponimo and Denied E Opportunities eponym ................................ carter 4.5 EEqual Opportunity 90 (from J. H. Carter)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 EC ellissi di CE compound basket composto
ellipsis
(from basketball)
generic trademark
ticket restaurant
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 MG
Urs Watter
marchio generico
GT
slittamento SS semantic shift mister 5.1SS State Interest and Responsibility semantico towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 T
toponimo
T
toponym
new jersey
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Table Typological Acronyms 5.3 3. Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 In the case of clippings, i.e. A (C), compound ellipses, i.e. EC (CE), eponyms, i.e. E (E), and ...................................................................... toponyms, i.e. T (T), the real English word 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 which is clipped, the English compound from which the ellipsis 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 originates, the proper noun from which the false Anglicism derives, .................................................................................... 114 or 5.7 the Challenges place name which originates the false Anglicism is indicated after the typological label and preceded by a colon, e.g. relax from Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 relaxation, basket from basketball, carter from J. H. Carter, charleston from Charleston. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 When it is complicated to decide what the linguistic process
involved in the ...................................................................................... creation of false Anglicisms is, more typological 3.5 Conclusion 59 labels are used, e.g. bermuda. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.4.5 Date
4. The Ethics of Migration.
TheReflections date provided afterMigration the typological on Recent Policies label indicates the earliest attestation of each false Anglicism. prior to 1984 were and “Non-policies” in Italy and EuropeDates ........................................... 61 obtained from the dictionaries consulted, i.e. DELI, Devoto-Oli, Laura Zanfrini GDU, DISC, Gabrielli, Treccani, or Zingarelli. For false Anglicisms Restrictive Policies and Structural Demandresource for Immigrant Labour ..first 65 not4.1yet included in any lexicographic or whose appearance is subsequent to Family 1984, and the Humanitarian date of first attestation was 4.2 Initiatives for Governing extracted from the Italian newspapers analyzed,Migration i.e. Corriere della Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 Sera, La Repubblica, or La Stampa. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4Mediating Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 3.4.6 Language
The4.5 mediating language that Opportunities contributed ................................ to introduce false Equal Opportunity and Denied 90 Anglicisms in Italian, if any, is specified using ‘fr.’, i.e. francese Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 (French), ‘ol.’, i.e. olandese (Dutch), ‘sp.’, i.e. spagnolo (Spanish), ‘sved.’, i.e. svedese (Swedish), andin‘ted.’, tedesco 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their i.e. Societies of (German). Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
3.4.7 Frequency
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Each entry is supplied with the symbols •, ••, •••, or ••••, which102 are towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 13 used to mark the relative frequency of false Anglicisms. Frequency 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 considerations are based on the data provided by the La Repubblica corpus: since thePolicy La Repubblica corpus consists of about 380,000,000 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 tokens, false Anglicisms with a raw frequency below 38 (below 1 per 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... million words), i.e. theinleast frequent, are assigned only one dot •,108 e.g. wafer; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between 39 and 380 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 (between 1 and 10 per million words), i.e. frequent, are assigned two .................................................................................. 112 dots5.6••,Alianza e.g. tiePaís break; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between 3815.7and 3,800 (between 10 and 100 per million words), i.e. very Challenges .................................................................................... 114 frequent, are assigned three dots •••, e.g. slip; false Anglicisms with a Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
13
As Kiefer and van Sterkenburg (2003: 359) advise: ‘[…] it may be useful to indicate Barry Halliday the relative frequency of a word or phrase.’.
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The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ raw3.4frequency above 3,801 (above 100 per million words), i.e. 58 the 14 most frequent, are assigned four dots ••••, e.g. basket. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 However, since the La Repubblica corpus contains articles up to 60 theBibliography year 2000, ......................................................................................... some false Anglicisms which were coined afterwards are obviously not included. For this reason, frequency data of false 4. The Ethicscoined of Migration. Anglicisms after the year 2000 are based on the La Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Repubblica archive, which includes all articles published in La and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Repubblica from 1984 to the present. In this case, frequency Laura Zanfrini considerations are calculated by estimating that the La Repubblica 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65is archive, which is not aand proper corpus but isforconstantly updated, likely to contain about 580,000,000 tokens.15 Therefore, false 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Anglicisms withLabour a rawMigration frequency 58 (below 1 per million Migration: but below not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 words), i.e. the least frequent, are assigned only one dot •, e.g. self 4.3false FromAnglicisms Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 bar; with a raw frequency between 59 and 580 (between 1 andPolicies 10 per and million words), i.e. frequent, are assigned two 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 dots ••, e.g. chill out; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between Equal Opportunity and10 Denied ................................ 90 5814.5and 5,800 (between and Opportunities 100 per million words), i.e. very frequent, are assigned three dots •••, e.g. reality; false Anglicisms Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 14
it is Including difficult to establish a clear-cut threshold frequency on the basis 5.Although Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101of which Anglicisms should be included in or excluded from an ad hoc Ursfalse Watter dictionary, a well-meditated decision is particularly important since at times frequency dataInterest provided byResponsibility corpus evidence are in contrast with the lexicographer’s 5.1 State and view oftowards the language. For instance, the lexicographer would have the impression102 that their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... a false Anglicism is quite common in the Italian language and therefore should be included in the dictionary in spite of its very low frequency in newspaper corpora. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 As Pulcini (2008b: 193) argues: ‘[…] corpus data are an important index of currency Migration and with Ethics but 5.3 figures must bePolicy balanced the......................................................... criteria set up for the dictionary […]106 and possibly with additional information from other sources […] and in some cases the 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 opinions of Italian experts in certain fields. Last and most importantly, the native lexicographer’s judgement will...................................................................... weigh up the different bits of information and make 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 a final decision.’. Pulcini’s argument is supported by Summers (1996: 266), who maintains that ‘[f]requency is a powerful tool in the lexicographer’s arsenal 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112of resources […]. However, in dictionary-making editorial judgment is of paramount 5.7 Challenges importance, because .................................................................................... blindly following the corpus, no matter how carefully, can114 lead to oddities.’. 15 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Although the number of tokens in the La Repubblica archive is not provided, an approximate figure can be determined. If the number of tokens in the La Repubblica corpus, i.e. about 380,000,000, divided by 17 i.e. the years included Working Together for the isWell-being of (1984-2000), Migrants ........................... 119 in the La Repubblica Barry Halliday corpus, and then multiplied by 26 (1984-2009), i.e. the years included in the La Repubblica archive, the result is about 580,000,000.
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3.4a The Rights’ Approach 58 with rawHuman frequency above 5,801........................................................ (above 100 per million words), i.e. the3.5 most frequent,...................................................................................... are assigned four dots ••••, e.g. no global. Conclusion 59 In the case of polysemous or homonymic false Anglicisms, Bibliography ......................................................................................... frequency considerations are provided for each single meaning, 60 by checking all occurrences manually in both the corpus and the archive. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 3.4.8 Usage Domain and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Usage labels are assigned to each lemma according to the domain in Laura Zanfrini which each false Anglicism is likely to be used.16 Although based on Restrictivejudgment, Policies and Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 the4.1 compiler’s theStructural indication of theforusage domain is meant to be help tofor theGoverning user andFamily possibly significant statistical 4.2 of Initiatives and provide Humanitarian data on domainLabour distribution (Görlach 1999: 154). The number of Migration: Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 domains is limited to 16 labels, which are explained in detail in Tab. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4. If more semantic fields can be assigned to a false Anglicism, a 4.4 SelectiveofPolicies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 combination usageand labels is indicated, e.g. skibus. If a false Anglicism is used with a general meaning, no usage domain 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90is specified, e.g. relax. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
abbreviation
Italian
English
abb. abbigliamento e moda clothing fashion 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of and Origin ....... 101
Ursalim. Watter
alimentazione
food
arch.
architettura e arredamento
architecture and furniture
cin.
cinema e televisione
cinema and television
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility bev. bevande drinks towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2cosm. Applied Ethics .............................................................................. cosmesi e bellezza cosmetics and beauty 104 criminalità crime 5.3crim. Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 econ.
economia e finanza
economics and finance
gioc.
giochi
games
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 16
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
The semantic fields in which false Anglicisms occur are heterogeneous and tend 5.7 Challenges 114 to coincide with the .................................................................................... usage domains of real Anglicisms (Caretti 1951a, 1951b, 1954, Rando 1973a, Fiori 1990, Gianni 1994, Perotto 2001, 2010, Pulcini 2008a). As Bibliography ....................................................................................... Filipović (1985: 253, 254) argues: ‘[…] most of those using pseudoanglicisms116 are young people interested in entertainment of various types: sports, popular music, film, TV, etc. […] Pseudoanglicisms are of used in the ........................... vocabulary of political Working Together for the Well-being Migrants 119 journalists and other commentators. International jargon is sometimes responsible Barry Halliday for the use of pseudoanglicisms.’.
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3.4mus. The Human Rights’ Approach 58 musica e ballo ........................................................ music and dance professioni e lavoro professions and job 3.5prof. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 ses.
sesso
sex
tecn.
tecnologia
technology
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sport sport sport 4. The Ethics of Migration. trasp. trasporti transports Reflections on Recent Migration Policies turismo viaggiEurope ........................................... tourism and travel andtur. “Non-policies” in Italye and 61 Laura Zanfrini Table 4. Usage Domains 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.4.9 4.2Definition Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Migration but not Workers’ .............and 73 The types of Labour definitions provided – both Migration ‘intensional’ ‘extensional’ (Geeraerts 89) – areGuests intended as ‘definitions that 4.3 From Guest Workers2003: to Unwelcome .................................. 82 communicate’ (Ayto 1983: 98), that is a balanced mixture of 4.4 Selective Policies and thefeatures. Brain Drain............................................ 87 17 linguistic and extralinguistic Definitions, written in collocated................................ in a new paragraph, 4.5 Equal Opportunity andItalian Deniedand Opportunities 90 were made up from scratch. Definitions in English are not provided Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 since the target audience of the dictionary is mainly Italian and the English speaker consulting the dictionary is expected to have 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 adequate knowledge of the Italian language. Urs Watter In the case of homonymic false Anglicisms – false Anglicisms 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility with etymologically unrelated meanings, e.g. spot as ‘spot towards their Abroad–........................................... advertisement’ andCitizens spot asLiving ‘spotlight’ the different definitions102 for 18 each are identified by a number written in bold, e.g. 1. 104 In 5.2homonym Applied Ethics .............................................................................. the case of polysemous false Anglicisms – false Anglicisms with 5.3 Migration related Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 etymologically meanings, e.g. jolly – the different definitions for5.4 each meaning are identified by...................................................... a letter written in small bold print, Migration Policy in Colombia 108 e.g. a, and arranged according to their usage frequency, i.e. ‘putting 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País7) .................................................................................. 112 Hartmann (1983a: argues that ‘[l]exemes […] can be described and explained only by reference to the context in which they are used. For the same reason, it is not 5.7 Challenges always possible to .................................................................................... draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and114 the encyclopaedia.’. However, a dictionary of false Anglicisms is not intended as a mere Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 ‘alphabetical encyclopedia’ (Béjoint 2000: 26). 18 The meaning of polysemous false Anglicisms was disambiguated manually since, as Zgusta (2003: 79) points out: ‘[…] semantic effects which are unsupported by Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 nonambiguous distinctions in the linguistic form cannot be resolved by the Barry Halliday computer.’. 17
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Thefrequently Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 the3.4 most usedApproach senses first’ (Kipfer 2003: 182). In the case of 3.5 entries which comprise homonymic false Anglicisms with Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 multiple meanings, e.g. box, the different definitions are identified by Bibliographyof ......................................................................................... a combination a number and a letter, e.g. 1a (Furiassi 2006a). 60 4. The Collocation Ethics of Migration. 3.4.10
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Forand some false Anglicisms, collocations are included in italics “Non-policies” in Italytypical and Europe ........................................... 61 after the example, e.g. fare footing, and preceded by ‘coll.’, i.e. Laura Zanfrini collocazione (collocation). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.4.11 Italian Synonym 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration but not were Workers’ Migration ............. ItalianMigration: synonymsLabour of false Anglicisms added to each entry73in order to show whether tofalse Anglicisms could be effectively 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 substituted by Italian ‘domestic competitors’ (Laviosa 2006: 270). 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Italian synonyms of false Anglicisms, if available, are preceded by the4.5abbreviation ‘sin.’,andi.e. sinonimo (synonym). At times, the Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 synonym of a false Anglicism, e.g. footing, is a real Anglicism used Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 in Italian, e.g. jogging. Whenever multiple synonyms are available, they are all Including included Emigrants and separated by Societies a comma. If no....... Italian 5. Colombia: in Their of Origin 101 synonym exists, ‘sin.’ is followed by the empty-set symbol ‘Ø’. Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 3.4.12 English Translation Equivalent
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The translation of false Anglicisms into English is of utmost 5.2 AppliedinEthics .............................................................................. importance compiling the dictionary. English equivalents,104if traceable, are Policy mostlyandtaken from bilingual dictionaries.19 106 The 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... appropriate English translation equivalent, listed after the Italian 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 synonym and preceded by the ...................................................... abbreviation ‘tr.’, i.e. traduzione (translation), is shown italics on a separate line. If the English 5.5 “Colombia nos une”in ...................................................................... 109 19
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Bressan (2006: 316) indeed complains about ‘[…] la creazione di forme ambigue, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 a volte irriconoscibili, in pseudo-inglese, che richiedono sovente una doppia traduzione (dal pseudo-inglese all’italiano e dall’italiano all’inglese autentico).’. Tr. Bibliography 116 ‘[…] the creation....................................................................................... of ambiguous pseudo-English forms, which are at times unrecognizable and often require a double translation (from pseudo-English to Italian and Together from Italian realWell-being English).’. of In Migrants addition, as Svensén (1993: 119 153) Working fortothe ........................... argues: ‘Equivalents Barry Halliday in the target language are often lacking when words and expressions in the source language denote culture-specific concepts […].’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’isApproach ........................................................ translation equivalent a trademark, the symbol ™ follows 58 the ® ™ translation, e.g. K-Way and Windbreaker . At times, real Anglicisms 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 used in Italian are indicated as translation equivalents of false Bibliography 60 Anglicisms, e.g.......................................................................................... personal computer or PC for personal. In some cases there is more than one plausible option, as for the false Anglicism 4. The which Ethics of Migration. to coach or trainer in English. Whenever mister corresponds Reflections on Recent Migration multiple translation equivalents are Policies available, they are all included and and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 separated by a comma. If no authentic English equivalent can be Laura Zanfrini traced, ‘tr.’ is followed by the empty-set symbol ‘Ø’. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
3.4.13 Cross Reference
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
If a false Anglicism givenbut rise is semantically related 73to Migration: Labourhas Migration notor Workers’ Migration ............. another false Anglicism included in the dictionary, e.g. beauty and 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 beauty case, smoking and tight, an arrow followed by the related 4.4in Selective Policies andused, the Brain 87 entry bold type will be e.g. Drain............................................ → beauty case. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
3.4.14 Example
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Lexicographers recommend that dictionary entries should be 20 accompanied by examples takeninfrom instances of ....... usage. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their real Societies of Origin 101 Görlach indeed argues that: Urs Watter […] all good dictionaries include quotations to illustrate usage, if 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility possible withtheir some sourcesLiving and data given. (Görlach 1999: 154) towards Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 In addition, Shermann states that: 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 […] computer-retrieved citations can fill important gaps in our knowledge of Policy the complete semantic range of lexical items […]. 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 (Shermann 1979: 142) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Examples in the dictionary are taken from the newspaper 5.6 Alianza quoted País .................................................................................. 112 corpora/archives analyzed. The example, written in a separate 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 independent paragraph collocated at the bottom of each entry, is written in Bibliography smaller print; the source newspaper and the date of attestation, ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
20
As Béjoint (1994: 219, 220) states: ‘If word meanings can be described only in Barry Halliday context, the definitions should indicate the typical contexts.’.
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3.4 The between Human Rights’ indicated roundApproach brackets,........................................................ follow the example, e.g. (CS 58 24 gennaio 2004). The false Anglicism within the example is italicized. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols used to describe the different Reflections on Recent Migration Policies microstructural features are summarized in Tab. 5. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europebelow ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini acronym, abbreviation, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structuraldescription Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 symbol
4.2→Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian signals that a false Anglicism has given rise or is semantically Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 related to another false Anglicism included inMigration the dictionary includes spelling 4.3(…) From Guest Workers tovariants Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 ,
separates alternative spellings, pronunciations, plurals,
4.4 Selectivecollocations, Policies and the synonyms, Brain Drain............................................ Italian and English translation equivalents 87 includes IPAand phonetic transcription 4.5[…] Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
•
signals the least frequent false Anglicisms
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 •• signals frequent false Anglicisms
••• •••• Urs Watter
signals very frequent false Anglicisms
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 signals the most frequent false Anglicisms
1
indicates one of the meanings of a homonymic false Anglicism
a
indicates one of the meanings of a polysemous false Anglicism
5.1AState Interest Responsibilityi.e. clipping (C) standsand for ‘accorciamento’, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2abb. Applied stands Ethicsfor .............................................................................. 104 ‘abbigliamento e moda’, i.e. clothing and fashion alim. stands for ‘alimentazione’, i.e. food 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 arch.
stands for ‘architettura e arredamento’, i.e. architecture and
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 furniture stands for ‘bevande’, i.e. drinks 5.5bev. “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 CA
stands for ‘composto autonomo’, i.e. autonomous compound (AC)
5.6cin. Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 stands for ‘cinema e televisione’, i.e. cinema and television cosm. stands for ‘cosmesi e bellezza’, i.e. cosmetics and beauty 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 crim. stands for ‘criminalità’, i.e. crime Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 CS
stands for Corriere della Sera as the source newspaper of the example
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 DA
stands for ‘derivato autonomo’, i.e. autonomous derivative (AD)
Barry Halliday
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3.4 EThe Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 stands for ‘eponimo’, i.e. eponym (E) stands for ‘ellissi di composto’, i.e. compound ellipsis (CE) 3.5EC Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 econ.
stands for ‘economia e finanza’, i.e. economics and finance
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 f. signals feminine gender fr.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by French, i.e. francese
4. The Ethics of Migration. gioc. stands for ‘giochi’, i.e. games Reflections on Recent Migration Policies inv.“Non-policies” signals invariant plural and in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 LR Zanfrini stands for La Repubblica as the source newspaper of the example Laura LS
stands for La Stampa as the source newspaper of the example
m.
signals masculine gender
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2m./f. Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian signals both masculine and feminine gender Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 -men signals that the suffix -men may be added to form the plural stands for ‘marchio generico’, i.e.Guests generic .................................. trademark (GT) 4.3MG From Guest Workers to Unwelcome 82 mus.
stands for ‘musica e ballo’, i.e. music and dance
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Ø
signals that a false Anglicism has no Italian synonym and/or no
ol.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Dutch, i.e. olandese
English translation equivalent 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 prof. ®
stands for ‘professioni e lavoro’, i.e. professions and job
signals an Italian registered trademark
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs-sWatter signals that the suffix -s may be added to form the plural ses.
stands for ‘sesso’, i.e. sex
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sp. indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Spanish, i.e. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 spagnolo sport ‘sport’, i.e. sport 5.2 Applied stands Ethicsfor .............................................................................. 104 SS
stands for ‘slittamento semantico’, i.e. semantic shift (SS)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 sved.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Swedish, i.e.
svedese 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 T
stands for ‘toponimo’, i.e. toponym (T)
tecn.
stands for ‘tecnologia’, i.e. technology
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6ted. Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by German, i.e. tedesco
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 trasp.
stands for ‘trasporti’, i.e. transports
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tur. stands for ‘turismo e viaggi’, i.e. tourism and travel ™
signals an American or British registered trademark
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday Abbreviations, and Symbols Table 5. Acronyms,
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 Dictionary 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
A
appassionati in Francia. (CS 22 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 ottobre 2003)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 adventure man (adventure-man) [adˈvɛntʃur ˈmɛn, adˈvɛntʃər ˈmɛn] 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies n. m. inv./-men CA 1985 • amante di vacanze avventurose and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 specialmente in luoghi lontani e account [akˈkaunt] n. m./f. inv. Laura Zanfrini difficilmente raggiungibili EC: account executive 1984 • 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand sin. Ø for Immigrant Labour .. 65 prof. tr. adventure lover solitamente all’interno di un’agenzia 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian di pubblicità, persona che siMigration occupa but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Migration: Labour Certo, non basta il mezzo o di trovare i clienti e di gestire i fondi l’accessorio per trasformarsi in di una pubblicitaria 4.3campagna From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeadventure-man. Guests .................................. 82 (LR 3 maggio 1985)
sin. Ø 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. account executive after dinner (after-dinner, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 afterdinner) [afterˈdin(n)er] n. m. Se un tempo i protagonisti erano oscuri artigiani, oppure ......................................................................................... artisti “prestati” Bibliography 97• inv. EC: after-dinner party 1985 temporaneamente al messaggio festa che si tiene dopo cena promozionale, nel nuovo corso essi sin. dopocena 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 sono i manager delle agenzie, i creativi, tr. after-dinner party Urs Watter gli account. (LR 19 ottobre 1994)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
La memoria di quei dolci che col
adventure [adˈvɛntʃur, adˈvɛntʃər] tempo erano diventati i massimi towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
nemici della sua salute, gli suggerì, n. m. inv./-s EC: action adventure, 5.2 Applied 104 per festeggiare nel 1998 i vent’anni adventure game,Ethics arcade.............................................................................. adventure di esemplare e fortunato lavoro, un 1985 5.3• gioc. Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 «after dinner», più semplicemente
tipo di videogioco d’avventura, un dopo cena, per mille invitati, di caratterizzato da trama e 5.4 Migration Policynarrativa in Colombia ...................................................... 108 soli budini e torte e sorbetti e bigné e personaggi, con azione, esplorazione ogni sorta di leccornie, esposti109 alle 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... ed enigmi da risolvere pareti come gioielli, con l’apoteosi sin.5.6 Ø Alianza País .................................................................................. finale di una torta di sei metri 112di tr. action adventure, adventure diametro e alta molto di più. (LR 18 game, adventure 5.7 arcade Challenges .................................................................................... 114 giugno 2007)
....................................................................................... 116 La Bibliography trama, vera forza del videogioco afterhour (after hour, after-hour) – quasi un film interattivo più che un m. inv./-s 119 vero adventure –, ha for le sue Working Together the radici Well-being of[afteˈrawar] Migrants n./agg. ........................... nell’omonimo fumetto che da Barry Halliday qualche anno conta sempre più
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una specie di aftershow improvvisato 3.4 after-hours The Humanparty Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 a EC: 1989 •
nella piazza, immediatamente dopo (riferito a) festa con musica e droga Conclusion la fine della diretta alle 15. (LR59 22 che3.5 inizia all’alba e ...................................................................................... si protrae fino al settembre 2005) mattino e a volte anche per intere Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 giornate
sin. Ø after tea (after-tea) [afterˈti] n. 4. The Ethics of Migration. tr. after-hours party, rave, rave m. inv. EC: after-tea party 1996 • Reflections on Recent Migration Policies party festa organizzata solitamente in and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 discoteca che inizia nel tardo A Laura mattinaZanfrini inoltrata i migranti pomeriggio dell’afterhour, ormai in pista da 15 ore, sin. Ø 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 addentano cornetti caldi, strabuzzano tr. Ø come gli occhi nella luce e poi, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian creature della notte, s’avviano verso il che cos’è un “after tea”? È 73 una Migration: Labour Migration but notSapete Workers’ Migration ............. mare. (LR 2 agosto 1997)
“festa fuori orario”, che comincia alle
domenica sera e 82 va 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecinque Guestsdella .................................. b EC: after-hours club 1996 • avanti fino a notte inoltrata. (LR 24 (riferito a) luogo Policies di svago and che the apreBrain Drain............................................ 4.4 Selective 87 marzo 1997) all’alba quando le normali discoteche 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 solitamente chiudono per prolungare ambient [ˈɛmbjent, ˈambjent] il divertimento notturno
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 n./agg. f. inv. EC: ambient music sin. Ø 1995 • mus. tr. after-hours club (riferito a) tipo diofmusica caratterizzato 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 da ritmi naturali, particolarmente adatti Urs Watter Un ritrovo che assomiglia quasi a un a creare un’atmosfera rilassante after hour, si balla infatti da 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sin. musica d’ambiente mezzanotte alle dieci di mattina. (CS towards 102 tr............................................ ambient music 14 agosto 2003) their Citizens Living Abroad
→ chill out 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
after show (after-show, aftershow)
Atmosfere rilassate, luci diffuse, 5.3 Migration andn.Ethics 106 [afterˈʃo, afterˈʃɔ, Policy afterˈʃou] m. ......................................................... musica ambient, colori tenui e inv.5.4 EC:Migration after-showPolicy party 1999 • in Colombia ...................................................... 108 movimenti pacati accolgono il cliente,
festa che si tiene dopo uno spettacolo proiettandolo immediatamente in un teatrale, un concerto una 5.5 “Colombia nos une”o...................................................................... 109 clima di benessere. (CS 14 agosto manifestazione a cui partecipano 2003) 5.6 Alianza Paísi .................................................................................. 112 anche gli attori, cantanti o i protagonisti dell’evento
antiage (anti-age, anti 114 age) 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... sin. dopospettacolo [antiˈeidʒ] n./agg. m./f. inv. A: tr. after-show party Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 anti-aging 2000 • cosm.
(riferito a) crema o trattamento Opinioni e chiacchiere da ventenni, Working Together for the Well-being ofcosmetico Migrantsche ........................... 119e attenua le rughe spesso più maturi di quello che si Barry Halliday pensi, che ieri sono circolate durante
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ringiovanisce la pelleRights’ del visoApproach e del 3.4 The Human ........................................................ 58 aquagym (aqua-gym, aqua corpo
gym) [akkwaˈdʒim] n. f. inv. CA Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin.3.5 anti-età, antietà 1996 • sport tr. anti-ageing Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tipo di ginnastica aerobica che si pratica a tempo di musica immersi in Il vero business, in un Paese a una piscina fino alla vita e con le 4. The zero, Ethics of Migration. crescita riguarda i prodotti antibraccia fuori dall’acqua Recent Migration Policies age.Reflections (LR 18 aprileon 2006)
sin............................................ ginnastica acquatica and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 tr. aqua aerobics, aquarobics, antidoping (anti doping, antiLaura Zanfrini ™ ™ Aquacise , Aquafit doping) [antiˈdɔpin(g)] n. and m. inv. 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 EC: anti-doping test 1962 ••• Torna l’aquagym, perfetta per 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andrecuperare Humanitarian sport il peso giusto dopo gli Migration: Labour sottoposti Migration but noteccessi Workers’ Migration alimentari delle ............. feste. (CS73 11 analisi clinica a cui vengono gennaio 2006) atleti o animali per verificare la 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 presenza nell’organismo di sostanze stupefacenti o psicofarmaci che aquapark (aqua park, aqua4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 possono migliorare le prestazioni park) [akkwaˈpark] n. m. inv. CA durante sportive 4.5 gare Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
1997 • sin. Ø parco di divertimenti acquatico, 97 con Bibliography ......................................................................................... tr. anti-doping test, anti-dope test, piscine, scivoli, onde artificiali, dope test, drugs test, drug test servizi di ristorazione e attività 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 ricreative Un’altra decisione importante: dal Urs Watter sin. parco acquatico
prossimo anno sarà introdotto tr. waterpark, Waterworld™ 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility l’antidoping nei tornei. (LR 8 novembre 1985) their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 towards Dopodiché inizierà la seconda fase dell’operazione, che prevede104 un 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. antismog (anti-smog, anti smog) albergo da 90 miliardi di lire, un [antizˈmɔg] agg. Policy m./f. and inv. Ethics CA ......................................................... 5.3 Migration 106 “aquapark” da 70 e un immenso parcheggio sotterraneo. (LR 10 1984 •• trasp. 5.4 aMigration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 maggio 1997) riferito dispositivi,Policy provvedimenti e decreti che riguardano controllo e 5.5 “Colombia nosilune” ...................................................................... 109 la difesa dagli effetti nocivi aquascooter (aqua scooter, dell’inquinamento nelle 5.6 Alianza Paísdell’aria .................................................................................. aqua-scooter) [akkwaˈskuter]112n. zone urbane
m. inv./-s CA 1992 • trasp. 114 Challenges .................................................................................... sin.5.7 antinquinamento moto d’acqua tr. anti-pollution Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 sin. moto d’acqua tr. jet ski Il primo appuntamento delle giornate Workingcoinvolgerà Together 70 forcomuni the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 antismog in Gli aquascooter dovranno rispettare tuttaBarry Italia.Halliday (CS 19 settembre 2003)
tutte le norme della navigazione
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previste per Human ogni altraRights’ barca. (LR 28 3.4 The Approach ........................................................ 58 a CA 1908 • sport luglio 1994) specialmente nel calcio, punto a favore 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 della squadra avversaria segnato mandando il pallone nella propria rete assist man (assistman, assist-man) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 involontariamente [ˈassistmɛn, assistˈmɛn] n. m. inv./
coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a -men CAEthics 1992 •of sport 4. The Migration. segno un autogoal, realizzare un in diverse discipline Reflections onsportive Recenta squadre, Migration Policies autogoal, segnare un autogoal, giocatore che effettua il passaggio che and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 subire un autogoal permette a un compagno di segnare un Laura Zanfrini sin. autogol, autorete punto tr. ownfor goal sin.4.1 Ø Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 tr. Ø mezz’ora salvataggio alla 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andAlla Humanitarian disperata Moiso su cross 73di L’ex giocatore dellaLabour Sampdoria si è but not Workers’diMigration Migration: Migration .............
Tomatis, che sfiora l’autogoal. (LS trasformato in un valido assistman per 11Guests aprile 1996) 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 Batistuta e l’esito di questo esperimento è piaciuto particolarmente al tecnico. Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 b CA 1935 • (LR4.4 3 settembre 2000) gesto intenzionalmente buono che si 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 ritorce dannosamente contro chi l’ha autocaravan (auto caravan, compiuto Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
auto-caravan) [autoˈkaravan] n. coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a m./f. inv. CA 1974 • trasp. segno un autogoal, realizzare un 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 veicolo di grandi dimensioni autogoal, segnare un autogoal, Urs Watter attrezzato ad abitazione e solitamente subire un autogoal usato per trascorrere le vacanze 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sin. autogol, autorete, gaffe sin. camper tr............................................ blunder, fumble, gaffe towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 tr. camper, camper van, motor
caravan, motorhome, 5.2 Applied Ethics recreational .............................................................................. Se il governo mantiene più 104 alta vehicle, RV l’inflazione programmata, rischia di 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 fare autogoal. (LR 5 gennaio 1994)
Disegnare un camper, anzi un 5.4 Migration Policy in con Colombia ...................................................... 108 autocaravan (un mezzo cioè una ® Autogrill (autogrill) [autoˈgril] struttura propria chenos si sposa con il 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... n. m. inv. MG 1963 ••• tur. 109 telaio cabinato di un veicolo struttura, solitamente collocata lungo commerciale) per.................................................................................. Giugiaro un 5.6 Alianzaè País 112 l’autostrada, dotata di servizi, lavoro appassionante quasi come ristorante e distributore di benzina 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 disegnare un nuovo modello di sin. area di servizio automobile. (LR 2 febbraio 1985)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. motorway restaurant, motorway
autogoal (auto goal, auto-goal)
service station Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 [autoˈgɔl, autoˈgol] n. m. inv. Barry Halliday
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Ora3.4 vogliono un The Humanraggiungere Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 autogrill per telefonare a casa. (LR 4 3.51985) Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 aprile
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
autoreverse (auto reverse, auto-
reverse) [autoreˈvɛrs, autoriˈvɛrs] 4. The Ethics of Migration. n./agg. m. inv. CA 1992 • tecn. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies (riferito a) dispositivo che permette and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 di cambiare automaticamente il lato Zanfrini dellaLaura cassetta senza estrarla da registratori o riproduttori audio 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
sin. Ø 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian tr. playback Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
L’autoreverse fa parte integrante del 4.3 From Guest Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 nuovo standard, perWorkers cui nontosarà necessario girare la cassetta a metà 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ascolto: giunto alla fine, and il nastro inverte la direzione di marcia, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 permettendo fino a due ore di ascolto ininterrotto. (LS 13......................................................................................... maggio 1992) Bibliography 97
autostop (auto stop, auto-stop) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 [autosˈtɔp] n. m. inv. CA 1951 fr. Urs Watter •• tur. 5.1 State Interest and gratuito Responsibility richiesta di un passaggio a Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 veicoli towards in transitotheir effettuata da parte di una persona che viaggia a piedi
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 coll. fare l’autostop sin.5.3 Ø Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 tr. hitch hiking, hitch-hiking, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 hitchhiking Dormivano di giorno, la...................................................................... sera 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 giravano in autostop. (LS 29 giugno 2003) 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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B
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 baby box (baby-box) [bɛbiˈbɔks, bebiˈbɔks] n. m./f. inv. CA 2007 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59• arch. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
culla riscaldata collocata in una struttura protetta presso ospedali o 4. The Ethics of Migration. centri sociali, dove le madri intenzionate ad abbandonare i neonati, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies lo possano fare in modo anonimo e61in and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... modo che questi vengano subito Laura Zanfrini baby [ˈbɛbi, ˈbebi, ˈbeibi] n. m./f. assistiti
inv.4.1 SSRestrictive 1987 • sport sin. ruota degli innocenti, Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labourruota .. 65 impianto di risalita o pista di livello salva-bimbi 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtr.Humanitarian elementare particolarmente indicati per foundling wheel, revolving crib, Labour Migration Workers’ sciatori Migration: principianti, specialmente i più but notsafe havens Migration ............. 73 piccoli sin.4.3 Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Stefano, il primo bimbo depositato
tr. 4.4 beginner’s ski-lift forBrain Drain............................................ nella baby box, sabato sera, è qui87 da Selectiveski-lift, Policies and the beginners qualche parte e sta benissimo. (CS 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 26 febbraio................................ 2007)
Da domani nella Via Lattea sarà Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 possibile sciare lungo alcune piste baby business (baby-business) teatro di numerose gare internazionali e [bɛbiˈbiznes, bebiˈbiznes] m. nei campi scuola Including serviti dai baby. (LR 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......n.101 inv. CA 1991 • econ. 2 dicembre 2005) Urs Watter produzione e commercio di prodotti 5.1 boss State (baby-boss, Interest andbabyboss) Responsibility specifici per bambini e adolescenti baby
sin. Ø towards theirn.Citizens [bɛbiˈbɔs, bebiˈbɔs] m. inv.Living CA Abroad ........................................... 102 tr. Ø 1991 5.2• crim. Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
capobanda di gruppi di adolescenti che Bambini di lusso, bambini sexy, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 commettono reati di microcriminalità bambini spot: è il baby business, sin. Ø rilanciato da mass media ed editoria. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tr. juvenile gang leader, teenage (LR 14 dicembre 1991)
gang 5.5leader “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 baby dance (baby-dance) Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Le 5.6 “specializzazioni” dei baby-boss [bɛbiˈdɛns, bebiˈdɛns] n. f. inv. erano diverse: furti, rapine, incendi, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 CA 1995 •• mus. intimidazioni oltre al traffico di
attività d’intrattenimento per bambini, marijuana, forse l’attività più fiorente. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116e organizzata per feste, eventi pubblici (LR 8 febbraio 2000) nei villaggi turistici, che si svolge a Working Together for the Well-being ofritmo Migrants ........................... 119 di musica e sotto la supervisione di animatori Barry Halliday
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coetanei, costretti con le minacce The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58a sin.3.4 discoteca per bambini consegnare paghette e risparmi. (LR tr. baby disco, baby discotheque, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 29 agosto 1996) children’s disco Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 baby killer (baby-killer, babykiller) Danze latine, teatrini, baby dance, spettacoli di artisti di strada, giochi a [bɛbiˈkiller, bebiˈkiller] n. m./f. inv./-s 4. The Ethics of Migration. squadre e musica andranno avanti CA 1985 •• crim. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies per tutta la mattinata nei parchi adolescente che commette un omicidio and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 prescelti. (LR 3 novembre in 2007)
sin. assassino minorenne, omicida Laura Zanfrini minorenne baby doll (babydoll, baby-doll) tr. juvenile killer, juvenile murderer, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 [bɛbiˈdɔl, bebiˈdɔl] n. m. inv. EC: underage killer 4.2 Initiatives for1963 Governing babydoll nightdress •• abb.Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labourfemminile Migration but notCosì Workers’ Migration 73 indumento intimo l’altra sera, quando............. i carabinieri costituito da camiciola corta e si sono visti sgusciare dalle mani 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomequesto Guestsragazzo, .................................. 82 mutandine coordinate magro, biondino, sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ hanno temuto che fosse l’ennesimo 87 babykiller. (LR 21 ottobre 2001) tr. babydoll nightdress, babydoll
4.5 Equal Opportunity pajamas, babydoll pyjamasand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 baby park (baby-park, babypark) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Al di là delle divagazioni letterarie il [bɛbiˈpark, bebiˈpark] n. m. inv. CA baby doll è di nuovo sulla cresta 1997Societies • arch. of Origin ....... 101 dell’onda perché simboleggia un 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their area attrezzata con giochi di vario ritorno alla freschezza e a una Urs Watter genere, solitamente situata presso pseudoinnocenza che può fare di una luoghi di lavoro, villeggi turistici e 5.1 State Interest laandpiù Responsibility teenager bambolina scaltra centri commerciali, nella quale i delle sex symbol. (LR 20 novembre towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre 2006) attività, possono affidare i propri 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 figli a personale specializzato
baby (baby-gang, 5.3gang Migration Policybabygang) and Ethics ......................................................... 106 sin. Ø
[bɛbiˈgɛng, bɛbiˈgang, bebiˈgɛng, tr. crèche, nursery 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 → baby parking bebiˈgang] n. f. inv. CA 1989 •• 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 crim.
È stato inaugurato ieri pomeriggio a banda di minorenni che commette 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Villa Borghese il baby park estivo, azioni di teppismo e reati di punto di riferimento per tutti i microcriminalità 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 bambini della capitale che vorranno sin. Ø passare le calde giornate estive Bibliography 116 tr. juvenile gang,....................................................................................... teenage gang all’insegna del divertimento. (LR 27 giugno 2004) IWorking componenti della for baby gang Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 durante la primavera avevano più Barry Halliday volte preso di mira alcuni loro
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problemi tecnici, l’atmosfera, 58le 3.4 The Human(baby-parking) Rights’ Approach ........................................................ baby parking emozioni e i pettegolezzi
[bɛbiˈparkin(g), bebiˈparkin(g)] n. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin. dietro le quinte m. inv. CA 1995 • arch. tr. making of ......................................................................................... 60 areaBibliography attrezzata con giochi di vario genere, solitamente situata presso A raccontare i segreti del set sono i luoghi lavoro,ofvilleggi turistici e 4. ThediEthics Migration. backstage, ovvero piccoli film nel centri commerciali, nella quale i Reflections on Recent Migration Policies film dedicati al lavoro dietro le genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre quinte. (LR 14 luglio 2001) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 attività, possono affidare i propri Laura Zanfrini figli a personale specializzato
badge [bɛdʒ, beidʒ] n. m. inv./-s sin.4.1 Ø Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 SS 1984 •• prof. tecn. tr. crèche, nursery magnetica che identifica un 4.2 Initiatives Humanitarian → baby park for Governing Family andtessera dipendente permette ............. di segnalare Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ eMigration 73
l’orario di entrata e uscita dal luogo All’interno della manifestazione è diGuests lavoro .................................. 82 4.3 presente From Guest Workers to Unwelcome anche un baby parking e coll. passare il badge, strisciare il tutta4.4 una serie di Policies strutture and di gioco Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 badge, timbrare il badge, vidimare riservate ai bambini. (LR 19 il badge ................................ 90 dicembre 2001)Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 4.5 Equal
sin. cartellino (magnetico), tessera
Bibliography 97 (magnetica) baby pusher......................................................................................... (baby-pusher)
tr. clock-in card, time card [bɛbiˈpuʃʃer, bebiˈpuʃʃer] n. m./f. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 inv. CA 1987 • crim. Dal foglio presenze gli uomini radar Urs Watter adolescente dedito allo spaccio di indagati risultavano davanti alla consolle: vidimavano sempre il sin. baby spacciatore, spacciatore badge di servizio. (LR 1 giugno towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 minorenne 2000) stupefacenti 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
tr. 5.2 juvenile drug dealer, teenage Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 ™ drug dealer, underage drug Barbie (barbie) [ˈbarbi] n. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106f. dealer inv. MG 1988 • 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 ragazza molto curata nell’aspetto Il baby-pusher finisce in carcere. fisico che riflette lo stereotipo della (LR5.5 10 “Colombia ottobre 1987)nos une”...................................................................... 109 donna attraente ma artefatta
sin. bambola, pupa
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 backstage (back stage, backtr. Barbie doll, Barbie girl
stage) [bɛksˈteidʒ,.................................................................................... ˈbɛksteidʒ] n. 5.7 Challenges 114 Emma, la barbie del gruppo, aveva m. inv. SS 1995 • cin. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 cercato di rispondere alla provocazione documentario relativo alla preparazione apparendo da sola su un paio di di un film, di un evento mondano, di meno........................... prestigiosi. (LR 1 giugno Working Together fornethe Well-being ofperiodici Migrants 119 uno spettacolo teatrale, che illustra i 1998) Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human barwoman (bar Rights’ woman,Approach bar- ........................................................ beach basket [bitʃˈbasket] 58n. ™ woman) [barˈwɔman, barˈvuman] m./f. inv. EC: Beach Basketball 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 1990 • sport n. f. inv./-men CA 2004 • prof. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 versione modificata della addetta alla preparazione di bevande
in bar, ristoranti e discoteche
pallacanestro giocata sulla spiaggia o su campi di sabbia
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. barista sin. pallacanestro da spiaggia tr. barmaid, bartender Reflections on Recent Migration Policies tr. beach basketball and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Studia Scienze delle Comunicazioni → basket, beach volley Laura Zanfrini
e nel week end lavora come bar woman. (LR 23 gennaio 2004) L’area sportiva, separataLabour da muretti 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65a secco, ha il campo da beach volley, 4.2 Initiatives Family andbeach Humanitarian soccer e beach basket, e fiori, basket [ˈbasket] for n. Governing m. inv. EC: fiori. Migration (LR 8 luglio............. 2001) 73 Migration: Labour Migration but notancora Workers’
basketball 1935 •••• sport
disciplina di squadra, 4.3 Fromsportiva Guest Workers to Unwelcomebeach Guests .................................. 82 volley (beach-volley) ognuna di cinque giocatori, che consiste nel Policies realizzareand punti [bitʃˈvɔllei] n. m./f. inv. EC: 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 lanciando la palla nel canestro della beach volleyball 1987 •• sport 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 squadra avversaria versione modificata della pallavolo sin.Bibliography pallacanestro......................................................................................... giocata sulla spiaggia o su campi97di tr. basketball sabbia
sin. spiaggiavolo → minibasket 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 tr. beach volleyball, sand OggiUrs chiWatter viene qui fa una scelta di volleyball vita5.1 e trova il posto and più Responsibility bello per → beach basket, minivolley, State Interest giocare a basket. (LR 30 settembre volley towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Per gli uomini del beach-volley,
Baywatch™ (baywatch, bay-
sport emergente dell’estate, gloria e
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 quattrini sono arrivati subito. (LR 17 watch, bay watch) [beiˈwɔtʃ] n. ......................................................... luglio 1988) m./f. MG 1999 • prof. 5.4inv. Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
addetto alla sorveglianza dei 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... bagnanti nelle spiagge beauty [ˈbjuti] n. m. inv. 109 EC:
sin. bagnino, guardaspiaggia beauty case 1987 fr. • cosm. 112 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. tr. lifeguard astuccio o valigetta di dimensioni ridotte con appositi scomparti114 per 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... Il baywatch deve essere seduto su contenere e trasportare prodotti per ....................................................................................... unaBibliography sedia da avvistamento alta l’igiene personale e cosmetici 116 almeno un metro e mezzo e non sin. beauty case, nécessaire, appollaiato su un moscone. (LR 12 Working Together for the Well-being oftrousse Migrants ........................... 119 agosto 2001) Barry Halliday
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fisica attraverso particolari The Human Rights’ Approach 58 tr. 3.4 cosmetic bag, cosmetic box, ........................................................ infrastrutture e trattamenti cosmetic case, dressing case, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin. beauty center, beauty centre, make-up case, toilet kit, vanity centro benessere, terme bag,Bibliography vanity box, vanity case ......................................................................................... 60 tr. beauty center, beauty centre, → beauty case health farm, health spa, spa, spa 4. The Ethics of Migration. center, spa centre, spa hotel, Anche i vari pezzi che abbiamo Reflections on Recent Migration Policies trovato sembrano esplosi, come se wellness center, wellness centre andle“Non-policies” and Europe ........................................... 61 dentro valigie, dentro ini Italy beauty, Zanfriniogni cosa fosse sottoLaura i sedili Ma per contrastare lo stress e
improvvisamene cresciuta di volume. l’invecchiamento precoce da 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 (LR 17 ottobre 1987) superlavoro si fa anche strada la delle beauty farm 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtendenza Humanitarian metropolitane che in poche ore beautyMigration: case Labour (beauty-case) Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 rimettono in sesto il manager, senza [bjutiˈkeiz, bjutiˈkeis] n. m. inv. forza.................................. spendere una settimana 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeper Guests 82 CA 1960 fr. •• cosm. lontano dall’ufficio. (LR 15 giugno astuccio o valigetta di dimensioni 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 2001) ridotte con appositi scomparti per 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 contenere e trasportare prodotti per beauty hostess [bjutiˈ(h)ɔstes] l’igiene personale e cosmetici
......................................................................................... n. f. inv. CA 1986 • cosm. prof.97 sin.Bibliography beauty, nécessaire, trousse rappresentante, dimostratrice o tr. cosmetic bag, cosmetic box, venditrice di cosmetici a domicilio 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 cosmetic case, dressing case, sin. Ø Urs Watter make-up case, toilet kit, vanity tr. beauty product(s) representative, bag,5.1 vanity vanity Statebox, Interest andcase Responsibility cosmetics demonstrator → beauty towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Beauty hostess offrono borsette con Come il suo nome, il beauty5.2 dice Applied Ethics .............................................................................. kit di cosmetici naturali. (LS104 19 case è fatto per ospitare prodotti di dicembre 1997) 5.3 Migration and Ethics bellezza, ma anchePolicy piuttosto usato ......................................................... 106 per portare in viaggio monili dai beep [bip] n. m. inv. SS 1972 5.4non Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108• quali si intendePolicy separarsi. (LR 4 cin. gennaio 2008) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 suono elettronico utilizzato per sostituire parole volgari o nomi beauty farm (beauty-farm, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 propri all’interno di trasmissioni beautyfarm) [bjutiˈfarm] n. f. radiofoniche o televisive 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 inv./-s CA 1987 fr. •• cosm. tur. preregistrate Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 struttura alberghiera, solitamente coll. coprire con il beep, mettere associata a un centro termale, il beep specializzata in cure for mediche ed Working Together the Well-being ofsin. Migrants ........................... 119 Ø estetiche per il recupero della forma
Barry Halliday
tr. bleep
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La 3.4 scelta quellaRights’ di mandare Lui era bisex e aveva l’Aids senza The fu Human Approach ........................................................ 58 comunque il programma, ma pieno saperlo. (LR 12 marzo 1989) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 di “beep”. (LR 21 novembre 2008)
b A: bisexual 1988 • abb. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
bermuda [berˈmuda] n. m. inv.
(riferito a) oggetto, specialmente un indumento, adatto sia all’uomo che alla donna
A: bermudas bermuda shorts 4. The EthicsEC: of Migration. T: Bermuda 1952 •• abb. Migration Policies Reflections on Recent sin. unisex pantaloncini maschili e femminili and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. unisex che arrivano al ginocchio, indossati Laura Zanfrini estivo e sportivo come abbigliamento o come costume da bagno
I
giornali
femminili,
ormai
a
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand forbisex, Immigrant .. 65di fruizione fanno Labour da cassa sin. Ø risonanza, segnalando i feticci di tr. bermuda shorts, 4.2 Initiatives forbermudas Governing Family andturno, Humanitarian soprattutto nel campo della → boxer, slip b Labour Migration but notmoda. Migration: Workers’ ............. 73 (LS 26Migration aprile 2008) 4.3 fatto Fromnotare Guest perché, Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Si era sebbene bite [bait] n. m. inv. EC: Bitefacesse già freddo, indossava solo un 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Guard™, bite-plate 1996 • paio di bermuda e una maglietta. placca di materiale sintetico usata (LR4.5 25 Equal giugno Opportunity 2004) and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90in odontoiatria nella cura di problemi legati al sistema masticatorio e 97 nei Bibliography ......................................................................................... big [big] n. m./f. inv. EC: big casi in cui si digrignano i denti gun, big shot 1948 ••• durante il riposo notturno 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 personaggio famoso o esponente sin. placca di svincolo Urs Watter autorevole che esercita potere e tr. Bite-Guard™, bite-plate influenza in un certo settore
State Interest and Responsibility sin.5.1 grande Accanto a ciò è comunque spesso towards ........................................... 102 tr. big gun, big their shot Citizens Living Abroad indispensabile ricorrere al cosiddetto “bite”, che impedisce lo sfregamento 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Sarebbe un’eccezione che un big dei denti fra loro e arresta (o della passi la mano per ......................................................... 5.3finanza Migration Policy and Ethics comunque limita) l’abrasione 106 della motivi così lineari. (LR 13 marzo dentatura. (CS 14 settembre 2003) 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 2008)
Blob® (blob) [blɔb] n. m. 109 inv. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... MG 1989 •• 5.6inv. Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 m./f. mescolanza eterogenea di parole,
bisex (bi-sex) [biˈsɛks] n./agg.
suoni o immagini che crea un effetto Challenges 114 a A:5.7 bisexual 1973.................................................................................... •• caotico (riferito a) persona che prova sin. Ø Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 attrazione sia di natura eterosessuale tr. Ø che omosessuale Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sin. bisessuale Dopo quattro giorni di bufera, Barry Halliday tr. bisexual polemiche, scomuniche, anatemi e
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rivendicazioni, il caso ‘abitazioni 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ tr. striker, top goal-scorer, 58 top agli omosessuali’ si gonfia nel più scorer 3.5 Conclusion 59 incredibile dei blob. ...................................................................................... (LR 30 gennaio 1992) Dopo la rete in Montenegro60il Bibliography ......................................................................................... bomber cerca una maglia da titolare. block notes (block-notes, (CS 30 marzo 2009)
4. The Ethics of Migration. blocknotes) [blɔkˈnɔtes] n. m. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 2 EC: bomber jacket 1984 • abb. inv.and CA“Non-policies” 1965 fr. •• in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
giubbotto imbottito in pelle o tessuto sintetico, a volte corredato di collo in pelliccia, simile a quello in dotazione sin.4.1 blocco (per appunti), taccuino Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 agli equipaggi dell’aeronautica tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook, militare blocco per appunti Laura Zanfrini staccabili
con
fogli
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian notepad, pad, tablet, writing padFamily andsin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers’ Migration ............. 73 → notes bomber jacket 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Un brigadiere minaccia di Sta lì in disparte, jeans e bomber sequestrare un block-notes, un altro verde, a guardarsi il match, e c’è87 un 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ invita tutti a non prendere appunti. pellegrinaggio continuo di persone (LR4.5 8 dicembre 1985) Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 che vanno ................................ a salutarlo e fotografarlo. (LR 7 marzo 2008)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 body [ˈbɔdi] n. m. inv. EC: body book [buk] n. m. inv. SS 1987 • stockings, body suit 1966 •• abb. 5. Colombia:intimo Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 indumento femminile, prof. Urs Watter utilizzato anche per la danza e altre cartella contenente le fotografie che attività sportive, costituito da il curriculum 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility costituiscono corpetto e mutandine in un unico professionale di un artista e che towardsaltheir Living Abroad ........................................... 102 pezzo aderente bustoCitizens e sgambato vengono utilizzate per partecipare a sin.5.2 Ø Applied Ethics .............................................................................. provini o selezioni 104 tr. body stockings, body suit, sin. portfolio 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 corselet, corset, leotard tr. portfolio
5.4 Migration in body Colombia ...................................................... 108 Madonna indossa ilPolicy famoso di Una volta raccolte le circa 300 raso5.5 nero, quello delle che ragazze (schedate come si usa109 fare “Colombia nosfotografie une”...................................................................... i giornali non cessano di pubblicare nel mondo della moda con un book da giorni. (LR 5 settembre 1987) che ne esalta i pregi personali) 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112e avviate all’attività di facciata, 5.7 Challenges 114 arrivava la sorpresa. (LR 30 aprile bomber [ˈbɔmber].................................................................................... n. m. inv./-s 1988) Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 1 SS 1983 •• sport bowling [ˈbulin(g), ˈboulin(g)] specialmente nel calcio, giocatore Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 che segna molte reti n. m. inv./-s EC: bowling alley Halliday sin.Barry cannoniere, goleador 1963 • gioc.
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locale cuiHuman si pratica il bowling, a causa di un violento temporale. 3.4 in The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 gioco che consiste nell’abbattere con (LR 22 gennaio 1985) 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 grosse bocce, dotate di fori per inserire le dita, dei birilli che un 2a SS 1984 •• Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sistema meccanizzato sistema a recinto, solitamente in legno, forma di triangolo al fondo di corsie collocato all’interno di una scuderia The Ethics of Migration. in4.legno per tenere i cavalli separati tra loro
on Recent Migration Policies sin.Reflections Ø sin. Ø tr. bowling alley and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. stall Laura Zanfrini
Le ragazze e il ventenne avevano Anche i cavalli vengono maltrattati, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour 65 trascorso la serata in un bowling di tenuti for chiusi nei box in ..spazi Manfredonia e poi erano andati a insufficienti, drogati con sostanze 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family anddopanti, Humanitarian mangiare una pizza.for (LR 13 gennaio antinfiammatori e Workers’ Migration ............. 1997) Migration: Labour Migration but notantidolorifici per vincere. (LR 73 19 ottobre 2003)
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
box [bɔks] n. m. inv.
2b SS 1994 •• 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 spazio recintato collocato all’interno 1a SS 1934 •• arch. 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 di un canile dove vengono ospitati garage coperto,Opportunity solitamente and annesso cani o gatti a una villa o un condominio, per il Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 sin. gabbia, recinto parcheggio di autoveicoli o tr. cage motoveicoli
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 sin. garage I box per cani devono essere a norma Urs Watter tr. garage, lock-up garage di legge e le gabbie per gatti → parking 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abbastanza ampie. (LR 21 giugno towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 2001)
Le fiamme salgono altissime, divorano il furgone un’utilitaria 5.2 Applied Ethicse .............................................................................. 104 3 SS 1965 • posteggiata nel box accanto. (LR 16 piccolo recinto delimitato da 106 una 5.31992) Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... aprile rete, rivestito di tessuto imbottito e dotato di paracolpi, dove i bambini Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1b 5.4 EC:Migration pit box 1950 ••• sport non ancora in grado di camminare in 5.5 un “Colombia circuito automobilistico o nos une”...................................................................... 109 possono muoversi e giocare motociclistico, corsia dove sono sin. Ø collocate le officine per mettere a 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 tr. playpen punto i mezzi e assistere i piloti
sin.5.7 Ø Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Scendendo con l’età c’è il problema tr. pits, pit box ....................................................................................... Bibliography del piccolo di poco più di un 116 anno che non ha nessuna intenzione di Dopo pochi giri però le macchine nel box, mentre la madre Working Together for theaiWell-being ofstare Migrants ........................... 119è sono state costrette a rientrare box impegnata in faccende domestiche Barry Halliday irrimandabili. (LR 1 dicembre 2001)
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3.4 1993 The Human 58 4a SS • arch. Rights’ Approach ........................................................ sin. cabina (della) doccia, vano postazione di lavoro, separata da (della) doccia 3.5oConclusion ...................................................................................... 59 pareti vetri, collocata all’interno di tr. shower bath, shower cubicle, uffici o laboratori shower stall, shower unit Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sin. cabina, postazione tr. cubicle, unit La bambina è stata trovata priva di 4. The Ethics of Migration. vita dentro il box della doccia. (LR Reflections oncioè Recent Policies Verranno eliminati tutti iMigration box, la 20 luglio 2001) “Non-policies” in Italy Europe ........................................... 61 zonaand ricezione radio e lo spazio per and il capoLaura turno.Zanfrini E la sala si trasformerà in 6 EC: box set 1985 • cin. mus.
un grande open space. (LR 30 luglio cofanetto di plastica o cartone, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant 2006) solitamente in edizione Labour limitata ..o65 da collezione, che contiene opere letterarie, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 4b SS 1992 • arch. musicali o cinematografiche in più Migration: Labour Migration but notvolumi Workers’ Migration ............. 73 struttura, solitamente prefabbricata, adibita a centro informazioni e cofanetto 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin. Guests .................................. 82 collocata in edifici di grandi tr. box set, boxed set dimensioni come stazioni, 4.4 Selective Policies aeroporti, and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli, Esiste anche una versione fisica del 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ università e aree di grande and afflusso disco, un’edizione limitata – un 90 box turistico che contiene due cd, brani extra e un
......................................................................................... 97 sin.Bibliography infopoint, ufficio libro – per la quale si pagano 40 informazioni sterline e che verrà spedita in tutto il 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 tr. information booth, mondo a partireofdal 3 dicembre. (CS Urs Watter 2 ottobre 2007) information bureau, information center, centre, 5.1 Stateinformation Interest and Responsibility boxer [ˈbɔkser] n. m. inv./-s information desk, information towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 point a A: boxers EC: boxer shorts 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 → infopoint 1986 •• abb. 5.3 Migration Policyè and Ethics ......................................................... Il sistema di verifica semplice: mutande da uomo lunghe fino a 106 metà basta recarsi al box per l’assistenza coscia che ricordano i calzoncini 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 clienti all’interno del supermercato e indossati dai pugili mostrare la lettera di ...................................................................... cassa sin. Ø 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 integrazione a zero ore assieme alla tr. boxer shorts, boxers busta e alla d’identità. 5.6paga Alianza Paíscarta .................................................................................. 112 → slip a (LR 5 febbraio 2003)
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Che siano mutande, boxer o 5 SS 1980 • arch........................................................................................ perizoma l’importante è che116la Bibliography
vano del bagno chiuso da pareti biancheria intima sia rigorosamente scorrevoli trasparenti o (LR 29........................... dicembre 2001) 119 Working Together the Well-being ofrossa. Migrants semitrasparenti in cui for si colloca la Barry Halliday doccia
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Palermo, facendolo entrare in coma, 3.4 boxers The Human 58 b A: EC: Rights’ boxer Approach trunks ........................................................ era stato forato. (CS 6 aprile 2004) 1986 •• abb. 3.5 Conclusion 59 costume da bagno ...................................................................................... da uomo lungo finoBibliography a metà coscia ......................................................................................... 60
sin. calzoncini da bagno tr. bathing trunks, boxer trunks, 4. The Ethics of Migration. bathing shorts Reflections on Recent Migration Policies → bermuda, slip b and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Zanfrini SulleLaura spiagge i boxer stanno cedendo terreno al ritorno dello slip. (LR 4 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 agosto 2005)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
breakMigration: [brɛk, breik] n. Migration m. inv. but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Labour EC: service break 1968 ••• sport 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
nel tennis, game vinto dal giocatore che4.4 nonSelective possiede ilPolicies turno di and battuta the Brain Drain............................................ 87
coll. fare un break, guadagnare Equal restituire Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 un 4.5 break, il and break, subire un break Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 sin. Ø tr. service break, break of 5. Colombia: Including service, break of serve Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter Nel terzo set Gaudenzi guadagnava 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility subito un break ma, sul 3-2 e 40-0 in towards their laCitizens suo favore, perdeva battuta Living solo Abroad ........................................... 102 perchè aveva voglia di scherzare. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 (LR 24 luglio 1994)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
brick [brik] n. m. inv./-s SS
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1988 • alim. contenitore impermeabilizzato per 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 bevande e alimenti liquidi, solitamente a 5.6diAlianza País .................................................................................. 112 forma parallelepipedo, formato da strati di cartone, alluminio e plastica
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 sin. cartone, Tetra Pak™ tr. carton Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Il brick che conteneva il succo di Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 frutta che martedì scorso ha Barry Halliday avvelenato un uomo di 34 anni a
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anche un albergo e un camping. (LR 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
C
4 settembre 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 ™
Canadair (canadair) [kanaˈdɛr] Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 n. m. inv. MG 1984 • trasp. tipo di aeroplano anfibio, spesso in 4. The Ethics of Migration. grado di prelevare liquido Reflections on Recent Migration Policies direttamente da specchi d’acqua, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... impiegato per spegnere incendi 61 Laura Zanfrini sin. Ø camera car (camera-car, ™ tr. AirTanker , water-dropping cameracar) [kameraˈkar] f. inv. 4.1 Restrictive Policiesn.and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 aircraft, water-dropping airplane SS 1990 •• sport 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian videocamera montata su di un’auto o Sono dovuti intervenire due canadair e Migration: Labour una moto in movimento perMigration riprese but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
un elicottero, per spegnere l’incendio di particolare effetto realizzate 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. che per oltre dodici ore, dalle otto di 82 sera durante gare sportive di martedì, ha ridotto in fumo oltre 100 sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ettari di sterpaglie sul monte Fasce. (LR tr. on-board camera 2 febbraio 2006)
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Un guaio meccanico o un errore? Poco Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Career Book® (career book) cambia, quegli interminabili metri percorsi al ritmo della tartaruga, con la [karˈri(a)r ˈbuk] n. m. inv. MG 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their camera car che impietosamente 1991Societies • prof. of Origin ....... 101 inquadrava le monoposto avversarie che Urs Watter pubblicazione rivolta a coloro che sfrecciavano a lato, hanno fissato la desiderano accedere a corsi di 5.1 State Interest sentenza. (CS 22 ottobre and 2007)Responsibility formazione, cercare un impiego o
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 cambiare occupazione e che include
camping [ˈkampin(g), ˈkɛmpin(g)] l’elenco delle offerte proposte104 da 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. varie aziende e università n. m. inv./-s EC: camping ground, sin. Ø 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 camping site 1911 Policy fr. ••• tur. tr. Ø area appositamente dedicata dove si 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 possono montare tende e parcheggiare
Questo dato, che altera la consistenza roulotte e camper, solitamente fornita di 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 del mercato del lavoro, dipende anche impianti igienici e strutture sportive dalla schematicità dei career book,112 che sin.5.6 campeggio Alianza País .................................................................................. coi loro form a griglia fissa non tr. camp, camp ground, camping riescono a dare conto del reale profilo 5.7 Challenges 114 ground, camp site,.................................................................................... camping site del candidato. (CS 7 maggio 2004)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Alcune case erano state sgombrate carter [ˈkarter] n. m. inv. ieri, ma le forze dell’ordine stamani Working Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 hanno evacuato per for precauzione
Barry Halliday
a E: J.H. Carter fr. 1905 • trasp.
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nelle biciclette motociclette, 3.4 The Humane Rights’ Approach ........................................................ b EC: carver ski 2000 • sport 58 copertura di metallo o plastica che tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la 3.5 Conclusion 59 racchiude la catena ...................................................................................... e gli ingranaggi punta larga a spatola e coda larga, di trasmissione che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sin. copricatena di neve e permette di affrontare curve ampie con minor sforzo tr. chain guard
4. The Ethics of Migration.
sin. sci sciancrato
Reflections Recentil Migration Policies Il telaio tubolare on avvolgeva motore tr. carver ski, carving ski, parabolic orgogliosamente esposto in allaItaly vista, and “Non-policies” and Europe 61 ski,........................................... shaped ski per Laura evidenziare la bellezza del carter Zanfrini cromato e dei radiatori. (LR 22 Erano nati i «carver», gli sci a 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand forvariabile Immigrant .. 65 gennaio 2003) geometria cheLabour oggi si fanno guidare docili da tutti gli sciatori del Initiatives Governing Humanitarian b E:4.2 J.H. Carter fr.for1905 • trasp.Family andmondo. (CS 31 gennaio 2009) Migration:copertura Labour metallica Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 negli autoveicoli, che racchiude le parti mobili del [ˈkarvin(g)] n. m. inv.82 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecarving Guests .................................. motore e il circuito di lubrificazione sin.4.4 scatola motore Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ a EC: carving skiing 1997 87•• tr. crank case, gear case, oil sport 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 sump pratica
sciistica
che
consiste
nell’utilizzo di sci sciancrati Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Con l’adozione della lubrificazione a sin. Ø carter secco il motore è stato tr. Societies carving of skiing, 5. Colombia: in Their Originparabolic ....... 101 abbassato di 50 Including millimetri Emigrants e ora si skiing, shaped skiing può Urs fare retromarcia con una Watter
visibilità discreta, rispetto a quella 5.1 Statedella Interest and Responsibility Quest’anno infine presenta sul inesistente Diablo. (LR 14 mercato, dopo due anni di ricerche102 e un ........................................... ottobre towards 2001) their Citizens Living Abroad investimento di quasi un miliardo, il 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 primo scarpone ideato appositamente carver [ˈkarver] n. m. inv. per il carving. (LR 7 luglio 1997)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 a EC: carver ski 1997 • sport b EC: carving ski 1998 • sport108 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... sciatore che pratica una tecnica di
tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la discesa utilizzando sci sciancrati punta larga a spatola e coda larga, 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
sin. Ø che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi 5.6 Alianza 112 tr. carving skierPaís .................................................................................. di neve e permette di affrontare curve ampie con minor sforzo 5.7 Challenges 114 I carver con le loro .................................................................................... tavole sono stati sin. sci sciancrato protagonisti anche di un tr. carver ski, carving 116 ski, Bibliography ....................................................................................... appassionante slalom con boe a punti parabolic ski, shaped ski al meglio di quattro manche con in Working Together thediWell-being of Migrants ........................... 119 palio la vittoria nella for prova fun Barry(LS Halliday carving. 20 gennaio 2003)
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Adesso, in coda agli Rights’ skilift fanno un persona dal carattere forte 58e 3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ figurone quelli che hanno ai piedi i determinato che non si ferma davanti 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 carving. (LR 4 gennaio 1998) agli ostacoli
sin. bulldog, carro armato, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 mastino, schiacciasassi tr. bulldog, bulldozer m. inv. EC: casting session 1980 4. The Ethics of Migration. •• cin. prof. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
casting [ˈkastin(g), ˈkɛstin(g)] n.
Dice che è un caterpillar, l’unica in specialmente nel cinema e nella and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 grado di tenere unite le attuali forze televisione, audizione consistente in di opposizione. (LR 5 luglio 2007) Laura Zanfrini un provino finalizzato alla selezione di uno o più attori
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 champions (champions) coll. fare un casting, partecipare a un4.2 casting Initiatives for Governing Family and[ˈtʃɛmpjons] Humanitariann. f. inv. EC: sin. selezione, provino, audizione Migration: Labour Migration but notChampions Workers’ Migration ............. 73 League™ 1993 • sport tr. audition, casting session torneo europeo tra le squadre che 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomenella Guestsprecedente .................................. edizione 82 dei rispettivi campionati nazionali hanno I candidati dovranno arrivare al 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 casting forniti di curriculum e di una conquistato le prime posizioni nella classifica ................................ 90 foto4.5 recente. 31 gennaio and 2006) Equal(LR Opportunity Denied Opportunities
sin. Champions League™ Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 tr. Champions League™ catch [kɛtʃ] n. m. inv. EC: catch wrestling, catch-as-catch-can Eppure, me lo of ripeto sempre, 5. Colombia: Societies Origin .......per 101la wrestling 1935 Including •• sport Emigrants in Their
legge dei grandi numeri, a furia di provarci e riprovarci, lo scudetto lo vinceremo anche noi, la champions e tutto quello che si può vincere.102 (LR towards ........................................... sin. lotta liberatheir Citizens Living Abroad 30 gennaio 2004)
Watter lottaUrs libera in cui è ammesso ogni genere di colpo a patto che non 5.1 l’avversario State Interest and Responsibility ferisca
tr. 5.2 catch wrestling, catch-asApplied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 catch-can wrestling, freestyle charleston [ˈtʃarleston] n.106 m. 5.3 Migration Policywrestling, and Ethics ......................................................... wrestling, professional inv. T: Charleston 1926 • mus. wrestling 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 elemento della batteria composto da
una coppia di piatti montati La 5.5 partita era stata già come “Colombia nosdecisa, une”...................................................................... 109 orizzontalmente su un supporto gli incontri di catch, che sono metallico che si suonano per mezzo soltanto una sceneggiata. (LR 21 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 di un pedale o con le bacchette aprile 2003)
sin. Ø 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 ™ tr. cymbal, hi-hat Caterpillar (caterpillar) Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 [katerˈpillar] n. m./f. inv. MG Diverte, strabilia, sorprende per la con........................... cui fa rimbalzare 1990 • Working Together for the Well-being ofmaestria Migrants 119le Barry Halliday
bacchette dal tom-tom ai timpani, mentre i pedali della grancassa e del
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charleston mille. Approach (LR 4 3.4 The vanno Humana Rights’ ........................................................ 58 sin. accettazione, banco gennaio 2009) accettazione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 tr. check-in desk chat [tʃat, tʃɛt] n.......................................................................................... f. inv. Bibliography 60
Ho prenotato il biglietto mesi fa, ma al check-in dicono che c’è a4.EC: roomof1994 •• tecn. Thechat Ethics Migration. l’overbooking e che sarà imbarcato canale telematico di comunicazione Reflections on Recent Migration Policies su un altro aereo o risarcito. (LR 9 che permette a più utenti di agosto 2009) and “Non-policies” and Europe ........................................... 61 scambiarsi messaggi scrittiininItaly tempo realeLaura Zanfrini
chill out (chill-out, chillout) sin. chat room 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for n. Immigrant Labour .. 65 [tʃilˈlaut] f. inv. EC: chill-out tr. chat room, chat forum 2000 •• mus. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andmusic Humanitarian Come nascono e muoiono di Migration musica ............. elettronica Migration: Labourun’infinità Migration but notgenere Workers’ 73 di amori via chat, senza baci e caratterizzata da ritmo lento e carezze, alla stessa forse, si 4.3 From Guestmaniera, Workers to Unwelcome Guestsrilassanti .................................. 82 sonorità pensa possibile la visita di un dottore sin. Ø ande the 87 che4.4 nonSelective ci guardaPolicies la lingua nonBrain Drain............................................ tr. chill-out music ascolta come batte il nostro cuore. → ambient Equal 2005) Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 (LS4.5 12 agosto
Bibliography ......................................................................................... Niente amarcord, anzi: tendenze97in b EC: chat line 1990 •• ses. tecn. passerella, su tutte la chill out, la linea telefonica a pagamento, musica tranquilla di gran....... moda 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin 101a solitamente vietata ai minoriEmigrants di età, Ibiza e Parigi. (LR 27 luglio 2001) Watteragli utenti di accedere che Urs permettere a servizi particolari
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility clergyman [ˈklɛrdʒimɛn] n. m. sin. chat line towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... inv./-men SS 1927 •• abb. 102 tr. chat line abito indossato dai sacerdoti della → hotline 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. chiesa cattolica al di fuori 104 delle
funzioni religiose, sull’esempio106 dei 5.3 Migration Policy iniziatiche and Ethics ......................................................... Quelle strane frasi preti di altre confessioni cristiane, tornano spesso negli sms che la composto da giacca, pantaloni 5.4 Migration Policycon in Colombia ...................................................... 108e ragazzina si scambiava alcune camicia di colore nero o grigio scuro persone conosciutenos in une” una...................................................................... chat 5.5 “Colombia 109 con il colletto bianco telefonica. (LR 25 maggio 2005)
sin. Ø 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 tr. clergyman’s dress, clergyman’s check-in (check in, checkin) suit 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 [tʃɛ(k)ˈkin, tʃe(k)ˈkin] n. m. inv. ....................................................................................... 116 Poi ci ha pensato il Concilio EC:Bibliography check-in desk 1985 •• tur. Vaticano secondo a introdurre toni e banco dell’aeroporto o della più rilassati, il clergyman da compagnia aerea adibito alle Working Together for the Well-being ofritmi Migrants ........................... 119 viaggio e le vacanze sulla neve. (LR operazioni di accettazione del Barry Halliday 29 febbraio 2004) passeggero e d’imbarco dei bagagli
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solitamente di lunga durata, 3.4 The Human(coast-to-coast) Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 coast to coast realizzata
con
considerevole
[ˈkɔs(t) tu ˈkɔst] n. m. inv. EC: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 impegno di risorse, grandiose coast-to-coast trip, coast-to-coast ricostruzioni scenografiche e 60 tourBibliography 1985 •• tur. ......................................................................................... numerosi attori di alto livello viaggio, solitamente a scopo sin. Ø 4. The Ethics of turistico, cheMigration. consiste tr. big-budget film, big-budget nell’attraversare stato da Reflections onuno Recent Migration Policies movie, epic film, epic movie, occidente a oriente o viceversa, con and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 high-budget film, high-budget speciale riferimento agli Stati Uniti Laura Zanfrini movie d’America sin.4.1 costa a costa Policies and Structural Demand Restrictive forricorderà Immigrant Labour .. 65 Qualcuno il caso di quella tr. coast-to-coast trip, coast-tocomparsa di un colossal biblico che, 4.2tour Initiatives for Governing Family andperHumanitarian coast diffidenza o indifferenza, aveva Migration: Labour Migration but nottenuto Workers’ 73 il suoMigration orologio da............. polso sotto
Quando studiavo all’università di il suo costume romano. (LR 9 From15Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 San4.3 Diego, anni Workers fa, ho fatto un dicembre 1987) coast to coast meraviglioso. (LR 2 4.4 Selective novembre 2004) Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
comic [ˈkɔmik] n. m. inv. A: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 comics EC: comic strip 1956 • cocktail [ˈkɔkteil, ˈkɔktel] n. m. racconto formato da una serie97di Bibliography ......................................................................................... inv./-s EC: cocktail party 1937 •• disegni corredati di brevi testi e
cerimonia o ricevimento, che si tiene dialoghi scritti in riquadri, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesarrotondati, of Originfatti .......uscire 101 solitamente nel tardo pomeriggio, in generalmente cui vengono offerte bevande e tartine Urs Watter dalla bocca dei personaggi
coll. dare un cocktail, invitare a sin. comics, fumetto State Interest un 5.1 cocktail, offrire and un Responsibility cocktail, tr. comic strip, comics towards their Living Abroad ........................................... 102 organizzare un Citizens cocktail, partecipare un .............................................................................. cocktail, Come in un “comic” le situazioni, 5.2 AppliedaEthics 104 anziché evolvere in una linea prendere parte a un cocktail narrativa, sono giustapposte l’una Ethics ......................................................... 106 sin.5.3 Migration cocktail Policy party, anddrink, all’altra contando soprattutto sulla ricevimento, rinfresco 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 trovata ad effetto. (LR 12 febbraio tr. cocktail party 1992) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 → drink
5.6 Alianza País 112 compact [ˈkɔmpakt, ˈkompakt] Appena trasferita in.................................................................................. una periferia chic, una famiglia invita i vicini a un n. m. inv. EC: compact disc 1982 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 cocktail di autopresentazione. (LR •• mus. tecn. 15 aprile 1998) disco con una superficie a specchio Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
su cui vengono registrate canzoni in
colossal [ˈkɔlossal, koˈlɔssal] n. digitale Working Together for the Well-being offorma Migrants ........................... 119 m. inv. SSHalliday 1986 ted. •• cin. Barry
produzione
cinematografica,
sin. compact disc, CD tr. compact disc, CD
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Sono alla masterizzazione le cui gare si svolgono su terreni 3.4contrario The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 industriale, mentre non colpevolizzo sterrati e accidentati 3.5fatta Conclusion ...................................................................................... quella dal ragazzino che non ha sin. motocampestre, motocross59 i venti euro per comprarsi un tr. motocross, motorcross, MX60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... compact. (CS 29 agosto 2003) Un medico l’ha raggiunto su una crack n. m. inv. SS 4. The[krak, Ethicskrɛk] of Migration. moto da cross. (LR 30 aprile 1987)
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 1963 ted. •• econ.
crollo che solitamente andfinanziario “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 cult [kalt] n. m. inv. EC: cult portaLaura al fallimento di Zanfrini un’azienda
object 1986 • sin. bancarotta, crollo, oggetto for o Immigrant fenomeno Labour culturale.. 65 che 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand fallimento, tracollo gode di notevole popolarità ed è tr. crash, bankruptcy, collapse Family andparticolarmente dal 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian ricercato pubblico degli appassionati Migration: Labour Migration La vicenda del crack era già stata but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 sin. oggetto di culto affrontata l’anno passato nel 4.3 From contro Guest venticinque Workers to exUnwelcometr.Guests .................................. 82 cult object dibattimento → film cult collaboratori del finanziere. (LRthe17Brain Drain............................................ 4.4 Selective Policies and 87 marzo 1985) La sua invenzione della camminata 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 crash movie (crash-movie) sui carboni ardenti come esercizio di Bibliography ......................................................................................... affermazione della volontà 97è [kraʃˈmuvi, krɛʃˈmuvi] n. m. inv. diventata subito un cult. (LR 24 EC: car-crash movie, plane-crash febbraio 2009) of Origin ....... 101 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies
movie 1997 • cin.
Urs Watter produzione cinematografica ricca di custom [ˈkastom] n. f. inv. EC: effetti speciali che includono scontri 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility spettacolari tra vari mezzi di custom bike, custom motorcycle towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 trasporto 1984 • trasp. sin. Ø motocicletta di grossa cilindrata, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 dotata di ampia sella e manubrio di tr. car-crash movie, plane-crash grandi dimensioni, studiata 106 per movie 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... lunghi viaggi su strada Il cinema si è omologato del 5.4 Migration Policysulintono Colombia ...................................................... 108 sin. Ø crash movie, spesso adrenalinico tr. custom bike, custom motorcycle “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 oltre5.5 ogni limite di tolleranza, in cui la sceneggiatura è ormai soltanto un La moto riprende le caratteristiche 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 optional e quindi tornano le paure delle custom classiche: manubrione delle dell’altro.................................................................................... mondo. (CS 3 alto, passo lungo, sella bassa, 5.7cose Challenges 114 dicembre 1997) posizione di guida con gambe allungate in avanti. (CS 7 marzo Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 cross [krɔs] n. m. inv. EC: 1998)
motocross, motorcross ••• Working Together for 1948 the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sport Barry Halliday
specialità del motociclismo sportivo
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D
Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 sin. femme fatale, vamp tr. femme fatale, vamp 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 La bella Uma, dark lady già ai tempi
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 del mitico Pulp Fiction, interpreta in questo ultimo film una ex-killer di
4. The Ethics of Migration. nome Bride. (CS 18 agosto 2003) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies discount [disˈkaunt] n. m. inv./ and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 dancing [ˈdɛnsin(g)] n. m. inv./ -s EC: discount shop, discount Laura Zanfrini -s EC: dancing room 1905 •• mus. store 1983 •• locale dovePolicies si può ballare al 4.1pubblico Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant 65 supermercato che vendeLabour prodotti.. non ritmo di musica registrata o suonata pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi Humanitarian dal 4.2 vivoInitiatives for Governing Family andsin. hard discount
Migration: Migration ............. 73 sin. balera, sala daLabour ballo Migration but nottr.Workers’ discount outlet, discount shop, tr. ballroom, dancehall, dancing store, hard discount 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomediscount Guests .................................. 82 room shop, hard discount store 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ → hard discount, stockhouse87 Invece che passeggiare si va in moto, magari fino alOpportunity dancing delandpaese 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Gli ingredienti per la rosticceria li vicino. (LR 7 giugno 1991) compriamo al discount. (LR977 Bibliography ......................................................................................... novembre 2008)
dark [dark] n. m./f. inv. EC: 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 dark rock 1983Including • mus. doomwriter [dumˈ(v)raiter] n. Urs Watter persona che, imitando m./f. inv./-s CA 1995 • cin. prof. nell’abbigliamento e nel 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility autore di libri e copioni comportamento gli esponenti di un cinematografici in cui si manifesta Citizens Living ........................................... 102 genere towards musicaletheir caratterizzato da Abroad
una visione pessimistica del mondo atmosfere cupe e decadenti, si veste 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. che consiste nel prevedere104e di nero, si trucca gli occhi di scuro e descrivere imminenti catastrofi ricorre tagli di capelli stravaganti 5.3 aMigration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. rovinografo sin. Ø tr. Ø 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tr. goth
Come traspare dagli esempi, quella 5.5ogni “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Come tribù metropolitana che si arruolata da Ronchey non è una rispetti i dark hanno riti, rituali e 5.6 Alianza 112 schiera omogenea di “doomwriters”, liturgie proprie. País (LR.................................................................................. 6 settembre catastrofisti o profeti infausti. (LR 8 2000) 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 settembre 1995)
dark lady [darkˈlɛdi, darkˈleidi] Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 doomwriting [dumˈ(v)raitin(g)] n. f. inv. CA 1989 •• m. inv. CA 1982 • cin. donna fataleTogether e spregiudicata cheWell-being usa Working for the ofn.Migrants ........................... 119 in letteratura e cinematografia, il proprio fascino per sottomettere Barry Halliday l’uomo
visione pessimistica del mondo che
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consiste nel Human prevedere e descrivere dribbling inutili. (LR 20 settembre 3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 imminenti catastrofi 1985)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin.3.5 rovinografia b DA 1990 • tr. Ø Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tecnica adottata da chi non vuole rimanere coinvolto in situazioni Il collasso periodico dei grandi servizi, 4. The of Migration. sgradevoli già dopo Ethics il blackout di mezz’agosto a on Recent Policies sin. schivata NewReflections York, rilanciava quel Migration genere letterario che fu chiamato doomwriting, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. dodge esercizio previsione catastrofica o Lauradella Zanfrini «rovinografia». (CS 30 settembre Scatta a destra con un dribbling 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour 2003) improvviso e si avvicina rapido..a65 un barcone da pesca. (LR 20 marzo 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and2004) Humanitarian dread [drɛd] n. m. inv. A:
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 dreads EC: dreadlocks 1988 • n. m. inv. SS 1990 Guests[drink] .................................. 82 abb.4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedrink • tipica acconciatura ottenuta 4.4 Selective Policies and theinBrain Drain............................................ lasciando crescere i capelli ricevimento informale durante87il quale vengono servite anche bevande 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 alcoliche coll. avere i dread, farsi i dread, coll. invitare a un drink, portare i dread ......................................................................................... Bibliography 97 prendere parte a un drink sin. dreadlocks, dreads, rasta sin. Societies cocktail,of Origin cocktail.......party, tr. locks 5. dreadlocks, Colombia: dreads, Including Emigrants in Their 101 ricevimento, rinfresco Urs Watter Entrano nella Facoltà da cui escono i tr. cocktail party primi di studenti i 5.1branchi State Interest andassonnati, Responsibility → cocktail dread ancora dritti in Citizens testa. (LR 16 Abroad ........................................... 102 towards their Living ciocche attorcigliate
novembre 2008)
Visitato
il
suggestivo
cortile
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 quattrocentesco con la grande pietra su cui, vuole la leggenda, Raffaello dribbling [ˈdrib(b)lin(g)] m. ......................................................... 5.3 Migration Policy andn.Ethics 106 bambino stemperava i suoi primi inv. colori, il sempre sorridente Carlo ha 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 preso fuggevolmente parte a un drink a DA 1911 ••• sport in suo onore. (LR 8 maggio 1990) 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 specialmente nel calcio, tecnica che consiste nello schivare uno o più 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 drive in (drive-in) [draiˈvin] n. avversari mantenendo il possesso della palla mediante .................................................................................... finte e tocchi 5.7 Challenges 114 m. inv. EC: drive-in restaurant
sin. scarto SS 1985 • alim. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116si tr. dribble servizio di ristorazione del quale può usufruire, ordinando e IWorking campioni Together d’Italia impareranno a for the Well-being ofasportando Migrantsil........................... 119 cibo, rimanendo seduti preservare gli stinchi evitando nella propria automobile Barry Halliday
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La merce era stata tutta sottratta58al sin.3.4 Ø The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ duty free dell’aeroporto dove tr. drive through, drive thru 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... lavoravano le impiegate infedeli59e veniva poi venduta “al nero”. (LR 18 Il Bibliography drive-in è la......................................................................................... sublimazione e 60 novembre 2005) l’esasperazione del concetto di fast food, che vuol dire letteralmente 4. Thesvelto”, Ethics ofinMigration. “cibo omaggio alla Reflections Policies filosofia dellaon Recent fretta, Migration della produttività, de “il tempo in è denaro”. and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 (LRLaura 10 agosto 1985) Zanfrini
4.1[ˈdjuti] Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 duty n. m.Policies inv. EC: dutyfree4.2 shop 1984 • tur. Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
negozioMigration: situato in posti di Migration frontiera but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Labour come porti e aeroporti che vende merci tasse doganali 4.3esenti FromdaGuest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin. duty free, free shop 4.4 Selective andstore the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. duty-free shop,Policies duty-free → duty free,Opportunity free shop and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 4.5 Equal
97 PuòBibliography così accadere......................................................................................... che un vasetto di caviale russo comprato a Parigi possa alla fine risultare menoEmigrants costoso 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 dello stesso prodotto acquistato al Urs Watter “duty” dell’aeroporto Charles De Gaulle, che èInterest tra l’altro 5.1 State andconsiderato Responsibility uno deitowards meno convenienti del mondo their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 rispetto ai prezzi che si trovano normalmente in città. (LR 8 maggio 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 1987) 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
duty (duty-free, dutyfree) 5.4 free Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 [djutiˈfri] n. m. inv. EC: duty-free 5.51984 “Colombia shop •• tur. nos une”...................................................................... 109 negozio situato posti di frontiera 5.6 Alianza in País .................................................................................. 112 come porti e aeroporti che vende merci da tasse.................................................................................... doganali 5.7esenti Challenges 114
sin. duty, free shop Bibliography 116 tr. duty-free shop,....................................................................................... duty-free store → duty, free shop Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
E
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 eurogoal (euro goal, euro-goal) Laura Zanfrini [euroˈgɔl] n. m. inv. CA 1986 • 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 sport nel calcio, segnatura di particolare 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian importanza e bellezza solitamente Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 realizzata in tornei internazionali
sin.4.3 Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 tr. Ø 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
E men che meno è ovvio per il tifoso 4.5che Equal Opportunity siand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 laziale improvvisamente ritrova un po’ incredulo a guardare in tv una Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 squadra capace quasi di fare solo eurogoal. (LR 18 settembre 1997)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ fiction [ˈfikʃon] n. f. inv./-s 58 SS
F
1982 •••• cin. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
film di breve durata destinato alla
Bibliography ......................................................................................... trasmissione televisiva e articolato60in puntate con continuità narrativa
sin. sceneggiato, serial, soap 4. The Ethics of Migration. opera, telenovela, teleromanzo Reflections on Recent Migration Policies tr. opera, serial, TV-serial61 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe soap ........................................... → telefilm Laura Zanfrini
far4.1west (far-west, Quello for cheImmigrant infatti si chiede una Restrictive Policiesfarwest) and Structural Demand Labourad.. 65
[farˈwɛst] n. m. inv. SS 1980 •• fiction è intrattenere, grazie ai suoi 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andstrumenti Humanitarian narrativi, e magari dare crim. informazioni che altrimenti Migration: Labour Workers’ Migration ............. 73 ambiente o situazione in cui Migration regnano but notdelle molto difficilmente arriverebbero al
il disordine e la violenza
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecosiddetto Guests .................................. 82 “pubblico di prima sin. Ø serata”. (LR 23 gennaio 2007) tr. wild west 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ fidelity card [fiˈdeliti ˈkard]90n. Questa è unaOpportunity brutta legge che accentua il far west. (LR 9 dicembre f. inv./-s CA 1997 • econ. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 2003) tessera riportante le indicazioni anagrafiche del cliente che permette 5. Colombia: Includingfastfood) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101o di accedere a offerte promozionali fast food (fast-food, Urs Watter servizi particolari in supermercati e [fas(t)ˈfud] n. m. inv./-s EC: fastgrandi magazzini food place, fast5.1joint, State fast-food Interest and Responsibility sin. carta fedeltà food restaurant 1982Citizens ••• alim.Living Abroad towards their 102 tr............................................ club card, discount card, ristorante in cui si servono pasti loyalty card, membership card 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 rapidi, specialmente a base hamburger e patatine fritte
di
Ci sono poi le fidelity card che 106 sono sin.5.3 Ø Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... riservate ai clienti abituali e tr. fast-food joint,Policy fast-food place, ...................................................... 5.4 Migration in Colombia garantiscono anche una serie108di fast-food restaurant sconti nella catena di supermercati 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 che le ha emesse. (LR 27 marzo
Un altro ordigno era esploso davanti 1995) 5.6fast-food, Alianza País 112 a un senza.................................................................................. fare vittime, così5.7 come non ne ha fatte il terzo, Challenges .................................................................................... film cult [ˈfilm ˈkalt] n. m. 114 inv. collocato presso la sede di una CA 1988 • cin. compagnia aerea........................................................................................ (LR 29 agosto Bibliography 116 produzione cinematografica che gode di 2006) un particolare riconoscimento sia della Working Together for the Well-being ofcritica Migrants 119 sia degli........................... appassionati
Barry Halliday
sin. film culto, film di culto
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pannello verticale nel quale 58si 3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ tr. cult film,Human cult movie colpisce, mediante due leve azionate → cult 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... da pulsanti laterali, una biglia59di ferro indirizzandola verso una serie Un Bibliography vero film cult che, oltretutto, ebbe ......................................................................................... 60 di ostacoli che, urtati, permettono di il suo momento di massima fortuna totalizzare dei punti negli anni dei figli dei fiori. (LR 23 4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. biliardino dicembre 1996)
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies tr. flipper pinball, pinball, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 pinball machine flash [flɛʃ] n. m. inv. EC: Laura Zanfrini flashback SS 1990 •
È l’era del flipper contro quella del ricordo improvviso ePolicies intenso and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive videogame, a scontrarsi in quelle coll. avere un flash calde sale giochi. (LS 21 giugno Initiatives for Governing Family and2003) Humanitarian sin.4.2 illuminazione
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 tr. flashback [ˈflørt, ˈflɛrt] n. m. inv. 82 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeflirt Guests ..................................
Poi come se avesse avuto un flash, gli torna in mente Policies una scena. (LR 4.4 Selective and the17Brain Drain............................................ 87 a A: flirtation 1895 fr. ••• dicembre 2001) relazione sentimentale limitata nel 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 tempo
flat [flɛt] n./agg. m./f. inv. EC:
coll. avere un flirt Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 flat rate 1999 •• tecn. sin. avventura, relazione, storia (riferito a) sistema di tariffazione di tr. affair, flirtation, love 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin .......affair, 101 alcuni servizi mediante il Emigrants quale la quick romance Urs Watter fornitura si paga con un canone fisso, indipendentemente dalla quantità o 5.1 Statedel Interest and Responsibility dalla durata consumo
Fonti accreditate assicurano che tutto il ........................................... pettegolezzo è nato per nascondere towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 sin. tariffa piatta l’altro, reale flirt dell’attrice tr. 5.2 flat Applied rate americana forse con il capo dei104 suoi Ethics .............................................................................. “gorilla”. (CS 30 ottobre 1995) È la5.3 cosiddetta tariffa “flat”, Migration Policy andpiatta, Ethics ......................................................... 106 che fa pagare un canone mensile, b SS 1900 fr. • 5.4 solo Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 oppure uno scatto iniziale, senza persona con cui si ha una relazione poi chiedere nulla per il tempo della sentimentale superficiale 5.5 “Colombia une”2000) ...................................................................... 109 connessione. (LR 17nos febbraio
coll. essere un flirt 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 sin. amore, fiamma, innamorata, flipper [ˈflipper] n. m. inv./-s innamorato Challenges .................................................................................... 114 EC:5.7flipper pinball 1958 ted. •• tr. lover, date, flame gioc. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
gioco elettronico, funzionante a Terzo, che quello che lei dice è moneta o a gettone, costituito da un assoluto, ma tre mesi, Working Together for the Well-being ofsacrosanto Migrantsin........................... 119 piano orizzontale leggermente nel caso specifico, mi sembravano Barrymontato Hallidaysu gambe e da un inclinato davvero troppo pochi per buttare
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addosso al Human nuovo Rights’ flirt, o Approach nuovo e suini stanno alla base 3.4 The ........................................................ 58 fidanzato, un passato di dell’economia di una provincia che 3.5 Conclusion 59 videocassette, hard ...................................................................................... se ho capito ha fondato sull’agroalimentare bene. (CS 8 maggio 1993) un’immensa fortuna a partire dai Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 consorzi del Parmigiano reggiano e del prosciutto. (LR 29 giugno 2002) fly and drive (fly-and-drive)
4. The Ethics of Migration. [flajenˈdraiv] n. m. inv. EC: fly Reflections on Recent Migration Policies footing [ˈfutin(g)] n. m. inv. DA andand drive holiday, fly and drive “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1921 fr. •• sport package, fly and drive tour 1982 Laura Zanfrini tipo di corsa praticata come • tur. allenamento sportivo o come attività formula di viaggio che comprende il 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand salutarefor Immigrant Labour .. 65 biglietto aereo e il noleggio di fare footing 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andcoll. Humanitarian un’auto
joggingMigration ............. 73 Workers’ sin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but notsin. tr. jogging tr. fly and drive holiday, fly and 4.3package, From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 drive fly and drive to tour, In ogni caso, se non si forza troppo e fly-drive holiday, fly-drive 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ si alternano la corsa e la marcia,87si package, fly-drive tour può continuare a fare footing fino a 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
settant’anni. (LR 6 marzo 1985) Per ottenere una deroga, ad esempio Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 effettuare più formule previste forcing [ˈfɔrsin(g)] n. m. inv. insieme oppure alcune non previste, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 come fly and drive (che prevede il a DA 1936 fr. •• sport viaggio aereo andata e ritorno con Urs Watter in incontri individuali e gare sportive noleggio di autovettura e 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility a squadre, azione d’attacco continua assicurazione) è necessaria una e insistente autorizzazione (LRLiving 19 Abroad towards specifica. their Citizens ........................................... 102 gennaio 1990) coll. fare forcing, subire il
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 forcing food valley Policy (food-valley) sin. pressione 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 tr. pressure, sustained attack [fudˈvallei] n. f. inv. CA 1985 • 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 → pressing a alim. zona5.5 agricola di particolare rilevanza “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Fare forcing significa attaccare con
facente parte di un territorio più energia: in poche parole, tentar ampio adibita País alla .................................................................................. produzione di 5.6 eAlianza 112di forzare la resistenza avversaria alimenti dandoci dentro con piglio 114 sin.5.7 Ø Challenges .................................................................................... particolare. (LR 28 novembre 1986)
tr. Ø Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
b DA 1984 • Ma il valore aggiunto della facoltà iniziativa intensa e prolungata119 che Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... parmense è l’essere al centro della mira a ottenere determinati risultati Barry Halliday cosiddetta “food valley” dove bovini
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Theforcing Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 coll.3.4 fare full [ful] s. m. inv. sin. pressing, pressione 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 tr. pressure a EC: full house 1948 • gioc. → pressing b ......................................................................................... Bibliography nel gioco del poker, combinazione60di carte costituita da un tris e da una Le polemiche della vigilia e il coppia 4. The Ethics of Migration. forcing dei produttori di petrolio per sin. Ø Reflections on Recent Migration Policies smussare l’allarme sembrano già tr. full house and (LR “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 lontani. 17 dicembre 1995)
Laura Zanfrini
→ poker a
franchising [franˈtʃaizin(g)] n. Al mio for tavolo esco soltanto io: perdo 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65
tutta la posta con un full (tre e due m. inv. DA SS 1986 •• econ. 4.2 Initiatives fordiGoverning andcarte Humanitarian uguali) di assi con i sei, contro negozio, che fa parte una catena, Family il sette.Migration (LR 29 gennaio 1989) cui gestore ha il diritto Migration: Labouresclusivo, Migration but notquattro Workers’ ............. 73 dietro il pagamento di un canone 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 bGuests EC: full house 1980 • periodico, di Guest vendere i prodotti di una certa azienda sfruttandone qualsiasi combinazione di cinque 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 marchio e immagine elementi sin.4.5 Ø Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities sin. cinquina, quintetto ................................ 90 tr. franchise, franchise store tr. fivesome, quintet
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 → poker b
I franchising di abbigliamento dei più noti marchi nazionali prendono il In azione, un full di veterani. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......(LR 1014 numero di cellulare dei clienti per dicembre 2002) Urs Watter richiamarli subito dopo Capodanno oppure, senzaInterest esporreand il Responsibility cartellino 5.1 State full optional (full-optional) con il prezzo iniziale e il prezzo towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... [fulˈlɔpʃonal, ˈful ˈɔpʃonal] 102 agg. finale, effettuano sconti su tutta la merce. 30 dicembre 2007) m./f. inv. CA 1990 • 5.2 (LR Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 riferito a tipo di prodotto venduto 5.3shop Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 con un insieme di accessori free (free-shop) [friʃˈʃɔp, addizionali che vengono solitamente ˈfri 5.4 ˈʃɔp] n. m. inv./-s duty- ...................................................... Migration PolicyEC: in Colombia 108 pagati a parte
free shop 1983 • tur. sin. completamente accessoriato 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
negozio situato in posti di frontiera tr. fully accessorized, fully come e aeroporti che vende 5.6porti Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 equipped merci esenti da tasse doganali
→ optional Challenges 114 sin.5.7 duty, duty free.................................................................................... tr. duty-free shop, duty-free store Tutte le vetture sono full optional, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 → duty, duty free con navigatore, cambio automatico e
assicurativa totale. (CS 12 Ma siamo, come genere, al the free Well-being shop Working Together for ofcopertura Migrants ........................... 119 marzo 2007) di un aeroporto di terza categoria. Barry Halliday (LR 6 gennaio 1985)
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G
ad aumentare l’effetto serra riducendo 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 lo strato di ozono
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin. gas serra tr. greenhouse gas Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Proprio mentre il governo danese
4. The Ethics of Migration. annunciava la decisione di anticipare Reflections on Recent Migration Policies il divieto di produzione dei gas killer al 1993, l’Italia si schierava in prima and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 gadget [ˈga(d)dʒet] n. m. inv./-s fila nel gruppo di paesi che puntano Laura Zanfrini SS 1963 •• sul rallentamento degli impegni. (LR oggetto offerto a scopo promozionale 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 24 novembre 1992) sin. omaggio 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andb Humanitarian CA 1993 • tr. giveaway Migration: Labour Migration but notgas, Workers’ Migration 73 letale per l’uomo,............. che causa decessi accidentali oppure utilizzato Si potranno ascoltare canzoni che 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecome Guests .................................. 82 arma chimica negli attentati parlano di donne e saranno distribuiti a tutte dei gadgetPolicies offerti da sin. gas letale 4.4 Selective andalcuni the Brain Drain............................................ 87 centri di estetica. (LR 8 marzo 2003) tr. lethal gas
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Il gas-killer è arrivato all’improvviso: garden [ˈgarden] n. m. inv. EC: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 due marinai sono morti subito, un altro garden center, garden centre poco dopo. (LR 1 aprile 2000) 1992 • 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 negozio di grandi dimensioni Urs Watter specializzato nella vendita di sementi, piante attrezzature da giardino 5.1e State Interest and Responsibility
ginger [ˈdʒindʒer] n. m. inv. EC: ginger ale, ginger pop 1953 • sin. vivaio bev. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 bibita analcolica gassata, amarognola, tr. garden center, garden centre di colore rossastro 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Certo, le sementi non mancano: ma il sin. Ø 5.3diMigration Policy and Ethics 106 punto forza di questo garden sono ......................................................... tr. ginger ale, ginger beer, ginger le vaschette di peperoni, pomodori pop 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 ciliegini, melanzane, finocchi. (CS 8 aprile E proprio dal bar sono arrivati 5.52009) “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 i caffé, ma si parla anche di un Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 bicchiere di ginger, che hanno gas5.6 killer (gas-killer) [ˈgas ˈkiller, avvelenato i due anziani. (LR 23 ˈgaz5.7 ˈkiller] n. m. inv. Challenges .................................................................................... 114 settembre 2003)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 gin lemon (gin-lemon) a CA 1989 • tipo di gas inquinante, particolarmente [dʒinˈlɛmon] n. m. inv. CA 1980 Working Togetherche forcontribuisce the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 nocivo per l’ambiente, • bev. Barry Halliday
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bevanda alcolica a base di gin,Approach succo culturale, economica e politica 3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 di limone e acqua frizzante sin. Ø
...................................................................................... 59 sin.3.5 ginConclusion fizz tr. globalist tr. gin fizz → no global Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 → gin tonic
Gli autoctoni potranno bere la birra 4. The Ethics of Migration. siciliana, i global quella statunitense o Gin fizz e gin lemon sono gli Reflections Recentvanno Migration Policies tedesca, gli esotici quella proveniente aperitivi che al on momento di dallo Sri Lanka. (LR 8 giugno 2008)61 in Italy and Europe ........................................... più,and qui “Non-policies” potrete gustarli accostandoli a tartine salse di ogni sorta. (LR Lauracon Zanfrini 21 ottobre 2000) golden [ˈgɔlden] n. f. inv. EC:
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 golden delicious 1986 • alim. gin4.2 tonic (gin-tonic) [dʒinˈtɔnik] di mele dalla buccia gialla Initiatives for Governing Family andqualità Humanitarian sin. golden delicious ............. 73 n. m. inv. EC: gin and tonic 1970 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration tr. golden delicious • bev. 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 bevanda alcolica a Workers base di gin e acqua tonica
Neppure più la chimica riesce a far
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ diventare le renette o le golden, 87 che sin. gin and tonic crescono tra Cesena e il mare, delle tr. gin tonic 4.5 and Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 mele ‘avvelenate’. (LR 4 marzo → gin lemon 1994) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Ordina un gin tonic e si mette a golfSocieties [gɔlf] n.ofm. inv. ....... EC: 101 golf scherzare. (LR 26Including novembre Emigrants 1989) 5. Colombia: in Their Origin
Urs Watter
girl [gørl, gɛrl] n. f. inv./-s EC:
coat 1915 fr. •• abb.
maglia con le maniche lunghe, di 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility lana o altro tessuto, che si indossa chorus girl 1918 • cin. prof. solitamente sopra la camicia towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 ballerina di fila in spettacoli teatrali e sin. golfino, jersey, maglia, televisivi 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
maglione, pull, pullover sin. ballerina, ballerina di fila tr. jersey, jumper, pullover, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 tr. chorus girl, dancer sweater → miss 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 → pull
Ho 5.5 ancora negli occhi meraviglia “Colombia noslaune” ...................................................................... 109 Fra vent’anni un golf di cachemere di quelle due serate fantastiche, con potrebbe diventare un oggetto112 da 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. tutti quei ballerini bravissimi, le girl museo. (LR 10 marzo 1988) stupende, le scenografie sfarzose e la 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 musica. (LR 7 maggio 1992)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
global [ˈglɔbal] n./agg. m./f. inv.
SS 2001 • Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Working (riferito a) Halliday chi accetta, condivide o è Barry inserito nel processo di globalizzazione
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H
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ heliski (heli-ski) [(h)elisˈki] 58n. m. inv. A: heli-skiing 1983 fr. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59• sport Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sci fuori pista praticato utilizzando l’elicottero come mezzo di risalita
sin. Ø 4. The Ethics of Migration. tr. heli-skiing, helicopter skiing Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 happy end (happy-end, happyend) In Italia ci sono diverse scuole di sci Laura Zanfrini che organizzano escursioni in heliski. [ˈ(h)ɛppi ˈɛnd] n. m./f. inv. A: happy (CS 29 gennaio 2004) Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant ending 1940 fr. •• cin. specialmente in romanzi e film, lieto Humanitarian [(h)it] n. f. inv./-s EC: hit fine4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andhit
Migration: Labour Migration but notparade Workers’ sin. lieto fine 1967Migration • mus. ............. 73 classifica relativa alle vendite 82di tr. happy ending 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
dischi, libri e film Sarà4.4 comunque un’altra sin. classifica Selectivel’amore Policiesdiand the Brain Drain............................................ 87 donna a garantire anche a lui un tr. hit parade 4.5 Equalhappy Opportunity Opportunities ................................ 90 (sarcastico) end. and (LR Denied 9 dicembre 2001) Oltre che cimentarsi in tournée97e Bibliography ......................................................................................... collaborazioni con artisti locali in ambito soprattutto jazzistico, la hard discount (hard-discount) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin .......alcuni 101 cantante ha anche inciso [(h)ardisˈkaunt, ˈ(h)ar(d) ˈdiskaunt] Urs Watter album di musica dance che l’hanno n. m. inv./-s EC: hard-discount fatta entrare nelle hit di mezza 5.1hard-discount State Intereststore and1992 Responsibility shop, •• Europa. (LR 6 maggio 2004) supermercato chetheir vende prodottiLiving non Abroad ........................................... 102 towards Citizens pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi hitball (hit ball, hit-ball)
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 sin.5.2 discount [ˈ(h)itbɔl] n. m. inv. CA 1995 • tr. discount outlet,Policy discount 5.3 Migration and shop, Ethics ......................................................... 106 sport discount store, hard-discount disciplina sportiva a squadre, 5.4hard-discount Migration Policy shop, storein Colombia ...................................................... 108 ciascuna di cinque giocatori, che → discount, stockhouse consiste nel segnare il maggior 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 numero di reti nella porta difesa dalla In 5.6 Veneto stanno ottenendo un Alianza País .................................................................................. squadra avversaria colpendo112il enorme successo i grandi magazzini pallone con qualsiasi parte del corpo alla5.7 tedesca, quelli.................................................................................... che vengono Challenges 114 e utilizzando anche il soffitto come definiti hard discount, dove si superficie di gioco Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 compra tutto a pacchi e in scatola, sin. Ø con grosse quantità. (LR 23 ottobre tr. Ø 1992) Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
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Ho 3.4 conosciuto l’hitball nella mia ascoltare messaggi o effettuare The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 scuola media all’età di 11 anni. (LS conversazioni erotiche 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 20 agosto 2009) sin. linea erotica
tr. adult chat line, phone-sex line, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sex line → chat b EC: holding 1931 •••• 4. The Ethicscompany of Migration. econ. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
holding [ˈ(h)ɔlding] n. f. inv./-s
Alcune pubblicità di queste hot lines, società finanziaria che controlla un and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe su ........................................... riviste specializzate ma anche61 su gruppo di aziende attraverso il LauradiZanfrini giornali normali, recano possesso un numero rilevante di l’avvertenza, anche se in corpo azioni 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 minuscolo, che si tratta Labour di un numero sin. società capogruppo tr. holding company 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andinternazionale, Humanitariane alcuni di questi centralini, specie quelli delle sexy Migration: Labour Migration but notfiabe, Workers’ Migration .............della 73 lo specificano all’inizio Il piano industriale che sarà chiamata, ma non sempre. (LR 28 approntato nelle prossime settimane 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 ottobre 1992) tramuterà la finanziaria in una 4.4 Selective and the holding, da cui Policies dipenderanno dueBrain Drain............................................ 87 settori produttivi, civile e difesa, house [(h)aus, (h)auz] n./agg. f. 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 ciascuno con Opportunity una serie di and società inv. EC: house music 1989 ••• autonome sul piano operativo. (LR 6 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 mus. giugno 1997) (riferito a) genere musicale da discoteca veloce e ....... ripetitivo 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin 101 hot club (hot-club) [(h)ɔtˈklab, caratterizzato dalla combinazione di Urs Watter elementi melodici, basi ritmiche e (h)ɔtˈklɛb] n. m. inv./-s CA 1934 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility suoni rielaborati elettronicamente
fr. • mus.
sin. house music
Citizens Living circolo towards o locale their pubblico in cui si Abroad ........................................... 102 tr. house music suona musica jazz
sin.5.2 jazzApplied club Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Discoteca, musica, qualche cocktail tr. jazz club 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106e allungato con il succo di frutta, sulla via del ritorno, la macchina Ma 5.4 la sua prima «occupazione» era Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 lanciata a velocità altissima, come proprio la musica: ascoltatore vorace quel ritmo che resta nel corpo 109 dopo 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... e scrittore copioso, nos per decenni non una notte passata a muoversi a tempo perse un concerto, vide nascere e 5.6 Alianza País (LR .................................................................................. 112 di house e di rock. (LR 16 febbraio morire gli hot club. 29 giugno 1993) 2004)
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography 116 hotline (hot ....................................................................................... line, hot-line) [ˈ(h)ɔtlain, (h)ɔˈtlain] n. f. inv./-s Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 SS 1992 • ses. Barrytelefonico Halliday a pagamento per servizio
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Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
Si tratta di un “instant film”, una sorta 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58di
anomalo e originale documentario
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... sportivo, la cui ambizione è quella59di
mostrare aspetti particolari legati alla
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 partita. (CS 18 luglio 1994)
4. The Ethics of Migration. instant seller (instant-seller) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies [ˈi(n)stant ˈsɛller] n. m. inv./-s and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 EC: instant best-seller 1992 • infopoint (info point, infoLaura Zanfrini prodotto che, appena immesso sul point) [infoˈpɔint] n. m. inv. mercato,forsi Immigrant vende in grandi quantità 4.1 Restrictive Policies and CA Structural Demand Labour .. 65 ma solitamente per un periodo di EC: information point 2002 •• molto breve 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtempo Humanitarian arch. sin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 struttura, solitamente prefabbricata, tr. instant best-seller adibita a centro informazioni e 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 collocata in Guest edifici di grandi
Ecco Metropolis al quinto posto, un dimensioni come stazioni, aeroporti, 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ “instant seller” se è vero che in87 un fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli, battibaleno,................................ una settimana appena,90 ha università e aree di grande and afflusso 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities occupato quota sessantatre del turistico mercato. (LR 12 settembre 1993) 97 ......................................................................................... sin.Bibliography box, ufficio informazioni
tr. information booth, information internet (internet-bar) bureau, information center, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesbar of Origin ....... 101 [ˈinternet ˈbar] n. m. inv. CA information Urs Wattercentre, information desk, information point 1996 • alim. tecn. 5.1 State → box 4b Interest and Responsibility locale pubblico dove i clienti towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... possono utilizzare gratuitamente102 dei computer collegati alla rete mentre Ci sarà anche un infopoint per 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 degustano cibi e bevande aggiornare i cittadini sul recupero dell’Anfiteatro. 13 and settembre sin. internet café 5.3 Migration(CS Policy Ethics ......................................................... 106 2003) tr. cybercafé, internet café
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 → internet point, phone center film (instant-film) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Non è vero che questa è la [ˈi(n)stant ˈfilm] n. m. inv. CA SS generazione delle discoteche 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 1985 • cin.
instant
assordanti: i ragazzi di oggi produzione cinematografica girata e 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 preferiscono il pub con la musica dal distribuita in tempi molto brevi che vivo o l’internet bar. (CS 25 si basa su un argomento di grande Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 novembre 1997) attualità e risonanza pubblica
sin. instant movie Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 tr. instant movie Barry Halliday
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3.4 The point Human(internet-point) Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 internet [ˈinternet ˈpɔint] n. m. inv. CA 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 1995 •• tecn. Bibliography 60 locale pubblico ......................................................................................... dove i clienti, solitamente in base a una tariffa oraria, possonoof Migration. utilizzare dei 4. The Ethics computer collegati alla rete Migration Policies Reflections on Recent
sin.and internet café “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. cybercafé, internet café Laura Zanfrini → internet bar, phone center 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 I nomadi digitali si danno 4.2 Initiatives forinternet Governing Family and Humanitarian appuntamento dagli point Migration: Labour Migration disseminati nel globo attrezzati di but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 mappe, e-mail e siti Web. (LS 24 4.3 From febbraio 2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
motociclisti, ponendo così la parola 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
fine alla “querelle” relativa alla
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... cilindrata del veicolo e all’età 59 del conducente. (LR 23 ottobre 1999)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
jet society (jet-society) [ˈdʒɛt 4. The Ethics of Migration. soˈsajeti, ˈdʒɛt soˈsaiti] n. f. inv. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies CA........................................... 1965 • and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 jersey [ˈdʒɛrsi, ˈdʒørsi] n. m. la parte più abbiente dell’alta società Laura Zanfrini internazionale inv. EC: Jersey barrier, New sin. alta società, Labour élite, ..high 4.1 1996 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant 65 Jersey • trasp. barriera di cemento armato usata society, jet-set, smart set 4.2 Initiatives for in Governing andtr.Humanitarian come spartitraffico strade Family e élite, high society, jet-set, Migration: Labour Migration but notsmart Workers’ Migration ............. 73 autostrade set, smart society sin. barriera di sicurezza, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 spartitraffico La stampa rosa moscovita lo considera come un habituè delle tr. 4.4 concrete Selectivebarrier, Policies concrete and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 cronache mondane della jet society median barrier, concrete step 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities 90 russa. (LR ................................ 20 febbraio 2004) barrier, F-shape barrier,and Jersey barrier, Jersey......................................................................................... wall, K-rail, Bibliography 97 jolly [ˈdʒɔlli] n. m. inv. median barrier, New Jersey median barrier, traffic barrier, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 a EC: jolly joker 1918 • gioc. traffic divider Urs Watter ciascuna delle due carte da gioco, → new jersey 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility presenti nei mazzi da 52 carte e solitamente raffiguranti l’immagine Hanno towards cercato ditheir stringermi verso il Abroad Citizens Living ........................................... 102 di un giullare, alla quale può essere jersey, il separatore in cemento. È attribuito il valore più conveniente Ethics .............................................................................. 104 stato5.2inApplied quel momento che li ho da parte del giocatore che la possiede toccati, col muso del furgone. (CS 8 5.32007) Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106il coll. avere un jolly, giocare luglio
jolly, pescare il jolly 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 sin. matta jet [dʒɛt] n./agg. m. inv. EC: jet tr. joker, wild card 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 helmet 1985 • trasp. (riferito a) tipo di casco privo di 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. Ma i jolly nel mazzo sono solo112 due mentoniera che lascia scoperti occhi, su cinquantaquattro carte. (LR 29 naso5.7 e bocca Challenges .................................................................................... 114 dicembre 1984)
sin. Ø Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. jet-helmet b EC: jolly joker 1923 •
colpo di fortuna Integrale o jet, entro la fine dell’anno Working Together for the Well-being ofcoll. Migrants ........................... 119il pescare il jolly, trovare il casco obbligatorio per tutti i Barrysarà Halliday
jolly
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The Human Rights’ Approach 58 sin.3.4carta vincente, colpo di ........................................................ e EC: jolly joker 1988 • persona particolarmente socievole e fortuna 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... allegra che anima feste ed eventi 59 tr. lucky break, lucky strike coll. essere il jolly Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sin. burlone Questa volta, però, aveva pescato il jolly, il calciatore capace di fare la tr. buffoon, joker, practical joker, 4. The Ethics Migration. differenza. (LR 1of agosto 1989) prankster, trickster Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Sono i due jolly della serata, andjolly “Non-policies” ........................................... 61 c EC: joker 1949 • in Italy and Europe divertenti, irriverenti, di grande Laura Zanfrini persona capace di svolgere funzioni effetto scenico. (LR 3 maggio 1996)
diverse o di coprire più ruoli a 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant seconda delle necessità f EC: jolly joker 1997Labour • gioc... 65 coll.4.2fare da jolly, fungere da lotterie e concorsi a premi basati Initiatives for Governing Family andinHumanitarian jolly Migration: Labour Migration but notsuWorkers’ estrazioni, numero che può essere Migration ............. 73 abbinato a una serie di numeri sin. factotum, tuttofare nella combinazione tr. all-round substitute, factotum, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecompresi Guests .................................. 82 vincente e che garantisce comunque jack-of-all-trades, utility player 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 una vincita
sin. numero jolly Adesso don Andrea e don and Davide 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 tr. bonus number guidano le parrocchie di San Bernardo e San ......................................................................................... Bartolomeo e si Bibliography 97 Il premio di seconda categoria andrà occupano in particolare dei ragazzi e appunto al ‘5+1’, vale a dire a chi della catechesi; don Paolo, il più 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin indovina 5 numeri tra le sei....... ruote101 più anziano, fa da jolly e collabora in Urs Watter il jolly, il primo estratto sulla ruota di tutte e quattro le parrocchie. (LR 3 Venezia. (LR 5 settembre 1998) marzo 2009)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens g ........................................... EC: jolly joker 2001 • tecn.102 d EC: jolly joker 1988 • abb. Living Abroad
simbolo che può sostituire uno o104 più maschera carnevalesca da 5.2 Applied Ethics costituita .............................................................................. caratteri e che viene solitamente un costume colorato attillato e da un utilizzato per cercare una parola cappello a più punte adornate con ......................................................... 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 all’interno di un testo elettronico o campanellini Policydain Colombia 108 un motore di ricerca coll.5.4 Migration mascherarsi jolly, ......................................................
sin. carattere jolly vestirsi da jolly nos une”...................................................................... 5.5 “Colombia 109 tr. wild card sin. giullare 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 tr. jester
Il volume descrive il funzionamento
Challenges .................................................................................... 114 dei principali motori di ricerca La 5.7 stanzetta del bambino è piena di italiani e internazionali, i termini giochi e pupazzi,....................................................................................... ma non ha la Bibliography 116 tecnici come gli «operatori finestra; alle pareti le sue foto di booleani», i caratteri jolly e le metacarnevale: quest’anno mascherato da tipo di motore119 da Working Together the Well-being ofricerche, Migrantsil ........................... principe, l’anno scorso for da jolly. (LR Barry Halliday 12 novembre 1995)
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utilizzare e la gestione dei risultati. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 (CS 14 agosto 2001)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 jumbo tram ......................................................................................... (jumbotram, Bibliography 60 jumbo-tram) [ˈdʒambo ˈtram, 4. The Ethics Migration. ˈdʒumbo ˈtram]of n. m. inv. CA Reflections 1975 •• trasp. on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 veicolo tranviario più lungo della norma, formato da vagoni snodati e Laura Zanfrini in grado di trasportare numerosi 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 passeggeri
sin. tram articolato, tram 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian snodato Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 tr. articulated tram 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
I difetti del jumbo tram di ultimissima generazione sono 4.4 Selective Policies andsaltati the Brain Drain............................................ 87 fuori dopo neanche un anno. (LR 30 4.5 Equal maggio 2004) Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini killer [ˈkiller] n. m./f. inv./-s SS
1934 crim. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1•••• Restrictive
assassino che uccide su commissione
Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian coll.4.2 assoldare unfor killer Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 sin. sicario tr. 4.3 hitFrom man, hired assassin, Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 hatchet man 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Niente che spieghi perché qualcuno 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 abbia assoldato un killer per cancellare due vite e segnare Bibliographyuna ......................................................................................... 97 definitivamente terza. (LR 20 luglio 2000)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
® Urs Watter K-Way (K-way, k-way, Kway,
kway) [kiˈwei, kiˈwɛi, keiˈwei, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility keiˈwɛi]towards n. m./f.their inv.Citizens MG 1981 • Abroad ........................................... 102 Living abb. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
giacca a vento impermeabile molto sottile ripiegata in unaand tasca, si ......................................................... 106 5.3 che, Migration Policy Ethics può portare allacciata in vita come un marsupio 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
sin. (giacca) antivento ™ une”...................................................................... 109 tr., 5.5 “Colombia cagoule, nos Pac-a-Mac , ™ Windbreaker windcheater 5.6 Alianza, País .................................................................................. 112
5.7zaino Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Nello non devono mancare una k-way per fronteggiare una pioggia Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 improvvisa, un cappellino per evitare colpi di sole e biancheria di ricambio. 14 agostofor 2003) Working(CS Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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addetto all’ascensore in alberghi58di 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ lusso ed edifici pubblici di grandi
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 dimensioni sin. addetto all’ascensore Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 tr. lift-boy
4. The Ethics of Migration. C’è effettivamente un momento della Reflections on Recent Migration Policies giornata in cui professori, funzionari, giornalisti, impiegati, operai, magari and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
il lift dell’albergo, chiedono scusa e devono lasciarvi. (LR 6 aprile 1985)
leasing [ˈlizin(g)]Policies n. m. inv. 4.1 Restrictive and DA Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1970 ••• econ. [ˈliftin(g)] n. m. inv. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andlifting Humanitarian contratto di locazione di un bene Migration:diLabour Migration dietro pagamento un canone, con but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 a EC: face lifting 1946 •• cosm. possibilità di riscatto del bene stesso di chirurgia estetica 82 per 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeintervento Guests .................................. al termine del contratto eliminare le rughe del viso e del coll.4.4fare un leasing, comprare Selective Policies and theinBrain Drain............................................ collo mediante innalzamento 87e leasing tensione della pelle ................................ 90 sin.4.5 Ø Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities sin. ritidectomia tr. lease tr. face lift, face lifting Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Per noleggiare quei benedetti tappeti L’attrice, reduce da un miracoloso 5. Colombia: in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 abbiamo fatto Including un leasingEmigrants di 36 lifting, aveva concesso un ballo ad milioni. 6 agosto 1993) Urs (CS Watter entrambi. (LR 10 settembre 1989)
5.1 State Interest and m./f. Responsibility liberty [ˈliberti] n./agg. inv.
b EC: face lifting 1959 •• towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 serie di modifiche e aggiornamenti E: A.L. Liberty 1905 ••• arch. apportati a un prodotto o a 104 una (riferito a) tendenza artistica 5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
situazione per migliorarne l’immagine nell’architettura e nell’arredamento 5.3 Migration and Ethics 106 caratterizzata da Policy linee curve che ......................................................... sin. restyle, restyling, rinnovamento, richiamano lo stile floreale ristrutturazione
108 sin.5.4 artMigration nouveau Policy in Colombia ...................................................... tr. restyle, restyling tr. art modern style → restyling 5.5nouveau, “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109
Ne 5.6 nacque una bella cittadella tra il Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Questa Italia di plastica ha bisogno liberty e il moresco, con un elegante di lifting finanziari continui, o 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 stabilimento balneare e un almeno di specchi che ingigantiscano lungomare di discreti villini. (CS 6 le dimensioni, un po’ come quelli Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 agosto 2003) delle toilette di Harrods. (LR 11 aprile 2005)
Working for the of Migrants ........................... 119 lift [lift] n.Together m. inv. EC: liftWell-being boy
Barry Halliday 1902 • prof.
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The Human 58 longseller (long seller, longlive3.4[laiv] n. m. Rights’ inv. EC:Approach live ........................................................ seller) [lon(g)ˈsɛller] n. m. inv./-s concert 1975 • mus. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 CA 1980 • 60 sin.Bibliography concerto (dal......................................................................................... vivo) prodotto che si vende in grandi tr. live act, live concert quantità e per un periodo di tempo molto lungo 4. The Ethics of Migration. Per Reflections invogliare laon gente ad andare ai sin. Ø Recent Migration Policies concerti, bisogna darle spazi tr. long-term best seller and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 adeguati dove un live si possa vedere Laura Zanfrini e ascoltare bene. (LR 12 ottobre concerto dal vivo
In ogni caso un premio speciale va 2008) dato aforun long-seller. (LR 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 658 dicembre 1990)
4.2 Initiatives Family and Humanitarian living [ˈlivin(g)] for n. Governing m. inv. EC: Migration: Workers’ Migration(look-maker, ............. 73 maker living room 1986 •Labour arch. Migration but notlook
[ ˈ luk ˈmeiker, ˈ 82 luk 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelookmaker) Guests .................................. sin. soggiorno ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1986 • tr. 4.4 living-room, lounge,and lounge Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 abb. prof. room, sitting room chi si occupa di curare l’immagine90di 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ soggiorno
()
()
un personaggio pubblico Vorrei un appartamento con un bel Bibliography ......................................................................................... sin. consulente d’immagine 97 living arioso. (LS 28 marzo 2003)
tr. image maker
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 loft [lɔft] n. m. inv. EC: Morti i look maker, gli artisti oggi
Urs Watter apartment loft, converted loft, ignorano la magia del palco e loft5.1 conversion SS 1974 arch. State Interest and •• Responsibility tralasciano quel pizzico di teatralità elegantetowards appartamento o ufficio che invece è indispensabile. (LS 25 their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
ricavato dalla ristrutturazione di febbraio 2007) 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 capannoni industriali o solai, ™ costituito da un unico locale molto Luna Park (lunapark, 106 luna Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... alto5.3 senza pareti divisorie e spesso park, luna-park) [lunaˈpark] n. m. corredato di soppalco
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 inv. MG 1911 •• sin. Ø parco divertimenti, solitamente tr. apartment loft, nos converted loft, 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 collocato in uno spazio aperto, dotato loft conversion di giostre e attrazioni di vario genere 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 → open space sin. parco (dei/di) divertimenti 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... tr. amusement park, fun fair 114 Le puntate della serie sono 40 e Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 seguono le avventure di tre amici che Sullo sfondo si accendono le luci del convivono in un loft e sono alla luna park natalizio. (LS 17 dicembre disperata di for unthequarto Working ricerca Together Well-being of2003) Migrants ........................... 119 coinquilino con cui dividere le spese. Barry Halliday (LR 3 agosto 2008)
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Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 minibar (mini bar, mini-bar) [miniˈbar] n./agg. m. inv. 59 SS 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 1986 • alim. trasp. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 (riferito a) carrello, solitamente utilizzato sui treni, per trasportare
bevande e cibi preconfezionati da 4. The Ethics of Migration. vendere ai passeggeri Reflections on Recent Migration Policies sin............................................ Ø and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 tr. bar-cart service, food trolley, Laura Zanfrini mail [meil] n. f. inv. EC: refreshment(s) trolley, trolley electronic mail, e-mail ••• 4.1 Restrictive Policies1991 and Structural Demand servicefor Immigrant Labour .. 65 tecn. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family andI Humanitarian messaggio inviatofortramite posta viaggiatori si troveranno così Migration: Labour Migration but notsprovvisti Workers’diMigration 73 elettronica ristorante............. e carrelli minibar. (LR 8 marzo 1986) sin. messaggio (di posta 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 elettronica) minibasket (mini basket, minitr. 4.4e-mail, Selectivee-mail Policiesmessage, and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 electronic mail basket) [miniˈbasket] n. m. inv. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 CA 1964 • sport I truffatori scrivono ai clienti una disciplina sportiva, simile 97 alla Bibliography ......................................................................................... mail camuffata da messaggio pallacanestro, praticata da bambini e ufficiale di posta elettronica della ragazzi con regole semplificate e 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 banca e li invitano a digitare dati canestro collocato a un’altezza Urs Watter personali e password per accedere a inferiore un concorso particolarmente sin. Ø 5.1 State and Responsibility attraente. (LS Interest 29 settembre 2003)
tr............................................ biddy basketball towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 → basket, minivolley match ball (match-ball, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 matchball) [mɛtʃˈbɔl, ˈmɛtʃbɔl] n. Momenti di tensione anche nel 106 palazzetto dello sport di Fossombrone, m. 5.3 inv.Migration SS 1984 ••Policy sport and Ethics ......................................................... che è stato sgomberato mentre era in 5.4 varieMigration disciplinePolicy sportive, punto in Colombia ...................................................... 108in corso un torneo di minibasket. (LR 17 decisivo ottenendo il quale è dicembre 1987) possibile aggiudicarsinos l’incontro 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109
sin. match point, palla decisiva, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. palla dell’incontro, punto minimarket [miniˈmarket]112n. decisivo m. inv. CA 1976 • 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 tr. match point negozio, solitamente di piccole Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116di dimensioni e con un assortimento Abbiamo sprecato il primo merce ridotto, presso il quale si matchball, ma ne resta un altro. (LR di prima necessità Working Together for the Well-being ofacquistano Migrantsgeneri ........................... 119 4 giugno 2007) e alimentari Barry Halliday
sin. minimercato
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Svanito l’incubo della retrocessione, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 tr. minimart è possibile che i mister rinuncino Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 alle barricate per l’inutile punticino La 3.5 scorsa notte il loro minimarket è in trasferta. (LR 25 agosto 2003) stato completamente distrutto dalle Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 fiamme. (LR 18 aprile 2008)
4. The Ethics(mini of Migration. minivolley volley, mini-
mobbing [ˈmɔbbin(g)] n. m. inv.
SS 1988 sved. ••• prof. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies persecuzione ed emarginazione nei volley) [miniˈvɔllei] n. m. inv. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... confronti di una o più persone61 da CA 1985 • sport Laura Zanfrini parte di un gruppo specialmente in
disciplina sportiva simile alla un ambiente di lavoro o in una pallavolo praticata Policies da bambini e 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 comunità ragazzi con regole semplificate e rete Ø collocata a un’altezza 4.2 Initiatives forinferiore Governing Family andsin. Humanitarian
bullying, sin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers’ Migration harassment, ............. 73 victimization tr. biddy volleyball 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 → minibasket, volley In questo caso, il mobbing si 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 manifesta con continue vessazioni
Una cinquantina di squadre di volley sul dipendente, o aumenti del carico sparse città,Opportunity due, tremilaand ragazzi 4.5 in Equal Denied Opportunities di lavoro, ................................ per indurlo a gettare90la che ogni anno scendono in palestra spugna. (LR 14 febbraio 2004) ......................................................................................... 97 per Bibliography un gigantesco torneo di minivolley. (LR 19 febbraio 1985)
mobility manager (mobility5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 manager) [moˈbiliti ˈmɛnadʒer, miss n. f. inv. SS 1985 • Urs[mis] Watter moˈbiliti ˈmanadʒer] n. m. inv. cin. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility ragazza che fa parte del mondo dello CA 1994 • prof. towards their in Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... spettacolo e compare trasmissioni figura professionale interna102a televisive
un’azienda incaricata di organizzare 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 gli spostamenti dei dipendenti sin. showgirl, valletta sin. responsabile logistico, tr. glamour girl, showgirl 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 responsabile della logistica → girl 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tr. transport planner Non5.5 mancano le ballerine del varietà, “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109
Il decreto, ignorato da tutti, obbliga e le miss poco vestite. (LR 15 luglio aziende con almeno 300 dipendenti 1987) 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112a nominare il proprio mobility 5.7 Challenges manager con il compito 114di mister [ˈmister] .................................................................................... n. m. inv. SS predisporre il piano di gestione degli 1951 •• sport ....................................................................................... Bibliography spostamenti dei dipendenti e116 dei specialmente nel calcio, allenatore di propri clienti. (LR 18 novembre una squadra Together for the Well-being of2008) Working Migrants ........................... 119
sin.Barry allenatore, coach, trainer Halliday tr. coach, trainer
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3.4 The Human[mon(t)ˈgɔmeri] Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 montgomery n. m. E: B.L....................................................................................... Montgomery 3.5 inv. Conclusion 59 1953 •• abb. Bibliography 60 giaccone sportivo ......................................................................................... di lana lungo fino alle ginocchia, fornito di cappuccio e con la chiusura di corda e 4. The Ethicsdiofalamari Migration. cuoio e bottoni ovali Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
sin.and Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. duffel coat, duffle coat Laura Zanfrini → trench 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Da Trussardi la novità è la pelliccia Initiatives Family and Humanitarian di 4.2 camoscio, fattafordaGoverning migliaia di piccoli Migration: dischi e il Labour montgomery con but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Migration bottoni di lucertola intrecciata. (CS 2 4.3 From febbraio 2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 median barrier, traffic barrier, traffic divider 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 → jersey Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Diciotto giorni dopo il nubifragio, nove strade sono sbarrate dai newjersey. (LR 4 settembre 2001
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 new opening (new-opening) Laura Zanfrini
[ˈnju ˈopenin(g), ˈnju ˈɔpenin(g)] 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 n. m./f.for inv./-s CA 1993 • econ. [naddzisˈkin, nattsisˈkin] n. m./f. nuova o prossima apertura di inv./-s EC: Nazi-skinhead 1989 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andun’attività Humanitarian commerciale ••• crim. Migration: Labour Migration but notsin. Workers’ 73 nuovaMigration apertura,............. prossima giovane appartenente a bande apertura teppistiche e razziste 4.3 From violente Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 tr. opening soon riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 dall’abbigliamento di tipoand militare → next opening
naziskin (nazi skin, nazi-skin)
con accessori in pelle nera
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities Tira aria ................................ di crisi ma in 90 via sin.4.5 skin, skinhead, testa rasata Montenapo e dintorni le boutique tr. Bibliography Nazi-skinhead, neo-Nazi ......................................................................................... 97si rinnovano e se ne aprono di nuove. skinhead, skinhead In vista della settimana della moda → 5. skin Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
l’elenco delle “new opening” arriva a dieci. (LR 17 settembre 2008)
Poi comparve un tipo con la testa rapata naziskin. gennaio 5.1alla State Interest(LR and23Responsibility next opening (next-opening) 2004) towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
[ˈnɛkst ˈopenin(g), ˈnɛkst ˈɔpenin(g)]
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. new5.2jersey (new-jersey, newjersey) n. m./f. inv./-s CA 2005 • econ. 104
nuova o prossima apertura di [n(j)uˈdʒɛrsi, n(j)uˈdʒørsi] inv. ......................................................... 5.3 Migration Policy n. andm.Ethics 106 un’attività commerciale EC: New Jersey median barrier T: sin. nuova apertura, prossima 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 New Jersey 1992 • trasp. apertura barriera di cemento armato usata 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 tr. opening soon come spartitraffico in strade e → new opening autostrade 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 sin. barriera di sicurezza, Già al lavoro gli operai nell’ex 114 Coin 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... spartitraffico di via Ruggero Settimo per il next tr. concrete barrier, concrete Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116di opening della catena spagnola median barrier, concrete step abbigliamento Zara. (LR 12 barrier, F-shape barrier, Jersey novembre 2005) Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 barrier, Jersey wall, K-rail, Barry Halliday median barrier, New Jersey
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con finalità commerciali. (LR 58 28 3.4 The Human night [nait] n. m.Rights’ inv./-sApproach EC: ........................................................ aprile 2005)
night 1960 •••...................................................................................... ses. 3.5club Conclusion 59 locale notturno con musica in cui si no stop (no-stop) [noˈstɔp] n./agg. Bibliography 60 assiste a spettacoli......................................................................................... dal vivo di vario m./f. inv. A: non-stop 1959 •• genere e spogliarelli (riferito a) attività, lavoro o viaggio sin. night club,of sexy bar, strip 4. The Ethics Migration. che prosegue senza interruzione club, topless bar, Reflections ontopless Recentclub Migration Policies sin. senza sosta tr. and night“Non-policies” club, strip club, in topless Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. non-stop bar,Laura topless cabaret, topless club Zanfrini → sexy bar, sexy show La manifestazione proseguirà per 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant tutto il for pomeriggio conLabour musica.. 65 noA causare il disastro un’autobomba stop, lancio goliardico e simbolico di 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family andgavettoni Humanitarian piazzata davanti a for un night. (LR 13 e distribuzione di pizze e Labour Migration but notbevande. Workers’ gennaioMigration: 2002) (LRMigration 30 maggio............. 2008) 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 notes [ˈnɔtes] n. m. inv. EC: 4.4 m./f. Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 block notes 1905 fr. • n./agg. inv. CA 2001 ••••
no global (no-global) [noˈglɔbal]
blocco per appunti con fogli (riferito a) chi fa parte di movimenti 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities staccabili ................................ 90 contrari al processo di globalizzazione culturale, economica......................................................................................... e politica sin. blocco (per appunti), taccuino Bibliography 97
sin. antiglobale tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook, tr. anti-globalist, antinotepad, pad, of tablet, writing 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... pad 101 globalization protester, anti→ block notes Urs Watter globalization protestor → global 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Sono intenti a firmare autografi nelle copertine di dischi, nei notes, nelle towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 magliette. (LR 18 dicembre 2003) Fuori dal Palazzo blindatissimo, i “no5.2 global” hanno iniziato la loro Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 nude look (nude-look) [(ˈ)n(j)ud manifestazione. (LR 4 ottobre 2003)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 ˈluk] n. m. inv. CA 1966 fr. •• abb.
no 5.4 profit (no-profit) [noˈprɔfit] stile di capo d’abbigliamento Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
n./agg. m./f. inv. A: non-profit trasparente, sia femminile che 5.5••“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109il maschile, che lascia intravedere 1990 econ.
corpo (riferito a) tipo di organizzazione o Paísscopo .................................................................................. 112 ente5.6 cheAlianza opera senza di lucro sin. Ø
sin.5.7 senza scopo di.................................................................................... lucro tr. see-through clothing, sheer Challenges 114 tr. non-profit, non-profitmaking, clothing, transparent clothing Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 not-for-profit
Ma c’è anche qualche tocco di ad esempio nella blusa a Working for the Well-being ofmalizia, Migrants ........................... 119 La nostra èTogether una no-profit. Non ha coste in nude look che spalanca la niente a che vedere col commercio o Barry Halliday vista del seno. (LR 22 gennaio 1987)
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ n./agg. m./f. inv. CA SS 1984 58 ••• arch. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 (riferito a) tipo di ampio ambiente
O
interno separato in vani da componenti Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 d’arredo e non da pareti
sin. Ø 4. The Ethics of Migration. tr. open-plan, open-plan apartment, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies open-plan loft, open-plan office and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 → loft
Zanfrini off Laura [ɔf] agg. m./f. inv. SS 1967 •
I reparti non erano divisi, era come riferito a tipo diPolicies spettacolo o 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 un open space. (LR 23 novembre manifestazione artistica d’avanguardia 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and2006) Humanitarian solitamente propostafor fuori dai circuiti commerciali Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
optional [ˈɔpʃonal, ˈɔptsjonal] n. sin. d’avanguardia, sperimentale 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomem. Guests .................................. 82 tr. fringe inv./-s EC: optional extra 1967 ••• 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Il film racconta avventure e accessorio ottenibile con il disavventure, e private, di 4.5 Equal pubbliche Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 pagamento................................ di un sovrapprezzo un gruppo di teatranti impegnati rispetto al prezzo di base Bibliography 97 nella realizzazione......................................................................................... di uno spettacolo sin. accessorio, extra off, in una delle tante cantine tr. accessory, extra, optional romane. (LR 3 giugno 2006) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 5. Colombia: Including
Urs Watter office [ˈɔffis] n. m./f. inv. SS 5.1fr.State Interest and Responsibility 1933 • arch.
extra, optional feature → full optional
Un impianto stereo, il cruise control Citizens fra Living 102 locale ditowards serviziotheir e disimpegno la Abroad e ........................................... i sedili riscaldabili rappresentano cucina e la sala da pranzo di cui sono solo alcuni degli optional disponibili. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 solitamente dotati ristoranti, alberghi (LR 23 luglio 2003) e appartamenti lussuosi 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. ripostiglio, dispensa, organizer [orgaˈnaizer] n. m. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 disimpegno, locale di servizio inv./-s EC: personal organizer tr. pantry, butler’s pantry 1992 • 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
taccuino o dispositivo elettronico di Il bagno, lo studio dentistico, la sala 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 piccole dimensioni nel quale possono da pranzo, la cucina e l’office danno essere annotati impegni giornalieri, verso est; a nord si trova il 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 indirizzi e numeri di telefono guardaroba. (LR 5 marzo 2006)
sin. agenda, agenda elettronica Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. personal organizer open space (open-space, Working Together forɔpensˈpeis] the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 openspace) [opensˈpeis, Non è un’agenda elettronica o un Barry Halliday
“organizer” come si dice in gergo,
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ma 3.4 unoThe deiHuman più piccoli Rights’personal Approach ........................................................ 58 computer in circolazione, con tanto 3.5 Conclusion 59 di video e tastiera....................................................................................... (LR 14 luglio 1992)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
outing [ˈautin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
4. The Ethics of Migration. 1991 fr. •• Reflections on Recent Migration Policies dichiarazione pubblica in cui si and “Non-policies” in Italy and manifesta la propria appartenenza a Europe ........................................... 61 Zanfrini tradizionalmente una Laura categoria discriminata
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 coll. fare outing sin.4.2 coming out for Governing Family and Humanitarian Initiatives tr. coming out Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 L’outing è praticato correntemente negli Stati Uniti e soprattutto in Gran 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Bretagna, dove laPolicies stampa and popolare rilancia e amplifica le rivelazioni 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 delle organizzazioni omosessuali. (LRBibliography 13 marzo 1999) ......................................................................................... 97
oversound over 5. Colombia:(over-sound, Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 sound) [overˈsaund, ɔverˈsaund] Urs Watter n. m. inv. CA 1989 • cin. 5.1 State Interest and tecnica di doppiaggio cheResponsibility consiste towards latheir Living nel sovrappone voceCitizens al parlato di Abroad ........................................... 102
un film o di un documentario 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 mantenendo in sottofondo l’audio in lingua 5.3originale Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. speakeraggio 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tr. off-screen voice, voice-over → speaker e 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 È meglio iniziarePaís da piccoli: messi di 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 fronte a un film in lingua straniera con5.7traduzione oversound i Challengesin.................................................................................... 114 bambini non fanno una piega. (LR Bibliography 13 gennaio 2010) ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 peeling [ˈpilin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
P
SS 1970 •• cosm. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
trattamento estetico che mediante
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sostanze abrasive elimina le cellule superficiali dell’epidermide
sin. dermoabrasione 4. The Ethics of Migration. tr. body-peel, exfoliation, faceReflections on Recent Migration Policies peel, peel, scrub, scrubbing 61 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... palmer [ˈpalmer] n. m. inv. E: J. Laura Zanfrini Per una pelle luminosa a regola Palmer 1918 • sport trasp. d’arte valgono alcune strategie di pneumatico tubolare solitamente 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 utilizzato per biciclette da corsa
cura che vanno dai leggeri peeling
per togliere le cellule morte all’uso Initiatives for Governing sin.4.2 pneumatico tubolare, tubolare Family anddiHumanitarian prodotti che nutrono e............. “fissano” Labour Migration Workers’ Migration 73il tr. cordMigration: tire, cord tyre, tubular tire, but notcolore. (LS 28 agosto 2003) tubular tyre, tubular 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
personal [ˈpɛrsonal] n. m. inv.
Niente motori, la Policies strada a and risuonare 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 EC: personal computer 1982 • del rumore dei palmer, dei ricoperti, tecn. Equal da Opportunity and (LR Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 dei 4.5 battistrada mountain bike. elaboratore elettronico di piccole 6 settembre 2003) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 dimensioni
sin. personal computer, PC 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of OriginPC ....... 101 tr. personal computer, AD EC: parking garage, parking Urs Watter lot 1985 fr. • arch. Noi mandiamo a casa il modem e un area5.1 all’aperto o al coperto, anche State Interest and Responsibility dischetto per configurare il personal. distribuita su più piani, riservata alla (LR 16 febbraio 2004) towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
parking [ˈparkin(g)] n. m. inv.
sosta delle automobili
sin.5.2 Applied autosilo, Ethics parcheggio, .............................................................................. 104 petting [ˈpɛttin(g)] n. m. inv. parcheggio multipiano, posteggio 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... EC: heavy petting 1951 •• ses.106 tr. car park, parking garage, scambio di effusioni amorose che parking lot 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 precedono o sostituiscono l’atto → box 1a sessuale completo 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 sin. preliminari Nel prologo, ammirevole per grazia e tr. foreplay, heavy petting 112 5.6 Alianza Paísal.................................................................................. inventiva, si assiste gioco del caso che5.7mette in relazione i due Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Perciò noi, nella terapia della coppia, sconosciuti: un portafoglio rubato a insegniamo appunto ciò che viene lei Bibliography e ritrovato dall’uomo in un ....................................................................................... 116 chiamato petting, scientificamente parking. (LR 21 maggio 2009) denominato focalizzazione sensoriale. Working Together for the Well-being of(LR Migrants 119 28 agosto........................... 1988)
Barry Halliday
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3.4 Thecenter Human (phone-center, Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 sin. Ø phone
tr. fleece phonecenter, phone centre, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 phone-centre, phonecentre) [ˈfon Occorre un abbigliamento che Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 prevede tuta da sci, o se preferito ˈsɛnter, ˈfɔn ˈsɛnter] n. m. inv./-s pantaloni di pile e giubbotto CA 1988 •• 4. The Ethics of Migration. antivento, guanti da sci e scarponcini locale pubblico, dotato di cabine da trekking. (CS 29 gennaio 2004) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies telefoniche e computer collegati alla Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 rete,and in “Non-policies” cui si possono ineffettuare b SS 1985 • abb. chiamate tariffe vantaggiose Lauraa Zanfrini indumento sportivo confezionato con sin. punto telefonico materiale molto soffice 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand forsintetico Immigrant Labour .. 65al tr. cybercafé, internet café tatto e dalle proprietà → internet bar, internet point Family andtermoregolatrici 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitariane idrorepellenti Ø Migration: Labour Migration but notsin. Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Sarà la prossima mossa a sorpresa tr. fleece jacket dei 4.3 phone center nostrani, che,tocon From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
un occhio all’integrazione razziale e Quando si è allontanata indossava un 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ l’altro ben aperto sul and business pile di colore verde oliva, 87 con immigrati, offrono telefoni pubblici a chiusura a zip, un paio di jeans con 4.5prezzo. Equal(LR Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 basso 28 luglio 2000) un foulard variegato rosa e, a tracolla, una borsa di nylon color Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 nocciola con cerniera e sul davanti pick up (pick-up) [piˈkap] n. m. due taschine ugualmente con inv. EC: pick-up truck 1931 •• 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 cerniera. (LR 30ofmaggio 2006)
trasp. Urs Watter
furgone o fuoristrada per il trasporto plaid [plɛd, pleid] n. m. inv./-s State Interest di 5.1 piccoli carichi and con Responsibility cassone SS........................................... 1757 •• scopertotowards e spondetheir basseCitizens Living Abroad 102 coperta di lana, solitamente di colore sin. furgoncino, furgone, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. vivace, con frange alle estremità104 fuoristrada
sin. coperta tr. pick-up truck Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 5.3 Migration 106 tr. blanket, cover Come un Policy pick upinpieno di 5.4risultato, Migration Colombia ...................................................... 108
Forse per questo nessuno ha fatto civili armati si è messo a caccia dei 5.5 “Colombia nosdella une”...................................................................... 109e caso a quell’uomo riverso per terra presunti disturbatori quiete coperto fino alla testa con un plaid cittadina. (CS 21 novembre 2003) 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 marrone, che stava così da almeno una settimana. (LR 13 gennaio 2001)
pile5.7 [pail] n. m. inv./-s Challenges .................................................................................... 114
play [plei] n. m./f. inv. EC: Bibliography a SS 1985 • abb........................................................................................ 116 playmaker 1984 •• sport tessuto di materiale sintetico molto specialmente nella pallacanestro, Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 soffice al Together tatto e dalle proprietà giocatore particolarmente dotato nel termoregolatrici e idrorepellenti Barry Halliday
controllo del pallone che ha il
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compito di Human guidare Rights’ l’attaccoApproach della specialmente nella pallacanestro, 3.4 The ........................................................ 58 propria squadra impostando lo giocatore particolarmente dotato nel 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... schema di gioco controllo del pallone che ha59il compito di guidare l’attacco della sin.Bibliography guardia, playmaker, regista ......................................................................................... 60 propria squadra impostando lo tr. (point) guard schema di gioco → playmaker
4. The Ethics of Migration.
sin. guardia, play, regista
on Recent Migration Policies tr. (point) guard NonReflections sarà un anziano, non sarà and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe 61 necessariamente un play in puro, sarà → ........................................... play sicuramente un atleta vero ed un Laura Zanfrini L’esigenza di trovare un playmaker giocatore capace di portare punti, in grado di offrire Labour qualità .. 65 alla 4.1 come Restrictive Demand for Immigrant anche primaPolicies punta. and (LR Structural 28 squadra ha dato vita alla ricerca di un dicembre 2008) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andgiocatore Humanitarian con le giuste Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 caratteristiche. (LR 18 ottobre 2001) playback (play back, play-back) 4.3 From Guest Workers to SS Unwelcomeplayout Guests .................................. 82 [ˈpleibɛk, pleiˈbɛk] n. m. inv. (play out, play-out) 1942 mus. Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.4••• Selective [pleˈjaut] n. m. inv. CA 1985 •• specialmente nelle trasmissioni sport televisive, tecnica che permette di 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
nei tornei sportivi a squadre, fase mandare in onda un brano musicale finale del campionato in cui 97le Bibliographyregistrato, ......................................................................................... precedentemente mentre il squadre classificatesi ultime cantante simula l’esecuzione in disputano incontri a eliminazione diretta 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 diretta per stabilire quali andranno a coll.Urs cantare Watterin playback fare parte della serie inferiore nella sin. Ø stagione successiva
State Interest and Responsibility tr. 5.1lip-synchronization, lipsin. Ø towards their Citizensmime, Living Abroad ........................................... 102 synch(ing), lip-sync(hing), tr. Ø miming 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
La stagione calcistica (mancano Certo, se pensiamo che and poi Ethics tutti ......................................................... 106 5.3 Migration Policy ancora uno spareggio in A, due questi artisti arriveranno per svolgere giornate di B e i playoff e i playout un semplice passaggio promozionale, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... di C) si concluderà con quasi108 150 ovviamente in playback tranne, arresti. (LR 26 maggio 2003) 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 speriamo, qualche prestigiosa eccezione, il fascino di questa 5.6 Alianza Paísquasi .................................................................................. pocket [ˈpɔket] n. m. inv./-s112 EC: kermesse scompare del tutto. (LR5.7 19 Challenges febbraio 1995) pocket book 1985 •• .................................................................................... 114 libro dal formato ridotto che può essere riposto in una tasca Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 playmaker (play maker, play-
sin. tascabile maker) [(ˈ)plei ˈmeiker, (ˈ)plei pocket book, pocket-size book Working Together for the Well-being oftr.Migrants ........................... 119 ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1964 Barry Halliday ••• sport
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Così3.4il The tascabile, il tanto bistrattato Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 tr. pole position pocket, si prende la rivincita sul 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Per realizzare la pole ci vorrà un giro sussiegoso hard cover, il libro da Superman. (CS 29 settembre rilegato. (LR 6 maggio 1989) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 2003)
poker [ˈpɔker] n. m. inv.
b EC: pole position 1990 •• 4. The Ethics of Migration. posizione privilegiata o vantaggiosa Reflections on Recent Migration Policies a SS 1905 • gioc. coll. essere in pole nel and gioco“Non-policies” del poker, combinazione di in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 sin. pole position, posizione quattro carte dello stesso valore, Laura Zanfrini privilegiata, prima posizione, inferiore solamente alla scala reale for Immigrant Labour .. 65 primo posto, vantaggio sin.4.1 Ø Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand tr. advantage position, tr. four of a kind, fours 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andadvantaged Humanitarianposition, leading → full a Migration: Labour Migration but notposition, Workers’ Migration 73 privileged............. position, Vincere sarebbe come fare poker o vantage position 4.3reale. From Guest Workers scala (LR 17 ottobre 1992)to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ Sempre in pole per la guida 87 del b SS 1980 •• partito, ma il traguardo non si vede. qualsiasi insieme o combinazione di 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 (LR 22 ottobre 2008) quattro elementi
......................................................................................... 97 sin.Bibliography quartetto, quaterna pony [ˈpɔni] n. m. inv. EC: Pony tr. foursome, quartet ™ Express 1987of• Origin prof. ....... 101 5. full Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies → b specialmente nelle grandi città, Urs Watter fattorino che si occupa di recapitare Per parecchi anni la crescita rapidamente la corrispondenza o dell’economia americana ha tratto 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility piccoli pacchi muovendosi 102in vantaggio da un poker di elementi. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... motorino o motocicletta (LR 23 ottobre 2006)
sin. Ø 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 tr. (motorbike, motorcycle) pole pɔl] n. Policy f. inv. and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.3[pol, Migration courier → Pony Express™ 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 a EC: pole position 1978 ••• sport La Corte di Cassazione dovrà prima 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109o solitamente nelle garenos automobilistiche poi dire una parola definitiva: chiarire se o motociclistiche, posizione di 5.6 Alianza Paísla.................................................................................. 112 per la legge italiana i pony sono davvero partenza più vantaggiosa assegnata al nuova imprenditorialità o solo una corridore che ha ottenuto il miglior 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 riverniciatura di quello che si chiamava tempo nei giri di prova lavoro nero. (LR 27 giugno 1987) 116 Bibliography .......................................................................................
coll. essere in pole, guadagnarsi la pole, partire in pole, realizzare la Pony Express™ (pony express, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 pole pony-express) [ˈpɔni ˈɛ(k)spres] Halliday sin.Barry pole position n. m. inv. MG 1984 •• prof.
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specialmente nelle Rights’ grandi Approach città, 3.4 The Human ........................................................ 58 pressing fattorino che si occupa di recapitare sin. pressione 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 rapidamente la corrispondenza o tr. pressing game, pressing piccoli pacchi muovendosi in tactics, pressure Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 motocicletta
→ forcing a sin. Ø 4. The(motorbike, Ethics of Migration. tr. motorcycle) Primo tempo di rara bruttezza, con Reflections on Recent Migration Policies courier molti errori nei disimpegni e poca and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 → pony voglia di fare pressing, sotto un sole Laura Zanfrini quasi estivo. (LR 9 maggio 2005) Nel filmato si vede una signora che, 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 uscendo di casa, trova le and cassette b SS 1984 ••• postali traboccanti for di pubblicità il forte e continua che mira a 4.2 Initiatives Governinge Family andpressione Humanitarian portone assediato da portalettere e ottenere determinati risultati Labour Migration Workers’ Migration ............. 73 pony Migration: express che cercano di but notcoll. fare pressing consegnarle materiale vario. (LS 18 forcing, pressione 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin. Guests .................................. 82 marzo 2003) tr. pressure 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 → forcing b
power
drink (power-drink) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 Intanto i ................................ sindacati tornano a fare [ˈpawer ˈdrink] n. m. inv./-s CA pressing sul governo. (LR 23 maggio Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 1994 • bev.
2008) bevanda stimolante arricchita con amminoacidi e vitamine 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
pull [pul] n. m. inv. EC: pullover sin.Urs energy drink, smart drink Watter 1973 • abb. tr. energy drink, smart drink 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility maglia con le maniche lunghe, di lana o altro tessuto, che si indossa Si chiamano smart o power towards theirdrinks Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 solitamente sopra la camicia drinks, sono bevande ad alto potere 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 sin. golf, golfino, jersey, maglia, energetico dal Ethics contenuto ancora oscuro, bibite reperibili solo nelle maglione, pullover 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106 discoteche, ormai iPolicy cocktailand preferiti tr. jersey, jumper, pullover, da chi vive ‘after hours’, dall’alba a sweater 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 mezzogiorno. (LR 21 luglio 1995)
→ golf 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 pressing [ˈprɛssin(g)] n. m. inv. Salvo poi premere sull’acceleratore 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 della
sciccheria
con
i
visoni
intarsiati, i pull cachemire e gli 114 abiti 5.71980 Challenges a SS fr. ••• .................................................................................... sport di cristalli. (CS 24 febbraio 2003) in gare sportive a squadre e individuali, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 azione incalzante con cui si contrasta l’avversario per ostacolarne la fase pullman [ˈpulman] n. m. inv. E: d’attacco Working Together for the Well-being ofG.M. Migrants ........................... Pullman 1869 •••• trasp.119
coll.Barry fareHalliday pressing, subire il
grande autoveicolo per il trasporto di
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passeggeri bagagli,Rights’ sia perApproach brevi 3.4 TheeHuman ........................................................ 58 che per lunghi tragitti
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sin.3.5 autobus, bus, corriera tr. bus, coach ......................................................................................... 60 Bibliography
I pullman organizzati dalla prefettura 4. The Ethics of Migration. cercano come possono di ridurre i Reflections on Recent Migration Policies disagi dei pendolari. (LR 16 gennaio 1985) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
push up (push-up, pushup)
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 [puʃˈʃap] n. m. inv. EC: push-up Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian bra,4.2push-up brassiere 1995 Family • abb. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 alto4.3 il seno
™ sin.4.4 Wonderbra Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. push-up bra, push-up 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 brassiere → Wonderbra™ Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Col push up perdi il seno e ti ritrovi Colombia: Includingsiluro Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 al5.suo posto un mostruoso che spara sulWatter davanti come un unicorno. Urs (LS 14 marzo 2003)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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Q
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini quad [kwɔd, kwad] n. m./f. inv.
EC:4.1 quad bike, quad motorcycle Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 1999 • trasp. 4.2 Initiatives Family and Humanitarian veicolo simile a for unaGoverning motocicletta dotato Migration: di quattro Labour grandi Migration ruote e but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 particolarmente adatto a percosi 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 sterrati
sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. ATV, four wheeler, quad bike, 4.5motorcycle Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 quad
Bibliography 97 Molte persone hanno......................................................................................... visto l’incidente, il quad contro il camion, la famiglia e la 5. Colombia: Including tragedia. (LR 14 agosto 2004) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
quiz [kwits] n. m. inv. EC: quiz
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility game, towards quiz their program, quiz Abroad ........................................... 102 Citizens Living programme, quiz show 1949 ••• 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 gioc.
gioco a premi, solitamente trasmesso Migration Policy and Ethics alla5.3 radio o in televisione, basato su ......................................................... 106 alcune domande poste ai concorrenti
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 sin. gioco a premi, telequiz tr. quiz game, quiznos program, quiz 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 programme, quiz show 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 → telequiz 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Re assoluti del palinsesto, secondo la ricerca, sono i....................................................................................... film: seguono Bibliography 116 programmi comici, telefilm, quiz e cartoni animati. (LR 13 for luglio Working Together the2007) Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
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R
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 recordwoman (record woman, record-woman) [rɛkordˈwɔman, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 rɛkordˈvuman] n. f. inv./-men CA Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 1950 fr. • sport atleta detentrice di un primato o
4. The Ethics of Migration. donna che spicca per essersi Reflections on Recent Migration Policies classificata prima in situazioni di and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 vario genere sin. primatista Laura Zanfrini tr. record-holder reality [riˈaliti, reˈaliti] n. and m. inv. 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 EC: reality show 2000 ••• cin. prove multiple sono l’educazione 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andLeHumanitarian programma televisivo trasmesso dal sportiva umana che privilegia la Migration: Labour Migration but notpolivalenza, Workers’ Migration ............. 73 vivo che ha come protagonisti e la completezza, più persone costrette a trascorrere del che l’alta.................................. prestazione, anche se lei 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests 82è tempo in situazioni particolari di stata recordwoman del lungo. (LR 25 convivenza settembre 1988)
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 sin. reality show tr. reality show 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ regimental [reˈdʒimɛntal] n.90f.
inv. EC: regimental tie 197697• ......................................................................................... UnaBibliography sola donna passerà dal reality abb. alla realtà: uscirà infine dalla casa e cravatta a larghe strisce ....... diagonali abbraccerà conIncluding entusiasmo un 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin 101 colorate perfetto sconosciuto. (LR 2 dicembre Urs Watter sin. Ø 2003)
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
tr. regimental tie
towards(record their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 recordman man, record-
Si afferma una ‘regimental’ molto
man) rɛkordˈmɛn] n. 5.2[ˈrɛkordmɛn, Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 americana, con le righe orizzontali m. inv./-men CA 1905 fr. ••• sport tipiche dei collegiali statunitensi. 5.3detentore MigrationdiPolicy and Ethics 106 atleta un primato o ......................................................... (LR 15 settembre 2001) uomo che spicca per essersi 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 classificato primo in situazioni di relax [reˈlaks] n. m. inv. A: vario 5.5genere “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
relaxation 1959 ••• sin. primatista distensione fisica e psichica o 112 stato 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. tr. record-holder di riposo totale sin. distensione, rilassamento, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Il terminator della valigia, il riposo recordman assoluto di furti su nastro Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. relaxation, rest è un omino milanese di quarant’anni, agile e minuto, con un fisico da Workinge Together for the senso Well-being ofLaMigrants ........................... 119 gente, giustamente, cerca di poter fantino uno spiccato evadere dalla crisi, cerca Barry Halliday dell’umorismo. (LR 27 agosto 2002)
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intrattenimento a buon (riferito a) genere musicale 58 da 3.4 The Human Rights’mercato, Approach ........................................................ cerca di avere qualche momento di discoteca che consiste nel riproporre 3.5 Conclusion 59 relax soprattutto ...................................................................................... quando la vecchi successi situazione si fa più difficile. (LR 21 sin. Ø Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 ottobre 2008) tr. Ø
4. The Ethics of Migration. residence [ˈrɛzidens, ˈrɛsidens]
Anche
la
musica
proposta
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies asseconderà un percorso globale, n. m. inv. EC: residence house passando dall’house all’elettronica, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1973 fr. ••• tur.
al revival. (LR 5 giugno 2009) Lauraalberghiera Zanfrini composta da struttura appartamenti arredati e solitamente 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 revolving [reˈvɔlvin(g)] n./agg. affittati per lunghi periodi
inv. EC: revolving credit card sin.4.2 Ø Initiatives for Governing Family andf. Humanitarian tr. apartment hotel, holiday let, 1994 • econ.Migration ............. 73 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ (riferito a) carta di credito che self-catered apartment, self4.3 From Guests .................................. 82 l’addebito rateale delle catered flat Guest Workers to Unwelcomepermette spese effettuate dietro pagamento di 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 un tasso d’interesse Il ciclista è stato trovato ieri senza sin. Ø vita4.5 in Equal un residence di Rimini. Opportunity and (CS Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 tr. revolving credit card 16 febbraio 2004)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
restyling [risˈtailin(g), resˈtailin(g)]
Carte usa e getta, revolving e
ricaricabili: gliof istituti Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origindi .......credito 101 n.5.m. inv. SS 1987 • continuano a sfornare nuovi prodotti
Urs Watter modifica dell’organico di un’azienda o un partito politico
per conquistare ulteriori fasce di mercato. (LR 14 maggio 2007)
State coll.5.1 fare un Interest restylingand Responsibility towards theirriordinamento, Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 sin. Rimmel™ (rimmel) [ˈrimmel] n. riorganizzazione 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. m. inv. MG 1939 fr. •• cosm.104 tr. reshaping, reorganization cosmetico costituito da un liquido 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 → lifting b
denso, solitamente di colore scuro,
che si applica sulle ciglia con108 un 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... È certo, comunque, che se al restyling
apposito spazzolino per aumentarne societario non corrisponderà una...................................................................... decisa 5.5 “Colombia nos une” 109 la consistenza sterzata nella conduzione dell’impresa sin. mascara difficilmente le País sorti.................................................................................. del gruppo 5.6 Alianza 112 tr. mascara potranno essere raddrizzate. (LR 15 5.71987) Challenges .................................................................................... 114 aprile Dichiarano venticinque anni ma il Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 rossetto e il rimmel non nascondono revival [reˈvaival, riˈvaival] del tutto le loro facce da sedicenni. n./agg. m./f.Together inv. SS 1988 •• mus. 17 agosto 2007) Working for the Well-being of(LR Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach roller [ˈrɔller] n. m. inv./-s EC: ........................................................ 58 ™ Rollerblade 1995...................................................................................... •• sport 3.5 Conclusion 59
tipo di pattino caratterizzato Bibliography longitudinale ......................................................................................... 60 dall’allineamento delle rotelle
4. The Ethics of Migration. sin. pattino in linea, Rollerblade™ ™ Reflections Recent Migration Policies tr. in-line skate,on Rollerblade and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 La cronaca si occupa dei ragazzi con Laura Zanfrini i roller quando i vigili fanno fioccare le multe. (CS 23 luglio 1995)and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policies
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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S
ristorante in cui non è previsto58il 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................
servizio al tavolo e il cliente si serve
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 da sé sin. Ø Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 tr. self-service restaurant → self bar 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Sono molti però i genovesi che nella and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 pausa-pranzo preferiscono comprare Laura Zanfrini
il pezzo di focaccia dal panettiere o la torta di verdure in rosticceria Restrictive .. 65o 1964 ••and Structural Demand EC:4.1 Scotch Tape Policies invece for che Immigrant andare al Labour self-service sedersi al bar, dove i prezzi sono nastro trasparente 4.2adesivo Initiatives for Governing Family andsuperiori Humanitarian perché bisogna pagare sin. nastro adesivoLabour (trasparente) Migration: Migration but notanche Workers’ Migration 73 il servizio. (LR ............. 27 febbraio tr. adhesive tape, Scotch Tape™, 2008) ™
scotch (scotch) [skɔtʃ] n. m. inv. ™
4.3 From to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Sellotape , Guest tape, Workers transparent adhesive tape b SS 1984 •• 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
distributore automatico di carburante Il figlio del notaio vigevanese 4.5 Equal Opportunity andviene Denied Opportunities ................................ senza l’assistenza del personale 90 messo a tacere con lo scotch sulla sin. (distributore) automatico, fai bocca, e legato mani e piedi. (LR 21 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 da te febbraio 1985)
tr. self-service gas station, self5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 service petrol of station, self-service selfUrsbar Watter(self-bar, selfbar) pump [selfˈbar] n. m. inv. CA 2008 • 5.1tur. State Interest and Responsibility → self bar alim. towards their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 distributore automatico di bevande e Abroad Per risparmiare sul carburante altri prodotti solitamente presente converrà sempre più affidarsi ai104 self 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. nelle stazioni ferroviarie service. (LR 21 dicembre 2007)
sin.5.3 distributore Migration(automatico) Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 tr. vending machine, vendor sexy bar (sexy-bar, sexybar) 5.4 Migration 108 → self service Policy in Colombia ...................................................... [sɛksiˈbar] n. m. inv. CA 1986 • 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 ses.
Dieci binari, con una trentina di locale in cui si è serviti da donne a obliteratrici e punti self bar. (LR 5.6 Alianza Paísdi.................................................................................. 112 seno scoperto e in cui si può assistere 30 luglio 2008) a spogliarelli 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. night, night club, strip club, selfBibliography service ....................................................................................... (self-service, 116 topless bar, topless club selfservice) [ˈsɛl(f) ˈsɛrvis] n. m. tr. night club, strip club, topless inv. topless........................... cabaret, topless club Working Together for the Well-being ofbar, Migrants 119 → night, sexy show Barry Halliday a SS 1963 ••• alim.
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All’interno sexy Rights’ bar sono stati spettacolo erotico a cui si può 3.4 The del Human Approach ........................................................ 58 sequestrati 5000 profilattici, 140 assistere in alcuni locali notturni 3.5 Conclusion 59 grammi di hashish e...................................................................................... 15 mila euro in sin. spettacolo erotico, spogliarello contanti nascosti in una cassaforte tr. erotic show, sex show, topless Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sotto al pavimento. (LR 25 luglio show 2002)
4. The Ethics of Migration.
→ night, sexy bar
sexy partyon Recent (sexy-party) Reflections Migration Policies Colpa di un sexy show previsto per
and “Non-policies” in Italy ........................................... domani sera che nessuno 61si [sɛksiˈparti] n. m. inv. CA 1972 and • Europe aspettava. (CS 6 maggio 1998) ses.Laura Zanfrini
festa privata a carattere orgiastico
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 sexy star (sexy-star, sexystar) sin. festino, orgia () tr. orgy, sex partyfor Governing Family and[ ˈHumanitarian sɛksi ˈstar] n. f. inv. 4.2 Initiatives Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Per ottenere i fidi bancari, l’uomo a SS 1986 • prof. ses. regalava sexy Guest party aiWorkers tre dirigenti e attrice di film pornografici 4.3 From to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 al direttore generale, cugino del sin. attrice porno, porno attrice, principale azionista di unand famoso 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 pornodiva, pornostar istituto bancario. (LS 7 settembre tr. porn actress, porn star 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 1994) E sua madre accettava il suo lavoro Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
sexy shop (sexy-shop, sexyshop)
di indossatrice, prima, e poi di sexy
star? (CS 5 marzo 1995) [ˈsɛksi ˈʃɔp, sɛksiʃˈʃɔp] n. m.Emigrants inv./-s 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 CA Urs 1981Watter •• ses. b SS 2004 • prof. ses.
negozio specializzato nella vendita di ragazza che si esibisce in spettacoli riviste, film eInterest altri articoli erotici o 5.1 State and Responsibility erotici all’interno di alcuni locali pornografici towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 notturni
sin. negozio per adulti, sex shop sin. entraineuse, spogliarellista, Applied 104 tr. 5.2 adult store,Ethics sex .............................................................................. shop, Stag stripwoman, taxi girl ™ ™ Shop Stag StorePolicy and Ethics ......................................................... 5.3 ,Migration 106 tr. bar-top dancer, lap dancer,
pole dancer, stripper, striptease Perché questo è,Policy appunto, un 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 artist, strip teaser, table dancer, supermercato del sesso: ovvero topless dancer 5.5 a“Colombia noscon une” 109 niente che vedere il ...................................................................... luogo → strip, stripman, stripwoman, comune del sexy shop come 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 negoziuccio squallido, in penombra, taxi girl con clienti e gestori viscidi e volgari. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... In un salottino del night la sexy114 star (LR 24 aprile 2004) di turno, dopo la table dance, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 concedeva prestazioni sessuali che sexy show (sexy-show, sexyshow) venivano pagate a un prezzo pattuito [sɛksiˈʃo, sɛksiˈʃou] m. Workingsɛksiˈʃɔ, Together for then.Well-being ofdirettamente Migrants ........................... 119 dal cliente alla cassa. inv.Barry CA SSHalliday 1981 • ses. (LR 23 febbraio 2009)
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3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 tr. Nazi-skinhead, neo-Nazi skibus (ski-bus, skiRights’ bus) [skiˈbus, skinhead, skinhead ˈskibus] n. m. inv. CA 1991 • sport 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 → naziskin trasp. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
mezzo di trasporto che collega Gli skins hanno seminato panico e aeroporti, stazioni, centri abitati e terrore tra le famiglie che cenavano 4. The Ethics of Migration. alberghi alle stazioni sciistiche più all’aperto. (LR 21 giugno 1992) vicine Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
sin.and Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 skipass (ski-pass, ski pass) tr. ØLaura Zanfrini [skiˈpas, ˈskipas] n. m. inv. EC: → skiman, skipass, skiroll, ski ski-lift for pass 1970 ted.Labour •• sport.. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant stopper tesserino, solitamente elettronico, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andche Humanitarian consente l’accesso agli impianti L’aumento del traffico nelle valli e il diWorkers’ risalita in una stazione............. sciistica 73 Migration: Labour Migration but not Migration conseguente inquinamento che le sin. Ø attanaglia, neiGuest periodi turistici di 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 tr.Guests lift pass, ski-lift pass punta ha spinto infatti ad aumentare → skibus, skiman, skiroll, 87 ski il servizio di skibus gratuiti 4.4 Selective Policies andtrathegliBrain Drain............................................ stopper impianti e quasi tutti i centri 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 altoatesini. (LROpportunity 21 novembreand 1994) Il prezzo dello skipass va ridotto se
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 le piste non sono tutte accessibili. skiman (ski man, ski-man) (LR 11 dicembre 2000) [skiˈmɛn, ˈskimɛn] n. m. inv./ 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 -men CA 1967 •• sport Urs Watter skiroll (ski-roll, ski roll) [skiˈrɔl, preparatore tecnico di uno sciatore
sin.5.1 Ø State Interest and Responsibility skiˈrol] n. m. inv. CA 1970 sved. • sport tr. Ø towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 disciplina sportiva, simile allo sci di → skibus, skipass, ski stopper 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 fondo, nella quale si usano piccoli sci montati su rotelle che permettono Lo 5.3 ski-man può decidere carriera Migration Policy la and Ethics ......................................................... 106o di percorrere tracciati stradali di sciatori e fondisti. (LR 4 aprile campestri spingendosi con dei 2008) 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 bastoncini
sin. sci a rotelle 5.5 [skin] “Colombia nosinv./-s une”...................................................................... 109 skin n. m. EC:
tr. roller-ski skinhead 1983 •País crim. 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 → skibus, skiman, skipass, ski giovane appartenente a bande stopper 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 teppistiche violente e razziste riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116la Una racchettata, ricevuta durante dall’abbigliamento di tipo militare gara di ski-roll sul sagrato di piazza con accessori in pelle nera Duomo, ........................... le ha perforato il piede Working Together for the Well-being ofdel Migrants 119 sin. naziskin, skinhead, testa destro poco sopra l’attaccatura delle Barry Halliday rasata dita. (LR 8 ottobre 1995)
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Si sono tolti gli slip facendo58la Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ ski3.4 The stopper (ski-stopper)
doccia sulla spiaggia, dopo il bagno
[skisˈtɔpper] n. m. ...................................................................................... inv. CA 1983 • 3.5 Conclusion 59 in mare. (LR 15 agosto 1995) sport Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 dispositivo montato sulla parte slot [zlɔt] n. f. inv./-s EC: slot centrale degli sci per arrestarli sulla machine 1988 •• gioc. neve quandoof Migration. si staccano 4. The Ethics
apparecchiatura a moneta o a gettoni accidentalmente di cadute Reflections nel on caso Recent Migration Policies attivata mediante una leva o un sin.and Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... pulsante, solitamente installata 61in tr. ØLaura Zanfrini case da gioco, che consente la vincita → skibus, skiman, skipass, di denaro nel caso in cui tre o più 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant skiroll dischi for rotanti si Labour fermino.. 65in combinazioni 4.2diminuite Initiativesdifor Governing Family anddeterminate Humanitarian Sono circa il 10 per sin. macchinetta, macchinetta Migration cento leMigration: lacerazioniLabour passando dalle but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 mangiasoldi, macchina mangiasoldi, cinghie di sicurezza agli ski stopper; slot machine 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcomemangiasoldi, Guests .................................. 82 mentre il rischio dovuto toagli tr. slot machine “attacchi” è ancoraPolicies piuttostoand elevato. 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 (CS 5 dicembre 1994) Si tratta della vincita più alta mai 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities registrata ................................ alle slot in Italia, 90 ma slip [zlip] n. m. inv. neppure fuori dei confini nazionali è Bibliography ......................................................................................... facile trovare cifre simili. (LR976 settembre 1994) a SS 1935 fr. ••• abb. 5. Colombia: in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 mutande aderentiIncluding e sgambateEmigrants sia per Urs Watter slowfox (slow fox, slow-fox) uomo che per donna () () () sin. mutande, mutandine 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility [ ˈ zlou ˈfɔx, ˈ zlo ˈfɔx, ˈ zlɔ ˈfɔx] tr. briefs, knickers, panties, n............................................ m. inv. EC: slow foxtrot 1963 towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 (under)pants • mus. → boxer a 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 musica, canzone ballabile o danza
caratterizzata da un ritmo lento 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106 L’unico indumentoPolicy intimo and ammesso sin. Ø è lo slip ultraleggero. (LR 7 ottobre tr. slow foxtrot 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1997) La colonna sonora andrà dallo swing 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 b SS 1935 fr. ••• abb. al classico, dal rap allo slow fox, costume da bagnoPaís aderente e sgambato ripercorrendo anche musiche 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 sia per uomo che per donna tradizionali irlandesi e russe. (CS 3 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 agosto 2003) sin.5.7 costume (da bagno), monokini,
slippino Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 smart bar (smart-bar, smartbar) tr. bikini bottom, Speedo™, () [ ˈ zmar(t) ˈbar] n. m. inv. CA swimming costume, (swimming) Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 trunks 2003 ol. • Barry Halliday locale pubblico dove si possono → bermuda, boxer b, topless
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consumare bevandeRights’ e prodotti dello smile, che nemmeno i giovani 3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58a contenenti sostanze a lieve effetto scuola possono più portare per non 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 psicoattivo non considerate illegali incappare in qualche sanzione. (LR 11 gennaio 1989) sin. Ø
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 tr. Ø b A: Smiley™ 1996 • tecn. 4. The Ethics Lo smart barof Migration. serve bevande nella comunicazione telematica, energizzanti a base di ingredienti Reflections on Recent Migration Policies simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che naturali. (LR 5 luglio 2003)in Italy and Europe rappresenta una faccia stilizzata and “Non-policies” ........................................... 61 sorridente, solitamente utilizzato Laura Zanfrini come icona rappresentativa di smart shop (smart-shop) sentimenti stati d’animo ( ) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for eImmigrant Labour .. 65 [ ˈ zmar(t) ˈʃɔp] n. m. inv./-s CA sin. emoticon, faccina (sorridente), 1998 • ™ 4.2ol. Initiatives for Governing Family andSmiley Humanitarian , sorriso negozioMigration: dove si vendono a but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73™ Labourprodotti Migration tr. emoticon, happy face, Smiley base di sostanze psicoattive non considerate illegali 4.3 From Guest Workers to UnwelcomeAll’inizio Guests .................................. 82 ero scettico nei confronti sin. Ø dello ‘smile’, pensando che nei secoli 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. Ø scorsi chi scriveva lettere non faceva altro che formulare con attenzione 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90le proprie affermazioni per evitare Negli ultimi mesi, gli smart shop equivoci. (LR 4 febbraio 1996) 97 hanno attirato l’attenzione delle Bibliography ......................................................................................... autorità giudiziarie e dei mass media. (LR 22 gennaio 2004) smoking [ˈzmɔkin(g)] n. m.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 inv./-s EC: smoking jacket 1891 Urs Watter smile [zmail] n. m. inv. fr. •• abb. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abito maschile da cerimonia ™ costituito da giacca e pantaloni a A: Smiley 1989 mus. Living Abroad towards their •Citizens ........................................... 102 solitamente di colore nero o bianco simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 rappresenta unaEthics faccia stilizzata sin. abito da cerimonia, abito da sorridente, originariamente utilizzato sera, abito scuro 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 per identificare alcune particolari tr. black tie, dinner jacket, dinner pastiglie contenentiPolicy droghein sintetiche 5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... suit, dress suit, evening 108 suit, e utilizzato come simbolo di una tuxedo corrente musicale e nos culturale di fine 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 → tight anni ottanta
™ Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 sin.5.6 Smiley L’unica cosa che non poteva giocarsi ™ tr. Smiley era lo smoking, lo aveva preso 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114a
nolo. (LR 12 aprile 2004) Insomma, la battaglia è aperta, e Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 l’acid (termine bandito dalla tv social card (social-card, britannica) avrà come destino [ˈsɔʃal ˈkard, ˈsɔtʃal Workingquello Together for the Well-being ofsocialcard) Migrants ........................... 119 probabile di cambiar nome e Barry Halliday di abbandonare anche il simboletto ˈkard] n. f. inv./-s CA 2008 •• econ.
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carta credito ricaricata spese 3.4diThe Human Rights’aApproach ........................................................ 58 sin. osé, spinto dello stato destinata a persone con un tr. soft-core porn, soft-core 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 reddito basso e appartenenti a fasce pornography, soft-porn deboli della popolazione
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sin. Ø E così, scocciata e imbufalita, ordina tr. Ø querele contro il mensile ‘soft-core’ 4. The Ethics of Migration. e il giornalista che ha scritto Reflections on Recent Policies Quello che è certo è che laMigration social l’articolo. (LR 12 aprile 1995) cardand non“Non-policies” sarà affatto sufficiente in Italyad and Europe ........................................... 61 alleviare crisi. (LR 29 ottobre LauralaZanfrini speaker [ˈspiker] n. m./f. inv./-s 2008)
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 a SS 1950 fr. • cin. prof. soft4.2air (soft-air,forsoftair) [(ˈ)sɔft radio o in televisione, Initiatives Governing Family andinHumanitarian
() che ha il............. compito73di ˈɛr, (ˈ)sɔft ˈɛir, (ˈ)Labour sɔft ˈeir, ˈ sɔft but notannunciatore Migration: Migration Workers’ Migration leggere testi redatti da altri durante il ˈɛar]4.3 n.From m. inv. CA 1993 • gioc. Guest Workers to Unwelcometelegiornale Guests .................................. 82
attività ludica di squadra, solitamente sin. annunciatore (radiofonico, 4.4 in Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 svolta spazi aperti, cheand consiste televisivo), annunciatrice nella simulazione di tattiche militari (radiofonica, televisiva) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 e nell’utilizzo di armi giocattolo che tr. (radio, TV) announcer, sparano palline di plastica
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 newscaster, newsreader, news sin. tiro tattico sportivo reporter, (radio, TV) commentator tr. airsoft 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Al televisore lo speaker del Urs Watter È noto che la zona è stata spesso telegiornale dell’edizione della notte teatro delle attività di gruppi, non 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility annunciava che il serial killer delle sempre ufficiali, che praticano il soft vecchiette era stato individuato their Citizens ........................................... 102e air (la towards guerra per sport giocataLiving con Abroad arrestato. (LR 15 agosto 1998) armi ad aria compressa che sparano 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 proiettili di gomma), ma riscontri b SS 1960 fr. • prof. sport 106 con5.3 sagome e soprattutto armiEthics vere ......................................................... Migration Policy and radiocronista o telecronista, non si erano ancora verificati. (LR specialmente di eventi sportivi 108 23 aprile 2008) 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
sin. radiocronista, telecronista
“Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 tr. (sports) commentator soft5.5core (soft-core, softcore) [(ˈ)sɔf(t) ˈkɔr] n./agg. m./f. inv. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Chissà che un giorno, leggendo gli EC: soft-core porn, soft-core ordini d’arrivo delle corse, 114 che 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... pornography 1980 • ses. parlano sempre lingue foreste e (riferito a) rivista, ....................................................................................... immagine, filmato dialetti e idiomi sconosciuti, anche Bibliography 116il o spettacolo con pretese di eleganza simpaticissimo speaker del ciclismo estetica in cui è presente la nudità ma debba........................... specializzarsi 119in Working Together for the Well-being ofnon Migrants non vengono mostrati gli organi etnologia, la scienza che studia le Barry Halliday genitali stirpi umane, i loro caratteri fisici e
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morali, le loro relazioni sociali. (LR traduzione simultanea sovrapposta 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 13 ottobre 1985) all’originale (come avviene usualmente 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 nelle interviste giornalistiche a persone straniere). A quel punto si è pensato c SS 1927 fr. • prof. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 anche di non ricorrere ai soliti speaker chi comunica informazioni o da documentario, ma di tentare aggiornamenti al pubblico mediante 4. The Ethics of Migration. qualcosa di più personalizzato. (LR 4 gli altoparlanti durante una dicembre 1996) Reflectionssportiva on Recent Migration Policies manifestazione all’interno di unoand stadio “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Spider® (spider) [ˈspaider] n. sin.Laura Ø Zanfrini tr. (public-address, stadium) m./f. inv. EC: spider cart, spider 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labourspider .. 65 announcer phaeton, spider wagon, MG SS 1915 ••• trasp. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andwheel Humanitarian E quando lo speaker dello stadio automobile di tipo sportivo, Migration: Labour Workers’ decappottabile, Migration ............. 73 annuncia il nome del Migration nuovo but notsolitamente dotata di allenatore, il pubblico si scioglie in soli posti 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedue Guests .................................. 82 un applauso forte e sincero. (LR 21 sin. convertibile, decappottabile, aprile 4.42008) Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 cabriolet, cabrio
tr. convertible, roadster 4.51927 Equal d SS fr.Opportunity • prof. trasp.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 chi comunica informazioni o In realtà, questa auto ideale non Bibliography 97 aggiornamenti agli......................................................................................... utenti mediante esiste, mentre è sicuro che chi ha due gli altoparlanti in stazioni e aeroporti o tre figli avrà sognato la spider
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin sin. Ø almeno una volta nella ....... sua 101 vita Urs Watter tr. (public-address, public-service) autostradale. (LR 26 giugno 2007) announcer 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility spot [spɔt] n. m. inv./-s towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Ogni giorno, lo speaker della stazione ferroviaria avvisa i 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 1 EC: spot advertisement, 104 spot viaggiatori che il tal treno «espleta commercial 1957 •••• servizio ristorante». (LR 3 settembre 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 breve intermezzo pubblicitario 2002) trasmesso alla radio o in televisione 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
sin. pubblicità e SS 1996 • cin. prof. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 tr. advertisement, ad, commercial, doppiatore che sovrappone la propria spot advertisement, spot commercial voce5.6alAlianza parlato País di un.................................................................................. film o di un 112 documentario mantenendo in Ci saranno, ovviamente, anche114 gli sottofondo l’audio in.................................................................................... lingua originale 5.7 Challenges spot televisivi. (LR 15 marzo 1985) sin. Ø
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. off-screen voice, voice-over 2 EC: spotlight 1942 • cin. → oversound di luce di forma circolare Working Together for the Well-being offascio Migrants ........................... 119 utilizzato nei teatri e negli studi Si èBarry pensato di preferire ai freddi ma Halliday rispettosi sottotitoli, una sorta di
cinematografici
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negozio di grandi dimensioni 58 che The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ sin.3.4 faretto vende rimanenze di prodotti di marca tr. spotlight 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 a prezzi molto scontati sin. spaccio (aziendale) Un Bibliography altro spot illumina due mani che ......................................................................................... 60 tr. company outlet, discount guizzano veloci ed eleganti sulle corde di una chitarra gitana. (LR 5 outlet, factory outlet, outlet, 4. The2005) Ethics of Migration. agosto outlet store Reflections on Recent Migration Policies → discount, hard discount and “Non-policies” in ItalySS and Europe ........................................... 61 starter [ˈstarter] n. m. inv./-s Laura Zanfrini Perquisito uno stock house di 1956 • trasp. Genova e sequestrati 80 capi di nei 4.1 veicoli a motore,Policies dispositivo che Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 abbigliamento con firme false. (CS serve ad arricchire la miscela per febbraio 2004) l’avviamento a freddo 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and27Humanitarian
sin. aria Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 stop [stɔp] n. m. inv. EC: stop tr. choke 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelamp Guests .................................. 82 1960 •• trasp. Spesso l’utente americano lascia ciascuno dei fanalini posteriori87di 4.4 Selective Policies andditheunBrain Drain............................................ azionato lo starter per più
colore rosso che si accende durante minuto e mezzo e questo determina la frenata di................................ veicoli a motore 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 il surriscaldamento della spugna sin. luce di arresto di platino che a ......................................................................................... sua volta brucia Bibliography 97 tr. brake light, stop lamp i gommini del catalizzatore antinquinamento. (LR 19 agosto Il posteriore dagli 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesèofcaratterizzato Origin ....... 101 1987) ampi gruppi ottici con la terza luce
Urs Watter
dello stop posizionata al centro del cofano del portabagagli e dal generoso scarico cromato laterale. aerobics 1994 •their sportCitizens Living Abroad towards ........................................... 102 (LR 2 febbraio 2004) attività ginnica accompagnata da 5.2 Applied 104 musica ritmataEthics ed.............................................................................. eseguita solitamente in palestra con l’ausilio stop and go (stop-and-go) [ˈstɔp 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 di una pedana regolabile in altezza
step m./f. inv. EC: step 5.1[stɛp] State n. Interest and Responsibility
en ˈgo] n./agg. m. inv. sin.5.4 Ø Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tr. step aerobics a CA 1995 • sport 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
specialmente nelle gare automobilistiche Se pensate che body building, step e 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112un e motociclistiche, sosta forzata di simili siano troppo faticosi, ricorrete pilota assegnata come penalità per aver alle5.7 tante discipline.................................................................................... “dolci”. (LS 8 Challenges 114 violato il regolamento settembre 2003)
sin. sosta obbligata Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. stop-go (penalty)
stockhouse (stock house, stock-
Working Together n. form./f. the Well-being ofOra Migrants 119 house) [stɔ(k)ˈkaus] inv. saranno ........................... le tecnologie a cogliere CABarry 1992 Halliday • in fallo chi sbaglia e chi sbaglia sarà
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punito con Human l’obbligoRights’ di fare uno 3.4 The Approach ........................................................ 58 stripman (strip man, strip-man) “stop and go” cioè una sosta ai box [ˈstripmɛn, stripˈmɛn] n. m. inv./ 3.5 Conclusion 59 di dieci secondi. (LR...................................................................................... 26 marzo 1995)
-men CA 2003 • prof. ses. Bibliography ......................................................................................... uomo che si esibisce in numeri60di b CA 1985 •• (riferito a) attività o iniziativa che 4. The aEthics of Migration. procede ritmo altalenante
spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici
sin. spogliarellista tr. stripper, striptease artist, strip on Recent Migration Policies sin.Reflections Ø teaser and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 tr. stop-go → strip, stripwoman Laura Zanfrini
Lo stop and go che caratterizza la vita Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant I partecipanti sono gli Labour stripmen.. 65 che della4.1 Cina di oggi ha lo stesso valore che vengono votati dal pubblico del aveva nel passato: fare e poi correggere for Governing Family andlocale. Humanitarian (CS 29 aprile 2004) alla 4.2 luceInitiatives dell’esperienza. (LR 14 aprile 1985) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
(strip woman, strip4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomestripwoman Guests .................................. 82 woman) [stripˈwɔman, stripˈvuman] Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 DA4.4 1955 ••• sport n. f. inv./-men CA 2003 • prof. ses. in particolare nel calcio, il difensore donna che ................................ si esibisce in numeri90di 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
stopper [ˈstɔpper] n. m. inv./-s
più arretrato che ha il compito di spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici marcare l’attaccante avversario più Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 sin. entraineuse, sexy star, avanzato spogliarellista
sin. terzino centrale, difensore tr. bar-top lap....... dancer, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesdancer, of Origin 101 centrale pole dancer, stripper, striptease Urs Watter tr. sweeper artist, strip teaser, table dancer, Lo 5.1 stopper un and programma di Stateseguirà Interest Responsibility topless dancer lavoro differenziato ridurrà leLiving sue Abroad ........................................... 102 towards theire Citizens → sexy star b, strip, stripman, presenze in campo. (LR 15 ottobre taxi girl 2003) 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
É il piatto forte del locale: la 106 table 5.3 Migration and Ethics strip [strip] n.Policy m. inv. EC: ......................................................... dance che ogni sera viene proposta
striptease 1965 •• Policy ses. in Colombia ...................................................... 5.4 Migration agli ospiti dell’Arthur da sexy 108 strip
spogliarello
woman. (CS 17 novembre 2003)
“Colombiastriptease nos une”...................................................................... 109 sin.5.5 spogliarello, tr. striptease super [ˈsuper] n. m. inv. 112 EC: 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. → stripman, stripwoman supermarket 1993 • 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
negozio di grandi dimensioni per la E il dopocena continua a essere vendita di merci di largo consumo Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116in piccante con i nuovi strip delle cui il cliente può scegliere, soubrettes di casa. (CS 16 febbraio servendosi da solo, tra una vasta 2004) Working Together for the Well-being ofgamma Migrants di ........................... prodotti disposti119in Barry Halliday appositi scaffali
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The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 sin.3.4 supermercato tr. supermarket 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Si Bibliography fa la spesa solo al super o al ......................................................................................... 60 mercato, e si controllano prezzi ed etichette. (LR 24 novembre 2008)
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections onn.Recent Migration Policies surf [sørf, sɛrf] m. inv. EC: and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 surfboard 1964 • sport Laura Zanfrini plastico o legno tavola di materiale con4.1 cuiRestrictive si possono fare and svariate Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 evoluzioni sull’acqua
sin.4.2 tavola Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian tr. board, surfboard Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 → windsurf 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 E c’è chi va a ballare 4.4anche Selective Policies andcon theilBrain Drain............................................ 87 surf sotto braccio. (LR 11 luglio 1995) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 Telepass® (telepass, tele-pass) [ˈtɛlepas] n. m. inv. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 a MG 1990 •• trasp. sistema elettronico per il pagamento
del pedaggio autostradale che consente 4. The Ethics of Migration. agli automobilisti di superare il casello Reflections on Recent Migration Policies senza fermarsi usufruendo di apposite and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
taxiLaura girlZanfrini (taxi-girl) [taksiˈgørl,
porte telematiche
sin. telepedaggio tr. automatic toll payment system, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 taksiˈgɛrl] n. f. inv./-s CA 1935 • electronic toll collection system, prof. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andETC Humanitarian system ragazza pagata dal proprietario di Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
una sala da ballo per danzare con i Centinaia di autotrasportatori clienti 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeavevano Guests .................................. trovato il trucco 82 per sin. Ø schermare il telepass e attraversare 4.4 Selective 87 tr. taxi dancer Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ l’Italia da nord a sud e ritorno al → 4.5 sexyEqual star Opportunity b, strip, stripman, prezzo di cinquanta centesimi o poco and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 stripwoman più. (28 dicembre 2005)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Charity (ispirata alla felliniana Cabiria) b MG 1997 •• trasp. è5.una taxi girl di Including uno scalcinato locale sistema che permette di accedere Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101a di ballo. (LR 25 settembre 1987) zone delle città a traffico limitato Urs Watter attraverso un varco elettronico
telefilm film, 5.1 State(tele Interest andtele-film) Responsibility
sin. contrassegno, pass, permesso towards Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 [teleˈfilm] n. m.their inv./-s CA 1955 tr. (electronic) pass ••• 5.2 cin.Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
film di breve durata destinato alla Si entrerà in centro con un telepass trasmissione televisiva e articolato in ......................................................... 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 simile a quello usato ai caselli episodi raggruppati in serie ma senza autostradali. (LR 25 febbraio 1999) 5.4 Migration 108 continuità narrativaPolicy in Colombia ......................................................
sin. serie (TV) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 telequiz (tele quiz, tele-quiz) tr. TV series [teleˈkwits] n. m. inv. CA 1956 → fiction 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112•• gioc. .................................................................................... 114 Per 5.7 noiChallenges è antieconomico produrre gioco a premi basato su alcune
direttamente telefilm, perché i costi domande poste ai concorrenti e Bibliography 116 di produzione non....................................................................................... sono competitivi trasmesso in televisione con il prezzo a cui oggi acquistiamo i sin. gioco a premi, quiz Working Together(LR for the Well-being oftr.Migrants ........................... 119 prodotti americani. 4 aprile TV-quiz game, TV-quiz program, 1985) Barry Halliday
TV-quiz show
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 sin. Ø → quiz tr. prescription charges Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Lo 3.5 ricordano stasera mentre una nuova edizione del......................................................................................... telequiz di allora Significa che potranno essere60a Bibliography è già alle porte, vecchi filmati disposizione del paziente, che televisivi e cinegiornali d’epoca e pagherà solo il ticket del 15%. (LR 4. The Ethics of Migration. molte testimonianze. (LR 20 gennaio 27 febbraio 1985) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 1989)
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Ticket Restaurant® (ticket Laura Zanfrini tennisman [tɛnnisˈmɛn, restaurant, ticket-restaurant) [ˈtiket ˈtɛnnismɛn] n. m.Policies inv./-men 4.1 Restrictive and CA Structural Demand for Immigrant Labourn... 65 ˈrɛstorant, ˈtiket ˈrɛsturant] m. 1996 fr. • sport MG 1990 • alim. econ. 4.2 Initiatives for solitamente Governing Family andinv./-s Humanitarian giocatore di tennis, a buono, rilasciato dal datore di lavoro Migration: Labour Migration but notaiWorkers’ Migration ............. livello professionistico propri dipendenti, con cui73è sin. tennista possibile consumare i pasti in alcuni 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 tr. tennis player esercizi convenzionati sin. buono, buono pasto 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Diventerà il primo self-made tr. meal ticket 4.5 Equal Opportunity and (LS Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 tennisman italiano dell’era ATP. 5 luglio 1996)
Invece di spendere per i ticket Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
testimonial
restaurant le imprese con più di 200-
300 addetti potrebbero puntare su [testiˈmɔnjal] n. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies .......l’altro 101 questa formulaof Origin che fra m./f. inv./-s SS 1979 •••• Urs Watter eviterebbe il girovagare dei personaggio famoso che reclamizza un prodotto un messaggio 5.1 Stateattraverso Interest and Responsibility pubblicitario
dipendenti alla ricerca di tramezzini malsani. (LR 11 agosto 1992)
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 sin. donna immagine, uomo tie break (tiebreak, tie-break) immagine 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 [ˈtai ˈbrɛk, ˈtai ˈbreik] n. m. inv./-s tr. endorser 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... A: tie breaker 1983 •• sport 106 C’è di tutto e di più: testimonial in alcune discipline sportive come 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
celebri, animali esotici, paesaggi da tennis e pallavolo, sistema di sogno, effetti speciali, musiche e punteggio che abbrevia i tempi 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109di musichette. (LS 16 gennaio 2004) gioco e attribuisce la vittoria al 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112a giocatore o squadra che riesce ottenere un vantaggio di due punti ticket [ˈtiket] n. m. inv./-s SS 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 sull’avversario 1977 •••• econ.
coll. andare al tie break, perdere Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 quota da versare alla pubblica al tie break, vincere al tie break amministrazione per usufruire di Ø visite mediche, servizifor assistenziali, Working Together the Well-being ofsin. Migrants ........................... 119 tr. tie breaker medicinali e analisi cliniche Barry Halliday coll. pagare il ticket
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Lo 3.4 scarto giocoRights’ tra i due si La stazione ferroviaria di Bologna The di Human Approach ........................................................ 58è specchiava in un tiebreak vinto dal stata movimentata ieri da due novità 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 marsigliese. (LR 6 novembre 2001 che hanno mandato in tilt molti passeggeri. (LR 22 aprile 2001)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tight [tait] n. m. inv. EC: tight coat 1870 •• abb. 4. The Ethics of Migration.
toast [tɔst] n. m. inv./-s A:
toastie, toasty EC: toasted abito maschile da cerimonia Reflections on Recent Migration Policies composto da giacca nera attillata a sandwich 1930 •• alim. “Non-policies” in verticali Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 codeand e pantaloni a righine coppia di fette di pane a cassetta Laura Zanfrini grigie e nere farcite in vario modo e sin. Ø successivamente tostate
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tr. morning suit, tailcoat sin. tramezzino toasted sandwich, toastie, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtr.Humanitarian → smoking Migration: Labour Migration but nottoasty Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Andrà all’altare con un fazzoletto 4.3 Fromnascosto Guest Workers to UnwelcomeDa Guests .................................. 82 bianconero nel taschino segnalare, poi, i toast e le pizzette interno del tight. (CS 11 luglio 2003) rosse con pomodoro fresco, 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ mozzarella e olive taggiasche, 87 che qui al chiosco sul molo vengono tilt4.5 [tilt] n. m.Opportunity inv. Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 servite anche all’ora del tramonto insieme ad altri gustosi stuzzichini. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 a SS 1959 •••• (LR 2 settembre 2006) situazione in cui un’apparecchiatura 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 subisce un guasto e smette di top [tɔp] n. f. inv. EC: top model funzionare Urs Watter
1994 • prof. coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility modella, fotomodella o indossatrice mandare in tilt towardsessere) their Citizens Living 102 di........................................... fama mondiale molto richiesta da sin. (andare, fuori uso, in Abroad agenzie pubblicitarie e case di moda blocco, in panne 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 sin. top model tr. block, halt, (to go) haywire tr. supermodel, top model 106 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... Ora c’è il timore che faccia andare in E, sorpresa, a 54 anni la top grissino Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tilt 5.4 il traffico delle Policy metropoli. (CS 5 si è concessa il lusso di ingrassare. novembre 2003) 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 (LS 29 settembre 2002)
b SS • País .................................................................................. 112 5.61959 Alianza topless [ˈtɔples] n. m. inv. EC: situazione in cui una persona perde 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 lucidità topless bathing-suit, topless coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt, swimsuit 1964 • abb. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 mandare in tilt costume da bagno femminile, privo della parte superiore, che lascia sin. (andare, essere) nel pallone Working Together for the Well-being ofscoperto Migrants ........................... 119 il seno tr. (to go) haywire Barry Halliday sin. Ø
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L’inserimento di un neolaureato 3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 tr. monokini, toplessRights’ bathing-suit, prevede un training di almeno un topless swimsuit 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 anno. (LR 27 agosto 1995) → slip b Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 trench [trɛntʃ] n. m. inv. EC: Figuriamoci, non ho mai messo un topless in vita mia, morirei di trench coat 1933 •• abb. 4. The Ethics of Migration. vergogna a mostrare il sedere davanti impermeabile, solitamente di colore Reflections on Recent Migration Policies a tutti o il seno dove ho il neo. (LR chiaro, con cintura in vita and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 19 gennaio 1996) sin............................................ impermeabile
Laura Zanfrini
tr. mac, mack, mac(k)intosh,
total body (total-body) [ˈtɔtal raincoat, coat Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand fortrench Immigrant
→ montgomery ˈbɔdi] n. m. inv. EC: total-body 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian conditioning, total-body workout trench ha Migration mille impunture con73il Labour Migration but notIlWorkers’ ............. 1999 • Migration: sport filo di seta, anche in contrasto, nero tipo4.3diFrom allenamento che consiste Guest Workers to UnwelcomesuGuests 82 bianco................................... (CS 1 marzo 2004) nell’eseguire determinati esercizi che coinvolgono i muscoli tutto 4.4 Selective Policiesdiand theilBrain Drain............................................ 87 trend maker (trend-maker, corpo
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 trendmaker) [ˈtrɛnd ˈmeiker, sin.4.5 total-body conditioning, total-body workout ˈtrɛnd ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s. CA Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 tr. total-body conditioning, total1995 • body workout persona o evento grande....... visibilità 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of di Origin 101 in grado di lanciare nuove mode o Urs Watter I corsi più gettonati spaziano dal gag
tendenze «bruciagrassi» al totaland body (nove 5.1 State Interest Responsibility sin. trend setter discipline insieme per far lavorare tr............................................ trend setter towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 tutto il corpo), lo spinning e il power yoga per migliorare l’elasticità dei 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. L’auto diventa trendy grazie104ai muscoli e la tonificazione isometrica. trendsetter (per esempio, i (LR5.3 16 Migration ottobre 2002) Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 calciatori), poi la tendenza monta e si espande fino al modaiolo108di 5.4 Migration Policyn.inm. Colombia training [ˈtreinin(g)] inv. ...................................................... provincia. (CS 24 novembre 2008)
EC:5.5training course, training “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 period 1962 •• prof. trial [ˈtrial] n. m. inv. EC: 112 bike 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. periodo di addestramento svolto da un trials, motorcycle trials 1978 sp. • gruppo di dipendenti di un’azienda per 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 sport apprendere determinate attività
specialità del motociclismo e del
sin.Bibliography addestramento, apprendistato, ....................................................................................... 116 ciclismo sportivo le cui competizioni pratica, stage, tirocinio si svolgono sia fuoristrada sia tr. internship, placement, Working Together forresidency, the Well-being ofall’interno Migrantsdi........................... 119 strutture appositamente training course, training period allestite su percorsi a ostacoli e Barry Halliday
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durante le quali il conducente del l’azione comincia con un tunnel a58 un 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ mezzo non deve mai mettere i piedi avversario. (LR 26 ottobre 2008) per 3.5 terraConclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.Bibliography Ø ......................................................................................... 60 tr. bike trials, motorcycle trials
Theil Ethics of Migration. E4.con trial arriva a un passo dal Reflections Recent Migration Policies primo posto alon campionato del mondo la conquista in di Italy 5 titoli anddopo “Non-policies” and Europe ........................................... 61 iridati. (LRZanfrini 16 ottobre 1995) Laura 4.1 Restrictive Policiesn.andm./f. Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 trolley [ˈtrɔlli, ˈtrɔllei] inv.4.2 EC: trolley bag, trolley case, Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian trolley Migration: suitcase 2000 • tur.Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Labour
valigia compatta dotata di ruote che Fromtrascinata Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 può4.3 essere per mezzo di un’apposita maniglia estensibile
sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. 4.5 spinner spinnerandcase, Equal bag, Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 spinner suitcase, trolley bag, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 trolley case, trolley suitcase Tra le occasioni,Including consapevoli che si 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 trattaUrsdelle collezioni dello scorso Watter anno, si può fare qualche buon affare con5.1maglie e pantaloncini ma State Interest and Responsibility soprattutto con borse, zaini e utili towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 trolley che se scelti con oculatezza hanno pregio diEthics non essere soggetti 5.2ilApplied .............................................................................. 104 alle violenze della moda. (LR 18 5.3 2000) Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 agosto
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
tunnel [ˈtunnel] n. m. inv. SS
5.5••“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 1965 sport
in particolare nel calcio, azione 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 consistente nel superare un avversario facendogli.................................................................................... passare la palla 5.7 Challenges 114 tra le gambe
coll.Bibliography fare il tunnel....................................................................................... 116 sin. Ø tr. nutmeg Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Working Barry Halliday Muscoli ma anche fantasia, visto che
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura[ˈander] Zanfrini n. f. inv. EC: under
under under Policies 18s, under 4.1 21s, Restrictive and 16s Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 1959 • sport 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian in varie discipline for sportive, squadra Migration: Labour Migration composta da atleti al di sotto di una but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 determinata età, solitamente ventuno, 4.3 From Guest diciotto o sedici anni Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. U-16s, U-18s, U-21s, U-16 4.5 Equal Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 team, U-18 Opportunity team, U-21and team, under 16s, under......................................................................................... 18s, under 21s, Bibliography 97 under-16 team, under-18 team, under-21 team 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter Questa under è una squadra di qualità, con ottimi è una 5.1 State Interestelementi, and Responsibility squadra che esprime bel gioco e their marzo Citizens2004) Living Abroad ........................................... 102 segna. towards (LS 25
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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riferimento riconosciuto. (CS 58 13 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ gennaio 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 ™ VibraCall (vibracall, vibraLaura Zanfrini call,4.1 Restrictive vibra call) [ˈvibracol, Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 ˈvibracɔl] n. m. inv. MG 1996 • 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian tecn. Migration: Labour Migration nei telefoni cellulari, vibrazione del but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 dispositivo cheGuest può essere associata 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 o sostituire la suoneria
sin.4.4 vibrazione Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. vibrating alert 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Telefonini accesi ......................................................................................... con il silenzioso Bibliography 97 vibracall, compiti copiati, strategiche ritirate nei bagni, e ancora «perfette 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 esecuzioni» degli ordini venuti dal Urs Watter professore che aveva «preparato», magari a pagamento, il concorrente, 5.1 State and Responsibility e che poi Interest era riuscito a farsi towards their Citizens(LR Living nominare in commissione. 2 Abroad ........................................... 102 agosto 2000)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
volley [ˈvɔllei] n. m. and inv. Ethics EC: ......................................................... 106 5.3 Migration Policy volleyball 1940 ••• sport
5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 disciplina sportiva,Policy praticata da due squadre di sei giocatori un ...................................................................... campo 5.5 “Colombia nos su une” 109 diviso da una rete, in cui si segna un punto il pallone al di là 5.6lanciando Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 della rete e mandandolo a toccare la 5.7 Challenges 114 superficie del campo.................................................................................... avversario sin. pallavolo Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. volleyball → beach volley, minivolley Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barryfemminile Halliday italiano aveva un Il volley
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 sin. bagno, gabinetto, servizi (igienici), toilette, water closet, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 WC tr. bathroom, gents, gents’ room, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 ladies, ladies’ room, lavatory, men’s room, restroom, toilet, 4. The Ethics of Migration. water closet, WC, women’s room Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Anche in quel caso il suo foglio era ancora bianco e in un attimo gli consigliai di andare Labour al water wafer biscuit, wafer cookie SS 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65e liberarsi di tutti quegli appunti. (LR 1905 • alim. giugno 2003) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and18Humanitarian biscotto friabile costituito da due Family o Migration: Labour Migration più cialde sovrapposte e ripiene di but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 windsurf [ˈwin(d)sørf, ˈwin(d)sɛrf, crema
Laura Zanfrini wafer [ˈvafer] n. m. inv./-s EC:
Guests .................................. 82 sin.4.3 Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcomewinˈ(d)sørf, winˈ(d)sɛrf] n. m. inv./ tr. wafer biscuit, Policies wafer cookie 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 -s EC: windsurf board 1979 •• sport tavola di materiale plastico o legno a 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Lasciò una promettente carriera da cui sono attaccate una pinna, una calciatore per aprire una piccola deriva mobile e un albero con vela Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 attività di produzione di wafer a dotato di boma con cui si possono Bolzano. (LR 29 ottobre 2007) fare svariate evoluzioni sull’acqua
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 sin. tavola
Urs [ˈvater] Watter n. m. inv. water
tr. board, windsurf board, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility windsurfer a EC: water closet 1965 fr. •• →........................................... surf towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 arch. vaso5.2 delApplied gabinetto, solitamente fatto Approfittando del vento del pomeriggio Ethics .............................................................................. 104
di maiolica o ceramica erano usciti con il windsurf. (LR 17 Migration 106 sin.5.3 tazza, vaso, WCPolicy and Ethics ......................................................... agosto 2005) tr. toilet bowl
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Wonderbra™ (wonderbra)
Aveva gettato nel water il cappotto [ˈwɔnderbra, ˈwɔnder ˈbra] n.109 m. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... dell’arbitro dopo aver subito inv./-s MG 1994 • abb. un’espulsione: stato squalificato 5.6 AlianzaèPaís .................................................................................. 112 reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in per cinque giornate. (LR 18 gennaio alto il seno 1990) 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. push up Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 tr. push-up bra, push-up brassiere b EC: water closet 1965 fr. • → push up arch. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 stanza da bagno o gabinetto pubblico Visti di giorno hanno l’aria un po’ Halliday coll.Barry andare al water
mesta, filo di pancia e calvizie che
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avanza, lei trucco 3.4 The Humanmattone, Rights’caviglia Approach ........................................................ 58 possente e spacco di seno che 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 scoppia dal wonderbra. (LR 9 maggio 1998)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian Table of Contents
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini yorkshire [ˈjɔrkʃar, jɔrkˈʃair,
4.1 Restrictive and Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 ˈjɔrkʃair, jɔrkˈʃajar,Policies ˈjɔrkʃir] n. Structural m. inv.4.2EC: Yorkshire terrier T: Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Yorkshire 1930 • Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 cane da compagnia di piccola taglia, dal 4.3 peloFrom di colore grigio scuro to e dal Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 carattere vivace
sin.4.4 Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 tr. Yorkshire 4.5 Equal terrier Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 L’aveva infilata dentro il cesto di una Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 vecchia lavatrice dentro la quale dormiva anche il suo cane, uno 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 yorkshire. (LR 15 aprile 2000)
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Conclusion Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Initiatives forhas Governing Humanitarian The4.2present work shown Family that theand creation of false Anglicisms is Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 extremely dynamic in present-day Italian. AsMigration a sign ............. of lexical creativity attraction English language, it runs concurrently 4.3 Fromand Guest Workerstotothe Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 to the phenomenon of lexical borrowing from British and American 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 English, i.e. real Anglicisms. 4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ From theOpportunity onset of this study and throughout the making of 90 the dictionary, however, it was assumed that false Anglicisms are not just Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 a sub-group of Anglicisms, but independent lexical units generated by specific word-formation processes,ineither or semantic. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Theirmorphological Societies of Origin ....... 101 Starting from this theoretical assumption on their nature, false Urs Watter Anglicisms were defined, classified, and systematized. Each selected 5.1 State and Responsibility instance wasInterest then described and illustrated in the dictionary section of towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 this book. As Applied clearly Ethics pointed out by Sinclair (1985: 81), any lexicographic 5.2 .............................................................................. 104 work should first proceed from the analysis of existing sources, then 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 move on to the evaluation of linguistic information based on the linguist’s judgment, finally ...................................................... obtain confirmation from data108 of 5.4 Migration Policyand in Colombia language in use. Following this principle, the present work started 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 from the consultation of lexicographic resources, namely Italian and 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. English monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, 112 and collections of foreign words and neologisms. Subsequently, the 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 analysis of language corpora made it possible to observe words in Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 context and extract real examples of usage. Finally, manual sorting of data was required and decisions were also taken on the basis of Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 introspection and intuition. Barry Halliday
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3.4 Thethe Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 Still, following setApproach of desiderata, once met, may further enrich
the3.5 dictionary of ...................................................................................... false Anglicisms included in this volume: Conclusion 59 1. although......................................................................................... the issue of pseudo-loans or false loans seems60to Bibliography
have been surprisingly overlooked by historical linguistics and sociolinguistics 4. The Ethics of Migration. (Hock 1991, Lehmann 1992, Campbell 1998, Thomason 2001, 2003, Sankoff 2002, Winford 2003), a Reflections on Recent Migration Policies more diachronic-oriented study – ........................................... describing the etymological and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 processes that originated false Anglicisms – would add to the Laura Zanfrini information provided in the dictionary;1 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
2. since the dictionary word list is based on written journalistic
4.2 Initiatives Governing Familyofand Humanitarian language,forthe investigation a corpus of written Italian, such Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 as the Corpus di Italiano Scritto (CORIS), and/or spoken
Italian, such as thetoLessico di frequenza dell’italiano parlato 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 (LIP), the Corpus di italiano parlato (CIP), the Corpus di italiano televisivo (CIT), and the Lessico di frequenza 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied(LIR), Opportunities dell’italiano radiofonico would ................................ make it possible 90to examine......................................................................................... the spread of false Anglicisms in different modes Bibliography 97 and registers. The analysis of a wider range of corpora would 2 certainly lead to Emigrants more balanced results; 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Urs 3. Watter besides the quantitative data provided by the dictionary,
further statistical information on usage and frequency of false 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Anglicisms could be obtained from Italian informants. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Questionnaires submitted to Italian speakers – of the kind
5.2 Applied Ethics 104 suggested by.............................................................................. Giovanardi (2008: 106-110) – would certainly
provide Policy valuable information, thus improving both 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1
As (2007a: ‘In terms of language development, hybrid 5.5Onysko “Colombia nos 59) une”argues: ...................................................................... 109 anglicisms and pseudo anglicisms exemplify that etymology is decisive in order to ascertain the possibility of language influence. In reality, however, it is 112 often 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. difficult to arrive at cogent etymological conclusions.’. 2 5.7following Challenges .................................................................................... 114 The remark made by Sinclair (2003: 167) must be considered: ‘Where, as is becoming increasingly common, a corpus is close to the centre of a dictionary Bibliography ....................................................................................... project, the lexicographer must know how far the corpus can be trusted.’. 116 With regard to corpus-based lexicography, Landau (2001: 321) recognizes that ‘[t]he main limitation the corpus for is that matter how large it is and how carefully it has 119 been WorkingofTogether thenoWell-being of Migrants ........................... assembled, it cannot possibly represent truly the myriad ways in which language is Barry Halliday used spontaneously in speech and deliberately in writing.’.
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3.4 The Human Rights’and Approach ........................................................ 58 macrostructural microstructural features of the dictionary
(Béjoint 1983: 67, 68); 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 4. although......................................................................................... English translation equivalents are included, the Bibliography 60
definition of each headword and the metalanguage could also be provided in English in order to embrace a larger audience; 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies linguistic techniques could 5. more sophisticated computational and “Non-policies” in Italy Europe 61 be implemented in and order to ........................................... detect English translation Laura Zanfrini equivalents of false Anglicisms in Italian. This may be
achieved Policies by analyzing English-Italian parallel corpora, as 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 already done – though restricted to the specialized field of
4.2 Initiatives Governing and2004b, Humanitarian business for – by LaviosaFamily (2004a, 2006, 2007a, 2007b), Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 who compiled the Commercial ItalianMigration Corpus ............. - Corpus
dell’italiano commerciale (COMIC-CIC) in order to study 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 English translation equivalents of real Anglicisms in Italian;
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
6. this work may also be the starting point for a contrastive study of pseudo-English ‘infiltrations’ which are widespread Bibliography ......................................................................................... in European languages (Zandvoort 1970). It would 97 be interesting to carry out studies on false Anglicisms in 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 languages otherEmigrants than Italian and to compile dictionaries of Urs Watter false Anglicisms across various languages. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Although this type of research is continually in progress since towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102 new false Anglicisms are Living being coined – some of which may either rapidly disappear or gain a long-lasting status in the Italian 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 vocabulary – and methodological improvements to search for them Migration Policy Ethics ......................................................... are5.3 being devised, the and inventory of false Anglicisms presented in 106 this volume is considered to Colombia be ‘reliable’, at least in the sense indicated 5.4 Migration Policy in ...................................................... 108 by Atkins and Rundell: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 A dictionary is one whose generalizations about word 5.6reliable Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 behaviour approximate closely to the ways in which people normally use (and understand) language when engaging in real communicative 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 acts (such as writing novels or business reports, reading newspapers, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 or having conversations). (Atkins and Rundell 2008: 45, 46)
On theTogether other hand, Haugen of says with ........................... reference to the Working for theasWell-being Migrants 119 influence of English on other languages: Barry Halliday
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3.4 TheisHuman Rights’ Approach ........................................................ There much to be done in teasing out the English models, their58 origins in speech or writing, their tortuous ways of reaching the 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... European public, and the current results in the form of local replicas.59 (Haugen 1988:......................................................................................... 8) Bibliography 60
This statement appears to be even truer for false Anglicisms. Their 4. The Ethics of Migration. transient and dynamic makes it difficult for the lexicographer Reflections on Recentnature Migration Policies to pin their origin and and evolution time, thus making their and down “Non-policies” in Italy Europeover ........................................... 61 description continually open to change. Laura Zanfrini A dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian is meant to offer users Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour 65 an 4.1 up-to-date lexicographic tool which witnesses the vitality of.. the Italian languageforand an opportunity to discover its continuous 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian transformation. Indeed, it is hoped that the readers of this volume Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 will be attracted by the complex phenomenon of false Anglicisms, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 which further confirms the influence of English on the Italian language and culture. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for 2005, Governing Family and Humanitarian Accornero A. [1991] “Le parole straniere”, in S. Lepri (ed.), Professione Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 giornalista, ETAS libri, Milano, pp. 247-281. Adamo G. andGuest V. Della Valle 2003, Neologismi Guests quotidiani. Un dizionario a cavallo 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 del millennio, 1998-2003, Olschki, Firenze.
4.4 Selective Policies and the 2006 Brainparole Drain............................................ 87 Adamo G. and V. Della Valle 2005, nuove. Un dizionario di neologismi dai giornali, Sperling & Kupfer, Milano. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Adamo G. and V. Della Valle 2009, Neologismi. Parole nuove dai giornali, Istituto Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 della Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma. Aijmer K. and G. Melchers 2004, “The Influence of English on the Languages in the 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants TheirStudies Societies of Origin ....... 101 Nordic Countries”, Nordic Journal of in English 3:2, pp. 1-4.
Urs Watter Aitchinson J. 1991, Language Change: Progress or Decay?, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Alex B.towards 2005, “An System for ........................................... Identifying English Inclusions their Unsupervised Citizens Living Abroad 102in German Text”, in Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 (ACL) Student Research Workshop. Ann Arbor (MI), 25th-30th June 2005, Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg (PA), pp. 133-138. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P05 Alexieva N. 2008, Policy “How and Why are Anglicisms often Lexically Different 108 from 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... their English Etymons?”, in R. Fischer and H. Pułaczewska (eds), Anglicisms in 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Europe. Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, pp. 42-51.
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Alfaro R. J. [1964] 1970, Diccionario de anglicismos, Gredos, Madrid.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Amato A., F.M. Andreoni and R. Salvi 1990, Prestiti linguistici dal mondo anglofono: una....................................................................................... tassonomia, Bulzoni, Roma. Bibliography 116 Antonelli G. 1996, “Sui prefissoidi dell’italiano contemporaneo”, Studi di lessicografia italiana 253-293. of Migrants ........................... 119 Working Together forXIII, thepp. Well-being
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Antonelli 2005, Rights’ “Recensione: Claudio Giovanardi-Riccardo Gualdo, con58la 3.4 TheG.Human Approach ........................................................ collaborazione di Alessandra Coco, Inglese-Italiano 1 a 1. Tradurre o non 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 tradurre le parole inglesi?, Lecce, Manni, 2003”, Studi linguistici italiani XXXI, pp. 116-137.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
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Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Aston G. and L. Burnard 1998, The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Corpus with SARA, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Laura Zanfrini
Aston G. and L. Piccioni 2004, “Un grande corpus di italiano giornalistico”, in G. Bernini, G. Ferrari andand M.Structural Pavesi (eds), Atti for delImmigrant 3° congresso di ..studi 4.1 Restrictive Policies Demand Labour 65 dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Perugia, 21-22 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian febbraio 2002, Guerra Edizioni, Family Perugia,and pp. 289-310.
Labour Migration but not Workers’ 73 Atkins Migration: B.T.S. 2008, “Theoretical Lexicography and its Migration Relation to............. Dictionarymaking”, in T. Fontenelle (ed.), Practical Lexicography: A Reader, Oxford 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 University Press, Oxford, pp. 31-50. 4.4 B.T.S. Selective and2008, the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Atkins and Policies M. Rundell The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Auchter D. 1998, Dictionary of Historical Allusions & Eponyms, ABC-CLIO, Santa Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Barbara (CA) and Oxford. Ayto J. 1983, “On Specifying Meaning”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography: 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Principles and Practice, Emigrants Academic Press, London, pp. 89-98.
Watter“Lexical Innovation: Neologism and Dictionaries”, in G. Anderman AytoUrs J. 1996, and State M. Rogers (eds), Words, Words. The Translator and the Language 5.1 Interest andWords, Responsibility Learner, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 63-68.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Bailey R.W. 2003, “Review: A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage 5.2 AppliedofEthics .............................................................................. 104 Dictionary Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Edited by Manfred Görlach. Oxford: Oxford UP. 2001”, Dictionaries. Journal of the Dictionary 5.3 Migration and24,Ethics ......................................................... 106 Society of NorthPolicy America pp. 253-259. Ballard M. 1999, Les faux amis, Ellipses, ...................................................... Paris. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 Banfi and A. Sobrero 1992,...................................................................... Il linguaggio giovanile degli anni Novanta: regole, 5.5E.“Colombia nos une” 109 invenzioni, gioco, Laterza, Roma and Bari.
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Barnbrook G. 1996, Language and Computers, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Baroni M., S. Bernardini, F. Comastri, L. Piccioni, A. Volpi, G. Aston and M. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Mazzoleni 2004, “Introducing the La Repubblica corpus: A Large, Annotated, TEI(XML)-Compliant Corpus of Newspaper Italian”, in M.T. Lino, M.F. Xavier, Together F. Ferreira, and R. of Silva (eds), Proceedings of the119 4th Working forR.theCosta Well-being Migrants ........................... International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC).
Barry Halliday
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th Lisbon, -28th May 2004,Approach European........................................................ Language Resources Association (ELRA), 3.4 The26 Human Rights’ 58
Paris, vol. V, pp. 1771-1774.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sslmitdev-online.sslmit.unibo.it/corpora/downloads/rep_lrec_2004.pdf Bauer L. 1983, English Word Formation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Baugh A. and T. Cable 1993, A History of the English Language, Routledge, London and New York. 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections Recentriflessione Migration Policies Bayley P. 1998, on “Qualche sulla comunicazione telematica e la lingua inglese: tra la globalizzazione la particolarizzazione del discorso”, in P. Bayley and “Non-policies” in Italye and Europe ........................................... 61 and F. San Vicente (eds), In una Europa plurilingue. Culture in transizione, Laura Zanfrini CLUEB, Bologna, pp. 35-48. 4.1 Barnhart Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 [BDE] R.K. (ed.) 1988, The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology, Wilson, NewInitiatives York. 4.2 for Governing Family and Humanitarian Beccaria G.L. [1988]Labour 1992, Italiano. Antico nuovo, Garzanti, Milano. ............. 73 Migration: Migration but enot Workers’ Migration Beccaria G.L. 2006, Per difesa e per amore. La lingua italiana oggi, Garzanti, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Milano.
4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Béjoint H. 1983, Policies “On Field-Work in Lexicography”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography: Principles and Practice, Academic Press, London, pp. 67-76. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Béjoint H. 1994, Tradition and Innovation in Modern English Dictionaries, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Béjoint H. 2000, Modern Lexicography: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter Bencini A. and E. Citernesi 1992, Le parole degli anni Novanta, Le Monnier, Firenze.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Bencinitowards A. and their B. Manetti 2005, Le parole dell’Italia che cambia, Le Monnier, Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Firenze.
5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 Bergien A. 2008,Ethics “English Elements in Company Names: Global and Regional Considerations”, in R. Fischer and H. Pułaczewska (eds), Anglicisms in Europe. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, pp.Colombia 183-207. ...................................................... 108 5.4 Migration Policy in Berns M. 1995a, “English in the European Union”, English Today 11:3, pp. 3-11.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Berns M. 1995b, “English in Europe: Whose language, which culture?”, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 5:1, pp. 21-32. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Berruto G. 1987, Sociolinguistica dell’italiano contemporaneo, La Nuova Italia 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Scientifica, Roma.
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Biber 1993, “UsingRights’ Register-Diversified Corpora for General Language Studies”, 3.4D.The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 Computational Linguistics 19:2, pp. 219-241.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Biber D. 2008, “Representativeness in Corpus Design”, in T. Fontenelle (ed.), Practical Lexicography: A Reader, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 63-87. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Biber D., S. Conrad and R. Reppen 1998, Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections Recent Migration Bisetto A. 2004, on “L’influsso dell’inglese Policies sul lessico e la morfologia dell’italiano: osservazioni teoriche”,in in G. and Garzone and........................................... A. Cardinaletti (eds), Lingua, and “Non-policies” Italy Europe 61 mediazione linguistica e interferenza, Franco Angeli, Milano, pp. 49-64. Laura Zanfrini Bistarelli A. 2008, “L’interferenza dell’inglese sull’italiano in tre dei maggiori 4.1 Restrictive Policies andultimi Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 repertori di anglicismi degli 20 anni”, inTRAlinea 10. www.intralinea.it/volumes/eng_more.php?id=629_0_2_0_M65% 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian [BNC] Migration: 2007, British National Corpus,but Oxford University Computing Services, Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 University of Oxford, Oxford. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk [BoE] BankPolicies of English, of Birmingham, Birmingham - Harper4.42009, Selective and University the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Collins, London. www.collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSearch.aspx 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bogaards P. 2008, On ne parle pas franglais. La langue française face à l’anglais, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 De Boek Duculot, Bruxelles. Bolelli T. 1987, “Non crociate ma vigilanza”, in J. Jacobelli (ed.), Dove va....... la lingua 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin 101 italiana?, Laterza, Roma and Bari, pp. 23-28.
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Bolelli T. 1993, L’italiano e gli italiani: cento stravaganze linguistiche, Neri Pozza, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Vicenza.
Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102 Bombi towards R. 1991, their “Di alcuni falsiLiving anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo”, Incontri linguistici 14, pp. 87-96. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Bombi R. 1993, “Riflessioni sulla composizione con affissoidi”, Incontri linguistici 5.3 16, Migration pp. 159-169.Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Bombi R. 1996, “Sulle di paronimo, falso amico e prestito camuffato”, 5.4 Migration Policynozioni in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Plurilinguismo 3, pp. 53-62.
5.5 R. “Colombia nos une”come ...................................................................... 109in Bombi 2003, “Anglicismi banco di prova dell’interferenza linguistica”, A.-V. Sullam Calimani (ed.), Italiano e inglese a confronto, Franco Cesati, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Firenze, pp. 101-125. 5.7 Challenges 114 Bombi R. 2005, La.................................................................................... linguistica del contatto. Tipologie d’anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo e riflessi metalinguistici, Il Calamo, Roma. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Bonomi I. 2002, L’italiano giornalistico. Dall’inizio del ’900 ai quotidiani on line, Franco Cesati, Firenze.
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Brazaitis K. Human 2006, “Plague of Approach Locusts or........................................................ Manna from Heaven? Recent Anglicisms 3.4 The Rights’ 58 in Lithuanian”, Journal of Baltic Studies 37:4, pp. 442-466.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bressan D. 2006, “Tipologia dell’inglese maccheronico”, in B. Van den Bossche, M. Bastiaensen, C.......................................................................................... Salvadori Lonergan and S. Widłak (eds), Italia e Europa: dalla Bibliography 60 cultura nazionale all’interculturalismo. Atti del XVI Congresso dell’Associazione Internazionale Professori di Italiano (AIPI). Cracovia, 26-29 4. The Ethics of Migration. agosto 2004, Franco Cesati, Firenze, vol. V, pp. 315-320.
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Browne V. 1987, Odd Pairs and False Friends. Dizionario di false analogie e and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 ambigue affinità fra inglese e italiano, Zanichelli, Bologna.
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Browne V. and G. Natali 1989, Bugs and Bugbears. Dizionario delle insidie e dei tranelli nelle traduzioni inglese e italiano, Zanichelli, Bologna. Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policiestra and Structural Demand for Immigrant Browne V., G. Natali E. Mendes 1995,and More and more false friends, bugs & 4.2 Initiatives for and Governing Family Humanitarian bugbears: dizionario di ambigue affinità e tranelli nella traduzione fra inglese e Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 italiano, Zanichelli, Bologna.
4.3F.From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Bruni 1984,Guest L’italiano. Elementi di storia della lingua e della cultura, UTET, Torino. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Bruthiaux P. 2003, “Squaring the Circles: Issues in Modeling English Worldwide”, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13:2, pp. 159-178. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Burchfield R.W. 2001, “Foreword”, in M. Görlach (ed.), A Dictionary of European Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Anglicisms, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. vii-viii. Busse U. 2008a,Including “Some Comments on the of European Anglicisms and 5. Colombia: Emigrants inDictionary Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Some Suggestions for its Second Edition Exemplified by the Entry Kids”, in R. Urs Watter Fischer and H. Pułaczewska (eds), Anglicisms in Europe. Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context, and Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, pp. 5.1 State Interest Responsibility 274-298.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Busse U. [2005] 2008b, “The impact of lexical borrowing from English on German: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. Facts, figures, and attitudes”, in C. Gnutzmann and F. Intemann (eds),104 The Globalisation of English and the English Language Classroom, Gunter Narr 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Verlag, Tübingen, pp. 57-70. Busse and M. Görlach “German”, in M. Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, 5.4U. Migration Policy 2002, in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 13-36.
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Bybee J. 2007, Frequency of Use and the Organization of Language, Oxford University 5.6 AlianzaPress, PaísOxford. .................................................................................. 112 [CALD] Gillard P. and E. Walter (eds) [2001] 2008, Cambridge Advanced Learner’s 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Language Learner: Papers from the........................................................ EURALEX Seminar at the University58of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach Leeds. Leeds, 1st-3rd April 1985, Niemeyer, Tübingen, pp. 55-77.
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Campbell L. 1998, Historical Linguistics. An Introduction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Capanaga P. 2002, “Aspectos de la internacionalización del español actual”, in F. San Vicente (ed.), L’inglese e le altre lingue europee. Studi sull’interferenza 4. The Ethics of Migration. linguistica, CLUEB, Bologna, pp. 67-92. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Cardona G.R. 1988, Dizionario di linguistica, Armando, Roma. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini Caretti L. 1951a, “Noterelle calcistiche”, Lingua nostra XII, pp. 14-18. Caretti 1951b, “Noterelle Lingua nostrafor XII, pp. 77-78.Labour .. 65 4.1 L. Restrictive Policiestennistiche”, and Structural Demand Immigrant Caretti L. 1954, “Noterelle ciclistiche”, Lingua nostra XVI, pp. 20-26.
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5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... in 101S. Carrera Díaz M.Including 2000, “Forestierismi: norma italiana e norme europee”, Urs Watter Vanvolsem, D. Vermandere, Y. D’Hulst and F. Musarra (eds), L’italiano oltre frontiera. Atti del V convegno internazionale. Leuven, 22-25 aprile 1998, 5.1 StateUniversity Interest and Responsibility Leuven Press, Leuven - Franco Cesati, Firenze, vol. I, pp. 19-29. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Carstensen B. 1980, “Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen”, in W. Viereck (ed.), Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 auf das Deutsche/Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen, pp. 77-99. Carstensen B. 1981, “Lexikalische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus 108 dem 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... Englischen”, in W. Kühlwein, G. Thome and W. Wilss (eds), Kontrastive Linguistik und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München,109 pp. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 175-182.
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Carstensen B. 1986, “Euro-English”, in D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek (eds), Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. In honour of Jacek 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Fisiak, Mouton, The Hague, vol. II, pp. 827-835.
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Castellani 1987, “Morbus linguistici italiani X, pp. 137-153. 58 3.4 TheA.Human Rights’Anglicus”, ApproachStudi ........................................................ [CDAE] Landau S. (ed.) [2000] 2007, Cambridge Dictionary of American English, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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[COMIC-CIC] Laviosa S. (ed.) 2006, Commercial Italian Corpus - Corpus 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108of dell’italiano commerciale, Oxford University Computing Services, University Oxford, Oxford. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 ota.ahds.ac.uk/headers/2426.xml Conrad A.W. and Fishman 1977, “English as a World Language: 112 The 5.6 Alianza PaísJ.A. .................................................................................. Evidence”, in J.A. Fishman, R.L. Cooper and A.W. Conrad (eds), The Spread of 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 English, Newbury House, Rowley (MA), pp. 3-76. [CORIS] Rossini ....................................................................................... Favretti R. (ed.) 2001, Corpus di italiano scritto, Centro Bibliography 116 Interfacoltà di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata (CILTA), Università di Bologna, Bologna. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 corpora.dslo.unibo.it/CORISCorpQuery.html
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Cortelazzo and U. Cardinale 1989,........................................................ Dizionario di parole nuove 1964-1987, 3.4 The M. Human Rights’ Approach 58 Loescher, Torino.
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Cortelazzo M.A. (ed.) 1995, Annali del lessico contemporaneo italiano. Neologismi 1993-1994, Esedra, Padova. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Cortelazzo M.A. (ed.) 1996, Annali del lessico contemporaneo italiano. Neologismi 1995,Ethics Esedra,ofPadova. 4. The Migration.
Reflections Recent Migration Policies Cortelazzo M.A. on (ed.) 1997, Annali del lessico contemporaneo italiano. Neologismi 1996,“Non-policies” Esedra, Padova. in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 and Laura Zanfrini Cortelazzo M.A. 2000, Italiano d’oggi, Esedra, Padova. Cosoli 1989, Parole straniere uso corrente nella lingua italiana con pronuncia 4.1 S. Restrictive Policies anddiStructural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 e significato, Editori Associati, Trieste.
4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Cowie A.P. 1983,for“On Specifying Grammar”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Migration:Principles Labour Migration butAcademic not Workers’ ............. Lexicography: and Practice, Press,Migration London, pp. 99-107.73
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D’Achille P. 2003, L’italiano contemporaneo, Il Mulino, Bologna.
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Dardano M. 1978, Sparliamo italiano? Storia, costume, mode, virtù e peccati della nostra lingua, Curcio, Milano. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Dardano M. [1973] 1986a. Il linguaggio dei giornali italiani, Laterza, Roma and 5.6 Bari.Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Dardano M. 1986b, “The Influence of English on Italian”, in W. Viereck and W.-D. Bald (eds), English in Contact with other Languages. Studies in Honour of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Broder Carstensen on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Akadémiai Kiadò, Budapest, pp. 231-252. Working for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 Dardano M.Together 1987a, “Parole made in England”,ofItaliano e oltre II, pp. 23-27. Barry Halliday
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Dardano M. Human 1987b, “Il linguaggio dei giornali”, in J. Jacobelli (ed.), Dove va58la 3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ lingua italiana?, Laterza, Roma and Bari, pp. 58-65.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Dardano M. 1993, “Il lessico italiano oggi”, in D. Hart (ed.), Aspects of English and Italian Lexicology and Lexicography, Bagatto Libri, Roma, pp. 41-60. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Dardano M. 1994, “Profilo dell’italiano contemporaneo”, in L. Serianni and P. Trifone (eds),ofStoria della lingua italiana, Einaudi, Torino, vol. II, pp. 343-430. 4. The Ethics Migration.
Reflections on Recent Policies Dardano M. 1998, “LessicoMigration e semantica”, in A. Sobrero (ed.), Introduzione all’italiano contemporaneo, Laterza, Roma and........................................... Bari, vol. I, pp. 291-370. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 LauraM., Zanfrini Dardano G. Frenguelli and T. Perna 2000, “L’italiano di fronte all’inglese alle soglie del terzo millennio”, in S. Vanvolsem, D. Vermandere, Y. D’Hulst and F. 4.1 Restrictive Structural Demand Labour .. 65 Musarra (eds), Policies L’italianoand oltre frontiera. Atti delfor V Immigrant convegno internazionale. Leuven, 22-25 for aprile 1998, Leuven University Press, Leuven - Franco Cesati, 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Firenze, vol. I, pp. 31-55.
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
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4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Davies M., W. Xingfu and L. Guohui 2008, “The Corpus of Contemporary American English: A Useful Tool Opportunities for English Teaching and Research”, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 Computer-Assisted Foreign Language Education in China 5, pp. 24-31.
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[DELI] Cortelazzo and P. Zolli (eds) ........................................................ [1979] 1999, Dizionario etimologico della 3.4 The HumanM.Rights’ Approach 58 lingua italiana, Zanichelli, Bologna.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Deneire M. 1997, “English in Europe: A selected bibliography”, World Englishes 16:1, pp. 77-85. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Deroy L. 1956, L’emprunt linguistique, Les belles lettres, Paris.
4. The Ethics of “The Migration. Devereux R. 1976, Ingliano Factor”, Italica LIII:3, pp. 301-319. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
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[DISC] Sabatini F. and V. Coletti (eds) [2003] 2007, Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario dellaRestrictive lingua italiana, Hoepli, 4.1 Policies and Milano. Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Dodd W.S. 2003, “Lexicomputing and the Dictionary of the Future”, in R.R.K. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family Humanitarian Hartmann (ed.),for Lexicography. Critical and Concepts, Routledge, London and New Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 York, vol. III, pp. 351-362. Drysdale P.D.Guest 1987, Workers “The Use to of Unwelcome Computers inGuests Lexicography and Lexicology”,82in 4.3 From .................................. A.P. Cowie (ed.), The Dictionary and the Language Learner. Papers from the 4.4 Selective Policiesatand Brain Drain............................................ 87 EURALEX Seminar the the University of Leeds. Leeds, 1st-3rd April 1985, Niemeyer, Tübingen, pp. 213-223.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
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Elliot 1977, Parliamo itang’liano. Ovvero le 400 parole inglesi che deve sapere 5.2G.Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 chi vuole fare carriera, Rizzoli, Milano.
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
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5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Ephratt M. 2003, “Genericness: The Passage from a Word Mark to a Lexeme”, Semiotica 146, pp. 393-417. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Erasmi G. 1983, “Le parole straniere in italiano: adattamento morfologico, fonetico 5.7 Challenges 114 e grafico”, Italica.................................................................................... LX:3, pp. 235-245. Étiemble R. [1964]....................................................................................... 1980, Parlez-vous franglais?, Gallimard, Paris. Bibliography 116 Evert S. 2010, CQP Query Language Tutorial, Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung (IMS), Stuttgart, Stuttgart. Working Together for theUniversität Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 cwb.sourceforge.net/documentation.php Barry Halliday
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Fanfani M. 1991a, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (I), Lingua nostra 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 LII, pp. 11-24.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Fanfani M. 1991b, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (II), Lingua nostra LII, pp.......................................................................................... 73-89. Bibliography 60 Fanfani M. 1991c, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (III), Lingua nostra LII, pp. 4. The Ethics of113-118. Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migrationnell’italiano Policies contemporaneo” (IV), Lingua Fanfani M. 1992a, “Sugli anglicismi nostra LIII, pp. 18-25. in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 and “Non-policies” Laura Fanfani M.Zanfrini 1992b, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (V), Lingua nostra LIII, pp. 79-86.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Fanfani M. 1992c, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (VI), Lingua nostra LIII, pp. for 120-121. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migrationnell’italiano but not Workers’ Migration(VII), ............. 73 FanfaniMigration: M. 1993a, Labour “Sugli anglicismi contemporaneo” Lingua nostra LIV, pp. 13-20. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Fanfani M. 1993b, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (VIII), Lingua 4.4 Selective nostra LIV, pp.Policies 63-71. and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Fanfani M. 1993c, “Sugli anglicismi contemporaneo” (IX), Lingua 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Deniednell’italiano Opportunities ................................ 90 nostra LIV, pp. 122-124.
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5. Colombia: Including Emigrantsnell’italiano in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Fanfani M. 1994b, “Sugli anglicismi contemporaneo” (XI), Lingua Urs Watter nostra LV, pp. 76-77.
Fanfani M. 1994c, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (XII), Lingua 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility nostra LV, pp. 117-120. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Fanfani M. 1995, “Sugli anglicismi nell’italiano contemporaneo” (XIII), Lingua 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 nostra LVI, pp. 14-17. Fanfani M. 1996, Policy “Sugli and anglicismi contemporaneo” (XIV), Lingua 5.3 Migration Ethicsnell’italiano ......................................................... 106 nostra LVII, pp. 72-91.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
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5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Fanfani M. 2003, “Per un repertorio di anglicismi in italiano”, in A.-V. Sullam Calimani (ed.), Italiano e inglese a confronto, Franco Cesati, Firenze, pp. 114 1515.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 176.
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Conference on Lexicography. Exeter, 9th-12th September 1983, Niemeyer, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 Tübingen, pp. 73-79.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Filipović R. 1985, “Pseudoanglicisms in European Languages”, in U. Pieper and G. Stickel (eds), ......................................................................................... Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Synchronica. Werner Winter Bibliography 60 Sexagenario, De Gruyter, Berlin and New York, pp. 249-255. Filipović R. (ed.) 1996a, The English Element in European Languages. An 4. The Ethics of Migration. Annotated Bibliography. Institute of Linguistics, Zagreb, vol. IV. Reflections on Recent (1958-1995), Migration Policies Filipović R. 1996b, “English as a and wordEurope donor to........................................... other languages of Europe”,61in and “Non-policies” in Italy R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), The English Language in Europe, Intellect, Oxford, pp. Laura Zanfrini 37-46.
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4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
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bilingue e traduzione: metodi, strumenti, approcci attuali, Polimetrica, Monza, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 pp. 199-213.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Furiassi C. 2007, “Identità di forma e diversità di funzione: verso un dizionario di falsi anglicismi......................................................................................... in italiano”, in S. Vanvolsem, S. Marzo, M. Caniato and60 G. Bibliography Mavolo (eds), Identità e diversità nella lingua e nella letteratura italiana. Atti del XVIII Congresso dell’Associazione Internazionale per gli Studi di Lingua e 4. The Ethics of Migration. Letteratura Italiana (AISLLI). Lovanio, Louvain-la-Neuve, Anversa, Bruxelles, Reflections on Recent Policies 16-19 luglio 2003, FrancoMigration Cesati, Firenze, vol. I, pp. 225-239.
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
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4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family Humanitarian Furiassi C. 2008b, “What Dictionaries Leaveand Out: New Non-Adapted Anglicisms in Migration: Labourand Migration not Investigating Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Italian”, in A. Martelli V. Pulcinibut (eds), English with Corpora. Studies in Honour of Maria Teresa Prat, Polimetrica, Monza, pp. 153-169. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
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5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
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5.4 Migration in Colombia 108 Geeraerts D. 1997,Policy Diachronic Prototype...................................................... Semantics. A Contribution to Historical Lexicology, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Geeraerts D. 2003, “Meaning and definition”, in P. Van Sterkenburg (ed.), A 5.6 AlianzaGuide País .................................................................................. Practical to Lexicography, John Benjamins, Amsterdam 112 and Philadelphia, pp. 83-93.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Gianni M. 1994, “Influenze dell’inglese sulla terminologia informatica italiana”, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Studi di lessicografia italiana XII, pp. 273-299. Giovanardi C. 2003, “Italiano e inglese: convivenza pacifica?”, in C. Giovanardi and Working Together for the Well-being Migrants 119 R. Gualdo (eds), Inglese-Italiano 1 a 1.ofTradurre o ........................... non tradurre le parole inglesi?, Piero Manni, San Cesario di Lecce, pp. 9-27. Barry Halliday
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Giovanardi 2007, “Sulla italiano degli anglicismi contemporanei: 3.4 TheC. Human Rights’traducibilità Approachin ........................................................ 58 alcune proposte”, in S. Vanvolsem, S. Marzo, M. Caniato and G. Mavolo (eds), 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Identità e diversità nella lingua e nella letteratura italiana. Atti del XVIII Congresso dell’Associazione Internazionale per gli Studi di Lingua e Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Letteratura Italiana (AISLLI). Lovanio, Louvain-la-Neuve, Anversa, Bruxelles, 16-19 luglio 2003, Franco Cesati, Firenze, vol. I, pp. 241-255.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
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5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
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5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
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Gottlieb H. 2005, “Anglicisms and Translation”, in G. Anderman and M. Rogers 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 (eds), In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse?, Multilingual Matters, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Clevedon, pp. 161-184. Graedler A.-L. and......................................................................................... S. Johansson 1997, Anglisismeordboka. Engelske lånord i norsk, Bibliography 60 Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Greenbaum S. 1991a, “ICE: The International Corpus of English”, English Today 4. The Ethics of Migration. 7:4, pp. 3-7. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Greenbaum S. 1991b, “TheinDevelopment of the International Corpus of English”,61in and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... K. Aijmer and B. Altenberg (eds), English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Laura Zanfrini Honour of Jan Svartvik, Longman, London, pp. 83-91.
4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant LabourCorpus .. 65 Greenbaum S. (ed.) Policies 1996, Comparing EnglishDemand Worldwide: The International of English, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Grefenstette G. 2002, “TheMigration WWW asbut a Resource for Lexicography”, in M.-H. Migration: Labour not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Corréard (ed.), Lexicography and Natural Language Processing. A Festschrift in 4.3 Fromof Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Honour B.T.S. Workers Atkins, EURALEX, Grenoble, pp. 199-215. Gualdo R. and C.Policies Scarpinoand 2007, “Quanto pesa l’inglese? Anglicismi nella vita 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 quotidiana e proposte per la coabitazione”, in S. Vanvolsem, S. Marzo, M. Caniato andOpportunity G. Mavolo (eds), Identità Opportunities e diversità nella................................ lingua e nella letteratura 4.5 Equal and Denied 90 italiana. Atti del XVIII Congresso dell’Associazione Internazionale per gli Studi Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 di Lingua e Letteratura Italiana (AISLLI). Lovanio, Louvain-la-Neuve, Anversa, Bruxelles, 16-19 luglio 2003, Franco Cesati, Firenze, vol. I, pp. 257-281.
5. Colombia: Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Guiraud P. 1971,Including Les mots étrangers, PUF,inParis. Urs Watter Gusmani R. 1986, Saggi sull’interferenza linguistica, Le Lettere, Firenze.
5.1 State Interest Responsibility Gusmani R. 1989, “Iland mutamento linguistico”, in R. Lazzeroni (ed.), Linguistica storica, Carocci, pp. 87-114. towards theirRoma, Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Guţia I. 1981, “Contatti della lingua italiana con l’inglese attraverso i mass media”, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 in I. Guţia, G.M. Senes, M. Zappieri and F. Cabasino (eds), Contatti interlinguistici mass media, La Goliardica, Roma, pp. 7-66. 5.3 Migration ePolicy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Hagège C. 1987, Le français et les siècles, Odile Jacob, Paris.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Hall R.A. 1957, “La «grammatica degli sbagli» nella grafia di parole straniere”, Lingua nostra XVIII pp. 23-25. 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Haller 1988, “Sulla recente fortuna del prefisso -maxi nella lingua dei giornali 5.6H.W. Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 italiani”, Lingua nostra XLIX, pp. 84-88.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Halliday M.A.K. 2004, “Lexicology”, in M.A.K. Halliday, W. Teubert, C. Yallop and A. Čermáková (eds), Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics. An Introduction, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Continuum, London and New York, pp. 1-22. Hanks P. 1979, “To What Extent Does a Dictionary Definition Define?”, in R.R.K. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Hartmann (ed.), Dictionaries and Their Users. Papers from the 1978 B.A.A.L. Barry Halliday Seminar on Lexicography, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, pp. 32-38.
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Hartmann 1983a, “OnApproach Theory and Practice”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), 3.4 TheR.R.K. Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 Lexicography: Principles and Practice, Academic Press, London, pp. 3-11.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Hartmann R.R.K. 1983b, “On Specifying Context”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography:......................................................................................... Principles and Practice, Academic Press, London, pp. 109-119. Bibliography 60 Hartmann R.R.K. 2006, “Desiderata in lexicography: Looking back at some problems, forward to solutions”, in G. Sica (ed.), Open Problems in 4. The Ethicsand of Migration. Linguistics and Lexicography, Polimetrica, Monza, pp. 155-161. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Hartmann R.R.K. and G.inJames Dictionary of Lexicography, Routledge, and “Non-policies” Italy 2001, and Europe ........................................... 61 London & New York. Laura Zanfrini Hastings R. 1984, “Juve is Magic: The Anglicisms of Italian Football Graffiti”, 4.1 Restrictive Policiespp. and91-102. Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Italian Studies XXXIX, Hastings R. 1987, for “Lord SnoydonFamily for Carnaby Street: Anglicisms in the Italian 4.2 Initiatives Governing and Humanitarian Footwear Trade”, ItalianMigration Studies XLII, Migration: Labour butpp. not91-105. Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Haugen E. 1950, “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing”, Language XXVI:2, pp. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 210-231.
4.4 Selective and theofBrain Drain............................................ 87 Haugen E. 1988, Policies “The Influence English: A Transatlantic Perspective”, Folia Linguistica 22, pp. 3-9. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Hayward T. and A. Moulin 1984, “False Friends Invigorated”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), LEXeter......................................................................................... ’83 Proceedings. Papers from the International Conference97 on Bibliography Lexicography. Exeter, 9th-12th September 1983, Niemeyer, Tübingen, pp. 190198. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 [Hazon] Hazon M. (ed.) 2009, Grande dizionario di inglese 2010, Garzanti, Milano. Urs Watter
Heath J. 1994, “Borrowing”, in R.E. Asher and J.M.Y. Simpson (eds), The 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, vol. I, pp. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 383-394. [HF] K. Ethics and C. .............................................................................. Furiassi (eds) 2004, HF Corpus, Avdeling for kultur, språk 5.2Hofland Applied 104 og informasjonsteknologi senter (Aksis), Universitetet i Bergen, Bergen. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 gandalf.aksis.uib.no/eng-ita/search.html Hock 1991, Principles Historical...................................................... Linguistics, De Gruyter, Berlin and 108 New 5.4H.H. Migration Policy in ofColombia York.
5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Hockey S. 1998, “Textual Databases”, in J.M. Lawler and H. Aristar Dry (eds), Using Computers in Linguistics. A Practical Guide, Routledge, London and 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 New York, pp. 101-137. 5.7 Challenges 114in Hofland K. 2000, “A.................................................................................... Self-Expanding Corpus Based on Newspapers on the Web”, M. Gavrilidou, G. Carayannis, S. Markantonatou, S. Piperidis and G. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Steinhaouer (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Athens, 31st May-2nd June 2000, European Working Together the Well-being Migrants 119 Language Resourcesfor Association (ELRA),ofParis, vol. III,........................... pp. 362-363. gandalf.hit.uib.no/non/lrec2000/pdf/362.pdf Barry Halliday
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Hofland K. Human and S. Johansson 1982, Word Frequencies in British and American 3.4 The Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 English, Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities (NCCH), Bergen.
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Hofland K., A. Lindebjerg and J. Thunestvedt 1999, ICAME Collection of English Language Corpora, Humanistic Information Technology (HIT), Bergen. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Höfler M. 1982, Dictionnaire des anglicismes, Larousse, Paris.
4. The Ethics Migration. Hope T.E. 1971, of Lexical Borrowing in the Romance Languages, Blackwell, Oxford, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies vol. II. and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... Humbley J. 1974, “Vers in une typologie de l’emprunt linguistique”, Cahiers61 de Laura Zanfrini lexicologie 25, pp. 46-70. Humbley J. 2002, Policies “French”, M. Görlach (ed.), for English in Europe, 4.1 Restrictive andinStructural Demand Immigrant LabourOxford .. 65 University Press, Oxford, pp. 108-127.
4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Humbley J. 2008a, for “Emprunts, vrais et faux, dans le PETIT ROBERT 2007”, in J. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73et Pruvost (ed.), Les Journée des dictionnaires de CergyMigration 2007. Dictionnaires mots voyageurs. Les 40 ans du Petit Robert, Editions des Silves, Eragny, pp. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 221-238. 4.4 Selective the Brain Humbley J. 2008b,Policies “How toand Determine theDrain............................................ Success of French Language Policy87 on Anglicisms – Some Methodological Considerations”, in R. Fischer and H. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Pułaczewska (eds), Anglicisms in Europe. Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, pp. 85-105. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Hunston S. 2001, Corpora in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 5. Colombia:
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5.1 State and solo Responsibility Iamartino G. Interest 2002, “Non maccheroni, mafia e mamma mia!: tracce lessicali towards culturale their Citizens Abroadin........................................... dell’influsso italianoLiving in Inghilterra”, F. San Vicente (ed.), L’inglese102 e le altre lingue europee. Studi sull’interferenza linguistica, CLUEB, Bologna, pp. 23-49. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Iamartino G. 2003, “Italy’s Unappetizing Menu: italianismi recenti nella stampa 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 angloamericana fra giudizio e pregiudizio”, in A.-V. Sullam Calimani (ed.), Italiano e inglese a confronto, Franco Cesati, Firenze, pp. 209-219.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
[ICAME] Hofland K., A. Lindebjerg and J. Thunestvedt (eds) 1999, International Computer Archive Modern and Medieval English, Avdeling for kultur, språk 5.5 “Colombia nosofune” ...................................................................... 109 og informasjonsteknologi senter (Aksis), Universitetet i Bergen, Bergen. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 icame.uib.no [ICE] G. (ed.) 2010, International Corpus of English, Department 5.7 Nelson Challenges .................................................................................... 114of English, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 ice-corpora.net/ice [IPA] 2010, International Phonetic Alphabet, Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) Working Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 International, Dallasfor (TX). scripts.sil.org Barry Halliday
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Italiano G. 1999, Parole a buon rendere, ovvero l’invasione dei termini anglo3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58 italiani, Cadmo Edizioni, Fiesole.
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Jackson H. 2002, Lexicography. An Introduction, Routledge, London and New York. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Jacono A. 1939, Dizionario di esotismi, Marzocco, Firenze.
4. The of Migration. Jezek E. Ethics 1993, “L’inglese ‘giovane’”, Italiano e oltre VIII, pp. 204-209. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Johansson S. and A.-L. Graedler 2002, Rocka, hipt og snacksy. Om engelsk i norsk and in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 språk“Non-policies” og samfunn, Høyskoleforlaget, Kristiansand.
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Jucker A.H. 1992, Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers, De Gruyter, Berlin and New and York.Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive Policies Kachru B.B. 1994, “Englishization and contact linguistics”, World Englishes 13:2, 4.2 pp. Initiatives 135-154. for Governing Family and Humanitarian
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Kiefer F. and P. Van Sterkenburg 2003, “Design and Production of Monolingual Dictionaries”, in P. Van Sterkenburg (ed.), AGuests Practical Guide to Lexicography, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, pp. 350-365.
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Kilgarriff A. 1997, “Putting Frequencies in the Dictionary”, International Journal of Lexicography 10:2, pp. 135-155. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Kipfer B.A. 2003, “Methods of ordering senses within entries”, in R.R.K. Hartmann, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 (ed.), Lexicography. Critical Concepts, Routledge, London and New York, vol. III, pp. 182-190.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in and Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Kirkness A. 2001, “Anglicisms, Borrowings Pseudoborrowings in German: -ical Urs Watter revisited”, in M.C. Davies, J.L. Flood and D.N. Yeandle (eds), Proper Words in Proper Places: Studies in Lexicology and Lexicography in Honour of William 5.1 State Interest Responsibility Jervis Jones, Heinz,and Stuttgart, pp. 320-333. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Klajn I. 1972, Influssi inglesi nella lingua italiana, Olschki, Firenze.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. Knospe S. 2007, “English Meets German: On the creative exploitation104of Anglicisms and code-mixing in press language in the context of the Fifa World 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Cup 2006”, in N. Hilton, R. Arscott, K. Barden, A. Krishna, S. Shah and M. Zellers (eds), CamLing Proceedings of the 5th University of Cambridge 5.4 Migration Policy in2007. Colombia ...................................................... 108 Postgraduate Conference in Language Research. Cambridge, 20th-21st March 2007, Cambridgenos Institute of Language Research (CILR), Cambridge, pp. 109 1385.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 145. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 www.ling.cam.ac.uk/camling/Manuscripts/CamLing2007_Knospe.pdf Krenn B. and C..................................................................................... Samuelsson 1997, The Linguist’s Guide to Statistics, 5.7 Challenges 114 Computerlinguistik, Universität des Saarlandes. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 www.coli.uni-sb.de/~krenn/stat_nlp.ps.gz La Rana S. 1989, “La lingua inglese in Italia”, in T. Frank (ed.), Introduzione allo Working Together for the IlWell-being of Migrants ........................... 119 studio della lingua inglese, Mulino, Bologna, pp. 303-319.
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[La3.4 Repubblica] 2004,Rights’ La Repubblica Corpus, Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 per Interpreti e Traduttori (SSLMIT), Università di Bologna, Bologna. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 sslmitdev-online.sslmit.unibo.it/corpora/corpus.php?path=&name=Repubblica Landau S.I. [1984] 2001. Dictionaries. The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Lass R. Ethics 1969, Approaches to English Historical Linguistics: An Anthology, Holt, 4. The of Migration. Rinehart & Winston, New York. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Laviosa S. 2004a, “When in Italians they mean it”, TradTerm 10, 61 pp. and “Non-policies” Italy talk and‘business’ Europe ........................................... 279-293. Laura Zanfrini Laviosa S. 2004b, “When to translate business with business in Italian? A corpus4.1 Restrictive and in Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 driven study of Policies anglicisms”, I. Kemble (ed.), Using Corpora and Databases in Translation, of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, pp. 107-117. 4.2 Initiatives University for Governing Family and Humanitarian LaviosaMigration: S. 2006, “Data-Driven Learning Anglicisms............. in Business Labour Migration butfor notTranslating Workers’ Migration 73 Communication”, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 49:3, pp. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 267-274. Laviosa S. 2007a, “Studying Anglicisms as Functionally Complete Units87of 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ Meaning and Else…”, in V. Intonti, G. Todisco and M. Gatto (eds), La traduzione. Lo stato dell’arte - Translation. The State ................................ of the Art, Longo Editore, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 Ravenna, pp. 29-39.
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Leech G., P. Rayson and A. Wilson 2001, Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English, Longman, London. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Lehmann W.P. 1992, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, Routledge, London 5.4 and Migration New York. Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Lepschy A.L. and G.nos Lepschy 1999a, “Anglismi e italianismi”, in A.L. Lepschy109 and 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... G. Lepschy (eds), L’amanuense analfabeta e altri saggi, Olschki, Firenze, pp. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 169-182. Lepschy A.L. and G..................................................................................... Lepschy 1999b, “Italianismi inglesi”, in A.L. Lepschy and G. 5.7 Challenges 114 Lepschy (eds), L’amanuense analfabeta e altri saggi, Olschki, Firenze, pp. 183Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 207. Lepschy G. 1989, Sulla linguistica moderna, Il Mulino, Bologna.
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Lepschy G. Human and A.L.Rights’ LepschyApproach 1995, “Anglicismi e italianismi”, in S. Monti (ed.), 3.4 The ........................................................ 58 Scritti di linguistica e dialettologia in onore di Giuseppe Francescato, Edizioni 3.5 Conclusion 59 Ricerche, Trieste,...................................................................................... pp. 187-196. [LIP] De Mauro T., F. Mancini, M. Vedovelli and M. Voghera 1993, Lessico60di Bibliography ......................................................................................... frequenza dell’italiano parlato, ETAS libri, Milano. badip.uni-graz.at
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5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104of Malkiel Y. 2003, “A typological classification of dictionaries on the basis distinctive features”, in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography. Critical 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Concepts, Routledge, London and New York, vol. III, pp. 51-69. 5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... 108 Marello C. 1996, LePolicy parolein dell’italiano: lessico e dizionari, Zanichelli, Bologna. Marello C. 2002, “Dizionari elettronici: sempre più luoghi di transito”, 109 in E. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”bilingui ...................................................................... Ferrario and V. Pulcini (eds), La lessicografia bilingue tra presente e avvenire, Mercurio, Vercelli, pp. 149-175. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Marello C. 2003, “The bilingual dictionary: Definition, history, bidirectionality”, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114in R.R.K. Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography. Critical Concepts, Routledge, London and New York,....................................................................................... vol. II, pp. 325-342. Bibliography 116 Marri F. 1988a, “Riflessioni sul lessico contemporaneo” (I), Lingua nostra XLIX, pp. 57-84. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
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Marri 1988b, “Riflessioni lessico contemporaneo” (IIa), Lingua nostra XLIX, 3.4F.The Human Rights’sul Approach ........................................................ 58 pp. 109-126
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Marri F. 1989a, ‘Riflessioni sul lessico contemporaneo.’ (IIb), Lingua nostra L, pp. 15-31. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Marri F. 1989b, “Riflessioni sul lessico contemporaneo” (III), Lingua nostra L, pp. 65-77. 4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recentsul Migration Policies Marri F. 1989c, “Riflessioni lessico contemporaneo” (IVa), Lingua nostra L, pp. 121-124. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini Marri F. 1990, “Riflessioni sul lessico contemporaneo” (IVb), Lingua nostra LI, pp. 19-24.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Marri F. 1991, “Scavi nel lessico contemporaneo”, Lingua nostra LII, pp. 62-73.
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Mauranen A. 2005, “English as Lingua Franca: An Unknown Language?”, in G. 4.4 Selective Policies and(eds), the Brain Drain............................................ Cortese and A. Duszak Identity, Community, Discourse. English87in Intercultural Settings, Peter Lang, Bern, pp. 269-293.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
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[MEDAL] Rundell M.Citizens (ed.) 2002, Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced towards their Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Learners, Macmillan, Oxford.
5.2W. Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Meijs 1996, “Linguistic Corpora and Lexicography”, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 16, pp. 99-114. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
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Migliorini 1963, Rights’ Parole nuove: appendice di dodicimila voci al “Dizionario 3.4 TheB.Human Approach ........................................................ 58 moderno” di Alfredo Panzini, Hoepli, Milano.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
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[NSOED] Brown L. (ed.) 1997,Approach The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford 3.4 The Human Rights’ ........................................................ 58 University Press, Oxford.
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[Picchi] Picchi F. (ed.)Rights’ 2007, Grande dizionario inglese, Hoepli, Milano. 3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ 58 Picone 1996, Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French, John Benjamins, 3.5 M.D. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Amsterdam and Philadelphia.
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Pulcini V. 1997a, “Attitudes toward the Spread of English in Italy”, World Englishes 16:1, pp. 77-85. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Pulcini V. 1997b, “‘Friends’ and ‘False Friends’ in the English Language”, in V. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Pulcini (ed.), La didattica della lingua inglese. Percorsi per l’aggiornamento 1994-1995, Edizioni dell’Orso, Alessandria, pp. 149-161. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Pulcini V. 1999, “Focus on Italian Anglicisms: A Comparative Study of Three 5.5 “Colombiainnos une”...................................................................... 109 Dictionaries”, G. Azzaro and M. Ulrych (eds), Transiti linguistici e culturali. Atti del XVIII congresso nazionale dell’Associazione Italiana di Anglistica 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 (AIA). Genova, 30 settembre-2 ottobre 1996, EUT, Trieste, pp. 359-371.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Pulcini V. 2002, “Italian”, in M. Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 151-167. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Pulcini V. 2006, “A New Dictionary of Italian Anglicisms: The Aid of Corpora”, in E. Corino, C. Marello and C. Onesti (eds), Proceedings of the 12th EURALEX Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 International Congress. Torino, 6th-9th September 2006, Edizioni dell’Orso, Barry Halliday Alessandria, vol. I, pp. 313-322.
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Pulcini V. 2007, “GliRights’ anglicismi della lingua italiana: aspetti lessicografici”, in58S. 3.4 The Human Approach ........................................................ Vanvolsem, S. Marzo, M. Caniato and G. Mavolo (eds), Identità e diversità 3.5 59 nellaConclusion lingua e...................................................................................... nella letteratura italiana. Atti del XVIII Congresso dell’Associazione Internazionale per gli Studi di Lingua e Letteratura Italiana Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 (AISLLI). Lovanio, Louvain-la-Neuve, Anversa, Bruxelles, 16-19 luglio 2003, Franco Cesati, Firenze, vol. I, pp. 283-299.
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Rando “ARights’ Quantitative Analysis of the Use of Anglicisms in Written 3.4 G. The1973b, Human Approach ........................................................ 58 Standard Italian during the 1960’s”, Italica L:1, pp. 73-82.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
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San Vicente F. 2002, “Introduzione”, in F. San Vicente (ed.), L’inglese e le altre 4. The Ethics of Migration. lingue europee. Studi sull’interferenza linguistica, CLUEB, Bologna, pp. 11-22. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Sañé S. and G. Schepisi 1992, Falsos amigos al acecho. Dizionario di false analogie and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 eLaura ambigue affinità fra spagnolo e italiano, Zanichelli, Bologna. Zanfrini Sanga G. 1981, “Les dynamiques linguistiques de la société italienne (1861-1980): 4.1 Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant .. 65 de Restrictive la naissance de l’italien populaire à la for diffusion desLabour ethnicismes linguistiques”, 15:61, Family pp. 93-115. 4.2 Initiatives Langages for Governing and Humanitarian SankoffMigration: G. 2002, “Linguistic Outcomes but of Language Contact”, in J.K. Chambers, Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes (eds), The Handbook of Language Variation and 4.3 FromBlackwell, Guest Workers Change, Oxford,topp.Unwelcome 638-668. Guests .................................. 82 Sanniti di Baja M.T. 1992,and “When night becomes a place”, in N. Pantaleo (ed.), 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Aspects of English Diachronic Linguistics, Schena Editore, Fasano, pp. 147-160.
4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities 90 Sanson H.L. 2002, “Review: and Laura Pinnavaia. The Italian................................ Borrowings in the Oxford English Dictionary. A Lexicographical, Linguistic and Cultural Analysis. Roma: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Bulzoni. 2001”, International Journal of Lexicography 15:4, pp. 333-336. [SARA] Dodd T. Including (ed.) 2000, Emigrants SGML AwareinRetrieval Application, Oxford University 5. Colombia: Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Computing Services, University of Oxford, Oxford. Urs Watter www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/sara
5.1 State Interest andGuida Responsibility Schmid B. 1989, Words. ai termini inglesi di uso corrente e al loro giusto impiego, Sansoni, towards their Firenze. Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Schmid B. 1992, New words, new trends. Le parole nuovissime del “Villaggio 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Globale”, Sansoni, Firenze.
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... Schweickard W. 1998, “Englisch und Romanisch”, in G. Holtus, M. Metzeltin106 and C. Schmitt (eds), Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL), Niemeyer, 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 Tübingen, vol. VII, pp. in 291-309. Scollon R. and S. Wong Scollon 2005, “Fast English, Slow Food, and Intercultural 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 Exchanges: Social Problems and Problems for Discourse Analysis”, in G. 5.6 Alianza 112in Cortese and País A. .................................................................................. Duszak (eds), Identity, Community, Discourse. English Intercultural Settings, Peter Lang, Bern, pp. 31-46.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Scotti Morgana S. 1981, Le parole nuove, Zanichelli, Bologna.
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Seidlhofer B. 2001, “Closing a Conceptual Gap: The Case for a Description of English as a Lingua Franca”, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 11:2, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 pp. 133-158.
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Seidlhofer 2003, ARights’ Concept of International English and Related Issues: From 3.4 TheB.Human Approach ........................................................ 58 ‘Real English’ to ‘Realistic English?’, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Seidlhofer B. 2007, “Common Property: English as a Lingua Franca in Europe”, in J. Cummins and C. Davison (eds), Kluwer Handbook of English Language Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Teaching, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 135-150. Seltén 1993, Ny ordbok, Studentlitteratur, Lund. 4. TheB.Ethics of svengelsk Migration.
Reflections Recente Migration Serafini F. 2002,on “Italiano Inglese”, in Policies L. Serianni (ed.), La lingua nella storia d’Italia, Società Dante in Alighieri - Libri Scheiwiller, Milano, pp. 597-609. 61 and “Non-policies” Italy and Europe ........................................... LauraL.Zanfrini Serianni 1987, “Presentazione”, in G. Rando, Dizionario degli anglicismi nell’italiano postunitario, Olschki, Firenze, pp. vii-xiii.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Sherman D. 1979, “Retrieving Lexicographic Citations from a Computer Archive of Language Materials”, in R.R.K.Family Hartmann Dictionaries and Their Users. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and(ed.), Humanitarian Papers from theLabour 1978 B.A.A.L. Seminar on Lexicography, University of Exeter Migration: Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Press, Exeter, pp. 136-142.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Simone R. 1988, Maistock. Il linguaggio spiegato da una bambina, La Nuova Italia, Firenze. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Simone R. 1993, “Per favore, solo in italiano!”, Italiano e oltre V, pp. 260-261.
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Sinclair J. 1985, “Lexicographic Evidence”, in R. Ilson (ed.), Dictionaries, Lexicography and Language Learning, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 81-94. 97 Bibliography ......................................................................................... Sinclair J. 1991, Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter Sinclair J. 2003, “Corpora for Lexicography”, in P. Van Sterkenburg (ed.), A Practical Guide to Lexicography, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Philadelphia, pp. 167-178.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Sobrero A. 1992, “Uscire dalla fubbia”, Italiano e oltre VII, pp. 59.
5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 [SOED] Brown L.Ethics (ed.) 1993, Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Solly M. 2002, “‘Once a trademark, not always a trademark’: Using Language to 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 Avoid Legal Controversy”, in M. ...................................................... Gotti, D. Heller and M. Dossena (eds), Conflict and Negotiation in Specialized Texts, Peter Lang, Bern, pp. 211-232.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Sørensen K. 1997, A Dictionary of Anglicisms in Danish, Munksgaard, København.
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Spence N.C.W. 1987, “Faux Amis and Faux Anglicismes: Problems of Classification and Challenges Definition”, .................................................................................... Forum for Modern Language Studies 23, pp. 169-183. 5.7 114 Spence N.C.W. 1989, “Qu’est-ce qu’un anglicisme?”, Revue de Linguistique Bibliography 116 Romane 53, pp........................................................................................ 323-334. Spina S. 2001, Fare i conti con le parole. Introduzione alla linguistica dei corpora, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Guerra Edizioni, Perugia.
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Stammerjohann H. 2003, “L’italiano e altre lingue di fronte all’anglicizzazione”,58in 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ N. Maraschio and T. Poggi-Salani (eds), Italia linguistica anno Mille. Italia 3.5 Conclusion 59 linguistica anno ...................................................................................... Duemila. Atti del XXXIV congresso internazionale di studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (SLI). Firenze, 19-21 ottobre 2000, Bulzoni, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Roma, pp. 77-101. Stammerjohann H. 2008, “Introduzione”, in H. Stammerjohann, E. Arcaini, G. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Cartago, P. Galetto, M. Heinz, M. Mayer, G. Rovere and G. Seymer (eds), Reflections Recent in Migration Policiestedesco, Accademia della Crusca, Dizionario dion italianismi francese, inglese, and “Non-policies” Firenze, pp. xi-xviii. in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini Stammerjohann H., E. Arcaini, G. Cartago, P. Galetto, M. Heinz, M. Mayer, G. Rovere and G. Seymer Dizionario di italianismi in francese, inglese, 4.1 Restrictive Policies(eds) and2008, Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tedesco, Accademia della Crusca, Firenze.
4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Summers D. 1996, for “Computer Lexicography: TheHumanitarian Importance of Representativeness Migration: Labour Migration but not Migration in Relation to Frequency”, in J. Thomas andWorkers’ M. Short (eds), Using............. Corpora73 for Language Research, Longman, London, pp. 260-266. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Svensén B. 1993, Practical Lexicography. Principles and Methods of DictionaryMaking, Oxford University Oxford. 4.4 Selective Policies andPress, the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Svensén B. 2009, A Handbook of Lexicography. The Theory and Practice of 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Dictionary-Making, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bibliography 97 Thody P. 1995, Le......................................................................................... franglais. Forbidden English. Forbidden American. Law, Politics and Language in Contemporary France. A Study in Loan Words and National Identity, Athlone, London. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter Thomason S.G. 2001, Language Contact, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Thomason S.G. 2003, and “Contact as a Source of Language Change”, in B.D. Joseph 5.1 State Interest Responsibility and R.D. Janda (eds), The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Blackwell, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Oxford, pp. 687-712.
5.2L.Applied Ethics .............................................................................. Todd and I. Hancock 1986, International English Usage, Routledge, London104 and New York. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Tognini Bonelli E. 2001, Corpus Linguistics at Work, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Migration Philadelphia. 5.4 Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Tognini Bonelli E. 2002, “Functionally complete units of meaning across English 5.5 “Colombia nos une” ...................................................................... 109 and Italian. Towards a corpus-driven approach”, in B. Altenberg and S. Granger (eds), Lexis in Contrast, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, pp.112 735.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 95.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
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Tosi3.4 A.The 2001, Language andApproach Society in........................................................ a Changing Italy, Multilingual Matters, Human Rights’ 58 Clevedon.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Tournier J. 1998, Les mots anglais du français, Belin, Paris.
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Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Valle L. 2007, “Ricerche su anglismi nei NUNC francesi ed italiani. Tra “lurker”, and “Non-policies” in Italy 61 “lurkeur” ed altri prestiti”, in and M. Europe Barbera, ........................................... E. Corino and C. Onesti (eds), Laura Zanfrini Corpora e linguistica in rete, Guerra Edizioni, Perugia, pp. 285-296. Vanvolsem S. 1985,Policies “Le parole straniere nei giornalifor italiani”, in D.Labour Gardella, 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand Immigrant .. 65E. Hoppe, F. Musarra and S. Vanvolsem (eds), Studi in onore di Giovanni Montagna per for il suo 80° compleanno, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian 155-165. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Vassalli S. 1989, Il neoitaliano. Le parole degli anni Ottanta, Zanichelli, Bologna.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Venuta F. 2004, E-finance e dintorni. Il lessico dell’economia e dell’informatica: 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 inglese e italiano a confronto, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli. Verardi G.M. 1995, Le parole veloci. Neologia e mass media negli anni 90, Dadò, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Locarno.
Bibliography Viereck W. 1986,......................................................................................... “The Influence of English on German in the past and in 97 the Federal Republic of Germany”, in W. Viereck and W.-D. Bald (eds), English in Contact withIncluding other Languages. Studies Honour of Broder Carstensen the 5. Colombia: Emigrants ininTheir Societies of Origin .......on101 Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Akadémiai Kiadò, Budapest, pp. 107-128. Urs Watter Vogel I. 1990, “English Compounds in Italian: The Question of the Head”, in W.U. 5.1 State H.C. Interest and Responsibility Dressler, Luschützky, O.E. Pfeiffer and J.R. Rennison (eds), Contemporary towards their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 Morphology, De Gruyter, Berlin and Abroad New York, pp. 99-110. Vogel 2004, “Software Terminology as a Curse or Blessing: Possible Solutions 5.2M. Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 for Terminological Problems”, LSP & Professional Communication 4:2, pp. 555.3 72. Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 [w3mir] Langfeldt N. (ed.)in 2000, w3mir,...................................................... Matematisk Institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia 108 Oslo. langfeldt.net/w3mir 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 [WebCONC] Hüning (ed.) 2002, Web-based Concordances, Institut für Deutsche 5.6 Alianza PaísM. .................................................................................. 112 und Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin. www.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/cgi-bin/web-conc.cgi 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 [WebCorp] Renouf A. and A. Kehoe (eds) 2010, WebCorp, Research and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Development Unit for English Studies, Birmingham City University, Birmingham. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 www.webcorp.org.uk
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Weinreich [1953] 1963, Languages in ........................................................ Contact. Findings and Problems, Mouton, 3.4 TheU.Human Rights’ Approach 58 The Hague.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Wilkinson R. 1991, “The souring of the optimism: Stimulus to the growth of English in Europe?”, English: A World Language 1:2, pp. 51-54. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Wilks Y.A., B.M. Slator and L.M. Guthrie 1996, Electric Words. Dictionaries, Computers MIT Press, Cambridge (MA). 4. The Ethicsand of Meanings, Migration.
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4.2F.Initiatives for Governing and Studi Humanitarian Zardo 1996, “Nomi di marchio eFamily dizionari”, di lessicografia italiana XIII, pp. Migration: 365-392. Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Zgusta L. 2003, “Planning and lexicographic work”, in R.R.K. 4.3 From Guest Workers to organization Unwelcome of Guests .................................. 82 Hartmann (ed.), Lexicography. Critical Concepts, Routledge, London and New 4.4 Selective Policies York, vol. I, pp. 70-82. and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 [Zingarelli] Zingarelli N. (ed.) Lo Zingarelli 2010................................. Vocabolario della lingua 4.5 Equal Opportunity and2009, Denied Opportunities 90 italiana, Zanichelli, Bologna.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Zolli P. 1991, Le parole straniere, Zanichelli, Bologna. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
Series Editor Giovanni Iamartino (Milano) Scientific Committee Michael P. Adams (Bloomington) Ignacio Ahumada (Jaén) Maria Colombo (Milano) Giovanni Iamartino (Milano) Félix San Vicente (Bologna-Forlì) André Thibault (Paris)
Anche se l’attività lessicografica ha alle proprie spalle una lunga e onorevole tradizione, gli anni recenti hanno visto nuovi e significativi sviluppi nella teoria lessicografica e nella descrizione e produzione dei dizionari, in un periodo in cui il lessico ha riconquistato una certa preminenza nella riflessione linguistica. La collana “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives” si propone pertanto come forum di discussione sulle nuove prospettive in ogni ambito lessicografico: i nuovi sviluppi nella teoria lessicografica; le analisi critiche dettagliate dei dizionari del passato e del presente; le ricerche sull’interfaccia tra i dizionari, la loro produzione e il loro uso, e gli utenti. La collana pubblicherà studi monografici, raccolte di saggi o atti di convegni. Ciascun volume della collana è sottoposto a revisione anonima da parte di due membri del Comitato Scientifico e/o del Comitato
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Consultivo internazionale (attualmente composto da 13 studiosi americani, inglesi, francesi, spagnoli e italiani). Si auspica che la pubblicazione in rete open-access della collana “Lexicography worldwide” possa incoraggiare il dialogo scientifico internazionale tra i ricercatori, e tra questi e i lessicografi di professione. ~~~~ Though the practice of dictionary-making has a long, time-honoured tradition behind, recent years have witnessed new and significant developments in lexicographical theory and in the description and production of dictionaries, at a time when lexis has regained prominence in linguistic research. The book series “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives” is therefore meant to be a forum for discussion and debate over new perspectives on any aspect of lexicography: new developments in lexicographic theory; detailed critical analyses of past and present dictionaries; research on the interface between dictionaries, their production and use, and their users. The book series will publish monographs, collections of essays or conference proceedings. Each book in the series is blind peer-reviewed by two members of the Scientific Committee and/or the international Advisory Board (currently consisting of 13 American, British, French, Spanish and Italian scholars). It is hoped that the online open-access publication of the “Lexicography worldwide” series will encourage international scientific dialogue among researches and between researchers and practising lexicographers. ~~~~ Bien que l’activité lexicographique ait derrière soi une tradition longue et honorable, au cours de ces dernières années tant la lexicographie que la description et production de dictionnaires ont connu un développement considérable, parallèle au renouveau d’intérêt dont le lexique bénéficie au seine de la réflexion linguistique. Dans une telle optique, la collection « Lexicography worldwide : theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives » se propose comme un lieu de
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
discussion sur les nouvelles approches dans tous les domaines lexicographiques : nouveaux développements dans la théorie lexicographique ; analyses critiques des dictionnaires d’hier et d’aujourd’hui ; recherches sur les rapports entre les dictionnaires, leur production et leur usage. Cette collection accueillira des études monographiques, des recueils d’articles ou des actes de colloques. Chaque volume de la collection sera soumis à la lecture, sous forme anonyme, de deux membres du Comité Scientifique et / ou du Comité de lecture international (celui-ci étant composé, à l’état actuel, de 13 spécialistes américains, anglais, français, espagnols, italiens). On souhaite que la publication de la collection « Lexicography worldwide » sur le réseau Internet en libre accès encouragera les échanges scientifiques internationaux entre les chercheurs, et entre ceux-ci et les lexicographes professionnels. ~~~~ Aunque la actividad lexicográfica cuenta ya con una larga y honrosa tradición, en los últimos años se han producido nuevos y significativos avances, tanto en cuestiones teóricas como en producción de diccionarios, en un momento en el que se puede observar que el estudio del léxico ha alcanzado cierta preponderancia en la reflexión lingüística. La colección “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives” se propone como fórum de discusión de nuevas perspectivas en ámbito lexicográfico: renovados aspectos teóricos; análisis crítico de diccionarios del pasado y de la actualidad; investigaciones sobre la interfaz entre diccionarios, su produción, utilización y usuarios. La colección publica estudios monográficos, artículos seleccionados y actas de congresos. Dos miembros, componentes del Comité Científico o bien del Comité del Consulta Internacional (actualmente compuesto por 13 expertos: americanos, ingleses, franceses, españoles e italianos), son los encargados de evaluar de modo anónimo la obra. La colección “Lexicography worldwide” nace con la intención de estimular el diálogo científico internacional entre investigadores y lexicógrafos de profesión, a través de su publicación abierta on-line.
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Publications:
Félix San Vicente, ed. (2006), Lessicografia bilingue e traduzione. Metodi, strumenti, approcci attuali, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-048-9 Félix San Vicente, ed. (2007), Perfiles para la historia y crítica de la lexicografía bilingüe del español, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-075-5 Maria Colombo et Monica Barsi, textes réunis par (2008), Lexicographie et lexicologie historiques du français - Bilan et perspectives, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-084-7 Félix San Vicente, ed. (2008), Textos fundamentales de la lexicografía italoespañola (1917-2007), Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-111-0 Hugo E. Lombardini y Maria Carreras i Goicoechea, eds. (2008), Limes. Lexicografía y Lexicología de las lenguas de especialidad, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-147-9 José Joaquín Martínez Egido (2010), La obra pedagógica del hispanista Lorenzo Franciosini (Un maestro de español en el siglo XVII), Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-199-8 Cristiano Furiassi (2010), False Anglicisms in Italian, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Michela Murano (2010), Le traitement des Séquences Figées dans les dictionnaires bilingues français-italien, italien-français, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-185-1 (forthcoming) Michael Paul Adams, ed. (2010), Cunning passages, contrived corridors’: Unexpected Essays in the History of Lexicography, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-207-0 (forthcoming) Nicholas Brownlees and Laura Pinnavaia, eds (2010), Insights into English and Germanic lexicology and lexicography: past and present perspectives, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. (forthcoming) Giovanni Iamartino and Patrizia Ardizzone, eds (2010), Lexicology and Lexicography of Domain-Specific English, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. (forthcoming) Jacqueline Lillo, textes réunis par (2010), D’hier à aujourd’hui, Réception du lexique français de spécialité, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. (forthcoming)
Related series: English Library: the linguistics Bookshelf series editor Giovanni Iamartino Printed Edition – ISSN 1974-0603 Electronic Edition – ISSN 1974-0670
Aurelia Martelli and Virginia Pulcini, eds (2008), Investigating English with Corpora. Studies in Honour of Maria Teresa Prat, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-103-5
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Elisa Mattiello (2008), An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-113-4 Giovanni Iamartino, Maria Luisa Maggioni and Roberta Facchinetti, eds (2008), Thou sittest at another boke.... English Studies in Honour of Domenico Pezzini, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-139-4 Kim Grego (2010), Specialized translation. Theoretical issues, operational perspectives, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-197-4 Laura Pinnavaia (2010), Sugar and Spice… Exploring Food and Drink Idioms in English, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-191-2 Giuseppina Cortese, ed. (2010), Reflection on Children’s Rights. Marginalized Identities in the Discourse(s) of Justice, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-205-6 (forthcoming)
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
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