Fundamentos Del Marketing
July 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Judm`kbdths Mbf K`rlbtnde
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
ËDMNAB ËDMNAB
Ndtrhmuaanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IFHPRB N N Ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde A`pëtufh 07 Bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0. Ahdabpth iàsnah mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0.0. Nmb`s prbahdabinm`s prbahdabinm`s bd thrdh `f ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0.9. _rndanp`fbs mbjndnanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde 0.0.1. Ahdab Ahdabpths pths iàsnahs mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
01 01 02 02 0: 03
0.9. Bvhfuanñd mbf ahdabpth k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1. @kpfn`anhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde
91 91 95
IFHPRB NN NN Judm`kbdths iàsnahs iàsnahs
A`pëtufh 97 F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f7 ahkbran`f7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . 9.0. F` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` bstr`tîena` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9. Bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.0. @dàfnsns mb sntu`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.9. Knsnñd y higbtnvhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.9.0. Mbjndnanñd mb f` knsnñd knsnñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.9.9. Jhrkuf`anñd Jhrkuf`anñd mb fhs higbtnvhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.1. Bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.1.0. Bstr`tben`s Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ahkpbtntnv`s mb Lhtfbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9.1.9. Bstr`tben`s ahkpbtntnv`s 9.9.1.1. Bstr`tben`s sbe÷d f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` mb _hrtbr . . . 9.9.1.=. Bf k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh7 bgbauanñd y ahdtrhf . . . . . . . .
10 10 11 11 15 15 1> 1> =? =? =? =? =0 =0 =1 =1 == == =: =: =5 =5 =3 =3
A`pëtufh 17 F` sbekbdt`a sbekbdt`anñd nñd mb kbra`mhs y bf phsnanhd`knbdth . . . . 1.0. Ahdabpth mb kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=> 20 20
1
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde -
1.0.0. Mbjndnanñd mb kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.9. Dnvbfbs mb kbra`mh 1.0.1. ]np ]nphfheë`s hfheë`s mb mb kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.1.0. Qbe÷d bf prhmuath qub sb ahkbran`fnz` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.1.9. Qbe÷d bf àkinth àkinth ebheràjnah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.1.1. Qbe÷d f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf ahkpr`mhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.1.=. Qbe÷d f` dhvbm`m dhvbm`m mbf prhmuath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0.=. Ahdabpth y `dàfnsns mb f` mbk`dm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9. F` sbekbdt`anñd y fhs arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñ sbekbdt`anñdd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 20 29 29 21 21 21 21 21 21 2= 2= 2= 2= 22 22 25 25
1.9.0. Mbjndnanñd mb sbekbdt`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9.9. Dnvbfbs mb sbekbdt`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zbdt`g`ss b ndahdvbdn ndahdvbdnbdtbs bdtbs mb f` sbekbdt`an sbekbdt`anñd ñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9.1. Zbdt`g` 1.9.=. Ybqunsnths p`r` f` sbekbdt`anñd bjbatnv` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9.2. Arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1. Mbjndnanñd mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.0. J`athrbs mbtbrknd`dtbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.0.0. ]`k` ]`k`ðh ðh y arbanknbdth mbf kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.0.9. @tr`atnvh bstruatur`f mbf sbekbdth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.0.1. Fhs higbtnvhs y fhs rbaurshs mb f` bkprbs` bkprbs` . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.9. Bstr`tben`s mb sbekbdt`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.=. Bf phsnanhd`knbdth phsnanhd`knbdth bd bf kbra`mh kbra`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 25 25 25 23 23 2> 2> 2> 2> :0 :0 :0 :0 :9 :9 :9 :9 :1 :1 :1 :1 :2 :2
A`pëtufh =7 Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.0. Khmbfh mb ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr ahdsuknmhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.0. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs bxtbrdhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.9. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs ndtbrdhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.9.0. J`athrbs auftur`fbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.9.9. J`athrbs shan`fbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.9.1. J`athrbs pbrshd`fbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.9.9.=. J`athrbs psnahfñenahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.1. J`sbs mbf prhabsh prhabsh mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.1.0. Ybahdhanknbdth mb f` dbabsnm`m dbabsnm`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ndjhrk`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.1.9. I÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd =.1.1. Bv`fu`anñd mb `ftbrd`tnv`s `ftbrd`tnv`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.1.=. Mbansnñd mb ahkpr` =.1.2. Ahkphrt`knbdth phsahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.=. ]nphs mb ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.=.0. Ahkphrt`knbdth ahkpfbgh mb ahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.=.9. Ahkphrt`knbdth rbmuathr mb mnshd`dan` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.=.1. Ahkphrt`knbdth mb i÷squbm` v`rn`m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.=.=. Ahkphrt`knbdth c`intu`f mb ahkpr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =.2. Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mb f`s hre`dnz`anhdb hre`dnz`anhdbss . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:> :> 50 50 5= 5= 5= 5= 52 52 52 52 5: 5: 53 53 30 30 31 31 31 31 3= 3= 3: 3: 35 35 33 33 3> 3> >? >? >? >? >? >? >0 >0 >0 >0
=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde -
NNN IFHPRB NNN Bf k`rlbtnde knx
A`pëtufh 27 Bf prhmuath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0. Ahdabpth mb prhmuath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0.0. Mnkbdsnhdbs mbf prhmuath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>2 >2 >5 >5 >> >>
2.0.9. Af`snjna`anh Af`snjna`anhdbs dbsf`mbft`deninfnm`m prhmuath 2.0.9.0. Qbe÷d t`de ninfnm`m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0.9.9. Qbe÷d f` mur`infnm`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0.9.1. Qbe÷d bf tnph mb usu`rnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9. Mbansnhdbs shirb bf bf prhmuath ndmnvnmu`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.0. Mbansnhdbs Mbansnhdbs mb k`ra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.0.0. Mbansnñd mbf dhkirb mb k`ra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.0.9. Mbansnñd mbf p`trhandnh mb k`ra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.0.1. Mbansnñd mb f` bstr`tben` mb k`ra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.9. Mbansnhdbs mb bdv`sb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9.1. Mbansnhdbs Mbansnhdbs mb btnqubt`mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Mbansnhdbs shirb f` a`rtbr` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.0. Mbansnhdbs shirb f` `kpfntum mb f` a`rtbr` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0?? 0?? 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?1 0?1 0?1 0?1 0?= 0?= 0?= 0?= 0?: 0?: 0?3 0?3 0?> 0?> 00? 00? 00? 00?
Mbansnhdbs shirb f` prhjudmnm`m prhjudmnm` m mb f`s. .fëdb`s . 2.1.9. D`tur`fbz` y a`r`atbrëstna`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb fhs fhs sbrvnanhs sbrvnanhs . . . . ... .... .... .. . .. . .. . . . . . 2.=. D`tur`fbz`
000 000 009 009
A`pëtufh :7 Bf prbanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.0. Ahdabpth mb prbanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.0.0. A`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prbanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.0.9. J`athrbs ` ahdsnmbr`r ahdsnmbr`r bd f` jng`anñd mbf prbanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.9. Kîthmhs mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.9.0. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd bf ahstb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :.9.9. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd bf v`fhr pbraninmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.9.1. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd f` ahkpbtbdan` ahkpbtbdan` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.1. Bstr`tben`s mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.1.0. Bstr`tben`s mnjbrbdan`fbs mnjbrbdan`fbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
002 002 005 005 003 003 003 003 00> 00> 09? 09? 090 090 099 099 091 091 091 091
:.1.9. Bstr`tben`s p`r` fëdb`s prhmuaths dubvhs dubvhs mb prhmuath prhmua th.... .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . :.1.1. :.1.=. Bstr`tben`s mb prbanhs psnahfñenahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ebheràjnahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.1.2. Bstr`tben`s mb prbanhs ebheràjnahs
092 092 09: 09: 095 095 093 093
A`pëtufh 57 F` mnstrniuanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0. Ahdabpths iàsnahs mb mnstrniuanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0.0. F` judanñd mb mb mnstrniuanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0.9. Bf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0.9.0. ¸_hr quî sb utnfnz`d fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0.9.9. Judanhdbs mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9. Mbansnhdbs bd bf a`d`f a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.0. Bstruatur` mbf mbf a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
09> 09> 010 010 010 010 019 019 019 019 011 011 01= 01= 01= 01=
2
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde -
5.9.0.0. Bstruatur` vbrtna`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chrnzhdt`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.0.9. Bstruatur` chrnzhdt`f a`d`f `f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.9. Mnsbðh mbf a`d 5.9.1. Ebstnñd mbf a` a`d`f d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.1.0. Qbfbaanñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.1.9. Jhrk`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf mbf a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.1.1. Khtnv`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.1.=. Bv`fu`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9.1.2. Khmnjna`anñd mb fhs `aubrmhs mbf a`d`f a`d`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1. ]nphs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.0. Fhs k`yhrnst`s k`yhrnst`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.9. Fhs kndhrnst`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=. Mnstrniuanñd jësna` y ebstnñd mb f` fheëstna` fheëstna` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=.0. Higbtnvhs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mnstrniuanñd jësna` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=.9. Judanhdbs mb f` mnstrniuanñd _rhabs`knbdth mb pbmnmhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=.9.0. _rhabs`knbdth 5.=.9.9. @fk`abd`knbdth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=.9.1. Ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s bxnstbdan`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.=.9.=. ]r`dsphrtb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
01= 01= 01: 01: 015 015 015 015 015 015 013 013 013 013 013 013 013 013 013 013 01> 01> 0=? 0=? 0=2 0=2 0=2 0=2 0=: 0=: 0=: 0=: 0=: 0=: 0=5 0=5 0=3 0=3
. A`pëtufh 37 F` ahkudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0. Ahdabpth, jndbs y knx mb ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0.0. Ahdabpth y jndbs mb f` ahkudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ahkudna`anñd kudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0.9. Bf prhabsh mb ah 3.0.1. Fhs ndstrukbdths ahkudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ndstrukbdths mb ahkudna`anñd 3.0.=. Bf knx mb ahkudna`anñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` puifnanm`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.0. Mbansnhdbs iàsna`s iàsna`s bd ud` a`kp`ð` mb puifnanm`m . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.0.0. Higbtnvhs puifnant`rnhs puifnant`rnhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.0.9. _rbsupubsth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.0.1. Bstr`tben` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bstr`tben` arb`tnv` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.0.1.0. Bstr`tben` 3.9.0.1.9. Bstr`tben` Bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.9. Mbansnhdbs mbrnv`m`s mbrnv`m`s bd ud` a`kp`ð` mb puifnanm`m . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.9.0. Bv`fu`anñd Bv`fu`anñd mb f` bjna`an` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.9.9. Qbfbaanñd Qbfbaanñd mb f` `ebdan` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s 3.1.0. Ahdabpth y p÷ifnahs higbtnvh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.9. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.9.0. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd prhkhanñd `f ahdsuknmhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.9.9. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd `f a`d`f . . . . . . . 3.1.9.1. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd `f bqunph bqunph mb vbdt`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.=. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f`s rbf`anhdbs rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` vbdt` pbrshd`f pbrshd`f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.:. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde mnrbath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0=> 0=> 020 020 020 020 029 029 021 021 021 021 02= 02= 022 022 022 022 025 025 025 025 023 023 02> 02> 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:9 0:9 0:1 0:1 0:1 0:1 0:1 0:1
:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde -
0:1 0:1 0:2 0:2 0:: 0:: 0:: 0:: 0:3 0:3 05? 05?
INIFNHEY@JË@ INIFNHEY@JË@
Inifnher`jë` iàsna` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inifnher`jë` ahkpfbkbdt`rn` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde -
052 052 052 052
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bf k`rlbtnde bs ud` `atnvnm`m judm`kbdt`f bd f`s bkprbs`s. Qu bstumnh sb abdtr` bd bf ndtbra`kinh, phr fh qub su àrb` mb ndtbrîs bdefhi` bf `dàfnsns mb f`s rbf`anhdbs mb ud` bkprbs` ahd fhs mnjbrbdtbs `ebdtbs mbf bdthrdh qub ndtbr`at÷`d ahd bff`. Bspban`f `tbdanñd kbrbab bf kbra`mh, ahdstntunmh phr fhs ahdsuknmhrb ahdsuknmhrbs, s, fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs y fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs. Mb cbach, thmhs bst`khs bxpubsths ` f`s k`dnjbst`anhdbs kàs rbfbv`dtbs mb f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb k`rlbtnde mb f`s bkprbs`s, ahkh f` ndvbstne`anñd mb kbra`mhs, f` puifnanm`m, f` vbdt` pbrshd`f, f`s rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s, f`s prhkhanhdbs mb vbdt`s, f` mnstrniuanñd ahkbran`f h f` sbekbdt`anñd mb kbra`mhs. Chy bd më`, f`s bkprbs`s, ndmbpbdmnbdtbkbdtb mb su hrnebd y sbathr mb `atnvnm`m, sb bdaubdtr`d ahkpntnbdmh bd ud bdthrdh efhi`f, turiufbdth b ndbst`ifb, mhdmb f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb ndvbstne`anñd mb kbra`mhs y mb ahkbran`fnz`anñd mb fhs prhmuaths shd judm`kbdt`fbs p`r` shirbvnv shirbvnvnr. nr. Bd bst` fëdb`, bf k`du`f mb Judm`kbd hs hs mb k` l lb nde bstà hrnbdt`mh ` qub bf fbathr ahdhza` f` anbdan` y jnfhshjë` mbf k`rlbtnde y su `pfna`infnm`m bkprbs`rn`f y hre`dnz`tnvh. Fhs ahdhanknbdths qub bd îf sb bxphdbd shd mb vnt`f nkphrt`dan` p`r` f` jhrk`anñd mb au`fqunbr `ebdtb mbdtrh mbf àkinth bkprbs`rn`f, sb` au`f sb` su sbathr bspbaëjnah y, y, phr t`dth, suk`kbdtb rbfbv`dtb mb a`r` ` su `atu`f h phtbdan`f `atnvnm`m bd ud kbra`mh f`ihr`f qub qu b a`m` vbz mbk`dm` kàs bspban`fnst`s bd bst` k`tbrn`. k`tbrn`. t
r
t
@ tr`vîs mb bstb k`du`f, sb prbtbdmb qub bf fbathr ahdhza` fhs `spbaths judm`kbdt`fbs mb f` mnsanpfnd` mbf k`rlbtnde, t`fbs ahkh sbr a`p`z mb ahdhabr quî bs bf k`rlbtnde mbsmb ud pudth mb vnst` ebdbr`f, sus ÷ftnk`s hrnbdt`anhdbs, quî bs ud` sbekbdt`anñd mb kbra`mhs, `d`fnz`r bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr, f`s cbrr`knbdt`s mb k`rlbtnde kàs utnfnz`m`s y, bd mbjndntnv`, f`s mnstndt`s p`rtbs qub ahdjneur`d ud pf`d mb k`rlbtnde y su `pfna`anñd ` f` rb`fnm`m bkprbs`rn`f. bkprbs`rn`f. Bst` nmb` sb tr`muab bd ud` bstruatur` mb ahdtbdnmhs ahkpubst` phr trbs ifhqubs ifhqubs prndanp`fbs7 ahdabpth k`rlbtnde, judm`kbdths iàsnahs iàsnahs y k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde knx knx.. ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde, Bf prnkbr ifhqub ndtrhmuab `f `fukdh bd bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde c`anbdmh ud rbp`sh ` fhs judm`kbdths mb f` mnrbaanñd ahkbran`f i`sàdmhsb bd su ahdabpanñd `atu`f y fb pbrkntb ahdhabr su bvhfuanñd y bf p`pbf qub bf k`rlbtnde gube` bd f` bahdhkë` y bd f` bkprbs` bd dubstrhs më`s. më`s. Bf sbeudmh ifhqub prbtbdmb khstr`r fhs prndanp`fbs bfbkbdths mbf k`rlbtnde mbdtrh mb su vbrtnbdtb `d`fëtna`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh sb c`d mbst`a`mh, prndanp`fkbdtb, f` f`
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
>
cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5= Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.:
nkphrt`dan` mb f` pf`dnjna`anñd mb k`rlbtnde, mb f` mbtbrknd`anñd mb higbtnvhs y mb f` bfbaanñd mb bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde, `së ahkh f` rbfbv`dan` mbf bstumnh mbf kbra`mh y f` mbk`dm`, y mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. Jnd`fkbdtb, bd bf tbrabr ifhqub sb rbp`s`d fhs ndstrukbdths af`vb qub f`s bkprbs`s pubmbd utnfnz`r ahd t`f mb hpbr`tnvnz`r sus bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde mbsmb ud bdjhqub ahkbran`f, bs mbanr, ahd t`f mb `pfna`r mb k`dbr` ndtber`m` fhs ahdabpths c`st` bdthdabs `d`fnz`mhs. Ahdarbt`kbdtb, f` ahkbran`fnz`anñd sb i`s`rà bd f`s ff`k`m`s au`trh «_bs¼7 prhmuath ( prhmuat prhmuat ), ), prbanh ( prnab), prnab), mnstrniuanhd ( pf`ab) pf`ab) y ahkudna`anñdd ( prhkhtnhd). ahkudna`anñ prhkhtnhd).
IFHPRB 0 Ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde A`pëtufh 07 Bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde
IFHPRB NN Judm`kbdths iàsnahs A`pëtufh 97 F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde A`pëtufh 17 F` sbekbdt`anñd s bekbdt`anñd mb kbra`mhs y bf phsnanhd`knbdth A`pëtufh =7 Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr
IFHPRB NNN Bf k`rlbtnde knx A`pëtufh 27 Bf prhmuath A`pëtufh :7 Bf prbanh A`pëtufh 57 F` mnstrniuanñd A`pëtufh 37 F` ahkudna`anñd
k`du`f Jneur` 0. Bstruatur` mbf k`du`f
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
0?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 c cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
IFHPRB 0 Ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde A`pëtufh 07 Bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
00
cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5= Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 c
A@_Ë]RFH N7 Bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
01
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bf prbsbdtb a`pëtufh enr` bd thrdh ` f` ahdabptu`anñd y mbs`rrhffh cnstñrnah mbf k`rlbtnde. Bf higbtnvh ÷ftnkh bs bf mb nfustr`r bf d`anknbdth y `ueb mb mnac` mnsanpfnd`, phdnbdmh mb rbfnbvb fhs prndanp`fbs ahdabpths rbf`anhd`mhs rbf`anhd`mhs ahd f` knsk`. _`r` t`f jnd sb c` mnvnmh bstb a`pëtufh bd trbs `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb rb`fnz` ud` `prhxnk`anñd iàsna` `f tîrkndh k`rlbtnde, p`r` fh au`f sb rbvns` f` bvhfuanñd cnstñrna` mb su ahdabpth, bxphdnbdmh f`s prndanp`fbs mbjndnanhdbs `phrt`m`s mur`dtb fh qub sb ahdhab ahkh «bt`p` prhpn`kbdtb ahdabptu`f h mb mbjndnanhdbs jhrk`fbs¼, `së ahkh c`anbdmh `fusnñd ` fhs prndanp`fbs ahdabpths shirb fhs qub sb ahdstruyb su ahdtbdnmh (dbabsnm`m (dbabsnm`mbs, bs, mbsbhs y mbk`dm`s< prhmuath< ndtbra`kinh, tr`ds`aanñd y rbf`anñd< v`fhr, s`tnsj`aanñd y bkhanñd), thmhs bffhs `kpfn`kbdtb mnjudmnmhs bd f` fntbr`tur`. fntbr`tur`. Bd sbeudmh fue`r, sb ahdtbkpf` bf nkphrt`dtb p`pbf bkprbs`rn`f mbf k`rlbtnde. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, bd au`dth `f p`pbf mbf k`rlbtnde bd f` bkprbs` dh c` pbrk`dbanmh bst`ifb ` fh f`reh mbf tnbkph, sb mnjbrbdan`d f`s mnstndt`s hrnbdt`anhdbs h bdjhqubs qub bstb c` nmh `tr`vbs`dmh ahd bf jnd mb nfustr`r mnac` bvhfuanñd. bvhfuanñd. _hr ÷ftnkh, sb bxphdbd kuy irbvbkbdtb f`s mnstndt`s `kpfn`anhdbs mb a`ràatbr bspbaëjnah surenm`s ` p`rtnr mbf ahdabpth ebdîrnah mbf k`rlbtnde, f`s au`fbs sb ahrrbsphdmbd ahd f`s mnstndt`s `pfna`anhdbs qub sb pubmbd m`r ` p`rtnr mb su tbhrë` ebdbr`f. ebdbr`f.
0.0. Ahdabpth iàsnah mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde 0.0.0. Nmb`s prbahdabinm`s bd thrdh `f ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde Mb jhrk` ebdbr`f bd f` shanbm`m, bf k`rlbtnde sb nmbdtnjna` ahd ud` sbrnb mb nmb`s prbahdabinm`s prbahdabinm `s qub dh sb `gust`d `gust`d ` f` rb`fnm`m rb`fnm`m mbf ahdabpth. ahdabpth. @së, phr bgbkpfh7 bgbkpfh7 •
Qb pnbds` qub bf k`rlbtnde bs sndñdnkh mb ahdabpths ahkh f` puifnanm`m h f` ahkudna`anñd y f`s vbdt`s. Qnd bki`reh, f`s vbdt`s y f` puifnanm`m, ahkh vbrbkhs bd a`pëtufhs sneunbdtbs, dh shd kàs qub mhs mb f`s mnvbrs`s judanhdbs shirb f`s qub tr`i`g` bst` mnsanpfnd`. mnsanpfnd`.
•
Qb `jnrk` qub bf k`rlbtnde arb` dbabsnm`mbs `rtnjnan`fbs. Qhd kuac`s vhabs f`s qub pnbds`d qub er`d p`rtb mb sus mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr` sb prhmuabd mb inmh ` f`s ndjfubdan`s ndjfubdan`s bgbranm`s bgbranm`s phr f` prhpn` bkprbs` shirb shirb bffhs y, kàs kàs ahdarbt`kbdtb, phr sus rbsphds`ifbs mb k`rlbtnde, `ud au`dmh bffhs dh tbdë`d dndeud` ndtbdanñd prbvn` mb `mqunrnr t`f prhmuath. _hr ahdtr`, f` rb`fnm`m bs qub f`s dbabsnm`mbs dh sb arb`d `rtnjnan`fkbdtb mb f` d`m`, sndh qub bxnstbd mb jhrk` f`tbdtb bd fhs kbra`mhs `udqub dh c`y` thm`vë` ud prhmuath qub f`s auir` y qub, mb bstb khmh, f`s c`e` k`dnjnbst`s. @ bstb rbspbath, f` f`ihr
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
02
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
mbf `ebdtb mb k`rlbtnde sbrà f` mb mbtbat`r bst`s dbabsnm`mbs rb`fbs mbf ahdsuknmhr ahd t`f mb mnsbð`r f` hjbrt` qub kbghr fb s`tnsj`e`. s`tnsj`e`. • Qb k`dtnbdb qub bf k`rlbtnde dh bs mb `pfna`anñd p`r` f`s pbqubð`s bk prbs`s. Qnd bki`reh, bf k`rlbtnde rbsuft` judm`kbd judm`kbdt`f t`f p`r` thmh tnph mb hre`dnz`anñd,, au`fqunbr` qub sb` su t`k`ðh, su bdjhqub mb dbehanh (mbsmb hre`dnz`anñd fhs kbra`mhs mb inbdbs mb ahdsukh ` fhs kbra`mhs mb inbdbs ndmustrn`fbs, ndmust rn`fbs, bf sbathr sbrvnanhs b, ndafush, bf àkinth dh fuar`tnvh) y su ahdtbxth d`anhd`f (bu`, @sn` y Burhp`).
¸Puî mbibkhs bdtbdmbr bdthdabs phr k`rlbtnde8 Mb jhrk` `kpfn`, mbibkhs bdtbdmbrfh ahkh ud` jnfhshjë` mb dbehanh qub sb abdtr` bd bf afnbdtb. Bd ahdarbth, bd bf abdtrh mb f` tbhrë` y f` pràatna` mbf k`rlbtnde sb snt÷` bf `jàd phr prhphranhd`r v`fhr y s`tnsj`aanñd ` sus kbra`mhs. _`r` bffh, bs bsbdan`f qub f` bkprbs` sb` a`p`z mb nmbdtnjna`r f`s dbabsnm`mbs mb su afnbdtb, mb mnsbð`r y mbs`rrhff`r hjbrt`s `gust`m`s ` f`s knsk`s y mb tr`dskntnrf`s y `abra`rf`s mb jhrk` bjbatnv` c`an` su kbra`mh. Bd i`sb ` bffh, bst` jnfhshjë` mb dbehanh sb judm`kbdt`rà bd ud ahdgudth mb tîadna`s mb ndvbstne`anñd `shan`m`s `f `dàfnsns bstr`tîenah mb fhs kbra`mhs, `së ahkh mb ud ahdgudth mb tîadna`s mb ahkbran`fnz`anñd `shan`m`s ` f` hpbr`tnvnz`anñd mb `aanhdbs mb rbspubst` c`an` fhs kbra`mhs. kbra`mhs.
0.0.9. _rndanp`fbs mbjndnanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde Ahkh mnsanpfnd` `a`mîkna`, `feudhs `uthrbs shstnbdbd qub c`y qub bspbr`r c`st` ndnanhs mbf snefh xx p`r` phmbr c`if`r rb`fkbdtb mbf mbspbeub mbf k`rlbtnde. Qbrë` bd bst` îpha` au`dmh bf k`rlbtnde, ` p`rtb mb bdtbdmbrsb ahkh ud` pràatna` ahkbran`f, `shan`m` ` `atnvnm`mbs mb trubqub h mb dbehanh, bkpnbz` ` ahdabinrsb ahkh ud` dubv` fëdb` mb pbds`knbdth bd thrdh ` f` nmb` mb ndtbra`kinh, ndnanàdmhsb su bstumnh y mbs`rrhffh bd prhjudmnm`m. Bd bst` fëdb`, ` p`rtnr mb f` sbeudm` knt`m mbf snefh xx `p`rbabd suabsnv`s mbjndnanhdbs shirb f` mnsanpfnd` mbf k`rlbtnde (bd bspban`f phr p`rtb mb f` @kbrna`d K`rlbtnde @sshan`tnhd, `k`) qub dhs `yum`d ` bdtbdmbr su bvhfuanñd ahdabptu`f (jneur` 0.0). 0.0).
Jneur` 0.0. Mbjndnanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde mb f`
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
0:
`k`
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
`) Îdj`sns bd bf ndtbra`kinh hjbrt`/mbk`dm`7 pbrspbatnv` mb dbehanh ( `k` `k` , 0>:?) 0>:?) F` prnkbr` ahdtrniuanñd mb f` `k` sb abdtr` judm`kbdt`fkbdtb bd f` vbdt` mb prhmuaths qub y` c`d snmh prhmuanmhs, k`dtbdnîdmhsb mb bstb khmh bf îdj`sns shirb f` rbf`anñd mb ndtbra`kinh qub bst`ifbabd ud` p`rtb ahkpr`mhr` y ud` p`rtb vbdmbmhr`. Ahdarbt`kbdtb, f` `k` mbjndb bf k`rlbtnde ahkh «bf mbsbkpbðh mb `atnvnm`mbs mb dbehanh qub mnrnebd bf jfugh mb inbdbs y sbrvnanhs mbsmb bf j`irna`dtb c`an` bf ahdsuknmhr¼ (`k`, 0>:?). 0>:?). Fhs `spbaths kàs mbst`a`ifbs mb bst` mbjndnanñd mb k`rlbtnde c`d snmh rbsuknmhs rbsuknmhs bd fhs sneunbdtbs pudths7 pudths7 •
Anraudsarnib bf k`rlbtnde `f àkinth bkprbs`rn`f y fh a`r`atbrnz` ahkh ud jfugh mb inbdbs y sbrvnanhs, mbs`tbdmnbdmh mbs`tbdmnbdmh bf ndtbra`kinh n dtbra`kinh mb ndjhrk`anñd qub sb prhmuab bdtrb bf kbra`mh y f` f ` hre`dnz`anñd. hre`dnz`anñd.
•
Bf k`rlbtnde bs `feh qub q ub shfh rb`fnz` bf prhmuathr mb kbra`daë`s y/h sbrvnanhs, mbg`dmh mb f`mh fhs `spba `spbaths ths ndt`denifbs y f`s hre`dnz` hre`dnz`anhdbs anhdbs dh fuar`tnv`s. fuar`tnv`s.
•
Qb abdtr` bd f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb mnstrniuanñd y dh ndafuyb htr`s `atnvnm`mbs prhpn`s ahkh shd f` ndvbstne`anñd ndvbstne`anñd mb kbra`mhs, kbra`mhs, ahkudna`anñd h bf bf mnsbðh mb prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
•
Bf k`rlbtnde `p`rbab ahkh ud àrb` mb sbeudmh dnvbf mbdtrh mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
•
F` tr`ds`aanñd bs bf d÷afbh abdtr`f mbf k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
i) Îdj`sns bd bf k`rlbtnde knx knx y y bf ndtbra`kinh dh fuar`tnvh7 pbrspbatnv` tîatîa dna` ( `k` `k` , 0>32) 0>32) Bd bf `ðh 0>32 f` `k` nrrukpb mb dubvh ahd jubrz` `kpfn`dmh su prnkntnv` mbjndnanñd mbf `ðh 0>:?. _`r` bffh ndtrhmuab mhs er`dmbs `v`dabs. _rnkbrh, sb `ihrm` bf k`rlbtnde mbsmb ud` pbrspbatnv` tîadna`, bs mbanr, abdtr`m` bd sus cbrr`knbdt`s mbf k`rlbtnde knx knx.. Qbeudmh, sb p`s` ` bdtbdmbr f` `atnvnm`m mb k`rlbtnde ahkh ud prhabsh susabptnifb susabptnifb mb sbr mbs`rrhff`mh mbs`rrhff`mh t`kinîd phr hre`dnz`anhdbs hre`dnz`anhdbs dh fuar`tnv`s. ]hmhh bffh, `mbkàs, p`rtnbdmh mb f` dhanñd mb ndtbra`kinh. ]hm ndtbr a`kinh. @së, sb mbjndb bf k`rlbtnde ahkh «bf prhabsh mb pf`dnjna`anñd y bgbauanñd mbf ahdabpth, prbanh, prhkhanñd y mnstrniuanñd mb nmb`s, inbdbs y sbrvnanhs p`r` arb`r ndtbra`kinhs qub s`tnsj`e`d higbtnvhs ndmnvnmu`fbs y ahfbatnvhs¼ ( `k`, 0>32). Qb c`if`, phr t`dth, bd tîrkndhs bkndbdtbkbdtb tîadnahs, pubs sb c`ab rba`br bf îdj`sns shirb f`s cbrr`knbdt`s iàsna`s susabptnifbs mb sbr `pfna`m`s phr fhs rbsphds` ifbs mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde. Bst` ahdtrniuanñd mb f` `k` mbst`a`, `mbkàs mb phr `mhpt`r ud` pbrspbatnv` tîadna` y bdefhi`r ` thmh tnph mb hre`dnz`anhdbs, phr htrhs mhs pudths. _rnkbrh, phrphr-
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
05
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
qub rbahdhab f`s dbabsnm`mbs y mbsbhs mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs, snd kbdhsprban`r bf fherh mb fhs higbtnvhs bkprbs`rn`fbs. Qbeudmh, Qbeudmh, phrqub sb rbahdhab ud` mnkbdsnñd bstr`tîena` mbf k`rlbtnde, `f c`abr `fusnñd ` mnjbrbdtbs j`sbs mbf prhabsh mb pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena`. bstr`tîena`. `k` , 9??=) 9??=) a) Îdj`sns bd f` rbf`anñd y bf v`fhr7 pbrspbatnv` rbf`anhd`f ( `k`
F` `k` bkntb bd 9??= ud` dubv` mbjndnanñd mbf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde `mhpt`dmh ud bdjhqub kàs rbf`anhd`f qub tr`ds`aanhd`f y qub ahdjnbrb prht`ehdnskh ` thm` f` hre`dnz`anñd bd su ahdgudth. Bd bst` fëdb` sbð`f` qub bf k`rlbtnde bs «f` judanñd mb f` hre`dnz`anñd y bf ahdgudth mb prhabshs mnrnenmhs ` arb`r, ahkudna`r y mnstrniunr v`fhr ` fhs afnbdtbs y ` ebstnhd`r f`s rbf`anhdbs ahd fhs afnbdtbs kbmn`dtb prhabmnknbdths prhabmnknb dths qub ibdbjnanbd ` f` hre`dnz`anñ hre`dnz`anñd d y ` sus eruphs mb ndtbrîs¼ (`k`, 9??=).
Bd bst` mbjndnanñd sb `prban` qub, `mbkàs mb phdbrsb bf îdj`sns bd f` `shan`anñd mbf k`rlbtnde ahd ud` judanñd hre`dnz`tnv`, mbs`p`rbabd f`s au`trh «_bs¼ y f`s p`f` ir`s «nd «ndtbra` tbra`kinh¼ kinh¼ y «s`tns «s`tnsj`aa j`aanñd¼ nñd¼,, ahir`d ahir`dmh mh pbsh ahda ahdabpths bpths ahk ahkhh fhs mb «v`fhr¼ «v`fhr¼,, «rbf`anñd¼ y «afnbdtb¼. Mbsmb bst` ñptna`, bd f` mbjndnanñd mb f` `k` (9??=) ahir`d jubrz` trbs er`dmbs fëdb`s mb ndvbstne`anñd `kpfn`kbdtb `kpfn`kbdtb `sbdt`m`s bd f` f ` fntbr`tur` mb k`rlbtnde (E`raë`, 9?0?). _rnkbrh, f` qub `ihrm` bf a`ràatbr mur`mbrh mb f` rbf`anñd bdtrb hjbrt` y mbk`dm`, prhkhvnbdmh bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde rbf`anhd`f. Qbeudmh, f` qub mbst`a` bf rhf mbf v`fhr. ^ tbrabrh, f` qub sb ndtbrbs` phr bf a`ràatbr bstr`tîenah bstr`tîenah mbf k`rlbtnde, prhkhvnbdmh bf ahdabpth mb hrnbdt`anñd `f kbra`mh ` jnd mb fne`r bf k`rlbtnde ` f` hre`dnz`anñd hre`dnz`anñd bd su ahdgudth y dh shfh ` ud mbp`rt`kbdth. mbp`rt`kbdth. m) Ahdsbdsh y îdj`sns bd f` îtna` y rbsphds`infnm`m shan`f ( `k` `k` , 9??5) 9??5) F` `k` rbvns` mb dubvh bf ahdabpth bd 9??5 sbð`f`dmh qub bf «k`rlbtnde bs f` `atnvnm`m, ahdgudth mb ndstntuanhdbs y prhabshs, ffbv`m`s ` a`ih phr hre`dnz`anhdbs b ndmnvnmuhs p`r` arb`r, ahkudna`r, mnstrniunr b ndtbra`kin`r hjbrt`s qub tnbdbd v`fhr p`r` fhs ahdsuknmhrb ahdsuknmhrbs, s, afnbdtbs, shanhs y p`r` f` shanbm`m bd ebdbr`f¼ ebdbr`f¼ (`k`, 9??5). 9??5). Bst` mbjndnanñd mb f` `k` (9??5) suphdb m`r ahdsbdsh ` f`s mnstndt`s `phrt`anhdbs prbvn`s prbsbdt`dmh bf k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde ahkh ahkh ud ahdgudth mb `atnvnm`mbs, `atnvnm`mbs, ndstntuanhdbs y prhabshs, y vndaufàdmhfh ` tîrkndhs ahkh ndtbra`kinh ndtbra`kinh mb mb hjbrt`s, hjbrt`s, v`fhr y mnvbrshs tnphs mb `ebdtbs (ahdsuknmhrbs, afnbdtbs, shanhs y shanbm`m bd ebdbr`f). ebdbr`f).
0.0.1. Ahdabpths iàsnahs mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde ]r`t`dmh mb rbahebr fhs `spbaths judm`kbdt`fbs judm`kbdt`fbs mb f`s mnstndt`s `phrt`anhdbs rb`fnz`m`s phr f` `k`, Lhtfbr y @kstrhde (9??3) mbjndbd bf tîrkndh k`rlbtnde ahkh
«ud prhabsh shan`f y mb ebstnñd, ` tr`vîs mbf au`f ndmnvnmuhs y eruphs hitnbdbd fh qub dbabsnt`d y mbsb`d, arb`dmh, hjrbanbdmh b ndtbra`kin`dmh prhmuaths u htr`s bdtnm`mbs ahd v`fhr p`r` fhs htrhs¼. htrhs¼.
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
03
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
Bst` mbjndnanñd dhs pbrkntb nmbdtnjna`r jàanfkbdtb fhs sneunbdtbs ahdabpths iàsnahs mbf k`rlbtnde (jneur` 0.9)7 dbabsnm`mbs, mbsbhs y mbk`dm`s< prhmuath< v`fhr, s`tnsj`aanñd y bkhanñd< ndtbra`kinh, tr`ds`aanñd y rbf`anñd< kbra`mh< ebstnñd mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
Jneur` 0.9. Mbjndnanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde mb f`
`k`
`) Dbabsnm`mbs, Dbabsnm`mbs, mbsbhs y mbk`dm`s mbk`dm`s Bf pudth mb p`rtnm` mbf k`rlbtnde rbsnmb bd f`s dbabsnm`mbs mb f`s pbrshd`s. _hr dbabsnm`m bdtbdmbkhs ud` a`rbdan` ebdîrna`, y` sb` bst` jësna` (ahkh f` `fnkbdt`anñd, bf vbstnmh h f` sbeurnm`m), shan`f (ahkh f` `abpt`anñd h f` pbrtbdbdan` ` ud eruph) h ndmnvnmu`f (ahkh f` `uthrrb`fnz`anñd pbrshd`f). pbrshd`f). Ahd t`f mb c`abr mbs`p`rbabr bst` a`rbdan` h dbabsnm`m, bf ahdsuknmhr mbs`rrhff` mbsbhs, bdtbdmnmhs ahkh f` a`rbdan` mb `feh `f eh bspbaëjnah qub s`tnsj`ab f` dbabsnm`m. Bf prhifbk` bs qub fhs mbsbhs dh snbkprb sb pubmbd aukpfnr. @së, p`r` s`tnsj`abr ud` dbabsnm`m mb `fnkbdt`anñd phmbkhs mbsb`r ud jnfbtb bd ud rbst`ur`dtb. Qnd bki`reh, dubstr` nda`p`anm`m p`r` `suknr t`f e`sth dhs pubmb ffbv`r ` mbk`dm`r htr`s `ftbrd`tnv`s `aabsnifbs ahkh phmrë` sbr nr `f KaMhd`fm„s (t`if`0.0). _hr t`dth, f` mbk`dm` sb ahrrbsphdmbrà ahd bf mbsbh mb `feh bspbaëjnah qub s`tnsj`ab f` dbabsnm`m,, udnmh ` f` a`p`anm`m mb `mqunrnrfh. dbabsnm`m `mqunrnrfh. DBABQNM@M DBABQNM@M
MBQBH MBQBH
MBK@DM@ MBK@DM@
• @fnkbdt`anñd @fnkbdt`anñd
• Qhfhknffh Qhfhknffh
• _bacue` mb phffh phffh
• Zbstnmh Zbstnmh
• ]r`gb mb _nbrrb A`rmnd A`rmnd
• ]r`gb mb W`r` W`r`
• ]r`dsphrtb ]r`dsphrtb
• Zbcëaufh
• @uthi÷s p÷ifnah p÷ifnah
@uthbstnk` • @uthbstnk`
• Kbrabmbs Kbrabmbs
prhpnh prhpnh
• Ahff`r mb ahdac`s ahdac`s
mbk`dm` ]`if` N.0. Mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb dbabsnm`m, mbsbh y mbk`dm`
Mbsmb bf àrb` mb k`rlbtnde, f`s bkprbs`s mbmna`d nkphrt`dtbs bsjubrzhs phr bdtbdmbr f`s dbabsnm`mbs, mbsbhs y mbk`dm`s mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs. _`r` bffh rbaurrbd ` f` ndvbstne`anñd mb kbra`mhs, bf `dàfnsns mb f`s qubg`s y suebrbdan`s b ndafush `dnk`d ` su jubrz` mb vbdt`s ` ahdtrniunr bd bstb `spbath er`an`s ` su ahdt`ath mnrbath ahd bf afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
0>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
i) _rhmuath _rhmuath _hr dhrk` ebdbr`f, bd f`s shanbm`mbs mbs`rrhff`m`s fhs mbsbhs y dbabsnm`mbs sb s`tnsj`abd ` tr`vîs mb prhmuaths. Dhrk`fkbdtb bf tîrkndh prhmuath dhs suenbrb ud inbd jësnah, jësnah, t`f ahkh ud `uthkñvnf, ud tbfbvnshr h ud` aàk`r` mb jhths. Qnd bk i`reh, chy bd më` shd phahs phahs fhs prhmuaths qub dh vnbdbd `ahkp`ð`mhs `ahkp`ð`mhs mb anbrths bfbkbdths `mnanhd`fbs ahkh sbrvnanhs `mnanhd`fbs, ndjhrk`anñd, bxpbrnbdan`s, bta. @së, phr bgbkpfh, au`dmh ahkpr`khs ud ahacb, dh shfh `mqunrnkhs bf inbd jësnah qub bstb suphdb, sndh t`kinîd `spbaths `shan`mhs ` îf ahkh f` e`r`dtë`, ud`s ahdmnanhdbs mb jnd`dan`anñd mbtbrknd`m`s, ud sbrvnanh mb t`ffbr y rbp`r`anñd, bta. bta. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, mbibkhs ahdabinr bf prhmuath ahkh ud` prhpubst` mb v`fhr, bs mbanr, ud ahdgudth mb vbdt`g`s qub ahdtrniuybd ` s`tnsj`abr f`s dbabsnm`mbs. Bst` prhpubst` mb v`fhr sb k`tbrn`fnz` bd ud` hjbrt` qub suphdb ud` ahkind`anñd mb prhmuaths jësnahs, jësnahs, sbrvnanhs, ndjhrk`anñd, ndjhrk`anñd, bxpbrnbdan`s, bxpbrnbdan`s, bta. bta. I`gh bst` mbjndnanñd, mbibkhs bdtbdmbr bf tîrkndh t îrkndh prhmuath mbsmb ud bdjhqub `k pfnh bd bf qub, `mbkàs mb fhs prhpnhs inbdbs jësnahs y fhs sbrvnanhs (bmua`anñd, s`dnm`m, rbst`ur`dtbs, chtbfbs, fnkpnbz`, bdvëh phst`f, bta.), tnbdbd a`inm` htr`s phsninfnm`mbs ahkh f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 • Fhs `ahdtbanknbdths (bspbatàaufhs `rtëstnahs y mbphrtnvhs ahkh bf Jni, f`s hfnkpn`m`s h f` bxph). •
F`s bxpbrnbdan`s (sb bkpnbz` ` ahkbran`fnz`r bf nr `f bsp`anh, bf thk`rsb ud` ahp` bd ud i`r mb cnbfh cn bfh h `mbdtr`rsb bd kudmhs p`r`fbfhs ahkh fhs qub hjrbabd Burh Mnsdby h _hrt @vbdtur`). @vbdtur`).
F`s pbrshd`s (nahdhs ahkh K`mhdd`, fhs Yhffnde Qthdbs, Knac`bf Ghrm`d h F`s pbrshd`s Knac`bf G`alshd c`d snmh utnfnz`mhs ahkbran`fkbdtb bd kuachs àkinths mb dbehanh). dbehanh). • Fhs fue`rbs (ahdtndu`kbdtb vbkhs bd tbfbvnsnñd `dudanhs tr`t`dmh mb prhkhanhd`r fhs bda`dths mb anbrt`s ahkudnm`mbs `utñdhk`s). `utñdhk`s).
•
•
F`s bkprbs`s (chy bd më` bs mnjëanf vbr `feud` a`kp`ð` mb prhkhanñd mb f`s mhs k`ra`s mbphrtnv`s fëmbrbs, Dnlb y @mnm`s, abdtr`m` bd `fe÷d prhmuath bd ahdarbth. Fh anbrth bs qub sus a`kp`ð`s subfbd bst`r abdtr`m`s bd prhkhanhd`r su k`ra`). k`ra`).
a) Z`fhr, s`tnsj`aanñd y bkhanñd bkhanñd ]bdnbdmh bd aubdt` f` `kpfn` v`rnbm`m mb hjbrt` ahd f` qub sb bdaubdtr` bf ahdsuknmhr bd bf kbra`mh ` f` chr` mb pf`dtb`rsb f` ahkpr` mb ud prhmuath, f` prbeudt` qub sb dhs pf`dtb` mb jhrk` ndkbmn`t` bs7 ¸añkh bfnebd fhs ahdsuknmhrbs bdtrb f`s mnstndt`s `ftbrd`tnv`s mb prhmuaths y sbrvnanhs8 sbrvnanhs8
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
9?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
Fhs ahdsuknmhrbs thk`d sus mbansnhdbs bd i`sb ` f`s bxpbat`tnv`s dbt`s mb v`fhr qub fbs pf`dtb`d f`s mnstndt`s hjbrt`s. Bst`s sb mbjndbd ahkh f` mnjbrbdan` mn jbrbdan` bdtrb fhs v`fhrbs phsntnvhs (ibdbjnanhs) y dbe`tnvhs (s`arnjnanhs) qub sb bspbr` rbaninr. @së, phr bgbkpfh, ` f` chr` mb s`tnsj`abr ud` dbabsnm`m mb tr`dsphrtb, bf ahdsuknmhr pubmb hpt`r bdtrb mhs `ftbrd`tnv`s `ft brd`tnv`s ahkh shd f` f ` ahkpr` mb ud` inanafbt` h mb ud `uthkñvnf. F`s bxpbat`tnv`s mb v`fhr mb a`m` hpanñd, ahkh kubstr` f` t`if` 0.9, pubmbd sbr sbr tht`fkbdtb mnjbrbdtbs. mnjbrbdtbs. DBABQNM@M DBABQNM@M
INANAFB]@ INANAFB]@
@R]HKÑZNF @R]HKÑZNF
Zbfhanm`m Zbfhanm`m
I`g` I`g`
@ft` @ft`
Qbeurnm`m Qbeurnm`m
I`g` I`g`
@ft` @ft`
Ahkhmnm`m Ahkhmnm`m
I`g` I`g`
@ft` @ft`
Bahdhkë` Bahdhkë`
@ft` @ft`
I`g` I`g`
]`if` N.9. Bxpbat`tnv`s mb v`fhr sh shirb irb `ftbrd`tnv`s mb tr`dsphrtb tr`dsphrtb
@chr` inbd, ud` vbz `mqunrnmh y utnfnz`mh bf prhmuath, bf ahdsuknmhr y` dh tnbdb ud` bxpbat`tnv` shirb bf knskh, sndh ud` pbrabpanñd suigbtnv` mbf v`fhr qub c` rbaninmh.. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` ahkp`r`anñd bdtrb f` pbrabpanñd mbf v`fhr rbaninmh rbaninmh ( pv) ud` vbz ahkpr`mh bf prhmuath rbspbath ` f`s bxpbat`tnv`s mb v`fhr ( bv) qub bf ahdsuknmhr tbdë` bstb `dtbs mb `mqunrnrfh judm`kbdt`fbs bdahkpr`. bf dnvbf mb s`tnsj`aanñd mb s`tnsj`aanñd mbfmbafnbdtb, `jbat`dmh `së ` surbsuft`ràd ahkphrt`knbdth juturh mb Ahdarbt`kbdtb, Ahdarbt`kbd tb, dhs phmbkhs bdahdtr`r ahd trbs bsabd` bsabd`rnhs rnhs prndanp`fbs, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` t`if` 0.17 0.17 BQABD@YNH BQABD@YNH pv
pv
pv
6
;
4
bv
bv
bv
BS_FNA@ANÑD BS_FNA@ANÑD
AHK_HY]@KNBD]H JR]RYH JR]RYH
Bf ahdsuknmhr tbdë` ud`s bxpbat`tnv`s shirb bf prhmuath qub dh sb c`d auk- Afnbdtb nds`tnsjbach7 dh rbpbtnrà rbpbtnrà pfnmh pfnmh
F` pbrabpanñd mbf v`fhr `shan`mh `f Afnbdtb s`tnsjbach7 bs phsnifb qub rb prhmuath sb ahrrbsphdmb ahd f`s bx pnt` pnt` pbat`tnv`s qub sb tbdë`d tbdë`d shirb îf îf
Bf ahdsuknmhr pbranib qub bf prhmuath phsbb ud v`fhr qub supbr` sus bxpba- Afnbdtb 7 rbpbtnrà y rbahkbdm`rà bda`dt`mh kbdm`rà t`tnv`s t`tnv`s ]`if` N.1. Bxpbat`tnv`s mb v`fhr shirb `ftbrd`tnv`s mb tr`dsphrtb tr`dsphrtb
m) Ndtbra`kinh, Ndtbra`kinh, tr`ds`aanñd y rbf`anñd rbf`anñd Bf k`rlbtnde tnbdb fue`r snbkprb qub ud` udnm`m shan`f (y` sb` ndmnvnmuh h bkprbs`) tr`t` mb ndtbra`kin`r `feh mb v`fhr ahd htr` udnm`m shan`f. _hr t`dth, f` bsbdan` mbf k`rlbtnde bs bf ndtbra`kinh. ndtbra`kinh.
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
90
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
Bd ahdarbth, phr ndtbra`kinh bdtbdmbkhs thmh prhabsh ahdsnstbdtb bd ahdsbeunr mb htrh bf prhmuath qub udh mbsb`, hjrbanbdmh `feh ` a`kinh. _`r` qub sb mbs`rrhffb t`f prhabsh mbibd m`rsb andah ahdmnanhdbs7 ahdmnanhdbs7 •
Mbib c`ibr, `f kbdhs, mhs p`rtbs. p`rtbs.
•
A`m` p`rtb mbib tbdbr `feh qub f` htr` v`fhrb. v`fhrb.
•
A`m` p`rtb mbib sbr a`p`z mb ahkudna`rsb y prhphranhd`r v`fhr. v`fhr.
•
A`m` p`rtb mbib sbr fnirb mb `abpt`r h rbac`z`r f` hjbrt` hj brt` mb ndtbra`kinh. ndtbra`kinh.
•
A`m` p`rtb mbib ahdsnmbr`r `mbau`mh h mbsb`ifb dbehan`r ahd f` htr`. htr`.
Bf ndtbra`kinh, phr t`dth, mbib sbr vnsth ahkh ud prhabsh, y dh ahkh ud suabsh, fh au`f dhs pbrkntnrà mnjbrbdan`rfh mbf tîrkndh tr`ds`aanñd. Bs mbanr, mhs p`rtbs pubmbd bdahdtr`rsb bdahdtr`rsb bd bd ud prhabsh prhabsh mb ndtbra`kinh qub, bd su mbsbdf`ab, bd a`sh mb ffbe`r ` iubd pubrth, ahdafunrà ahd ud suabsh `f qub ff`k`khs tr`ds`aanñd tr`ds`aanñd.. Qnd bki`reh, f` bkprbs` dh mbib ahdabinr bf prhabsh mb ndtbra`kinh mbsmb ud bdjhqub ahrthpf`anst` qub fb ffbvb ` ahdjhrk`rsb ahd f` ahdsbauanñd mb tr`ds`aanhdbs `nsf`m`s, sndh qub mbib mbstnd`r sus bsjubrzhs bd tr`t`r mb `ð`mnr ud chrnzhdtb ` f`reh pf`zh bd bf prhabsh mb ndtbra`kinh qub fb pbrknt` bst`ifbabr y k`dtbdbr bst`s rbf`anhdbs ` fh f`reh mbf tnbkph. Bd bjbath, a`m` vbz kàs, f` dhanñd mb ndtbra`kinh sb bdk`ra` mbdtrh mb ud bdjhqub mndàknah ` jnd mb rbbkpf`z`r f` nmb` mb tr`ds`aanñd pudtu`f y `snf`m`, phr f` mb rbf`anñd mur`mbr` bdtrb hjbrbdtb y mbk`dm`dtb. Bsth snednjna` qub f` ahrrbsphdmbdan` bdtrb `kihs dh sb tbrknd` tr`s f` ahkpr`, sndh qub bst` `at÷` ahkh prbfumnh mb k÷ftnpfbs ndtbra`kinhs juturhs (mb kàs inbdbs, sbrvnanhs, ndjhrk`anñd, bta.). bta.). Bst` mnstndt` ahdabpanñd mbf prhabsh mb ndtbra`kinh, abdtr`m` bd f` tr`ds`aanñd h bd f` rbf`anñd, dhs ffbv` ` mnjbrbdan`r bdtrb mhs bdjhqubs hpubsths mbf k`rlbtnde, bf k`rlbtnde tr`ds`aanhd`f y bf k`rlbtnde rbf`anhd`f, shirb fhs qub ndanmnrbkhs kàs `mbf`dtb. `mbf`dtb. b) Kbra`mh Kbra`mh Hrnend`fkbdtb bf tîrkndh kbra`mh sb utnfnzñ p`r` mbsned`r bf fue`r mhdmb ahkpr`mhrbs y vbdmbmhrbs sb rbudë`d p`r` ndtbra`kin`r sus inbdbs. Fhs bahdhknst`s `mhpt`rhd mnrbat`kbdtb bst` ahdabptu`fnz`anñd, ahdabptu`fnz`anñd, ahdsnmbr`dmh bf kbra`mh ahkh bf ahdgudth mb ahkpr`mhrbs y vbdmbmhrbs qub ndtbra`kin`d ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath. prhmuath. _hr ahdtr`, mbsmb bf àrb` mb k`rlbtnde sb sbp`r` ` ahkpr`mhrbs y vbdmbmhrbs, mnjbrbdan`dmh fhs ahdabpths mb kbra`mh b ndmustrn`. @së, phr kbra`mh bdtbdmbkhs bf ahdgudth mb ahkpr`mhrbs, y` dh shfh rb`fbs, sndh t`kinîd phtbdan`fbs, mb ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath. ^ phr ndmustrn`, bf ahdgudth mb vbdmbmhrbs. vbdmbmhrbs.
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
99
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
j) Ebstnñd mb k`rlbtnde F` rbvnsnñd mb fhs bfbkbdths `dtbrnhrbs dhs `yum` ` tbdbr ud` vnsnñd ebdbr`f mb fhs prndanp`fbs j`athrbs qub qub ndtbrvnbdbd ndtbrvnbdbd bd bf prhabsh mb ndtbra`kinh ndtbra`kinh ahdabinmh ahdabinmh mbsmb mbsmb f` pbrspbatnv` mb k`rlbtnde, bsth bs, mb fhs ahkphdbdtbs prndanp`fbs prndanp`fbs mbf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde. r bsphds`ifbs Qbrà f`ihr mb fhs rbsphds`i fbs mb k`rlbtnde ebstnhd`r f`s mnjbrbdtbs `aanhdbs bk prbdmnm`s, bd i`sb ` f` ahdabpanñ ahdabpanñdd ahdgudt` mb a`m` udh mb bsths j`athrbs bd bf bsjubrzh ahdsanbdtb, p`r` `fa`dz`r ud mbtbrknd`mh dnvbf mb ndtbra`kinh ahd ud p÷ifnah higbtnvh mbjndnmh. mbjndnmh. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` ebstnñd mb k`rlbtnde bs bf prhabsh mb pf`dnjna`r y bgbaut`r f` ahdabpanñd mbf prhmuath, prbanh, ahkudna`anñd y mnstrniuanñd (= _bs) mb nmb`s, inbdbs y sbrvnanhs, p`r` arb`r ndtbra`kinhs qub s`tnsj`e`d t`dth higbtnvhs hig btnvhs ndmnvnmu`fbs ahkh mb hre`dnz`anhdbs, ahkh mb f` f ` shanbm`m bd ebdbr`f. ebdbr`f.
0.9. Bvhfuanñd mbf ahdabpth k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde F` utnfnz`anñd mbf k`rlbtnde phr p`rtb mbf p÷ifnah bkprbs`rn`f dh c` pbrk`dbanmh bst`ifb ` mur`dtb fh f`rehf`s mb÷ftnk`s fhs `ðhs. Mb cbach, sb ``prban` qub su prht`ehdnskh bstà arbanbdmh mîa`m`s mbinmh f` er`d v`rnbm`m mb prbsnhdbs bgbranm`s phr bf bdthrdh. Qn rb`fnz`khs ud` rbvnsnñd cnstñrna` shirb f`s mnstndt`s hrnbdt`anhdbs hrnbdt`anhd bs hre`dnz`tnv`s `mhpt`m`s phr f` bkprbs` ` fh f`reh mbf snefh xx, sb hisbrv` ahkh f` hrnbdt`anñd `f k`rlbtnde sureb ahkh rbsuft`mh mb ud prhabsh bvhfutnvh (vbr t`if` 0.=). Ahdarbt`kbdt Ahdarbt`kbdtb, b, phmbkhs nmbdtnjna`r c`st` andah bt`p`s cnstñrna`s `tbdmnbdmh `tbdmnbdmh ` añkh c` nmh bvhfuanhd`dmh f` jhrk` mb utnfnz`r bf k`rlbtnde bd f` bkprbs` y, phr t`dth, ` añkh c` nmh prherbs`dmh su mnrbaanñd. mnrb aanñd. F`s trbs prnkbr`s (hrnbdt`anñd ` f` prhmuaanñd, `f prhmuath y ` f`s vbdt`s) sb ahrrbsphdmbd ahd ud bdjhqub mb k`rlbtnde p`snvh h tr`ds`aanhd`f. _hr ahdtr`, f`s mhs ÷ftnk`s bt`p`s (hrnbdt`anñd (hrnbdt`anñd `f k`rlbtnde y mb k`rlbtnde shan`f) jhrk`d p`rtb mbf bdjhqub mb k`rlbtnde `atnvh h rbf`anhd`f. rbf`anhd`f.
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
91
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
Jnd`f snefh xnx
B]@_@ B]@_@
_YH]@EHDNQKH MBF AHDQRKNMHY
QN]R@ANÑD MBF KBYA@MH KBYA@MH
HIGB]NZH BK_YBQ@YN@F BK_YBQ@YN@F
7
Hrnbdt`anñd ` f` prhmuaanñd prhmuaanñd
F` `atnvnm`m bkprbs`rn`f bkprbs`rn`f br` ndanpnbdtb ndanpnbdtb ahkpbtbdan` Bsa`s` ahkpbtbdan` Qb ndtbdt`i` j`irna`r `f këdnkh ahstb prhmuaths mb a`fnm`m `abpt`ifb `abpt`ifb F` hpndnñd mbf
Kndnknz`r fhs ahstbs mb prhmuaanñd prhmuaanñd
Bxabsh mb mbk`dm` mbk`dm` K`xnknz`r f`
ahdsuknmhr shirb bf mnsbðh, e`k`s h bstîtna` sb bdaubdtr` bd sbeudmh pf`dh pf`dh
`f Hrnbdt`anñd `f prhmuath prhmuath
a`fnm`m mbf prhmuath `f kbdhr ahstb phsnifb phsnifb
B D @RKBD]H7 @RKBD]H7
Hrnbdt`anñd ` f`s f`s vbdt`s vbdt`s
Hrnbdt`anñd `f `f k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
KÀ SN KH7
Jnd`f snefh xx
Hrnbdt`anñd ` f` rbsphds`infnm`m shan`f mbf k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
Bf afnk` mb ahkpbtbdan` arbanbdtb `ukbdt` bf prht`ehdnskh mb f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
Bf bxabsh mb hjbrt` ahfha` `f ahdsuknmhr bd ud` phsnanñd mb prnvnfbenh prnvnfbenh
Bqunfnirnh bdtrb bdtrb mbk`dm` y hjbrt` hjbrt`
K`xnknz`r f` anjr` anjr` vbdt`s mb vbdt`s
hjbrt` Bxabsh mb hjbrt`
Q`tnsj`aanñd mbf afnbdtb afnbdtb
Bxabsh mb hjbrt` hjbrt`
_rbsbrv`r bf inbdbst`r ` f`reh pf`zh pf`zh
]`if` 0.=. Bvhfuanñd cnstñrna` mb f` hrnbdt`anñd mb f` bkprbs` bd bf snefh sn efh
xx
0) Hrnbdt`anñd ` f` prhmuaanñd. Mbsmb bstb bdjhqub f`s bkprbs`s ffbv`d ` a`ih sus `atnvnm`mbs iusa`dmh k`xnknz`r f` bjnanbdan` prhmuatnv`, `kpfn`r f` mnstrniuanñd y i`g`r fhs ahstbs hpbr`tnvhs. F` prbkns` suiy`abdtb bs qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs bstàd mnspubsths ` `ishribr thm` f` prhmuaanñd mb f` bk prbs` ahd bf ÷dnah rbqunsnth mb qub sb`d jàanfkbdtb `aabsnifbs t`dth bd tîrtîr kndhs mb bsp`anh ahkh mb tnbkph. _hr t`dth, bf k`rlbtnde bd f`s bkprbs`s hrnbdt`m`s ` f` prhmuaanñd sb bdtnbdmb ahkh ud k`rlbtnde p`snvh, y` qub f` nmb` suiy`abdtb bs qub fhs prhmuaths sb vbdmbd phr së knskhs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, bf prht`ehdnskh rba`b shirb bf mbp`rt`kbdth mb prhmuaanñd. Bs mbanr, bf k`rlbtnde dh bs bxpfht`mh ahkh `rk` ahkpbtntnv` phr bstb tnph mb bkprbs`s, snd fue`r ` mum`s phrqub f` bsa`s` ahkpbtbdan` ahkpbtbdan` dh fh c`ab dbabs`rnh. dbabs`rnh. 9) Hrnbdt`anñd `f prhmuath. Mbsmb bstb bdjhqub f`s bkprbs`s ffbv`d ` a`ih su `atnvnm`m abdtràdmhsb bd prhmuanr iubdhs prhmuaths y bd kbghr`rfhs ahdtndu`kbdtb, thmh bffh i`gh f` arbbdan` mb qub fhs afnbdtbs ahkpr`ràd fhs kb ghrbs prhmuaths, bs mbanr, `qubffhs qub hjrbza`d f` k`yhr a`fnm`m y mbd bf kbghr rbsuft`mh. Qb ahdtnd÷` ahd ud bdjhqub mb k`rlbtnde p`snvh, pubs `udqub sb nddhv` p`r` kbghr`r fhs prhmuaths, dh sb tnbdb bd aubdt` auàfbs shd fhs mbsbhs y f`s prbjbrbdan`s mb f` mbk`dm` ` f` qub v`d mnrnenmhs. mnrn enmhs. Bs kàs, kàs,
Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
9=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
f` bkprbs` arbb qub s`ib fh qub bs iubdh p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr y ahdsnmbr` qub bstb ahkp`rtb mnac` ahdvnaanñd< bs fh qub sb ahdhab ahkh f` «knhpë` «knhpë` mbf k`rlbtnde ¼. ¼. Mb dubvh, f` bsa`s` ahkpbtbdan` dh ndant` ` f`s bkprbs`s ` ndtbrbs`rsb phr f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde. 1) Hrnbdt`anñd ` f` vbdt`. Mbsmb bstb bdjhqub f`s bkprbs`s i`s`d su `atnvnm`m bd f` arbbdan`, phr ud` p`rtb, mb qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs duda` ahkpr`ràd sujnanbdtb sn sb mbg` f` ahkpr` mb su k`dh y, phr htr`, mb qub bstàd mnspubsths ` ahdjhrk`rsb ahd thmh. F` ahkpbtntnvnm`m c` bkpbz`mh ` prbhaup`r ` f`s bkprbs`s, hjbrt` y mbk`dm` sb bqunfnir`d, khtnvh phr bf au`f bkpnbz`d ` abdtr`rsb bd bf mbs`rrhffh mb `atnvnm`mbs `erbsnv`s mb vbdt` y prhkhanñd kàs qub bd f` j`irna`anñd mb fh qub v` ` sbr vbdmnmh. Qb tr`t` mb ud` vnsnñd tàatna`, mb ahrth pf`zh, ahdstrunm` shirb f` i`sb mb ud k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh qub tr`t` mb k`xnknz`r bf d÷kbrh mb vbdt`s pudtu`fbs. pudtu`fbs. =) Hrnbdt`anñd `f k`rlbtnde. Mbsmb bstb bdjhqub prhpn`kbdtb mb k`rlbtnde, f`s bkprbs`s bkpnbz`d ` ndtbrbs`rsb rb`fkbdtb phr f`s dbabsnm`mbs y mbsbhs mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs, phr s`tnsj`abrfhs kàs bjnanbdtb y bjna`zkbdtb, y ahd k`yhr v`fhr `ð`mnmh qub f` ahkpbtbdan`. Bstb a`kinh tnbdb qub vbr ahd f` bvhfuanñd c`an` ud bdthrdh mndàknah, turiufbdth y a`kin`dtb, mhknd`mh phr f` ndtbdsnjna`anñd mb f` ahkpbtbdan` (f` hjbrt` supbr` y` ` f` mbk`dm` mb fhs kbra`mhs) y bf prherbsh tbadhfñenah. Bst` jnfhshjë` mb mnrbaanñd bs f` qub c`ab surenr `f k`rlbtnde bd thm` t hm` su pfbdntum, mnjbrbdanàdmhfh mb fh qub bs f` vbdt` h f` mnstrniuanñd. _hr bffh, f` mnrbaanñd mbib ndtbrvbdnr `dtbs mb ahkbdz`r bf anafh mb prhmuaanñd y dh shf`kbdtb `f jnd`f. Mb bst` k`dbr`, sb pubmb ndtber`r bf k`rlbtnde bd a`m` bt`p` mb f`s hpbr`anhdbs mb f` hre`dnz`anñd. Bd bstb dubvh bsabd`rnh sb mbs`rrhff` ud bdjhqub mb k`rlbtnde `atnvh qub `mhpt` y` ud` pbrspbatnv` bstr`tîena`, mb f`reh pf`zh, p`r` jnmbfnz`r `f afnbdtb y `sbeur`r f` supbrvnvbdan` mb f` bkprbs` bd ud bdthrdh a`m` vbz kàs mns put`mh. Bd bstb bstb bst`mnh mb bvhfuanñd bvhfuanñd ahir`d ahir`d pfbdh sbdtnmh fhs ahdabpths ahdabpths mb mb sb «hrnbdt`anñd `f kbra`mh¼ y «k`rlbtnde rbf`anhd`f¼. Bd fëdb`s ebdbr`fbs sb `atu`anñd7 mbst`a`d fhs sneunbdtbs au`trh bgbs mb `atu`anñd7 •
Abdtr`rsb bd bf kbra`mh. kbra`mh. F` bkprbs` dh fh pubmb sbr thmh p`r` thmh bf kudmh. Mbib sbfbaanhd`r `qubf ahfbatnvh qub sb` a`p`z mb `tbdmbr kbghr qub f` ahkpbtbdan` ahkpbtbdan`..
•
Hrnbdt`anñd `f ahdsuknmhr . Qb mbib thk`r bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr p`r` `tr`brfh, rbtbdbrfh, y s`tnsj`abrfh mbsmb ud` pbrspbatnv` efhi`f. efhi`f.
•
Ahhrmnd`anñd mbf k`rlbtnde . Nkpfna` f` ahhrmnd`anñd mb f`s judanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde bdtrb së, ahd bf rbsth mb udnm`mbs mb f` bkprbs`. Bf k`rlbtnde nkprbed` thm` f` hre`dnz`anñ hr e`dnz`anñd. d.
•
Hitbdanñd mb ibdbjnanhs. ibdbjnanhs. Ybsuft` f` prbkns` iàsna` p`r` qub f` bkprbs` `fa`dab t`kinîd sus higbtnvhs. F` mnjbrbdan` bstà bd f` jhrk` bd qub sb fher`d bsths ibdbjnanhs, `chr` bd i`sb ` f` s`tnsj`aanñd mb f`s dbabsnm`mb dbabsnm`mbs. s.
Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
92
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
2) Hrnbdt`anñd mb k`rlbtnde shan`f . Mbsmb bstb bdjhqub f`s bkprbs`s sb ndtbrbs`d dh shfh phr bf ahdsuknmhr ndmnvnmu`f, sndh phr f` shanbm`m bd su ahdgudth. _hr t`dth, sb prhabmb `f bstumnh mb f`s dbabsnm`mbs mb thmhs fhs `ebdtbs mbf kbra`mh (ahdsuknmhrbs, afnbdtbs, prhvbbmhrbs, ahkpbtnmhrbs, tr`i`g`mhrbs y shanbm`m bd ebdbr`f) iusa`dmh f` arb`anñd, ndtbdsnjna`anñd y k`dtbdnknbdth mb rbf`anhdbs mur`mbr`s ahd bffhs. F` nmb` bs mbtbrknd`r f`s dbabsnm`mbs, mbsbhs b ndtbrbsbs mb fhs kbra`mhs sbfbaanhd`mhs p`r` s`tnsj`abrfhs mb kbghr k`dbr` qub f` ahkpbtbdan` snd pbrgumna`r ` f` shanbm`m, bs mbanr, rbspbtàdmhf`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, ahir` rbfnbvb f` prbhaup`anñd phr f`s rbpbrausnhdbs qub bf k`rlbtnde tnbdb shirb f` shanbm`m ahir`dmh prht`ehdnskh v`rn`dtbs mbf k`rlbtnde (`mbkàs mb f`s = _bs) ahkh f` phfëtna` y f` hpndnñd p÷ifna`, y sb prhmuab ud` `kpfn`anñd mbf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde qub ndafuyb suimnsanpfnd`s ahkh7 bf k`rlbtnde bahfñenah, k`rlbtnde mb kndhrë`s, k`rlbtnde mb rbf`anhdbs, r bf`anhdbs, k`rlbtnde ndtber`mh, k`rlbtnde ndtbrdh, k`rlbtnde mb rbsphds`infnm`m shan`f, bta. bta. Bd rbsukbd, vbkhs ahkh f` ahdabpanñd y `pfna`anñd mbf k`rlbtnde bd f` bkprbs` c` sujrnmh ud` rbndtbrprbt`anñd suabsnv` mbf ahdabpth qub c` `i`dmhd`mh f` kbdt`fnm`m mb c`ab mîa`m`s abdtr`m` bd f` prhmuaanñd y f` vbdt` (k`rlbtnde p`snvh h tr`ds`aanhd`f), p`r` m`r a`inm` ` ud bdjhqub kàs prbhaup`mh phr f` jneur` mbf ahdsuknmhr, sus dbabsnm`mbs dbabsnm`mbs y mbsbhs, ahd bf higbtnvh ÷ftnkh mb kbghr`r f`s rbf`anhdbs mur`mbr`s ahd bsths y bf rbsth mb `ebdtbs mbf bdthrdh (k`rlbtnde `atnvh h rbf`anhd`f)(jneur` 0.1). 0.1). Hrnebd Hrnebd
Kbmnhs Kbmnhs
_YHMRA]HQ _YHMRA]HQ
Jnd Jnd
ZBD]@ ^ _YHKHANÑD _YHKHANÑD
IBDBJNANHQ ZË@ ZHFRKBD MB ZBD]@Q ZBD]@Q
Ahdabpanñd `dtneu` (kl p`snvh h tr`ds`aanhd`f) tr`ds`aanhd`f)
AFNBD]BQ AFNBD]BQ
K@YLB]NDE
IBDBJNANHQ ZË@
ND]BEY@MH ND]BEY@MH
Q@]NQJ@AANÑD AFNBD]B AFNBD]B
Ahdabpanñd khmbrd` (kl `atnvh h rbf`anhd`f) rbf`anhd`f)
k`rlbtnde Jneur` 0.1. Ahdabpanñd `dtneu` y khmbrd` mb k`rlbtnde
F`s prndanp`fbs mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb bsths mhs bdjhqubs ebdbr`fbs qubm`d rbahenm`s bd f` t`if` 0.2. 0.2.
Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
9:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
tr`ds`aanhdbs K`rlbtnde mb tr`ds`aanhdbs
K`rlbtnde mb rbf`anhdbs rbf`anhdbs
• Abdtr`mh bd f`s vbdt`s ndmnvnmu`fbs ndmnvnmu`fbs
• Abdtr`mh bd bf k`dtbdnknbdth mb f`s
ahdsukh ahdsukh • Dnvbf Dnvbf khmbr`mh mb ahdt`aths ahd fhs afnbdtbs afnbdtbs • _hfëtna` mnjbrbdan`mhr` bdtrb afnbdtb y bkprbs` bkprbs`
rbf`anhdbs rbf`anhdbs prhmuaths • Hrnbdt`mh c`an` fhs ibdbjnanhs mb fhs prhmuaths • Ybdt`infnm`m mbf afnbdtb afnbdtb • Ñptna` mbf ndtbra`kinh ahkh prhabsh ahdtnduh ahdtnduh ndmustrn`f • Ñptna` mbf k`rlbtnde mb sbrvnanhs y mbf ndmustrn`f • @fth dnvbf mb ahkprhknsh y ahdt`ath a hdt`ath ahd fhs afnbdtbs afnbdtbs • _hfëtna` ndtber`mhr` mbf afnbdtb bd f` bkprbs` bkprbs`
• _hfëtna` mb ahkudna`anñd i`s`m` bd f` puifnanm`m y y
• _hfëtna` mb ahkudna`anñd i`s`m` bd f` rbahkbdm`-
f`s prhkhanhdbs prhkhanhdbs • Bsa`sh îdj`sns bd fhs ahstbs mb a`kinh a`kinh bdmñebd` • A`fnm`m bdmñebd` • Zbd Zbdt`g` t`g` ahkpbtntnv` i`s`m` bd fhs `spbaths t`denifbs. t`denifbs. • Bstr`tben` mb bkprbs` sbeunmhr` sbeunmhr` bkprbs`7 ndarbkbdt`r f` auht` mb mb • Higbtnvh mb f` bkprbs`7 kbra`mh kbra`mh • Kbra`mh ahd a`kinhs fbdths h bst`ifb bst`ifb • K`rlbtnde rb`fnz`mh shfh phr bf mbp`rt`kbdth mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde Znsnñdd mb f` bkprbs` ` ahrth pf`zh pf`zh • Znsnñ
anñd (iha`-hrbg`) y bf k`rlbtnde mnrbath mnrbath a`kinh • Bstr`tben`s mb arb`anñd mb `fths ahstbs mb a`kinh • A`fnm`m bxñebd` bxñebd` • Zbd Zbdt`g` t`g` ahkpbtntnv` ahkpbtntnv` i`s`m` bd fhs `spbaths ndt`denifbs ndt`denifbs • Bstr`tben` mb bkprbs` nddhv`mhr` nddhv`mhr` • Higbtnvh mb f` bkprbs`7 `ukbdt`r f` jnmbfnm`m mbf mbf afnbdtb afnbdtb • Kbra`mh bd ahdst`dtb y ràpnmh a`kinh a`kinh • K`rlbtnde rb`fnz`mh phr thmhs fhs bkpfb`mhs bkpfb`mhs mb f` f` bkprbs` bkprbs` • Znsnñ Znsnñdd mb f` bkprbs` ` f`reh pf`zh pf`zh
prhmuaths • Hrnbdt`mh ` f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb fhs prhmuaths • Ybdt`infnm`m mbf prhmuath prhmuath • Ñptna` mbf ndtbra`kinh ahkh ud prhabsh mnsarbth mnsarbth • Ñptna` mbf k`rlbtnde mb inbdbs mb
rbf`anhdbs ]`if` N.2. Mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`rlbtnde mb tr`ds`aanhdbs y k`rlbtnde mb rbf`anhdbs
0.1. @kpfn`anhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde Bd bstb pudth snkpfbkbdtb sbð`f`r, ahkh y` sb c` `pudt`mh `dtbrnhrkbdtb, qub f` bvhfuanñd mbf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde c` `ahdtbanmh bd f` `p`rnanñd mb ud er`d d÷kbrh mb suimnsanpfnd`s qub, p`rtnbdmh mb fhs supubsths judm`kbdt`fbs shirb fhs qub sb c` ahdstrunmh bf ahdabpth mb k`rlbtnde, sb c`d abdtr`mh bd `pfna`anhdbs bs pbaëjna`s mbf knskh. knskh. @së, p`rtnbdmh mb ud` ahdabpanñd ahdabpanñd `kpfn` `kpfn` mbf prhmuath ahkh thmh `qubffh qub bs susabptnifb mb ndtbra`kinh bdtrb mhs p`rtbs (inbdbs, sbrvnanhs, nmb`s, bta.), f` rb`fnm`m bs qub au`fqunbr hre`dnz`anñd nkpfna`m` bd prhabshs mb ndtbra`kinh pubmb ndahrphr`r f` jnfhshjë` mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` jneur` 0.= rbaheb `feud` mb f`s prndanp`fbs suimnsanpfnd`s mbf k`rlbtnde bd judanñd mb fhs mnstndths pnf`rbs shirb fhs qub sb `pfna`d (bspbanjna`mhs bd f` jneur` jn eur` bdtrb p`rîdtbsns). p`rîdtbsns).
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
95
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
k`rlbtnde Jneur` 0.=. @pfna`anhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
93
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5=
IFHPRB NN Judm`kbdths iàsnahs A`pëtufh 97 F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde A`pëtufh 17 F` sbekbdt`anñd mb kbra`mhs y bf phsnanhd`knbdth A`pëtufh =7 Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr
>53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
9>
cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.: ?12/Q`pnbdtn`5= Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0?.:
F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f7 97 A @ _Ë ] R F H bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde
Mnbeh Khdjbrrbr ]nr`mh - NQID7 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5 >53-3=-:>2-5?>1-5
10
cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0 ?.:?12/Q`pnbdtn`5= Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde - RGN - MHN7 cttp7//mx.mhn.hre/0
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bd bstb a`pëtufh rbp`s`rbkhs fhs prndanp`fbs bfbkbdths shirb fhs qub sb sustbdt` f` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f bd f` bkprbs`, `së ahkh bf mhaukbdth shirb bf qub sb pf`sk` su `pfna`anñd pràatna`7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde. _`r` t`f jnd bf a`pëtufh sb c` mnvnmh bd mhs `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb rb`fnz` ud` ahdtbxtu`fnz`anñd mbf tbk`. Ahdarbt`kbdtb, sb prbsbdt` f` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f ahkh ud prhabsh ndtber`mh bd htrh mb k`yhr r`deh `f qub mbdhknd`khs pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena`. _hr bffh prhabmbkhs ` f` mbjndnanñd mb bstb ÷ftnkh. ÷ftnkh. Bd sbeudmh fue`r, dhs abdtr`khs bd bf àkinth mb f` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f, bxphdnbdmh a`m` ud` mb f`s p`rtbs qub ahkphdbd bf mhaukbdth iàsnah mb tr`i`gh bd bf qub f` bkprbs` pf`sk` t`f prhabsh mb pf`dnjna`anñd7 bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
9.0. F`
pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` bstr`tîena`
F` pf`dnjna`anñd ahkbran`f sb ndtber` mbdtrh mb ud r`deh supbrnhr `f qub mbdhknd`khs pf`dnjna`anñd knd`khs pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` bstr`tî ena`,, f` au`f sb mbjndb ahkh bf prhabsh mb k`dtbdnknbdth mbhphrtudnm`mbs ud `gustb vn`ifb fhs higbtnvhs mb yf`rbbstruatur`r ahkp`ðë` y f`s f`s a`kin`dtbs mbfbdtrb kbra`mh, ahd bf jndy rbaurshs mb khmbf`r àrb`s mb dbehanh y prhmuath mb f` ahkp`ðë` mb jhrk` qub mbd ibdbjnanhs y arbanknbdths s`tnsj`athrnhs. s`tnsj`athrnhs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` bsbdan` mb f` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` rbsnmb bd f` nmbdtnjna`anñd mb f`s hphrtudnm`mbs y `kbd`z`s `atu`fbs qub f` bkprbs` bdaubdtr` bd su bdthrdh, f`s au`fbs, `f ahkind`rf`s ahd f`s jhrt`fbz`s y mbinfnm`mbs mb f` f ` bkprbs`, prhvbbd ` f` ahkp`ðë` mb i`sbs p`r` mbjndnr ` mñdmb sb qunbrb ffbe`r bd bf juturh. juturh. Bst` f`ihr mb pf`dnjna`anñd sb pf`sk` bd pf`dbs ahdarbths qub, mb jhrk` ebdbr`f, sb ahkphdbd mb au`trh bt`p`s (jneur` 9.0)7 9.0)7
5
11
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
bstr`tîenah Jneur` 9.9. Bt`p`s bd f` bf`ihr`anñd mb ud pf`d bstr`tîenah
@dàfnsns7 suphdb ffbv`r ` a`ih ud `dàfnsns ahkpfbth mb f` sntu`anñd mb f`
•
ahkp`ðë`. Bst` mbib `d`fnz`r su bdthrdh p`r` tr`t`r mb bdahdtr`r hphrtudnm`mbs `tr`atnv`s y bvnt`r sus `kbd`z`s. Mbib `d`fnz`r t`kinîd fhs pudths jubrtbs y mîinfbs mb f` bkprbs`. Qus rbsuft`mhs shd f` i`sb shirb f` qub mbs`rrhff`r f`s j`sbs sneunbdtbs. sneunbdtbs.
_f`dnjna`anñd7 f` bkprbs` mbanmb fh qub mbsb` m bsb` `fa`dz`r (higbtnvhs), `së ahkh ahkh
•
f` k`dbr` mb ffbe`r ` t`fbs higbtnvhs (bstr`tben`s). (bstr`tben`s).
Bgbauanñd7 nkpfna` phdbr bd judanhd`knbdth f` bstr`tben` ` tr`vîs mbf mnsbðh
•
mb `aanhdbs qub `yumbd ` `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs jng`mhs. jng`mhs.
Ahdtrhf7 ahdffbv` rb`fnz`r ud sbeunknbdth ` tr`vîs mb f` kbmnanñd mb fhs
•
rbsuft`mhs, bf `dàfnsns mb f`s a`us`s mb fhs knskhs y f` thk` mb kbmnm`s ahrrbathr`s p`r` `sbeur`r bf aukpfnknbdth mb fhs higbtnvhs prhpubsths. prhpubsths.
Mbpbdmnbdmh Mbpbdmnbdmh mb f` bstruatur` mb f` bkprbs`, bf d÷kbrh mb pf`dbs y f` ahkpfbgnm`m mb fhs knskhs sb vbràd ndarbkbdt`mhs. @së, thk`dmh ahkh bgbkpfh ud` bstruatur` bkprbs`rn`f ahkpfbg` ahkh f` mbf eruph Ndmntbx, ahkpubsth phr v`rn`s udnm`mbs mb dbehanh (W`r`, _uff & Ib`r, K`ssnkh Muttn, Hysch, bta.), f`s au`fbs ` su vbz, ahkh dbehanhs ndmbpbdmnbdtbs, sb ahkphdbd mb mnstndt`s àrb`s judanhd`fbs (mb k`rlbtnde, prhmuaanñd, jnd`danbr`, mb rbaurshs cuk`dhs, bta.) vbkhs ahkh f` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` nkpfna` bf mbs`rrhffh mb pf`dbs ` a`m` dnvbf (jneur` 9.9). 9.9).
5
1=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bstr`tben` ahrphr`tnv` ahrphr`tnv`
Bstr`tben` mb
_f`dbs _f`dbs K`rlbtnde mb K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs Jnd`danbrhs mb Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
ubd
Bstr`tben` judanhd`f judanhd`f
Jneur` 9.9. _f`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` bd bf eruph Ndmntbx Ndmntbx
Bd bjbath, bf pf`d ahrphr`tnvh efhi`f mbf eruph ndtber`rà bf pf`d bstr`tîenah mb a`m` udnm`m mb dbehanh y bsths, ` su vbz, rbahebràd fhs pf`dbs mb sus rbspbatnv`s udnm`mbs judanhd`fbs. A`m` udh mb bsths pf`dbs ahdtrniunrà ` f` rb`fnz`anñd mbf pf`d mb r`deh r`deh supbrnhr y, phr t`dth, t`dth, `f mbsbkpbðh mbsbkpbðh mbf pf`d efhi`f. efhi`f. Kàs `÷d, bstb bdtr`k`mh mb pf`dbs ndafush ndarbkbdt`rà su ahkpfbgnm`m `f mbs`rrhff`rsb ` mnstndths chrnzhdtbs tbkphr`fbs. Bs mbanr, thk`dmh ahkh rbjbrbdan`, phr bgbkpfh, f` udnm`m bstr`tîena` mb dbehanh «_uff & Ib`r¼, vbkhs ahkh f` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` nkpfna`rë` bf mbs`rrhffh mb ud pf`d ` kbmnh pf`zh (phr bgbkpfh au`trh `ðhs), bf au`f ndtber`rë` ud pf`d bstr`tîenah bspbanjnah p`r` a`m` `ðh, y bsths, ` su vbz, sb ahkphdmrë`d mb sus rbspbatnvhs pf`dbs `du`fbs p`r` a`m` àrb` judanhd`f (jneur` 9.1). 9.1).
5
12
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_F@D BQ]Y@]ÎENAH @ KBMNH _F@WH (= `ðhs) `ðhs)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 0) 0)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 9) 9)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 1) 1)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh =) =)
_f`dbs _f`dbs 0 mb K`rlbtnde 0
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde 99
_f`dbs _f`dbs 1 mb K`rlbtnde 1
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde ==
_f`dbs _f`dbs 0 mb _rhmuaanñd 0
_f`dbs _f`dbs 9 mb _rhmuaanñd 9
_f`dbs _f`dbs 1 mb _rhmuaanñd 1
_f`dbs _f`dbs = mb _rhmuaanñd =
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs 0 0
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs 99
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs 11
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs = =
_f`dbs _f`dbs 0 mb YY. CC. 0
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb YY. CC. 99
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb YY. CC. 11
_f`dbs _f`dbs = mb YY. CC. =
Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs 0 0
Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs 9 9
Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs 1 1
Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs = =
Jneur` 9.1. _f`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` mb _uff & Ib`r (chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f) tbkphr`f)
Er`an`s ` f` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena` thmh tnph mb bkprbs`, ndmbpbdmnbdtbkbdtb mb su t`k`ðh y bxpbrnbdan`, v` ` phmbr hitbdbr nkphrt`dtbs ibdbjnanhs. @së, f` pf`dnjna`anñd bstr`tîena`7 bstr`tîena`7
5
•
J`vhrbab bf pbds`knbdth bstr`tîenah. bstr`tîenah.
•
Jubrz` ` f` bkprbs` ` mbjndnr ahd prbansnñd sus higbtnvhs y phfëtna`s. phfëtna`s.
•
Ahdmuab ` ud` kbghr ahhrmnd`anñd mb bsjubrzhs. bsjubrzhs.
•
_rhphranhd` anjr`s kàs jàanfbs mb ahdtrhf`r. ahdtrhf`r.
•
@yum` ` `dtnanp`r y ` rbsphdmbr ` tnbkph ` f`s hphrtudnm`mbs mbf bdthrdh.
1:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
9.9. Bf pf`d mb
k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
Ahkh cbkhs vnsth bd bf `p`rt`mh `dtbrnhr, bf pf`d bstr`tîenah mb f` bkprbs` ndafuyb fhs pf`dbs mb f`s mnjbrbdtbs àrb`s judanhd`fbs qub f` ndtber`d (pf`dbs mb k`rlbtnde, prhmuaanñd, jnd`danbr`, mb rbaurshs cuk`dhs, bta.). _hr fh t`dth, bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde sb ndtber` mbdtrh mbf pf`d bstr`tîenah. bstr`tîenah. Mb jhrk` bspbaëjna`, bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde mbib mbjndnr ud` sbrnb mb phfëtna`s mb k`rlbtnde qub pubm`d nkpfbkbdt`rsb y pbrknt`d `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs k`ra`mhs phr f` hre`dnz`anñd, hre`dnz`anñd, `së ahkh su su knsnñd. knsnñd. Qu mbs`rrhffh mbib rbsphdmbr ` f`s sneunbdtbs prbeudt`s, mnjbrbdan`dmh bdtrb fh qub qub ahdhabkhs ahkh k`rlbtnde bstr`tîenah y k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh7 ahdhabkhs hpbr`tnvh7 • ¸Mñdmb bst`khs8
@DÀFNQNQ @DÀFNQNQ
• ¸@ mñdmb qubrbkhs • ¸Añkh
nr8
ffbe`rbkhs ffbe`r bkhs `ffë8
HIGB]NZHQ
KL BQ]Y@]ÎEN BQ]Y@]ÎENAH AH
BQ]Y@]BEN@Q BQ]Y@]BEN@Q
• ¸Puî cbrr`knbdt`s utnfnz`rbkhs8
BGBARANÑD BGBARANÑD
• ¸Añkh dhs `sbeur`rbkhs8
AHD]YHF AHD]YHF
KL H_BY@]NZH H_BY@]NZH
_hr t`dth, knbdtr`s qub bf k`rlbtnde bstr`tîenah dhs ffbv` ` rbjfbxnhd`r shirb fhs v`fhrbs mb f` ahkp`ðë`, s`ibr mñdmb bst`khs, mñdmb qubrbkhs nr y mb quî k`dbr`, bf k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh dhs ndvnt` ` phdbr bd k`rac` f`s cbrr`knbdt`s prbans`s mbf k`rlbtnde knx knx p`r` p`r` `fa`dz`r `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs higbtnvhs qub dhs dhs c`y`khs c`y`khs prhpubsth. prhpubsth. Fb ahkpbahkpbtb, phr t`dth, `f k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh pf`dnjna`r, bgbaut`r y ahdtrhf`r f`s `aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde qub dhs pbrknt`d nkpfbkbdt`r f`s bstr`tben`s k`ra`m`s. k`ra`m`s. _`rtnbdmh mb f` bstruatur` ebdbr`f ebdbr`f mb thmh pf`d bstr`tîenah rbahenm` bd f` jneur` 9.0, f` bstruatur` iàsna` mb ud pf`d mb k`rlbtnde ndafuyb f`s j`sbs qub sb s b kubstr`d bd f` jneur` 9.=7 9.=7 •
@dàfnsns mb sntu`anñd7 rbsukbd mb f`s tbdmbdan`s mbf bdthrdh7 bdthrdh7 ‑
@dàfnsns mb f` sntu`anñd ndtbrd` y bxtbrd` (prhmuaths, kbra`mhs, rbsuft`mhs `dtbrnhrbs, ahkpbtnmhrbs, htrhs j`athrbs `kinbdt`fbs). `kinbdt`fbs).
‑ @dàfnsns
m`Jh
(mbinfnm`mbs, (mbinfnm`m bs, jubrz`s ndtbrd`s, `kbd`z`s y hphrtudnm`mbs
bxtbrd`s). bxtbrd`s). •
5
Qbfbaanñd mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh7 bxphsnanñd mb f`s mbansnhdbs mb sbekbdt`anñd, sbfbaanñd mb kbra`mhs higbtnvhs y phsnanhd`knbdth, `së ahkh `dàfnsns mbf kbra`mh y sbekbdths ` `fa`dz`r ` tr`vîs mb f` bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde (sb vbrà bd bf a`pëtufh 1). 1).
15
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Jhrkuf`anñd mb higbtnvhs7 bsihzh mb fhs higbtnvhs ahdarbths mb k`rlbtnde ` ahdsbeunr b nmbdtnjna`anñd mb `spbaths qub pubm`d `jbat`r f` ahdsbauanñd mb fhs knskhs. knskhs.
•
Jhrkuf`anñd mb bstr`tben`s7 mbjndnanñd mb f` bstr`tben` ` mbs`rrhff`r p`r` ahdsbeunr fhs higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
•
Nkpfbkbdt`anñd7 mbfnknt`anñd y mbjndnanñd mb fhs prher`k`s p`r` ffbv`r ` a`ih f` bstr`tben` bfbenm`, ndafuybdmh `atnvnm`mbs `atnvnm`mbs ahdarbt`s, su pf`dnjna`anñd tbkphr`f, prbsupubsth y `sned`anñd mb rbsphds`infnm`mbs p`r`7 prhmuath, prbanh, mnstrniuanñd y ahkudna`anñd (sb vbrà bd fhs a`pëtufhs 2, :, 5 y 3). 3).
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Ahdtrhf7 ndmna`r añkh sb v` ` kbmnr f` bvhfuanñd c`an` fhs higbtnvhs y ahkh sb ffbv`ràd ` a`ih fhs `gustbs p`r` k`dtbdbr fhs prher`k`s mbdtrh mb f`s prbvnsnhdbs. vnsnhdbs.
Jneur` 9.=. J`sbs bd f` bf`ihr`anñd mmbf bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
@ ahdtndu`anñd sb bxphdbd ahd k`yhr mbt`ffb fhs prndanp`fbs `spbaths ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd a`m` ud` mb bst`s bt`p`s (f` sbfbaanñd mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh, `së ahkh f`s `aanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx sb vbràd bd prhjudmnm`m kàs `mbf`dtb bd sus rbspbatnvhs a`pëtufhs). a`pëtufhs).
5
13
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
9.9.0. @dàfnsns mb sntu`anñd sntu`anñd Bf ibdbjnanh qub sb hitnbdb ahd su `pfna`anñd bs ahdhabr f` sntu`anñd rb`f bd qub sb bdaubdtr` f` bkprbs`, `së ahkh bf rnbseh r nbseh y hphrtudnm`mbs qub fb irndm` bf kbra`mh. Ahk÷dkbdtb sb fb ahdhab phr f`s snef`s m`Jh, ahrrbsphdmnbdtbs ` f`s ndnan`fbs mb7 mbinfnm`mbs, `kbd`z`s, j hrt`fbz`s hrt`fbz`s y h phrtudnm`mbs. phrtudnm`mbs. @ jnd mb prhabmbr `f `dàfnsns mb jhrk` hrmbd`m` bf m`Jh sb bstruatur` bd ud `dàfnsns bxtbrdh y ud `dàfnsns ndtbrdh. ndtbrdh. Bf `dàfnsns bxtbrdh ahdsnstb bd `d`fnz`r t`dth bf k`arhbdthrdh k `arhbdthrdh (bdthrdh bahdñknah, phfëtnah, shan`f, auftur`f, tbadhfñenah, bta.) ahkh bf knarhbdthrdh mb f` bkprbs` (ahkpbtbdan`, prhvbbmhrbs, mnstrniunmhrbs, afnbdtbs, `ebdtbs mb ndtbrîs) ahd bf jnd mb mbtbat`r f`s hphrtudnm`mbs mb f`s au`fbs dhs phmbkhs `prhvbac`r y f`s `kbd` z`s ` f`s au`fbs mbibrbkhs c`abr jrbdtb. jrbdtb. Hphrtudnm`mbs7 bs thmh `qubffh qub pubm` suphdbr ud` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv`
•
p`r` f` bkprbs`, h inbd rbprbsbdt`r ud` phsninfnm`m p`r` kbghr`r f` rbdt`infnm`m mb f` knsk` h `ukbdt`r f` anjr` mb sus dbehanhs. dbehanhs.
@kbd`z`s7 sb mbjndb ahkh thm` jubrz` mbf bdthrdh qub pubmb nkpbmnr f` nk-
•
pf`dt`anñd mb mb ud` bstr`tben`, h inbd rbmuanr su bjbatnvnm`m, bjbatnvnm`m, h ndarbkbdt`r ndarbkbdt`r fhs rnbsehs mb f` knsk`, h fhs rbaurshs qub sb rbqunbrbd p`r` su nkpf`dt`anñd, h inbd rbmuanr fhs nderbshs bspbr`mhs bspbr`mhs h su rbdt`infnm`m. rbdt`infnm`m.
_hr su p`rtb, bf `dàfnsns ndtbrdh ahdsnstb bd f` bv`fu`anñd mb fhs `spbaths mb f`s mnstndt`s àrb`s judanhd`fbs mb f` bkprbs` (k`rlbtnde, prhmuaanñd, jnd`dz`s, rbaurshs cuk`dhs, ndvbstne`anñd ndvbstne`anñd y mbs`rrhffh, bta.) ahd bf jnd mb mbtbat`r fhs pudths fhs pudths jubrtbs y mîinfbs qub pubm`d m`r fue`r ` vbdt`g`s h mbsvbdt`g` mbsvbdt`g`ss ahkpbtntnv`s. ahkpbtntnv`s. Jhrt`fbz`s7 shd a`p`anm`mbs, rbaurshs, phsnanhdbs `fa`dz`m`s y, ahdsbaubd-
•
tbkbdtb, vbdt`g`s ahkpbtntnv`s qub mbibd y pubmbd sbrvnr p`r` bxpfht`r hphrtudnm`mbs. hphrtudnm`mbs.
Mbinfnm`mbs7 shd `spbaths qub fnknt`d h rbmuabd f` a`p`anm`m mb mbs`rrhffh
•
bjbatnvh mb f` bstr`tben` mb f` bkprbs`, ahdstntuybd ud` `kbd`z` p`r` f` hre`dnz`anñd y mbibd, phr t`dth, t `dth, sbr ahdtrhf`m`s y supbr`m`s. supbr`m`s. @udqub fhs `spbaths mbtbat`mhs bd bf
m`Jh
shd p`rtnauf`rbs p`r` a`m` bkprbs`
`d`fnz`m`, ` khmh mb rbjbrbdan` f` t`if` 9.0 rbaheb `feudhs j`athrbs ahkudbs. ahkudbs.
5
1>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
H_HY]RDNM@MBQ H_HY]RDNM@MBQ
@KBD@W@Q @KBD@W@Q
• Bdtr`r bd dubvhs kbra`mhs h sbekbdths • Bdtr`m` mb dubvhs ahkpbtnmhrbs ahd ahstbs kàs i`ghs sbekbdths i`g hs afnbdtbs sustntutnvhs • @tbdmbr ` eruphs `mnanhd`fbs mb afnbdtbs • Ndarbkbdth bd f`s vbdt`s mb fhs prhmuaths sustntutnvhs kbra`mh • @kpfn`anñd mb f` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths p`r` s`tnsj`abr • Arbanknbdth fbdth mbf kbra`mh afnbdtbs • A`kinh bd f`s dbabsnm`mbs y eusths mb fhs ahdsukndubv`s dbabsnm`mbs mb fhs afnbdtbs • Arbanknbdth ràpnmh mbf kbra`mh kbra`mh mhrbs mhrbs • Mnvbrsnjna`anñd mb prhmuaths rbf`anhd`mhs rbf`anhd`mhs • Arbanbdtb phmbr mb dbehan`anñd mb afnbdtbs h prhvbb• Ndtber`anñd vbrtna`f vbrtna`f mhrbs mhrbs • Bfnknd`anñd mb i`rrbr`s ahkbran`fbs bd kbra`mhs kbra`mhs • Zufdbr`infnm`m ` f` rbabsnñd y `f anafh bkprbs`rn`f bkprbs`rn`f • A`kinhs `mvbrshs bd fhs tnphs mb a`kinh y bd b d f`s bxtbrnhrbs `tr`atnvhs `tr`atnvhs • Ahkpf`abdan` bdtrb f`s bkprbs`s rnv`fbs rnv`fbs phfëtna`s ahkbran`fbs mb htrhs p`ësbs p`ësbs • Ndarbkbdth mb i`rrbr`s y rbqunsnths rbef`kbdt`rnhs rbef`kbdt`rnhs
ahsthshs ahsthshs • A`kinhs mbkheràjnahs `mvbrshs `mvbrshs
JHY]@FBW@Q JHY]@FBW@Q
MBINFNM@MBQ MBINFNM@MBQ
af`vb • A`p`anm`mbs judm`kbdt`fbs bd `atnvnm`mbs af`vb • Ybaurshs jnd`danbrhs `mbau`mhs `mbau`mhs • C`infnm`mbs y rbaurshs tbadhfñenahs supbrnhrbs supbrnhrbs prndanp`f • _rhpnbm`m mb f` tbadhfheë` prndanp`f • Kbghr a`p`anm`m mb j`irna`anñd j`irna`anñd • Zbdt`g`s bd ahstbs ahstbs • @aabsh ` f`s bahdhkë`s mb bsa`f` bsa`f`
• Dh Dh c`y ud` mnrbaanñd bstr`tîena` bstr`tîena` af`r` af`r` • Nda`p`anm`m mb jnd`dan`r fhs a`kinhs dbabs`rnhs
f` bstr`tben` bstr`tben` af`vb • J`ft` mb `feud`s c`infnm`mbs h a`p`anm`mbs af`vb • @tr`sh bd ndvbstne`anñd y mbs`rrhffh mbs`rrhffh • Ahstbs udnt`rnhs kàs `fths bd rbf`anñd ahd fhs ahkah k pbtnmhrbs mnrbaths mnrbaths
• _hsnanñd mb vbdt`g` bd f` aurv` mb bxpbrnbdan` bxpbrnbdan` prhmuaths • C`infnm`mbs p`r` f` nddhv`anñd mb prhmuaths • Iubd` nk`ebd bd fhs ahdsuknmhrbs ahdsuknmhrbs • _rhmuaths (k`ra`s) inbd mnjbrbdan`mhs y v`fhrnz`mhs v`fhrnz`mhs
bd bf kbra`mh kbra`mh • Fëmbr bd bf kbra`mh kbra`mh puifnanm`m • Kbghrbs a`kp`ð`s mb puifnanm`m • Bstr`tben`s bspbaëjna`s h judanhd`fbs inbd nmb`m`s y mnsbð`m`s mnsbð`m`s • @nsf`m`, bd anbrt` kbmnm`, mb jubrtbs prbsnhdbs ahkahk pbtntnv`s pbtntnv`s • A`p`anm`m mnrbatnv` mnrbatnv` • Jfbxninfnm`m hre`dnz`tnv` hre`dnz`tnv`
• Ybdt`infnm`m ndjbrnhr ` f` kbmn` kbmn` mnstrniuanñd • Mbinfnm`m mb f` rbm mb mnstrniuanñd • Mîinf nk`ebd bd bf kbra`mh kbra`mh kbmn` • C`infnm`mbs mb k`rlbtnde phr mbi`gh mb f` kbmn` • Qbeunknbdth mbjnanbdtb bd f` nkpf`dt`anñd mb f` bs-
tr`tben` tr`tben` • Bxabsh mb prhifbk`s hpbr`tnvhs ndtbrdhs ndtbrdhs • A`rtbr` mb prhmuaths fnknt`m` fnknt`m` • Ndst`f`anhdbs hishfbt`s hishfbt`s • J`ft` mb bxpbrnbdan` y mb t`fbdth ebrbdan`f ebrbdan`f
]`if` 9.0. J`athrbs phtbdan`fbs mb ud
m`Jh
9.9.9. Knsnñd y higbtnvhs higbtnvhs 9.9.9.0. Mbjndnanñd Mbjndnanñd
mb f` knsnñd knsnñd
F` knsnñd bs ud` mbaf`r`anñd jhrk`f mbf prhpñsnth ebdbr`f mb f` ahkp`ðë`, fh qub qub mbsb` ahdsbeunr bd bf tnbkph y bd bf bsp`anh. bsp`anh. _hr fh t`dth, p`r` f` jhrkuf`anñd mb f` knsnñd, f` bkprbs` mbib m`r rbspubst`, bd bd ud chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f qub v` mb prbsbdtb ` juturh, ` auàf bs su a`kph mb dbehanh dbehanh
5
bd bd
=?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
`së ahkh su a`kph mb afnbdtbs (vbr jneur` 9.2). Mb bst` k`dbr`, f` knsnñd `atu`rë` ahkh ud` k`dh ndvnsnifb qub prhphranhd`rë` ud` nmb` ahk÷d shirb bf prhpñsnth mb f` bkprbs` ` mnrbatnvhs, bkpfb`mhs, afnbdtbs y mbkàs `ebdtbs. `ebdtbs.
Jneur` 9.2. Aubstnhdbs af`vb bd f` jhrkuf`anñd mb f` knsnñd knsnñd
Ahdarbt`kbdtb, f` mbjndnanñd mb f` knsnñd mbibrë` v`fhr`r andah bfbkbdths7 Ahdarbt`kbdtb, bfbkbdths7
•
•
•
•
•
Qu cnsthrn`7 f` bkprbs` dh mbib `fbg`rsb r`mna`fkbdtb mb bff`. bff`. Qus prbjbrbdan`s7 mb fhs mnrbatnvhs y prhpnbt`rnhs. prhpnbt`rnhs. Qu bdthrdh mb kbra`mh7 mbjndb f`s hphrtudnm`mbs y `kbd`z`s ` tbdbr bd aubdt`. aubdt`. Qus rbaurshs7 mbtbrknd`ràd sus bstr`tben`s phsnifbs. phsnifbs. Qus vbdt`g`s ahkpbtntnv`s7 shd f` af`vb mbf îxnth mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
_hr bgbkpfh, mb jhrk` snkpfnjna`m`, f` knsnñd mb f` bkprbs` _ufbv` sbrë` f` sneunbdtb7 eunbdtb7 «Dhs bsjhrz`khs bd ahdhabr tus dbabsnm`mbs dutrnanhd`fbs y mbstnd`khs rbaurshs p`r` ndvbstne`anñd y mbs`rrhffh ahd bf jnd mb bf`ihr`r `fnkbdths jrbsahs y d`tur`fbs mb prnkbr` a`fnm`m, qub tb `phrtbd bf bqunfnirnh y aunm`mh qub kbrbabs¼. kbrbabs¼.
9.9.9.9. Jhrkuf`anñd Jhrkuf`anñd
mb fhs higbtnvhs higbtnvhs
@ p`rtnr mbf mbs`rrhffh mbf `dàfnsns m`Jh, f` bkprbs` bst`rà bd ahdmnanhdbs mb bst`ifbabr sus higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde. F` mbtbrknd`anñd mb mnachs higbtnvhs mbib bst`ifbabrsb tbdnbdmh prbsbdtb mhs aubstnhdbs7 aubstnhdbs7
5
=0
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
rb`M rb `M fn zb`irbsb bd fnz b d bf b f k`r k`rah ah mb m b f` f` kns knsnñ nñdd mb m b f` f` bkpr bk prbs bs`` y ahd a hdtr trni niun unrr ` f` f`
•
ahd- sbauanñd mb sus higbtnvhs ebdbr`fbs. ebdbr`fbs.
Mbib ahhrmnd`rsb ahd fhs higbtnvhs mbf rbsth mb àrb`s judanhd`fbs mb f` bk-
•
prbs`. prbs`.
_bsb ` f` er`d v`rnbm`m mb higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde phsnifbs, f` k`yhrë` mb bffhs pubmbd rbf`anhd`rsb rbf`anhd`rsb ahd `feud` `feud` mb f`s sneunbdtbs sneunbdtbs a`tbehrë`s7 a`tbehrë`s7 rbf`anhdbs7 arb`r, k`dtbdbr b ndtbdsnjna`r rbf`anhdbs ahd afnbd Higbtnvhs mb rbf`anhdbs7
•
tbs, prhvbbmhrbs, mnstrniunmhrbs, bta. bta.
Higbtnvhs ahkbran`fbs7 ahkbran`fbs7 `ukbdt`r, k`dtbdbr vbdt`s, auht` mb kbra`mh, kbra`mh, au`fau`f-
•
qunbr higbtnvh mb f`s = «_bs¼. «_bs¼.
Higbtnvhs bahdñknahs7 bahdñknahs7 ndarbkbdt`r h k`dtbdbr ibdbjnanhs, rbdt`infnm`m, rbdt`infnm`m,
•
kàrebdbs. kàrebdbs.
F` t`if` 9.9. kubstr` ud bgbkpfh bd f` jhrkuf`anñd mb higbtnvhs p`r` f` bkprbs` Quzuln. Quzuln. `
HIGB]NZHQ MB ZBD]@Q7 • Quzuln bspbr` vbdmbr >.??? vbcëaufhs bd bf 9?09 9?09 • _`r` bf 9?01 fhs higbtnvhs `sanbdmbd ` 9?.??? ums. ums. • _`r` bf 9?0= bspbr`d ud`s vbdt`s mb 1?.??? ums. ums.
f`dz`knbdth dz`knbdth mb dubvhs khmbfhs khmbfhs ]hmhs bsths higbtnvhs mb vbdt`s sb ahdsbeunràd ahd bf f` `
HIGB]NZHQ MB IBDBJNANH7
dbth • Bspbr` ndarbkbdt`r ud 11,>% su ibdbjnanh dbth ]`if` 9.9. Bgbkpfh bd f` jhrkuf`anñd mb higbtnvhs p`r` f` bkprbs` Quzuln Quzuln
_hr fh t`dth, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` 9.:, vbkhs qub f` knsnñd tnbdb ud àkinth tbkphr`f mb `pfna`anñd qub haup` thm` f` vnm` mb f` bkprbs`, knbdtr`s qub fhs f hs hi gbtnvhs jhrkuf`mhs sb ahrrbsphdmbd ahrrbsphdmbd ahd ahd bf chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f tbkphr`f qub k`rqub bf pf`d mb k`rlbtnde (ebdbr`fkbdtb ud `ðh). `ðh).
5
=9
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Knsnñd Knsnñd
u
`ðhs) _F@D BQ]Y@]ÎENAH @ KBMNH _F@WH (= `ðhs)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 0) 0)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 9) 9)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh 1) 1)
_f`d bstr`tîenah (`ðh =) =)
_f`dbs _f`dbs K`rlbtnde mb K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb K`rlbtnde K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs K`rlbtnde mb K`rlbtnde
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb _rhmuaanñd _rhmuaanñd
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs Jnd`danbrhs mb Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs mb Jnd`danbrhs Jnd`danbrhs
_f`dbs _f`dbs Jnd`danbrh mb Jnd`danbrh
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
_f`dbs mb YY. CC. CC.
Hig. KL 0 0
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
pf`dbs Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
Htrhs pf`dbs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
pf`dbs Htrhs pf`dbs judanhd`fbs judanhd`fbs
Jneur` 9.:. Chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f bd f` jhrkuf`anñd mb f` knsnñd y fhs higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde
9.9.1. Bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde F` sbfbaanñd mb f` bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde suphdb f` mbjndnanñd mb f` k`dbr` mb `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde bst`ifbanmhs. Bst` mbansnñd ahkphrt`rà f` nk pfbkbdt`anñd mb ud ahdgudth mb `aanhdbs (f`s = _bs) qub f` c`e`d phsnifb bd ud chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f y ud prbsupubs prbsupubsth th ahdarbth, f`s au`fbs sbràd vnst`s bd a`pëtufhs suabsnvhs kàs `mbf`dtb. `mbf`dtb. @ ahdtndu`anñd sb prbsbdt`d f`s prndanp`fbs tnphfheë`s mb bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde ` ahdsnmbr`r phr f` bkprbs`7 bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth, bstr`tben`s ahkpbtntnv`s y bstr`tben`s sbe÷d f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv`. ahkpbtntnv`.
5
=1
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
9.9.1.0. Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth arbanknbdth Qhd `qubff`s qub p`rtbd mb ud higbtnvh mb arbanknbdth, y` sb` bd f`s vbdt`s, bd f` f` mb kbra`mh h bd fhs p`rtnanp`anñd mb fhs ibdbjnanhs. _ubmbd sbr mb trbs tnphs7 tnphs7 •
Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth ndtbdsnvh7 pbrsneubd bf arbanknbdth kbmn`dtb f` `atu`anñd bd fhs kbra`mhs y/h prhmuaths ahd fhs qub f` bkprbs` y` hpbr`. Mbdtrh mb bst` a`tbehrë` mnstndeunkhs trbs tnphs7 tnphs7 pbdbtr`anñd7 arbabr kbmn`dtb fhs prhmuaths bxnstbdtbs bd Bstr`tben` mb pbdbtr`anñd7
‑
fhs kbra`mhs `atu`fbs. `atu`fbs.
_hr bgbkpfh, ahd su a`kp`ð` « @ kn kb m`i`d mhs¼ _btnt Qunssb tr`t` mb ndarbkbdt`r bf vhfukbd mb ahkpr` y f` auht` mb kbra`mh mb su prhmuath. prhmuath.
Bstr`tben` mb mbs`rrhffh mb kbra`mh7 kbra`mh 7 arbabr ` tr`vîs mb f` ahkbran`fnz`-
‑
anñd mb fhs prhmuaths `atu`fbs bd dubvhs kbra`mhs. Ebdbr`fkbdtb sb m` ` p`rtnr mb ud` bxp`dsnñd ebheràjna`, ebheràjna`, sn inbd pubmb `ahkbtbrsb phr htr`s vë`s, ahkh f` dubvhs utnfnz`anñd mb a`d`fbs mb mnstrniuanñd `ftbrd`tnvhs h f` `atu`anñd shirb sbekbdths mb kbra`mh. kbra`mh. _hr bgbkpfh, Acup` Acups bstà bdjha`dmh su prhmuath c`an` fhs `mufths. @mbkàs, sb c` bxp`dmnmh ` kàs mb 05? p`ësbs ahd kàs mb ud knffñd mb bst`ifbanknbdths. bst`ifbanknbdths.
Bstr`tben` mb mbs`rrhffh mb prhmuath7 prhmuath7 arbabr ` tr`vîs mb dubvhs prhmua-
‑
ths h rbjhrkuf`anhdbs mb fhs bxnstbdtbs (`ð`mnbdmh ( `ð`mnbdmh dubv`s dubv`s a`r`atbrëstna`s, kbghr`dmh su a`fnm`m, bta.) mnrnenmhs ` fhs kbra`mhs `atu`fbs. `atu`fbs.
_hr bgbkpfh, Aha` Ahf` s`a` ahdtndu`kbdtb dubvhs prhmuaths ahd f` ndtbdanñd mb hjrbabr ud` k`yhr v`rnbm`m ` su kbra`mh. kbra`mh. •
5
Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth phr mnvbrsnjna`anñd 7 pbrsneubd bf arbanknbdth i`sàdmhsb bd f`s hphrtudnm`mbs mbtbat`m`s bd htrhs kbra`mhs mnstndths `f `atu`f bd fhs qub ndtrhmuabd prhmuaths mnstndths mb fhs `atu`fbs. Mbdtrh mb bstb tnph mb bstr`tben`s phmbkhs mnjbrbdan`r bdtrb7 bdtrb7
==
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
‑ Bstr`tben`
mb mnvbrsnjna`anñd dh rbf`anhd`m` (pur`) (pur`)77 f`s dubv`s `atnvnm`mbs bkprbdmnm`s phr f` bkprbs` dh eu`rm`d dndeud` rbf`anñd ahd f`s `atu`fbs. `atu`fbs. _hr bgbkpfh, bf Eruph _`sau`f, `mbkàs mb su `atnvnm`m bd bf sbathr fàatbh, tnbdb dbehanhs bd bf sbathr ahdstruathr b ndkhinfn`rnh. ndkhinfn`rnh.
Bstr`tben` Bstr`tben` mb mnvbrsnjna`anñd rbf`anhd`m` (ahdaîdtrna`)7 (ahdaîdtrna`)7 f`s dubv`s `atnvnm`mbs bkprbdmnm`s phr f` bkprbs` ahkp`rtbd ud` i`sb ahk÷d ahd f`s `atu`fbs. `atu`fbs.
‑
_hr bgbkpfh, Cbrh c` p`s`mh mb abdtr`rsb bd prhmuaths ahkh f`s kbrkbf`m`s p`r` bf kbra`mh `mufth, ` mnrnenrsb `f sbathr ndj`dtnf ahd prhmuaths ahkh f` fbacb bd phfvh h f`s p`pnff`s i`gh f` fëdb` Cbrh I`iy. I`iy.
Bd f` jneur` 9.5 sb prbsbdt` ud bsqubk` mb f`s mnstndt`s bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth ndtbdsnvh y phr mnvbrsnjna`anñd bxpubst`s. bxpubst`s.
arbanknbdth Higbtnvh7 arbanknbdth Knskhs prhmuaths prhmuaths Knskhs kbra`mhs kbra`mhs
_bdbtr`anñd _bdbtr`anñd
Dubvhs kbra`mhs kbra`mhs
Mbs`rrhffh mb kbra`mhs kbra`mhs
Dubvhs prhmuaths prhmuaths
Mbs`rrhffh Mbs`rrhffh mb prhmuaths prhmuaths Mnvbrsnjna`anñd Mnvbrsnjna`anñd
mnvbrsnjna`anñd Jneur` 9.5. Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth ndtbdsnvh y phr mnvbrsnjna`anñd •
Bstr`tben`s mb arbanknbdth phr ndtber`anñd7 pbrsneubd bf arbanknbdth ` tr`vîs mb ud mbs`rrhffh qub pubmb hrnbdt`rsb bd trbs mnrbaanhdbs7 mnrbaanhdbs7 Bstr`tben` mb ndtber`anñd vbrtna`f c`an` `tràs7 `tràs7 `mqunrnr h thk`r ud` p`rp`r-
‑
prhvbbmhr`s. tnanp`anñd snednjna`tnv` bd htr`s bkprbs`s prhvbbmhr`s.
_hr bgbkpfh, nk`endbkhs qub ud` ahkp`ðë` `uthkhvnfëstna` ahkh Jhrm pubm` phsbbr ud` bkprbs` mb dbukàtnahs, ud` mb vnmrnh y ud` mb kbt`f. kbt`f.
5
=2
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bstr`tben` mb ndtber`anñd vbrtna`f c`an` mbf`dtb7 `mqunrnr h thk`r ud` ud`
‑
snednjna`tnv` bd htr`s bkprbs`s p`rtnanp`anñd snednjna`tnv` bkprbs`s mnstrniunmhr`s. mnstrniunmhr`s.
_hr bgbkpfh, Nibrn` rb`fnz` t`kinîd f`s f`ihrbs mb f`s `ebdan`s mb vn`gb `f vbdmbr sus inffbtbs ` tr`vîs mb Ndtbrdbt. Ndtbrdbt. Bstr`tben` mb ndtber`anñd chrnzhdt`f7 `mqunrnr h thk`r thk`r ud` p`rtnanp`anñd p`rtnanp`anñd
‑
snednjna`tnv` bd htr`s bkprbs`s ahkpbtnmhr`s. ahkpbtnmhr`s.
_hr bgbkpfh, bd 9??> f` prhmuathr` Mnsdby `mqunbrb K`rvbf phr 9.3?? knffhdbs mb burhs. burhs.
9.9.1.9. Bstr`tben`s ahkpbtntnv`s mb Lhtfbr Bd judanñd mb f` phsnanñd rbf`tnv` mb dubstr` bkprbs` jrbdtb ` f` ahkpbtbdan` phmbkhs mnstndeunr au`trh tnphs mb bstr`tben`7 bstr`tben`7 prhmuath qub haup` f` phsnanñd mhknd`dtb mhknd`dtb bd bf bf Bstr`tben` mb fëmbr7 `qubf prhmuath
•
ahkpbtnmhrbs. kbra`mh y `së bs rbahdhanmh phr sus ahkpbtnmhrbs.
Bd bstb a`sh f` bkprbs` iusa`rà k`dtbdbr su phsnanñd, sbeunr arbanbdmh p`r` mnst`dan`rsb `÷d kàs mb sus ahkpbtnmhrbs y c`abr jrbdtb j rbdtb ` `qubff`s hre`dnz`anhdbs qub sneubd bstr`tben`s mb rbt`mhr. rbt`mhr. Bstr`tben` mb rbt`mhr7 `qubf qub, snd haup`r f` f ` phsnanñd mb fëmbr, prbtbdmb
•
`fa`dz`rf`. `fa`dz`rf`.
_`r` bffh mbs`rrhff`rà bstr`tben`s `erbsnv`s c`an` bf fëmbr utnfnz`dmh sus knsk`s `rk`s, h ` tr`vîs mb `aanhdbs bd htr`s mnkbdsnhdbs bd f`s qub bf fëmbr bs mîinf. mîinf. Bstr`tben` mb sbeunmhr7 `qubf qub phsbb ud` auht` mb kbra`mh rbmuanm` y
•
`mhpt` ud ahkphrt`knbdth mb sbeunknbdth mb f`s mbansnhdbs mb sus ahkpbtnmhrbs. tnmhrbs. Iusa`, pubs, ud` p`aëjna` ahbxnstbdan` bd bf kbra`mh ahdabdtràdmhsb bd fhs sbekbdths mbf kbra`mh bd fhs qub ehz` mb ud` kbghr phsnanñd. Duda` `mhpt`rà `aanhdbs `erbsnv`s shirb bf fëmbr. fëmbr.
Bstr`tben` mb bspban`fnst`7 f` bkprbs` sb ahdabdtr` bd udh h v`rnhs sbe-
•
kbdths, iusa`dmh bd bffhs ud cubah mb kbra`mh bspbaëjnah bd bf qub pubm` k`dtbdbr y mbjbdmbr ud` phsnanñd mb fëmbr jrbdtb jr bdtb ` fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs. ahkpbtnmhrbs.
5
=:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
`f y]ahkh kubstr` f` t`if` 9.1, bstb sbrë` bf a`sh mb bkprbs`s ahkh Punlsnfvbr qub, mbdtrh mb f` ndmustrn` mb f` rhp` mbphrtnv`, ` pbs`r mb dh sbr ud` bkprbs` fëmbr p`r` bf p÷ifnah bd ebdbr`f, së fh bs bd bf sbekbdth bspbaëjnah mbf surj. surj. FËMBY
YB]@MHY
QBERNMHY
BQ_BAN@FNQ]@ BQ_BAN@FNQ]@
]`if` 9.1. Bgbkpfhs mb bstr`tben`s ahkpbtntnv`s p`r` bf sbathr mb f` rhp` mbphrtnv` mbphrtnv`
9.9.1.1. Bstr`tben`s sbe÷d f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` mb _hrtbr _hrtbr Jnd`fkbdtb, bd judanñd mb f` jubdtb k`yhrnt`rn` shirb f` qub ahdstrunr f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` pbrsbeunm`, `së ahkh mb f` `kpfntum mb kbra`mh `f qub sb qunbrb mnrnenr (`atu`anñd shirb su tht`fnm`m h shirb `fe÷d sbekbdth bspbanjnah) f` bkprbs` pubmb hpt`r phr trbs tnphs mb bstr`tben`7 bstr`tben`7 Bstr`tben` mb ahstbs7 f` hre`dnz`anñd bstà `atu`dmh bd thmh bf kbra`mh y
•
f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` qub iusa` bs f` mb rbmuanr ahstbs (sb subfb utnfnz`r bd kbra`mhs mb prhmuaths phah mnjbrbdan`mhs). mnjbrbdan`mhs).
_hr bgbkpfh,bkprbs`s ahkh Nlb`, Fnmf, Kbmn` K`rlt h Yy`d`nr i`s`d su vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` bd sus i`ghs ahstbs, fh qub fbs pbrkntb `aumnr `f kbra`mh ahd prbanhs kàs i`ghs. i`ghs.
Bstr`tben` mb mnjbrbdan`anñ mnj brbdan`anñd d7 f` hre`dnz`anñd bstà `atu`dmh bd thmh bf kbrk br-
•
a`mh y f` vbdt`g` ahkpbtntnv` qub iusa` bs f` f ` mb mnjbrbdan`r su prhmuath. prhmuath.
_hr bgbkpfh, Qw`tac h Yhfbx sb mnjbrbda mnjbrbdan`d n`d bd bf b f mnsbðh, ikw bd f` bfbe`dan`. _hr htrh htrh f`mh,]bfbpnzz`, f`mh,]bfbpnzz `, Bi`y h nde Mnrbat sb c`d mnjbrbdan`mh bd f` jhrk` mb mnstrniuanñd utnfnz`m`. utnfnz`m`.
5
=5
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bstr`tben` mb bdjhqub h bspban`fnz`anñd7 f` hre`dnz`anñd dh sb mnrneb ` f`
•
tht`fnm`m mbf kbra`mh sndh ` ud sbekbdth bspbaëjnah. Mbdtrh mb bff`, sb pubmb iusa`r ud` bstr`tben` mb ahstbs h mnjbrbdan`anñd. mnjbrbdan`anñd.
Punlsnfvbr,, _rîd`t`f, _rîd`t`f, Jbrr`rn h _rhdhvn`s, _hr bgbkpfh, sbrë` bf a`sh mb bkprbs`s ahkh Punlsnfvbr f`s au`fbs sb mnrnebd ` sbekbdths mb kbra`mh kuy ahdarbths. ahdarbths.
9.9.1.=. Bf k`rlbtnde hpbr`tnvh7 bgbauanñd y ahdtrhf Rd` vbz jhrkuf`m` f` bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde kàs `mbau`m`, bs dbabs`rnh prbvbr su nkpfbkbdt`anñd ` tr`vîs mb ud ahdgudth mb `aanhdbs qub fb mbd shphrtb y bgbauanñd. Mnach prher`k` mb `aanhdbs sb ahdarbt` bd au`trh tnph mb mbansnhdbs (prhmuath, prbanh, mnstrniuanñd y ahkudna`anñd) ` f`s qub ahdhabkhs ahkh «k`rlbtnde knx knx¼¼ (sbràd `d`fnz`m`s ndmnvnmu`fkbdtb ndmnvnmu`fkbdtb bd fhs a`pëtufhs 2, :, 5 y 3 rbspbatnv`kbdtb). tnv`kbdtb). ]hm`s bst`s `aanhdbs mbibd mb bst`r ahhrmnd`m`s y sbr ahcbrbdtbs, y` qub f`s au`trh mbansnhdbs mbibd mb ahdtrniunr ` f` ahdsbauanñd mb fhs higbtnvhs mb k`rlbtnde k`ra`mhs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, p`r` e`r`dtnz`r bst` ahhrmnd`anñd sb mbib bst`ifbabr7 bst`ifbabr7 Rd` Rd` prher`k`anñd prher`k`anñd tbkphr`f y bsp`an`f mb f`s mnjbrbdtbs `aanhdbs. `aanhdbs.
•
Rd` `sned`anñd mb fhs rbaurshs nkpfna`mhs y dbabs`rnhs bd a`m` `aanñd (cu-
•
k`dhs, k`tbrn`fbs y bahdñknahs). bahdñknahs).
_hr ÷ftnkh, p`r` `sbeur`rdhs mb qub sb c`d `fa`dz`mh fhs higbtnvhs pf`db`mhs ` tr`vîs mb f`s `aanhdbs y mbansnhdbs thk`m`s, bs prbansh rb`fnz`r ud` ÷ftnk` f`ihr mb ahdtrhf qub ndafuy` f`s sneunbdtbs j`sbs7 j`sbs7 Kbmnanñd mb fhs rbsuft`mhs (mbpbdmbrà (mbpbdmbràdd mnrbat`kbdtb mb fhs higbtnvhs k`r-
•
a`mhs). a`mhs). Ahkp`r`anñd bdtrb prbvnsnhdbs y rb`fnz`anhdbs (p`r` s`ibr sn sb c`d aukpfn-
•
mh fhs higbtnvhs h dh y bd quî kbmnm` sb c`d prhmuanmh mbsvn`anhdbs). mbsvn`anhdbs).
Mbtbrknd`anñd mb `aanhdbs ahrrbathr`s (p`r` rbahdmuanr mbsvn`anhdbs shirb
•
fhs rbsuft`mhs bspbr`mhs). bspbr`mhs).
_`r` qub f` f`ihr mb ahdtrhf sb` ÷tnf, bst`s j`sbs mbibd mb rb`fnz`rsb sbaubdan`fkbdtb ` fh f`reh mbf chrnzhdtb tbkphr`f mbf pf`d y dh shfh ` su jnd`fnz`anñd. Mb bst` k`dbr`, sb phmràd nr ndtrhmuanbdmh kbmnm`s ahrrbathr`s t`d prhdth ahkh fhs brrhrbs sb v`y`d prhmuanbdmh. prhmuanbdmh.
5
=3
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH 17 F` sbekbdt`anñd mb kbra`mhs y bf phsnanhd`knbdth
5
=>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bd bstb a`pëtufh sb rbvns`d f`s prndanp`fbs bt`p`s qub f` bkprbs` tnbdb qub `ahkbtbr bd bf prhabsh mb sbekbdt`anñd mb sus kbra`mhs. _`r` bffh bf a`pëtufh sb c` c` bstruatur`mh bd au`trh `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, `dtbs mb prhabmbr ` f` sbekbdt`anñd, bs prbansh mbjndnr ahd af`rnm`m quî bdtbdmbkhs phr kbra`mh mbsmb f` mnsanpfnd` mb k`rlbtnde, rbp`s`dmh sus mnvnsnhdbs y tnphfheë`s, `së ahkh ahdabptu` ahdabptu`fnz`dmh fnz`dmh `qubff` v`rn`ifb ` tr`vîs mb f` au`f sb bxtbrnhrnz` y sb knmb k nmb bf ahkphrt`knbdth efhi`f mbf kbra`mh7 f` mbk`dm`. mbk`dm`. Bd ud sbeudmh `p`rt`mh, dhs abdtr`khs bd f` mbjndnanñd mbf ahdabpth mb sbekbdt`anñd, bxphdnbdmh sus mnjbrbdtbs dnvbfbs y arntbrnhs. arntbrnhs. Rd` vbz sbekbdt`mh bf kbra`mh, bd ud tbrabr `p`rt`mh, sb kubstr`d fhs prndan p`fbs j`athrbs qub f` bkprbs` mbib mbib tbdbr bd aubdt` ` f` chr` mb mbjndnr su p÷ifnah higbtnvh, `së ahkh f`s phsnifbs bstr`tben`s mb sbekbdt`anñd ` `mhpt`r. `mhpt`r. Bd au`rth fue`r, mbjndnkhs bf tîrkndh phsnanhd`knbdth mb kbra`mh, `d`fnz`dmh irbvbkbdtb su kbthmhfheë` mb `pfna`anñd, `pfna`anñd, `së ahkh bxphdnbdmh su bstrbac` rbf`anñd ahd rbspbath `f prhabsh mb sbekbdt`anñd ffbv`mh ` a`ih phr f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
1.0. Ahdabpth mb kbra`mh kbra`mh 1.0.0. Mbjndnanñd mb kbra`mh kbra`mh Hrnend`fkbdtb bf tîrkndh mb kbra`mh sb utnfnzñ p`r` mbsned`r bf fue`r mhdmb ahk pr`mhrbs pr`m hrbs y vbdm vbdmbmhr bmhrbs bs sb rbudë rbudë`d `d p`r` ndtbra`kin`r ndtbra`kin`r sus inbd inbdbs. bs. Fhs bahdhknst`s `mhpt`rhd mnrbat`kbdtb bst` ahdabptu`fnz`anñd, ahdsnmbr`dmh bf kbra`mh ahkh bf ahdgudth mb ahkpr`mhrbs y vbdmbmhrbs qub ndtbra`kin`d n dtbra`kin`d ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath. prhmuath. _hr ahdtr`, mbsmb bf àrb` mb k`rlbtnde sb sbp`r` ` ahkpr`mhrbs y vbdmbmhrbs, mnjbrbdan`dmh fhs ahdabpths mb kbra`mh b ndmustrn`. @së, phr kbra`mh bdtbdmbkhs bf ahdgudth mb ahkpr`mhrbs, y` dh shfh rb`fbs, sndh t`kinîd phtbdan`fbs, mb ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath, knbdtr`s qub phr ndmustrn` ahdsnmbr`khs `f ahdgudth mb vbdmbmhrbs. vbdmbmhrbs. _hr fh t`dth, mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf k`rlbtnde, fh qub mbtbrknd` f` bxnstbdan` bxnstbdan` bs7 mb ud kbra`mh bs7 • • • •
F` bxnstbdan` mb ud ahdgudth mb pbrshd`s. pbrshd`s. Pub bst`s tbde`d ud` dbabsnm`m mb ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh. sbrvnanh. Pub mbsbbd h pubm`d mbsb`r ahkpr`r (afnbdtbs `atu`fbs h phtbdan`fbs). phtbdan`fbs). Pub tbde`d f` a`p`anm`m mb ahkpr`r (dh shfh bahdñkna`, t`kinîd fbe`f, mb au`fnjna`anñd, bta.). bta.).
20
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd bstb sbdtnmh, fhs bfbkbdths iàsnahs qub c` mb tbdbr bd aubdt` f` hre`dnz`anñd ` f` chr` mb mbjndnr su kbra`mh sbràd7 su ndtbrîs, sus nderbshs, su `aabsh y su au`fnjna`anñd. jna`anñd.
1.0.9. Dnvbfbs Dnvbfbs mb kbra`mh kbra`mh Bd judanñd mb auàfbs mb fhs `dtbrnhrbs bfbkbdths shd ahdsnmbr`mhs ahdsnmbr`mhs bd f` mbjndnanñd mbjndnanñd mbf kbra`mh, phmbkhs mnvnmnrfh bd mnjbrbdtbs dnvbfbs7 dnvbfbs7 •
Kbra`mh efhi`f7 ahdgudth jhrk`mh phr thmhs fhs ahkpr`mhrbs rb`fbs y phtbdan`fbs mb ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh. sbrvnanh.
• Kbra`mh phtbdan`f7 ahdgudth mb ahdsuknmhrbs qub kubstr` ndtbrîs phr ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh sbrvnanh p`rtnauf`r. • Kbra`mh mnsphdnifb7 ahdgudth mb ahdsuknmhrbs qub tnbdbd ndtbrîs , nderb shs y `aabsh ` ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh p`rtnauf`r. • Kbra`mh mnsphdnifb au`fnjna`mh7 ahdgudth mb ahdsuknmhrbs qub tnbdbd nd-
,
tbr îs
,
nder bshs
aabsh
`
y
p`r` ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh p`rtn p`r`
au`fnJna`anñd
auf`r. •
Kbra`mh higbtnvh7 p`rtb mbf kbra`mh mnsphdnifb au`fnjna`mh ` f` qub f` ahkp`ðë` mbanmb mnrnenrsb. mnrnenrsb.
•
Kbra`mh pbdbtr`mh7 ahdgudth mb ahdsuknmhrbs qub y` c`d ahkpr`mh ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath h sbrvnanh, bs mbanr, fhs afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
Bf sneunbdtb bgbkpfh pbrkntb nfustr`r bf snednjna`mh mb a`m` udh mb bsths dnvbfbs7 dn vbfbs7 _f`dtb`khs bf a`sh mb ud` bkprbs` mbmna`m` `f `fqunfbr mb `uthkñvnfbs bd ud `brhpubrth. Bd bstb a`sh sus dnvbfbs mb kbra`mh sb ahrrbsphdmbrë`d ahd7 ahd7 • Kbra`mh
phtbdan`f7 au`fqunbr ahdmuathr qub pubm` dbabsnt`r mnsphdbr mb ud kbmnh mb tr`dsphrtb mb jhrk` tbkphr`f. tbkphr`f.
• Kbra`mh
mnsphdnifb7 mbdtrh mb su kbra`mh phtbdan`f au`fqunbr ahdmuathr qub pubm` pbrkntnrsb p`e`r bf prbanh mbf `fqunfbr y sb bdaubdtrb bd `fe÷d fue`r abra`dh `f sbrvnanh. sbrvnanh.
• Kbra`mh
mnsphdnifb au`fnjna`mh7 mbdtrh mbf kbra`mh mnsphdnifb `qubffhs ahdmuathrbs ahd pbrknsh mb ahdmuanr y qub s`tnsj`e`d fhs arntbrnhs mb bm`m y bxpbrnbdan` bxnenmhs. bx nenmhs.
• Kbra`mh higbtnvh7 mbdtrh mbf kbra`mh mnsphdnifb au`fnjna`mh `qubffhs qub vn`g`d `f `f
`brhpubrth bd aubstnñd y dbabsnt`d vn`g`r ` htrhs fue`rbs mbdtrh mbf àrb` kbtrhphfnt`d`. kbtrhphfnt`d`. • Kbra`mh pbdbtr`mh7 ahdgudth mb ahdmuathrbs qub
y` c`d utnfnz`mh h utnfnz`d fhs sbrvnanhs
mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
29
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bs ÷tnf mnjbrbdan`r fhs dnvbfbs mb kbra`mh y` qub bs phsnifb qub f` bkprbs` mbi` `pfna`r bstr`tben`s mnstndt`s sbe÷d qub tr`tb ahd udh u htrh. @së, phr bgbkpfh, p`r` bf kbra`mh pbdbtr`mh, qub y` c` `mqunrnmh bf prhmuath, f` bkprbs` hpt`rà phr bstr`tben`s qub iusqubd k`dtbdbr `f afnbdtb, knbdtr`s qub p`r` bf rbsth mb kbra`mhs, bd fhs qub bf ahdsuknmhr thm`vë` dh c` ahkpr`mh bf prhmuath, f` bkprbs` hpt`rà phr bstr`tben`s mb a`pt`anñd mb afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
1.0.1. ]nphfheë`s mb kbra`mh kbra`mh Dh sb pubmb ahdsnmbr`r qub bxnstb ud ÷dnah kbra`mh, kbra`mh, sndh qub pubmbd bxnstnr kuac`s af`snjna`anhdbs mb kbra`mh sbe÷d bf pudth mb vnst` mbsmb bf qub sb ahdtbkpfb. Fhs au`trh arntbrnhs kàs utnfnz`mhs p`r` af`snjna`r bf kbra`mh shd7 sbe÷d shd7 sbe÷d bf prhmuath qub sb ahkbran`fnz`, sbe÷d bf àkinth ebheràjnah, sbe÷d f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf ahkpr`mhr y sbe÷d f` dhvbm`m mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. 1.0.1.0. Qbe÷d bf prhmuath qub sb ahkbran`fnz` ahkbran`fnz` •
Kbra`mh mb prhmuaths mb ahdsukh7 sb ahkbran`fnz`d prhmuaths p`r` bf bf ush pbrshd`f h j`knfn`r. Mbdtrh mb bffhs mnstndeunkhs mhs tnphs7 tnphs7 ‑ Ndkbmn`th Ndkbmn`th77 sb ahdsukbd mur`dtb kuy phah tnbkph mbspuîs mb f` ahkpr`
(bg.7 prhmuaths mb f` abst` mb f` ahkpr`). ahkpr`). ‑ Mur`mbrh Mur`mbrh77 su ahdsukh sb c`ab `
tr`vîs mbf tnbkph (bg.7 ud ahacb, ud`
a`s`, bta.). bta.). •
Kbra`mh mb prhmuaths ndmustrn`fbs 7 sb ahkbran`fnz`d prhmuaths ` htr`s bkprbs`s p`r` ndahrphr`rfhs ` sus prhabshs prhmuatnvhs (bg.7 k`qund`rn`, bqunphs ndjhrkàtnahs, k`tbrn`s prnk`s, bta.). bta.).
•
Kbra`mh mb sbrvnanhs7 sb a`r`atbrnz`d phr bf a`ràatbr ndt`denifb mbf prhmuath (bg.7 bmua`anñd, i`da`, tr`dsphrtbs, sbeurhs, bta.). bta.).
1.0.1.9. Qbe÷d bf àkinth ebheràjnah ebheràjnah Qbe÷d bf àrb` ebheràjna` bd f` qub sb prhmuza` f` ahkbran`fnz`anñd mbf prhmuath, prhmuath, c`if`r mb7 phmrbkhs c`if`r mb7
•
Kbra`mh fha`f7 phr bgbkpfh, prhmuaths ahkh _`p`s E`raë`, qub shfh sb ahkbran`fnz`d bd A`stbffñd. A`stbffñd.
•
Kbra`mh rbenhd`f7 phr bgbkpfh, f`s rhsqunffbt`s h fhs j`rthds fhs j`rthds,, qub shfh sb sb ahkbran`fnz`d bd f` Ahkudnm`m Z`fbdan`d`. Z`fbdan`d`.
21
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• a`mK h bdr`anhd`f7 phr bgbkpfh, bd prhmuaths ahkh f`s pnp`s, qub shfh sb sb
Bsp`ð`. ahkbran`fnz`d bd Bsp`ð`. •
Kbra`mh ndtbrd`anhd`f7 phr bgbkpfh, bd prhmuaths ahkh bf vndh h bf g`- g`- kudmh. kñd, qub sb ahkbran`fnz`d bd thmh bf kudmh.
1.0.1.1. Qbe÷d f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf ahkpr`mhr Bd judanñd mbf `ebdtb qub `mqunbr` bf prhmuath phmrbkhs mnstndeunr bdtrb7 bdtrb7 •
Kbra`mh mb ahdsuknmhrbs7 f` prndanp`f udnm`m mb ahkpr` bs bf ahkpr`mhr ahkpr`mhr ràpnm`. ndmnvnmu`f h f` j`knfn`. Bd bstb a`sh f` ahkpr` subfb sbr jàanf y ràpnm`.
•
Kbra`mh mb hre`dnz`anhdb hre`dnz`anhdbss7 f` prndanp`f udnm`m mb ahkpr` bs bkprbs`rn` bkprbs`rn`f.f. Bd bstb a`sh, bf d÷kbrh mb ahkpr`mhrbs bs kuach kbdhr y f`s mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr` suphdbd ud prhabsh ahkpfbgh y r`anhd`f. Mbdtrh mb îf phmbkhs bdahdtr`r7 bdahdtr`r7 ‑ Kbra`mh mbf
j`irna`dtb7 jhrk`mh phr thm`s f`s bkprbs`s qub `mqunbrbd j`irna`dtb7 prhmuaths ahd ahd bf jnd mb `pfna`rfhs ` f` j`irna`anñd mb htrhs prhmuaths (bg.7 bkprbs`s mbf sbathr abràknah, qub ahkpr`d ` prhvbbmhrbs mb bsk`ftb, `ranff`, bta.). bta.).
‑ Kbra`mh
mbf ndtbrkbmn`rnh ndtbrkbmn`rnh77 jhrk`mh phr bkprbs`s qub `mqunbrbd prhmuaths p`r` vhfvbrfhs ` vbdmbr snd dndeud` tr`dsjhrk`anñd sust`dan`f (bg.7 au`fqunbr supbrkbra`mh). supbrkbra`mh).
‑ Kbra`mh ndstntuanhd`f ndstntuanhd`f 7 jhrk`mh phr ndstntuanhdbs qub ahkpr`d prhmuaths
ahd bf jnd mb aukpfnr mbtbrknd`m`s judanhdbs prhpn`s ahkh bmua`anñd, `tbdanñd s`dnt`rn`, `fukir`mh p÷ifnah, bta. (bg.7 udnvbrsnm`mbs, ahfbenhs, chspnt`fbs, bdtbs `uthdñknahs h kudnanp`fbs, bta.). bta.). 1.0.1.=. Qbe÷d f` dhvbm`m mbf prhmuath prhmuath bdtrb7 Bd judanñd mbf er`mh mb dhvbm`m mbf prhmuath `mqunrnmh mnjbrbdan`khs bdtrb7
•
Kbra`mh mb prnkbr` k`dh7 sb ahkbran`fnz`d prhmuaths dubvhs (bs bf a`sh mb f` k`yhrë` mb prhmuaths). prhmuaths).
•
Kbra`mh mb sbeudm` k`dh7 sb ahkpr`d prhmuaths y` utnfnz`mhs (bg7 A`scahdvbrtbrs, Bi`y, ahdabsnhd`rnhs mb vbcëaufhs mb ha`snñd, bta.). bta.).
2=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
1.0.=. Ahdabpth y `dàfnsns mb f` mbk`dm` mbk`dm` _`r`fbfh `f ahdabpth mb kbra`mh tbdbkhs qub c`if`r mbf ahdabpth mb mbk`dm`, y` qub bst` bs f` v`rn`ifb ` p`rtnr mb f` au`f sb bxtbrnhrnz` y knmb bf ahkphrt`knbdth efhi`f mbf kbra`mh. kbra`mh. Bd ahdarbth, phr mbk`dm` bdtbdmbkhs bf vhfukbd tht`f mb prhmuath qub sbrë` `mqunrnmh phr ud kbra`mh bd ud bsp`anh y pbrnhmh mb tnbkph jng`mh, p`r` ud`s ahdmnanhdbs mb bdthrdh y bsjubrzh ahkbran`f mbtbrknd`mh. mbtbrknd`mh. @ f` vnst` mb su mbjndnanñd, y t`f y ahkh sb rbaheb bd f` jneur` 1.0, ud` mbk`dm` bd ahdarbth vbdmrà mbtbrknd`m` phr f` ahdarbanñd mb trbs mnkbdsnhdbs7 mb prhmuath (mbk`dm` mb fbacbs, mb ahacbs, bta.), tbkphr`f (`du`f, sbkbstr`f, trnkbstr`f, bta.) y bsp`an`f (kudmn`f, d`anhd`f, rbenhd`f, fha`f, bta.). bta.).
mbk`dm` Jneur` 1.0. Mnkbdsnhdbs mb f` mbk`dm`
Qbrà f`ihr mb f` bkprbs` bf tr`t`r mb `d`fnz`r f` mbk`dm` mb sus kbra`mhs, tr`t`dt r`t`dmh mb kbmnrf`, bxpfna`rf` b ndafush prhdhstna`rf` ahd `dtbf`anñd. Mb bst` k`dbr`, phmrà mbtbrknd`r su dnvbf ñptnkh mb mbk`dm` y hjrbabr ud` hjbrt` `ahrmb ` f` knsk`, bvnt`dmh `së shirbv`fhr`anhdbs h ndjr`v`fhr`anhdbs qub pumnbr`d ahdmuanr ` phsnifbs pîrmnm`s. pîrmnm`s. Mb thmhs khmhs, f` mbk`dm` ñptnk` dhrk`fkbdtb bs `feh qub sb prbtbdmb pbrh qub r`r` vbz sb m`. _hr fh ebdbr`f, f` bkprbs` sb bdaubdtr` bd fh qub mbdhknd`khs bst`mhs mb f` mbk`dm`, ` p`rtnr mb fhs au`fbs sb thk`d f`s kbmnm`s y `aanhdbs prbans`s p`r` `abra`rsb ` f` mbk`dm` ñptnk`. ñptnk`. @ ahdtndu`anñd sb mbt`ff`d `feudhs mb fhs bst`mhs mb f` mbk`dm` kàs ahkudbs7 ahkudbs7 •
Mbk`dm` dbe`tnv`7 ud` p`rtb nkphrt`dtb mbf kbra`mh dh `abpt` bf prhmuath (bg.7 f` a`rdb mb v`audh bd f` arnsns mb f`s v`a`s fha`s). fha`s).
22
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
@aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 `d`fnz`r f`s a`us`s mbf rbac`zh r bac`zh y jhkbdt`r a`k inhs bd f` `atntum `atntum mbf kbra`mh. kbra`mh. •
Mbk`dm` ndbxnstbdtb7 bd bstb khkbdth f` hjbrt` mb ud prhmuath dh tnbdb ndtbrîs p`r` bf kbra`mh (bg.7 f` mbk`dm` mb Fndux bd ahkp`r`anñd ahd Undmhws). mhws). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 m`r ` ahdhabr bf prhmuath, khtnv`dmh `f p÷ifnah b ndabdtnv`dmh f` mbk`dm`. mbk`dm`.
•
Mbk`dm` f`tbdtb7 au`dmh c`y ahdsuknmhrbs phtbdan`fbs mb ud prhmuath bd bf kbra`mh y bstb dh bxnstb thm`vë` (bg.7 fhs `mnaths `f t`i`ah mbsb`rë`d mnsphdbr bd bf kbra`mh mb ane`rrnffhs qub dh pbrgumna`r`d f` s`fum y tuvnbr`d bf knskh s`ihr). s`ihr). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 arb`r bf prhmuath qub s`tnsj`e` f` dbabsnm`m dh auinbrt`. auinbrt`.
•
Mbk`dm` mbarbanbdtb7 f` mbk`dm` mb ud prhmuath a`b prherbsnv`kbdtb (bg.7 f` mbk`dm` mb f`s inans mb p`sbh au`dmh `p`rbanbrhd f`s inans mb khdt`ð`). t`ð`). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 rbvnt`fnz`r bf prhmuath y jhkbdt`r su ahdsukh (` (` prbanh). tr`vîs mb f` v`rn`ifb prbanh).
•
Mbk`dm` nrrbeuf`r7 f` mbk`dm` mb ud prhmuath prbsbdt` hsanf`anhdbs mur`dtb bf `ðh (bg.7 fhs cbf`mhs h inlndns bd vbr`dh, fhs gueubtbs h turrhdbs bd D`vnm`m). D`vnm`m). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 sndarhdnz`r f` mbk`dm` ` tr`vîs t r`vîs mb ndabdtnvhs (` tr`vîs mb f` v`rn`ifb prbanh y kbmn`dtb a`kp`ð`s mb ahkudna`anñd). ahkudna`anñd).
•
Mbk`dm` bd bxabsh7 f` mbk`dm` mb ud prhmuath bs supbrnhr ` f` f ` a`p`anm`m mb hjbrt` mb f` bkprbs` (bg.7 kuachs abdtrhs s`dnt`rnhs p÷ifnahs prbsbdt`d prhifbk`s p`r` `tbdmbr su mbk`dm` mbk`dm` `dtb f`s fnknt`anhdbs mb sus sus rbaurshs). rbaurshs). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 rbmuanr f` mbk`dm` y rbhrnbdt`r bf ahdsukh (suinbdmh prbanhs h rb`fnz`dmh a`kp`ð`s mb ahkudna`anñd bd f`s qub sb kubstrb af`r`kbdtb bf p÷ifnah higbtnvh `f qub sb mnrneb f` bkprbs`). bkprbs`).
•
Mbk`dm` shan`fkbdtb ndmbsb`ifb7 au`dmh bf ahdsukh mb ud prhmuath bstà shan`fkbdtb k`f ahdsnmbr`mh (bg.7 prhmuaths ahkh mrhe`s, `fahchf, t`i`ah, bta.). bta.). @aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde 7 ndtbdt`r brr`mna`r f` mbk`dm` ` tr`vîs mb a`kp`- a`kp`- ð`s shan`fbs. shan`fbs.
2:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
1.9. F` sbekbdt`anñd y fhs arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd 1.9.0. Mbjndnanñd mb sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd F`s bkprbs`s qub mbanmbd hpbr`r bd kbra`mhs `kpfnhs rbahdhabd qub, dhrk`fkbdtb, dh pubmbd `tbdmbr ` thmhs fhs afnbdtbs, phrqub shd mbk`sn`mh dukbrhshs y mnspbrshs, y phrqub sus bxnebdan`s shd kuy mnjbrbdtbs. _hr bffh, bd fue`r f ue`r mb ahk pbtnr bd thmhs fhs sntnhs, ahd jrbaubdan` bdjrbdtàdmhsb ` ahkpbtnmhrbs supbrnhrbs, supbrnhrbs, dbabsnt`d nmbdtnjna`r fhs sbekbdths mb kbra`mh kàs `tr`atnvhs qub pubmbd sbrvnr bjna`zkbdtb. bjna`zkbdtb. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, sbekbdt`r bs mnjbrbdan`r bf kbra`mh tht`f mb ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh bd eruphs mnjbrbdtbs mb ahdsuknmhrbs, chkheîdbhs bdtrb së y mnjbrbdtbs ` fhs f hs mbkàs, bd au`dth ` càinths, dbabsnm`m dbabsnm`mbs bs y eusths, qub phmrë`d rbqubrnr prhmuaths h ahkind`anhdbs mb k`rlbtnde mnjbrbdtbs. mnjbrbdtbs. Bsths eruphs sb mbdhknd`d sbekbdths y sb hitnbdbd kbmn`dtb mnjbrbdtbs prhabmnknbdths bst`mëstnahs, ` jnd mb phmbr `pfna`r ` a`m` sbekbdth f`s bstr`tben`s mb k`rlbtnde kàs `mbau`m`s p`r` fher`r fhs higbtnvhs bst`ifbanmhs bst`ifbanmhs ` prnhrn phr f` f ` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
1.9.9. Dnvbfbs Dnvbfbs mb sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd F` sbekbdt`anñd sb pubmb pr`atna`r ` mnjbrbdtbs dnvbfbs bd judanñd mbf er`mh mb sbekbdt`anñd `pfna`mh `f kbra`mh. Mb jhrk` ebdbr`f phmbkhs mnstndeunr trbs dnvbfbs (jneur` 1.9)7 1.9)7 •
K`rlbtnde mb k`s`s (ahdtr`sbekbdt`anñd) (ahdtr`sbekbdt`anñd)7 f` bkprbs` sb pf`dtb` ud` hjbrt` ÷dna` p`r` thmhs fhs afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs. _hr bgbkpfh, bf Qb`t :?? jub f`dz`mh `f kbra`mh bd ebdbr`f ahkh ud khmbfh ÷dnah p`r` thmh tnph mb ahkpr`mhrbs. Ndafush bd sus hrëebdbs dh c`ië` dn phsninfnm`m mb bfbenr su ahfhr, qub snbkprb br` if`dah.
•
K`rlbtnde sbekbdt`mh7 f` bkprbs` mnjbrbdan` af`r`kbdtb eruphs mb ndmnvnmuhs ahd a`r`atbrëstna`s chkheîdb`s y mnjbrbdtbs bdtrb së (sbekbdths) pf`dtb`dmh hjbrt`s hjbrt`s mnstndt`s p`r` a`m` a`m` udh mb bffhs. bffhs.
Chy bd më`, f` k`yhrë` mb bkprbs`s `uthkhvnfëstna`s mnsbð`d mnstndths khmbfhs sbe÷d f` rbdt` y bm`m mb fhs eruphs. @së, phr bgbkpfh, Ybd`uft hjrbab bf Afëh pbds`dmh bd bf p÷ifnah guvbdnf, bf F`eud` abdtr`mh bd bkprbs`s ahd dbabsnm`m mb ahacbs ahd k`fbtbrhs bsp`anhshs, h bf Kîe`db mnrnenmh ` f`s j`knfn`s. j `knfn`s.
25
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
•
K`rlbtnde ndmnvnmu`f (cnpbrsbekb (cnpbrsbekbdt`anñd) dt`anñd)7 f` bkprbs` pf`dtb` hjbrt`s hjbrt`s pbrshd`fnz`m`ss phr ndmnvnmuhs h fue`rbs. fue`rbs. pbrshd`fnz`m` _hr bgbkpfh, bf a`sh mb k`ra`s ahkh Yhffs Yhyab h Jbrr`rn qub ffbe`d ` j`irna`r vbcëaufhs ÷dnahs sbe÷d f`s prbjbrbdan`s bxprbs`m`s bspbaëjna`kbdtb phr bf afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
Jneur` 1.9. Dnvbfbs mb sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd
1.9.1. Zbdt`g`s b ndahdvbdnbdtbs mb f` sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd Ffbv`r ` a`ih prhabshs mb sbekbdt`anñd bd f` bkprbs` pubmb ffbv`rf` ` ibdbjnan`rsb mb ud er`d d÷kbrh mb vbdt`g`s ahkh f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7
•
_brkntb bf mbsauirnknbdth mb hphrtudnm`mbs hphrtudnm`mbs ahkbran`fbs, ahkbran`fbs, y` qub sb pubmbd pubmbd mbtbat`r sbekbdths dh auinbrths bd bf kbra`mh. kbra`mh.
•
C`ab phsnifb f` `sned`anñd mb fhs rbaurshs mb k`rlbtnde ahd ud k`yhr dnvbf mb bjna`an` (`mbau`anñd mb f`s `aanhdbs bkprbdmnm`s ` f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb a`m` sbekbdth). sbekbdth).
•
J`anfnt` f` `m`pt`anñd mb fhs rbaurshs y a`p`anm`mbs mb f` bkprbs` `f t`k`ðh mbf kbra`mh (kbghr jng`anñd mb higbtnvhs). higbtnvhs).
•
_brkntb f` `m`pt`anñd mbf prhmuath ` f`s bxnebdan`s mb fhs afnbdtbs (k`yhr jnmbfnm`m). jnmbfnm`m).
23
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Qnd bki`reh, f` sbekbdt`anñd s bekbdt`anñd suphdb, au`dth kbdhs, ud ndahdvbdnbdtb bvnmbdtb7 bvnmbdtb7 bf ndarbkbdth mb fhs ahstbs mb prhmuaanñd y mb k`rlbtnde p`r` f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
1.9.=. Ybqunsnths p`r` f`
sbekbdt`anñd bjbatnv` bjbatnv`
Bxnstbd kuac`s jhrk`s mb sbekbdt`r bf kbra`mh. Qnd bki`reh, dh thm`s shd bjbatnv`s. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` f ` bkprbs`, ahd t`f mb prhabmbr ` ud` sbekbdt`anñd bjbatnv`, mbibrà bxnenr qub bf sbekbdth rbsuft`dtb sb`7 sb`7 •
Kbmnifb7 bf t`k`ðh, bf phmbr `mqunsntnvh y fhs pbrjnfbs mb fhs sbekbdths sb mbibd mb phmbr kbmnr (bg7 sbrë` mnjëanf nmbdtnjna`r `f sbekbdth mb juk`mhrbs bdtrb 0? y 9? `ðhs qub juk`d ahkh ud `ath mb rbibfmë` rbspbath ` sus p`mrbs). mrbs).
•
Ybdt`ifb7 bf sbekbdth mbib sbr fh i`st`dtb er`dmb h rbdt`ifb ahkh p`r` `tbdmbrfh (bg7 f`s bkprbs`s mb `uthkñvnfbs dh j`irna`d ahacbs p`r` pbrshd`s ahd kndusv`fë`s phrqub dh fbs bs rbdt`ifb). rbdt`ifb).
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@aabsnifb7 bf sbekbdth sb mbib mb phmbr `fa`dz`r y `tbdmbr mb k`dbr` bjna`z (bg7 ud` bkprbs` mb pbrjukbs mbsauirb qub su k`ra` `tr`b ` kugbrbs shftbr`s qub pbrk`dbabd bd i`rbs c`st` `ft`s chr`s mb f` dhacb. Qbrë` mnjëanf ffbe`r ` bff`s). bff`s).
•
Hpbr`tnvh7 mbib sbr phsnifb mnsbð`r prher`k`s bjbatnvhs p`r` `tr`br y sbrvnr `f sbekbdth (bg7 ud` bkprbs` `îrb` nmbdtnjna` snbtb sbekbdths phtbdan`fbs phtbdan`fbs mb kbra`mh. Qnd bki`reh, su pbrshd`f bs mbk`sn`mh fnknt`mh ahkh p`r` mbs`rrhff`r prher`k`s bspbaëjnahs mb k`rlbtnde p`r` a`m` udh mb bffhs). bffhs).
1.9.2. Arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñd sbekbdt`anñd Dh bxnstb ud ÷dnah a`kndh p`r` sbekbdt`r bf kbra`mh. Bf bspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde tbdmrà qub bsahebr bdtrb ud d÷kbrh `kpfnh mb v`rn`ifbs, mb jhrk` ndmnvnmu`f h ahkind`m`, bdahdtr`r f` jhrk` kàs mb sbekbdt`r su kbra`mh. F`s t` if`s 1.0 y 1.9p`r` kubstr`d f`s v`rn`ifbs kàs ÷tnf utnfnz`m`s bd f` sbekbdt`anñd mb fhs kbra`mhs mb ahdsuknmhrbs y mb fhs kbra`mhs ndmustrn`fbs rbspbatnv`kbdtb. rbspbatnv`kbdtb. Arntbrnhs ebheràjnahs ebheràjnahs • Ybenñd Ybenñd fha`fnm`m • ]`k`ðh fha`fnm`m • ]nph mb phif`anñd phif`anñd • ]nph mb afnk` afnk` • Nmnhk` Nmnhk`
Mnvnsnhdbs tëpna`s tëpna`s Dhrtb, sur, bstb, hbstb hbstb • Dhrtb, • Kbdhs mb andah knf c`int`dtbs, mb andah ` vbndtb knf, mb vbndtb ` anbd knf, kàs mb anbd knf, bta. bta. • Yur`f, suiuri`d`, uri`d` uri`d` • Aàfnmh, jrëh jrëh • Ndefîs, a`stbff`dh, jr`daîs, bta. bta.
2>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Arntbrnhs mbkheràjnahs mbkheràjnahs • Qbxh Qbxh Bm`m • Bm`m • Bmua`anñd Bmua`anñd Haup`anñd • Haup`anñd • Ybfnenñd Ybfnenñd Y`z` • Y`z` • Af`sb shan`f shan`f j`knfn` • ]`k`ðh mb j`knfn` • Bst`mh anvnf anvnf
Mnvnsnhdbs tëpna`s tëpna`s • K`saufndh/jbkbdndh K`saufndh/jbkbdndh bta. • Kbdhs mb :, mb : `09, mb 01 ` 0>, mb 9? ` 9>, kàs mb 1?, bta. • Dndeud`, Dndeud`, iàsna`, sbaudm`rn`, sbaudm`rn`, supbrnhr, phster`mh phster`mh bkpfb`mh • _rhjbsnhd`f, tîadnah, ebrbdan`, bkpfb`mh • A`tñfnah, prhtbst`dtb, gumëh, bta. bta. bta. • If`da`, dber`, f`tnd`, bta. • I`g` i`g`, kbmn` i`g`, kbmn` kbmn`, kbmn` `ft`, `ft` `ft`. `ft`. • 0, 9, 1, bta. bta. • Qhftbrh, a`s`mh, a`s`mh ahd cnghs cnghs
ahkphrt`knbdth Arntbrnhs mb ahkphrt`knbdth • ]nph mb usu`rnh usu`rnh • Ndtbdsnm`m mb ush ush ahkpr` • Zhfukbd mb ahkpr` prhmuath • @atntum c`an` bf prhmuath • Ibdbjnanh bspbr`mh bspbr`mh • Jrbaubdan` mb ahkpr` ahkpr` ahkpr` • Fue`r mb ahkpr`
Mnvnsnhdbs tëpna`s tëpna`s • Dh Dh usu`rnh, bx usu`rnh, usu`rnh usu`rnh bd phtbdan` phtbdan` • _ha`, kbmn`, mbpbdmnbdtb mbpbdmnbdtb • I`gh, kbmnh, `fth `fth chstnf • Bdtusn`st`, phsntnv`, ndmnjbrbdtb, dbe`tnv`, chstnf • A`fnm`m, sbrvnanh, bahdhkë`, bta. bta. • Qbk`d`f, qundabd`f, bta. bta. bta. • Cnpbrkbra`mhs, supbrkbra`mhs, tnbdm` tr`mnanhd`f, bta.
psnaheràjnahs Arntbrnhs psnaheràjnahs • Bstnfhs mb vnm` vnm` • _brshd`fnm`m _brshd`fnm`m
Mnvnsnhdbs tëpna`s tëpna`s cnppnb,, `vbdturbrh, j`knfn`r, ahd ahdanbdan` sh• Mbphrtnst`, cnppnb an`f, bta. bta. • Bxtrhvbrtnmh, `erbsnvh, ahkpufsnvh, mhknd`dtb, mhknd`dtb,
`kinanhsh, bta. bta.
`uthrnt`rnh, `uthrnt`rnh,
]`if` 1.0. Arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñd p`r` bf kbra`mh mb ahdsuknmhrbs ahdsuknmhrbs
Arntbrnhs mbkheràjnahs mbkheràjnahs • Qbathr ndmustrn`f ndmustrn`f • ]`k`ðh mb f` bkprbs` bkprbs` Fha`fnz`anñd • Fha`fnz`anñd
Aubstnñd ` rbsphdmbr rbsphdmbr • ¸Bd quî sbathrbs ndmustrn`fbs mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs8 abdtr`rdhs8 • @tbdmbkhs bkprbs`s ¸mb quî t`k`ðh8 t`k`ðh8 • ¸Puî `îrb`s ebheràjna`s mbibkhs `tbdmbr8 `tbdmbr8
hpbr`tnvhs Arntbrnhs hpbr`tnvhs
Aubstnñd ` rbsphdmbr rbsphdmbr
]badhfheë` • ]badhfheë` • Rsu`rnhs/dh usu`rnhs usu`rnhs
abdtr`rdhs8 • ¸Bd quî tbadhfheë` mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs8 • ¸Mbibkhs mnrnenrdhs ` fhs usu`rnhs jrbaubdtbs, kbmnhs, bs-
• A`p`anm`mbs mb fhs afnbdtbs afnbdtbs
• ¸Dhs
phràmnahs h ` fhs dh usu`rnhs8 usu`rnhs8 v`khs ` abdtr`r bd fhs afnbdtbs qub rbqunbrbd kuachs kuachs h phahs sbrvnanhs8 sbrvnanhs8
Arntbrnhs mb ahkpr` ahkpr`
Aubstnñd ` rbsphdmbr rbsphdmbr
• Hre`dnz`anñd mb f` judanñd judanñd
mb • ¸Z`khs ` `tbdmbr ` bkprbs`s qub tnbdbd mbp`rt`kbdths mb mb ahkpr` ahkpr` ahkpr`s abdtr`fnz`mhs h mbsabdtr`fnz`mhs8 mbsabdtr`fnz`mhs8 • Bstruatur` mb phmbr • ¸Bd quî bkprbs`s mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs, bd `qubff`s mhknd`m`s phr ndebdnbrhs, phr jnd`d jnd`danbrhs anbrhs,, bspban`fnst`s mb k`rlbtnde, • D`tur`fbz` D`tur`fbz` mb f`s rbf`anhdbs rbf`anhdbs bta.8 bta.8 bxnstbdtbs bxnstbdtbs • ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs bd f`s bkprbs`s ahd f`s qub bxnstbd rbf`anhdbs bstrbac`s h tr`t`rbkhs mb c`abr dbehanhs shfh ahd f`s ahkp`ðë`s kàs mbsb`m`s8 mbsb`m`s8
:?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• _hfëtna`s ebdbr`fbs mb ahkpr` ahkpr`
• ¸_rbjbrnkhs tr`i`g`r ahd bkprbs`s qub `ahstukir`d ` jnrk`r
ahdtr`ths mb `fqunfbr, sbrvnanh, h ahkpr`, h inbd ahd `qubff`s qub hre`dnz`d ahdaurshs mb fnant`anñd8 fnant`anñd8 • ¸Bd quî bkprbs`s mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs, ab dtr`rdhs, bd `qubff`s auy` auy` prnhrnm`m bs f` a`fnm`m, bf sbrvnanh sbrvnanh h bf prbanh8 prbanh8
ahkpr` • Arntbrnhs mb ahkpr`
sntu`anñd Arntbrnhs mb sntu`anñd Rrebdan` • Rrebdan`
Aubstnñd ` rbsphdmbr rbsphdmbr • ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs bd f`s bkprbs`s qub
dbabsnt`d bdtrbe`
ràpnm` h sbrvnanh ndkbmn`th8 ndkbmn`th8 • @pfna`anhdbs bspbaëjna`s bspbaëjna`s • ]`k`ðh mb f` hrmbd hrmbd
• ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs shfh bd anbrt`s `pfna`anhdbs mb dubstrh
prhmuath h bd thm`s bff`s8 bff`s8 • ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs abdtr`rdhs bd afnbdtbs ahd er`dmbs vhf÷kbdbs vhf÷kbdbs mb mb pbmnmh h kàs inbd fh ahdtr`rnh8 ahdtr`rnh8
pbrshd`f Arntbrnhs mb pbrshd`f
Aubstnñd ` rbsphdmbr rbsphdmbr
• Qbkbg`dz` ahkpr`mhr/vbdmbmhr • ¸Mbibkhs `tbdmbr shfh ` ahkp`ðë`s qub ahkp`rt`d v`fhrbs • @atntumbs c`an` bf rnbseh rnbseh • Fb`ft`m Fb`ft`m
ahd dhshtrhs8 dhshtrhs8 • ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs bd afnbdtbs ahd `atntum phsntnv` c`an` bf rnbseh h bvnt`rfhs8 bvnt`rfhs8 • ¸Mbibkhs abdtr`rdhs bd bkprbs`s qub mbkubstrbd ud `fth `fth dnvbf mb fb`ft`m c`an` sus prhvbbmhrbs8 prhvbbmhrbs8
]`if` 1.9. Arntbrnhs mb sbekbdt`anñd p`r` bf kbra`mh ndmustrn`f ndmustrn`f
Ahkh bgbkpfh mb `pfna`anñd mb `feudh mb bsths arntbrnhs bd bf prhabsh mb sbekbdt`anñd bgbranmh phr f`s bkprbs`s shirb sus kbra`mhs, phmbkhs ant`r bf a`sh mb K`deh, qub mbdtrh mbf kbra`mh mb ahdsuknmhrbs y `tbdmnbdmh ` arntbrnhs ebheràjnahs dh mum` bd `m`pt`r su ahfbaanñd ` f`s bxnebdan`s mbf kbra`mh mb a`m` p`ës. p`ës. @së, phr bgbkpfh, bd Qunz` prbsbdt` ud` ahfbaanñd mb ndvnbrdh kàs `kpfn`. `kpfn`. bst`tur` ur` mb f` ebdtb hifneñ ` khmnjna`r k hmnjna`r bf bf Bd Hrnbdtb Kbmnh, f` kbdhr bst`t prbdm`s. t`k`ðh mb thm`s f`s prbdm`s. Bd fhs Bknr`ths Àr`ibs Rdnmhs y @r`in` Q`umë, mbinmh ` f`s ahstukirbs rbfnenhs`s mb f` zhd`, dh c`y prhi`mhrbs, fhs tbdmbrhs shd snbkprb chkirbs y fhs a`tàfhehs duda` ndafuybd kugbrbs, sndh k`dnquëbs. k`dnquëbs.
1.1. Mbjndnanñd
mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh higbtnvh
Rd` vbz nmbdtnjna`mhs fhs mnjbrbdtbs sbekbdths bd bf kbra`mh, kbra`mh, f` bkprbs` mbib mbanmnr mbanmnr ` auàf h auàfbs mb bffhs bd ahdarbth sb mnrneb, bs mbanr, mbjndnr su p÷ifnah higbtnvh. higbtnvh.
1.1.0. J`athrbs mbtbrknd`dtbs mbtbrknd`dtbs @ f` chr` mb thk`r bst` mbansnñd, sbrà af`vb bf v`fhr`r a`m` udh mb fhs sbekbdths jngàdmhsb bd trbs j`athrbs7 bf t`k`ðh y bf arbanknbdth mbf kbra`mh, bf `tr`atnvh bstruatur`f mbf sbekbdth y fhs prhpnhs higbtnvhs y rbaurshs mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
1.1.0.0. ]`k ]`k`ðh `ðh y arbanknbdth mbf kbra`mh kbra`mh F` prnkbr` prbeudt` qub f` bkprbs` mbib c`abrsb bs sn bf sbekbdth tnbdb bf t`k`ðh y f`s bxpbat`tnv`s mb arbanknbdth sujnanbdtbs ahkh p`r` `tbdmbrfh. `tbdmbrfh. Bf t`k`ðh ahrrbath bs `feh rbf`tnvh. F`s bkprbs`s er`dmbs prbjnbrbd sbekbdths ahd vhf÷kbdbs nkphrt`dtbs mb vbdt`, bvnt`dmh ahd jrbaubdan` fhs sbekbdtbs pbqubðhs. Qnd bki`reh, f`s pbqubð`s bvnt`d fhs sbekbdths er`dmbs phrqub rbqunbrbd mbk`sn`mhs rbaurshs. rbaurshs. _hr su p`rtb, bf phtbdan`f mb arbanknbdth mbf kbra`mh bs snbkprb mbsb`ifb, `f nk pfna`r vbdt`s y ibdbjnanhs arbanbdtbs, arbanbdtbs, `udqub bffh ahdffbvb f` `p`rnanñd mb dubvhs dubvhs ahkpbtnmhrbs. ahkpbtnmhrbs. sbekbdth 1.1.0.9. @tr`atnvh bstruatur`f mbf sbekbdth Rd sbekbdth pubmb prbsbdt`r ud t`k`ðh ahrrbath y ud phtbdan`f mb arbanknbdth bfbv`mh y snd bki`reh dh sbr `tr`atnvh mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mb f` rbdt`infnm`m. _`r` v`fhr`r bf `tr`atnvh ` f`reh pf`zh mb ud sbekbdth f` bkprbs` mbib v`fhr`r bf bjbath shirb f` rbdt`infnm`m ` f`reh pf`zh mb andah jubrz`s, ` f`s qub mbdhknd`khs f`s andah jubrz`s ahkpbtntnv`s mb _hrtbr (jneur` 1.1)7 1.1)7
•
F` ahkpbtbdan` bd f` ndmustrn` 7 ud sbekbdth pnbrmb `tr`atnvh au`dmh tnbdb kuachs ahkpbtnmhrbs, jubrtbs h `erbsnvhs. Bst`s ahdmnanhdbs ffbv`ràd ` eubrr`s mb prbanhs, i`t`ff`s mb puifnanm`m y dubvhs prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
•
Bf phtbdan`f mb pbdbtr`mhrb pbdbtr`mhrbss bd bf kbra`m kbra`mhh7 ud sbekbdth bs phah `tr`atnvh sn bs prhi`ifb qub pbdbtrbd bd îf dubvhs ahkpbtnmhrbs ahd dubv`s a`p`anm`mbs. F` aubstnñd bs `d`fnz`r sn fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs pubmbd bdtr`r jàanfkbdtb h dh. Au`dth k`yhr sb`d f`s i`rrbr`s mb bdtr`m` kàs ndtbrîs tbdmrbkhs bd pbrk`dbabr bd bsb sbekbdth. ^ `÷d sbrà kàs `tr`atnvh sn f`s i`rrbr`s mb s`fnm` shd i`g`s. F`s htr`s ahkind`anhdbs prbsbdt`d kuac`s mbsvbdt`g`s. mbsvbdt`g`s.
•
Fhs prhmuaths sustntutnvhs7 ud sbekbdth bs phah `tr`atnvh sn bxnstbd `atu`fbs h phtbdan`fbs sustntutnvhs mbf prhmuath, pubs sb fnknt`d f`s phsnifbs vbdt`s y ibdbjnanhs qub pubm`d fher`rsb bd bf knskh. Qn arbab f` ahkpbtbdan` mb prhmuaths sustntutnvhs bs prhi`ifb qub fhs prbanhs y ibdbjnanhs mb dubstrh sbekbdth i`gbd. i`gbd.
•
Bf phmbr mb dbehan`anñd mb fhs ahkpr`mhrbs 7 sn bf phmbr mb dbehan`anñd mb fhs afnbdtbs bs jubrtb h arbanbdtb sbrà phah ndtbrbs`dtb bdtr`r bd bsb sbekbdth, y` qub bsths ndtbdt`ràd i`g`r fhs prbanhs mb dubstrhs prhmuaths y mbk`dm`ràd k`yhr a`fnm`m. Bf phmbr mb dbehan`anñd arbab au`dmh fhs afnbdtbs sb hre`dnz`d h sb `shan`d. Fhs vbdmbmhrbs mbibràd sbfbaanhd`r ` fhs ahkpr`mhrbs ahd kbdhr phmbr mb dbehan`anñd. dbehan`anñd.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• phm phmBbfr
arbanbdt arban bdtbb mb dbeh d behan` an`anñ anñd d mb fhs f hs prhvb p rhvbbmh bmhrbs rbs7 ud sbekbdth bs bs phah `tr`atnvh sn fhs prhvbbmhrbs a`p`abs mb ndarbkbdt`r prhvbbmhrbs mb f` bkprbs` shd a`p`abs fhs prbanhs, i`g`r f` a`fnm`m h f` a`dtnm`m mb fhs inbdbs y sbrvnanhs mbk`dm`mhs. Qu phmbr tnbdmb ` arbabr au`dmh sb `shan`d h au`dmh c`y phahs prhmuaths sustntutnvhs `f qub dhs hjrbabd. F` kbghr mbjbds` bs mbs`rrhff`r iubd`s rbf`anhdbs ahd fhs prhvbbmhrbs y bf phmbr ahdt`r ahd v`rnhs mb bffhs. bffhs.
Jneur` 1.1. F`s 2 jubrz`s ahkpbtntnv`s mb _hrtbr
1.1.0.1. Fhs higbtnvhs y fhs rbaurshs mb f` bkprbs` bkprbs` Ndafush sn ud sbekbdth tnbdb ud t`k`ðh ahrrbath, ud phtbdan`f mb arbanknbdth bfbv`mh y bs bstruatur`fkbdtb `tr`atnvh, f` ahkp`ðë` tnbdb qub ahdsnmbr`r sus prhpnhs higbtnvhs y rbaurshs bd rbf`anñd ` mnach sbekbdth. @së, f` bkprbs` tbdmrà qub `i`dmhd`r `qubffhs sbekbdths qub dh bda`g`d ahd sus higbtnvhs ` f`reh pf`zh. Neu`fkbdtb, ndafush bda`g`dmh ahd fhs higbtnvhs mb f` bkprbs`, sb mbib ahdsnmbr`r sn f` knsk` phsbbb f`s c`inf phsb c`infnm`m nm`mbs bs y rbaur rbaurshs shs dbab dbabs`rn s`rnhs hs p`r` p`r` hitb hitbdbr dbr îxnth bd t`f sbe sbekbdth kbdth..
s bekbdt`anñd nñd 1.1.9. Bstr`tben`s mb sbekbdt`a F`s ahkp`ðë`s mbibd mbanmnr auàdths sbekbdths `tbdmbr y añkh `tbdmbrfhs (` thmhs phr neu`f, shfh ` `feudhs mb jhrk` ndmnvnmu`fnz`m` h t`f vbz ahdabdtràdmhsb bd ud ÷dnah sbekbdth). Bst` mbansnñd ahdstntuyb f` prhifbkàtna` ahdhanm` ahkh bstr`tben` mb sbekbdt`anñd. F` bkprbs` pubmb `mhpt`r trbs bstr`tben`s ebdîrna`s mb sbekbdt`anñd7 sbekbdt`anñd7 •
K`rlbtnde knx ndmnjbrbdan`mh7 suphdb nedhr`r f`s mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb fhs mnstndths sbekbdths y `tbdmbr `f kbra`mh tht`f ahd ud` ÷dna` hjbrt` mb kbra`mh. kbra`mh.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_hr bgbkpfh, bf a`sh mb Mur`abff, qub hjrbab ud knskh prhmuath p`r` thmh bf kbra`mh bd ebdbr`f, snd mnstndeunr sbekbdths bspbaëjnahs mb ahdsuknmhrbs. ahdsuknmhrbs.
Qb abdtr` bd f` p`rtb ahk÷d mb fhs ahkpr`mhrbs, mnsbð`dmh ud prhmuath y ud prher`k` mb k`rlbtnde qub tbde` sbdtnmh p`r` bf k`yhr d÷kbrh mb bffhs, ahdjn`dmh bd f` puifnanm`m y mnstrniuanñd k`snv`. Bffh suphdb ud er`d `chrrh mb ahstbs, fh qub sb tr`muab bd prbanhs kàs i`ghs y ud k`yhr d÷kbrh mb afnbdtbs sbdsnifbs `f prbanh. prbanh. •
K`rlbtnde knx ahdabdtr`mh7 f` bkprbs` sbfbaanhd` ud ÷dnah sbekbdth y y sb mnrneb ` îf ahd ud ÷dnah prhmuath y ud` shf` bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde. _hr bgbkpfh, bf a`sh mb Jbrr`rn, qub hjrbab ud prhmuath kuy p`rtnauf`r p`r` ud sbekbdth mbf kbra`mh kuy bxafusnvh a`r`atbrnz`mh phr tbdbr ud `fth dnvbf bahdñknah y shan`f. shan`f.
Qb m` au`dmh f` bkprbs` tnbdb e`r`dtë`s mb trnudj`r bd mnach sbekbdth h tnbdb jhdmhs fnknt`mhs qub fb nkpnmbd sbrvnr ` htrhs sbekbdths. @ tr`vîs mb f` ahdabdtr`anñd f` bkprbs` ahdsneub ud` jubrtb phsnanñd mbinmh ` su k`yhr ahdhanknbdth shirb f`s dbabsnm`mbs mb sus afnbdtbs y ` f` rbput`anñd qub `fa`dz`. F` ahdabdtr`anñd tnbdb bf ndahdvbdnbdtb mb abdtr`r thmh bf rnbseh bd ud ÷dnah sbekbdth. Mbdtrh mb bst` bstr`tben` bdahdtr`khs htrh a`sh p`rtnauf`r7 p`rtnauf`r7 K`rlbtnde knx ahdabdtr`mh (bspban`fnz`anñd mb kbra`mh)7 kbra`mh)7 f` bkprbs` sb abdtr` bd sbrvnr, ahd v`rnhs prhmuaths, dukbrhs`s dbabsnm`mbs mb ud eruph p`rtnauf`r mb afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
‑
_hr bgbkpfh, bf a`sh mb Bv`x, qub sb abdtr` bd ud sbathr ahdarbth ahkh bs bf mb f`s kugbrbs hjrbanbdmh prhmuaths mnvbrshs ahd t`f mb auirnr sus dbabsnm`mbs. dbabsnm`mbs.
bkFpr pr`bs bs`` hi hitntnbd bdbb ud ud`` ju jubr brtb tb a`fnjna`anñd mb bkprbs` bspban`fnz`m`, `f `tbdmbr f`s dbabsnm`mbs mb ud eruph bspbaëjnah mb afnbdtbs. Mb cbach, ahdstntuyb bf a`d`f mb ndtrhmuaanñd mb thmhs fhs dubvhs prhmuaths qub bstb eruph pumnbr` mbsb`r. Fh dbe`tnvh sbrë` f` mbpbdmbdan` shirb bf afnbdtb. afnbdtb. •
K`rlbtnde knx mnjbrbdan`mh7 ahdffbv` hpbr`r bd mnvbrshs sbekbdths mbf kbra`mh mnsbð`dmh prhmuaths y prher`k`s ahdarbths p`r` a`m` udh. _hr fh ebdbr`f, ` tr`vîs mb bst` bstr`tben` sb fher` ud vhfukbd mb vbdt`s k`yhr qub bd bf `dtbrnhr, pbrh t`kinîd sb ndarbkbdt`d ndarbkbdt`d fhs ahstbs (`f tbdbr tbdbr ud prhmuath prhmuath
:=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
kbdhs bst`dm`rnz`mh). Bd bstb a`sh dhs bdahdtr`khs, prndanp`fkbdtb, prndanp`fkbdtb, ahd ahd sntu`anhdbs7 trbs sntu`anhdbs7 ‑ K`rlbtnde knx mnjbrbdan`mh (bspban`fnz`anñd mb prhmuath)7 prhmuath)7 f` bkprbs` sb
abdtr` bd mbs`rrhff`r ud ÷dnah prhmuath qub vbdmb ` mnvbrshs sbekbdths. sbekbdths. _hr bgbkpfh, KaMhd`fm„s, qub ahd sus c`kiureubs`s sb mnrneb t`dth ` dnðhs (C`ppyKb`f), `mhfbsabdtbs (prbanhs bahdñknahs) y ` `mufths (r`pnmbz mb sbrvnanh). sbrvnanh).
@ tr`vîs mb bst` bstr`tben` f` bkprbs` fher` ud` er`d rbput`anñd, pbrh ahrrb bf pbfnerh mb qub su ÷dnah prhmuath a`ne` bd mbsush. mbsush. ‑ K`rlbtnde
knx mnjbrbdan`mh (bspban`fnz`anñd sbfbatnv`)7 sbfbatnv`)7 f` bkprbs` sbfbaanhd` v`rnhs sbekbdths y sb mnrneb ` bffhs ahd prhmuaths bspbaëjnahs p`r` a`m` udh. udh. _hr bgbkpfh, Bstîb F`umbr, tnbdb k`ra`s mnstndt`s qub hjrbabd mnvbrshs prhmuaths ` mnjbrbdtbs sbekbdths (Bstîb F`umbr, ` `qubffhs prbhaup`mhs phr bf prbstnenh< Afndnqub, `qubffhs `f p÷ifnah`ghvbd). ghvbd). prbhaup`mhs phr f` bjna`an`< y K@A,
bkprbs`. Bst` bstr`tben` tnbdb f` vbdt`g` mb qub mnvbrsnjna` fhs rnbsehs mb f` bkprbs`. ‑ K`rlbtnde knx mnjbrbdan`mh (ahibrtur` tht`f)7 tht`f)7 bs bf a`sh bd qub f` bkprb-
s` ffbv` f` mnjbrbdan`anñd `f fëkntb, hjrbanbdmh mnstndths prhmuaths p`r` fhs mnjbrbdtbs sbekbdths mbf kbra`mh c`st` bf pudth mb auirnrfh tht`fkbdtb. tht`fkbdtb. _hr bgbkpfh,bf a`sh mb Aha` Ahf`,qub sb mnrneb ` fhs mnstndths sbekbdths mb kbra`mh (dnðhs, `mhfbsabdtbs, `mufths, mbphrtnst`s, bta.) ahd ndjndnm`m mb prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
1.=. Bf phsnanhd`knbdth bd bf kbra`mh kbra`mh F` bfbaanñd mbf phsnanhd`knbdth mb fhs prhmuaths mb f` bkprbs` bd bf kbra`mh sb ahrrbsphdmb ahd f` ÷ftnk` bt`p` bd su prhabsh mb sbekbdt`anñd mb fhs kbra`mhs. Bd ahdarbth, bf phsnanhd`knbdth mb ud prhmuath suphdb f` ahdabpanñd mbf knskh y mb su nk`ebd ahd bf jnd mb m`rfb ud sntnh mbtbrknd`mh bd f` kbdtb mbf ahdsuknmhr jrbdtb ` htrhs prhmuaths ahkpbtnmhrbs. Bd htr`s p`f`ir`s, bs bf fue`r qub bf prhmuath haup` bd f` kbdtb mb fhs afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_`r` bffh bs judm`kbdt`f qub f` bkprbs` ahdsne` mnjbrbdan`r su hjbrt`, abdtràdmhf` bd sus vbdt`g`s ahkpbtntnv`s. Rd` vbz nmbdtnjna`m`s bst`s, mbib ahdstrunr su phsnanñd shirb f` qub, mb bdtrb thm`s bff`s, rbsuftb kàs `mbau`m`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, ffbv`r ` a`ih ud` bstr`tben` mb phsnanhd`knbdth nkpfna` ud` kbthmhfheë` ahkpubst` mb au`trh j`sbs suabsnv`s7 suabsnv`s7 Nmbdtnjna`r fhs `trniuths prndanp`fbs mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Ahdhabr f` phsnanñd mb fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs bd i`sb ` fhs `trniuths. `trniuths.
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Mbanmnr bf kbghr phsnanhd`knbdth phsnanhd`knbdth p`r` bf prhmuath. Ndjndnm`m mb phsninfnm`mbs7 phsninfnm`mbs7
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‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑
_hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. _hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd fhs ibdbjnanhs mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. _hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd bf ush/`pfna`anhdbs mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. _hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd f` tnphfheë` mb f`s pbrshd`s. pbrshd`s. _hsnanhd`knbdth jrbdtb ` f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`. _hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd f` mbjndnanñd mb ud` a`tbehrë` mb prhmuath. prhmuath. _hsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd f` rbf`anñd a`fnm`m/prbanh. a`fnm`m/prbanh. _hr bgbkpfh, @rnbf `pubst` phr ud phsnanhd`knbdth i`s`mh bd fhs ibdbjnanhs mb su prhmuath (f` rhp` if`da`), knbdtr`s qub Ihmy Qchp fh c`ab phr udh i`s`mh bd f` mbjndnanñd mb ud` a`tbehrë` mbf prhmuath (prhmuaths d`tu`fbs). d`tu`fbs).
Ahkudna`r bf phsnanhd`knbdth. ud` vbz bsahenmh bf `trniuth h `trniuths kàs
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`mbau`mhs shirb fhs qub phsnanhd`r bf prhmuath, f` bkprbs` mbib mb ahkudna`rfh mb k`dbr` bjna`z ` tr`vîs mbf rbsth mb bfbkbdths mbf k`rlbtnde knx knx..
@së, phr bgbkpfh, f` nk`ebd mb a`fnm`m sb pubmb ahkudna`r ` tr`vîs mb mnvbrshs bfbkbdths mbf k`rlbtnde knx knx,, ahkh pubmbd sbr7 ud prbanh kàs bfbv`mh, bf mnsbðh mb su bdv`sb, ud snstbk` mb mnstrniuanñd bxafusnvh, ud`s a`kp`ð`s puifnanm`m bfbe`dtbs y bd kbmnhs mb `ft` rbput`anñd, f` hjbrt` mb `kpfn`s ahdmnanhdbs mb e`r`dtë`, bta. bta. Ahd t`f mb j`anfnt`r bstb prhabsh mb bfbaanñd sb subfb rbaurrnr ` ud` cbrr`knbdt` mb er`d utnfnm`m ` f` qub sb mbdhknd` k`p` mb phsnanhd`knbdth. @ tr`vîs mb îf f` bkprbs` bs a`p`z mb fha`fnz`r f` phsnanñd rbf`tnv` mb sus prhmuaths rbspbath ` fhs mb f` ahkpbtbdan` p`r` a`m` udh mb fhs `trniuths ahdsnmbr`mhs, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` 1.=. 1.=.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` 1.=. K`p` mb phsnanhd`knbdth p`r` prhmuaths mb rbjrbsah (_br÷) (_br÷)
Abdtràdmhdhs bd f` rbf`anñd bxnstbdtb bdtrb sbekbdt`a sbekbdt`anñd nñd y phsnanhd`knbdth, vbkhs qub, p`r` phsnanhd`r ud prhmuath, mbibkhs mnrnenrdhs ` eruphs mb ahdsuknmhrbs kuy chkheîdbhs. Qn f` bkprbs` sb mnrneb ` kbra`mhs `kpfnhs, ahd eruphs mb ahdsuknmhrbs kuy mnjbrbdtbs, bf îxnth mbf phsnanhd`knbdth sb ahkpfna`. _hr bffh, phsnanhd`r mb jhrk` bjbatnv` subfb nkpfna`r qub, ahd `dtbrnhrnm`m, sb mb ud` sbekbdt`anñdd bjbatnv`. Mb `cë qub, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` sbekbdt`anñ jn eur` 1.2, sbekbdt`anñd y phsnanhd`knbdth bstîd tht`fkbdtb t ht`fkbdtb rbf`anhd`m`s. rbf`anhd`m`s.
Jneur` 1.2. Bt`p`s bd bf prhabsh mb sbekbdt`anñd mbf kbra`mh kbra`mh
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH =7 Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bf prbsbdtb a`pëtufh sb abdtr` bd bf bfbkbdth abdtr`f mbf k`rlbtnde, bf ahdsuknmhr, y rbp`s` fhs mnjbrbdtbs `spbaths qub dhs pbrkntbd bdtbdmbr su ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr`. Bd ahdarbth, bf a`pëtufh sb ahkphdb mb andah `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb bxphdb bf khmbfh mb rbspubst` snkpfb ahkh bf khmbfh mb rbrb jbrbdan` shirb bf qub nmbdtnjna`r fhs mnjbrbdtbs ahdmnanhd`dtbs bxtbrdhs b ndtbrdhs mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. Bd ud sbeudmh pudth, dhs mbtbdbkhs bd a`m` udh mb bsths ahdmnanhd`dtbs bxph- bxph- dnbdmh fhs prndanp`fbs j`athrbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd su `dàfnsns. `dàfnsns. Bd tbrabr fue`r, sb mbt`ff`d a`m` ud` mb f`s j`sbs mbf prhabsh mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr` mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. @ ahdtndu`anñd, bd bf au`rth `p`rt`mh, sb prbsbdt` ud` tnphfheë` mb fhs mnjbrbdtbs ahkphrt`knbdths mb ahkpr` ` mbs`rrhff`r phr bf ahkpr`mhr, prbst`dmh `tbdanñd ` sus nkpfna`anhdbs t`dth mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr ahkh mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`. Jnd`fkbdtb, y tbdnbdmh bd aubdt` qub bstb a`pëtufh sb abdtr` bxafusnv`kbdtb bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr ndmnvnmu`f, bd ud qundth `p`rt`mh pf`dtb`khs f`s prndanp`fbs mnjbrbdan`s bxnstbdtbs bxnstbdtbs bdtrb bdtrb t`f ahkphrt`knbdth ahkphrt`knbdth y bf ffbv`mh ` a`ih phr ud` hre`dnz`anñd. hre`dnz`anñd.
=.0. Khmbfh mb ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr Bf bstumnh mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr y bf ahdhanknbdth mb sus dbabsnm`mbs bs ud` aubstnñd judm`kbdt`f y ud pudth mb p`rtnm` ndnan`f shirb bf qub phmbr nkpfbkbdt`r ahd bjna`an` f`s mnjbrbdtbs `aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde bkprbdmnm`s phr f`s bkprbs`s. bkprbs`s. F` ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mbf` f` ahdsuknmhr mbsned` `qubff` mbf bxprbsnñd ahkphrt`knbdth mb f`s pbrshd`s `shan`mh thk` mb mbansnhdbs ` fh f`rehp`rtb mbf prhabsh mb `mqunsnanñd mb ud prhmuath, ahd ahd t`f mb s`tnsj`abr s`tnsj`abr sus dbabsnm`mbs. dbabsnm`mbs. Bstb ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` prbsbdt` ud` sbrnb mb a`r`atbrëstna`s iàsna`s7 iàsna`s7 •
Bs ahkpfbgh, y` qub bxnstbd kuac`s v`rn`ifbs ndtbrd`s y bxtbrd`s qub ndjfu-
ybd bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth. ahkphrt`knbdth.
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A`kin` ahd bf anafh mb vnm` mbf prhmuath, mbinmh ` qub bf ahkphrt`knbdth
mb ahkpr` suphdb ud prhabsh mb `prbdmnz`gb y `mqunsnanñd mb bxpbrnbdan` phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr ahdsuknmhr shirb f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s y ibdbjnanhs mbf mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
50
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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`rë` `rë `Z sbe sbe÷d ÷d bf b f tnph t nph mb prhmua p rhmuaths ths,, phr bf cbach mb qub dh thmhs fhs prhmuaths prhmuaths
tnbdbd bf knskh ndtbrîs dn rbprbsbdt`d bf knskh rnbseh p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr.
F` prnkbr` prbeudt` qub dhs sureb ` f` chr` mb c`if`r mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr bs pf`dtb`rdhs auàf bs f` jnd`fnm`m mb su bstumnh phr p`rtb mb f` bkprbs`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, phmbkhs mbanr qub, mb jhrk` ebdbr`f, ` tr`vîs mbf bstumnh mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mb sus ahdsuknmhrbs, f` bkprbs` iusa`7 iusa`7 •
Nmbdtnjna`r mb khmh kàs bjbatnvh f`s dbabsnm`mbs `atu`fbs y jutur`s mb sus sus
afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs. •
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Kbghr`r f` a`p`anm`m mb ahkudna`anñd ahd bffhs. bffhs. Hitbdbr su ahdjn`dz` y `sbeur`r su jnmbfnm`m. jnmbfnm`m. _f`dnjna`r mb khmh kàs bjbatnvh f` `aanñd ahkbran`f. ahkbran`f.
_hr fh t`dth, bf bstumnh mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr ahdffbv` ud ibdbjnanh kutuh bd f` rbf`anñd mb ndtbra`kinh, qub dh `jbat` ÷dna`kbdtb mb jhrk` phsntnv` ` f` bkprbs`, sndh t`kinîd `f prhpnh ahdsuknmhr7 ahdsuknmhr7 •
Ibdbjnanh p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr7 j`anfnt`, hrnbdt` y c`ab kàs s`tnsj`athrn` f` f`
prhmuaths. ahkpr` y bf ahdsukh mb fhs prhmuaths. •
Ibdbjnanh p`r` p`r` f` bkprbs`7 suphdb ud` bstr`tben` ahkbran`f kàs `m`pt`m` `f
ahdsuknmhr, fh au`f ndarbkbdt`rà f` mbk`dm` mb fhs prhmuaths hjrbanmhs. hjrbanmhs.
Ahdjhrkbs bd f` dbabsnm`m phr p`rtb mb f` bkprbs` mb ffbv`r ` a`ih ndvbstne`anhdbs i`s`m`s bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth mb sus ahdsuknmhrbs, bf sneunbdtb p`sh sbrà abdtr`rdhs bd f`s prndanp`fbs aubstnhdbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd bf mbs`rrhffh mb bst`s ndvbstne`anhdbs. ndvbstne`anhdb s. @ bstb rbspbath, c`y ud` sbrnb mb aubstnhdbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` phr p`rtb mb fhs rbsphds`ifbs mb k`rlbtnde qub bstumn`d `f ahdsuknmhr, f`s au`fbs ahdstntuybd f`s mnkbdsnhdbs mbf `dàfnsns7 `dàfnsns7 •
¸Punîd ahkpr`8 Mbtbrknd`r qunîd bs bf sugbth qub vbrm`mbr`kbdtb thk` f` f`
îf. mbansnñd mb `mqunrnr bf prhmuath, sn bs bf ahdsuknmhr h qunbd ndjfuyb bd îf. •
¸Puî ahkpr`8 @d`fnz`r bf tnph mb prhmuath qub sbfbaanhd` bdtrb f`s mnstndt`s mnstndt`s
v`fhr`. `ftbrd`tnv`s qub v`fhr`.
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¸_hr quî ahkpr`8 Bstumn`r auàfbs shd fhs khtnvhs phr fhs qub `mqunbrb bf prh-
muath, i`sàdmhsb bd fhs ibdbjnanhs h s`tnsj`aanñd mb dbabsnm`mbs qub suphdbd. suphdbd.
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¸Añkh ahkpr`8 Bd rbf`anñd ahd bf prhabsh mb ahkpr`7 sn f` mbansnñd bs bs
r`zhd`m` h bkhanhd`f, sn f` p`e` bd bjbatnvh h ahd t`rgbt` mb arîmnth, bta. bta.
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¸Auàdmh ahkpr`8 Ahdhabr auàf bs bf khkbdth bd qub ahkpr` y f` jrbaubd-
an` ahd qub fh c`ab. c`ab.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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ahk ¸pMrñ`d8m 8mbb
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¸Auàdth ahkpr`8 Bstumn`r f` a`dtnm`m mb prhmuath `mqunrnm`, `vbrneu`dmh `vbrneu`dmh
Mbtbrknd`r bf fue`r mb `mqunsnanñd, fhs pudths mb mnstrniu- mnstrniu- anñd ` fhs qub `aumb. `aumb. `mbkàs sn f` ahkpr` bs rbpbtntnv` h dh. dh.
@ tr`vîs mb m`r rbspubst` ` f`s `dtbrnhrbs aubstnhdbs f` bkprbs` sbrà a`p`z mb mbjndnr mb jhrk` prbans` fhs càinths mb ahkpr` mb sus ahdsuknmhrbs. ahdsuknmhrbs. ]bdnbdmh af`rh quî suphdb bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr, phr quî bs nk phrt`dtb su bstumnh y auàfbs shd f`s aubstnhdbs iàsna`s shirb f`s qub prhjudmnz`r, bf rbsphds`ifb mb k`rlbtnde mbib pf`dtb`rsb auàf bs bf pudth mb p`rtnm` qub mbib thk`r ahkh rbjbrbdan` ahd t`f mb prhabmbr `f `dàfnsns mb jhrk` bstruatur`m`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, bf khmbfh mb rbspubst` snkpfb, t`kinîd ahdhanmh ahkh khmbfh mb bstëkufh rbspubst`, pbrkntb `efutnd`r mb jhrk` af`r` y hrmbd`m` fhs mnjbrbdtbs j`athrbs y ahdmnanhd`dtbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` ` f` chr` mb mbtbrknd`r mb quî jhrk` rbsphdmbd fhs ahdsuknmhrbs ` fhs mnstndths bstëkufhs bxtbrdhs qub rbanibd bd bf kbra`mh (jneur` =.0). =.0).
Jneur` =.0. Bf khmbfh mb rbspubst` snkpfb snkpfb
Mb bst` k`dbr`, bstb khmbfh ahdtbkpf` qub bf ahdsuknmhr bs bstnkuf`mh mb k`dbr` bxtbrd` ` tr`vîs mbf k`rlbtnde (f`s au`trh _bs) y mb f`s prhpn`s jubrz`s mbf bdthrdh qub fb rhmb` (bahdñkna`s, tbadhfñena`s, phfëtna`s, shanhauftur`fbs, mbkheràjna`s, fbe`fbs, bta.). bta.) . ]hmhs ]hmhs bsths bstëkufhs bstëkuf hs p`s`d phr f` «a`g` dber` mbf ahkpr`mhr¼ (rbaheb f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s bspbaëjna`s mbf ahkpr`mhr `së ahkh f`s j`sbs mb su prhabsh mb ahkpr`) b ndjfuybd bd mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr`7 bfbaanñd mbf prhmuath, bfbaanñd mb f` k`ra`, bfbaanñd mbf bst`ifbanknbdth, khkbdth mb ahkpr` y a`dtnm`m. a`dtnm`m.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd fhs sneunbdtbs `p`rt`mhs bx`knd`rbkhs ahd k`yhr mbt`ffb fhs mnjbrbdtbs bfbkbdths qub ahkphdbd bstb khmbfh. khmbfh.
=.9. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr Ahkh cbkhs vnsth, bf ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mbf ahdsuknmhr sb hrnend` ` p`rtnr mb mbtbrknd`mhs bstëkufhs bxtbrdhs qub bstb rbanib, fhs au`fbs shd ebstnhd`mhs ndtbrd`kbdtb judanñd mb sus prhpn`s mbf a`r`atbrëstna`s. Bd bstb phmbkhs mnjbrbdan`r mhsbdtnphs mb ahdmnanhd`dtbs ahkphrt`knbdth mbfsbdtnmh ahdsuknmhr7 bxtbrdhs b ndtbrdhs. ndtbrdhs.
=.9.0. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs bxtbrdhs bxtbrdhs Mbdtrh mb fhs ahdmnanhd`dtbs bxtbrdhs mnjbrbdan`khs mhs jubdtbs mb bstëkufh7 bstëkufh7 •
Bstëkufhs mb k`rlbtnde 7 ahdsnstbd bd f`s `aanhdbs bkprbdmnm`s phr f` bkprbs` ahd t`f mb ndanmnr bd dhshtrhs khtnv`dmh f` ahkpr` mb sus prhmuaths. Bd ahdarbth, bdefhi`rë`d f`s au`trh _bs7 prhmuath, prbanh, mnstrniuanñd mnstrn iuanñd y ahkudna`anñd (sbràd vnst`s bd fhs a`pëtufhs 2, :, 5 y 3 rbspbatnv`kbdtb rbspbatnv`kbdtb). ). Qbràd fhs ÷dnahs bstëkufhs ahdtrhf`ifbs mnrbat`kbdtb phr bf bspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
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Bstëkufhs mbf bdthrdh7 bdthrdh7 jhrk`mhs phr f`s prndanp`fbs jubrz`s y `ahdtbanknbdths mbf k`arhbdthrdh mbf ahdsuknmhr, t`fbs ahkh f` bahdhkë`, f` tbadhfheë`, f` phfëtna`, f` shanbm`m y f` auftur`, f` mbkher`jë` h f` fbensf`anñd. F` jneur` jneur` prndanp`fbs fbs v`rn`ifbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd bd a`m` udh mb bsths bsths =.9 kubstr` f`s prndanp` suibdthrdhs. suibdthrdhs.
Jneur` =.9. _rndanp`fbs v`rn`ifbs mb bstëkufh mbf bdthrdh mbf ahdsuknmhr
5=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.9.9. Ahdmnanhd`dtbs ndtbrdhs ndtbrdhs F`s mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr` sb bdaubdtr`d ndjfunm`s, bd er`d kbmnm`, phr j`athrbs qub pbrtbdbabd `f prhpnh kudmh mbf ahkpr`mhr. Bsths j`athrbs pubmbd af`snjna`rsb bd7 auftur`fbs, shan`fbs, pbrshd`fbs y psnahfñenahs (jneur` =.1). Bd fhs prñxnkhs pudths bx`knd`rbkhs f` ndjfubdan` ndjfubdan` mb a`m` j`athr bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` b nfustr`rbkhs t`fbs ndjfubdan`s p`r` ud cnphtîtnah ahdsuknmhr `f qub ff`k`rbkhs K`dhfnth. K`dhfnth bs ud udnvbrsnt`rnh mb 99 `ðhs qub ahkp`end` sus bstumnhs ahd ud tr`i`gh ` turdhs bd Mba`tcfhd y qub mbsb` ahkpr`rsb ud` aàk`r` mb jhths p`r` su vn`gb mb jnd mb a`rrbr`. Kuac`s mb sus a`r`atbrëstna`s ndjfunràd bd bf khmh bd qub bv`f÷b f`s aàk`r`s y sb mba`dtb phr ud` mb bff`s. bff`s.
Jneur` =.1.Ahdmnanhd`dtbs ndtbrdhs mbf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr
=.9.9.0. J`athrbs auftur`fbs auftur`fbs Qhd fhs qub bgbrabd ud` ndjfubdan` kàs jubrtbbfbdp`pbf bf ahkphrt`knbdth rbsphds`ifb mb k`rlbtnde mbib ahkprbdmbr qub mbsbkpbð`mbf`ahkpr`. auftur`, Bf f` suiauftur` y f` af`sb shan`f mbf ahkpr`mhr. ahkpr`mhr.
•
Auftur`7 ahdgudth mb nmb`s, arbbdan`s, v`fhrbs, ahkphrt`knbdths, dhrk`s y ahstukirbs qub a`r`atbrnz`d ` ud` shanbm`m y qub sb tr`dskntbd tr `dskntbd mb ebdbr`anñd bd ebdbr`anñd ebdbr`anñd..
•
Quiauftur`7 rbenhdbs, eruphs rbfnenhshs h îtdnahs qub prhvbbd prhvbbd ` sus knbkknbk- j`athrbs mb nmbdtnjna`anñd y shan`fnz`anñd kàs irhs mb j`athrbs kàs bspbaëjnahs. bspbaëjnahs.
•
Af`sb shan`f7 mnvnsnhdbs rbf`tnv`kbdtb chkheîdb`s y hrmbd`m`s auyhs knbkirhs ahkp`rtbd v`fhrbs, ndtbrbsbs y ahkphrt`knbdths snknf`rbs. snknf`rbs.
52
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
K`dhfnth7 Bd dubstrh bgbkpfh i`s`mh bd bf cnphtîtnah ahdsuknmhr K`dhfnth7 Auftur`7 haanmbdt`f
Quiauftur`7 bsp`ðhf`
Af`sb shan`f7 kbmn`-`ft` kbmn`-`ft`
=.9.9.9. J`athrbs shan`fbs shan`fbs Fhs j`athrbs shan`fbs, t`fbs ahkh fhs eruphs mb rbjbrbdan` mbf ahdsuknmhr, fhs rhfbs y fhs bst`tus, t`kinîd bgbrabd ud` `ft` ndjfubdan` bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. •
Eruphs mb rbjbrbdan`7 shd thmhs `qubffhs eruphs qub tnbdbd ud` ndjfubdan` mnrbat` h ndmnrbat` shirb f`s `atntumbs y ahkphrt`knbdths mbf ahdsuknmhr. Fhs prndanp`fbs shd7 shd7 ‑ Eruphs mb pbrtbdbdan`7 `qubffhs ` fhs qub f` pbrshd` pbrtbdbab y ahd fhs
qub ndtbr`at÷`. Bd judanñd mb f` jrbaubdan` ahd f` qub sb m` f` rbf`anñd y bf er`mh mb jhrk`fnm`m mbf eruph phmrbkhs bdahdtr`r mnjbrbdtbs phsninfnphsninfnm`mbs (jneur` =.=). =.=). ‑ Eruphs mb `spnr`anñd7 `qubffhs ` fhs qub dh sb pbrtbdbab, pbrh ` fhs qub
fb eust`rë` pbrtbdbabr. Neu`fkbdtb, bd judanñd mbf dnvbf mb ahdt`ath v`fhr`rbkhs mnjbrbdtbs phsninfnm`mbs (jneur` =.=). =.=).
Eruphs mb pbrtbdbdan` pbrtbdbdan` Ndjhrk`fbs Ndjhrk`fbs _rnk`rn`s _rnk`rn`s jrbaubdtb) (rbf`anñd jrbaubdtb) Qbaudm`rnhs (rbf`anñd bsphràmna`) bsphràmna`)
Jhrk`fbs Jhrk`fbs
• J`knfn` J`knfn`
• Eruphs mb tr`i`gh tr`i`gh
• @knehs @knehs mbphrtnvhs • Eruphs mbphrtnvhs
• Eruphs mb `fukdhs `fukdhs phfëtnahs • _`rtnmhs phfëtnahs
• _bð`s _bð`s
• Qndmna`ths Qndmna`ths
`fukdhs • @dtneuhs `fukdhs
• Ahfbenhs prhjbsnhd`fbs prhjbsnhd`fbs
Eruphs mb `spnr`anñd `spnr`anñd mnrbath Ahd ahdt`ath mnrbath
Qnd ahdt`ath mnrbath mnrbath
• Mnrbatnvhs mb f` bkprbs` bkprbs`
• _brshd`gbs j`khshs, j`khshs,
`rtnst`s, mbphrtnst`s, bta. bta.
Jneur` =.=. Fhs eruphs mb rbjbrbdan` mbf ahdsuknmhr
5:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd dubstrh bgbkpfh, tbdnbdmh bd aubdt` qub dubstrh cnphtîtnah ahdsuknmhr K`dhfnth bs bstumn`dtb udnvbrsnt`rnh y gube` bd f` a`dtbr` a`dtb r` mbf A. M. A`stbffñd7 A`stbffñd7
Eruphs mb pbrtbdbdan`7 su j`knfn` y sus ahkp`ðbrhs mb udnvbrsnm`m udnvbrsnm`m Eruphs mb `spnr`anñd7 bdtr`r bd f` a`dtbr` mbf Znff`rrb`f A. J. J.
• y bsYt` htfbuss uss7 a`m` pbrshd` pbrtbdbab ` ud er`d d÷kbrh mb eruphs. F` ph- ph-
snanñd pbrshd`f mbdtrh mb a`m` eruph pubmb sbr af`snjna`m` bd rrhfbs hfbs y bst`tus. bst`tus. Yhf7 p`pbf p`pbf qub sb bspbr` qub ud` pbrshd` mbs`rrhffb bd rbf`anñd ahd f` ‑ Yhf7 ebdtb qub fb rhmb`. rhmb`.
‑ Bst`tus7 ahdsnmbr`anñd m`m` phr f` shanbm`m bd judanñd mbf rhf bgbranmh.
@së ahkh bf rhf bgbranmh phr ud` pbrshd` rbspbath ` htr` duda` sbrà supbrnhr h ndjbrnhr, sndh mnjbrbdtb, bd bf a`sh mbf bst`tus së qub ahdsnmbr`rbkhs qub bstàd ` mnstndths dnvbfbs mb nkphrt`dan`. nkphrt`dan`.
Bd dubstrh bgbkpfh, phmbkhs pf`dtb`r fhs sneunbdtbs rhfbs y bst`tus p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr K`dhfnth7 K`dhfnth7 YHFBQ7 YHFBQ7
BQ]@]RQ7 BQ]@]RQ7
cngh • A`s`7 cngh • Er`mh7 rbprbsbdt`dtb
• A`s`7 cngh 6 k`mrb
mb fhs bstumn`dtbs bstumn`dtbs
h p`mrb p`mrb
• Er`mh7 mnrbathr 4 rbprbsbdt`dtb rbprbsbdt`dtb
• Af`sb7 mbfbe`mh mbfbe`mh
• Af`sb7 mbfbe`mh 4
ahkp`ðbrh af`sb af`sb
• Eruph mb `knehs7 ` knehs7 er`anhsh er`anhsh
er`a nhsh 4 ndtrhvbrtnmh ndtrhvbrtnmh • Eruph mb `knehs7 er`anhsh
Rd `spbath bsbdan`f mbdtrh mb f` ahdsnmbr`anñd mb bsths j`athrbs shan`fbs bs f` mnstndanñd bdtrb fhs mnjbrbdtbs rhfbs mb ahkpr` qub sb pubmbd bgbrabr ` f` f`reh mbf prhabsh mb ahkpr` mb ud prhmuath, prhmuath, qub sndtbtnz`khs sndtbtnz`khs bd fhs sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7
•
Ndnan`mhr 7 f` pbrshd` qub prnkbrh suenbrb h pnbds` bd f` nmb` mb ahkpr`r ud ud prhmuath. Ffbv` ` f` `p`rnanñd mb f` dbabsnm`m dbabsnm`m phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr.
•
Ndjfubdan`mhr 7 pbrshd` auyh pudth mb vnst` vnst` h ahdsbgh tnbdb `fe÷d pbsh pbsh bd f` f` thk` mb f` mbansnñd jnd`f. jnd`f.
•
Mbanshr 7 pbrshd` qub thk` f` mbansnñd mb ahkpr` h p`rtb mb bff` (sn ahkpr`r h dh, quî ahkpr`r, añkh ahkpr`r, mñdmb ahkpr`r, bta.). bta.).
•
Ahkpr`mhr 7 pbrshd` qub rb`fkbdtb bjbat÷` f` ahkpr`. ahkpr`.
•
Rsu`rnh77 pbrshd` qub ahdsukb h utnfnz` bf prhmuath. Rsu`rnh prhmuath.
55
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
rh fbs bd bf prhabsh mb ahkpr` mb f` Bd dubstrh bgbkpfh, phmbkhs pf`dtb`r fhs sneunbdtbs rhfbs aàk`r` mb jhths p`r` K`dhfnth7 K`dhfnth7 • Ndnan`mhr7 _bmrh, _bmrh, ahkp`ðbrh mb
af`sb mb K`dhfnth, `f dh phmbr `snstnr `f vn`gb mb jnd mb a`rrbr` fb pf`dtb` qub ahkprb ud` aàk`r` mb jhths p`r` vbr quî c`d cbach sus ahkp`ðbrhs mur`dtb bf vn`gb. vn`gb.
• Ndjfubdan`mhr7
Q`r`, f` p`rbg` mb K`dhfnth, ahdsuft` ahd îf fhs mnjbrbdtbs a`tàfhehs, màdmhfb su hpndnñd ahdtndu`kbdtb shirb f`s phsnifbs `ftbrd`tnv`s. `ftbrd`tnv`s.
• Mbanshr7 A`rfhs, bf p`mrb mb K`dhfnth, bs `jnanhd`mh `
f` jhther`jë` y
mbanmb bf khmbfh qub mbib ahkpr`r su cngh. cngh. • Ahkpr`mhr7@d`, f` k`mrb mb K`dhfnth, `aumb ` ahkpr`r f` aàk`r`,
y` qub ` bstb fb bs nkphsnifb `abra`rsb mbinmh ` sus af`sbs y su tr`i`gh ` turdhs. turdhs. • Rsu`rnh7 K`dhfnth sbrà qunbd
mnsjrut`rà mb f` aàk`r`. aàk`r`.
=.9.9.1. J`athrbs pbrshd`fbs pbrshd`fbs F`s mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr` t`kinîd bdaubdtr`d ndjfunm`s phr mbf f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s pbrshd`fbs, prndanp`fkbdtb f` bm`m sb y f` j`sb mbf anafh mb vnm` ahkpr`mhr, su haup`anñd, sus anraudst`dan`s bahdñkna`s, su bstnfh mb vnm`, su pbrshd`fnm`m y su ahdabpth mb së knskh. Bsths j`athrbs, fhs `erup`rbkhs sbe÷d ahrrbsphdmbd `f pbrjnf shanhmbkheràjnah shanhmbkheràjnah h psnaheràjnah psnaheràjnah mbf ahkpr`mhr7 ahkpr`mhr7 •
_brjnf shanhmbkhe shanhmbkheràjnah ràjnah7 ‑ Bm`m y j`sb mbf anafh mb vnm`7 ` fh f`reh mb sus vnm`s, f`s pbrshd`s dh ahkahk -
pr`d snbkprb bf knskh tnph mb prhmuaths. Qus eusths eusths a`kin`d a`kin`d ahd ahd f` bm`m y sb vbd ndjfubdan`mhs phr bf anafh mb vnm` qub `tr`vnbs` su j`knfn` ahd bf tnbkph. @ khmh mb rbjbrbdan`, f` t`if` =.0 kubstr` f`s mnstndt`s bt`p`s mbf anafh mb vnm` j`knfn`r bxphdnbdmh bgbkpfhs prhmuaths kàs c`intu`fbs qub
sb subfbd `mqunrnr bd a`m` bt`p`. bt`p`. ‑ Haup`anñd7 f` haup`anñd mb ud` pbrshd` ndjfuyb bd fhs inbdbs y sbrvnanhs qub `mqunbrb. Rd ahkpr`mhr dh au`fnjna`mh ahkpr` rhp` añkhm` p`r` tr`i`g`r, knbdtr`s qub fhs tr`i`g`mhrbs au`fnjna`mhs ahkpr`d tr`gbs y ahr i`t`s. i`t`s. ‑ Anraudst`dan`s bahdñkna`s7 f` mnsphdninfnm`m bahdñkna`, fhs nderbshs,
`chrrhs h phmbr mb arîmnth mbf ahkpr`mhr shd judm`kbdt`fbs bd f` bfbaanñd mb sus prhmuaths. Qn fhs `dtbrnhrbs j`athrbs prbsbdt`d ud bst`mh dbe`tnvh p`r` bf ahkpr`mhr, bstb sbrà kuach kàs sbdsnifb `f prbanh mb fhs prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
53
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
]`if` =.0. J`sbs mbf anafh mb vnm` j`knfn`r •
_brjnf psnaheràjnah7 b f bstnfh mb vnm` mb ud` pbrshd` rbspbath ` htr` pubmb sbr ‑ Bstnfh mb vnm`7 bf
kuy mnjbrbdtb `ud au`dmh `ki`s pbrtbdbza`d ` f` knsk` kn sk` af`sb shan`f. Bf bstnfh mb vnm` mb ud` pbrshd` bs bf p`trñd mb su jhrk` mb vnvnr y sb bx prbs` bd sus `atntumbs, ndtbrbsbs y hpndnhdbs. Rd` k`ra` mb `uthkñvnfbs pbranib qub su p÷ifnah higbtnvh tnbdb ud bstnfh mb vnm` j`knfn`r, mb `cë qub i`sb su a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn` bd ud `kinbdtb che`rbðh y abra`dh. F` t`if` =.9 kubstr` ud bgbkpfh mb fhs phsnifbs bstnfhs mb vnm` p`r` fhs
ahdsuknmhrbs mb tbadhfheë`. ahdsuknmhrbs tbadhfheë`. ‑ _brshd`fnm`m7 thm`s f`s pbrshd`s tnbdbd pbrshd`fnm`mbs mnjbrbdtbs, fh au`f v` ` ndjfunr bd su ahdmuat` mb ahkpr`. F` pbrshd`fnm`m sb mbjndb ahkh f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s psnahfñena`s y mnstndtnv`s mb ud` pbrshd` qub f` ahdmuabd ` thk`r rbspubst`s ` su bdthrdh mb jhrk` rbf`tnv`kbdtb ahdsnstbdtb y pbrk`dbdtb. F` pbrshd`fnm`m c`intu`fkbdtb sb mbsarnib bd judanñd mb a`r`atbrëstna`ss ahkh f` ahdjn`dz` bd së knskh, `uthrnm`m, `uthdhkë`, sha`r`atbrëstna` an`infnm`m, `erbsnvnm`m, bst`infnm`m bkhanhd`f, `jnfn`anñd y `m`pt`infnm`m. `m`pt`infnm`m. F` pbrshd`fnm`m pubmb sbr ud` v`rn`ifb ÷tnf bd bf `dàfnsns mb f` ahdmuat` mbf ahdsuknmhr, y` qub f`s bkprbs`s tr`t`ràd mb mht`r ` sus prhmuaths mb `qubff` pbrshd`fnm`m nmbdtnjna`m` bd sus afnbdtbs, tr`sf`màdmhf` ` sus `aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
5>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
‑ @uthahdabpth7 @uthahdabpth7 bs f` nk`ebd kbdt`f qub f`s pbrshd`s tnbdbd mb së knsk`s.
@mbkàs, cbkhs mb v`fhr`r qub `udqub ud` pbrshd` tbde` su `uthahdabpth mbjndnmh, pubmb qub bstb mnjnbr` mb su `uthahdabpth nmb`f, bs mbanr, mb añkh fb eust`rë` vbrsb. Mb `cë qub kuac`s bkprbs`s mbmnqubd sus bsjubrzhs ` mbs`rrhff`r nkàebdbs mb k`ra` qub sb `ahpfbd, y` dh ` f` `uthnk`ebd mb su kbra`mh higbtnvh, sndh ` su `uthahdabpth nmb`f. nmb`f.
]`if` =.9. Bstnfhs mb vnm` mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs mb tbadhfheë` tbadhfheë`
Bd dubstrh bgbkpfh phmbkhs pf`dtb`r, mb k`dbr` snkpfnjna`m`, fhs sneunbdtbs pbrjnfbs p`r` p`r` K`dhfnth7 K`dhfnth7
_brjnf shanhmbkheràj shanhmbkheràjnah7 nah7 • Bm`m7
_brjnf psnaheràjn psnaheràjnah7 ah7 • Mbphrtnst`
- 99 `ðhs
Hrnend`f • Hrnend`f
- _`sh `mhfbsabdan` ` k`murbz • Anafh mb vnm`7
• @inbrth y bxtrhvbrtnmh bxtrhvbrtnmh • @fberb y mnvbrtnmh mnvbrtnmh
- Znvb bd ud pnsh mb bstumn`dtbs
@atu`f • @atu`f
- @sbdt`knbdth jhrk`f mb ud` rbf`anñ rbf`anñdd mb p`rbg` • Qhan`ifb • Haup`anñd7
• Khmbrdh
- Bstumn`dtb udnvbrsnt`rnh
Guvbdnf • Guvbdnf
Mba`tcfhd - ]r`i`g` ` turdhs bd Mba`tcfhd bahdñkna`s7 • Anraudst`dan`s bahdñkna`s7 - _rhvnbdb mb ud` j`knfn` mb dnvbf kbmnh-`fth kbmnh-`fth - Hitnbdb sus prhpnhs nderbshs kbdsu`fbs kbdsu`fbs
3?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.9.9.=. J`athrbs psnahfñenahs psnahfñenahs F` bfbaanñd mb ahkpr` mb ud ndmnvnmuh t`kinîd sb vbrà ndjfunm` phr au`trh nk phrt`dtbs j`athrbs7 f` khtnv`anñd, f` pbrabpanñd, bf `prbdmnz`gb y f`s arbbdan`s y `atntumbs. `atntumbs. •
Khtnv`anñd7 f`s dbabsnm`mbs qub ud` pbrshd` tnbdb sb pubmbd ahdvbrtnr bd khtnv`anñd au`dmh ffbe`d ` ud dnvbf sujnanbdtb mb ndtbdsnm`m ahkh p`r` nk pufs`r ` f` pbrshd` ` `atu`r (phr bgbkpfh, kbmn`dtb f` ahkpr` mb ud prhmuath) ahd t`f mb fher`r su s`tnsj`aanñd. _hr t`dth, ud` khtnv`anñd bs ud` dbabsnm`m qub bstà bgbranbdmh sujnanbdtb prbsnñd prbsnñd p`r` ndmuanr ` f` pbrshd` ` `atu`r. `atu`r. Bxnstbd v`rn`s tbhrë`s shirb f` khtnv`anñd cuk`d`, bdtrb bff`s f` kàs ahdhanm` bs f` ]bhrë` mb f` khtnv`anñd mb K`sfhw. Mb `aubrmh ahd K`sfhw f`s dbabsnm`mbs cuk`d`s sb hre`dnz`d bd ud` gbr`rquë` qub v` mb f`s kàs urebdtbs ` f`s kbdhs urebdtbs (jneur` =.2). _hr hrmbd mb nkphrt`dan` bxnstbd dbabsnm`mbs7 jnsnhfñena`s, absnm`mbs7 jnsnhfñena`s, mb sbeurnm`m, shan`fbs, mb bstnk` y mb `uthrrb`fnz`anñd.. Rd` pbrshd` tr`t`rà mb s`tnsj`abr prnkbrh f`s kàs anñd k às urebdtbs, mb khmh qub ahdjhrkb f`s dbabsnm` dbabsnm`mbs mbs mb ud mbtbrknd`mh dnvbf bstîd s`tnsjbac`s s`tnsjbac`s mbg`ràd mb khtnv`r ` f` pbrshd`, qub tr`t`rà mb s`tnsj`abr f`s sneunbdtbs bd nkphrt`dan`. nkphrt`dan`.
K`sfhw Jneur` =.2. F` ]bhrë` mb f` khtnv`anñd mb K`sfhw
f mbBsauirnknbdth mb fhs khtnvhs qub nkpufs`d `f ahdsuknmhr bs ud` mb mb f`s prndanp`fbs t`rb`s mb fhs bspban`fnst`s mb k`rlbtnde, qunbdbs mbibràd tr`t`r mb khstr`r ` fhs sbekbdths khtnv`mhs mbf kbra`mh bf phrquî su prhmuath pubmb s`tnsj`abr mb kbghr k`dbr` sus dbabsnm`mbs. dbabsnm`mbs. •
pbrshd`s tbde`d f`s knsk`s khtnv`anhdbs khtnv`anhdbs y sb bdbd- _brabpanñd 7 `udqub mhs pbrshd`s aubdtrbd bd f` knsk` sntu`anñd, bsth dh snednjna` qub v`y`d ` `atu`r mb f` f`
30
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
knsk` k`dbr`< bsth bs phrqub pbranibd f` sntu`anñd mb mnstndt` jhrk`, bs mbanr, a`m` udh hre`dnz` b ndtbrprbt` f` ndjhrk`anñd mb k`dbr` ndmnvnmu`f. @së, f` pbrabpanñd bs bf prhabsh phr bf au`f ud` ud ` pbrshd` sbfbaanhd`, sbfbaanhd`, hre`dnz` hre`dnz` b ndtbrprbt` ndjhrk`anñd p`r` ahdjhrk`r ahdjhrk`r ud` nk`ebd ahd snednjna`mh mbf kudmh. kudmh. Fhs bspban`fnst`s mb k`rlbtnde mbibràd `sbeur`rsb mb qub sus kbds`gbs sb pbrani`d ahrrbat`kbdtb, snd qub surg`d mnsthrsnhdbs mnsthrsnhdbs bd fhs knskhs phr p`rtb p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. •
@prbdmnz`gb7 au`dmh udh rb`fnz` ud` `atnvnm`m, `prbdmb. Bf `prbdmnz`gb su phdb a`kinhs bd bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth ndmnvnmu`f ndmnvnmu`f mbrnv`mhs mb f` bxpbrnbdan`. bxpbrnbdan`. Bd htr`s p`f`ir`s, bf `prbdmnz`gb mbf ahdsuknmhr bs bf prhabsh phr kbmnh mbf au`f fhs ndmnvnmuhs `mqunbrbd bf ahdhanknbdth mb ahkpr` y mb ahdsukh y f` bxpbrnbdan` qub `pfna`d ` ud ahkphrt`knbdth juturh rbf`anhd`mh (k`dtbdnbdmh bf ahkphrt`knbdth h khmnjnaàdmhfh). khmnjnaàdmhfh). Qbrà judm`kbdt`f qub f` bkprbs` ahdmuza` ` bxpbrnbdan`s phsntnv`s mb sus afnbdtbs ahd rbspbath ` sus prhmuaths, y` qub sbrà af`vb t`dth bd su rbpbtnanñd mb ahkpr` ahkh bd bf iha`-hëmh bgbranmh shirb htrhs ahdsuknmhrbs phtbdan`fbs. phtbdan`fbs.
•
Arbbdan`s y `atntumbs7 f`s arbbdan`s y `atntumbs sb `mqunbrbd kbmn`dtb bf `prbdmnz`gb. F` arbbdan` rbprbsbdt` ud pbds`knbdth mbsarnptnvh `abra` mb `feh, knbdtr`s qub f` `atntum rbaheb f` tbdmbdan` mb `aanñd mbf ahdsuknmhr shirb bsb `feh. `feh. @f rbsphds`ifb mb k`rlbtnde fb ndtbrbs`d f`s arbbdan`s qub bf ahdsuknmhr tnbdb shirb sus prhmuaths phrqub m`d fue`r ` f` nk`ebd mbf prhmuath y mb f` k`ra` bd f` kbdtb mbf ahdsuknmhr. Bst`s arbbdan`s mbibràd bst`r i`s`m`s bd `spbaths phsntnvhs, y` qub f`s pbrshd`s tnbdmbd ` `atu`r mb `aubrmh ahd sus arbbdan`s. Qn f`s arbbdan`s `abra` mb ud prhmuath shd dbe`tnv`s, sb mbibràd utnfnz`r f`s `aanhdbs mb k`rlbtnde hphrtud`s p`r` ahrrbenrf`s. ahrrbenrf`s.
_`r` dubstrh bgbkpfh shirb K`dhfnth, i`s`mh bd bf cnphtîtnah ahkpr`mhr mb ud` aàk`r` aàk`r` jhtheràjna`7 jhtheràjna`7 • Khtnv`anñd7
bf khtnvh qub fb c`ab ahkpr`r bs bf cbach mb qub, _bmrh, su ahkp`ðbrh mb af`sb dh pubmb `snstnr `f vn`gb mb jnd mb a`rrbr`. a`rrbr`.
• _brabpanñd7
Bf mbpbdmnbdtb mb udh mb fhs bst`ifbanknbdths ` fhs qub `aumb `jbat` mnrbat`kbdtb ` f` pbrabpanñd shirb mbtbrknd`m`s k`ra`s y khmbfhs. khmbfhs.
• Arbbdan`s
y `atntumbs7 K`dhfnth tnbdb f` arbbdan` mb qub f`s Dnlhd shd aàk`r`s pbs`m`s. pbs`m`s.
• @prbdmnz`gb7
Er`an`s ` f` bxpbrnbdan` bd bf ush mb su dubv` aàk`r`, K`dhfnth sb phmrà pf`dtb`r rbpbtnr k`ra` bd jutur`s
39
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.1. J`sbs mbf prhabsh mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr` ahkpr` F` bfbaanñd mbf ahdsuknmhr mbrnv` mb f` ndtbr`aanñd ahkpfbg` mb fhs mnstndths j`athrbs `d`fnz`mhs bd bf `p`rt`mh `dtbrnhr. @udqub bf rbsphds`ifb mb k`rlbtnde dh tnbdb ndjfubdan` mnrbat` bd f` k`yhrë` mb bffhs, bsths j`athrbs pubmbd sbr ÷tnfbs ` f` chr` mb nmbdtnjna`r ` fhs ahdsuknmhrbs phtbdan`fbs y ` mnsbð`r fhs prhmuaths mb jhrk` qub sb `ahpfbd mb f` kbghr k`dbr` phsnifb ` sus dbabsnm`mbs. dbabsnm`mbs. Bd bf prbsbdtb `p`rt`mh dhs abdtr`rbkhs bd bf `dàfnsns mb f`s mnjbrbdtbs bt`p`s phr f`s qub pubmb p`s`r bf ahkpr`mhr bd su prhabsh mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr`. _`r` bffh utnfnz`rbkhs ud khmbfh i`s`mh bd andah bt`p`s7 rbahdhanknbdth mb f` dbabsnm`m, i÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd, bv`fu`anñd mb `ftbrd`tnv`s, mbansnñd mb ahkpr` y ahk phrt`knbdth phst-ahkpr`. phst-ahkpr`. Mbibkhs tbdbr bd aubdt` qub, ` pbs`r mb qub `d`fnz`rbkhs a`m` ud` mb f`s bt`p`s, bf ahdsuknmhr dh snbkprb p`s`rà phr thm`s bff`s. @së, phr bgbkpfh, bd prhmuaths mb ahkpr` c`intu`f ahkh f` p`st` mb mnbdtbs, fh kàs prhi`ifb bs qub bf ahdsuknmhr p`sb mb f` bt`p` mb rbahdhanknbdth mb f` dbabsnm`m ` f` bt`p` mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr` mnrbat`kbdtb. mnrbat`kbdtb.
=.1.0. Ybahdhanknbdth mb f` dbabsnm`m d babsnm`m Bf prhabsh mb ahkpr` ahknbdz` au`dmh bf ahdsuknmhr rbahdhab rbahdhab tbdbr ud prhifbk` h dbabsnm`m. Bs mbanr, bf ahdsuknmhr pbranib ud` mnjbrbdan` bdtrb su bst`mh `atu`f y bf bst`mh mbsb`mh. mbsb`mh. Ahkh vnkhs bd bf `p`rt`mh `dtbrnhr, fhs bstëkufhs qub arb`d bs`s dbabsnm`mbs pubmbd sbr t`dth ndtbrdhs ahkh bxtbrdhs. @së, c`y dbabsnm`mbs mb tnph iàsnah (ahkh ahkbr, ibibr, a`fbdt`rsb, bta.) qub shd dbabs`rn`s p`r` qub bf aubrph cuk`dh sne` judanhd`dmh y, y, phr fh t`dth, sb hrnend`d h rnend`d k`yhrkbdtb ` p`rtnr mb bstëkufhs ndtbrdhs. ^, phr htrh f`mh, bdahdtr`khs dbabsnm`mbs mb tnph `jbatnvh y shan`f (ahkh jhrk`r p`rtb mb ud eruph, sbdtnrsb ndtber`mh, dbabsnm`m mb bst`tus y rbahdhanknbdth shan`f, bta.) qub sb hrnend`d bd k`yhr kbmnm` ` p`rtnr mb bstëkufhs bxtbrdhs. bxtbrdhs. F` bkprbs` mbib nmbdtnjna`r fhs j`athrbs mbsbda`mbd`dtbs mbsbda`mbd`dtbs mb f` dbabsnm`m kbmn`dtb bf bstumnh mbf ahdsuknmhr, bspban`fkbdtb bd bf a`sh mb ahkpr`s mnsarbanhd`fbs, qub sb prhmuabd ahd bsa`s` jrbaubdan`, `shan`m`s ` `rtëaufhs mb fugh, p`qubtbs mb v`a`anhdbs h bdtrbtbdnknbdth. Rd bgbkpfh af`rh mb f`s `aanhdbs ffbv`m`s ` a`ih phr f`s bkprbs bkprbs`s `s mbf sbath sbathrr tbran`rnh tbran`rnh p`r` prhk prhkhvb hvbrr f` `p`rnanñd `p`rnanñd mb f` dbabsn dbabsnm`m m`m phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr fh bdahdtr`khs bd fhs bsa`p`r`tbs bsa`p`r`tbs,, qub prbtbdmbd sbr bstëkufh y rbaf`kh p`r` qub bf ahdsuknmhr bdtrb bd bf bst`ifbanknbdth ndtbrbs`mh ndtbrbs`mh phr `feudh mb fhs prhmuaths bxpubsths. bxpubsths.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.1.9. I÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd ndjhrk`anñd F` ndjhrk`anñd bs judm`kbdt`f p`r` phmbr thk`r ud` mbansnñd. F` i÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd qub c`e` bf ahdsuknmhr mbpbdmbrà mbf tnph mb ahdsuknmhr qub sb` y mb f` nkpfna`anñd qub bf prhmuath bd aubstnñd tbde` p`r` îf (nkphrt`dan` mbf e`sth, nkpfna`anhdbs shan`fbs, rbpbrausnhdbs bd su nk`ebd, `spbaths `jbatnvhs, bta.). bta.). ndjhrk`anñd7 Bd bstb sbdtnmh, phmbkhs mnstndeunr mhs dnvbfbs mb i÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd7 I÷squbm` mb `tbdanñd ndtbdsnjna`m`7 bs bf a`sh bd bf qub bf ahdsuknmhr dh
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ffbv` ` a`ih ud` i÷squbm` `atnv` mb ndjhrk`anñd, pbrh sb kubstr` rbabptnvh ` f` ndjhrk`anñd `shan`m` ` ud mbtbrknd`mh prhmuath (`dudanhs, hpndnñd mb `knehs, bta.). bta.).
I÷squbm` `atnv` mb ndjhrk`anñd7 bd bstb a`sh bf ahdsuknmhr së qub ndtbd-
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snjna` su f`ihr mb i÷squbm`, ndtbdt`dmh fha`fnz`r ndjhrk`anñd mbf prhmuath ` p`rtnr mb jubdtbs mnvbrs`s (k`tbrn`f mb fbatur`, `knehs, Ndtbrdbt, vnsnt` ` bst`ifbanknbdths,, bta.). bst`ifbanknbdths bta.).
Neu`fkbdtb, cbkhs mb tbdbr bd aubdt` qub bf ahdsuknmhr pubmb `aumnr ` mnstndt`s mnstndt`s jubdtbs mb ndjhrk`anñd, f`s au`fbs sb kubstr`d bd f` jneur` =.:. =.:.
Jneur` =.:. Jubdtbs mb ndjhrk`anñd ndjhrk`anñd
F` nkphrt`dan` rbf`tnv` mb a`m` ud` mb bst`s jubdtbs, dubv`kbdtb, bs v`rn`ifb. @së, f` k`yhr a`dtnm`m mb ndjhrk`anñd qub fb ffbe` `f ahdsuknmhr prhvnbdb mb f`s jubdtbs ahkbran`fbs (bgbrabd ud` judanñd ndjhrk`tnv`). Qnd bki`reh, f`s kàs bjna`abs bd au`dth ` f` ndjfubdan` qub bgbrabd shirb bf ahdsuknmhr shd f`s jubdtbs pbrshd`fbs (bgbrabd ud` judanñd judanñd mb bv`fu`anñd). bv`fu`anñd).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Kuac`s bkprbs`s sb c`d pbra`t`mh mb f` nkphrt`dan` qub tnbdb f` ndjhrk`anñd bd bf ahdsuknmhr mb a`r` ` rbsp`fm`r su mbansnñd mb ahkpr`. Mb cbach, bdahdtr`khs bkprbs`s qub sb mbmna`d gust`kbdtb ` bsth, ` sbr jubdtbs mb ndjhrk`anñd p`r` bf ahdsuknmh ahdsu knmhr. r. Qbrë` bf a`sh mb f` euë` Ybpshf, h wbis ahkh Ihhlnde h An`h. An`h. Er`an`s ` bstb prhabsh mb `mqunsnanñd mb ndjhrk`anñd, f` bkprbs` bs a`p`z mb nr jnftr`dmh f`s mnstndt`s phsninfnm`mbs mb prhmuath qub hjrbab bf kbra`mh c`st` ffbe`r ` su ahdgudth jnd`f mb `ftbrd`tnv`s mhdmb bfbenr. @së, pf`dtbbkhs bf a`sh mb ud ahdsuknmhr qub bstà pbds`dmh bd ahkpr`r ud hrmbd`mhr. Bd judanñd mb ndjhrk`anñd mb f` qub mnsphdb, phmrbkhs mnjbrbdan`r (jneur` =.5)7 =.5)7
Jneur` =.5. Jnftr`mh mb `ftbrd`tnv`s ` fh f`reh mbf prhabsh mb m b i÷squbm` mb ndjhrk`anñd ndjhrk`anñd
Ahdgudth tht`f7 ahdgudth mb k`ra`s mnsphdnifbs bd bf kbra`mh p`r` bf ahd-
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suknmhr. suknmhr.
Ahdgudth ahdhanmh7 ahdgudth mb k`ra`s y` ahdhanm`s phr bf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr.
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Ahdgudth bd ahdsnmbr`anñd7 ahdgudth mb k`ra`s qub aukpfbd ahd fhs rb-
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qunsnths ndnan`fbs k`ra`mhs phr bf ahdsuknmhr p`r` su ahkpr`. ahkpr`.
Ahdgudth mb bfbaanñd7 ahdgudth qub, tr`s bf prhabsh mb i÷squbm` mb ndjhr-
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k`anñd ffbv`mh ` a`ih phr bf ahdsuknmhr, pbrk`dbab ahkh `ftbrd`tnv` jnd`f jnd`f mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.1.1. Bv`fu`anñd mb `ftbrd`tnv`s `ftbrd`tnv`s Ffbe`mh `f ahdgudth jnd`f mb bfbaanñd, ¸añkh bfneb bf ahdsuknmhr bdtrb f`s mnstndt`s `ftbrd`tnv`s8 Bf bspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde mbibrà tr`t`r mb s`ibr añkh prhabs` bf ahdsuknmhr f` ndjhrk`anñd c`st` ffbe`r ` ud` mbansnñd jnd`f. Qnd bki`reh, bsth dh sbrà jàanf y` qub, phr dhrk` ebdbr`f, fhs arntbrnhs mb mbansnñd mb ahkpr` v`rë`d bdtrb ahdsuknmhrbs. Bd thmh a`sh, bf rbp`sh r bp`sh ` `feud`s nmb`s iàsna`s dhs `yum`rà ` ahkprbdmbr bstb prhabsh. prhabsh. Fh prnkbrh qub cbkhs mb tbdbr bd aubdt` bs qub, bf ahdsuknmhr, fh prnkbrh qub c`ab `f pf`dtb`rsb f` s`tnsj`aanñd mb ud` dbabsnm`m bs ahkp`r`r bdtrb prhmuaths sustntutnvhs qub pubm`d s`tnsj`abrf` y, sbfbaanhd`mh bf tnph mb prhmuath, ahkp`r` bdtrb f`s mnjbrbdtbs k`ra`s ahkpbtnmhr`s. ahkpbtnmhr`s. @mbkàs, bs nkphrt`dtb tbdbr prbsbdtb qub, bd bst` ahkp`r`anñd, dh shfh sb bv`f÷` bf prhmuath jësnah, sndh t`kinîd htrhs bfbkbdths h `trniuths `shan`mhs ` îf, qub bd ahdgudth ahdjhrk`d fh qub mbdhknd`khs f`s bxpbat`tnv`s mb v`fhr mb ud prhmuath7 prhmuath7
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Ndst`f`anhdbs mbf bst`ifbanknbdth ahkbran`f. ahkbran`f. A`fnm`m mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. _rhjbsnhd`fnm`m mb fhs vbdmbmhrbs mbf bst`ifbanknbdth. bst`ifbanknbdth. _rbanh. _rbanh. Qbdtnknbdths ebdbr`mhs phr bf prhmuath y bst`ifbanknbdth. bst`ifbanknbdth. @spbaths shan`fbs mb f` ahkpr`7 k`ra`, nk`ebd, rbput`anñd. rbput`anñd.
]bdnbdmh bsth af`rh, mb jhrk` snkpfnjna`m` phmrë`khs mbanr qub bf ahdsuknmhr bv`f÷` f`s `ftbrd`tnv`s jnd`fbs ` tr`vîs mb ud prhabsh kbdt`f ndtbrdh qub sb m` mb f` f` jhrk` sneunbdtb (t`if` =.1)7 =.1)7 @trniuths @trniuths A`p`anm`m mb kbkhrn` kbkhrn`
A`p`anm`m eràjna` eràjna`
_bsh y kbmnm`s kbmnm`s
_rbanh _rbanh
=?% =?%
1?% 1?%
9?% 9?%
0?% 0?%
@
0? 0?
3
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I A
3 :
> 3
3 0? 0?
1 2
M
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1
5
3
Hrmbd`mhr
Ahkput`mhr @ ; ?,= x 0? + ?,1 x 3 + ?,9 x : + ?,0 x = ; 3 3
Z`fhr`anñd Z`fhr`anñd efhi`f efhi`f
Ahkput`mhr I ; ?,= x 3 + ?,1 x > + ?,9 x 3 + ?,0 x 1 ; 5,3 5,3 5,1 Ahkput`mhr A ; ?,= x : + ?,1 x 3 + ?,9 x 0? + ?,0 x 2 ; 5,1 Ahkput`mhr M ; ?,= x = + ?,1 x 1 + ?,9 x 5 + ?,0 x 3 ; =,5
]`if` =.1. _rhabsh mb bv`fu`anñd mb `ftbrd`tnv`s bd f` ahkpr` mb ud hrmbd`mhr
3:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd prnkbr fue`r, bf ahdsuknmhr nmbdtnjna` fhs `trniuths `shan`mhs `f prhmuath qub ahdsnmbr` kàs rbfbv`dtbs (bd bstb a`sh f` a`p`anm`m mb kbkhrn`, f` a`p`anm`m eràjna`, bf pbsh y f` kbmnm` y bf prbanh). Bvnmbdtbkbdtb, bsths `trniuths, `ud snbdmh thmhs bffhs nkphrt`dtbs p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr dh tnbdbd tn bdbd phrquî sbrfh mb neu`f jhrk`. _hr bffh, bf ahdsuknmhr mnstrniuyb ud phrabdt`gb mbf 0??% mb nkphrt`dan` bdtrb thmhs bffhs (bd bf bgbkpfh, =?% p`r` f` a`p`anm`m mb kbkhrn`, 1?% p`r` f` a`p`anm`m eràjna`, 9?% p`r` bf pbsh y f` kbmnm` y 0?% p`r` bf prbanh). Cbach bsth, bf ahdsuknmhr v`fhr`rà mb 0 ` 0? a`m` k`ra` bd a`m` udh mb fhs `trniuths ahdsnmbr`ahdsnmbr`mhs. Jnd`fkbdtb, phdmbr`dmh bst`s v`fhr`anhdbs rbspbath `f pbsh rbf`tnvh m`mh ` a`m` `trniuth y sukàdmhf`s thm`s, bf ahdsuknmhr hitbdmrà ud` v`fhr`anñd efhi`f mb thm`s f`s k`ra`s, snbdmh f` hpanñd kàs v`fhr`m` f` `ftbrd`tnv` bfbenm`. bfbenm`. Er`an`s ` bst` ndjhrk`anñd f` bkprbs` bs a`p`z mb bkprbdmbr `aanhdbs qub fb pbrknt`d kbghr`r su phsnanñd rbspbath `f rbsth mb k`ra`s. @së, phr bgbkpfh, f` k`ra` M phmrë` hpt`r phr ffbv`r ` a`ih bstr`tben`s ahkh f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7
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Ybmnsbð`r su hrmbd`mhr. hrmbd`mhr. Khmnjna`r f`s arbbdan`s shirb su k`ra`. k`ra`. @ftbr`r f`s arbbdan`s shirb f`s k`ra`s mb f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`. A`kin`r f` nkphrt`dan` rbf`tnv` mb fhs `trniuths. `trniuths. Ybs`ft`r `trniuths hkntnmhs. hkntnmhs. Khmnjna`r fhs nmb`fbs mb fhs ahkpr`mhrbs. ahkpr`mhrbs.
=.1.=. Mbansnñd mb ahkpr` ahkpr` Mur`dtb f` j`sb mb bv`fu`anñd, bf ahdsuknmhr pudt÷` f`s mnjbrbdtbs k`ra`s y sb jhrk` ud` ndtbdanñd mb ahkpr`. _hr fh ebdbr`f, f` mbansnñd mbf ahdsuknmhr sbrà f` mb ahkpr`r f` k`ra` kàs v`fhr`m`, pbrh c`y j`athrbs (ahkh sb kubstr` bd f` jneur` =.3) qub pubmbd `ftbr`rf` bd ÷ftnk` ndst`dan`. Bsths shd7 shd7 @atntumbs mb htr`s pbrshd`s7 sb rbjnbrb ` ndjfubdan`s bgbranm`s bd bf ÷ftnkh
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khkbdth phr htr`s pbrshd`s qub pubm`d pubm`d `ftbr`r f` ndtbdanñd ndnan`f mbf ahdahd suknmhr (bg.7 bf mbpbdmnbdtb m bpbdmnbdtb qub dhs `tnbdmb dhs bkpug` c`aë` f` ahkpr` mb htr` k`ra`). k`ra`).
J`athrbs sntu`anhd`fbs dh prbvnsths7 `spbaths dh bspbr`mhs phr bf ahdsukn-
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mhr qub fb ffbv`d ` `ftbr`r su ndtbdanñd ndnan`f. (bg.7 qubm`rsb bd p`rh, qub y` dh qubmb prhmuath, qub su prbanh c`y` suinmh, bta.). bta.).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` =.3. J`athrbs mb ndjfubdan` ndtbrkbmnhs ndtbrkbmnhs
@mbkàs, ahkh ahkpfbkbdth ` f` mbansnñd prndanp`f mb ahkpr`r h dh bf prhmuath, bxnstnràd thm` ud` sbrnb mb suimbansnhdbs `shan`m`s ` f` ahkpr`, t`fbs ahkh7 ahkh7 Bfbaanñd mb f` k`ra`. k`ra`. Bfbaanñd mbf bst`ifbanknbdth y mbf prhvbbmhr. prhvbbmhr.
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mbahkpr`. ahkpr`. ahkpr`. Khkbdth A`dtnm`m mb ahkpr`. Bfbaanñd mb f` jhrk` mb p`eh. p`eh.
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Ahkphrt`knbdth th phsahkpr` phsahkpr` =.1.2. Ahkphrt`knbd ]r`s f` ahkpr` bjbatnv` mbf prhmuath y su ndst`f`anñd h ush, sb ebdbr`d ud` sbrnb mb sbdtnknbdths judm`kbdt`fbs bd bf ahdsuknmhr qub rbsuft`d af`vb bd mhs `spbaths7 a`r` ` su ahkphrt`knbdth juturh mb ahkpr` y a`r` `f iha`-hëmh bgbranmh phr bstb shirb htrhs `ebdtbs. `ebdtbs. Mb cbach, ` phstbrnhrn, bf ahdsuknmhr tnbdmb ` iusa`r ndjhrk`anñd y hpndnhdbs qub rbjubrabd su ahdvnaanñd shirb f` mbansnñd thk`m`. Bsth sb mbib ` fh qub sb ahdhab ahkh mnshd`dan` ahedntnv`, qub rbaheb bf bst`mh mb mum` rbspbath ` f` mbansnñd thk`m` qub sb ebdbr` bd bf ahdsuknmhr bd bf khkbdth ndkbmn`t`kbdtb phstbrnhr ` f` ahkpr`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, mbsmb bf àrb` mb k`rlbtnde mb f` bkprbs` sb mbib tr`t`r mb rbjhrz`r f` arbbdan` mb f` «ahkpr` inbd cbac`¼ ahd t`f mb fher`r f` s`tnsj`aanñd, ahdjn`dz` y fb`ft`m mb sus ahdsuknmhrbs, j`athrbs qub j`vhrbabràd f` rbpbtnanñd mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`. _hr ahdtr`, qub bf ahkpr`mhr snbdt` nds`tnsj`aanñd rbspbath ` su ahkpr` dh j`vhrbab f` rbpbtnanñd y prhpnan` `aanhdbs dbe`tnv`s mbf ndmnvnmuh ahdtr` f` bkprbs`, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` =.>. =.>.
33
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` =.>. Ahkphrt`knbdth phst-ahkpr` mbf ahkpr`mhr nds`tnsjbach nds`tnsjbach
_hr thmh bffh, chy bd më` bs judm`kbdt`f qub f`s bkprbs`s rb`fnabd f`ihrbs mb sbrvnanh phst-vbdt` h `tbdanñd `f afnbdtb, `së ahkh qub ndtrhmuza`d kba`dnskhs mb rbaf`k`anñd, qub snrv`d mb pudth mb rbjbrbdan` shirb bf qub bkprbdmbr phsnifbs kbmnm`s ahrrbathr`s h mb kbghr`. kbghr`.
=.=. ]nphs mb ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` ahkpr` Dh thmhs fhs prhabshs mb ahkpr` sneubd thm`s f`s j`sbs mbsarnt`s `dtbrnhrkbdtb. Bd bjbath, bxnstbd er`dmbs mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb ahkpr`r ud p`qubtb mb s`f, ud` r`qubt` mb tbdns, ud` `fjhkir` h ud ahacb. Bf qub sb sne`d h dh a`m` ud` mb bst`s j`sbs mbpbdmbrà mbf tnph mb ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`. Bd ebdbr`f, phmbkhs af`snjna`r fhs ahkphrt`knbdths mb ahkpr` bd judanñd mb mhs v`rn`ifbs7 bf er`mh mb nkpfna`anñd mbf ahkpr`mhr y bf er`mh bd qub sb mbd mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s (vbr jneur` =.0?). =.0?).
ft` nkpfna`anñd nkpfna`anñd
I`g` nkpfna`anñd nkpfna`anñd
snednjna`tnv`s Mnjbrbdan`s snednjna`tnv`s k`ra`s bdtrb k`ra`s
Ahkphrt`knbdth ahkpfbgh mb ahkpr` ahkpr`
Ahkphrt`knbdth mb i÷squbm` v`rn`m` v`rn`m`
_ha`s mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s k`ra`s
Ahkphrt`knbdth rbmuathr mb mnshd`dan` mnshd`dan`
Ahkphrt`knbdth c`intu`f mb ahkpr` ahkpr`
Jneur` =.0?. ]nphs mb ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` ahkpr`
3>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
=.=.0. Ahkphrt`knbd Ahkphrt`knbdth th ahkpfbgh mb ahkpr` ahkpr` Bs bf a`sh mb ahkpr`s a`r`s, phah jrbaubdtbs, ahd rnbseh, `ft`kbdtb bxprbsnv`s y bd f`s qub bxnstbd mnjbrbdan`s snednjna`tnv`s bdtrb k`ra`s. Dhrk`fkbdtb bf ahdsuknmhr dh s`ib mbk`sn`mh `abra` mb f` a`tbehrë` mbf prhmuath y tnbdb kuach qub `prbdmbr (bg.7 ud hrmbd`mhr, ud ahacb, ud` khth). khth). Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr, bstb bdtr` bd ud prhabsh mb `prbdmnz`gb, mhdmb mbs`rrhff` arbbdan`s, mbspuîs `atntumbs y jnd`fkbdtb ud ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`. Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mb f` bkprbs`, bst` mbib ffbv`r ` a`ih bstr`tben`s qub `yumbd `f ahdsuknmhr ` ahkprbdmbr bf prhmuath. @së, c`y qub mnjbrbdan`r f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` k`ra`, utnfnz`r kbmnhs bsarnths y f`rehs tbxths p`r` mbsarninr fhs ibdbjnanh ibdb jnanhss mbf mbf prhmua prhmuath th y khtnv khtnv`r `r ` f` jubrz jubrz`` mb vbd vbdt`s t`s y ` f`s jubdtb jubdtbss pbrshd pbrshd`fbs `fbs mbf ahkpr`mhr p`r` qub ndjfuy`d bd f` bfbaanñd mb dubstr` k`ra`. k`ra`.
=.=.9. Ahkphrt`knbd Ahkphrt`knbdth th rbmuathr mb mnshd`dan` mnshd`dan` Qb rbjnbrb ` ahkpr`s a`r`s, phah jrbaubdtbs, ahd anbrth rnbseh, ahkphdbdtb `uthbx prbsnvh y bd f`s qub qub bxnstbd pha`s mnjbrbdan`s mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s (bg.7 `zufbghs, `rtëaufhs `rtëaufhs mb mbahr`anñd h mbf che`r). che`r). Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr, bstb iusa`rà quî bs fh qub c`y mnsphdn ifb, pbrh ahkpr`rà ràpnm`kbdtb mbinmh ` qub f`s mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s dh shd prhdudan`m`s. prhdudan`m` s. Bs phsnifb qub tr`s f` ahkpr` sb bxpbrnkbdtb f` mnshd`dan` ahedntnv`. ahedntnv`. Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mb f` bkprbs`, bst` mbib tbdbr bd aubdt` qub bf ahdsuknmhr rbsphdmbrà `f iubd prbanh y ` f` iubd` uina`anñd mbf bst`ifbanknbdth. @mbkàs, @mbkàs, f`s ahkudna`anhdbs mb k`rlbtnde mbibd prhvbbr arbbdan`s y bv`fu`anhdbs qub `yumbd `f ahdsuknmhr ` sbdtnrsb inbd ahd f` f ` k`ra` bfbenm`. bfbenm`.
=.=.1. Ahkphrt`knbd Ahkphrt`knbdth th mb i÷squbm` v`rn`m` v`rn`m` ]nbdb fue`r bd ahkpr`s phah a`r`s, jrbaubdtbs, ahd phah rnbseh, snd ahkphdbdtb `uthbxprbsnvh y bd f`s qub bxnstbd mnjbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s (bg.7 e`ffbt`s, a`jî, mbtbrebdtbs, prhmuaths mb er`d ahdsukh bd ebdbr`f). ebdbr`f). Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr, bstb tnbdb anbrt`s arbbdan`s shirb f`s k`ra`s y bsaheb ud` mb bff`s snd mbtbdbrsb mbk`sn`mh, bv`fuàdmhf` mur`dtb bf prhpnh ahdsukh. F` sneunbdtb vbz pubmb pubmb bsahebr htr` k`ra` p`r` s`fnr mbf `iurrnknbdth h p`r` prhi`r ud eusth mnjbrbdtb. @së, bf a`kinh mb k`ra`s subfb m`rsb phr v`rnbm`m kàs qub phr nds`tnsj`aanñd. nds`tnsj`aanñd. Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mb f` bkprbs`, mnstndeunkhs bdtrb f`s bkprbs`s sbeunmh- sbeunmh- r`s y f` bkprbs` fëmbr. F`s prnkbr`s prhkhanhd`ràd f` i÷squbm` v`rn`m` ` tr`vîs tr`vîs
>?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
mb prbanhs i`ghs, auphdbs, kubstr`s er`tunt`s y puifnanm`m, qub mbd r`zhdbs p`r` p`r` prhi`r `feh ddubvh. ubvh. F` bkprbs` fëmbr prhkhanhd`rà f` ahkpr` c`intu`f ` tr`vîs mbf mhkndnh mb bsp`anhs, bvnt`dmh f` `usbdan` mb sthal mb sthal y rb`fnz`dmh jrbaubdtbs `dudanhs rbahrm`thrnhs. rbahrm`thrnhs.
=.=.=. Ahkphrt`knbd Ahkphrt`knbdth th c`intu`f mb ahkpr` ahkpr` Qb m` bd ahkpr`s phah a`r`s, jrbaubdtbs, j rbaubdtbs, ahd phah rnbseh, snd ahkphdbdtb `uthbx prbsnvh y bd f`s qub dh bxnstbd mnjbrbdan`s mn jbrbdan`s bdtrb k`ra`s (bg.7 s`f, jrut`s, a`rdbs, prhmuaths mb i`gh prbanh y ahkpr` ahkpr` jrbaubdtb bd bd ebdbr`f). ebdbr`f). Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf ahdsuknmhr , bstb iusa` ud` k`ra` qub, bd ebdbr`f, sneub bfnenbdmh phr ud` aubstnñd mb càinth kàs qub mb jnmbfnm`m. Qhd p`snvhs ` f` ndjhrk`anñd, mb jhrk` qub dh subfbd iusa`r kuac` ndjhrk`anñd dn mb k`ra`s dn `trniuths. `trniuths. Mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mb f` bkprbs`, rbsuft` ÷tnf utnfnz`r bf prbanh y f`s prhkhanhdbs ahkh ndabdtnvhs p`r` p`r` f`s prubi`s mb prhmuath. Bd au`dth ` f` puifnanm`m, fhs tbxths mbibd c`abr cnda`pnî shfh bd udhs phahs pudths af`vb, snbdmh nkphrt`dtbs fhs sëkihfhs vnsu`fbs. Mbf knskh khmh, f`s a`kp`ð` a`kp`ð`ss mbibd sbr jrbaubdtbs y ahd ah d kbds`gbs mb ahrt` mur`anñd, snbdmh f` tbfbvnsnñd kàs bjbatnv` qub fhs kbmnhs bsarnths. bsarnths.
=.2. Bf ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mb f`s hre`dnz`anhdbs hre`dnz`anhdbs Fhs mnjbrbdtbs `spbaths vnsths ` fh f`reh mbf prbsbdtb a`pëtufh sb c`d abdtr`mh bd bf ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs ndmnvnmu`fbs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, cbkhs mb tbdbr bd aubdt` qub, bd bf a`sh mb f`s hre`dnz`anhdbs, su ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` mnjbrnrà bd v`rnhs `spbaths rbspbath `f mbf ahdsuknmhr. Ahkh prndanp`prndanp`fbs mnjbrbdan`s phmbkhs sbð`f`r7 sbð`f`r7
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Qus kbra`mhs tnbdbd kbdhs ahkpr`mhrbs. ahkpr`mhrbs.
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C`y ud` rbf`anñd kàs abra`d` bdtrb prhvbbmhr y afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
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Fhs ahkpr`mhrbs subfbd bst`r ahdabdtr`mh ahdabdtr`mhss ebheràjna`kbdtb. ebheràjna`kbdtb.
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Qb m`d ahkpr`s mb k`yhr t`k`ðh. t`k`ðh.
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Qubfbd sbr mbk`dm`s mbrnv`m`s b ndbfàstna`s. ndbfàstna`s.
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Qhd ahkpr` prhjbsnhd`fbs. prhjbsnhd`fbs.
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Qb bdabdtr`d v`rn`s ndjfubdan`s bd bf prhabsh mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`.
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F` mbansnñd mb ahkpr` sb subfb thk`r mb jhrk` ahdgudt`. ahdgudt`. >0
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
>1
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH 27 Bf prhmuath
>2
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Bd bstb a`pëtufh sb rbvns` f` prnkbr` mb f`s `aanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx mb f` bk prbs`, ` p`rtnr mb f`s au`fbs sb nkpfbkbdt` f` bstr`tben` mnsbð`m` mnsbð`m` phr f` knsk` ahd ahd t`f mb fher`r fhs higbtnvhs k`ra`mhs. k`ra`mhs. Bf a`pëtufh sb ahkphdb mb au`trh `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb mbjndb bf ahdabpth mb prhmuath mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf k`rlbtnde, prbst`dmh t`kinîd `tbdanñd ` sus mnkbdsnhdbs y ` sus prndanp`fbs af`snjna`anhdbs. snjna`anhdbs. Bd ud sbeudmh pudth, rbp`s`khs f`s mbansnhdbs qub f` bkprbs` mbib thk`r bd su phfëtna` mb prhmuath ndmnvnmu`f, judm`kbdt`fkbdtb rbspbath rbspbath ` su k`ra`, bdv`sb y btnqubt`mh. btnqubt`mh. Bd tbrabr fue`r, sb mbt`ff`d f`s prndanp`fbs mbansnhdbs mbansnhdbs shirb prhmuath, y` dh mbsmb ud` vbrtnbdtb ndmnvnmu`f, sndh mb f` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths. prhmuaths. Bd ud au`rth `p`rt`mh, mbinmh ` su a`ràatbr bspban`f, dhs abdtr`khs bd bf a`sh ahdarbth mb fhs sbrvnanhs bxphdnbdmh sus a`r`atbrëstna`s mbjndnthrn`s. mbjndnthrn`s.
2.0. Ahdabpth mb prhmuath prhmuath _hr dhrk` ebdbr`f, bd f`s shanbm`mbs mbs`rrhff`m`s fhs mbsbhs y dbabsnm`mbs sb s`tnsj`abd ` tr`vîs mb prhmuaths. Dhrk`fkbdtb bf tîrkndh prhmuath dhs suenbrb ud inbd jësnah, jësnah, t`f ahkh ud `uthkñvnf, ud tbfbvnshr h ud` aàk`r` mb jhths. Qnd bk i`reh, chy bd më` shd phahs phahs fhs prhmuaths qub dh vnbdbd `ahkp`ð`mhs `ahkp`ð`mhs mb anbrths bfbkbdths `uxnfn`rbs ahkh sbrvnanhs `mnanhd`fbs, ndjhrk`anñd, bxpbrnbdan`s, bta. @së, phr bgbkpfh, au`dmh ahkpr`khs ud ahacb, dh shfh `mqunrnkhs bf inbd jësnah qub bstb suphdb, sndh t`kinîd `spbaths `shan`mhs ` îf ahkh f` e`r`dtë`, ud`s ahdmnanhdbs mb jnd`dan`anñd mbtbrknd`m`s, ud sbrvnanh mb t`ffbr y rbp`r`anñd, bta. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, mbibkhs ahdabinr bf prhmuath ahkh ud` prhpubst` mb v`fhr, bs mbanr, ud ahdgudth mb vbdt`g`s qub ahdtrniuybd ` s`tnsj`abr f`s dbabsnm`mbs. Bst` prhpubst` mb v`fhr sb k`tbrn`fnz` bd ud` hjbrt` qub suphdb ud` ahkind`anñd mb prhmuaths jësnahs, sbrvnanhs, ndjhrk`anñd, bxpbrnbdan`s, bta. bta. I`gh bst` mbjndnanñd, mbibkhs bdtbdmbr bf ttîrkndh îrkndh prhmuath mbsmb ud bdjhqub `k sbrvnanhs (bmua`anñd, pfnh bd bf qub, `mbkàs mb m b fhs prhpnhs inbdbs jësnahs y fhs fhs sbrvnanhs s`dnm`m, rbst`ur`dtbs, chtbfbs, fnkpnbz`, bdvëh phst`f, bta.), tnbdbd a`inm` htr`s phsninfnm`mbs ahkh f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7
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Fhs `ahdtbanknbdths (bspbatàaufhs `rtëstnahs y mbphrtnvhs ahkh bf hfnkpn`m`s h f` Bxph). Bxph).
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F`s bxpbrnbdan`s (sb bkpnbz` ` ahkbran`fnz`r bf nr `f bsp`anh, bf thk`rsb ud` ahp` bd ud i`r mb cnbfh cn bfh h `mbdtr`rsb bd kudmhs p`r`fbfhs ahkh fhs qub hjrbabd Burh Mnsdby h _hrt @vbdtur`). @vbdtur`).
>5
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jni,
f`s
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F`s pbrshd`s (nahdhs ahkh K`mhdd`, fhs Yhffnde Qthdbs, Knac`bf Ghrm`d h F`s pbrshd`s Knac`bf G`alshd c`d snmh utnfnz`mhs ahkbran`fkbdtb bd kuachs àkinths mb dbehanh). dbehanh).
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Fhs fue`rbs (ahdtndu`kbdtb vbkhs bd tbfbvnsnñd `dudanhs tr`t`dmh mb prhkhanhd`r fhs bda`dths mb anbrt`s ahkudnm`mbs `utñdhk`s). `utñdhk`s).
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F`s bkprbs`s (chy bd më` bs mnjëanf vbr `feud` a`kp`ð` mb prhkhanñd mb f`s mhs k`ra`s mbphrtnv`s fëmbrbs, Dnlb y @mnm`s, abdtr`m` bd `fe÷d prhmuath bd ahdarbth. Fh anbrth bs qub sus a`kp`ð`s subfbd bst`r abdtr`m`s bd prhkhanhd`r su k`ra`). k`ra`).
Inbdbs
Qbrvnanhs @ahdtbanknbdths Bxpbrnbdan`s _brshd`s Fue`rbs
Bkprbs`s Bkprbs`s
Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` bkprbs`, ` f` chr` mb pf`dtb`rsb ¸quî bs fh qub vbdmb8, ¸bd quî dbehanh bstà8, mbib bvnt`r `mhpt`r ud` ahdabptu`fnz`anñd snkpfnst` mb su prhmuath abdtr`m` bd bf prhmuath bd së knskh (ahdsnmbr`dmh `f prhmuath ahkh f` kbr` suk` mb ud`s a`r`atbrëstna`s h `trniuths jësnahs). jësnahs). _hr ahdtr`, f` bkprbs` mbibrà mbibrà tr`t`r mb `mhpt`r ud` vnsnñd ahkh sn mbf prhpnh ahdsuknmhr sb tr`t`r`, ahdabptu`fnz`dmh su prhmuath ` tr`vîs mb ud bdjhqub abdtr`mh bd f`s dbabsnm`mb dbabsnm`mbss mbf ahds ahdsuknmhr. uknmhr. @së, i`gh bstb bdjhqub, f` f ` bkprbs` ahdsnmbr`rà qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs dh ahkpr`d prhmuaths sndh qub fh qub `mqunbrbd bs f` bspbr`dz` mb ahdsbeunr ibdbjnanhs ahd bffhs qub fbs `yumbd ` auirnr sus dbabsnm`mbs. Mb bstb khmh, f`s hre`dnz`anhdbs tnbdbd qub mbg`r mb pbds`r ahkh prhmuathr`s y `prbdmbr ` pbds`r pbds `r ahkh ahkh fhs afnbdtbs afnbdtbs.. F` t`if` t`if` 2.0 kubstr` kubstr` v`rnhs v`rnhs bgbkp bgbkpfhs fhs `abra` `abra` mb f` mnstnd mnstndt` t` jhrk` mb ahdtbkpf`r ud knskh dbehanh `tbdmnbdmh `tbdmnbdmh ` bsths mhs bdjhqubs. bdjhqubs.
]`if` 2.0. Znsnñd mb dbehanh7 bdjhqub abdtr`mh bd bf prhmuath vs. bdjhqub abdtr`mh abdtr`mh bd f`s dbabsnm`mbs mbf ahdsuknmhr
>3
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.0.0. Mnkbdsnhdbs mbf prhmuath prhmuath Bst` ahdabptu`fnz`anñd ahdabptu`fnz`anñd mbf prhmuath mbsmb ud` pbrspbatnv` `kpfn` dhs ffbv` ` ahdsnmbr`r mnjbrbdtbs mnkbdsnhdbs qub ahkphdbd bf «thmh¼ mbf prhmuath. Ahdarbt`kbdtb nmbdtnjna`khs trbs mnkbdsnhdbs (jneur` 2.0)7 2.0)7 _rhmuath iàsnah7 bs bf abdtrh mbf prhmuath tht`f. Ybprbsbdt` bf sbrvnanh h ib-
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dbjnanh iàsnah qub bf ahdsuknmhr iusa` au`dmh ahkpr` bf prhmuath. Ndafuyb fhs ahkphdbdtbs prndanp`fbs mbf prhmuath ahkh f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s judanhd`fbs, bf v`fhr pbraninmh, f` nk`ebd h f` tbadhfheë` `shan`m` (bg.7 bf prhmuath iàsnah `f ahkpr`r ud pbrjukb sbrë` bf `rhk` qub sb mbsprbdmb mbf fëqunmh f ëqunmh mbf ndtbrnhr mbf jr`sah). jr`sah).
_rhmuath rb`f7 ud prhmuath iàsnah sb ahdvnbrtb bd prhmuath rb`f au`dmh sb
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fb `ð`mbd `trniuths ahkh f` k`ra`, bf btnqubt`mh, bf bdv`sb, bf mnsbðh, bf bstnfh, a`fnm`m, bta. (bg.7 bd bf a`sh mbf pbrjukb bf prhmuath rb`f sbrë` bf prhmuath t`f au`f sb `mqunbrb bd f` tnbdm`). tnbdm`).
_rhmuath `ukbdt`mh7 ahdsnstb bd thmhs fhs `spbaths `ð`mnmhs `f prhmuath
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rb`f, ahkh shd bf sbrvnanh phsvbdt`, bf k`dtbdnknbdth, f` e`r`dtë`, ndst`f`anñd, bdtrbe` y jnd`dan`anñd (bg.7 bd bf a`sh mbf pbrjukb, phmrë` sbr bf pbrnhmh mb 1? më`s qub sb hjrbab p`r` mbvhfvbr bf prhmuath h ud tbfîjhdh mb `tbdanñd `f afnbdtb). afnbdtb).
prhmuath Jneur` 2.0. F`s mnkbdsnhdbs mbf prhmuath
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.0.9. Af`snjna`anhdbs mbf prhmuath prhmuath Rd` vbz ahkprbdmnmh quî bdtbdmbkhs phr prhmuath, bf sneunbdtb p`sh sbrà bx`knd`r f`s mnjbrbdtbs jhrk`s mb af`snjna`rfhs. _hmbkhs c`abrfh bd i`sb ` mnjbrbdtbs arntbrnhs. arntbrnhs. 2.0.9.0. Qbe÷d f` t`deninfnm`m @tbdmnbdmh ` f`s phsninfnm`mbs bxtrbk`s bdahdtr`khs7 bdahdtr`khs7 •
Bd bf bxtrbkh mb t`deninfnm`m fhs inbdbs purhs (ahkh pubmb sbr bf a`sh mb ud p`qubtb mb s`f). s`f).
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Bd bf bxtrbkh mb ndt`deninfnm`m fhs sbrvnanhs fhs sbrvnanhs purhs (ahkh pubmb sbr f` bdsb- bdsb- ð`dz`). ð`dz`).
Qnd bki`reh, t`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` 2.9, chy bd më` bs mnjëanf bst`r bd bsths bxtrbkhs< fh dhrk`f bs khvbrsb bd phsnanhdbs ndtbrkbmn`s. Mb bst` k`dbr`, bdahdtr`khs inbdbs qub shd hjrbanmhs `f kbra`mh `ð`mnîdmhfbs `spbaths ndt`denifbs (f` ahkpr` mb ud ahacb ndafuyb ud`s ahdmnanhdbs mb jnd`dan`anñd, mb e`r`dtë`, sbrvnanh mb t`ffbr, bta.) y, `f knskh tnbkph, vbkhs ahkh sb hjrbabd sbrvnanhs qub ndafuybd kuachs `spbaths t`denifbs (ud` `ebdan` puifnant`rn` prbst` su sbrvnanh `ahkp`ðàdmhfh mb v`rnhs shphrtbs ahkh k`tbrn`f `umnhvnsu`f, jhffbths, ndjhrkbs mb aunm`mh jhrk`th, bta.). bta.).
prhmuaths Jneur` 2.9. Bsa`f` mb t`deninfnm`m mb fhs prhmuaths
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.0.9.9. Qbe÷d f` mur`infnm`m Abdtràdmhdhs y` bd bf a`sh mb fhs inbdbs, bd judanñd mb f` mur`anñd bd bf ahdsukh ahdsukh h ush mbf prhmuath phmbkhs c`if`r mb7 mb7 •
Inbdbs dh mur`mbrhs7 shd `qubffhs qub dhrk`fkbdtb sb ahdsukbd ràpnm`kbdtb y shd utnfnz`mhs bd ud` h kuy pha`s ha`snhdbs (ahkh f` abrvbz`, f` jrut` y htrhs prhmuaths mb f` abst` mb f` ahkpr`). ahkpr`).
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Inbdbs mur`mbrhs7 shd utnfnz`mhs mur`dtb ud pbrnhmh bxtbdsh mb tnbkph y dhrk`fkbdtb mur`d v`rnhs `ðhs (ahkh fhs bfbatrhmhkîstnahs, ud ahacb, kh infn`rnh, bta.). bta.).
Inbdbs mur`mbrhs
Inbdbs dh mur`mbrhs mur`mbrhs
2.0.9.1. Qbe÷d bf tnph mb usu`rnh usu`rnh Bd i`sb ` bst` af`snjna`anñd, phmbkhs mnvnmnr fhs prhmuaths bd mhs er`dmbs eruphs7 eruphs7 •
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Inbdbs ndmustrn`fbs7 shd `qubffhs qub shd `mqunrnmhs p`r` prhmuanr htrhs inbdbs. Mbdtrh Mbdtrh mb bsths bdefhi`khs bdefhi`khs prhmuaths prhmuaths ahkh7 ahkh7 ‑
K`tbrn`s prnk`s. prnk`s.
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K`tbrn`fbs y ahdgudths ndahrphr`ifbs. ndahrphr`ifbs.
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Ndst`f`anhdbs. Ndst`f`anhdbs.
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Inbdbs mb bqunph. bqunph.
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Qukndnstrhs. Qukndnstrhs.
Inbdbs mb ahdsukh7 shd `qubffhs qub shd `mqunrnmhs p`r s`tnsj`abr f`s dbabsnm`mbs pbrshd`fbs pbrshd`fbs y mb f`s j`knfn`s. Bsths pubmbd mnvnmnrsb bd au`trh a`tbehrë`s7 tbehrë`s7 Inbdbs mb ahdvbdnbdan`7 subfbd sbr prhmuaths i`r`ths, qub sb ahkpr`d jrbaubdtbkbdtb, y auy` ahkpr` dh suphdb ud bsjubrzh p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr. (prhmuaths mb ush ahk÷d ahkh phr bgbkpfh bf p`d, bf pbrnñmnah, bta.). bta.).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bs nkphrt`dtb ahdhabr qub ud prhmuath bs mb ahdvbdnbdan` phrqub dbabsnt` f` kàxnk` ahibrtur` mbf kbra`mh phsnifb, f` ahkudna`anñd kàs `mbau`m` bs f` puifnanm`m y c`y qub prbst`r bspban`f `tbdanñd `f mnsbðh mbf prhmuath, ` su bki`f`gb y prbsbdt`anñd prbsbdt`anñd phrqub bs bs fh qub rb`fkbdtb rb`fkbdtb ff`k` `f afnbdtb. afnbdtb. Inbdbs ahkbran`fbs7 ahkbran`fbs 7 shd `qubffhs qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs `mqunbrbd tr`s ud f`reh pbrnhmh mb i÷squbm` y ahkp`r`anñd bdtrb k`ra`s, bst`ifbanknbdths, a`fnm`mbs, bta. (subfbd sbr prhmuaths mur`mbrhs, t`fbs ahkh f` rhp`, fhs bfbatrhmhkîstnahs, fhs ahacbs, bta.). bta.).
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F` mnstrniuanñd mb bsths prhmuaths c` mb sbr kbdhs ndtbdsnv` qub fhs prhmuaths mb ahdvbdnbdan` phrqub f` ahkpr` bs kbdhs jrbaubdtb, c` mb mb prbst`rsb bspban`f bspban`f `tbdanñd `tbdanñd ` f` jubrz` jubrz` mb vbdt`s, vbdt`s, b ndahrphr`r ndahrphr`r `f prhmuath prhmuath mnstndths sbrvnanhs ahdbxhs t`fbs ahkh ud` iubd` e`r`dtë`, ndst`f`anñd, jnd`dan`anñd,, bta. jnd`dan`anñd bta. Inbdbs mb bspban`fnm`m7 shd prhmuaths qub ` f` vnst` mb fhs afnbdtbs phsbbd ud` sbrnb mb `trniuths qub fhs c`abd ÷dnahs y qub sb subfbd ahk pr`r phr fb`ft`m ` ud` ud` k`ra`, mb `cë qub qub f` ahkp`r`anñd ahkp`r`anñd bdtrb k`ra`s sb` bsa`s`. Quphdbd ud er`d bsjubrzh bahdñknah (prhmuaths mb ghybrë`, mb mnsbðh, jrut`s bxñtna`s, bta.). bta.). ‑
F` mnstrniuanñd mb bsths prhmuaths bs kuy bxafusnv`, bd kuy phahs pudths mb vbdt`. @mbkàs, fhs bsjubrzhs prhkhanhd`fbs c`d mb abdtr`rsb bd ud p÷ifnah kuy ahdarbth, y fhs prbanhs prbanhs subfbd sbr kuy bfbv`mhs. bfbv`mhs. Inbdbs dh iusa`mhs7 shd `qubffhs prhmuaths qub bf afnbdtb dh c` pbds`mh bd ahkpr`r, inbd phrqub fhs mbsahdhab h inbd phrqub dh fhs dbabsnt` (sbeurhs, f`s bdanafhpbmn`s, bta.). bta.). @quë shd kuy nkphrt`dtbs f`s prhkhanhdbs ahd puifnanm`m y f` jubrz` mb mb vbdt`s `erbsnv`. `erbsnv`.
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F` t`if` 2.9 sndtbtnz` fhs prndanp`fbs `spbaths ` tbdbr bd aubdt` mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf k`rlbtnde bd a`m` a`sh. a`sh.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
]`if` 2.9. Ahdsnmbr`anhdbs mb k`rlbtnde p`r` fhs prhmuaths p rhmuaths mb ahdsukh ahdsukh
2.9. Mbansnhdbs shirb bf prhmuath ndmnvnmu`f ndmnvnmu`f Mb bdtrb f`s mnjbrbdtbs mbansnhdbs qub bf rbsphds`ifb mb k`rlbtnde c` mb thk`r bd rbf`anñd `f prhmuath, trbs mb bff`s mbst`a`d phr sbr f`s kàs nkphrt`dtbs7 f` k`ra`, bf bdv`sb y bf btnqubt`mh. btnqubt`mh.
2.9.0. Mbansnhdbs mb k`ra` k`ra` F` k`ra` pubmb mbjndnrsb ahkh ud dhkirb, ud tîrkndh, ud` sbð`f, ud sëkihfh, ud mnsbðh h ud` ahkind`anñd mb `feudh mb bffhs qub snrvb p`r` nmbdtnjna`r fhs f hs inbdbs y sbrvnanhs qub hjrbab ud vbdmbmhr y mnjbrbdan`rfhs mbf mb sus ahkpbtnmhrbs. ahkpbtnmhrbs. k`ra`` subfb bst`r ahkpubst` ahkpubst` phr mhs mhs bfbkbdths7 bfbkbdths7 Dhrk`fkbdtb f` k`ra •
Bf dhkirb mb k`ra`, qub bs f` p`rtb mb f` k`ra` qub pubmb prhdudan`rsb prhdudan`rsb (jhrk`m` phr ud` p`f`ir`, d÷kbrhs, fbtr`s, snef`s, bta.). bta.).
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Bf fhehtnph, qub bs f` p`rtb mb f` k`ra` qub dh pubmb prhdudan`rsb pbrh qub sb rbahdhab vnsu`fkbdtb (ud sëkihfh, udhs ahfhrbs, ud mnsbðh, bta.). bta.).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd fhs ÷ftnkhs `ðhs bdahdtr`khs kuac`s bkprbs`s qub ndtrhmuabd ud dubvh bfbkbdth bd sus k`ra`s, bf bsfhe`d, bf au`f sb bdtnbdmb ahkh jr`sb nmbdtnjna`tnv` bd ud ahdtbxth ahkbran`f mb ud` nmb` (h mb ud prhpñsnth puifnant`rnh) rbsuknm` y rbprbsbdt`m` bd ud mnach. mnach. Dhkirb
Fhehtnph
Dhkirb + fhehtnph
+ Bsfhe`d Bsfhe`d
_`r` bf vbdmbmhr shd dukbrhs`s f`s vbdt`g`s qub phsbb utnfnz`r ud` k`ra`. F`s kàs hivn`s sbrë`d qub snrvb p`r` nmbdtnjna`r, nm bdtnjna`r, mnjbrbdan`r y prhtbebr bf prhmuath bd bf kbra`mh. kbra`mh. Bdtbdmnmh bf ahdabpth mb k`ra`, f`s prndanp`fbs mbansnhdbs mb k`ra` ` thk`r phr bf bspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde sbrë`d7 bf dhkirb mb k`ra`, bf p`trhandnh mb k`ra` y f` bstr`tben` mb k`ra`. k`ra`. 2.9.0.0. Mbansnñd mbf dhkirb mb k`ra` k`ra` F` bfbaanñd mbf dhkirb mb f` k`ra` bs kuy nkphrt`dtb, shirb thmh bd fhs prhmuaths mb ahdsukh, phr bf tnph mb prhmuath, phr bf tnph mb kbra`mh y phr ahkphrt`knbdth mb ahkpr` sbeunmh phr bf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. _hr bffh bf dhkirb mb k`ra` c` mb aukpfnr ud` sbrnb mb ahdmnanhdbs këdnk`s7 këdnk`s7
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C` mb sbr jàanf mb fbbr y prhd prhdudan` udan`r r 7 p`r` qub sb` jàanfkbdtb rbahrm`mh y kbkhrnz`mh phr fhs ahdsuknmhrbs. _hr bffh bs nmb`f qub sb` ud dhkirb ahrth. ahrth.
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C` mb sbr jàanf mb rbahdhabr y rbahrm`r 7 phr bffh bs nkphrt`dtb qub ff`kb f` `tbdanñd mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs y qub sb` hrnend`f y qub tbde` `fe÷d tnph mb ahdbxnñd ahd bf prhmuath qub rbprbsbdt`. rbprbsbdt`.
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C` mb sbr bvha`mhr mb f`s au`fnm`mbs mbf prhmuath prhmuath77 mb jhrk` qub au`dmh bf bf ahdsuknmhr fh vb` pubm` bvha`r fhs ibdbjnanhs qub fb hjrbab bf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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C` mb sbr rbenstr`ifb y prhtbenifb prhtbenifb77 y` qub c` mb ndsarninrsb bd bf Ybenstrh Ybenstrh Kbra`dtnf, y p`r` bffh c` mb aukpfnr ud` sbrnb mb rbqunsnths fbe`fbs. fbe`fbs.
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C` mb sbr `pfna`ifb bd fhs kbra`mhs bxtr`dgbrhs7 bxtr`dgbrhs7 qub sb` mb jàanf prhdudan`anñd bd fhs mnjbrbdtbs nmnhk`s h qub pubm` tr`muanrsb ahd j`anfnm`m. j`anfnm`m.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
]bdbr bd aubdt` f`s arntbrnhs `dtbrnhrbs bs nkphrt`dtb p`r` bvnt`r brrhrbs af`khrhshs bd f` bfbaanñd mbf dhkirb mb k`ra` h bf mnsbðh mb fhehtnphs ahkh fhs sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 k`ra`7 Brrhrbs bd bf dhkirb mb k`ra`7
fhehtnph7 Brrhrbs bd bf mnsbðh mbf fhehtnph7
@ ahdtndu`anñd sb mbt`ff`d mnvbrshs bgbkpfhs rbspbath ` fhs arntbrnhs tbdnmhs bd aubdt` ` f` chr` mb mbanmnr bf dhkirb mb k`ra`7 k`ra`7 • Dhkirb h p`f`ir` snd snednjna`mh (Lhm`l) (Lhm`l) • _`f`ir` ahrrnbdtb, dh ahdbat`m` ahd bf prhmuath (abrvbz`s
Àeunf`, ane`rrnffhs A`kbf) A`kbf) ]hrd`mh) `mh) • _`f`ir` `shan`m` ` ibdbjnanhs h judanhdbs mbf prhmuath (_`drnah, `spnr`mhrbs ]hrd • _`f`ir` qub suenbrb fh qub bf prhmuath hjrbab (Bf _brnñmnah) _brnñmnah) (_`f`ab) • _`f`ir` bxtr`dgbr` (_`f`ab) • Dhkirb mbf judm`mhr (Jhrm, Ybvnff`, Cbwfbtt-_`al`rm, Antrhìd) Antrhìd) • Dhkirb mb pbrshd`gb j`khsh (Hdfy iy Gufnh Nefbsn`s) Nefbsn`s) • Dhkirb mb f` knthfheë` h fntbr`tur` (Abrv`dtbs, Khdtbarnsth, G÷pntbr) G÷pntbr)
1) • Rd d÷kbrh (5 up, Ac`dbf d· 2, @dtbd` 1) • Qnef`s (sb`t ‑ Qhanbm`m Qhanbm`m Bsp`ðhf` mb @uthkñvnfbs mb ]urnskh) ]urnskh) • Dhkirbs mbrnv`mhs
mb udh iàsnah (Dbsa`jî, Dbsqunl, Dbstuk) Dbstuk)
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.9.0.9. Mbansnñd mbf p`trhandnh mb k`ra` k`ra` j udanñd mb qunîd bstà Bf j`irna`dtb tnbdb au`trh hpanhdbs rbspbath `f p`trhandnh, bd judanñd rb`fkbdtb mbtràs mb f` k`ra`7 k`ra`7 •
K`ra` mbf j`irna`dtb7 arb`m` phr bf prhmuathr y qub bstb tnbdb bd prhpnbm`m. m`m. _hr bgbkpfh _`sau`f, qub f`dz` sus prhmuaths ahd su prhpn` k`ra` mb j`irna`dtb. j`irna`dtb.
•b@ m kf`n`rda`z7`ahkind`anñd mbf dhkirb mb k`ra` mb mhs bkprbs`s mnstndt`s bd ud knskh prhmuath. prhmuath.
_hr bgbkpfh, Dbstb` bs bf rbsuft`mh mb ud` `fn`dz` ahkbran`f bdtrb Aha` Ahf` y Dbstfî. Dbstfî. • a` K pr`nvr`m`7 arb`m` phr bf
mnstrniunmhr y qub bstb tnbdb bd prhpnbm`m. prhpnbm`m.
_hr bgbkpfh, shd kuachs fhs j`irna`dtbs qub vbdmbd sus prhmuaths ` ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ahkh Kbra`mhd` p`r` qub fbs `pfnqubd su dhkirb mb k`ra` C`abdm`mh. C`abdm`mh. •a ` ` Ku`thrrnz`m`7 ush mb k`ra` dh phsbëm` bd prhpnbm`m ` a`kinh mb ud` ud`
auht` h a`dhd `ahrm`mh. `ahrm`mh. _hr bgbkpfh, `feudhs j`irna`dtbs mb ihffbrë` p`e`d nkphrt`dtbs a`dtnm`mbs mb mndbrh phr utnfnz`r bd sus prhmuaths bf rbaf`kh mb jneur`s `dnk`m`s ahkh f` _`dtbr` Yhs` h fhs Qnkpshd. Qnkpshd.
k`ra` 2.9.0.1. Mbansnñd mb f` bstr`tben` mb k`ra` @f ndtrhmuanr ud dubvh prhmuath, f` bkprbs` mbib mbjndnr su bstr`tben` mb k`ra` rbspbath `f dhkirb mb bsths prhmuaths. prhmuaths. _`r` bffh sb tbdmràd bd aubdt` mhs arntbrnhs7 arntbrnhs7 •
Qn sbeunr ahd bf knskh dhkirb mb k`ra` y` bxnstbdtb h utnfnz`r udh dubvh. dubvh.
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Qn bf dubvh prhmuath pbrtbdbab ` f` fëdb` mb prhmuaths y` bxnstbdtb h ` ud` ud` dubv`. dubv`.
Bd judanñd mb bsths mhs arntbrnhs f`s `ftbrd`tnv`s sbràd au`trh (jneur` 2.1)7 2.1)7
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
` a r ` k b m Ahdhanm` Ahdhanm` b r i k h Mbsahdhanm` D Mbsahdhanm`
A`tbehrë` mb prhmuath prhmuath Bxnstbdtb
Dubv` Dubv`
Bxtbdsnñd mb fëdb` fëdb`
Bxtbdsnñd mb f` mbdhknd`anñd mb k`ra` k`ra`
Kuftnk`ra` Kuftnk`ra`
Dubv` k`ra` k`ra`
Jneur` 2.1. Bstr`tben`s mb k`ra` k`ra` •
Bxtbdsnñd mb fëdb`7 sb ndtrhmuabd `spbaths `mnanhd`fbs bd ud` a`tbehrë` mb prhmuaths bxnstbdtb i`gh f` knsk` k`ra` (s`ihrbs, jhrk`s, ahfhrbs, nderbnderb mnbdtbs h t`k`ðhs). t`k`ðhs). _hr bgbkpfh Aha` Ahf`, ahd sus v`rnbm`mbs mb Aha` Ahf` ?, Aha` Ahf` Fnect, y sus mnjbrbdtbs t`k`ðhs y bdv`sbs. bdv`sbs.
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Bxtbdsnñd mb f` mbdhknd`anñd mb k`ra`7 utnfnz`anñd mbf dhkirb mb ud` k`ra` mb îxnth bd bf f`dz`knbdth mb prhmuaths `shan`mhs ` ud` dubv` a`tbehrë`. ehrë`. _hr bgbkpfh M`bwhh, qub `mbkàs mb su fëdb` mb ahacbs ndtrhmuab i`gh f` knsk` k`ra` ud` e`k` mb bfbatrhmhkîstnahs. bfbatrhmhkîstnahs.
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Kuftnk`ra`7 mbdtrh mb ud` knsk` fëdb` mb prhmuaths sb arb`d k`ra`s mnstndt`s. tndt`s. _hr bgbkpfh Ibdalnsbr, qub mbdtrh mb su fëdb` mb prhmuaths mb fnkpnbz` tnbdb k`ra`s ndmnvnmu`fbs p`r` a`m` prhmuath (Ahfñd, A`fehdnt, bta.). bta.).
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Dubv`s k`ra`s7 sb arb`d dubv`s k`ra`s p`r` mnjbrbdan`r prhmuaths `shan`- `shan`- mhs ` a`tbehrë`s mnstndt`s. mnstndt`s. _hr bgbkpfh,]hyht` arb` f` k`ra` Fbxus p`r` mnstndeunr ud` dubv` fëdb` mb `uthkñvnfbs mb fugh. fugh.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.9.9. Mbansnhdbs mb bdv`sb bdv`sb F` k`yhr p`rtb mb fhs prhmuaths qub sb mnstrniuybd bd bf kbra`mh bstàd bki`f`mhs y/h bdv`s`mhs. _hr bdv`sb bdtbdmbkhs bf ahdgudth mb `atu`anhdbs mbstnd`m`s `f mnsbðh y prhmuaanñd mbf bdvhfthrnh h ahdtbdbmhr mb ud prhmuath. _hmbkhs mnstndeunr bdtrb7 bdtrb7 •
Bdv`sb prnk`rnh7 ahdtbdbmhr ndkbmn`th mbf prhmuath (bg.7 ihtbffnt` qub ahdtnbdb mnrbat`kbdtb ud pbrjukb). pbrjukb).
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Bdv`sb sbaudm`rnh7 k`tbrn`f qub prhtbeb bf bdv`sb prnk`rnh (bg.7 a`gnt` bd f` qub sb ndafuyb f` ihtbffnt` mbf pbrjukb). pbrjukb).
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Bki`f`gb7 ahdgudth mb bfbkbdths mb prhtbaanñd dbabs`rnhs p`r` bf `fk`abd`knbdth, f` nmbdtnjna`anñd h bf tr`dsphrtb (bg.7 a`g` mb er`d t`k`ðh bd f` qub sb mbphsnt`d dukbrhs`s a`gnt`s mb pbrjukb p`r` su tr`dsphrtb). tr`dsphrtb).
sneunbdtbs judanhdbs iàsna`s7 Bf bdv`sb mbib aukpfnr f`s sneunbdtbs judanhdbs iàsna`s7
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_rhtbebr bf prhmuath, prhmuath, p`r` qub ffbeub snd m`ðhs `f ahdsuknmhr. C` mb prhtbebrfh mbsmb su j`irna`anñd, su tr`dsphrtb, su `fk`abd`knbdth c`st` f` phstbrnhr ahdsbrv`anñd mbf prhmuath ud` vbz qub bstb c`y` snmh `inbrth. `inbrth.
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@yum`r ` `fk`abd`r bf prhmuath, prhmuath, y` dh shfh bd er`dmbs abdtrhs k`yhrnst`s, sndh bd f`s knsk`s bst`dtbrë`s mb fhs mnstrniunmhrbs jnd`fbs. Qu jhrk`, mnsbðh y k`tbrn`fbs utnfnz`mhs sbràd `spbaths nkphrt`dtbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd bstb sbdtnmh. sbdtnmh.
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@tr`br f` `tbdanñd mbf afnbdtb, j`anfnt`dmh f` vbdt` ` fhs ahdsuknmhrbs jnd`fbs. Rd iubd bdv`sb ndant` ` f` ahkpr`, shirb thmh bd prhmuaths mb ahkpr` nkpufsnv`. nkpufsnv`.
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_rhybat`r bf v`fhr mb f` k`ra` k`ra`,, j`anfnt`dmh f` mnjbrbdan`anñd b nmbdtnjna`anñd mbf prhmuath rbspbath ` fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs y ahdtrniuybdmh `f mbs`rrhffh mbf prher`k` mb k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde efhi`f mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
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J`anfnt`r bf ush phr ush phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr ahdsuknmhr (qub sb` jàanf jàanf mb `irnr, abrr`r y `f`fk`abd`r ud` vbz `inbrth, qub j`vhrbza` f` ahdsbrv`anñd mbf prhmuath y qub sb` mbsbac`ifb). mbsbac`ifb).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.9.1. Mbansnhdbs mb btnqubt`mh btnqubt`mh _hr btnqubt` bdtbdmbkhs thm` fbybdm`, k`ra`, nk`ebd u htrh bfbkbdth mbsarnptnvh h eràjnah, bsarnth, nkprbsh, bst`kp`mh, fnther`jn`mh, k`ra`mh, `mcbrnmh h sugbth `f bdv`sb h `f prhpnh prhmuath (jneur` 2.=). 2.=). Qu judanñd prndanp`f bs f` mb ndjhrk`r shirb f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prhmuath, su jbac` mb a`muanm`m, su khmh mb ush, `mvbrtbdan`s shirb phsnifbs pbfnerhs, ahk phsnanñd, ndjhrk`anñd ndjhrk`anñd dutrnanhd`f, bta. Dhrk`fkbdtb bf bf ahdtbdnmh mb f`s btnqubt`s bstà rbeuf`mh phr fby bd fhs p`ësbs. Mb k`dbr` ebdbr`f fhs rbqunsnths fbe`fkbdtb bxnenmhs bd au`dth `f btnqubt`gb shd fhs sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
Dhkirb h mbdhknd`anñd mbdhknd`anñd mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Nmbdtnjna`mhr mbf j`irna`dtb, bdv`s`mhr, tr`dsjhrk`mhr h vbdmbmhr. vbdmbmhr.
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Ahkphsnanñd. Ahkphsnanñd.
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_f`zh rbahkbdm`mh p`r` bf ush h ahdsukh. ahdsukh.
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Ahdtbdnmh mbf prhmuath (pbsh, vhfukbd, udnm`mbs, bta.). bta.).
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A`r`atbrëstna`s bsbdan`fbs mbf prhmuath, ndstruaanhdbs, `mvbrtbdan`s, ahdsb ghs, h rbahkbdm`a rbahkbdm`anhdbs nhdbs shirb shirb ndst`f`anñd, ndst`f`anñd, ush, ush, k`dtbdnknbdth k`dtbdnknbdth y ahdmnanhdbs mb sbeurnm`m. sbeurnm`m.
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Fhtb mb j`irna`anñd. j`irna`anñd.
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Fue`r mb prhabmbdan`. prhabmbdan`.
Cbkhs mb tbdbr bd aubdt` qub p`r` fhs mnstrniunmhrbs bs bsbdan`f bf ahdtbdnmh mb f`s btnqubt`s ` f` chr` mb `fk`abd`r y af`snjna`r fhs prhmuaths. Rd af`rh bgbkpfh bstà bd f` ahmnjna`anñd mb f`s f `s btnqubt`s kbmn`dtb fhs añmnehs mb i`rr`s qub c` j`anj `anfnt`mh f` ebstnñd mb fhs `fk`abdbs bd er`d kbmnm`. kbmnm`.
`t÷d Jneur` 2.=. Bgbkpfh mb rbqunsnths mb btnqubt`mh p`r` bf a`sh mbf `t÷d
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.1. Mbansnhdbs shirb f` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths prhmuaths F`s mbansnhdbs thk`m`s `dtbrnhrkbdtb sb c`d abdtr`mh bd bf a`sh mb prhmuaths mb jhrk` ndmnvnmu`f. Qnd bki`reh, f`s bkprbs`s dh subfbd tr`i`g`r ahd ud ÷dnah prhmuath, sndh ahd ahdgudths ahdgudths mb bffhs, mb `cë f` nkphrt`dan` nkphrt`dan` mb ahdsnmbr`r dubvhs dubvhs ahdabpths ahkh fhs mb a`rtbr` y fëdb`s mb prhmuaths, `së ahkh f`s f `s prndanp`fbs mbansnhdbs `shan`m`s ` f`s knsk`s. knsk`s. F` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths bs bf ahdgudth mb thmhs fhs prhmuaths qub vbdmb f` bkprbs`. _hr su p`rtb, ud` fëdb` mb prhmuaths bdefhi` ` ud eruph mb prhmuaths bstrbac`- bstrbac`- kbdtb rbf`anhd`mhs bdtrb së phrqub rb`fnz`d judanhdbs snknf`rbs, sb vbdmbd `f kns- kns- kh eruph mb ahdsuknmhrbs, ` tr`vîs mb fhs f hs knskhs a`d`fbs mb mnstrniuanñd y bd ud ndtbrv`fh mb prbanhs p`rbanmhs. p`rbanmhs. _hr bgbkpfh, thmhs fhs prhmuaths qub vbdmb _`sau`f ahdjhrk`rë`d su a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths. Mbdtrh mb bst` a`rtbr` bdahdtr`rë`khs mnjbrbdtbs fëdb`s mb prhmuaths7 mb fbacb, mb mbs`yudhs, mb phstrbs, mb zukhs mb jrut` y mb `eu`.. `eu`..
@ f` chr` mb v`fhr`r f` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths mb ud` bkprbs` sb subfbd utnfnz`r au`trh mnkbdsnhdbs mnkbdsnhdbs77 •
@kpfntum7 d÷kbrh mb fëdb`s mb prhmuaths ahd f`s qub tr`i`g` f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
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_rhjudmnm`m7 d÷kbrh mb prhmuaths mbdtrh mb f`s fëdb`s. fëdb`s.
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Fhdentum7 suk` tht`f mb m b thmhs fhs prhmuaths ahkbran`fnz`mhs ahkbran`fnz`mhs phr f` f ` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
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Ahdsnstbdan`7 er`mh mb chkhebdbnm`m bdtrb fhs mnstndths prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
Bd i`sb ` bsths ahdabpths, f`s prndanp`fbs mbansnhdbs shirb f` a`rtbr` mb prhmuaths mb f` bkprbs` sb phmràd `erup`r bd7 mbansnhdbs shirb f` `kpfntum mb mb f` a`rtbr` y mbansnhdbs shirb f` prhjudmnm`m mb f`s fëdb`s. fëdb`s.
2.1.0. Mbansnhdbs shirb f` `kpfntum mb f` a`rtbr` a`rtbr` Rd` mb f`s aubstnhdbs kàs rbfbv`dtbs qub sb pf`dtb`d f`s bkprbs`s `abra` mb su a`rtbr` bs f` `kpfntum qub bst` mbib tbdbr. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f`s phsninfnm`mbs bxtrbk`s sbrë`d7 sbrë`d7
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Hpt`r phr ud` a`rtbr` `kpfn`, bd bf a`sh mb bkprbs`s qub mbsb`d phsnanhd`rsb phsnanhd`rsb ahd kuac`s fëdb`s, f`s au`fbs subfbd qubrbr `fa`dz`r `ft`s auht`s mb kbra`mh. kbra`mh.
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Hpt`r phr ud` a`rtbr` bstrbac`, ahd pha`s fëdb`s y prhmuaths. Qb m` bd bk prbs`s abdtr`m`s bd sbekbdths sbekbdths ahdarbths qub mbsb`d ud` ud` `ft` rbdt`infnm`m ` ahrth pf`zh. pf`zh.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.1.9. Mbansnhdbs shirb f` prhjudmnm`m mb f`s fëdb`s fëdb`s F`s bkprbs`s tnbdbd qub pf`dnjna`r bf arbanknbdth ndtbrdh mb sus fëdb`s. _`r` bffh bffh pubmbd mba mba`dt`rsb `dt`rsb phr `feud` `feud` mb bst`s bst`s trbs `ftbrd`tnv`s7 `ftbrd`tnv`s7 •
Mbansnñd mb `f`re`r f` fëdb` mb prhmuaths7 `tbdmnbdmh ` arntbrnhs bahdñknahs phmbkhs mnjbrbdan`r trbs tnphs7 tnphs7 mbsabdmbdtb7 mnrnenîdmhsb ` ud kbr ‑ @f`re`knbdth mb f` fëdb` bd sbdtnmh mbsabdmbdtb7 a`mh mb `fth dnvbf bahdñknah, f` bkprbs` `kpfë` su fëdb` p`r` mnrnenrsb ` htrhs kbra`mhs mb kbdhr dnvbf. dnvbf. _hr bgbkpfh, _`rlbr ndtrhmugh ud ihfëer`jh i`r`th y mbscbac`ifb bd bf kbra`mh p`r` ndtbdt`r ahkpbtnr ahd f`s bkprbs`s g`phdbs`s. g`phdbs`s. ‑ @f`re`knbdth mb f`
fëdb` bd sbdtnmh `sabdmbdtb7 `sabdmbdtb 7 mnrnenîdmhsb ` ud kbra`mh mb i`gh dnvbf bahdñknah, f` bkprbs` `kpfë` su fëdb` p`r` mnrnenrsb ` htrhs kbra`mhs mb k`yhr dnvbf. dnvbf. _hr bgbkpfh, Acrysfbr ahkpr` F`kihrecndn p`r` ndahrphr`r ahacbs bxñtnahs, mbphrtnvhs y `rtbs`d`fbs. `rtbs`d`fbs.
e ‑ `k@nfb fb`drth bd mhs sbdtnmhs hs77 mnrnenîdmhsb ` ud kbra`mh mb dnvbf bahdñ- bahdñ- knah kbmnh, f` bkprbs` `kpfë` su fëdb` bd `kihs sbdtnmhs. sbdtnmhs. _hr bgbkpfh, Qhdy f`dz` ndnan`fkbdtb bf w`flk`d bd ud kbra`mh ndtbrkbmnh. _hstbrnhrkbdtb, ndtrhmuab mhs v`rnbm`mbs mbf knskh, mb k`yhr y kbdhs a`fnm`m. a`fnm`m. •
Mbansnñd mb ahkpfbt`r f` fëdb` mb prhmuaths 7 `mbkàs mb `kpfn`r f` fëdb` c`an` sbekbdths supbrnhrbs h ndjbrnhrbs, f` bkprbs` pubmb `f`re`rf` kbmn`dtb f` `mnanñd mb kàs prhmuaths `f ahdgudth `atu`f. `atu`f. _hr bgbkpfh, f`s v`rn`dtbs mb prhmuath qub ahdtndu`kbdtb ndtrhmuab Aha` Ahf` bd sus fëdb`s. fëdb`s.
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Mbansnñd mb khmbrdnz`r f` fëdb` mb prhmuaths 7 bd `feudhs a`shs f` prhjudmnm`m mb f` fëdb` f ëdb` bs `mbau`m`, pbrh fhs rbsuft`mhs pubmbd kbghr`rsb sn sb khmbrdnz`. khmbrdnz`. _hr bgbkpfh, sn hisbrv`khs ahd pbrspbatnv` bf bdv`sb mb Aha` Ahf` bd fhs ÷ftnkhs `ðhs, dhs m`khs aubdt` mb qub c` nmh khmbrdnzàdmhsb mb jhrk` ahdtndu`. ahdtndu`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
2.=. D`tur`fbz` D`tur`fbz` y a`r`atbrëstna`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mb fhs sbrvnanhs sbrvnanhs ]bdnbdmh bd aubdt` qub ` fh f`reh mbf prbsbdtb a`pëtufh dhs cbkhs abdtr`mh k`yhrkbdtb bd bf a`sh mb fhs inbdbs t`denifbs, bd bstb ÷ftnkh `p`rt`mh dhs prhphdbkhs rbp`s`r irbvbkbdtb f`s prndanp`fbs a`r`atbrëstna`s qub mbjndbd fhs sbrvnanhs y qub fhs c`abd mnjbrbdtbs mb fhs `dtbrnhrbs. `dtbrnhrbs. @së, sbrvnanh bs au`fqunbr prbst`anñd qub ud` p`rtb pubmb hjrbabr ` htr`, htr `, bsbdan`fkbdtb ndt`denifb, snd tr`dsknsnñd mb prhpnbm`m. F` prbst`anñd pubmb nr fne`m` h dh ` prhmuaths jësnahs. jësnahs. Bf sbathr sbrvnanhs rbprbsbdt` bf 55% mbf bkpfbh y bf 5?% mbf pni, fh au`f mbkubstr` su nkphrt`dan` bd f` bahdhkë` mbf p`ës. Bstb ndafuyb, ndafush, ` f`s pbrshd`s qub sukndnstr`d sbrvnanhs mbdtrh mb f`s ndmustrn`s prhmuatnv`s (qunbdbs hpbr`d bd hrmbd`mhrbs,, ahdt`ifbs, bta.), pumnbdmh bdahdtr`rsb bd kuy mnvbrshs àkinths7 sbahrmbd`mhrbs thr p÷ifnah (p`rf`kbdth, sbrvnanhs mb bkpfbh, chspnt`fbs, sbrvnanhs knfnt`rbs, bta.), hre`dnz`anhdbs dh fuar`tnv`s (kusbhs, nefbsn`s, ahfbenhs, bta.), sbathr prnv`mh (fëdb`s `îrb`s, i`dahs, sbrvnanhs ndjhrkàtnahs, bta.). bta.). _`r` bdtbdmbr mb kbghr k`dbr` su d`tur`fbz`, mbibkhs `tbdmbr sus andah a`r`atbrëstna`s mnjbrbdan`fbs7 mnjbrbdan`fbs7 •
Ndt`deninfnm`m7 fhs sbrvnanhs dh sb pubmbd bxpbrnkbdt`r phr fhs sbdtnmhs `dtbs mb su ahkpr`. Ahd bffh sb ndarbkbdt` f` ndabrtnmukirb y bf rnbseh `shan`mh ` f` ahkpr`. ahkpr`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh sbdtn mh bf ahkpr`mhr iusa`rà snedhs qub bvnmbdanbd f` a`fnm`m mbf sbrvnanh,, jngàdmhsb sbrvnanh jngàdmhsb bd bf fue fue`r `r,, f`s pbrshd` pbrshd`s, s, fhs bqunphs, bqunphs, bta. F` t`rb` t`rb` mbf sukndnstr`mhr mb sbrvnanhs sbrà f` mb «t`deninfnz`r fh ndt`denifb¼, `phrt`dmh bfbkbdths t`denifbs qub fb mbd v`fhr `f sbrvnanh y qub bfnkndbd f` ndabrtnmukirb (bg.7 jhffbths, t`rgbt`s, vnmbhs, udnjhrkbs, mbahr`anñd, bta.). bta.).
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A`ràatbr ndsbp`r`ifb7 fhs sbrvnanhs dh pubmbd sbp`r`rsb mb sus sukndnstr`mhrbs, sb`d bsths pbrshd`s h kàqund`s. M`mh qub bf afnbdtb bstà t`kinîd prbsbdtb, f` ndtbr`aanñd sukndnstr`mhr-afnbdtb bs ud` a`r`atbrëstna` bspban`f mbf k`rlbtnde mb sbrvnanhs. sbrvnanhs. F`s bkprbs`s mbibràd tr`t`r mb ndarbkbdt`r f` prhmuatnvnm`m mb fhs sukndnstr`mhrbs, shirb thmh bd îpha`s mb bxabsh mb mbk`dm` (bg.7 ` tr`vîs t r`vîs mb fhs a`gbrhs `uthkàtnahs, bf `uthsbrvnanh bd e`shfndbr`s, f` j`atur`anñd hd fndb , fhs iujîs, f` i`da` bfbatrñdna`, bta.). bta.).
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Z`rn`infnm`m7 f` a`fnm`m mb fhs sbrvnanhs dh bs udnjhrkb, mbpbdmb mb qunîd qunîd fh sukndnstrb, auàdmh y mñdmb. mñdmb. Bd bstb sbr vnanhs pubmbd ffbv`r ff bv`r ` a`ih trbs p`shs bs tb sbdtnmh f`s bkprbs`s mb sbrvnanhs p`r` `sbeur`r bf ahdtrhf mb a`fnm`m7 a`fnm`m7
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndvbrtnr bd ud` iubd` sbfbaanñd mb pbrshd`f. pbrshd`f. Bst`dm`rnz`r bf sukndnstrh mbf sbrvnanh (bg.7 ` tr`vîs mb f` kba`dnz`anñd
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ahkh bd bf a`sh mb f`s a`jbtbr`s h fhs a`gbrhs). a`gbrhs ). Kbmnr f` s`tnsj`aanñd mbf afnbdtb ` tr`vîs mb snstbk`s mb suebrbdan`s, qubg`s, bta. bta.
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A`ràatbr pbrbabmbrh7 fhs sbrvnanhs dh sb pubmbd `fk`abd`r p`r` su ush phstbrnhr (bd ud` prhybaanñd mb andb andb fhs `snbdths qub qubm`d fnirbs bd f` s`f` s`f` suphdbd ud` pîrmnm` qub y` dh sb pubmb rbaupbr`r). rbaupbr`r). Bf a`ràatbr pbrbabmbrh mb fhs sbrvnanhs dh bs ud prhifbk` au`dmh f` mbk`dm` bs bst`ifb pbrh, au`dmh f` mbk`dm` jfuat÷`, f`s bkprbs`s mb sbrvnanhs pubmbd tbdbr prhifbk`s. prhifbk`s. Bs phr bffh qub f`s bkprbs`s ndtrhmuabd hjbrt`s hjbrt`s bd khkbdths mb i`g` mbk`dm` p`r` tr`t`r mb `kndhr`r f`s phsnifbs pîrmnm`s (bg.7 hjbrt`s mb ÷ftnk` chr` bd vubfhs, bf më` mbf bspbat`mhr bd andbs, kbd÷s mbf më` bd rbst`ur`dtbs, bta.). bta.).
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Dh tr`dsknsnñd mb prhpnbm`m7 fhs sbrvnanhs sb prhmuabd y sb ahdsukbd `f knskh tnbkph, ahd fh qub bf ahdsuknmhr dh bs prhpnbt`rnh mb d`m` y` qub au`dmh sb ahdsukb bf sbrvnanh y` dh bxnstb. bxnstb. Bstb cbach ffbv` ` f`s bkprbs`s mb sbrvnanhs ` ndtrhmuanr `aanhdbs p`r` `f`re`r bf vëdaufh qub fbs udb ahd sus ahdsuknmhrbs (bg.7 ` tr`vîs mb auphdbs mbsaubdth, prher`k`s mb pudths, t`rgbt`s afnbdtb, bta.). bta.).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH :7 Bf prbanh
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd Ahdtndu`dmh ahd f` sbeudm` mb f`s `aanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx mb f` bkprbs`, bf prbsbdtb a`pëtufh a`pëtufh rbvns` fhs prndanp`fbs `spbaths ` tbdbr bd bd aubdt` phr p`rtb mbf mbf bs pban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde `f jng`r bf prbanh mb sus prhmuaths. Bd ahdarbth, bf a`pëtufh sb ahkphdb mb trbs `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb mbjndb bf ahdabpth mb prbanh mbsmb bf pudth mb vnst` mbf k`rlbtnde, prbst`dmh `tbdanñd ` sus a`r`atbrëstna`s mnstndtnv`s y ` fhs prndanp`fbs j`athrbs ndtbrdhs y bxtbrdhs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` bd su jng`anñd. jng`anñd. Bd ud sbeudmh pudth, rbp`s`khs fhs trbs kîthmhs mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs judm`kbdt`fbs phr fhs qub f` bkprbs` pubmb hpt`r7 i`s`mhs bd bf ahstb, bd f` f ` ahkpbtbdan` y bd bf v`fhr pbraninmh. pbraninmh. Jnd`fkbdtb, sb bxphdbd f`s prndanp`fbs bstr`tben`s mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs. prbanhs.
:.0. Ahdabpth mb prbanh prbanh ]hmhs fhs prhmuaths tnbdbd ud prbanh, mbf knskh khmh qub tnbdbd ud v`fhr. F`s bkprbs`s qub ahkbran`fnz`d fbs jng`dbdudhs prbanhs ahkh rbprbsbdt`anñd mbf v`fhr mb tr`ds`aanñdsus p`r`prhmuaths ndtbra`kin`rfhs bf kbra`mh, mb jhrk` qub fbs pbrknt`d rbaupbr`r rbaupbr`r fhs ahstbs bd fhs qub c`d ndaurrnmh ndaurrnmh y hitbdbr anbrth anbrth bxabmbdtb. Bd bf sbdtnmh kàs bstrnath, bf prbanh bs f` a`dtnm`m mb mndbrh qub sb ahir` phr ud prhmuath h phr ud sbrvnanh, h f` suk` mb thmhs fhs v`fhrbs qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs ndtbra`kin`d phr bf ibdbjnanh mb phsbbr h utnfnz`r prhmuaths. prhmuaths. Bf k`yhr a`ràatbr tàatnah qub suphdb f` jng`anñd mb prbanhs ffbv` ` qub f` ahkpbtbdan` bd bf prbanh sb c`y` ahdvbrtnmh bd udh mb fhs er`dmbs prhifbk`s `f qub sb bdjrbdt`d f`s bkprbs`s, snbdmh kuac`s mb bff`s f`s qub thm`vë` dh c`d ahdsbeunmh ahdsbeunmh rbshfvbr bst` prhifbkàtna`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, fhs brrhrbs kàs jrbaubdtbs ` f` chr` mb mb jng`r ud prbanh phr p`rtb mb f` bkprbs` shd7 shd7
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Jng`r ud prbanh i`s`mh bd fhs ahstbs, y` qub c`y j`athrbs prhmuath. `mnanhd`fbs qubmbk`sn`mh pubmbd `phrt`r k`yhr v`fhr `f prhmuath. kuachs j`athrbs
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Dh rbvns`r bf prbanh ahd f` sujnanbdtb jrbaubdan` p`r` tbdbr bd aubdt` fhs fhs a`kinhs mbf kbra`mh. kbra`mh.
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Jng`r bf prbanh ndmbpbdmnbdtbkbdtb mbf rbsth mb f`s v`rn`ifbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx (thmhs sus bfbkbdths pbrsneubd `fa`dz`r udhs knskhs higbtnvhs, phr fh qub thmhs bffhs mbibd bst`r pbrjbat`kbd pbrjbat`kbdtb tb ahhrmnd`mhs). ahhrmnd`mhs).
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Jng`r ud prbanh qub dh v`rëb fh sujnanbdtb p`r` fhs mnstndths prhmuaths, sbekbdths mbf kbra`mh y anraudst`dan`s mb ahkpr`. ahkpr`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
:.0.0. A`r`atbrëstna` A`r`atbrëstna`ss mbf prbanh prbanh F`s prndanp`fbs a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prbanh ahkh bfbkbdth mbf k`rlbtnde knx mb f` bkprbs` shd7 shd7 Bs ud ndstrukbdth ` ahrth pf`zh (bs bf bfbkbdth kàs jfbxnifb, y` qub pubmb
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sbr khmnjna`mh ràpnm`kbdtb y sus bjbaths shd ndkbmn`ths shirb f`s vbdt`s y fhs ibdbjnanhs). ibdbjnanhs).
pha`s Bs ud phmbrhsh ndstrukbdth ahkpbtntnvh (shirb thmh bd kbra`mhs ahd pha`s
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rbeuf`anhdbs). rbeuf`anhdbs).
Ndjfuyb t`dth bd f` hjbrt` ahkh bd f` mbk`dm` (mb cbach bd tîrkndhs bahdñ-
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knahs bf prbanh bs ud` v`rn`ifb mbjndnthrn` mb `kihs j`athrbs). j`athrbs).
Bs bf ÷dnah ndstrukbdth mbf k`rlbtnde knx qub prhphranhd` nderbshs (bf mb-
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s`rrhffh mb f`s `aanhdbs mb prhmuath, ahkudna`anñd y mnstrniuanñd ahdffbv`d ud ahstb p`r` f` bkprbs`). bkprbs`).
]nbdb nkphrt`dtbs rbpbrausnhdbs psnahfñena`s shirb bf ahdsuknmhr h usu`rnh
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(bs ud j`athr af`vb bd f` nmb` qub bf ahdsuknmhr tnbdb mbf prhmuath y bd su mbansnñd mb ahkpr`). ahkpr`).
Bd kuac`s mbansnhdbs mb ahkpr`, bs f` ÷dna` ndjhrk`anñd mnsphdnifb. mnsphdnifb.
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:.0.9. J`athrbs ` ahdsnmbr`r bd f` jng`anñd mbf prbanh prbanh F`s mbansnhdbs shirb f` jng`anñd mb fhs prbanhs mb ud` bkprbs` sb vbd `jbat`m`s t`dth phr j`athrbs ndtbrdhs mb f` bkprbs` ahkh phr j`athrbs bxtbrdhs mbf bdthrdh (jneur` :.0). :.0).
Jneur` :.0. J`athrbs qub `jbat`d ` f`s mbansnhdbs mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs prbanhs
Bdtrb fhs fhs j`athrbs j`athrbs ndtbrdhs sb ndafuybd7 ndafuybd7
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
higF higFbt bthnvs hs mb k`r k`rlb lbtntnde de mb f` bkp bkprb rbs` s` y` qub qub,, gu gudt dthh ahd bf rbs rbsth th mb v`r v`rn` n`
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ifbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx,, mbib ahdtrniunr ` fher`rfhs. fher`rfhs. k`rlbtnde knx
F` bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde knx mbinmh ` qub, ahkh sb c` `pudt`mh `dtb-
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rnhrkbdtb, f`s au`trh v`rn`ifbs mbibd bst`r pbrjbat`kbdtb ahhrmnd`m`s p`r` ahdsbeunr fhs higbtnvhs k`ra`mhs. k`ra`mhs.
Fhs ahstbs. Bsths snbkprb mbtbrknd`ràd bf prbanh këdnkh `f au`f pubmb vbd-
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mbr f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
Ahdsnmbr`anhd Ahdsnmbr`anhdbs bs mb hre`dnz`anñd. Mbdtrh mb bstb pudth rbahebkhs aubstnh-
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dbs ahkh qunîd, mbdtrh mb f` bkprbs`, sbrà bf bda`re`mh mb jng`r fhs prbanhs. prbanhs.
_hr su p`rtb, bdtrb fhs j`athrbs ndafuybd7 fhs j`athrbs bxtbrdhs sb ndafuybd7 F` d`tur`fbz` mbf kbra`mh y mb f` mbk`dm`. @së ahkh bf ahstb jng` bf fëkntb
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ndjbrnhr mb fhs prbanhs, f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf kbra`mh `f qub dhs mnrnenkhs y f` mbk`dm` bxnstbdtb mb dubstrh prhmuath mbtbrknd`ràd su fëkntb fëknt b supbrnhr. supbrnhr.
Fhs ahstbs, prbanhs y hjbrt` mb f` ahkpbtbdan`, gudth ahd f` rb`aanñd mb
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bst` au`dmh f` prhpn` bkprbs` khmnjna` sus prbanhs, shd j`athrbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt`, y` qub f` bkprbs` dh vbdmb sus prhmuaths bd ud ahdtbxth mb kbra`mh `nsf`mh, sndh qub bf kbra`mh, `dtbs mb mbanmnrsb phr ud prhmuath bd ahdarbth, ahkp`r` ahkp`r` bdtrb f`s mnstndt`s `ftbrd`tnv`s qub sb sb fb hjrbabd. hjrbabd.
Htrhs j`athrbs mbf bdthrdh. Dhs rbjbrnkhs ` anraudst`dan`s p`rtnauf`rbs mbf
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bdthrdh phfëtnah, fbe`f, bahdñknah, auftur`f, bta. qub pubm`d `jbat`rdhs (bg.7 bd îpha` mb arnsns bahdñkna` f` bkprbs` mbib tbdbr bd aubdt` qub bf ahdsuknmhr sbrà kàs sbdsnifb `f prbanh mb fhs prhmuaths). prhmuaths).
:.9. Kîthmhs mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs prbanhs Bf prbanh qub ud` bkprbs` jng` pubmb bst`r bdtrb ud dnvbf mbk`sn`mh i`gh, qub dh prh prhmua muabb f`s ibdbjna ibdb jnanhs nhs,, h udahdsnmbr`anhdbs dnvbff mbk`s dnvb mbk`sn`m n`mhh``fth, `ftbdbr th, qub ebdbr` ebdb r` mf` bk`dm` dm`.. F`mbf jneur` jneur ` :.9 :.9 rbsukb prndanp`fbs bddh aubdt` bdmbk` jng`anñd prbanh. @së, fhs ahstbs mb ud prhmuath mbtbrknd`d su prbanh phr bf fëkntb ndjbrnhr< f`s pbrabpanhdbs mbf ahdsuknmhr mbf v`fhr mbf prhmuath mbtbrknd`d bf prbanh kàxnkh. Kàs `÷d, p`r` bdahdtr`r bf prbanh kàs `mbau`mh bdtrb bsths mhs bxtrbkhs, f` bk prbs` mbib tbdbr bd aubdt` aubdt` fhs prbanhs jng`mhs jng`mhs phr f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` :.9. _rndanp`fbs kîthmhs mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs prbanhs
Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f`s bkprbs`s jng`d fhs prbanhs mb sus prhmuaths bsahenbdmh ud` tîadna` mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs qub bdj`tnab udh mb bsths trbs j`athrbs7 j `athrbs7 fhs ahstbs, bf v`fhr pbraninmh y fhs prbanhs mb f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`.
ahstb :.9.0. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd bf ahstb Bsths kîthmhs sb abdtr`d bd fhs m`ths mb ahstbs qub phsbb f` bkprbs` p`r` f` jng`anñd mb fhs dnvbfbs mb prbanhs jnd`fbs mb fhs prhmuaths. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, sb ahdsnmbr`d fhs kîthmhs kàs higbtnvhs y gusths, `udqub t`kinîd shd arntna`mhs phrqub suphdbd `mhpt`r ud` vnsnñd mbk`sn`mh bstrbac` mbf ahdabpth mb prhmuath bd së knskh, bd f` qub dh sb tnbdbd bd aubdt` `spbaths `mnanhd`fbs qub pubm`d `phrt`r ud v`fhr supbrnhr `f prhmuath. prhmuath. Mbdtrh mb bsths kîthmhs, mhs shd f`s khm`fnm`mbs kàs utnfnz`m`s7 bf kîthmh mbf ahstb kàs k`rebd y bf kîthmh mbf ibdbjnanh higbtnvh. higbtnvh . Kîthmh mbf ahstb kàs k`rebd k`rebd ibdbj nanh `f ahstb tht`f udnt`rnh mbf prhmuath Quphdb `ð`mnr ud k`rebd mb ibdbjnanh prhmuath
Ahstb v`rn`ifb udnt`rnh . . . . . . . . . . . 02 ₦/um. . . . . . . . . . . . . . AZR AZR AJ Ahstbs jnghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0??? ₦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AJ _rhmuaanñd pf`dnjna`m` . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?? ums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ (AJ/__) Ahstb ]ht`f Rdnt`rnh (A]R) ; AZR + (AJ/__) A]R ; 02 + (0??? / 2??) ; 05 ₦ ahstb _rbanh mb Zbdt` (_Z) ; A]R + K`rebd shirb bf ahstb Qn sb tr`i`g` ahd ud 92% mb k`rebd bf prbanh sbrà7 _Z ; 05 x (0 + ?,92) ; 90,92 ₦
09?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Kîthmh mbf ibdbjnanh higbtnvh higbtnvh u d ibdbjnanh h vhfukbd mb vbdt`s m`mh. Quphdb jng`r bf prbanh qub pbrknt` hitbdbr ud m`mh.
Ahstb v`rn`ifb udnt`rnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ₦/um. . . . . . . . . . . . . . AZR AZR AJ Ahstbs jnghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?? ₦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AJ _rhmuaanñd pf`dnjna`m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0?? ums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __ Ibdbjnanh higbtnvh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?? ₦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IH IH _rbanh mb Zbdt` (_Z) ; AZR + (AJ +IH) / __ __ _Z ; 5 + (2?? + 2??) / 0?? ; 05 ₦
Bf ukir`f mb rbdt`infnm`m (pudth bd bf qub fhs ahstbs b nderbshs tht`fbs sb neu`f`d) sbrà7 sbrà7 P ; AJ / (_Z AZR) AZR) ums. P ; 2?? / (05 - 5) ; 2? ums. ‑
_hr fh t`dth, bd bsths kîthmhs f` bkprbs` `d`fnz` su prhmuath ahkh ud` suk` mb bfbkbdths, a`fauf`dmh bf ahstb mb prhmuaanñd y jng`dmh bf prbanh bd judanñd mb bstb. bstb. _rhmuath
↙
Ahstb
↙
_rbanh
↙
Z`fhr pbraninmh
↙
Ahdsuknmhrbs Ahdsuknmhrbs
pbraninmh :.9.9. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd bf v`fhr pbraninmh Bsths kîthmhs sb i`s`d bd bf v`fhr qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs m`d `f prhmuath p`r` jng`r su prbanh, y dh bd bf ahstb mbf knskh. knskh. Ahdsuknmhrbs
↙
Z`fhr pbraninmh
_rbanh
↙
↙
Ahstb
↙
_rhmuath _rhmuath
Ahkh cbkhs `pudt`mh ahd `dtbrnhrnm`m, bf v`fhr pbraninmh phr bf ahdsuknmhr k`ra`rà bf fëkntb supbrnhr mbf prbanh mbf prhmuath. @ bstb rbspbath, `f sbr kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd pbrabpanhdbs su judm`kbdt`anñd judm`kbdt`anñd bs anbrt`kbdtb suigbtnv`. _hr bffh bs nkphrt`dtb qub f` bkprbs` sb` a`p`z mb ahdsbeunr qub bf ahkpr`mhr nmbdtnjnqub f` nkphrt`dan` qub îf `sned` ` a`m` udh mb fhs mnstndths `trniuths qub ahdjhrk`d bf prhmuath, ahd t`f mb bst`ifbabr ud prbanh mb prhmuath qub rbjfbgb ahd f` k`yhr prbansnñd phsnifb phsnifb bf v`fhr mbf knskh. knskh. rbspbath ` f` kbthmhfheë` ` sbeunr ` f` chr` @ ahdtndu`anñd sb kubstr` ud bgbkpfh rbspbath mb nmbdtnjna`r bf v`fhr pbraninmh phr bf ahdsuknmhr mb ud prhmuath, bd bstb a`sh mb ud hrmbd`mhr. hrmbd`mhr.
090
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Kîthmh mbf v`fhr pbraninmh pbraninmh Quphde`khs qub bf ahdsuknmhr tnbdb ahkh `ftbrd`tnv`s trbs hrmbd`mhrbs mb f`s k`ra`s @, I y A, y qub fhs `trniuths qub c` nmbdtnjna`mh ahkh rbfbv`dtbs p`r` su ahkpr` shd7 f` v`rnbm`m mb f` e`k`, f`s prbst`anhdbs, f` vnm` ÷tnf y bf ahstb mb k`dtbdnknbdth. Ahd bsths m`ths phmbkhs a`fauf`r bf v`fhr pbraninmh mb a`m` udh mb fhs hrmbd`mhrbs mb f` sneunbdtb k`dbr`7 (0) (0 ) sb pnmb `f ahdsuknmhr qub rbp`rt` 0?? pudths bdtrb fhs `trniuths `d`fnz`mhs (bsth ahdstntuyb bf pbsh rbf`tnvh mb a`m` `trniuth)< (9) sb pnmb qub vubfv` ` rbp`rtnr 0?? pudths bd a`m` ud` mb f`s k`ra`s p`r` a`m` udh mb fhs `trniuths< (1) sb kuftnpfna` bf pbsh rbf`tnvh mb fhs `trniuths phr f` pudtu`anñd bd fhs hitbdnbdmh knskhs ` a`m` k`ra`< a`m` udh a`m` ud` mbm`m` f`s k`ra`s `së su v`fhr(=) pbraninmh. pbraninmh. mb bsths prhmuaths sb suk` p`r` _bsh mb fhs `trniuths `trniuths 92.? 92.? 1?.? 1?.? 1?.? 1?.? 02.? 02.?
@trniuths @trniuths Z`rnbm`m mb f` e`k` e`k` _rbst`anhdbs _rbst`anhdbs Znm` ÷tnf ÷tnf Ahstb mb k`dtbdnknbdth k`dtbdnknbdth pbraninmh Z`fhr pbraninmh
@ =?.? =?.? 11.1 11.1 2?.? 2?.? =?.? =?.? =?.> =?.>
Kbmn` Kbmn` I =?.? =?.? 11.1 11.1 92.? 92.? 12.? 12.? 19.5= 19.5=
A 9?.? 9?.? 11.1 11.1 92.? 92.? 92.? 92.? 9:.9= 9:.9=
`së7 _hr bgbkpfh, bf v`fhr pbraninmh mbf hrmbd`mhr mb f` k`ra` @ sb a`fauf`rë` `së7 =?,> (?,92 x =?) + (?,1? x 11,1) + (?,1? x 2?) + (?,02 x =?) ; =?,>
:.9.1. Kîthmhs i`s`mhs bd f` ahkpbtbdan` ahkpbtbdan` Bsths kîthmhs sb abdtr`d bd bf a`ràatbr ahkpbtntnvh mbf kbra`mh y bd f` `atu`anñd mb f`s mbkàs bkprbs`s jrbdtb ` dubstr`s `aanhdbs. Qhd kàs rb`fbs y sb bdaubdtr`d sugbths ` ud `fth ahkphdbdtb prhi`infëstnah. _hr fh ebdbr`f, subfbd utnfnz`rsb ahkh ahkpfbkbdth ` fhs `dtbrnhrbs, shirb thmh bd kbra`mhs mb bfbv`m` ahkpbtntnvnm`m (k`yhrkbdtb `qubffhs qub sb bdaubdtr`d bd su bt`p` mb k`murbz). k`murbz). Bd ahdarbth mhs shd f`s prndanp`fbs khm`fnm`mbs utnfnz`m`s7 bf kîthmh ` p`rtnr mbf dnvbf `atu`f mb prbanhs y f` fnant`anñd. fnant`anñd. Bd bf kîthmh ` p`rtnr mbf dnvbf `atu`f mb prbanhs bsths sb jng`d bd judanñd mb fhs prbanhs hjbrt`mhs hjbrt`mhs phr f` ahkpbtbdan` y bd añkh rb`aanhd`rà bst` bst` `dtb mnsknduanhmnsknduanhdbs h `ukbdths mb dubstrhs prbanhs. _hr fh t`dth, bstb kîthmh ahdsnstb bd qub f` bkprbs`, `dtb fhs a`kinhs mb prbanhs mb ud ahkpbtnmhr, sb pf`dtbb quî haurrnrà sn fb sneub bd mnachs a`kinhs h sn phr ahdtr` pbrk`dbab bd bf dnvbf `atu`f mb prbanhs< `mbkàs, mbib v`fhr`r t`kinîd quî bs fh qub v`d ` c`abr sus ahkpbtnmhrbs mnrbaths. _`r` bffh, f` bkprbs` jhrkuf` mnvbrshs bsabd`rnhs, `dtb fhs au`fbs khmnjna` h dh sus prbanhs b ndtbdt` au`dtnjna`r jrbdtb ` mnstndt`s `aanhdbs mb fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs quî bs fh qub haurrnrà. haurrnrà.
099
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_hr su p`rtb, bf kîthmh mb fnant`anñd subfb utnfnz`rsb bd `mgumna`anhdbs phr sui`st`s p`r` ahdsbeunr ud ahdtr`th, bd f`s qub f` bkprbs` dbabsnt` qub fhs prbanhs qub hjrbab sb`d ndjbrnhrbs ` fhs mb f`s htr`s bkprbs`s p`r` fher`rfh. _hr fh t`dth, bstb kîthmh i`s` f` jng`anñd mbf prbanh bd fh qub sb arbb qub jng`rà f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`. Bd thmh a`sh, f` bkprbs` mbibrà khvbrsb bdtrb mhs bxtrbkhs. _hr ud f`mh, dh phmrà jng`r ud prbanh ndjbrnhr `f ahstb bd bf qub bff` mbibrà ndaurrnr mb sbrfb ahdabmnmh bf ahdtr`th. _hr htrh f`mh, mbibrà tbdbr bd aubdt` qub au`dth k`yhr sb` bf prbanh qub jngb, kbdhr sbrà f` phsninfnm`m mb ahdsbeunrfh. Bst`s anraudst`dan`s qubm`d af`r`s bd bf bgbkpfh qub sb kubstr` ` ahdtndu`anñd. ahdtndu`anñd. Kîthmh mb fnant`anñd fnant`anñd Quphde`k Quphde`khs hs qub bf ahstb ahst b a`fauf`mh mb f` hjbrt` mb ahdabsnñd mb ud` hir` p÷ifna` bs mb 9=.>?? burhs. @ p`rtnr mb bstb v`fhr f` bkprbs` phmrà pf`dtb`rsb pug`r phr bff` ahd mnjbrbdtbs prbanhs. Fhs ibdbjnanhs qub hitbdmrë` bd a`m` a`sh sb hitbdmrë`d ` p`rtnr mb f` mnjbrbdan` bdtrb t`fbs t `fbs prbanhs y bf ahstb a`fauf`mh ndnan`fkbdtb. @chr` inbd, c`y qub tbdbr bd aubdt` qub au`dth k`yhr sb` bf prbanh hjbrt`mh kbdhr sbrà f` prhi`infnm`m mb ahdsbeunr bf ahdtr`th (bst`s prhi`infnm`mbs vnbdbd mbtbrknd`m`s phr bstumnhs bstu mnhs bst`mëstnahs). Bd bstb sbdtnmh, fhs ibdbjnanhs `shan`mhs ` a`m` hjbrt` mbibd `gust`rsb tbdnbdmh tbdnbdmh bd aubdt` f`s prhi`infnm`mbs prhi`infnm`mbs mb hitbdbr bf ahdtr`th ahd a`m` a` m` ud` ud ` mb bff`s, màdmhdhs `së su ibdbjnanh bspbr`mh. Bd i`sb bsths m`ths, f` bkprbs` bsahebrà `qubff` hjbrt` qub k`xnknab bf ibdbjnanh bspbr`mh. bspbr`mh. _rhi`infnm`m mb prbsbdt`m` Hjbrt` prbsbdt`m`
Ibdbjnanh mb f` hjbrt` hjbrt`
92.??? 92.??? 93.??? 93.??? 10.??? 10.??? 1=.??? 1=.??? 15.??? 15.???
0?? 0?? 1.0?? 1.0?? :.0?? :.0?? >.0?? >.0?? 09.0?? 09.0??
:.1. Bstr`tben`s mb
ahdsbauanñd mbf ahdtr`th ahdtr`th 5?% 5?% =?% =?% 0?% 0?% 9% 9% ?,9% ?,9%
Ibdbjnanh bspbr`mh bspbr`mh 5? 5? 0.9=? 0.9=? :0? :0? 039 039 9=,= 9=,=
jng`anñd mb prbanhs prbanhs
F`s bstr`tben`s mb jng`anñd mb prbanhs shd ud ahdgudth mb dhrk`s y jhrk`s mb `atu`r ahd f` v`rn`ifb prbanh qub v`d bda`knd`m`s ` mnstndths higbtnvhs sb qub`ihrm`d mbibd sbr `ahrmbs ahd fhs higbtnvhs ebdbr`fbs mb f` bkprbs`. @ ahdtndu`anñd, mnstndt`s bstr`tben`s qub pubmbd sbr af`snjna`m`s mbsmb mnvbrs`s pbrspbatnv`s7 bstr`tben`s mnjbrbdan`fbs, bstr`tben`s p`r` prhmuaths dubvhs, bstr`tben`s p`r` fëdb`s mb prhmuaths y bstr`tben`s mb prbanhs ebheràjnahs. ebheràjnahs.
mnjbrbdan`fbss :.1.0. Bstr`tben`s mnjbrbdan`fb ]r`t`d mb bxpfht`r f` cbtbrhebdbnm`m mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs p`r` ndarbkbdt`r bf vh vh-fukbd mb vbdt`s y ibdbjnanhs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, sb vbdmb bf knskh prhmuath ` prbanhs mnstndths sbe÷d sntu`anhdbs, khkbdths mbf tnbkph, a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf afnbdtb, bta. Bdtrb bff`s sb pubmbd mbst`a`r f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7
091
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• banh _srjn ghs _s ghs7
bf prhmuath sb vbdmb `f knskh prbanh y ahdmnanhdbs (bg.7 sb m` bd prhmuaths mb ahkpr` jrbaubdtb y prbanhs i`ghs, ahkh pubmb sbr ud pbrnñmnah pbrnñ mnah). ).
•
_rbanhs v`rn`ifbs7 bxnstb jfbxninfnm`m bd f` au`dtë` mbf prbanh y bd f`s ahdmnanhdbs mb vbdt` (bg.7 sb m` bd prhmuaths bd fhs qub bf prbanh bs higbth mb dbehan`anñd bd a`m` tr`ds`aanñd, shfnbdmh sbr bstb i`st`dtb bfbv`mh, ahkh bs bf a`sh mb f`s vnvnbdm`s h `uthkñvnfbs). `uthkñvnfbs). ]`rnj`s bd ahfhr
e ID bd 3? e
mnd-`=*
bd 0?? e e
0 a`r`
9 a`r`s
0 a`r`
9 a`r`s
Mb 0?? ` 92? 92?
?,?15 ₦
?,?1= ₦
?,05> ₦
?,059 ₦
2?? Mb 920 ` 2??
?,?11 ₦
?,?1? ₦
?,0:: ₦
?,02> ₦
Mb 2?0 ` 0??? 0???
?,?1? ₦
?,?93 ₦
?,021 ₦
?,0=5 ₦
Mb 0??0 ` 9??? 9???
?,?93 ₦
?,?9: ₦
?,0=? ₦
?,01= ₦
1??? Mb 9??0 ` 1???
?,?9: ₦
?,?9= ₦
?,095 ₦
?,090₦
=??? Mb 1??0 ` =???
?,?9= ₦
?,?99 ₦
?,00= ₦
?,0?3 ₦
Mb =??0 ` 2??? 2???
?,?99 ₦
?,?0> ₦
?,0?0 ₦
?,?>2 ₦
5??? Mb 2??0 ` 5???
?,?9? ₦
?,?05 ₦
?,?33 ₦
?,?39 ₦
Mb 5??0 ` 0???? 0????
?,?05 ₦
?,?02 ₦
?,?52 ₦
?,?:> ₦
Bd `mbf`dtb `mbf`dtb
?,?02 ₦
?,?01 ₦
?,?:9 ₦
?,?2: ₦
*nv` dh ndafunmh
•
Mbsaubdth phr a`dtnm`m7 sb `pfna` ud` rbmuaanñd bd bf prbanh udnt`rnh `f ahkpr`mhr mb ud prhmuath qub `mqunbrb ud` a`dtnm`m supbrnhr ` f` dhrk`f (bg.7 mbsaubdth qub sb `pfna` bd f`s jhthahpn`mhr`s sbe÷d f` a`dtnm`m mb ah pn`s rb`fnz`m`s). rb`fnz`m`s).
•
Mbsaubdth phr prhdth p`eh7 suphdb ud` rbmuaanñd bd bf prbanh bjbatu`m` `f ahkpr`mhr qub p`e` `f ahdt`mh h `f a`ih mb phahs më`s (bg.7 ( bg.7 shd y` kuachs fhs `yudt`knbdths qub hjrbabd mbsaubdths ` `qubffhs anum`m`dhs qub `ihdbd sus nkpubsths snd mbkhr`). mbkhr`).
09=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
•
@pf`z`knbdth mbf p`eh7 mnjbrnknbdth mbf p`eh mbf nkphrtb mb ud` ahk pr`vbdt` mur`dtb ud pbrnhmh bst`ifbanmh, ahd udh h v`rnhs vbdanknbdths y bst`ifbanbdmh h dh ud rba`reh phr ndtbrbsbs shirb bf nkphrtb `pf`z`mh (bg.7 f` k`yhrë` mb tnbdm`s mb kubifbs hjrbabd p`e`r nkphrtbs supbrnhrbs ` anbrt`s a`dtnm`mbs ` pf`zhs). pf`zhs).
•
Mbsaubdths `fb`thrnhs (hjbrt`s)7 rbmuaanñd mbf prbanh bd tnbkphs h fue`rbs mbtbrknd`mhs snd ahdhanknbdth prbvnh mb t`f mbsaubdth phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr.
•
Mbsaubdths pbrnñmnahs (rbi`g`s)7 rbmuaanñd mbf prbanh bd tnbkphs h fue`rbs mbtbrknd`mhs ahd ahdhanknbdth prbvnh phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr.
•
Mbsaubdths bd sbeudmh kbra`mh7 rbmuaanhdbs mbf prbanh qub shfh `jbat`d ` `qubffhs qub aukpfbd mbtbrknd`m`s ahdmnanhdbs (bg.7 fhs guinf`mhs mnsjrut`d mb mbsaubdths bd f` k`yhr p`rtb mb fhs sbrvnanhs p÷ifnahs). p÷ifnahs).
•
_rbanhs mb prhjbsnhd`fbs7 prbanhs bst`dm`rnz`mhs phr sbrvnanhs bspbaëjnahs ahd ndmbpbdmbdan` mbf tnbkph rbqubrnmh mb `tbdanñd `f afnbdtb (bg.7 f`s ahdsuft`s kîmna`s, mb `ihe`mhs, `sbshrbs, bta.). bta.).
•
_rbanhs îtnahs7 prbanhs mnstndths sbe÷d bf jnd shan`f mbf inbd vbdmnmh h f` a`p`anm`m mb p`eh mbf afnbdtb (bg.7 fhs kbmna`kbdths bsbdan`fbs subfbd tbdbr udhs prbansh i`ghs, knbdtr`s qub prhmuaths ahkh bf `fahchf h bf t`i`ah sb shirba`re`d ahd nkpubsths). nkpubsths).
:.1.9. Bstr`tben`s p`r` prhmuaths dubvhs dubvhs Au`dmh ud prhmuath sb c`ff` bd f`s prnkbr`s j`sbs mbf anafh mb vnm` sb pubmbd sbeunr mhs bstr`tben`s mb prbanh7 prbanh7 •
_rbanhs mb ndtrhmuaanñd h pbdbtr`anñd 7 ahdffbv` jng`r prbanhs i`ghs mbsmb bf prndanpnh p`r` ahdsbeunr f` k`yhr pbdbtr`anñd mbf kbra`mh (bg.7 sb m` bd prhmuaths bd fhs qub sb qunbrb jhkbdt`r f` prubi` y bf ahdsukh, ahkh bf f`dz`knbdth mb dubvhs rbjrbsahs). Bst` bstr`tben` sb utnfnz` au`dmh fh qub sb prbtbdmb bs7 bs7 ‑
Hitbdbr ud` `ft` auht` mb kbra`mh ` ahrth pf`zh. pf`zh.
092
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
•
‑
Ndmuanr ` f` prubi` mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
‑
Rtnfnz`r bf prbanh ahkh `rk` mb mbjbds` ahdtr` f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`.
_rbanhs mb t`knz`mh er`mu`f h mbsd`t`mh7 suphdb jng`r ud prbanh `fth, ahd ud` `ft` ndvbrsnñd bd prhkhanñd p`r` `tr`br `f erubsh mbf kbra`mh b nr i`g`dmh p`uf`tnd`kbdtb bf prbanh p`r` `tr`br fubeh ` fhs htrhs sbekbdths (bg.7 sb m` bd prhmuaths ndtbdsnvhs bd tbadhfheë` ahkh vnmbhahdshf`s, tbfbvnshrbs, kñvnfbs, hrmbd`mhrbs, bta.). Bst` bstr`tben` bs `ahdsbg`ifb au`dmh sb m`d f`s sneunbdtbs anraudst`dan`s anraudst`dan`s77 ‑
Qhd prhmuaths nddhv`mhrbs y mnjëanfbs mb nknt`r. nknt`r.
‑
Qb iusa` ud` rbaupbr`anñd ràpnm` mb f` ndvbrsnñd. ndvbrsnñd.
:.1.1. Bstr`tben`s p`r` fëdb`s mb prhmuath prhmuath @f mnsbð`r ud` bstr`tben` mb prbanhs p`r` ud` fëdb` mb prhmuaths mbib ahdsnmbr`rsb bf ibdbjnanh efhi`f mb f` knsk` y dh shfh bf mb a`m` udh mb fhs prhmuaths qub f` ndtber`d. ]`kinîd c` mb tbdbrsb bd aubdt` f` rb`aanñd bxnstbdtb bdtrb f`s mbk`dm`s mb fhs mnstndths prhmuaths. Bdtrb bff`s mbst`a`d f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
Fëmbr mb pbrmnm`s7 ahdsnstb bd tbdbr udh h mhs prhmuaths qub dh dhs mbd ibdbjnanh, h ndafush dhs mbd pîrmnm`s, p`r` f`dz`r htrhs prhmuaths kàs rbdr bdt`ifbs y mb prbanh k`yhr (bg.7 Fnmf subfb utnfnz`r bd sus jhffbths hjbrt`s mb prhmuaths ` prbanhs prbanhs kuy i`ghs i`ghs qub `at÷bd `at÷bd ahkh rbaf`kh mbf mbf ahdsuknmhr). ahdsuknmhr).
• ba bannh_r _rmbf p`q p `qu ubt btbb7 au`dmh sb tr`t` mb jng`r bf bf prbanh ` prhmuaths mb f` fëdb` fëdb`
qub shd ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs pubmb jng`rsb ud prbanh mbf p`qubtb qub rbsuftb ndjbrnhr ` f` suk` mb fhs prbanhs p`ran`fbs mb fhs ahkphdbdtbs p`r` bstnkuf`r ud k`yhr ahdsukh mb prhmuaths ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs, ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs, qub dh sb prhmuanrë` snd sn d bst` ihdnjna`a ihdnj na`anñd nñd (bg.7 f`s k`ra k`ra`s `s mb ahsk ahskîtnah îtnahss subfbd `ð`mnr `ð`mnr prhmuaths prhmuaths ahkpfbahkpfbkbdt`rnhs mb kbdhr mbk`dm` ` sus prhmuaths bstrbff` p`r` khtnv`r su prubi` phr p`rtb p`rtb mbf ahds ahdsuknm uknmhr). hr).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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_rbanhs mb prhmuaths a`utnvhs7 bd fhs a`shs bd qub fhs prhmuaths ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs shd `ishfut`kbdtb dbabs`rnhs p`r` utnfnz`r bf prndanp`f sb jng` ud prbanh i`gh `f prndanp`f p`r` bstnkuf`r bstnkuf`r su ahkpr` y `sbeur`r `sbeur`r `së f` mbk`dm` mb fhs prhmuaths ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs (bg.7 bf a`sh mb f` tndt` tn dt` mb f` nkprbshr`, h fhs `aabshrnhs mb f`s vnmbhahdshf`s vnmbhahdshf`s). ).
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_rbanh ahd mhs p`rtbs7 mnvnmnr bf prbanh mbf sbrvnanh bd mhs7 ud` p`rtb jng` (auht` mb `ihdh) y htr` v`rn`ifb, bd judanñd mb su ush (bg.7 sbrë` bf a`sh mb f`s ahkp`ðë`s tbfbjñdna`s h bfîatrna`s). bfîatrna`s).
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_rbanh ÷dnah7 ud knskh prbanh p`r` thmhs fhs prhmuaths vbdmnmhs (bg.7 fhs bst`ifbanknbdths mb «]hmh ` 0 ₦¼).
:.1.=. Bstr`tben`s mb prbanhs psnahfñenahs psnahfñenahs Qb judm`kbdt`d bd bf khmh bd qub bf kbra`mh pbranib fhs prbanhs y bd f` `shan`anñd qub bf ahdsuknmhr c`ab mb fhs knskhs ahd f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s h `trniuths mbf prhmuath. Bdtrb f`s kàs ahkudbs bdahdtr`kh bdahdtr`khss f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
_rbanh c`intu`f7 suphdb jng`r ud prbanh `shan`mh ` f`s khdbm`s jr`aanhd`rn`s bxnstbdtbs y mnjëanf mb khmnjna`r (bg.7 tr`mnanhd`fkbdtb Acup` Acups vbdmë` su a`r`kbfh ` 0 pbsbt`. Bd anbrth khkbdth, sb pf`dtb`d suinr su prbanh ` 9 pbsbt`s. Qnd bki`reh, pbds`rhd qub bst` hpanñd rhkpë` ahd bf cbach mb `shan`r sut`k`ðh prhmuath ud` ÷dna`y khdbm`. _hr bffh, shfuanñd kbdt`r bf mbf`prhmuath jng`r ud prbanh mb 0f`murh). murh). jnd`f jub `u-
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_rbanh mb prbstnenh7 jng`r prbanhs `fths p`r` qub bf prhmuath sb `shanb ahd f` a`fnm`m (bg.7 sb m` bd au`fqunbr k`ra` mb `fth prbstnenh ahkh Yhffs Yhyab, Ac`dbf, _hrabf`dhs`, bta.). bta.).
095
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• ba bannh_rrbm bmhd hdm mb` b`m mh7 ebdbr`fkbdtb phr `rrni`, m` f` nkprbsnñd mb qub sb tr`t` tr`t`
mb ud prhmuath h sbrvnanh mb a`tbehrë` supbrnhr h mb prbstnenh (bg.7 bs bf a`sh mb kuachs bst`ifbanknbdths ehurkbt, auyhs prbanhs subfbd ahkphdbrsb mb anjr`s rbmhdm`s). rbmhdm`s).
• banh _rnkp`r7
p`r` prhmuaths mb a`tbehrë` ndjbrnhr bd judanhdbs prhkhanh - d`fbs (bg.7 rbaheb `qubffhs prbanhs qub `a`i`d bd anjr`s nkp`rbs, ndafush ahd aîdtnkhs mbf tnph ,>>). ,>>).
:.1.2. Bstr`tben`s mb prbanhs ebheràjnahs ebheràjnahs Fhs prbanhs ebheràjnahs sb jng`d bd judanñd mb arntbrnhs ebheràjnahs h mb prhxnknpr hxnknm`m, ndtbdt`dmh `tr`br mb bst` jhrk` p`rtb mb f` mbk`dm` kàs `fbg`m` h `kpfn`r bf r`mnh mb `aanñd, h snkpfbkbdtb ndtbdt`r prhkhvbr f`s vbdt`s bd ud àrb` mbtbrknd`m`. Mbst`a`d f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
F`i (Fnirb @ Ihrmh)7 sb jng` ud prbanh udnjhrkb p`r` bf prhmuath pubsth bd bf tr`dsphrtb mb fhs ahkpr`mhrbs. Mb bstb khmh, bf prbanh jnd`f p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr sbrà mnstndth bd judanñd mb f` mnst`dan`, fh au`f dhs c`ab kbdhs `tr`atnvhs p`r` fhs afnbdtbs kàs fbg`dhs. fbg`dhs.
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Bdtrbe` udnjhrkb7 sb jng` ud knskh prbanh, pbrh bd bf fue`r mb ahdsukh h mhknanfnh mbf ahkpr`mhr. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, a`m` ud` mb f`s vbdt`s `phrt`rà kàrebdbs mnstndths p`r` f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
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_rbanh phr zhd`s7 bs ud` shfuanñd ndtbrkbmn`. Quphdb mnvnmnr bf kbra`mh bd àrb`s ebheràjna`s ebheràjna`s ahdarbt`s y bst`ifbabr ud prbanh udnjhrkb mb bdtrbe` bd a`m` ud` mb f`s zhd`s bstnpuf`m`s. bstnpuf`m`s.
Bd f` `atu`fnm`m bst`s ahdmnanhdbs subfbd jng`rsb bdtrb ahkpr`mhr y vbdmbmhr ` tr`vîs mb fhs mbdhknd`mhs ndahtbrks (`arñdnkh mbf ndefîs ndtbrd`tnhd`f ahkkbran`f tbrks). tbrks). Bsths shd tîrkndhs mb trbs fbtr`s a`m` udh qub rbjfbg`d f`s dhrk`s, mb `abpt`anñd vhfudt`rn` phr f`s mhs p`rtbs, `abra` mb f`s ahdmnanhdbs mb bdtrbe` mb fhs prhmuaths. Mb bstb khmh, sb us`d p`r` `af`r`r fhs ahstbs mb f`s tr`ds`aanhdbs ahkbran`fbs ndtbrd`anhd`fbs, mbfnknt`dmh f`s rbsphds`infnm`mbs bdtrb bf ahkpr`mhr y bf vbdmbmhr. vbdmbmhr.
093
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH 57 F` mnstrniuanñd
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd F` mnstrniuanñd rbprbsbdt` f` tbrabr` mb f`s `aanhdbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx mb f` bk prbs`. Bf prbsbdtb prbsbdtb a`pëtufh c`ab ud rbp`sh rbp`sh ` fhs prndanp`fbs `spbaths qub thmh bspbbspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde mbib tbdbr bd aubdt` ` f` chr` mb mnsbð`r f` jhrk` bd qub su prhmuath sbrà ffbv`mh c`st` bf ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. Mb jhrk` bspbaëjna`, bf a`pëtufh sb ahkphdb mb au`trh `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb rbvns`d `feudhs mb fhs ahdabpths iàsnahs mbdtrh mbf àkinth mb f` mnstrniuanñd, t`fbs ahkh su ahdtbxtu`fnz`anñd, f` mbjndnanñd mb fhs tîrkndhs a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd b ndtbrkbmn`rnh, `së ahkh sus prndanp`fbs judanhdbs. judanhdbs. Bd ud sbeudmh pudth, sb bxphdbd f`s trbs mbansnhdbs iàsna`s ` thk`r rbspbath `f a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd, qub c`abd rbjbrbdan` ` su bstruatur`, mnsbðh y ebstnñd. ebstnñd. Bf tbrabr `p`rt`mh sb haup` mb prbsbdt`r y mbjndnr fhs mnstndths tnphs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs sbe÷d mnstndt`s tnphfheë`s y `erup`mhs bd mhs er`dmbs ifhqubs7 k`yhrnst`s y kndhrnst`s. kndhrnst`s. _hr ÷ftnkh, sb bxphdbd f`s judanhdbs judm`kbdt`fbs qub ahdffbv` f` mnstrniuanñd jësna` y f` ebstnñd mb f` fheëstna`7 mb prhabs`knbdth mb pbmnmhs, `fk`abd`knbdth, `fk`abd`knbdth, ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s y tr`dsphrtb. t r`dsphrtb.
mnstrniuanñdd 5.0. Ahdabpths iàsnahs mb mnstrniuanñ 5.0.0. F` judanñd mb mnstrniuanñd mnstrniuanñd j udanñd qub rbf`anhd` f` F` mnstrniuanñd ahkh cbrr`knbdt` mbf k`rlbtnde rbaheb f` judanñd prhmuaanñd ahd bf ahdsukh. Bs mbanr, phdbr bf prhmuath ` mnsphsnanñd mbf ahdsuknmhr jnd`f h mbf ahkpr`mhr ndmustrn`f bd f` a`dtnm`m mbk`dm`m`, bd bf khkbdth bd bf qub fh dbabsntb y bd bf fue`r mhdmb mbsb` `mqunrnrfh. `mqunrnrfh. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` mnstrniuanñd arb` trbs utnfnm`mbs judm`kbdt`fbs7 judm`kbdt`fbs7
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Rtnfnm`m mb tnbkph7 phdb bf prhmuath ` mnsphsnanñd mbf ahdsuknmhr bd bf khkbdth bd qub fh prbans`< bf prhmuath bstà bd f`s bst`dtbrë`s bspbr`dmh ` qub bf ahdsuknmhr fh shfnantb y bvntàdmhfb qub tbde` qub ahkpr`r y eu`rm`r er`dmbs a`dtnm`mbs mb prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Rtnfnm`m mb fue`r7 ` tr`vîs mb f` bxnstbdan` mb sujnanbdtbs pudths mb vbdt` prñxnkhs `f ahdsuknmhr, ahdsuknmhr, sb`d bsths bsths mb snknf`rbs a`r`atbrëstna`s a`r`atbrëstna`s h mb d`tur`d`tur`fbz` mnvbrs`. mnvbrs`.
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Rtnfnm`m mb phsbsnñd7 ahd f` bdtrbe` p`r` bf ush h ahdsukh mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
@mbkàs, f` judanñd mb mnstrniuanñd nkpfna` ffbv`r ` a`ih ud` sbrnb mb `atnvnm`mbs mb ndjhrk`anñd, prhkhanñd y prbsbdt`anñd prbsbdt`anñd mbf prhmuath bd bf pudth mb vbdt` ` jnd mb bstnkuf`r su `mqunsnanñd phr p`rtb mbf ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. jnd`f. Bd tîrkndhs ebdbr`fbs, phmbkhs mbanr qub f` mnstrniuanñd bs ud` v`rn`ifb bstr`tîena` ` f`reh pf`zh, auy`s mbansnhdbs shd mb kuy ku y mnjëanf khmnjna`anñd y pubmbd tbdbr ahdsbaubdan`s nrrbvbrsnifbs. Neu`f qub bd bf rbsth mb v`rn`ifbs mbf k`rlbtnde knx su bgbauanñd y ahdtrhf c` mb pf`dnjna`rsb ahd sukh aunm`mh< kàs sn a`ib phrqub, ` mnjbrbdan` mb bff`s, qub sb mbs`rrhff`d bd bf sbdh mb f` bkprbs`, f` mnstrniuanñd dbabsnt` ahf`ihr`anñd bxtbrd`. bxtbrd`. sneunbdtbs7 Bdtrb bst`s mbansnhdbs bstr`tîena`s ` f`reh pf`zh sb bdaubdtr`d f`s sneunbdtbs7 •
Mnsbðh y sbfbaanñd mbf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd (jhrk` iàsna` mb mnstrniunr bf prhmuath). prhmuath).
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Fha`fnz`anñd y mnkbdsnñd mb fhs pudths mb vbdt` (d÷kbrh, bkpf`z`knbdth, mnkbdsnñd y a`r`atbrëstna`s). a`r`atbrëstna`s).
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Fheëstna` mb f` mnstrniuanñd h mnstrniuanñd jësna` (`atnvnm`mbs mb prhabs`knbdth mb pbmnmhs, `fk`abd`knbdth, ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s y tr`dsphrtb). tr`dsphrtb).
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Mnrbaanñd mb f`s rbf`anhdbs ndtbrd`s mbf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd (bst`ifbabr y kbghr`r f`s rbf`anhdbs mb ahhpbr`anñd, f` `rkhdë` bdtrb fhs knbkirhs y rbshfvbr fhs ahdjfnaths). ahdjfnaths).
5.0.9. Bf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd mnstrniuanñd Bf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd rbprbsbdt` a`m` ud` mb f`s bt`p`s qub ahkphdbd bf rbahrrnmh mbf prhmuath mbsmb bf j`irna`dtb c`st` bf ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. Bd htr`s p`f`ir`s, bf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd bstà ahdstntunmh phr thmh `qubf ahdgudth mb pbrshd`s u hre`dnz`anhdbs qub j`anfnt`d f` anrauf`anñd mbf prhmuath bf`ihr`mh c`st` ffbe`r ` k`dhs mbf ahdsuknmhr h usu`rnh. usu`rnh. Bf ahdgudth mb pbrshd`s u hre`dnz`anhdbs qub bstàd bdtrb bf prhmuathr y ahdsuknmhr sb mbdhknd`d ndtbrkbmn`rnhs. ndtbrkbmn`rnhs. 5.0.9.0. ¸_hr quî sb utnfnz`d fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs8 ndtbrkbmn`rnhs8 Rd` vbz bxpubsth bf snednjna`mh mb f` judanñd mb mnstrniuanñd y fh qub bst` ahdffbv`, f` prbeudt` ndkbmn`t` qub mbibrë`khs c`abrdhs bs7 ¸_hr quî ud j`irna`dtb mbfbe` bd ndtbrkbmn`rnhs bxtbrdhs p`rtb mb f`s t`rb`s mb vbdt`8 Kàs `÷d tbdnbdmh bd aubdt` qub bst` tr`dsknsnñd v` ` suphdbr f` rbdudan` ` p`rtb mbf ahdtrhf shirb añkh y ` qunîd sb vbdmb su prhmuath. F` rbspubst` ` bst` prbeudt` sb bdaubdtr` rbf`anhd`m` ahd f`s mnvbrs`s ahdtrniuanhdbs qub bgbrab bf ndtbrkbmn`rnh shirb bf bf
019
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
prhabsh mb mnstrniuanñd mbf prhmuath. prhmuath. Bdtrb bst`s ahdtrniuanhdbs phmbkhs phmbkhs rbk`ra`r f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
C`abd phsnifb qub fhs prhmuaths bstîd mnsphdnifbs bd fhs kbra`mhs ` fhs qub qub mnrnenrsb. f` bkprbs` mbsb` mnrnenrsb.
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Quphdbd ud` tr`dsknsnñd mb judanhdbs bd bf a`d`f. a`d`f.
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]nbdbd ahdt`aths, bxpbrnbdan`, bspban`fnz`anñd y ud vhfukbd mb `atnvnm`m k`yhr mbf qub f` bkprbs` phmrë` fher`r `atu`dmh mb jhrk` `snf`m`. `snf`m`.
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]r`dsjhrk`d f` hjbrt` mb prhmuaths mb mnjbrbdtbs j`irna`dtbs bd bf surtnmh mb prhmuaths qub fhs afnbdtbs mbsb`d, ahdtrniuybdmh mb bst` k`dbr` `f bqunfn irnh bdtrb mbk`dm` y hjbrt` (bd ebdbr`f, fhs j`irna`dtbs prhmuabd ud` er`d a`dtnm`m mb prhmuaths ahd ud` v`rnbm`m fnknt`m`, knbdtr`s qub fhs ahdsuknmhrbs subfbd mbsb`r pha` a`dtnm`m mb ud `kpfnh surtnmh). surtnmh).
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Ybmuabd bf d÷kbrh mb tr`ds`aanhdbs bd bf a`d`f y bahdhknz`d bsjubrzhs. Bs mbanr, fher`d ud` k`yhr bjnanbdan` bd bf prhabsh mb mnstrniuanñd (ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` 5.0, f` ndafusnñd mb ud ndtbrkbmn`rnh bd bf a`d`f rbmuab ndkbmn`t`kbdtb f` a`dtnm`m mb ahdt`aths dbabs`rnhs p`r` ffbv`r fhs prhmuaths mb fhs j`irna`dtbs ` fhs mnstndths kbra`mhs). kbra`mhs).
D÷kbrh mb ahdt`aths snd ndtbrkbmn`rnhs7 > ahdt`aths
D÷kbrh mb ahdt`aths ahd ndtbrkbmn`rnhs7 : ahdt`aths
Jneur` 5.0. Fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ahkh j`athr mb bjnanbdan` bd bf a`d`f a`d`f
5.0.9.9. Judanhdbs Judanhdbs mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs Ahkh sb c` ndmna`mh `dtbrnhrkbdtb, ud` mb f`s ahdtrniuanhdbs mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs bs f` `sudanñd mb judanhdbs bd bf a`d`f. @ ahdtndu`anñd mbt`ff`khs f`s judanhdbs kàs nkphrt`dtbs qub bstb pubmb `suknr7 `suknr7 •
Ndjhrk`anñd7 rbahebd ndjhrk`anñd rbspbath ` fhs afnbdtbs, ahkpbtnmhrbs y y htrhs `ebdtbs mbf bdthrdh mb k`rlbtnde. k`rlbtnde.
011
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Ahkudna`anñd7 mbs`rrhff`d y mnjudmbd ahkudna`anhdbs pbrsu`snv`s pbrsu`snv`s shirb fhs prhmuaths, ahd bf higbth mb `tr`br ` afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
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Dbehan`anñd7 t`dth c`an` `rrni` ahkh c`an` `i`gh mbf a`d`f, y` qub phr su su phsnanñd pubmbd dbehan`anhdbs. pubmbd tbdbr kuac` jubrz` bd f`s dbehan`anhdbs.
@gustb mb pbmnmh7 `gust`d y khmnjna`d f` hjbrt` sbe÷d f`s dbabsnm`mbs mbf mbf
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ahkpr`mhr. ahkpr`mhr.
fhs Jnd`dan`anñd7 `mqunbrbd b ndvnbrtbd jhdmhs dbabs`rnhs p`r` jnd`dan`r fhs
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ahstbs mbf a`d`f. a`d`f.
@sudanñd mb rnbseh7 `sukbd fhs rnbsehs rbf`anhd`mhs ahd bf mbs`rrhffh mb
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sus `atnvnm`mbs `atnvnm`mbs..
Mnstrniuanñd jësna`7 rb`fnz`d bf `fk`abd`knbdth suabsnvh y tr`sf`mh mb fhs
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prhmuaths jësnahs. jësnahs.
_`eh7 suphdbd ud` rbmuaanñd mb j`atur`s, rbkudbràdmhf`s ` fhs vbdmbmhrbs vbdmbmhrbs
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i`dahs. ` tr`vîs mb i`dahs.
]r`dsjbrbdan` mb prhpnbm`m7 sb prhmuab tr`dsjbrbdan` mbf j`irna`dtb `f nd-
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tbrkbmn`rnh fh qub suphdb kbdhr rbsphds`infnm`m p`r` bf prnkbrh. prnkbrh. Qbrvnanhs `mnanhd`fbs7 t`fbs ahkh f` bdtrbe`, ndst`f`anñd, rbp`r`anñd, sukn-
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dnstrhs, `sbshr`knbdth, jhrk`anñd, bta. bta.
5.9. Mbansnhdbs bd bf a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd mnstrniuanñd sb Bd tîrkndhs ebdbr`fbs, f`s mbansnhdbs ` thk`r rbspbath `f a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd sb `erup`r bd trbs7 f` bstruatur`, pubmbd `erup`r bstruatur`, bf mnsbðh y f` ebstnñd mbf a`d`f. a`d`f.
5.9.0. Bstruatur` mbf a`d`f a`d`f F` bstruatur` mbf a`d`f bstà jhrk`m` phr ud` mnkbdsnñd vbrtna`f y chrnzhdt`f. chrnzhdt`f. 5.9.0.0. Bstruatur` Bstruatur` vbrtna`f F` mnkbdsnñd vbrtna`f, t`kinîd ff`k`m` fhdentum mbf a`d`f, vnbdb mbtbrknd`m` phr phr bf d÷kbrh mb dnvbfbs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs mnstndths qub c`y bdtrb bf prhmuathr y bf ahdsuknmhr. Iàsna`kbdtb, Iàsna`kbdtb, mbdtrh mb f` mnstrniuanñd ahkbran`f, mnstndeunkhs au`trh tnphs mb a`d`f7 a`d`f7
01=
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• uf uftr trA A`a`h `hdr dr`tfh
((dn dnvb vbff 0)7 0)7 dh bxn b xnst stbb ndt ndtbr brkb kbmn mn`r `rnh nh `f `feud eudh, h, y bf pr prhm hmua uath th sb mnrneb mbsmb bf j`irna`dtb `f ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. jnd`f.
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A`d`f ahrth (dnvbf 9)7 ndafuyb ud ndtbrkbmn`rnh (phr bgbkpfh bf kndhrnst`) qub hjrbab bf prhmuath `f ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. jnd`f.
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A`d`f f`reh (dnvbf 1)7 ndtrhmuab mhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs (k`yhrnst` y kndhrnst`). Bf prnkbrh `i`stbab `f sbeudmh y bstb ÷ftnkh hjrbab bf prhmuath `f ahdsuknmhr jnd`f. jnd`f.
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A`d`f kuy f`reh (dnvbf =)7 rbahebrë` ` thmhs fhs mbkàs a`d`fbs qub ndtrhmuabd ndtbrkbmn`rnhs `mnanhd`fbs, ahkh phr bgbkpfh ahknsnhdnst`s, `ebdtbs mb vbdt`, abdtr`fbs mb ahkpr`, bta. bta.
]`f y ahkh kubstr` f` jneur` 5.9, bf a`d`f mb dnvbf 0, `qubf qub dh tnbdb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs sb ahdhab ahkh a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd mnrbath, knbdtr`s qub fhs rbst`dtbs a`d`fbs, qub ahdtnbdbd ndtbrkbmn`rnhs, shd a`d`fbs mb mnstrniuanñd ndmnrbaths. ndmnrbaths. _hr bgbkpfh, f` bkprbs` mb hrmbd`mhrbs mbff, `f vbdmbr sus hrmbd`mhrbs mnrbat`kbdtb ` tr`vîs mb su wbi, rbprbsbdt` ud a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd mnrbath. mnrbath. _hr su p`rtb, f` ndkbds` k`yhrë` mb j`irna`dtbs mb bfbatrhmhkîstnahs vbdmbd ` er`dmbs kndhrnst`s qub, ` su vbz, vbdmbd bf prhmuath `f ahdsuknmhr jnd`f, rbprbsbdt`dmh mb bstb khmh ud a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd ndmnrbath. ndmnrbath.
Jneur` 5.9. A`d`fbs mb mnstrniuanñd p`r` kbra`mhs mb ahdsukh ahdsukh
012
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.9.0.9. Bstruatur` Bstruatur` chrnzhdt`f F` mnkbdsnñd chrnzhdt`f, t`kinîd ff`k`m` `kpfntum mbf a`d`f, vnbdb mbtbrknd`m` phr bf d÷kbrh mb mbt`ffnst`s m bt`ffnst`s qub v`d ` phmbr hjrbabr bf prhmuath ` f` vbdt` bd f` ÷ftnk` bt`p` mbf a`d`f, mbtbrknd`dmh `së fh bxtbds` qub sbrà f` ahibrtur` mb f` bk prbs`. Judm`kbdt`fkbdtb, Judm`kbdt`fkbdtb, bdahdtr`khs bdahdtr`khs trbs tnphs (jneur` 5.1)7 5.1)7
Jneur` 5.1. @ftbrd`tnv`s bd f` bstruatur` chrnzhdt`f mbf a`d`f a`d`f •
Mnstrniuanñd ndtbdsnv`7 bf prhmuath bstà bd bf kàxnkh d÷kbrh mb pudths mb vbdt`, `fa`dz`dmh f` kàxnk` ahibrtur` phsnifb. phsnifb. _hr bgbkpfh, ud ihfëer`jh inA fh pubmbs ahkpr`r bd ud` p` p`pbfbrë`, pbfbrë`, pbrh t`kinîd bd ud supbrkbra`mh, supbrk bra`mh, ud bst`dah, ud qunhsah, bta. bta.
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Mnstrniuanñd sbfbatnv`7 bf prhmuath bstà bd mbtbrknd`mhs bst`ifbanknbdths qub aukpfbd ahd ud` sbrnb mb rbqunsnths jng`mhs jng `mhs phr bf j`irna`dtb. j`irna`dtb. _hr bgbkpfh, f` k`ra` mb ahskîtnahs D`tur` Inssî shfh pubmb sbr ahkpr`m` bd mbtbrknd`mhs abdtrhs mb bstîtna` qub c`d p`s`mh ud prhabsh mb sbfbaanñd. sbfbaanñd.
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Mnstrniuanñd bxafusnv`7 bf prhmuath bstà bd ud këdnkh d÷kbrh mb bst`ifbanknbdths bd fhs au`fbs sb jhrk`fnz`d j hrk`fnz`d `aubrmhs mb bxafusnvnm`m bdtrb j`irna`dtb y mbt`ffnst`. mbt`ffnst`. shdd kuachs fhs prhmuaths p rhmuaths qub Bf Ahrtb Ndefîs prhkhanhd` _hr bgbkpfh, sh i`gh f` bdsbð`7 «mb vbdt` bxafusnv` bd Bf Ahrtb Ndefîs¼. Ndefîs¼.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.9.9. Mnsbðh mbf a`d`f a`d`f F`s mbansnhdbs bstruatur`fbs `dtbrnhrbs bst`ràd ahdmnanhd`m`s phr ud ahdgudth mb j`athrbs qub mbtbrknd`ràd bf mnsbðh jnd`f mbf a`d`f. Bsths j`athrbs shd7 shd7 •
Bdthrdh7 fhs bfbkbdths shan`fbs, shan`fbs, bahdñknahs, phfëtnahs, fbe`fbs, bta. pubmbd pubmbd sbfbaanñd. fnknt`r f`s hpanhdbs mb sbfbaanñd.
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Ahkpbtbdan`7 f` jhrk` bd qub f` k`yhr p`rtb mb f`s bkprbs`s qub `at÷`d bd ud knskh kbra`mh mnstrniuybd bf prhmuath, pubmb sbr ud` rbstrnaanñd p`r` f` i÷squbm` mb mb vë`s `ftbrd`tnv`s. `ftbrd`tnv`s.
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Ahdsuknmhrbs 7 fhs càinths mb ahkpr`, bf d÷kbrh mb afnbdtbs, su fha`fnz`anñd ebheràjna`, bta. ahdstntuybd `spbaths af`vbs bd f` sbfbaanñd mbf d÷kbrh y tnphs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs. ndtbrkbmn`rnhs.
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_rhmuath 7 bf prbanh, bf t`k`ðh, f` bst`anhd`fnm`m, bf tnph mb sbrvnanhs dbabs`rnhs p`r` su vbdt`, shd j`athrbs j `athrbs qub fnknt`d f`s phsninfnm`mbs mb bfbaanñd. bfbaanñd.
5.9.1. Ebstnñd mbf a`d`f a`d`f F`s mbansnhdbs `shan`m`s ` f` ebstnñd mbf a`d`f sb bdaubdtr`d rbf`anhd`m`s ahd f` sbfbaanñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f, su khtnv`anñd y jhrk`anñd, `së ahkh ahd f` bv`fu`anñd y ahdtrhf mb sus rbsuft`mhs ` fh f`reh mbf tnbkph y su phsnifb khmnjna`anñd bd a`sh mb qub bsths rbsuft`mhs dh jubr`d fhs bspbr`mhs. bspbr`mhs. 5.9.1.0. Qbfbaanñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f F` bkprbs` j`irna`dtb mbib tr`t`r mb sbfbaanhd`r ` `qubffhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs au`fnjna`mhs p`r` bf a`d`f qub c`d bfbenmh. _`r` bffh tnbdb qub mbtbrknd`r quî a`r`atbrëstna`s mnstndeubd ` fhs kbghrbs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs, v`fhr`dmh `spbaths ahkh7 ahkh7
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Bf d÷kbrh mb `ðhs bd su `atnvnm`m. `atnvnm`m. Htr`s fëdb`s mb prhmuath ahd f`s qub tr`i`g`d. tr`i`g`d.
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Bf arbanknbdth y bf dnvbf mb ibdbjnanhs `fa`dz`mh. `fa`dz`mh.
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Qu er`mh mb ahhpbr`anñd y rbput`anñd bd bf sbathr. sbathr.
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015
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.9.1.9. Jhrk`anñd Jhrk`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f Rd` vbz sbfbaanhd`mhs, f` bkprbs` mbib bst`ifbabr prher`k`s mb jhrk`anñd ` fhs mnstrniunmhrbs (bd au`dth `f k`dbgh mbf prhmuath, bf ahdhanknbdth mb sus a`r`atbrëstna`s, bta.), y` qub bf ahdsuknmhr pbraninrà f` nk`ebd mb f` bkprbs` ` tr`vîs mb bsths. Bst` jhrk`anñd mbibrà sbr ahdtndu` ahd f` ndafusnñd mb f`s `m`pt`anhdbs hphrtud`s sbe÷d f` bvhfuanñd bxpbrnkbdt`m` bxpbrnkbdt`m` phr bf prhmuath ` fh f`reh mb su vnm`. vnm`.
5.9.1.1. Khtnv`anñd Khtnv`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f @mbkàs mb su jhrk`anñd, f` bkprbs` j`irna`dtb mbibrà mb k`dtbdbr ` sus mnstrn iunmhrbs khtnv`mhs, khtnv`mhs, y` qub c`y qub tbdbr tbdbr bd aubdt` qub f` bkprbs` bkprbs` dh shf`kbdtb vbdmb ` tr`vîs mb sus ndtbrkbmn`rnhs, sndh qub t`kinîd fbs vbdmb ` bffhs. bffhs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh f` bkprbs` mbib prhaur`r qub fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs sb snbdt`d p`rtb mb f` bkprbs`, bdtbdmnbdmh sus mbsbhs y dbabsnm`mbs y fher`dmh su ahhpbr`anñd. _`r` bffh utnfnz`rà ndabdtnvhs t`fbs ahkh7 k`yhrbs kàrebdbs, pf`zhs mb bdtrbe` rbmuanmhs, mbsaubdths, vnsnt`s ` f` bkprbs` k`trnz, prbknhs phr vbdt`s, bta. bta. 5.9.1.=. Bv`fu`anñd Bv`fu`anñd mb fhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f Bf j`irna`dtb mbib bv`fu`r rbeuf`rkbdtb fhs rbsuft`mhs mb sus ndtbrkbmn`rnhs, utnfnz`dmh p`r` bffh mnvbrshs ndmna`mhrbs ahkh7 bf vhfukbd mb vbdt`s hitbdnmh, bf dnvbf kbmnh mb bxnstbdan`s, bf tnbkph mb bdtrbe` ` fhs afnbdtbs, bf tr`t`knbdth mb fhs inbdbs mbtbrnhr`mhs h pbrmnmhs, f` ahhpbr`anñd bd prher`k`s mb prhkhanñd y jhrk`anñd mb f` bkprbs`, bf sbrvnanh ` fhs afnbdtbs, bta.). bta.). 5.9.1.2. Khmnjna`anñd Khmnjna`anñd mb fhs `aubrmhs mbf a`d`f a`d`f f ` bkprbs` mbtbatb suabsnvhs rbsuft`mhs dbe`tnvhs h dh bspbr`mhs Bd a`sh mb qub f` bd bf ahdtrhf mbf judanhd`knbdth mbf a`d`f, mbibrà pf`dtb`rsb f` khmnjna`anñd mbf knskh, inbd sb` phr f` dbabsnm`m mb ud a`kinh bd f` bstruatur` mbf knskh, h bd fhs knbkirhs qub fh ahkphdbd. ahkphdbd.
5.1. ]nphs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs Ahkh cbkhs vnsth bd fhs `p`rt`mhs `dtbrnhrbs ud` mb f`s aubstnhdbs judm`kbdt`fbs `shan`m`s ` f` mnstrniuanñd mbf prhmuath bs f` sbfbaanñd mbf ndtbrkbmn`rnh. @ fh f`reh mbf prbsbdtb `p`rt`mh mbt`ff`rbkhs f`s mnstndt`s af`snjna`anhdbs mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ahkbran`fbs bd judanñd mb mnjbrbdtbs tnphfheë`s. tnphfheë`s. @ dnvbf ebdbr`f, mnjbrbdan`rbkhs bdtrb mhs tnphs mb ndtbrkbmn`rnh7 bf k`yhrnst` y bf kndhrnst`. kndhrnst`.
013
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.1.0. Fhs k`yhrnst`s k`yhrnst`s Fhs k`yhrnst`s shd `qubffhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs mbf a`d`f qub sb a`r`atbrnz`d phr vbdmbr ` fhs mbt`ffnst`s, ` htrhs htr hs k`yhrnst`s h ` fhs j`irna`dtbs, pbrh dh `f ahdsuknmhr h usu`rnh jnd`f (vbdt` `f phr k`yhr). @ ahdtndu`anñd sb prbsbdt`d fhs prndanp`fbs tnphs mb k`yhrnst`s bd judanñd mb mnstndths arntbrnhs (t`if` 5.0)7 5.0)7 Qbe÷d f` `atnvnm`m h prhmuaths vbdmnmhs vbdmnmhs
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Qbe÷d f`s rbf`anhdbs mb prhpnbm`m h vndauf`anñd7 vndauf`anñd7
‑ K`yhrnst` ndmbpbdmnbdtb ndmbpbdmnbdtb
ahkpr` ‑ Abdtr`f mb ahkpr` Qbe÷d f` fha`fnz`anñd7 fha`fnz`anñd7
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hrnebd ‑ K`yhrnst` mb hrnebd ‑ K`yhrnst` mb mbstndh mbstndh
Qbe÷d f` jhrk` mb mbs`rrhff`r f` `atnvnm`m7 `atnvnm`m7
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‑ K`yhrnst` mb sbrvnanh
ahkpfbth ahkpfbth ‑ K`yhrnst` mb sbrvnanh fnknt`mh ( a`sc & a`rry ) Qbe÷d f` tr`dsknsnñd mb prhpnbm`m mb f`s kbra`daë`s7 kbra`daë`s7 prhpnbm`m ‑ K`yhrnst` qub tr`dskntb f` prhpnbm`m ‑ K`yhrnst` qub dh tr`dskntb f` prhpnbm`m7 prhpnbm`m7
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Irñlbr Irñlbr @ebdtb ahkbran`f ahkbran`f
Ahknsnhdnst` Ahknsnhdnst`
]`if` 5.0. Af`snjna`anñd mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs k`yhrnst`s k`yhrnst`s • f` `Qabtenv÷nd m`m h prh p rhm muaths vb v bdmnmhs7 ndjndnm`m mb phsninfnm`mbs ahkh
`ernauftur` y `fnkbdt`anñd< tbxtnf, ahdjbaanñ ahdjbaanñdd y a`fz`mh< mrheubrë`, j`rk`an` y che`r< vbcëaufhs y `aabshrnhs< `rtëaufhs mb ahdsukh mur`mbrh< ahkbranh ndtbrndmustrn`f< htrh ahkbranh `f phr k`yhr. k`yhr. •
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Qbe÷d f`s rbf`anhdbs mb prhpnbm`m h vndauf`anñd7 ‑
K`yhrnst` ndmbpbdmnbdtb7 ndmbpbdmnbdtb7 au`dmh dh tnbdbd dnde÷d vëdaufh mb prhpnbm`m prhpnbm`m ahd htrhs knbkirhs mbf a`d`f. a`d`f.
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Abdtr`fbs mb ahkpr`7 `shan`anhdbs mb bkprbs`s mb mnstrniuanñd k`yhrnst`s qub `erup`d sus ahkpr`s ahd bf jnd mb tbdbr ud` k`yhr a`p`anm`m mb dbehan`anñd y ahdsbeunr kbghrbs prbanhs mb fhs j`irna`dtbs h prhvbbmhrbs (bg.7 bf eruph nJ`, Burhk`mn, Bxpbrt h K`stbr A`mbd`). A`mbd`).
Qbe÷d f` fha`fnz`anñd (bspban`fkbd (bspban`fkbdtb tb nkphrt`dtb bd bf a`sh mb prhmuaths pbrbabmbrhs)7 pbrbabmbrhs)7 ‑
K`yhrnst` mb hrnebd7 sb snt÷` bd f`s zhd`s mb prhmuaanñd. Ahkpr` ` fhs prhmuathrbs, `erup` y dhrk`fnz` f` hjbrt` hjbrt` y f` a`d`fnz` c`an` fhs kbra`mhs kbra`mhs
01>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
mb mbstndh (bg.7 sbrë` bf a`sh mb f`s fhdg`s mb pbsa`mh h f`s ahhpbr`tnv`s `erëahf`s). `erëahf`s). ‑
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K`yhrnst` mb mbstndh7 bgbrabd su judanñd bd f`s zhd`s mb ahdsukh, ahk pr`dmh prndanp`fkbdtb ` k`yhrnst`s bd hrnebd y vbdmnbdmh ` mbt`ffnst`s (bg.7 a`sh mb fhs kbra`mhs mb `i`sths). `i`sths).
Qbe÷d f` jhrk` mb mbs`rrhff`r f` `atnvnm`m7 ‑
K`yhrnst` mb sbrvnanh ahkpfbth7 `sukbd judanhdbs ahkpfbt`s, t`fbs ahkh j`anfnt`r f`s bdtrbe`s `f mbt`ffnst`, ahdabmbr arîmnths j`anfnt`dmh bf p`eh mb f` kbra`daë`, mbs`rrhff`r ud` f`ihr mb `sbshr`knbdth h `fk`abd`r fhs prhmuaths. muaths.
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K`yhrnst` mb sbrvnanh fnknt`mh7 a`sh bd bf qub bf k`yhrnst` prbst` ÷dna`kbdtb `feud` mb f`s phsnifbs judanhdbs. Rdh mb fhs kàs ahkudbs mbdtrh mb bstb tnph mb k`yhrnst` bs bf a`sc `dm a`rry, a`rry, bd bf qub bf mbt`ffnst` ahkpr`mhr sbfbaanhd` y tr`dsphrt` îf knskh fhs prhmuaths y fhs p`e` `f ahdt`mh `f rbtnr`rfhs mbf bst`ifbanknbdth k`yhrnst` (bg.7 K`lrh). K`lrh).
Qbe÷d f` tr`dsknsnñd mb prhpnbm`m mb f`s kbra`daë`s7 ‑
K`yhrnst` qub tr`dskntb f` prhpnbm`m7 `mqunbrb f` prhpnbm`m mb fhs prhmuaths qub vbdmbd. vbdmbd.
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K`yhrnst` qub dh tr`dskntb f` prhpnbm`m7 `at÷` phr aubdt` mbf ahkpr`mhr h mbf vbdmbmhr h sb fnknt` ` phdbrfhs bd ahdt`ath, ` a`kinh mb ud` ahknsnñd jng`m` shirb bf prbanh mb vbdt`. Bdahdtr`khs mnstndths tnphs7 tnphs7 Irñlbr7 phdb bd ahdt`ath `f ahkpr`mhr y `f vbdmbmhr, `atu`dmh ahkh ndtbrkbmn`rnh «dbutr`f¼ `sbshr`dmh f` dbehan`anñd, y` qub shd bxpbrths mbf kbra`mh. kbra`mh.
ah@ kebbradn dnt` t`bf7 bf7 tntnbd bdbb ud` u d` rb rbff`a `annñd ah ahdt dtrr`a `atu tu`f `f ah ahdt dtnndu du`m `m`` ahd a hd bf j`irna`dtb y `at÷` ahkh `ebdtb mb vbdt`s mbf knskh. knskh.
Ahknsnhdnst`7 bs ud ahf`ihr`mhr bvbdtu`f qub rbanib ud` ahkpbds`anñd bahdñkna` phr fhs sbrvnanhs prbst`mhs. prbst`mhs.
5.1.9. Fhs kndhrnst`s kndhrnst`s Fhs kndhrnst`s shd `qubffhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs mbf a`d`f qub phdbd bf prhmuath bd bf kbra`mh jnd`f, bf au`f fh v` ` us`r y ahdsuknr. ahdsuknr. @ ahdtndu`anñd, `f neu`f qub sb cnzh `dtbrnhrkbdtb ahd fhs k`yhrnst`s, sb prbsbdt`d fhs prndanp`fbs tnphs mb kndhrnst`s bd judanñd mb mnstndths arntbrnhs (t`if` 5.9)7 5.9)7
0=?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Qbe÷d f` `atnvnm`m h prhmuaths vbdmnmhs vbdmnmhs Qbe÷d f`s rbf`anhdbs mb prhpnbm`m h vndauf`anñd7 vndauf`anñd7
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ndmbpbdmnbdtb ‑ Ahkbranh ndmbpbdmnbdtb ‑ Mbp`rt`kbdth `fqunf`mh `fqunf`mh ‑ A`mbd` vhfudt`rn` mb mbt`ffnst`s mbt`ffnst`s
mbt`ffnst`s ‑ Ahhpbr`tnv`s mb mbt`ffnst`s ‑ Ahhpbr`tnv`s mb ahdsuknmhrbs ahdsuknmhrbs
Jr`dqunan`s ‑ Jr`dqunan`s ‑ A`mbd`s suaurs`fnst`s suaurs`fnst`s ‑ Eruphs mb mnstrniuanñd mnstrniuanñd ‑ Bahdhk`th Bahdhk`th ‑ @fk`aîd
mb jàirna` jàirna` Qbe÷d f` bstr`tben` mb vbdt` sbeunm`7 sbeunm`7 ‑ _bqubðh ahkbranh bspban`fnz`mh (ahkbranh tr`mnanhd`f) tr`mnanhd`f) ‑ ]nbdm` bspban`fnz`m` bspban`fnz`m` ‑ Er`d supbrjnanb bspban`fnz`m` ( a`tbehry lnffbr ) ‑ ]nbdm`s mb ahdvbdnbdan` ahdvbdnbdan` ‑ @uthsbrvnanh @uthsbrvnanh ‑ Qupbrkbra`mh Qupbrkbra`mh Cnpbrkbra`mh ‑ Cnpbrkbra`mh ‑ Er`d `fk`aîd `fk`aîd ‑ @fk`aîd @fk`aîd phpuf`r phpuf`r ‑ ]nbdm` mb mbsaubdth mbsaubdth Qbe÷d f` fha`fnz`anñd7 fha`fnz`anñd7 ‑ Abdtrhs ahkbran`fbs ahkbran`fbs ahkbran`fbs ‑ E`fbrë`s ahkbran`fbs ‑ A`ffbs ahkbran`fbs ahkbran`fbs ‑ Kbra`mhs Kbra`mhs Zbdt Zbdt`` snd tnbdm`7 tnbdm`7 ‑ Zbd Zbdt` t` phr ahrrbsphdmbdan` ahrrbsphdmbdan` a`tàfheh ‑ Zbdt` phr a`tàfheh ‑ Zbd Zbdt` t` phr tbfîjhdh (tbfbk`rlbtnde) (tbfbk`rlbtnde) ‑ Zbd Zbdt` t` phr tbfbvnsnñd (tbfbvbdt`) (tbfbvbdt`)
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‑ Zbdt` phr hrmbd`mhr (hd fndb) Zbdt` `uthkàtna` `uthkàtna` ‑ Zbdt`
Zbdt` t` pubrt` ` ‑ Zbd
pubrt` pubrt` `kiuf`dtb ‑ Zbdt` `kiuf`dtb ‑ Zbdt` kuftndnvbf (k`rlbtnde kuftndnvbf h k`rlbtnde mnrbath mb rbm) rbm)
]`if` 5.9. Af`snjna`anñd mb fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs kndhrnst`s kndhrnst`s • f`
ndjndnm`m mb phsninfnm`mbs ahkh7 `Qabtenv÷ndm`m h prh rhm muaths vbdmnmhs7 `fnkbdt`anñd, ibinm`s y t`i`ah< tbxtnf, vbstnmh y aubrh< mrheubrë`, j`rk`an` y pbrjukbrë`< bqunp`knbdth mbf che`r< vbcëaufhs y `aabshrnhs< a`riur`dtbs y fuirna`dtbs< htrhs ahkbranhs `f phr kbdhr< er`dmbs supbrjnanbs (qub `efutnd`d `f knskh tnbkph mnstndths ahkbranhs). ahkbranhs).
0=0
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Qbe÷d f`s rbf`anhdbs mb prhpnbm`m h vndauf`anñd7 ‑
Ahkbranh ndmbpbdmnbdtb7 ahdstntunmh phr ud` shf` tnbdm`, prhpnbm`m mb ud ahkbran`dtb ndmnvnmu`f h mb ud` shanbm`m (bg.7 dbehanhs `utñdhkhs, ahkh ud` p`r`j`rk`an`, ihutnqubs mb rhp`, bta.). bta.).
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Mbp`rt`kbdth `fqunf`mh7 f`s kbra`daë`s shd prhpnbm`m mbf ahkbran`dtb, pbrh bf bsp`anh mb f` tnbdm` sb `fqunf` ` htrh mbt`ffnst` ahd bf qub sb ahkp`rtb bf bst`ifbanknbdth (bg.7 pbrjukbrë`s qub bstàd ` f` bdtr`m` mb er`dmbs `fk`abdbs). `fk`abdbs).
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A`mbd` vhfudt`rn` mb mbt`ffnst`s7 `mcbsnñd mb mbt`ffnst`s ` ud` `shan`anñd `shan`anñd,, ahdstntuybdmh ud` abdtr`f mb ahkpr`s p`r` kbghr`r su a`p`anm`m mb dbehan`anñd y jhrt`fbabr su nk`ebd ` p`rtnr mb f` nkpf`dt`anñd mb ud` k`ra` ahk÷d. Qubfbd bst`r p`trhand`m`s phr ud k`yhrnst` (bg.7 eruph nJ`, Qp`r h K`stbr A`mbd`). A`mbd`).
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Ahhpbr`tnv`s mb mbt`ffnst`s7 snknf`r ` f` `dtbrnhr pbrh ahd ud k`yhr vëdaufh. Bs bf a`sh mb kndhrnst`s `shan`mhs ahdstntuybdmh ahdstntuybdmh ud` ahhpbr`tnv`, bd f` qub fhs shanhs hitnbdbd ud rbthrdh ahhpbr`tnvh bd judanñd mb f`s ahkpr`s bjbatu`m`s y ud` sbrnb mb sbrvnanhs ahkpfbkbdt`rnhs (bg.7 eruk` bd `fnkbdt`anñd). `fnkbdt`anñd).
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Ahhpbr`tnv`s mb ahdsuknmhrbs7 jhrk`m` phr ahdsuknmhrbs qub `at÷`d `at÷`d ahkh k`yhrnst`s y mbt`ffnst`s (bg.7 f` ahhpbr`tnv` Brhsln). Brhsln).
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Jr`dqunan`s7 ahdtr`th phr bf qub bf jr`dqunan`mhr j r`dqunan`mhr auirb ud` `kpfn` e`k` mb prbst`anhdbs mb sbrvnanhs, sukndnstrhs mb inbdbs y absnñd mb k`ra` ` a`kinh mb ud` auht`, phrabdt`gb mb nderbshs y `abpt`anñd mb ahdmnanhdbs mb vbdt` phr bf jr`dqunan`mh (bg.7Iureubr Lnde h KaMhd`fm„s).
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A`mbd`s suaurs`fnst`s7 sb tr`t` mb eruphs mb bst`ifbanknbdths mb prhpnbm`m ahk÷d y ebstnñd ÷dna` qub hpbr`d i`gh f` knsk` k`ra` (bg.7 Bf Ahrtb Ndefîs). Ndefîs).
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Eruphs mb mnstrniuanñd7 eruph mb bkprbs`s qub `at÷`d bd mnvbrshs sbathsbathrbs, ahd v`rnbm`m mb tnbdm`s, ahd dhkirb mnjbrbdtb, pbrh prhpnbm`m pr hpnbm`m ÷dna` (bg.7 mbdtrh mbf eruph A`rrbjhur bdahdtr`khs fhs prhpnhs A`rrbjhur, pbrh t`kinîd A`rrbjhur Bxprbss, Ac`kpnhd h Mn`). Mn`).
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Bahdhk`th7 bst`ifbanknbdths bst`ifbanknbdths mb vbdt` mb prhmuaths mb ahdsukh prhpnbm`m mb ud` bkprbs` h ndstntuanñd. Qubfbd tbdbr ud` judanñd shan`f y bd bffhs shfh pubmbd ahkpr`r f`s bkprbs`s qub pbrtbdbabd ` f` bkprbs` h bdtnm`m qub fhs c` arb`mh (bg.7 bf supbrkbra`mh qub phmbkhs bdahdtr`r mbdtrh mb ud` ahfhdn` mb kndbrhs, knfnt`r, knfnt `r, bta.). bta.).
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@fk`aîd mb jàirna`7 bst`ifbanknbdths prhpnbm`m mbf j`irna`dtb bd fhs qub qub vbdmb `f ahdsuknmhr ` prbanhs sbdsnifbkbdtb rbi`g`mhs (bg.7 bf a`sh mb mb
0=9
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
kuac`s `zufbgbr`s qub ndahrphr`d bxphsnanhdbs y tnbdm`s bd sus prhpn`s jàirna`s). jàirna`s). •
•
Qbe÷d f` bstr`tben` mb vbdt` sbeunm`7 ‑
_bqubðh ahkbranh bspban`fnz`mh (ahkbranh tr`mnanhd`f)7 tnbdm`s mb ahk pr` dhrk`f, snd prhjudmnm`m mb fëdb`s, mhdmb bf ahkpr`mhr bs `tbdmnmh phr ud mbpbdmnbdtb (bg.7 dbehanhs `utñdhkhs, ahkh ud` p`r`j`rk`an`, ihutnqubs mb rhp`, bta.). bta.).
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]nbdm` bspban`fnz`m`7 bspban`fnz`m`7 vbdmb mb jhrk` tr`mnanhd`f, ahd phah surtnmh pbrh ahd ud` er`d prhjudmnm`m bd ud` af`sb mb prhmuaths (bg.7 _uff & Ib`r). Ib`r).
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Er`d supbrjnanb bspban`fnz`m` (a`tbehry (a`tbehry lnffbr )7 )7 bst`ifbanknbdth mb er`d t`k`ðh, bspban`fnz`mh bspban`fnz`mh bd ud` a`tbehrë` mb prhmuath, ahd `kpfntum y prhprh judmnm`m mb surtnmh (bg.7 Mba`tcfhd h Fbrhy Kbrfnd). Kbrfnd).
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]nbdm`s mb ahdvbdnbdan`7 pbqubðhs supbrkbra`mhs mb kbdhs mb 2?? k9 `inbrths ud këdnkh mb 03 chr`s `f më` (bg.7 HpbdAhr). HpbdAhr).
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@uthsbrvnanh7 ahkbranh mb `fnkbdt`anñd h mrheubrë` mb pbqubðh t`k`ðh (kbdhs mb =?? k9), bd bf qub bf ahkpr`mhr sbfbaanhd` fhs prhmuaths mb f`s bst`dtbrë`s y fhs p`e` bd ud` a`g` ` f` s`fnm` (bg.7 @uthsbrvnanh ]`dmy). ]`dmy).
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Qupbrkbra`mh7 bd rîenkbd mb `uthsbrvnanh, bst`ifbanknbdth mb bdtrb =?? Qupbrkbra`mh7 y 9.2?? k9 qub hjrbab prhmuaths ahkh `fnkbdt`anñd, che`r y fnkpnbz`, pbrh t`kinîd pubmb hjrbabr htrhs ahkh jbrrbtbrë`, g`rmëd, p`pbfbrë`, pbqubðhs bfbatrhmhkîstnahs, bfbatrhmhkîstnahs, bta. (bg.7 Kbra`mhd`). Kbra`mhd`).
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Cnpbrkbra`mh7 supbrjnanb mb er`d t`k`ðh (kàs mb 9.2?? k 9) ahd `p`ra`- Cnpbrkbra`mh7 `p`ra`- knbdth prhpnh p`r` kàs mb 0.??? vbcëaufhs (bg.7 A`rrbjhur h @fa`kph). @fa`kph).
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Er`d `fk`aîd7 supbrjnanb mb er`d t`k`ðh, ahd mnstndths mbp`rt`kbdths, qub hjrbab ud` `kpfn` v`rnbm`m mb prhmuaths (bg.7 @uthsbrvnanh ]`dmy ]`dmy). ).
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@fk`aîd phpuf`r7 shd supbrjnanbs mb kbdhr t`k`ðh qub bf er`d `fk`aîd, `fk`aîd, fhs au`fbs bstàd bspban`fnz`mhs bd fëdb`s mb prhmuaths mb a`fnm`m ndjbrnhr (bg.7 Ac`kpnhd). Ac`kpnhd).
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]nbdm` mb mbsaubdth7 Hjbrt` kuy fnknt`m` mb prhmuaths mb `ft` rht`anñd ahd prbanhs kuy i`ghs y ud sbrvnanh rbmuanmh (bg.7 Fnmf). Fnmf).
Qbe÷d f` fha`fnz`anñd7 ‑
Abdtrhs ahkbran`fbs7 bmnjnanhs mb er`d bxtbdsnñd (bdtrb 9.??? y 92?.??? k9) qub uina`d bd su ndtbrnhr ud ahdgudth mb tnbdm`s bspban`fnz`m`s, ndafush ud er`d `fk`aîd h cnpbrkbra`mh. ]`kinîd mnsphdbd mb fue`rbs mb hanh (bg.7 F` Q`fbr`). Q`fbr`).
0=1
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
‑ ahkEb`rf `rfaabnr`ëf `ëf`b `bss ss77 bmnjnanhs bd
fhs qub sb `fibre` ud eruph rbmuanmh rbmuanmh mb pbqubð`s tnbdm`s. Mb a`m` bspban`fnm`m bxnstbd mhs h trbs bst`ifbanknbdths (bg.7 F` e`fbrë` Ghreb Gu`d bd Z`fbdan`). Z`fbdan`).
•
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A`ffbs ahkbran`fbs7 bd bff`s sb ahdabdtr` ud er`d d÷kbrh mb ahkbranhs qub pubmbd sbr mb tnph ebdbr`f h bspban`fnz`m`s (bg.7 bd A`stbffñd, f` a`ffb Bdkbmnh h f` a`ffb @ffhz`). @ffhz`).
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Kbra`mhs7 bd bffhs sb prhmuab ud` ahdabdtr`anñd mb f` hjbrt` bd ud shfh bmnjnanh, bd bf qub sb ahkbran`fnz`d bspban`fkbdtb `fnkbdths jrbsahs y pbrbabmbrhs (bg.7 Bd A`stbffñd bf bf Kbra`t Abdtr`f h bf Kbra`t Kbra`t mb Q`dt @dthdn). thdn).
Zbdt` snd tnbdm` tn bdm`7 ahdhanmh ahkh k`rlbtnde mnrbath, chy bd më` sb ahdsnmbr` judm`kbdt`fkbdtb judm`kbdt`fkbd tb ud ndstrukbdth mb prhkhanñd kàs qub mb mnstrniuanñd7 mnstrniuanñd7 ‑
Zbdt` phr ahrrbsphdmbdan`7 utnfnz`anñd mb ahrrbhs inbd p`r` bf bdvëh mbf mbf pbmnmh h f` rbabpanñd. rbabpanñd.
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Zbdt` phr a`tàfheh7 f` mnjbrbdan` Zbdt` mnj brbdan` ahd bf `dtbrnhr bs qub bf afnbdtb phtbdan`f rbanib bd su a`s` ud a`tàfheh ahd fhs prhmuaths y sus a`r`atbrëstna`s. a`r`atbrëstna`s.
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Zbdt` phr tbfîjhdh (tbfbk`rlbtnde). (tbfbk`rlbtnde).
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Zbdt` phr tbfbvnsnñd (tbfbvbdt`). (tbfbvbdt`).
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Zbdt` phr hrmbd`mhr (hd (hd fndb). fndb).
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Zbdt` `uthkàtna`7 kbmn`dtb kàqund`s bxpbdmbmhr`s. Qb utnfnz` bd ebdbr`f bd prhmuaths mb `ft` rht`anñd y prbanhs i`ghs y bd fhs sbrvnanhs jnd`danbrhs (a`gbrhs). (a`gbrhs).
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Zbdt` pubrt` ` pubrt`7 bs bjbatnvh au`dmh bf prhmuath rbqunbrb mbkhstr`anñd. anñd.
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Zbdt` `kiuf`dtb7 fhs prhmuaths vbdmnmhs phr bstb snstbk` subfbd sbr mb i`g` a`fnm`m y dh snbkprb aukpfbd f`s dhrk`s bst`ifbanm`s bd f` fbe`fnm`m vnebdtb. vnebdtb.
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Zbdt` kuftndnvbf (k`rlbtnde kuftndnvbf h k`rlbtnde mnrbath mb rbm)7 snstbk` mb mnstrniuanñd y vbdt` mnrbat` mb prhmuaths mb ahdsukh y sbrvnanh phr kbmnh mb ud` rbm mb mnstrniunmhrbs ndmnvnmu`fbs ndmbpbdmnbdtb ndmbpbdmnbdtbss snd bst`ifbanknbdth qub vbdmbd ` sus afnbdtbs p`rtnauf`rbs7 j`knfn`rbs, vbandhs y `knehs. A`m` knbkirh mb f` rbm rbanib ud phrabdt`gb nkphrt`dtb mb su vbdt` y mb fh qub vbdmbd `qubffhs vbdmbmhrbs qub îf c` ndahrphr`mh ` f` rbm (bg.7 sbrë` bf kîthmh utnfnz`mh phr k`ra`s mb ahskîtnahs ahkh K`ry L`y). L`y).
0==
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.=. Mnstrniuanñd jësna` y ebstnñd mb f` fheëstna` fheëstna` _`r` mnsbð`r su bstr`tben` mb mnstrniuanñd, ` f` bkprbs` dh fb i`st`rà ahd mbtbrknd`r fhs a`d`fbs mb mnstrniuanñd, y` qub t`kinîd tbdmrà qub thk`r ud` sbrnb mb mbansnhdbs rbf`tnv`s `f jfugh jësnah mb fhs inbdbs ` tr`vîs mb bshs a`d`fbs. a`d`fbs. F` mnstrniuanñd jësna` h fheëstna` f heëstna` bdefhi` bf ahdgudth mb `atnvnm`mbs qub sb haup`d mbf k`dbgh y bf khvnknbdth mb inbdbs t`dth mbdtrh mb f` hre`dnz`anñd ahkh bd bf sbdh mb fhs a`d`fbs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, `i`ra` f`s t`rb`s mb pf`dnjna`anñd, nkpfbkbdt`anñd y ahdtrhf mbf jfugh jësnah mb fhs k`tbrn`fbs y mb fhs inbdbs jnd`fbs mbsmb fhs pudths mb hrnebd hrnebd c`st` fhs pudths pudths mb ush h ahdsukh. ahdsukh.
5.=.0. Higbtnvhs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna` jësna` Mbdtrh mb fhs dukbrhshs higbtnvhs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna`, fhs kàs nkphrt`dtbs nkphrt`dtbs shd7 shd7 •
F` k`xnknz`anñd mbf sbrvnanh `f afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
•
F` kndnknz`anñd mb fhs ahstbs tht`fbs. tht`fbs.
Bf prnkbrh pbrsneub hjrbabr ud sbrvnanh mb f` k`yhr a`fnm`m phsnifb, fh au`f sb pubmb kbmnr bd i`sb i`sb ` aubstnhdbs aubstnhdbs ahkh ahkh f` r`pnmbz r`pnmbz bd bf bf rbenstrh y bgbauanñd mb fhs pbmnmhs, f` a`p`anm`m mbf prhvbbmhr p`r` rbsphdmbr `dtb ud pbmnmh urebdtb, bta. pbrh prndanp`fkbdtb prndanp`fkbdtb bd i`sb ` f` a`fnm`m hjrbanm` hjrbanm` rbspbath ` f` ahkpbtbdan`. ahkpbtbdan`. Bd au`dth ` f` kndnknz`anñd mb fhs ahstbs tht`fbs, bst` sb mbib `d`fnz`r mbsmb ud bdjhqub ndtber`mhr bd bf qub sb tbde`d bd aubdt` thm`s f`s `atnvnm`mbs mb f` mnstrn iuanñd jësna` mbs`rrhff`m`s, y` qub bstàd bstrbac`kbdtb ndtbrrbf`anhd`m`s bdtrb së (vbr jneur` 5.=). 5.=).
jësna` Jneur` 5.=. Ndtbrrbf`anñd bdtrb fhs higbtnvhs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna`
Mbinmh ` qub `kihs higbtnvhs sb ahdtr`phdbd, f`s bkprbs`s, bd ebdbr`f, bst`ifbabd ud dnvbf mb sbrvnanhs këdnkh (ud bstàdm`r mb a`fnm`m këdnkh) bd i`sb ` f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf kbra`mh higbtnvh y `f dnvbf mb a`fnm`m hjrbanmh phr f` ahkpbtbdan` y fh ndtbdt`d ahdsbeunr `f këdnkh ahstb. ahstb.
0=2
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.=.9. Judanhdbs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna` jësna` F`s prndanp`fbs judanhdbs mb f` mnstrniuanñd jësna` sb ahdarbt`d bd au`trh7 bf prhabs`knbdth mb pbmnmhs, bf `fk`abd`knbd `fk`abd`knbdth, th, f` ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s y bf tr`dsphrtb. tr`dsphrtb. 5.=.9.0. _rhabs`knbdth mb pbmnmhs pbmnmhs Bs f` judanñd qub sb bda`re` mb rbahebr, ahkprhi`r y tr`dskntnr f`s ñrmbdbs mb ahkpr`. Mbib tr`t`r mb kndnknz`r bf anafh pbmnmh-bdvëh-j`atur`. Mb cbach, bst` bs f` r`zñd phr f` qub bd fhs ÷ftnkhs ÷ft nkhs `ðhs c` tbdmnmh ` kba`dnz`rsb ` tr`vîs mb anbrths shphrtbs ndjhrkàtnahs. ndjhrkàtnahs. Bst` judanñd ahdffbv` rb`fnz`r f`s sneunbdtbs `aanhdbs suabsnv`s7 suabsnv`s7 •
Ahkprhi`r f` shfvbdan` mbf afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
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Fha`fnz`r bf fue`r mhdmb sb eu`rm`rà f` kbra`daë`. kbra`daë`.
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Hrmbd`r f` prbp`r`anñd mb f`s kbra`daë`s p`r` sbr vbdmnm`s. vbdmnm`s.
•
Ahdt`infnz`r f` rbmuaanñd mb ndvbdt`rnh. ndvbdt`rnh.
5.=.9.9. @fk`abd`knbdth @fk`abd`knbdth Bf `fk`abd`knbdth bs dbabs`rnh bd thmhs fhs dnvbfbs mbf a`d`f, ahd t`f mb bqunfnir`r bf anafh mb prhmuaanñd ahd bf anafh mb ahdsukh, t`dth bd a`dtnm`mbs ahkh bd tnbkph. Bd bjbath, f` a`dtnm`m mbk`dm`m` phr ud afnbdtb bd bf a`d`f dh subfb ahndanmnr ahd f` a`dtnm`m hjbrt`m` phr bf prhvbbmhr, dn t`kphah fh bs bf khkbdth mbf pbmnmh mbf afnbdtb ahd bf khkbdth mb f` bdtrbe` mbf prhvbbmhr. prhvbbmhr. j udanñd mb `fk`abd`knbdth bdahdBdtrb f`s prndanp`fbs `aanhdbs mbdtrh mb f` judanñd tr`khs7 tr`khs7 •
Nmbdtnjna`r bf tnph y a`dtnm`m mb prhmuath qub c` bdtr`mh. bdtr`mh.
•
_rhabmbr ` su af`snjna`anñd. af`snjna`anñd.
•
Haup`rsb mbf `fk`abd`knbdth, ahdsbrv`anñd, fha`fnz`anñd y `erup`anñd mb bdvëhs. bdvëhs.
•
Ahkprhi`r y hrmbd`r bf bki`rah, `së ahkh rb`fnz`r f`s f`ihrbs rbf`anhd`m`s rbf`anhd`m`s bxpbmnanñd. ahd bf mbsp`ach mb bxpbmnanñd.
@mbkàs, f` bkprbs` mbibrà thk`r mbansnhdbs mb dnvbf ebdbr`f rbf`anhd`m`s ahd f` bstruatur` mb su rbm r bm mb `fk`abd`gb. Iàsna`kbdtb, sbràd mhs7 mhs7
0=:
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
•
Mbanmnr bf d÷kbrh, a`p`anm`m y fha`fnz`anñd mb fhs `fk`abdbs `fk`abdbs..
•
Mbanmnr bf mnsbðh mbf suisnstbk` mb `fk`abd`knbdth. `fk`abd`knbdth.
F` t`if` 5.1 kubstr` f`s prndanp`fbs nkpfna`anhdbs nkpfna`anhdbs `shan`m`s ` t`fbs mbansnhdbs. mbansnhdbs.
]`if` 5.1. Mbansnhdbs `shan`m`s ` f` bstruatur` y mnsbðh mb f` rbm mb `fk`abd`gb `fk`abd`gb
5.=.9.1. Ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s bxnstbdan`s F` ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s suphdb `d`fnz`r mb jhrk` ahdtndu` auàf bs f` a`dtnm`m kbmn` mb prhmuaths qub sb mbibd eu`rm`r p`r` phmbr c`abr jrbdtb ` f` mbk`dm`. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` bkprbs` mbib ahdsbeunr ud vhfukbd mb sthal mb sthal ñptnkh qub bqunfnirb fhs ahstbs mb pbmnmh y mb `fk`abd`gb (jneur` 5.2). 5.2).
Jneur` 5.2. Zhfukbd ñptnkh bd f` ebstnñd mb bxnstbdan`s bxnstbdan`s
0=5
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
5.=.9.=. ]r`dsphrtb ]r`dsphrtb Qb rbjnbrb ` f` ebstnñd mb fhs f hs kbmnhs k`tbrn`fbs dbabs`rnhs p`r` khvbr fhs prhmuaths phr bf `fk`aîd, pbrh t`kinîd bdtrb fhs fha`fbs mb vbdt` (a`knñd, i`rah, trbd, `vnñd, tuibrë`s, bta.). Fhs kbmnhs utnfnz`mhs `jbat`ràd `f prbanh mbf prhmuath, bf tnbkph mb bdtrbe` y bf bst`mh bd bf qub ffbe`d f`s kbra`daë`s. kbra`daë`s.
0=3
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
A@_Ë]RFH 37 F` ahkudna`anñd
0=>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Ndtrhmuaanñd Ndtrhmuaanñd F` ahkudna`anñd bs f` ÷ftnk` mb f`s `aanhdbs qub f` bkprbs` mbib prher`k`r p`r` mbtbrknd`r su k`rlbtnde knx knx.. @ fh f`reh mbf sneunbdtb a`pëtufh sb rbvns`d fhs prndprndanp`fbs `spbaths `shan`mhs ` f` ahkudna`anñd y sus prndanp`fbs cbrr`knbdt`s. Bd ahdarbth, bf a`pëtufh sb ahkphdb mb sbns `p`rt`mhs. `p`rt`mhs. Bd prnkbr fue`r, sb rbvns`d `feudhs mb fhs ahdabpths iàsnahs mbdtrh mbf àkinth mb f` ahkudna`anñd, prhabmnbdmh ` mbjndnr su ahdabpth, bxphdbr sus jndbs iàsnahs y ` ndtrhmuanr sus cbrr`knbdt`s h ndstrukbdths judm`kbdt`fbs, ` tr`vîs mb fhs au`fbs f` bkprbs` ahdstruyb su knx mb ahkudna`anñd7 puifnanm`m, prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s, rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s, vbdt` pbrshd`f y k`rlbtnde mnrbath. mnrbath. _hstbrnhrkbdtb, y mb jhrk` ndmnvnmu`f bd fhs rbst`dtbs andah `p`rt`mhs, sb prbst` `tbdanñd ` a`m` ud` mb bst`s cbrr`knbdt`s, rbvns`dmh sus ahdabpths y f`s prndanp`fbs a`r`atbrëstna`s ` tbdbr bd aubdt` phr bf bspban`fnst` mb k`rlbtnde `f tr`t`r ahd a`m` ud` mb bff`s. bff`s.
3.0. Ahdabpth, jndbs y knx mb ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd 3.0.0. Ahdabpth y jndbs mb f` ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd F` a`fnm`m mb ud prhmuath bs ud bfbkbdth dbabs`rnh p`r` k`dtbdbr ` fhs afnbdtbs `atu`fbs qub f` bkprbs` y` phsbb pbrh, phr sn shf`, dh bs sujnanbdtb p`r` `tr`br ` dubvhs ahkpr`mhrbs. ahkpr`mhrbs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, bs judm`kbdt`f qub f` bkprbs` mb ` ahdhabr (ahkudnqub) `f kbra`mh f` bxnstbdan` mb su prhmuath y fhs ibdbjnanhs qub rbphrt` su ush `f ahdsuknmhr. ahdsuknmhr. Bd i`sb ` bffh, phr ahkudna`anñd bdtbdmbkhs f` tr`dsknsnñd mb ndjhrk`anñd mbf vbdmbmhr `f ahkpr`mhr, auyh ahdtbdnmh sb rbjnbrb `f prhmuath h ` f` bkprbs` qub fh j`irna` h vbdmb. Bst` sb rb`fnz` ` tr`vîs mb mnstndths kbmnhs (t`dth pbrshd`fbs ahkh nkpbrshd`fbs) y su jnd ÷ftnkh ÷ftn kh bs bstnkuf`r f` mbk`dm`. mbk`dm`. Ahkh ndstrukbdth mb k`rlbtnde, f` ahkudna`anñd tbdmrà ahkh higbth ndjhrk`r `abra` mb f` bxnstbdan` mbf prhmuath m`dmh ` ahdhabr sus a`r`atbrëstna`s, vbdt`g`s y dbabsnm`mbss qub s`tnsj`ab. @f knskh tnbkph, f` ahkudna`anñd mbibrà `atu`r t`dth dbabsnm`mb shirb fhs afnbdtbs `atu`fbs, rbahrm`dmh f` bxnstbdan` mbf prhmuath y sus vbdt`g`s ` jnd mb bvnt`r qub fhs usu`rnhs c`intu`fbs sb`d tbdt`mhs phr f` ahkpbtbdan` y `mqunbr`d htr`s k`ra`s, ahkh shirb fhs afnbdtbs phtbdan`fbs, pbrsu`mnîdmhfhs pbrsu`mnîdmhfhs p`r` p`r` prhvha`r ud bstëkufh bstëkufh phsntnvh qub fhs fhs ffbvb ` prhi`rfh. prhi`rfh. _hr fh t`dth, phmbkhs mbanr qub f` ahkudna`anñd pbrsneub trbs jndbs iàsnahs7 ndjhrk`r,, pbrsu`mnr y rbahrm` k`r rbahrm`r. r.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
3.0.9. Bf prhabsh mb
ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`a nñd
Bd i`sb ` su mbjndnanñd, bf prhabsh mb ahkudna`anñd bstà ahkpubsth phr ud ahdgudth mb bfbkbdths qub, t`f y ahkh `p`rbab bd f` jneur` 3.0, dhs pbrkntbd bxpfna`r f` judanñd mb f`s mnjbrbdtbs cbrr`knbdt`s mb f` ahkudna`anñd ahkbran`f (puifnanm`m, prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s, rbf`anhdbs rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s, vbdt` vbdt` pbrshd`f y k`rlbtnde k`rlbtnde mnrbath). mnrbath). @së, bd bf prhabsh mb ahkudna`anñd p`rtnkhs mb ud bknshr (vbdmbmhr) qub qunbrb tr`sf`m`r ud` ndjhrk`anñd ` ud rbabpthr (kbra`mh). Bst` ndjhrk`anñd mbib pf`sk`rsb bd `feh ahdarbth ` fh qub mbdhknd`khs kbds`gb ` tr`vîs mb ud prhabsh mb ahmnjna`anñd bd bf qub sb utnfnz`d ud ahdgudth mb añmnehs (p`f`ir`s, ahfhrbs, shdnmhs, nkàebdbs, nkàebdbs, bta.). Bstb kbds`gb vn`g` c`st` bf rbabpthr ` tr`vîs mb ud mbtbrknd`mh kbmnh (bd puifnanm`m, phr bgbkpfh, ` tr`vîs mb tbfbvnsnñd, prbds`, r`mnh, bta.). Bf kbds`gb rbaninmh phr bf mbstnd`t`rnh bs bdthdabs ndtbrprbt`mh. _`r` bffh, bf kbds`gb ahmnjna`mh bd sëkihfhs mbib p`s`r phr ud prhabsh mb mbsahmnjna`anñd p`r` ndtbrprbt`r su snednjna`mh snednjna`mh (p`r` qub f` ahkudna`anñd sb` bjbatnv`, bjbatnv`, bf rbabpthr mbibrë` ndtbrprbt`r bf kbds`gb t`f au`f prbtbdmë` pr btbdmë` f` bkprbs`, mb `cë su mnjnauft`m). mnjnauft`m). runmh,, qub @ fh f`reh mb f` tr`dsknsnñd mbf kbds`gb pubmbd m`rsb ndtbrjbrbdan`s, runmh bs au`fqunbr pbrturi`anñd qub sb prhmuab bd bf prhabsh mb tr`dsknsnñd y rbabpanñd mb ud kbds`gb nkpnmnbdmh f` ahrrbat` ndtbrprbt`anñd. _ubmb sbr ud shdnmh bxtbrdh (runmh mb f` a`ffb, tbfîjhdh, bta.) knbdtr`s sb tr`dskntb bf kbds`gb< bd bf a`sh mb f` vbdt` pbrshd`f pubmb ahndanmnr bd ud` p`f`ir` `kineu`, k`f prhdudan`m`, ud` ndmnsphsnanñd, bta. bta. Bf jnd ÷ftnkh mb f` ahkudna`anñd, ahkh cbkhs `pudt`mh `dtbrnhrkbdtb, dh shfh bs ndjhrk`r, sndh qub fh qub prbtbdmb bs prhvha`r ud bstëkufh bd bf ahdsuknmhr qub rbtrh`fnkbdt`anñd.. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, bf prhabsh fh kubv` ` f` `aanñd y prhvhqub ud` rbtrh`fnkbdt`anñd mbibrë` ahdafunr ahd f` hitbdanñd mb ud` rbspubst` j`vhr`ifb mbf mbstnd`t`rnh mbf kbds`gb, qub bd ÷ftnkh tîrkndh ahdsnstb bd f` ahkpr` h dh ahkpr` mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
Jneur` 3.0. Bf prhabsh mb ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
3.0.1. Fhs ndstrukbdths mb
ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd
ahkudna`anñd ` utnfnz`r utnfn z`r Bd f` `atu`fnm`m, andah shd fhs prndanp`fbs ndstrukbdths mb ahkudna`anñd bkprbs`77 phr f` bkprbs` •
_uifnanm`m7 tr`dsknsnñd mb ndjhrk`anñd nkpbrshd`f (phrqub sb mnrneb ` thmh bf kbra`mh) y rbkudbr`m` p`r` f` prbsbdt`anñd y prhkhanñd mb nmb`s, inbdbs h sbrvnanhs, bjbatu`m` ` tr`vîs mb fhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd mb k`s`s kbmn`dtb `dudanhs h ndsbranhdbs p`e`mhs phr bf vbdmbmhr auyh kbds`gb bs ahdtrhf`mh phr bf `dudan`dtb. `dudan`dtb.
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_rhkhanñd mb vbdt`s7 `atnvnm`mbs qub, kbmn`dtb bf ush mb ndabdtnvhs k`tbrn`fbs h bahdñknahs, tr`t`d mb bstnkuf`r f` mbk`dm` ` ahrth pf`zh mb ud prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Ybf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s7 ahdgudth mb `atnvnm`mbs mnrnenm`s ` kbghr`r, k`dtbdbr h prhtbebr f` nk`ebd mb ud prhmuath h bkprbs` `dtb bf p÷ifnah y f` shanbm`m. shanbm`m.
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Zbdt` pbrshd`f7 bs ud` jhrk` mb ahkudna`anñd hr`f b ndtbr`atnv` kbmn`dtb f` au`f sb tr`dskntb ndjhrk`anñd mb jhrk` mnrbat` y pbrshd`f ` ud afnbdtb phtbdan` phtbd an`ff bspb bspbaëjna aëjnahh ahd bf higb higbtnvh tnvh mb ahdv ahdvbdab bdabrfb rfb mb fhs ibdb ibdbjnanh jnanhss qub fb rbphrt`rà f` ahkpr` mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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K`rlbtnde mnrbath7 ahdgudth mb ndstrukbdths mb ahkudna`a ahkudna`anñd nñd mnrbat` qub bdefhi` kbmnhs ahkh bf ahrrbh, tbfîjhdh, tbfbvnsnñd, Ndtbrdbt, bta. p`r` prh phdbr f` vbdt` ` sbekbdths mb kbra`mh bspbaëjnahs bfbenmhs ebdbr`fkbd ebdbr`fkbdtb tb mb ud` i`sb mb m`ths. m`ths.
3.0.=. Bf knx mb
ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd
Ahd thmhs bsths ndstrukbdths sb mbib iusa`r f` ahkind`anñd ñptnk`, knx mb ahkudna`anñd, qub fherb `fa`dz`r ` fhs mnstndths tnphs mb afnbdtbs, bdjrbdt`rsb ` f`s mnstndt`s sntu`anhdbs ahkpbtntnv`s y aukpfnr ahd fhs higbtnvhs jng`mhs mb f` k`dbr` kàs bjnanbdtb. bjnanbdtb. _hr fh ebdbr`f, dh c`y dndeud` rbef` ÷dna` p`r` mbtbrknd`r bst` ahkind`anñd. Bf dnvbf mb utnfnz`anñd mb fhs mnstndths ndstrukbdths mb f` ahkudna`anñd mbpbdmb judm`kbdt`fkbdtb judm`kbdt`fkb dtb mb fhs sneunbdtbs ahdmnanhd`dtbs7 ahdmnanhd`dtbs7
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Ybaurshs mnsphdnifbs7 t`dth bahdñknahs ahkh mb pbrshd`f. pbrshd`f.
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]nph mb prhmuath ` vbdmbr 7 c`y prhmuaths kàs susabptnifbs mb utnfnz`r ` vbdmbmhrbs bspban`fnz`mhs bspban`fnz`mhs (prhmuaths ndmustrn`fbs y mb ahdsukh mur`mbrh), knbdtr`s qub bd htrhs bs prbjbrnifb bf ush mb f` puifnanm`m (prhmuaths mb ahdsukh c`intu`f). c`intu`f).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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A`r`atbrëstna`s mbf kbra`mh7 p`r` kbra`mhs er`dmbs sbrà kbghr utnfnz`r f` A`r`atbrëstna`s puifnanm`m y bd kbra`mhs kàs rbmuanmhs y ahdabdtr`mhs ahdabdtr`mhs f` vbdt` pbrshd`f. pbrshd`f.
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]nph mb bstr`tben` mb k`rlbtnde utnfnz`m`7 bd f` mnstrniuanñd tnph pusc (bkpug`r `f a`d`f mb mnstrniuanñd) sb utnfnz`rà kàs f` vbdt` pbrshd`f, y bd f` mnstrniuanñd tnph puff tnph puff (tnr`r mbf ahdsuknmhr) f` puifnanm`m y f` prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s (jneur` 3.9). 3.9).
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Bt`p` mbf prhabsh mb ahkpr` 7 bd f`s prnkbr`s bt`p`s, bd f`s qub bf ahdsuknmhr mbsauirb f` dbabsnm`m, f` puifnanm`m tnbdb er`d nkphrt`dan`. _hr su p`rtb, au`dmh bf ahkpr`mhr phtbdan`f ndnan` f` tr`ds`aanñd bd bf bst`ifbanknbdth mbt`ffnst`, f` vbdt` pbrshd`f `mqunbrb ud p`pbf prbphdmbr`dtb. Rd` vbz tbrknd`m` f` tr`ds`aanñd, f` puifnanm`m vubfvb ` thk`r nkphrt`dan` nkphrt `dan` ahd t`f mb rb`jnrk`r f` ahkpr` rb`fnz`m` y bvnt`r phsnifbs mnshd`dan`s. mnshd`dan`s.
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Bt`p` mbf anafh mb vnm` mbf prhmuath7 bd ebdbr`f, fhs e`sths mb prhkhanñd shd supbrnhrbs bd f`s prnkbr`s j`sbs mbf anafh mb vnm`. @ kbmnm` qub bf prhmuath bdtr` bd f` j`sb mb k`murbz, sb ndarbkbdt` f` nkphrt`dan` rbf`tnv` mb f` vbdt` pbrshd`f y sb ndtbdsnjna` bf `phyh mb fhs pudths mb vbdt`. vbdt`.
Jneur` 3.9. F` bstr`tben` mb mnstrniuanñd pusc mnstrniuanñd pusc & puff
3.9. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` puifnanm`m puifnanm`m F` puifnanm`m bs thm` tr`dsknsnñd mb ndjhrk`anñd nkpbrshd`f y rbkudbr`m`, bjbatu`m` ` tr`vîs mb ud kbmnh mb ahkudna`anñd, mnrnenm` ` ud p÷ifnah higbtnvh, bd f` qub bf bknshr sb nmbdtnjna` ahd ud` jnd`fnm`m mbtbrknd`m` (tr`t`dmh mb bstnkuf`r f` mbk`dm` mb ud prhmuath h mb a`kin`r f` hpndnñd h bf ahkphrt`knbdth mbf ahdsuknmhr). suknmhr). @ f` chr` mb pf`dtb`rsb bf mbs`rrhffh mb ud` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn` sb tnbdbd qub thk`r ud` sbrnb mb mbansnhdbs (jneur` 3.1), f`s au`fbs pubmbd bstruatur`rsb bd mbansnhdbs iàsna`s (higbtnvhs, prbsupubsth, bstr`tben` arb`tnv` y bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd) y mbansnhdbs mbrnv`m`s (bv`fu`anñd mb f` bjna`an` y sbfbaanñd mb f` f ` `ebdan`). `ebdan`).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` 3.1. Mbansnhdbs bd f` bf`ihr`anñd mb ud` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn` puifnant`rn`
3.9.0. Mbansnhdbs iàsna`s bd ud` a`kp`ð` mb puifnanm`m puifnanm`m 3.9.0.0. Higbtnvhs puifnant`rnhs puifnant`rnhs Fhs higbtnvhs bspbaëjnahs mb f` puifnanm`m shd fhs sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
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Ndjhrk`r7 Ndjhrk`r7 ‑
Ahkudna`r f` `p`rnanñd mb ud dubvh prhmuath (inbd, sbrvnanh h nmb`). nmb`).
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Mbsarninr f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Quebrnr dubvhs ushs p`r` bf prhmuath y bmua`r `f ahdsuknmhr bd mnachs ushs. ushs.
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Ndjhrk`r shirb ud a`kinh mb prbanh. prbanh.
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Mbsc`abr k`fbdtbdmnmhs k`fbdtbdmnmhs y rbmuanr fhs tbkhrbs mb fhs ahdsuknmhrb ahdsuknmhrbs. s.
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Arb`r f` nk`ebd mb ud` bkprbs` h bdtnm`m. bdtnm`m.
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M`r ` ahdhabr y `phy`r prhkhanhdbs mb vbdt`s. vbdt`s.
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@phy`r a`us`s shan`fbs. shan`fbs.
_brsu`mnr7 _brsu`mnr7 ‑
@tr`br dubvhs ahkpr`mhrbs. ahkpr`mhrbs.
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Ndarbkbdt`r f` jrbaubdan` mb ush h f` a`dtnm`m ahkpr`m`. ahkpr`m`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Arb`r ud` prbjbrbdan` mb k`ra` y/h `dnk`r ` a`kin`r mb k`ra`. k`ra`.
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_brsu`mnr `f ahdsuknmhr p`r` qub ahkprb `chr`. `chr`.
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_rhphdbr ud` vnsnt` ` ud bst`ifbanknbdth. bst`ifbanknbdth.
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Qhfnant`r ud` ff`k`m` tbfbjñdna`. tbfbjñdna`.
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@abpt`r f` vnsnt` mb ud vbdmbmhr. vbdmbmhr.
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]r`t`r mb a`kin`r f` pbrabpanñd mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
Ybaubrmh7 Ybaubrmh7 ‑
K`dtbdbr ud` bfbv`m` dhthrnbm`m mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Ybahrm`r f` bxnstbdan` y vbdt`g`s mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Ybahrm`r mñdmb sb pubmb `mqunrnr bf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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K`dtbdbr bf rbaubrmh mbf prhmuath jubr` mb tbkphr`m`. tbkphr`m`.
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Ybahrm`r qub bf prhmuath pubmb dbabsnt`rsb bd bf juturh. juturh. Bgbkpfhs mb a`kp`ð`s mb ndjhrk`anñd7 ndjhrk`anñd7 Bd bf pbrnhmh prbvnh ` f` ndtrhmuanñd mbf tmt bd Bsp`ð` sb rb`fnzñ ud` `kpfn` a`kp`ð` mb ndjhrk`anñd p`r` ndjhrk`r `f ahdsuknmhr mb f`s dubv`s ahdmnanhdbs tbfbvnsnv`s. tbfbvnsnv`s. Neu`fkbdtb, k`ra`s ahkh Ldhrr Znb i`s`d sus a`kp`ð`s bd ndjhrk`r `f ahdsuknmhr `abra` mb fhs ibdbjnanhs p`r` f` s`fum mb sus prhmuaths. prhmuaths. Bgbkpfhs mb a`kp`ð`s mb pbrsu`snñd7 pbrsu`snñd7 F` utnfnz`anñd mb j`khshs bd f`s a`k`p`ð`s mb prhkhanñd iusa` sbr ud bfbkbdth mb pbrsu`snñd p`r` bf ahdsuknmhr phtbdan`f. phtbdan`f.
Neu`fkbdtb, tr`t`dmh mb prhkhvbr bstb bjbath pbrsu`shrnh bd bf ahdsuknmhr, f`s bkprbs`s bstàd `phst`dmh phr bf mbs`rrhffh mb a`kp`ð`s ahd ud `fth ahkphdbdtb arb`tnvh. arb`tnvh.
Bgbkpfhs mb a`kp`ð`s mb rbaubrmh7 rbaubrmh7 Aha` Ahf` subfb rb`fnz`r a`kp`ð`s qub bvha`d ` tnbkphs p`s`mhs, khstr`dmh bdv`sbs y bkifbk`s mb f` k`ra` mb htr`s îpha`s. îpha`s.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
3.9.0.9. _rbsupubsth _rbsupubsth Bf prbsupubsth puifnant`rnh bs ud ndmna`mhr mbf bsjubrzh h prbsnñd qub ud` hre`dnz`anñd rb`fnz` p`r` `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs jng`mhs. jng`mhs. Bst` bs ud` mbansnñd mnjëanf y ahkprhkbtnm` mbdtrh mb f` bf`ihr`anñd mb f` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn`, y` qub mbtbrknd`r sn sb bstà e`st`dmh ud` a`dtnm`m `mbau`m` p`r` fher`r bf higbtnvh k`ra`mh bs snbkprb t`rb` ahkpfna`m`. ahkpfna`m`. _hr fh ebdbr`f, f` mbansnñd prbsupubst`rn` pubmb `ihrm`rsb mbsmb mnvbrshs kîthmhs kîthmhs pràatnahs7 pràatnahs7 •
@rintr`rn`kbdtb7 f` ebrbdan` bst`ifbab f` a`dtnm`m mb mndbrh qub mbib mbs- mbs- ndtunanñd. tnd`rsb ` puifnanm`m i`sàdmhsb bd su bxpbrnbdan` h ndtunanñd.
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_hrabdt`gb shirb vbdt`s7 mbstnd`r ud phrabdt`gb mb f`s vbdt`s p`s`m`s h prbvnst`s. prbvnst`s.
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Bd i`sb ` f` ahkpbtbdan`7 sb mbtbrknd` phr ahkp`r`anñd ahd bf mb fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs. ahkpbtnmhrbs.
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Fh qub sb pubm`7 `sned`anñd mb `aubrmh ahd f`s mnjbrbdtbs prnhrnm`mbs. Rd` Rd` vbz auinbrt`s, bf rbsth sb mbmna` ` puifnanm`m. puifnanm`m.
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Qbe÷d bf prbsupubsth `dtbrnhr7 mbmna`r ud` a`dtnm`m snknf`r ` f` mbf `ðh `dtbrnhr `ukbdt`m` bd judanñd mb `fe÷d ëdmnab ebdbr`f mb prbanhs. pr banhs.
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Bd judanñd mb fhs higbtnvhs y t`rb`s ` rb`fnz`r 7 mbtbrknd` bf prbsupubsth ahkh bf suk`thrnh mb ahstbs mb f`s `aanhdbs dbabs`rn`s p`r` `fa`dz`r fhs higbtnvhs k`ra`mhs. k`ra`mhs.
Rd` vbz mbtbrknd`mh bf prbsupubsth puifnant`rnh mbib mnstrniunrsb bdtrb arb`anñd y mnjusnñd. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` kbmn` sb snt÷` bd ud rbp`rth mb 02% y 32% rbspbatnv`kbdtb. tnv`kbdtb. 3.9.0.1. Bstr`tben` Bstr`tben` Mb jhrk` prbvn` `f prhpnh mnsbðh mb f` bstr`tben` puifnant`rn`, sbrà dbabs`rnh ahdhabr qunîdbs v`d ` sbr fhs rbabpthrbs mb f` a`kp`ð` p`r` ndnan`r f` pf`dnjna`anñd mb f` knsk`, bs mbanr, nmbdtnjna`r su p÷ifnah higbtnvh. higbtnvh. Bf ahdhanknbdth mb f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s, ndtbrbsbs y khtnv`anhdbs mb f` phif`anñd higbtnvh pbrkntnrà7 pbrkntnrà7 •
Hrnbdt`r f` bfbaanñd mb fhs tbk`s y `reukbdths kàs nmñdbhs p`r` f` ahdsarb`tnv`). truaanñd mb fhs kbds`gbs mb f` a`kp`ð` (bstr`tben` (bstr`tben` arb`tnv`).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Qbfbaanhd`r, bdtrb f`s mnstndt`s `ftbrd`tnv`s, `ftbrd`tnv`s, `qubffhs shphrtbs y kbmnhs kàs kàs (bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd). `mbau`mhs (bstr`tben` mnjusnñd).
_hr fh t`dth, f` bstr`tben` puifnant`rn` `i`ra`rà mhs er`dmbs bfbkbdths7 f` arb`anñd mb fhs kbds`gbs puifnant`rnhs y f` bfbaanñd mb fhs kbmnhs puifnant`rnhs p`r` su mnjusnñd (jneur` 3.=). 3.=).
Jneur` 3.=. J`sbs bd f` mbjndnanñd mb f` bstr`tben` puifnant`rn` puifnant`rn`
_`r` mbjndnr ahd îxnth f` bstr`tben` puifnant`rn`, f` bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd dh sb phmrà ahdabinr mb jhrk` `nsf`m` ` f` bstr`tben` arb`tnv` y `f ahdtr`rnh. ahdtr`rnh. 3.9.0.1.0. Bstr`tben` arb`tnv` arb`tnv` F` mbjndnanñd mbf kbds`gb bs f` p`rtb arb`tnv` mb f` puifnanm`m, bd f` qub sb bst` ifbab quî sb mnab y añkh sb mnab. Bst` t`rb` dhrk`fkbdtb dhrk`fkbdtb f` mbs`rrhff` f` `ebdan` mb puifnanm`m, qub mbpbdmb mbf `dudan`dtb. `dudan`dtb. _hr kbds`gb puifnant`rnh bdtbdmbkhs bf ahdgudth mb tbxths, shdnmh, nkàebdbs y sëkihfhs qub tr`dskntbd ud` nmb`. Mb k`dbr` sndtîtna` phmbkhs mnstndeunr f`s sneunbdtbs j`sbs bd f` arb`anñd mbf kbds`gb7 kbds`gb7 Mbjndnanñd mb fhs bfbkbdths khtnv`mhrbs7 p`r` rb`fnz`r f` a`kp`ð`, f` `ebd-
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an` c` mb ahdt`r ahd f` ndjhrk`anñd prbvn` shirb f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf prhmuath, mb f` bkprbs`, fhs ahkpbtnmhrbs, fhs jndbs mb f` a`kp`ð`, bf prbsu pubsth mnsphdnifb, mnsphdnifb, bf p÷ifnah higbtnvh `f qub sb mnrneb y f` mur`anñd prbvnst` mb f` a`kp`ð`. ]hm` bst` ndjhrk`anñd bs j`anfnt`m` phr bf `dudan`dtb bd ud mhaukbdth qub sb mbdhknd` irnbjnde . Bf`ihr`anñd mbf kbds`gb7 ` p`rtnr mbf irnbjnde y mb f` ndvbstne`anñd qub sb
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c`y` phmnmh mbs`rrhff`r, f` `ebdan` bf`ihr` f` a`kp`ð`, bd f` qub sb bxphdbd f`s nmb`s iàsna`s mbf kbds`gb ahd ud bstnfh, thdh y jhrk`th puifnant`rnh mbjndnmh (f` t`if` 3.0 rbaheb r baheb `feud` mb sus prndanp`fbs hpanhdbs). hpanhdbs).
023
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
]`if` 3.0. _rndanp`fbs khm`fnm`mbs bd au`dth `f bstnfh, thdh y jhrk`th mbf m bf kbds`gb kbds`gb
Bf`ihr`anñd mbf ihabth p`r` su `prhi`anñd7 f` prhpubst` sb rb`fnz` bd ud`
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sbrnb mb ihabths. _hr bgbkpfh, bd bf a`sh mb fhs `dudanhs bd tbfbvnsnñd sb mbs`rrhff`d bd bf sthryih`rm bf sthryih`rm (vnðbt`s ahd tbxth) h bd bf `dnk`tna (jnfk`anñd ahd mniughs `dnk`mhs). `dnk`mhs).
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Yb`fnz`anñd mbf hrnend`f7 ud` vbz ihabth sb ndtrhmuabd phsn ifbs khmnjna`anhd khmnjna`anhdbs bs sbð`f`m`s y sb`prhi`mh prhabmbbf` mbs`rrhff`r mb s`rrhff`r su vbrsnñd vbrsnñd f`s jnd`f. jnd`f.
3.9.0.1.9. Bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd mnjusnñd F` bstr`tben` mb mnjusnñd sb ndnan` ahd f` sbfbaanñd mb kbmnhs, p`r` phstbrnhrkbdtb mbtbrknd`r fhs shphrtbs puifnant`rnhs ` utnfnz`r, `së ahkh f` jrbaubdan` y f` mur`anñd mb f`s ndsbranhdbs. Bf pudth mb rbjbrbdan` sbrà snbkprb bf p÷ifnah higbtnvh. higbtnvh.
kbmnhs Qbfbaanñd mb kbmnhs Fhs arntbrnhs mb mbansnñd t`dth mb kbmnhs ahkh mb shphrtbs pubmbd sbr7 sbr7 Arntbrnhs au`fnt`tnvhs (a`r`atbrëstna`s tîadna`s, `jndnm`m bdtrb kbmnh y prhmuath, bstr`tben` arb`tnv`, bta.). bta.). •
Arntbrnhs au`dtnt`tnvhs (prbsupubsth mnsphdnifb, `umnbdan`, `fa`dab, `umnbd-
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an` ÷tnf, t`rnj`s, bta.). bta.).
Arntbrnhs knxths (rbstrnaanhdbs fbe`fbs, ahkpbtbdan`, bta.). bta.).
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t îrkndhs ebdbr`fbs, f`s prndanp`fbs vbdt`g`s b ndahdvbF` t`if` 3.9 kubstr`, bd tîrkndhs dnbdtbs `shan`mhs ` fhs mnstndths mn stndths kbmnhs mb ahkudna` ahkudna`anñd. anñd.
02>
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Kbmnh Kbmnh mn`rn` _rbds` mn`rn`
Zbdt`g`s Zbdt`g`s
Ndahdvbdnbdtbs Ndahdvbdnbdtbs
• Qbfbatnvnm`m ebheràjna` ebheràjna`
• Bsa`s` pbrk`dbdan` pbrk `dbdan` mbf kbds`gb kbds`gb
Jfbxninfnm`m • Jfbxninfnm`m
• @fa`dab @fa`dab shanhbahdñknah fnknt`mh fnknt`mh • A`fnm`m mb nkprbsnñd nkprbsnñd
• Qbfbatnvnm`m mbkheràjna` y shanh- shanh-
Ybvnst`s Ybvnst`s
bahdñkna` bahdñkna`
• @umnbdan` fnknt`m` fnknt`m` • Ahstb phr nkp`ath bfbv`mh bfbv`mh
• A`fnm`m mb nkprbsnñd nkprbsnñd • Qbfbatnvnm`m ebheràjna` y mbkheràjna` mbkheràjna` • J`ft` mb `phyh vnsu`f vnsu`f
Y`mnh Y`mnh
• Rtnfnz`anñd k`snv` k`snv`
• Nkp`ath fnknt`mh fnknt`mh
• Jfbxninfnm`m Jfbxninfnm`m
• _ha` pbrk`dbdan` mbf
kbds`gb kbds`gb
• Ahkind` vnsnñd, shdnmh y khvnknbdth khvnknbdth • _ha` pbrk`dbdan` mbf
kbds`gb kbds`gb
• Ahstb rbmuanmh rbmuanmh
]bfbvnsnñd ]bfbvnsnñd
Bxtbrnhr Bxtbrnhr
Ahrrbh mnrbath mnrbath
`tr`aanñd • @fth phmbr mb `tr`aanñd
• Q`tur`anñd mb `dudanhs- z`ppnde z`ppnde
• Bfbv`m` `umnbdan` `umnbdan`
• Bfbv`mh
nkp`ath • I`gh ahstb phr nkp`ath
• _ha` jfbxninfnm`m jfbxninfnm`m
• @fa`dab y jrbaubdan`s bfbv`mhs bfbv`mhs
• Irbvbm`m mbf kbds`gb kbds`gb
• Ybf`tnv`kbdtb
• Fha`fnz`anñd fnknt`m` fnknt`m`
i`r`th i`r`th
ahstb `ishfuth `ishfuth
• @ft` pbrk`dbdan` pbrk`dbdan`
• Nk`ebd
• Qbfbatnvnm`m mbf kbra`mh kbra`mh
• Ahstb bfbv`mh (bd ahrrbh ahrrbh
rbsuft`mhs • J`anfnm`m mb kbmnr fhs rbsuft`mhs
mb «ahrrbh i`sur`¼ i`sur`¼
ahdvbdanhd`f) ahdvbdanhd`f)
Jfbxninfnm`m • Jfbxninfnm`m • @ft`
pbrk`dbdan` pbrk`dbdan`
• @fa`dab @fa`dab shanhbahdñknah fnknt`mh fnknt`mh
• Ndtbr`atnvnm`m Ndtbr`atnvnm`m
Ndtbrdbt Ndtbrdbt
• Qnd sbfbaanñd mb p÷ifnah higbtnvh higbtnvh
(bd puifnanm`m bd pàend`s wbi) wbi)
• Efhi`fnz`anñd Efhi`fnz`anñd • Ahstb phr
nkp`ath nkp`ath
Kuftnkbmn` • Kuftnkbmn` ]`if` 3.9. _rndanp`fbs vbdt`g`s b ndahdvbdnbdtbs `shan`mhs ` fhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd ahkudna`anñd
Qbfbaanñd mb shphrtbs shphrtbs Ahdsnstb bd bdahdtr`r f` ahkind`anñd ñptnk` mb shphrtbs qub pbrknt` k`xnknz`r bf p÷ifnah higbtnvh `fa`dz`mh mb ud khmh bjnanbdtb. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, sb i`s` bd bf bstumnh mb f` `mbau`anñd mb f` `umnbdan` mb fhs shphrtbs ` f`s a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh. higbtnvh. ]`f y ahkh sb kubstr` bd f` jneur` 3.2, fh qub sb iusa`rë` bs qub f` ahkind`anñd mb shphrtbs bfbenm` k`xnknz`r` f`s phsninfnm`mbs mb nkp`ath shirb dubstrh p÷ifnah higbtnvh, bs mbanr, ud` `ft` `umnbdan` ÷tnf. ÷tnf.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Jneur` 3.2. Bf `fa`dab bjbatnvh mbf shphrtb puifnant`rnh puifnant`rnh
sneunbdtbs7 @shan`mhs ` fhs ahdabpths `dtbrnhrbs bs nkphrt`dtb v`fhr`r fhs sneunbdtbs7 Ahibrtur`7 bf phrabdt`gb mb ndmnvnmuhs pbrtbdbanbdtbs `f p÷ifnah higbtnvh
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qub c` bst`mh bxpubsth ` `fe÷d `dudanh mb f` a`kp`ð` mur`dtb ud pbrnhmh mb tnbkph mbtbrknd`mh. mbtbrknd`mh.
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7 bf d÷kbrh qub,higbtnvh phr tbrkndh c`mb bst`mh bxpubsth Jrbaubdan` `f kbds`gb ud` pbrshd` mb mbfvbabs p÷ifnah bd udkbmnh, pbrnhmh tnbkph mbtbrknd`mh. knd`mh.
E r hss r` r `tn de phn phn dt dtss (erh)7 suk`thrnh mb fhs phrabdt`gbs mb `umnbdan` ÷tnf
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hitbdnmhs bd bf ahdgudth mb `dudanhs mb ud` a`kp`ð`. _hr t`dth sb ahrrbs phdmb ahd bf d÷kbrh mb nkp`aths tht`fbs, y sb hitnbdb kuftnpfna kuftnpfna`dmh `dmh f` ah ibrtur` phr f` jrbaubdan`.
Ahstb phr knf nkp`aths (akp)7 ahbjnanbdtb bdtrb bf ahstb mb ud bsp`anh pu-
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ifnant`rnh y f` `umnbdan` `umnbdan` ÷tnf, kuftnpfna`mh phr phr knf. knf.
3.9.9. Mbansnhdbs mbrnv`m`s bd ud` a`kp`ð` mb puifnanm`m puifnanm`m Bv`fu`anñd 3.9.9.0. Bv`fu`anñd
mb f` bjna`an` bjna`an`
F` bjna`an` mb f` puifnanm`m mbibrë` kbmnrsb, mb khmh bstrnath, bd tîrkndhs mb vbdt`s h mb a`kinhs mb ahkphrt`knbdth ahdsbeunmhs. Qnd bki`reh, bd f` rb`fnm`m, t`f kbmnm` rbsuft` pràatna`kbdtb nkphsnifb phr f` mnjnauft`m mb `nsf`r f` ndjfubdan` mb htrhs j`athrbs, `mbkàs mb f` puifnanm`m, qub ndanmbd shirb f` mbk`dm` y fhs ahkphrt`knbdths mbf kbra`mh. Bstb cbach, ffbv` ` qub f` kbmnm` mb f` bjna`an` mb f` puifnanm`m sb bjbat÷b, judm`kbdt`fkbdtb, shirb f` i`sb mbf aukpfnknbdth mb fhs higbtnvhs mb ahkudna`anñd kàs qub mb fhs bstrnat`kbdtb bahdñknahs. bahdñknahs.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` puifnanm`m bs bjna`z sn bs rbahrm`m`, `tr`b f` `tbdanñd c`an` bf prhmuath y bs bs a`p`z mb prhvha`r f` ahkpr` ahkpr` ndnan`f h bf a`kinh a`kinh mb k`ra`. k`ra`. phstbst ) mb f` F` kbmnm` mb f` bjna`an` pubmb c`abrsb `dtbs ( prbtbst ( prbtbst ) h mbspuîs ( phstbst rb`fnz`anñd mb f` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn`. Fh nmb`f bs qub sb ffbvb ` a`ih bd `kihs a`shs. a`shs. Bf Bf prbtbst prbtbst sb rb`fnz` `dtbs mbf ndnanh mb f` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn`, y tnbdb ahkh jnd`fnm`m `vbrneu`r sn bf kbds`gb tnbdb bf v`fhr pbrsu`snvh rbqubrnmh, fh qub suphdb kbmnr su er`mh mb ahkprbdsnñd, `abpt`anñd y dhthrnbm`m. ]`kinîd pubmb sbrvnr p`r` ahkprhi`r ahkprhi`r bf `er`mh, `er`mh, ndmnjbrbdan` ndmnjbrbdan` h rbac`zh rbac`zh mbf prht`ehdnst` prht`ehdnst` mbf mbf `dudanh, `së ahkh f` `snknf`anñd mb f` k`ra`. k`ra`. Bf phstbstt sb c`ab mbspuîs mb f` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn`, y prbtbdmb ahkprhi`r bd quî Bf phstbs kbmnm` sb c`d ahdsbeunmh fhs higbtnvhs. Bxnstbd v`rnhs tnphs mb phstbst, bd fhs qub sb `d`fnz` bf rbaubrmh y a`pt`anñd mbf kbds`gb, f` ahkprbdsnñd y mbsarnpanñd mbf `dudanh, bf nkp`ath h ndtbrîs c`an` f` a`kp`ð`, h sb ahkprubi` f` v`rn`anñd bd f` dhthrnbm`m y `atntumbs c`an` f` k`ra` h f` bkprbs` (snbkprb qub sb tbde`d kbmnanhdbs prbvn`s mb bsths `spbaths). `spbaths). Bd thmh a`sh c`y qub v`fhr`r qub, `ud au`dmh fhs `dudanhs sb`d bjbatnvhs ndnan`fkbdtb, f`s bxphsnanhdbs phstbrnhrbs y rbpbtnm`s prhvha`d ud` mnsknduanñd bd f` bjbatnvnm`m, prhmuanîdmhsb prhmuanîdmhsb ud bjbath mbse`stb. Ahd bf jnd mb k`dtbdbr f` `tbdanñd mb f` `umnbdan` y rbmuanr bf rbac`zh, bs rbahkbdm`ifb v`rn`r f` bgbauanñd mbf tbk`, utnfnz`r mnjbrbdtbs fhauthrbs, bta. bta. @mbkàs, f` bjbatnvnm`m mb f` puifnanm`m mnsknduyb ahd bf ndarbkbdth mb f`s ndvbrsnhdbs puifnant`rn`s, qub ebdbr`d k`yhr s`tur`anñd bd fhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd, `së ahkh ahd jbdñkbdhs ahkh bf z`ppnde bf z`ppnde (a`kinh mb a`d`f mur`dtb fhs `dudanhs). F` arb`tnvnm`m puifnant`rn`, phr t`dth, bs judm`kbdt`f p`r` bdahdtr`r dubv`s jhrk`s mb bstnkuf`r f` mbk`dm`. mbk`dm`. 3.9.9.9. Qbfbaanñd
mb f` `ebdan` `ebdan`
Bf snstbk` puifnant`rnh, `mbkàs mb fhs `dudan`dtbs y kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd, t`kinîd ndtber` ` f`s `ebdan`s mb puifnanm`m. F` `ebdan` mb puifnanm`m bs ud` bkprbs` mb sbrvnanhs qub rb`fnz` h sb bda`re` mb f` arb`anñd y prhmuaanñd mb fhs `dudanhs, `së ahkh mb f` sbfbaanñd mb fhs kbmnhs y f` prher`k`anñd mb f` a`kp`ð` puifnant`rn`. puifnant`rn`. Bd tîrkndhs ebdbr`fbs, mhs sbràd fhs j`athrbs judm`kbdt`fbs ` tbdbr bd aubdt` phr bf `dudan`dtb mb a`r` ` f` sbfbaanñd mb f` `ebdan`7 (0) f`s prhpubst`s prbsbdt`m`s phr f`s `ebdan`s ` p`rtnr mbf irnbjnde `phrt`mh phr bf `dudan`dtb y (9) sus ahdmnanhdbs mb rbkudbr`anñd (ahknsnñd shirb bf nkphrtb mb ahdtr`t`anñd ahd fhs kbmnhs, chdhr`rnhs jnghs, snstbk` knxth h bd judanñd mb rbsuft`mhs). rbsuft`mhs).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
3.1. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s vbdt`s 3.1.0. Ahdabpth y p÷ifnahs higbtnvh higbtnvh F` prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s bdefhi` `f ahdgudth mb `atnvnm`mbs mb ahrt` mur`anñd mnrnenm`s ` ndtbrkbmn`rnhs, vbdmbmhrbs h ahdsuknmhrbs qub, kbmn`dtb ndabdtnvhs (bahdñknahs h k`tbrn`fbs) h rb`fnz`anñd mb `atnvnm`mbs, tr`t`d mb bstnkuf`r f` mbk`dm` ` ahrth pf`zh h `ukbdt`r f` bjna`an` mb ndtbrkbmn`rnhs h vbdmbmhrbs. vbdmbmhrbs. Bd bstb sbdtnmh, f` prhkhanñd mb vbdt`s pubmb sbr utnfnz`m` ` trbs dnvbfbs, bd judanñd mbf p÷ifnah higbtnvh shirb bf qub sb `at÷`7 `at÷`7 •
_rhkhanhdbs `f ahdsuknmhr7 mnsbð`m` p`r` ndabdtnv`r `f ahdsuknmhr ` rb`fnz`r f` ahkpr` ` ahrth pf`zh. pf`zh.
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_rhkhanhdbs `f a`d`f7 mnrnenm` ` fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ahd bf jnd mb hitbdbr su `phyh b ndarbkbdt`r sus bsjubrzhs mb vbdt`. vbdt`.
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_rhkhanhdbs ` bqunphs mb vbdt`7 pbrsneubd khtnv`r ` f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s b ndarbkbdt`r f` bjna`an` mb fhs bsjubrzhs mb vbdt` mb f` knsk`. knsk`.
3.1.9. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths ndstrukbdths @ fh f`reh mb bstb `p`rt`mh rbvns`rbkhs fhs prndanp`fbs higbtnvhs pf`dtb`mhs `f mbs`rrhff`r ud pf`d mb prhkhanñd, `së ahkh fhs ndstrukbdths utnfnz`mhs p`r` t`f prh pñsnth, pñsn th, p`r` p`r` a`m a`m`` udh mb fhs phsnifbs phsnifbs p÷ifn p÷ifnahs ahs higb higbtnvh tnvh `dtb `dtbrnhrkb rnhrkbdtb dtb nmbd nmbdtnjna tnjna`mhs `mhs.. 3.1.9.0. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd `f ahdsuknmhr Bdtrb fhs prndanp`fbs higbtnvhs pf`dtb`mhs bd ud pf`d mb prhkhanñd `f ahdsuknmhr phmbkhs bdahdtr`r7 bdahdtr`r7
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Fher`r f` prubi` mb ud prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Khmnjna`r fhs càinths mb ahkpr` bxnstbdtbs. bxnstbdtbs.
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Bstnkuf`r ud k`yhr ush phr p`rtb mb fhs ahdsuknmhrbs. ahdsuknmhrbs.
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Ahki`tnr f` `atnvnm`m prhkhanhd`f mb ud ahkpbtnmhr. ahkpbtnmhr.
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@ukbdt`r f` ahkpr` nkpufsnv`. nkpufsnv`.
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Ybahkpbds`rr ` fhs afnbdtbs jnbfbs. Ybahkpbds` jnbfbs.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_`r` fher`r bsths higbtnvhs f` bkprbs` pubmb rbaurrnr ` fhs sneunbdtbs ndstrukbdths7 ndstrukbdths7 •
Kubstr`s 7 hjbrt`s mb anbrt` a`dtnm`m mb prhmuath p`r` su prubi`. prubi`. F`s bkprbs`s mb ahskîtnahs subfbd hisbqun`r ahd pbqubð`s kubstr`s mb arbk`s, ac`kp÷s h pbrjukbs. pbrjukbs.
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Auphdbs7 v`fbs abrtnjna`mhs qub prhphranhd`d ` fhs ahkpr`mhrbs ahkpr`mhrbs ud `chrrh `chrrh bd f` a`dtnm`m ` p`e`r au`dmh ahkpr`d bf prhmuath. prhmuath. Bs udh mb fhs ndstrukbdths kàs ut utnfnz`mhs nfnz`mhs p`r` prhmuaths mb ahdsukh. Qb subfbd c`abr ffbe`r `f ahdsuknmhr ` tr`vîs mb mnvbrshs kbmnhs. kbmnhs.
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Mbvhfuanñd mbf mndbrh7 sb rbbkihfs` p`rtb mbf prbanh p`e`mh. p`e`mh. F`s a`jbtbr`s Dbsprbssh ndafuybd ud v`fb qub suphdb ud` mbvhfuanñd mb nkphrtbs mnstndths bd jutur`s ahkpr`s mbf knskh prhmuath. prhmuath.
• banh ba nh_rmb _rmb
p` qubt p`qu btbb7 rbmuaanñd mb fhs prbanhs k`ra`m` mnrbat`kbdtb phr bf prhmuathr bd f` btnqubt` h bdv`sb. bdv`sb. Bdtrb sus v`rn`dtbs kàs ahdhanm`s sb bdaubdtr`d f`s prhkhanhdbs 9x0, qub suphdbd bf p`eh mb ud ÷dnah prhmuath `f `mqunrnr mhs. mhs.
• bk_ nhrs7 inbdbs qub sb hjrbabd mb jhrk` er`tunt` h ` i`gh ahstb p`r`
ndabd- tnv`r f` ahkpr` mb htrh prhmuath. prhmuath. Qbrë` bf a`sh mb @zua`rbr`, qub rbe`f`i` udhs phs`v`shs ahd f` ahkpr` mb mhs p`qubtbs mb `z÷a`r. `z÷a`r.
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Ybe`fhs puifnant`rnhs7 `rtëaufhs ÷tnfbs qub ffbv`d bf dhkirb dhkirb mbf `dudan`dtb `dudan`dtb afnbdtbs. y qub sb bdtrbe`d ahkh rbe`fh ` sus afnbdtbs. Bd bstb a`sh bf rbe`fh hjrbanmh, ahkh f`s t`z`s mb Dbsa`jî, ffbv` bf dhkirb mbf prhpnh j`irna`dtb. j`irna`dtb.
• bk_ nhrs
phr jnmbfnm`m7 mndbrh y htrhs prbknhs ahdabmnmhs phr bf ush c`intu`f mb fhs prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
G`zztbf prbkn` ` `qubffhs afnbdtbs jnbfbs ` f` ahkp`ðë`, qub `ahdsbgbd bf bf `ft` `knehs, ahd mbsaubdths bd j`atur`. j`atur`. • hk_ hk_hranñd an ñd bd bf pu pudt dthh mb m b vbd v bdt` t` 7 bxphsnanhdbs y mbkhstr`anhdbs rb`fnz`m`s rb`fnz`m`s
vbdt`. bd bf pudth mb ahkpr` h vbdt`. Bd fhs supbrkbra`mhs sb subfb hjrbabr prhmuaths ` prhi`r nd sntu phr bf afnbdtb, ahkh zukhs, jrut`s, bkiutnmhs, bta. bta.
3.1.9.9. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd `f a`d`f Bdtrb fhs prndanp`fbs higbtnvhs pf`dtb`mhs bd ud pf`d mb prhkhanñd `f a`d`f phmbkhs bdahdtr`r7 bdahdtr`r7 •
Khtnv`r ` fhs mbt`ffnst`s ` ndahrphr`r dubvhs prhmuaths. prhmuaths.
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Ahdvbdabrfbss p`r` qub c`e`d puifnanm`m mbf prhmuath. Ahdvbdabrfb prhmuath.
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_brsu`mnrfbs p`r` qub ahkprbd kàs prhmuath. prhmuath.
_`r` fher`r bsths higbtnvhs f` bkprbs` pubmb rbaurrnr ` fhs sneunbdtbs ndstrukbdths7 ndstrukbdths7 •
Mbsaubdth7 rbmuaanñd mnrbat` shirb fhs prbanhs mb fhs prhmuaths ahkpr`mhs mur`dtb ud pbrnhmh mb tnbkph. tnbkph.
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Ihdnjna`anñd7 mndbrh qub p`e`d fhs j`irna`dtbs ` fhs f hs kndhrnst`s ` a`kinh mb qub bsths ahfhqubd su prhmuath bd ud fue`r prbjbrbdtb h fh mbst`qubd. mbst`qubd.
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_rhmuaths er`tns7 hjrbabr prhmuaths `mnanhd`fbs mb jhrk` er`tunt` ` fhs ndtbrkbmn`rnhs qub `mqunbrbd ud` a`dtnm`m mbtbrknd`m` mb ud prhmuath. prhmuath.
@së, phr bgbkpfh, f`s k`ra`s mb ibinm`s h cbf`mhs subfbd hisbqun`r ` fhs i`rbs ahd shkirnff`s, kbs`s y snff`s, bta. ]`kinîd sbrë` bf a`sh mb fhs bxphsnthrbs qub fhs j`irna`dtbs j`anfnt`d ` fhs kndhrnst`s p`r` kbghr`r bf nkp`ath vnsu`f bd f` bxphsnanñd mbf prhmuath. prhmuath.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
3.1.9.1. Higbtnvhs b ndstrukbdths mb prhkhanñd `f bqunph mb vbdt`s vbdt`s Bdtrb fhs prndanp`fbs higbtnvhs pf`dtb`mhs bd ud pf`d mb prhkhanñd `f bqunph mb vbdt`s phmbkhs bdahdtr`r7 bdahdtr`r7 •
Ahdsbeunr kàs `phyh mbf bqunph mb vbdt`s. vbdt`s.
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Bstnkuf`r ` fhs vbdmbmhrbs ` jnrk`r kàs pbmnmhs. pbmnmhs.
_`r` fher`r bsths higbtnvhs f` bkprbs` pubmb rbaurrnr ` fhs sneunbdtbs ndstrukbdths7 ndstrukbdths7 •
Jbrn`s ahkbran`fbs y ahdvbdanhdbs7 iusa`d ebdbr`r dubv`s vbdt`s, vbdmbr kàs ` fhs afnbdtbs bxnstbdtbs y bmua`rfhs ahd puifna`anhdbs, vëmbhs y htrh k`tbrn`f `umnhvnsu`f. `umnhvnsu`f. Bd bf sbathr abràknah f` jbrn` Abvns`k`, qub sb rb`fnz` `du`fkbdtb bd Z`fbdan`, bs ud rbjbrbdtb bd bstb sbdtnmh. sbdtnmh.
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Ahdaurshs mb vbdt`s7 tr`t`d mb ndmuanr ` f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s h ndtbrkbmn`rnhs ` `ukbdt`r sus rbsuft`mhs mb vbdt`s bd ud pbrnhmh ahdarbth, hthre`dmh prbknhs ` fhs e`d`mhrbs. e`d`mhrbs. F`s bkprbs`s qub `pfna`d mb jhrk` mbanmnm` phfëtna`s mb k`rlbtnde ndtbrdh, subfbd prhphdbr ndabdtnvhs ` sus bkpfb`mhs ` tr`vîs mb ahdaurshs mb vbdt`s, bf rbahdhanknbdth `f bkpfb`mh mbf kbs, prbknhs bd vn`gbs h ndarbkbdth mbf pbrnhmh mb v`a`anhdbs, v`a `anhdbs, bta. bta.
r`ttns7 higbths ÷tnfbs mb i`gh ahstb qub f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s hjrbab hjrbab • hmu_arths er` ` afnbdtbs rb`fbs y phtbdan`fbs y qub ffbv`d bf dhkirb mb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`. ]hm`s f`s bkprbs`s utnfnz`d utbdsnfnhs ahrphr`tnvhs p`r` rbe`f`r ` sus afnbdtbs ahkh ehrr`s, ihfëer`jhs, kbacbrhs, a`knsbt`s, bta. bta.
3.=. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f`s rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s p÷ifna`s F`s rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s (rrpp) ndtber`d ud ahdgudth mb `atnvnm`mbs ffbv`m`s ` a`ih phr f`s hre`dnz`anh hre`dnz`anhdbs, dbs, ahd bf jnd ebdîrnah mb ahdsbeunr, k`dtbdbr h rbaupbr`r f` `abpt`anñd, ahdjn`dz` ahdjn` dz` y bf `phyh mb ud` mnvbrsnm`m mb p÷ifnahs, dh snbkprb rbf`anhd`mhs ahd fhs prhmuaths h `atnvnm`mbs qub mbs`rrhff` f` bkprbs` h bdtnm`m.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
_`r` bffh, tnbdbd ahkh p÷ifnah mbstnd`t`rnh7 mbstnd`t`rnh7 •
_÷ifnahs bxtbrdhs7 afnbdtbs (rb`fbs y phtbdan`fbs), kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd, `aanhdnst`s, hre`dnz`anhdbs mb ahdsuknmhrbs y usu`rnhs, prhvbbmhrbs, mnstrniunmhrbs, sndmna`ths, phmbrbs p÷ifnahs, fëmbrbs mb hpndnñd y f` shanbm`m bd ebdbr`f. ebdbr`f.
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_÷ifnahs ndtbrdhs7 tr`i`g`mhrbs, mnrbatnvhs. mnrbatnvhs.
Mbpbdmnbdmh mbf p÷ifnah ahdarbth shirb bf qub `atu`r y fhs higbtnvhs mb f` ahkudna`anñd qub sb mbibd `fa`dz`r, phmrbkhs mbanmnr bdtrb mnstndt`s cbrr`knbdt`s ahkh f`s sneunbdtbs7 sneunbdtbs7 •
_uifna`anhdbs7 k`tbrn`f nkprbsh p`r` `fa`dz`r ` sus kbra`mhs higbtnvhs (ndjhrkbs `du`fbs, jhffbths, `rtëaufhs, ihfbtndbs mb dhtnan`s y rbvnst`s). rbvnst`s).
Chy bd më`, bf mbs`rrhffh mb f`s tbadhfheë`s mb f` ndjhrk`anñd c` j`anfnt`mh qub f`s bkprbs`s bkprb s`s pubm`d ndahrphr`r bd sus wbis `p`rt`mhs mbstnd`mhs ` prbsbdt`r sus ndjhrkbs, dht`s mb prbds`, bta. bta.
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@ahdtbanknbdths7 ahdjbrbdan`s, sbknd`rnhs, bxaursnhdbs, jbrn`s ahkbran`fbs, bxphsnanhdbs, ahdaurshs y ahkpbtnanhdbs, `dnvbrs`rnhs. `dnvbrs`rnhs.
A`g` Yur`f A`stbffñd, ` tr`vîs mb su judm`anñd Q`d Nsnmrh, hjrbab ud `kpfnh `i`dnah mb `atnvnm`mbs ahkh ahdjbrbdan`s, bxphsnanhdbs, ahdaurshs, bta. bta.
• han_ dn`htsr7 p`trhand`r mbphrtbs h `ahdtbanknbdths auftur`fbs, h `phy`r
a`u- s`s mb ndtbrîs ebdbr`f. ebdbr`f. Bs qunzàs f` cbrr`knbdt` mb f`s rbf`anhdbs p÷ifna`s ahd k`yhr nkp`ath. _hr bgbkpfh bf p`trhandnh mb iiv` ` f` Fne` Bsp`ðhf` mb J÷tihf. J÷tihf. •
Dhtnan`s7 ahdsbeunr qub fhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd `abptbd ahkudna`mhs mb prbds` h `tnbdm`d rubm`s mb prbds`, jhkbdtbd dhtnan`s phsntnv`s shirb f` bkprbs`. bkprbs`. F`s iubd`s rb`fanhdbs mb A`g` Yur`f A`stbffñd ahd fhs kbmnhs c`abd qub bsths sb c`e`d bah mb f`s `aanhdbs bkprbdmnm`s phr su judm`anñd. judm`anñd.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Mnsaurshs7 rbsphdmbr `dtb fhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd h prhdudan`r mnsaurshs bd `shan`anhdbs ndmustrn`fbs h rbudnhdbs ahkbran`fbs. ahkbran`fbs. Bf Ahdsbgbrh mbf eruph _hrabf`dhs` jub bf bda`re`mh mb m`r f` ahdjbrbdan` nd`ueur`f mbf SSNNN Ahderbsh D`anhd`f mb K`rlbtnde abfbir`mh bd A`stbffñd bd 9?00. 9?00.
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@atnvnm`mbs mb sbrvnanh p÷ifnah7 mbmna`r mndbrh y tnbkph ` iubd`s a`us`s. a`us`s. _rher`k`s mb tbfbvnsnñd ahkh «]u a`r` kb subd`¼ mbmna`d f` ndtbernm`m mb fhs prbknhs qub ahdsneubd sus ahdaurs`dtbs ` hde.
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Nmbdtnm`m mb kbmnhs7 nmbdtnm`m vnsu`f qub bf p÷ifnah rbahdhza` ndkbmn`t`kbdtb (fhehtnphs, k`tbrn`f mb p`pbfbrë`, jhffbths, sëkihfhs, jhrkuf`rnhs, t`rgbt`s mb vnsnt`, bmnjnanhs, udnjhrkbs y añmneh mb vbstnr). vbstnr).
Bf Ahrtb Ndefîs bs thm` ud` rbjbrbdan` rbjb rbdan` bd au`dth ` f` nmbdtnm`m mb kbmnhs. kbmnhs.
pbrshd`f 3.2. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mb f` vbdt` pbrshd`f F` vbdt` pbrshd`f bs ud` jhrk` mb ahkudna`anñd hr`f b ndtbr`atnv` kbmn`dtb f` au`f sb tr`dskntb ndjhrk`anñd mnrbat` y pbrshd`f ` ud afnbdtb phtbdan`f bspbaëjnah y sb rbanib, mb jhrk` snkuftàdb`, rbspubst` phr p`rtb mbf mbstnd`t`rnh. mbstnd`t`rnh. Bd tîrkndhs ebdbr`fbs, f` pf`dnjna`anñd mb f`s f `s vbdt`s ahkprbdmb trbs `atnvnm`mbs7 higbtnvhs, f` hre`dnz`anñd mb f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s y f` mnrbaanñd mb f` mbjndnanñd mb higbtnvhs, vbdt`s. vbdt`s. tn phs7 Fhs higbtnvhs mb f` vbdt` pbrshd`f pubmbd `erup`rsb bd trbs tnphs7 •
I÷squbm` mb dubvhs afnbdtbs. afnbdtbs.
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Zbdt`s mb afnbdtbs `atu`fbs. `atu`fbs.
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Ebdbr`anñd mb ndjhrk`anñd. ndjhrk`anñd.
Ebdbr`fkbdtb, bf mbp`rt`kbdth mb vbdt`s subfb sbr udh mb fhs kàs `kpfnhs mbdtrh mbdtrh mb f` bkprbs`. _hr bffh, ahdvnbdb mht`rfh mb ud` bstruatur` hre`dnz`tnv` af`r`. F` hre`dnz`anñd mb f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s mnsphdmrà mb ud gbjb mb vbdt`s qub mbpbdmbrà mbpbdmbrà mbf mnrbathr ebdbr`f mb k`rlbtnde y auy` bstruatur` phmrà sbr mb ud` mb bst`s trbs jhrk`s pur`s h cëirnm`s7 cëirnm`s7
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• zh_ zh_ d`hsr7 gbjb
mb vbdt`s rbenhd`fbs, prhvndan`fbs y vbdmbmhrbs mb zhd`. zhd`.
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_hr prhmuath7 gbjbs mb prhmuath y vbdmbmhrbs mb prhmuath. prhmuath.
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_hr afnbdtbs7 gbjb mb vbdt` k`yhrnst` h kndhrnst`, p`rtnauf`r h bkprbs`. bkprbs`.
vbdt`s, mbanr qub bst` ndafuyb thm`s `qubJnd`fkbdtb, rbspbath ` f` mnrbaanñd mb vbdt`s, ff`s t`rb`s rbf`anhd`m`s ahd f` sbfbaanñd, jhrk`anñd, khtnv`anñd, rbkudbr`anñd y bv`fu`anñd mb f` jubrz` mb vbdt`s. ]hm`s bst`s t`rb`s mbsbkpbð`d ud p`pbf mbtbrknd`dtb y rbqunbrbd mb ud` er`d `tbdanñd `t bdanñd y mnsbðh mb phfëtna`s bspbaëjna`s. bspbaëjna`s. @mnanhd`fkbdtb, bs nkphrt`dtb tbdbr af`rh au`fbs shd f`s prndanp`fbs bt`p`s bd f`s qub pubmb bstruatur`rsb bf prhabsh bf prhabsh mb vbdt` pbrshd`f (jneur` 3.:)7 3.:)7
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Bd f` bt`p` mb i÷squbm` y a`fnjna`anñd mb afnbdtbs, bd prnkbr fue`r, sb nmbdtnjna`d `qubffhs afnbdtbs phtbdan`fbs (prhspbaths) qub tbde`d `ft`s phsninfnm`mbs mb ahdvbrtnrsb bd afnbdtbs mb f` bkprbs`. ^, bd sbeudmh fue`r, sb prhabmb ` af`snjna`r fhs prhspbaths bd judanñd mb v`rn`ifbs t`fbs ahkh su a`p`anm`m jnd`danbr`, su vhfukbd mb vbdt`s, su `uthrnm`m p`r` mbanmnr f` ahkpr`, su `aabsninfnm`m, su uina`anñd, su pbrspbatnv` mb arbanknbdth, bta. ahd t`f mb mbtbrknd`r ` auàfbs sb fbs m`rà k`yhr prnhrnm`m. prnhrnm`m.
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Bd f` bt`p` mb prbp`r`anñd sb rbahfbat` y bstumn` thm` f` ndjhrk`anñd qub pubm` sbr ÷tnf mbf mbf prhspbath qub sb c`y` mbanmnmh mbanmnmh ahdt`at`r. ahdt`at`r. _hr bgbkpfh, su dhkirb ahkpfbth, su bm`m, su dnvbf mb bmua`anñd, su bstnfh mb vnm`, sus dbdb absnm`mbs,, su a`p`anm`m mb p`eh, su phmbr mb mbansnñd, sus phsnifbs khtnvhs absnm`mbs mb ahkpr`, su bstnfh mb ahkpr`, bta. Bd i`sb ` bst` ndjhrk`anñd sb pf`dtb`d fhs `spbaths kàs nkphrt`dtbs qub mbibràd tbdbrsb bd aubdt` bd f` phstbrnhr bdtrbvnst`. bdtrbvnst`.
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Bd f` bt`p` mb `abra`knbdth bf vbdmbmhr sb prbsbdt` `dtb bf prhspbath, fh s`fum` `k`ifbkbdtb, sb nmbdtnjna` (mb sbr dbabs`rnh nmbdtnjna` t`kinîd ` f` bkprbs` qub rbprbsbdt`), rbprbsbdt`), y bxpfna` bxpfna` bf khtnvh mb su vnsnt`. Bd bstb bstb sbdtnmh, bf vbdmbmhr mbib vbdmbrsb ` së knskh `dtbs mb ahkbdz`r f` f`ihr mb vbdmbr bf prhmuath, prhmu ath, p`r` e`d e`d`rsb `rsb f` ahdjn` ahdjn`dz` dz` mbf phsni phsnifb fb afnbdt afnbdtb. b. Bstb mbib ahd ahdvbd vbdab abrsb rsb mb qub bf vbdmbmhr bs ud` pbrshd` ndtbfnebdtb, sndabr` y `kne`ifb. `kne`ifb.
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Bd f` bt`p` mb prbsbdt`anñd bf vbdmbmhr prbsbdt` bf prhmuath `f prhspbath, m`dmh ` ahdhabr sus prndanp`fbs a`r`atbrëstna`s, ibdbjnanhs y `trniuths, ybdmh mb fh ebdbr`f ` fh p`rtnauf`r, bd hrmbd mb nkphrt`dan`, y tr`t`dmh mb `mbau`rsb ` f`s dbabsnm`mbs h ndtbrbsbs p`rtnauf`rbs mb a`m` afnbdtb. afnbdtb.
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Bd f` bt`p` mbf k`dbgh mb higbanhdbs bf vbdmbmhr c`ab jrbdtb ` f`s f `s phsnifbs higbanhdbs qub pubm` rb`fnz`r bf prhspbath, phr bgbkpfh, au`dmh mnab qub bf prhmuath fh c` vnsth bd f` ahkpbtbdan` ` ud kbdhr prbanh, h qub bstb dh aubdt` ahd ud` a`r`atbrëstna` qub fb eust`rë` qub tuvnbr`. t uvnbr`.
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
anbrrb mb vbdt`s bf vbdmbmhr tr`t` mb abrr`r f` vbdt`, bs mbanr, tr`t` mb ndmuanr h ahdvbdabr `f prhspbath mb mbanmnrsb phr f` ahkpr`. _`r` fher`rfh bf vbdmbmhr mbib sbr p`anbdtb, bspbr`r bf khkbdth hphrtudh (bf au`f phmrë` m`rsb ndafush n dafush `f prndanpnh mb f` prbsbdt`anñd), y duda` prbsnhd`r `f afnbdtb, sndh ndmuanrfh sutnfkbdtb. sutnfkbdtb.
• f` f` bBt`dp` mbf
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F` ÷ftnk` bt`p` mbf prhabsh mb vbdt`s bs bf sbeunknbdth, bt`p` ndmnspbds`ifb p`r` `sbeur` `sbeur`rr f` s`tnsj s`tnsj`aa `aanñd nñd mbf afnbdtb y, phr phr t`dth t`dth,, `ukbdt`r `ukbdt`r f` phsn phsninfnm infnm`m `m mb qub vubfv` ` ahkpr`r h qub rbahknbdmb bf prhmuath h sbrvnanh ` htrhs ahdsuknmhrbs. @feud`s jhrk`s mb c`abr sbeunknbdth phmrë`d sbr7 ff`k`r `f afnbdtb mbspuîs mb f` bdtrbe` mbf prhmuath p`r` prbeudt`rfb sn bstb fb ffbeñ bd f`s ahdmnanhdbs p`at`m`s, p`at`m`s, prher`k`r vnsnt`s p`r` `sbeur`rs `sbeur`rsbb mb qub f` f ` ndst`f`anñd n dst`f`anñd mbf prhmuath c`y` snmh f` ahrrbat`, h p`r` `sbeur`rsb mb qub bf afnbdtb fb bstî m`dmh ud iubd ush, y qub dh tbde` dnde÷d prhifbk` `f rbspbath. rbspbath.
Jneur` 3.:. Bf prhabsh mb vbdt` pbrshd`f pbrshd`f
3.:. Ahdabpth y a`r`atbrëstna`s mbf k`rlbtnde mnrbath mnrbath Bf k`rlbtnde mnrbath rbprbsbdt` ud snstbk` ndtbr`atnvh qub us` udh h v`rnhs kbmnhs mb ahkudna`anñd mnrbat` p`r` ahdsbeunr ud` rbspubst` kbmnifb y/h ud` tr`ds`aanñd nd sntu. sntu. ]`f y ahkh sb vnh bd bf a`pëtufh 5, bsths sbrë`d fhs prndanp`fbs ndstrukbdths ` utnfnz`r7 utnfnz`r7 •
Zbdt` phr ahrrbsphdmbdan`7 utnfnz`anñd mb ahrrbhs inbd p`r` bf bdvëh mbf mbf pbmnmh h f` rbabpanñd. rbabpanñd.
05?
Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
• bdt bd tZ ` phr p hr
a` tàfh a`tà fheh eh 7 f` mnjbrbdan` ahd bf `dtbrnhr bs qub bf afnbdtb phtbdan`f phtbdan`f a`r`atbrëstna`s. rbanib bd su a`s` ud a`tàfheh ahd fhs prhmuaths y sus a`r`atbrëstna`s.
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Zbdt` phr tbfîjhdh (tbfbk`rlbtnde). (tbfbk`rlbtnde).
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Zbdt` phr tbfbvnsnñd (tbfbvbdt`). (tbfbvbdt`).
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Zbdt` phr hrmbd`mhr (hd fndb fn db). ).
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Zbdt` `uthkàtna`7 kbmn`dtb kàqund`s bxpbdmbmhr`s. Qb utnfnz` bd ebdbr`f bd prhmuaths mb `ft` rht`anñd y prbanhs i`ghs y bd fhs sbrvnanhs jnd`danbrhs (a`gbrhs). (a`gbrhs).
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Zbdt` pubrt` ` pubrt`7 bs bjbatnvh au`dmh bf prhmuath rbqunbrb mbkhstr`anñd. mbkhstr`anñd.
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Zbdt` `kiuf`dtb7 fhs prhmuaths vbdmnmhs phr bstb snstbk` subfbd sbr mb i`g` a`fnm`m y dh snbkprb aukpfbd f`s dhrk`s bst`ifbanm`s bd f` fbe`fnm`m vnebdtb. vnebdtb.
Zbdt` kuftndnvbf (k`rlbtnde kuftndnvbf h k`rlbtnde mnrbath mb rbm)7 snsZbdt` tbk` mb mnstrniuanñd y vbdt` mnrbat` mb prhmuaths mb ahdsukh y sbrvnanh phr kbmnh mb ud` rbm mb mnstrniunmhrbs ndmnvnmu`fbs ndmbpbdmnbdtbs snd bst`ifbanknbdth qub vbdmbd ` sus afnbdtbs p`rtnauf`rbs7 j`knfn`rbs, vbandhs y `knehs. A`m` knbkirh mb f` rbm rbanib ud phrabdt`gb nkphrt`dtb mb su vbdt` y mb fh qub vbdmbd `qubffhs vbdmbmhrbs qub îf c` ndahrphr`mh ` f` rbm (bg.7 sbrë` bf kîthmh utnfn utnfn • z`mh phr k`ra`s mb ahskîtnahs ahkh K`ry L`y). L`y).
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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Judm`kbdths mb k`rlbtnde
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