Fundamentos Básico de Instrumentación y Control
September 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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]LGQMRZGFIF MZVIVIH PMLGLZ]HI FM ZILVI MHMLI
AulfiemltcsBisgjcs
fm Glstruemltijgcl y Jcltrch
Zmrgm fm Vmxtcs Ijtfçegjcs fm hi Aijuhtif fm Jgmljgis fm hi Glkmlgmrgi Glk. Eirhhmhgs Kutgçrrmz, PdF. PdF.''
Glk. Zifg Gturrihfm, EZj. EZj.*• *• .
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm
g
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209; Glstruemltijgúl
Eiluih fm
Glk. Eirhhmhgs Kutçrrmz, PdF. Glk. Zifg Gurrihfm, EZj.
]lgvmrsgfif Mstitih Pmlålsuhi fm Zilti Mhmli MJ]IFCR 209;
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm
Agjdi Bgbhgckréagji?
Eirhhmhgs fmh Qihhm Kutgçrrmz Dglmstrczi Zifg Ireilfc Gturrihfm Nurm Aulfiemltcs Bésgjcs fm Glstruemltijgúl y Jcltrch Prgemri Mfgjgúl, 209; Mfgtcrgih ]PZM GZBL? 7;4-7762-410:-;-4 7;4-7762-410:-;-4
Acreitc? 9; x 26 je
#pékglis? 92;
Fmrmjdcs Rmsmrvifcs © 209; ]lgvmrsgfif Mstitih Pmlålsuhi fm Zilti Mhmli Mfgjgclms ]PZM Ivmlgfi Hi Hgbmrtif-Zilti Mhmli Jgufifmhi ]lgvmrsgtirgi ]PZM www.upsm.mfu.mj ]PZM www.upsm.mfu.mj Mstm hgbrc di sgfc mvihuifc bioc mh sgstmei fm pirms ijifçegjcs y emfgiltm hi ecfihgfif fm fcbhm jgmkc.
Pcrtifi? Eilumh Eirtålmz Ziltili.
Lc hi rmprcfujjgúl tctih c pirjgih mstimsté cbripmregtgfi lg su tritiegmltc c trilsegsgúl pcr fm juihqugmr emfgc c eçtcfc sgl iutcrgzijgúl msjrgti fm hcs mfgtcrms GEPRMZC ML MJ]IFCR Prgltmf gl Mjuifcr
ggg
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
Ih gkuih qum hi glvmstkijgúl glvmstkijgúl jgmlaji, hi prcfujjgúl fm ul mxc mfujitvc ms ul pr prcj cjms msc c scem scemtf tfc c i jråt jråtji ji,, rmvg rmvgsg sgúl úl y scbr scbrm m c cfc fc fm smr smr iju ijuih ihgz gzif ifc c pmreilmlmemlm. Ml msi cpcrulgfif, eés qum uli mfgjgúl, sm prcfuoc ul mxc bésgjc. Fm mlrifi iluljgi uli glrcfujjgúl i Hcs Aulfie lfieml mlttcs Bés ésgj gjc cs fm Glstrueml Glstr uemltijg tijgúl úl y Jcltrch, Jcltrch, fgrgkgfcs i msufgilms fm Glkmlgmråi, mlmlfgmlfc pcr Glsruemlijgúl y jclrch hi cptegzijgúl fm prcjmscs qum dijml fm hi glsruemlijgúl mh jcloulc fm dmrriegmlis qum sgrvml piri hi emfgjgúl, hi jclvmrsgúl jclvmrsgú l c rilsegsgúl rilsegsgúl fm his virgibhms. Vihms virgibhms pumfml smr quåegjis c sgjis, lmjmsirgis piri glgjgir, fmsirrchhir y jclrchir his fgvmrsis mipis qum glvchujril ih rmsmrvcrgc fm Dgfrcjirburcs, his ijghgfifms fm supmrajgm, philis cpmritvis y sgsmeis fm jclrchms iuceitzifcs Ml msm smltfc, hi cbri isuem ul lumvc prcpúsgc? glgjgir i hcs hmjcrms ml mh msufgc fm hcs jcljmpcs bésgjcs rmhijgclifcs jcl hi glsruemlijgúl y jclrch fm hc hcss pr prcj cjms mscs cs iuc iucei eitz tzif ifcs cs c cfc fc msc msc bioc bioc hi jclj jcljmp mpjg jgúl úl fm qum qum hi glsruemlijgúl glsrue mlijgúl di pmregtfc mh iviljm mjlchúkgjc mjlchúkgjc fm hi jgmljgi ijuih jcec hi iuc iucei eitz tzij ijgú gúl l fm hcs hcs prcj prcjms mscs cs glfu glfus srg rgih ihms ms>> ml fclf fclfm m hi ijjg ijjgúl úl fm hi iuceitzijgúl tmlm hukir i rivçs fm mhmemlcs qum pumfil smlsir hc qum sujmfm ml mh iebgmlm, iebgmlm, piri humkc ceir uli ijjgúl fm jclrch prm-prckrieifi qum ijÿm scbrm mh sgsmei piri cbmlmr mh rmsuhifc prmvgsc. Aglihemlm mh mxc qumfc msrujurifc Aglihemlm msrujurifc ml jgljc jipåuhcs. Ml sålmsgs, hi cbri jcebgli jce bgli mhmemlc mhmemlcss múrgjcs múrgjcs y mhmemlc mhmemlcss alihms alihms fm jclrch jclrch iuceit iuceitzifc zifcss préjt pré jtjcs jcs y sm ious iousi i ml kril kril emfg emfgfi fi ih pr prckr ckriei iei vg vgkm kml lm m fm hi isgkl isgkliu iuri ri Glsruem Gls ruemlij lijgúl, gúl, pcr hc qum sitsijm his lmjmsgfi lmjmsgfifms fms fm hcs msufgil msufgilms ms fm juihqugmr lgvmh . Hcs Iutcrms
gv
JCLVMLGFC 9. GLVRCF]JJGÚL I HI GLZVR]EMLVIJGÚL W LCREIZ......9 9.9. FMAGLGJGCLMZ W JCLJMPVCZ...... JCLJM PVCZ............ ............................. .............................2 ......2 9.2. ZGEBCHCKÅI, LCREIZ W ZGZVMEIZ FM ]LGFIFMZ...........6 9.:. LCREIZ.......................................................................= 9.6. ZGZVMEI FM ]LGFIFMZ..................................................1 9.=. LCREIZ ZIEI..............................................................4 9.1. LCREIZ GZI...............................................................99
2. VGPCZ FM ZMLZCRMZ............. ZMLZCRMZ................................ ....................................94 .................94 2.9. ZMLZCRMZ FM PRMZGÚL..... PRMZGÚL .......... .......... .......... ............. ............................20 ....................20 2.9.9.
Vrilsfujtcrms fm prmsgúl eglgituri.......................20
2.9.2.
Eilúemtrcs fgkgtihm fgkgtihms..... s.......... ........... ........... .............. ......................29 .............29
2.9.:.
Prmsgúl fm ihtcs rilkcs y tmepmrituris.................22
2.9.6.
Zmlscrms fm prmsgúl egjrc emjélgjcs....................22
2.9.=.
Zmlscr fm prmsgúl itecsaçrgji (ifa)......................2:
2.9.1.
Zmlscr fm prmsgúl fmh ijmgtm y jcebustgbhm............2:
2.9.;.
Zmlscrms fm ihti prmsgúl........ prm sgúl.............. .......................... ........................26 ....26
2.9.4.
Zmlscrms fm ahuoc.................................................2=
2.2. ZMLZCRMZ FM AH]OC PRGEIRGCZ........ PRGEIR GCZ...................... ..........................21 ............21 2.2.9.
Vurbgli...............................................................21
2.2.2.
]htrisúlgjcs........................................................2;
2.:. ZMLZCRMZ FM VMEPMRIV]RI VMEPMRIV]RI..... ..................... ..................................24 ..................24 2.6. RVF............................................................................24 2.=. VMRECJ]PHIZ VMRECJ]P HIZ / VMRECPIRM VMRECPIRMZ...... Z........... .......... .......... ......................27 .................27
2.1. VMREGZVCRMZ..............................................................:0 2.;. ZMLZCR FM VMEPMRIV]RI FM Z]PMRAGJGM PCR GLARIRRCOCZ.....................................................................:2 2.4. ZMLZCRMZ FM LGQMH....................................................:: 2.7. AHCVIFCR...................................................................:6 2.90. 2.99.
VGPC B]RB]OMC.........................................................:= FM PRMZGÚL FGAMRMLJ FGAMRMLJGIH....... GIH............ ........... ............ ........... ..................:= .............:=
2.92.
EMFGFCR FM LGQMH VGPC FM FMZPHI_IEGMLVC............:1
2.9:.
ZGZVMEI ]HVRIZÚLGJC FM EMFGJGÚL FM LGQMH..........:;
2.96.
ZMLZCRMZ PIRI CVRIZ QIRGIBHMZ AÅZGJIZ..... AÅZGJIZ.......... ...........:4 ......:4
2.96.9. Zmlscrms fm pmsc............ pmsc................. .................. ...............................:4 ..................:4 2.96.2. Zmlscrms fm vmhcjgfif..........................................:4 2.96.:. Zmlscrms fm jclfujtgvgfif...................................:7 2.9=.
ZMLZCRMZ FM P D.......................................................60 D.......................................................60
2.91. JRGVMRGCZ FM ZMHMJJGÚL FM ZMLZCRMZ....................69 2.91.9. Mxijtgtuf............................................................69 2.91.2. Prmjgsgúl.............................................................62 2.91.:. Rilkc fm aauljgclie uljgcliegmltc gmltc..... .......... .......... ................ ......................62 ...........62 2.91.6. Qmhcjgfif fm rmspumsti............ rmspumsti.................................... ............................62 ....62 2.91.=. Jihgbrijgúl..........................................................62 2.91.1. Agibghgfif............................................................62
:. IJV]IFCRMZ FM JCLVRCH........................................6: :.9. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ MHMJVRÚLG MHMJ VRÚLGJCZ.................. JCZ.......................... ................ .............6 .....66 6 :.2. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ DGFRÉ]HG DGF RÉ]HGJCZ...................... JCZ.............................. ................ ...........6 ...6= = :.:. ECVCR DGFRÉ]HGJC............ DGFRÉ]HGJC................. .......... ........................ ..............................67 ...........67 :.6. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ LM]EÉVG LM] EÉVGJCZ JCZ............................... ....................................... ...........= ...=9 9 :.=. QÉHQ]HI FM JCLVRCH..................................................=2 :.1. QÉHQ]HI FM JCEP]MRVI..............................................=: :.;. QÉHQ]HIZ FM KHCBC............ KHCBC................. ........................ ..................................=1 ...............=1 :.4. QÉHQ]HIZ FM BCHI......................................................=;
:.7. QÉHQ]HIZ FM EIRGPCZI............... EIRGPCZI..................... .............................. .........................=7 .=7 :.90. QÉHQ]HIZ FM RMVMLJGÚL (JDMJN) W FM FMZIDCKC (IHGQGC)...... (IHG QGC)........................................ ................................................................... ...................................... .....19 19 :.99.
QÉHQ]HIZ FM RMVMLJGÚL (JD (JDMJN)....................... MJN).............................12 ......12
:.92.
QÉHQ]HIZ FM RMVMLJGÚL FMH JCH]EPGC................. JCH]EPGC....................12 ...12
:.9:. VGPCZ FM PGZVCLMZ...................................................16 :.9:.9. Pgstclms fm ihueglgc aulfgfc (suagocs p, lp)...........16 :.9:.2. Pgstclms acroifcs i prmsgúl (suagoc a).....................1= :.9:.:. Pgstclms dgpmrmutçjtgjcs (prmagoc d).......................11 :.9:.6. Pgstclms jcl ji jipi pi fm rmjubrgegmltc (suagoc j)..... j)........1; ...1; :.96. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ HGLMIHMZ HGLM IHMZ......................... ................................. ................ ............ ....14 14 :.9=. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ FM F M HCRML HC RMLV_ V_ C EIKLÇ E IKLÇVGJC VGJCZ..................17 Z..................17 :.91. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ FM F M LILC V]BC FM JI JIRBC RBCLC.... LC............ ............ .....;0 .;0 :.9;. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ VÇREGJCZ VÇRE GJCZ.................................... ............................................ ........;0 ;0 :.94. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ FM F M PHIZEI................................ PHIZE I........................................ ...........; ...;9 9 :.97. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ FM F M JGLV]RÚL JG LV]RÚL RÅKG RÅKGFC..... FC............. ................ ............ ......; ..;2 2 :.20.
ZJRIVJD FRGQM IJJ]IVCRZ......... IJJ]IVCRZ.............. ........... ........... ........... .............;2 .......;2
:.29. IJV]IFC IJV]IFCRMZ RMZ FM QÉHQ]HI..........................................;: QÉHQ]H I..........................................;: :.22.
JRGVMRGCZ PIRI HI ZMHMJJGÚL FM ]L IJV]IFCR.......;=
:.2:.
PRCJMZC FM ZMHMJJGÚL............. ZMHMJJGÚL.................. .......... .......... .................... ................;1 .;1
6. VÚPGJCZ FM JCLVRCH IZGZVGFCZ PCR JCEP]VIFCRI ;7 6.9. IFY]GZ IFY]GZGJGÚ GJGÚL LF FM M FIVCZ........................... FIVCZ................................... ................ ...........4 ...40 0 6.2. JCLVRCH Z]PMRQGZCRGC RMECVC (ZJIFI)...................44 6.:. JCLVRCH FGKGVIH FGRMJVC (FFJ)...... (FFJ)............ ............ ....................70 ..............70 6.6. GLZVR]EMLVIJGÚL GLZVR]EM LVIJGÚL QGRV]IH..... QGRV]IH.......... ....................... ..............................76 ............76 6.=. ZGZVMEIZ FM JCLVRCH FGZVRGB]GFC FGZVRGB] GFC (ZJF)..................74 (ZJF)..................74
=. GLZVR]EMLVCZ GLF]ZVRGIHMZ................................90: =.9. JCLVRCHIFCRMZ.......................................................906 =.2. IPHGJ IPHGJIJGCL IJGCLMZ MZ FM ZG ZGZVME ZVMEIZ IZ FM HI_C IBGMR IBGMRVC VC W HI_C JMRRIFC..........................................................................901
=.2.9. ZGZVMEIZ FM JCLVRCH FM HI_C JMRRIFC...............901 =.2.2. ZGZVMEI FM JCLVRCH FM HI_C IBGMRVC..................907 =.:. ECFCZ FM JCLVRCH ML GLZVR]EMLVIJGÚL................990 =.:.9.
CL-CAA.............................................................999
=.:.2.
P RCPCRJGCLI RCPCR JGCLIH............. H...................... ................... .................... .................... ................... ................... ..........992
=.:.:. =.:.6.
RCPCRJGCLIH + G LVMKRIH.......... LVMKRI H.................... .................... ................... .................... ........... 99= P RCPCRJGCLIH P RCPCRJGCLIH RCPCRJGCLIH + G LVMKRIH LVMKRIH + FMRGQIVGQC......................... 99;
=.6. JRGVMRGCZ PIRI HI ZMHMJJGÚL FM ]L JCLVRCHIFCR. 994 =.=. ZGLVCLG_IJGÚL FM JCLVRCHIFCRMZ.........................997 =.1. IPHGJ IPHGJIJGÚL IJGÚL FM JCLVRC JC LVRCHIFC HIFCRMZ.................. RMZ.......................... ............. .....922 922
BGBHGCKRIAÅI..............................................................92=
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
Mh jc jcls lsti tilt ltmm fmsir fmsirrc rchhhhc c fm hi tm tmjl jlch chck ckåi åi y jg jgml mljg jgii fm hc hcss glstruemltcs di gljursgclifc ml mh éebgtc pmtrchmrc ml hcs ÿhtgecs tgmepcs, jcl mh agl fm acrtihmjmr smjtcrms glfustrgihms emfg mfgiltm hi glstruemltijgú jgúl, sgstmeis fm jcltrch y iuttceit iu ceitggzij zijgúl fm hcs prcj prcjms mscs cs glfus lfusttrgih rgihms ms bist bistil iltm tm sca caggstgj stgjif ifcs cs m gltmh ltmhggkmlt kmltms ms qum qum fm uli uli u ctri ctri eilmr ilmrii cptgegzil hi prcfujjgúl pmtrchmri. Hi cptgegzijgúl fm prcjmscs dijm fm hi glstruemltijgúl mh jcloultc fm dmrriegmltis qum sgrvml piri hi emfgjgúl, hi jclvmrs jcl vmrsgúl gúl c tri trilse lsegsg gsgúl úl fm his virgibh virgibhms. ms. Vihms Vihms vir virgib gibhms hms pumfml pumf ml smr smr quåe quåegj gjis is c aåsg aåsgji jiss lmjm lmjmsi sirg rgis is piri piri gl glgj gjgi gir, r, fmsirrchhir y jcltrchir his fgvmrsis mtipis qum glvchujril i hcs hcs yijge yijgegm gmlt ltcs cs,, jcls jclsgf gfmri mrilf lfc c qum qum hi gl glst stru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl l ms usifi ml cpmrijgclms fm philti. Vcfcs hcs glstruemltcs tgmlml hi pirtgjuhirgfif fm jclcjmr qum msté pisilfc ml ul fmtmreglifc fmtmreglifc prcjmsc. Pcr ctrc hifc, hcs gl glsstr true ueml mlttcs hgbm bmri ril l ih cpmr cpmrif ifcr cr fm hi hiss ijjg ijjgcl clms ms eiluih eil uihms ms qum rmihgz rmihgzibi ibil l ml hcs prc prcjms jmscs cs glfust glfustrgi rgihms hms.. Hi glstruemltijgúl y jcltrch fm prcjmscs ms uli mspmjgihgfif fm
9
hi glkmlgmråi qum jcebgli, fgstgltis rieis, mltrm his qum fmstijil? sgstmeis fm jcltrch, iutceitgzijgúl, glacreétgji, mltrm ctrcs. Zu prgljgpih iphgjijgúl y prcpúsgtc ms mh iléhgsgs, fgsmùc, iutceitgzijgúl fm prcjmscs fm eiluaijturi fm his érmis érm is glfust glfustrgih rgihms? ms? pmtrúh pmt]l rúhmc mc y kis, kis,pirtgjgpi kmlmri kmlmrijgú jgúl mlmrkå mlmrkåii mhçjtrgji, mltrm ctris. glkmlgmrc mll mhfm fmsirrchhc fm his dcois fm mspmjgagjijgclms tçjlgjis fm hcs glstruemltcs qum gltmkriril hcs hizcs fm jcltrch, rmvgsgúl fm hcs philcs fm tubmråi m glstruemltijgúl, fmsirrchhc fm hi húkgji fm jcltrch, qum pumfm smr, fmh tgpc mhmjtrúlgji, lmueétgji c dgfréuhgji.
9.9.
FMA MAGL GLGJ GJGC GCLM LMZ Z W JC JCLJ LJMP MPVC VCZ Z
Hi glstruemltijgúl di pmregtgfc mh iviljm tmjlchúkgjc fm hi jg jgml mljg jgii ijtu ijtuih ih jcec jcec hi iutc iutcei eitg tgzi zijg jgúl úl fm hc hcss prcj prcjms mscs cs gl glfu fust strg rgih ihms ms>> yi qum qum hi iu iutc tcei eitg tgzi zijg jgúl úl ms sc schc hc pcsg pcsgbh bhmm i trivçs fm mhmemltcs qum pumfil smlsir c trilsegtgr hc qum sujmfm ml mh iebgmltm, piri humkc tceir uli ijjgúl fm jclt jc ltrc rchh prm-p prm-prc rckr krie ieif ifii qum qum ijtu ijtuçç sc scbr brmm mh sg sgst stme meii piri piri cbtmlmr mh rmsuhtifc prmvgstc. Hcs glstru glstrueml emltcs tcs pum pumfml fml smr sgephm sgephmss jcec jcec trilse trilsegsc gscrms rms,, véhv vé hvuh uhis is,, smls smlscr crms ms y pumf pumfml ml smr smr euy euy jcep jcephm hmoc ocss jcec jcec jcltrchifcrms, ilihgzifcrms y iecrtgkuifcrms. GLZVR] GLZV R]EM EMLV LVIJ IJGÚ GÚL? L? Ms mh jcloultc fm jgmljgis y tmjlchckåis emfgiltm his juihms sm egfml jiltgfifms aåsgjis c quåe qu åegj gjis is jcl jcl mh cbom cbomtc tc fm cbtm cbtmlm lmrr gl glac acre reij ijgú gúl l piri piri su irjdgvc, mvihuijgúl c ijtuijgúl scbrm hcs Zgstmeis fm Jcltrch Iutceétgjc. ZGZ GZV VMEI FM EMFGJG GJGÚL? ÚL? Jc Jclo loul ultc tc fm mhme mhmeml mltc tcss qum qum acreil ul glstruemltc, jipiz fm jclvmrtgr uli virgibhm aåsgji ml uli smùih. ZMÙIH? Ms iqumhhi eumstri aåsgji qum pumfm smr emfgfi yi smi virgibhm c jclstiltm ml mh tgmepc.
GLFGJ LFGJI IFCRMZ? Pcsmml uli msjih ihii piri mxprmsir hi mqugvihmljgi fm hcs fitcs ih cpmrirgc, pumfml smr eilúemtrcs, tmlsgúemtrcs, mltrm ctrcs. VRILZEGZCR? Ml mh jiepc fm hi glstruemltijgúl y jcltrch ms ul mqugpc qum megtm uli smùih, júfgkc c emlsiom i trivçs fm ul emfgc qum msté jclmjtifc ih smlscr emfgiltm jclfujtcrms mhçjtrgjcs. JCLVRCHIF JCLVRC HIFCRM CRMZ? Z? Ms iqumh glstruemltc qum jcepiri mh vihcr emfgfc jcl mh vihcr fmsmifc, ml bism i msti cpmrijgúl jihjuhi ul mrrcr, piri humkc ijtuir jcl mh agl fm jcrrmkgr mh mrrcr. VRILZF]JVCRMZ? Rmjgbml uli smùih fm mltrifi ml auljgúl fm uli c eés jiltgfifms aåsgjis y hi jclvgmrtml ecfgagjifi i uli smùih fm sihgfi. RILKC? RILK C? Zm fmaglm jcec mh gltmrvihc jceprmlfgfc mltrm mh vihcr eålgec y eéxgec qum mh glstruemltc pumfm emfgr, trilsegtgr c glfgjir. HGLMIHGFIF?? Ms hi jirijtmråstgji qum fmaglm qum tiltc sm HGLMIHGFIF ijmrji hi jurvi fm jihgbrijgúl fmh glstruemltc i uli hålmi rmjti. PRMJGZGÚL? PRMJGZ GÚL? Jipijgfif fm ul glstruemltc fm mltrmkir mh egse eg sec c vihc vihcrr piri piri hi ei eikl klgt gtuf uf emfg emfgfi fi ih rmih rmihgz gzir ir virgi virgiss emfgjgclms y ml ulis egseis jclfgjgclms. IECRVGK]IFCRMZ? IECRVGK]IFCR MZ? ]l iecrtgkuifcr ms iqumh fgspcsgtgvc qum di sgfc fgsmùifc ifc piri hi ibscrjgúl fm mlmrkåis prcfujgfis i pirtgr fm gepijtcs c kchpms c bgml, piri qum iqum iq umhhhhis is csjg csjghi hijg jgcl clms ms prcvc prcvcji jifi fiss pcr pcr ih ihkÿ kÿl l ecvg ecvgeg egml mltc tc pmrgúfgjc fgsegluyil. MRRCR? Ms hi fgamr fgamrmljgi mljgi mltrm hi sihgfi rmih y hi sihgfi sihgfi gfmih. Mh mrrcr sm pumfm mxprmsir jcec ul pcrjmltiom fm hi hmjturi. ZMLZCR? ZMLZC R? Ms ul fgspcsgtgvc qum, ih pirtgr fm hi mlmrkåi fmh emfgc ml mh qum sm egfm, prcpcrjgcli uli smùih fm sihgfi
trilsfujgbhm qum ms auljgúl fm hi eiklgtuf qum sm prmtmlfm emfgr. MTIJVGV]F? Ms hi jipijgfif fm ul glstruemltc fm emfgjgúl fm fir glfgjijgclms qum sm iprcxgeml ih vihcr vmrfifmrc fm hi eiklgtuf emfgfi.
Agkuri 9. Zgstmei Fm Glstruemltijgúl ml Fceútgji. Vceifc fm dttps?//sgtms.kcckhm.jce/sgtm/fcectgjiyjcltrch2/29-sgstmeifm- glstruemltijgúl
ZGEB EBCH CHCK CKÅI ÅI,, LCRE LCREIZ IZ W ZG ZGZV ZVME MEIZ IZ FM 9.2. ZG ]LGFIFMZ Ml hi gl glst stru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl l y jc jclt ltrch rch fm prcj prcjms mscs cs,, sm meph mephmi mil l sgstmeis mspmjgihgzifcs jcl mh cbomtgvc fm trilsegtgr fm uli eilm ei lmri ri jhir jhirii y jclj jcljgs gsii glac glacre reij ijgú gúl l fm jifi jifi mhme mhmeml mltc tc iuttceit iu ceitggzifc zifc,, mh juih juih ms glfg lfgsp spml mlsi sibh bhmm ml mh fg fgssmùc, mùc, smhmjj smh mjjgúl gúl,, cpmrij cpmrijgúl gúl y eiltml eiltmlgeg gegmlt mltc c fm hcs sgstme sgstmeis is fm jcltrch.
ZGEBCHCKÅI Hi sgeb sgebch chck ckååi ms ul prcj prcjms msc c ibs ibstrij trijttc ml mh juih uih his jirijtmråstgjis sihgmltms fm hcs fgspcsgtgvcs c auljgclms scl rmprmsmltifis fm acrei sgephm pcr agkuris kmceçtrgjis jcec jårjuhcs, rcebcs, trgélkuhcs y ctrcs piri msjrgbgr jirijtmrms jcec hmtris y lÿemrcs gfmltgagjilfc hi ubgjijgúl y mh tgpc fm glstruemltc i smr utghgzifc. Hi glfgjijgúl fm hcs såebchcs fm hcs glstruemltcs c auljgclms di sgfc iphgjifi ml his tåpgjis acreis.
9.:.
LCREIZ
Hiss lcre Hi lcreis is sc scl l glfg glfgsp spml mlsib sibhm hmss piri piri hi rmam rmamrm rmlj ljgi gi fm ul glstruemltc fmprcpúsgtcs uli auljgúl sgstmei fmmjcltrch qum sm rmqugmrm pirichcs fm fm sgebchgzijgúl gfmltgagjijgúl. Ihkulis fm his rmamrmljgis eés jclcjgfis scl? Fgikri Fgik riei eiss fm sgst sgstme meis is fm glst glstru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl, l, fg fgik ikri riei eiss húkgjcs, fmsjrgpjgclms auljgclihms. auljgclihms. Fgikri Fgik riei eiss fm ahuo ahuoc? c? prcj prcjms mscs cs,, emjé emjélg lgjc jcs, s, gl glkm kmlg lgmr mråi åi,, sgstmeis, qum jclfujm pcr tubmråis (mh prcjmsc) m glstruemltijgúl. Gfmltg Gfml tgag agji jijg jgúl úl fm glst glstru ruem emlt ltcs cs y au aulj ljgc gclm lmss fm jcltr cltrch ch,, glstihijgúl, cpmrijgúl m glstrujjgclms fm eiltmlgegmltc.
Agkuri 2. Zgebchckåi GZI. Vceifc fm dttp?//gmm-jclsuhtcrms.jce/ Zgebchckgi%20GZI %20GMM.pfa
His lcre His lcreis is prcp prcpcr crjg jgcl clil il hi glac glacre reij ijgú gúl l suag suagjg jgmlt mltmm pi piri ri dibghgtir juihqugmr prcjmsc fm emfgfi y jcltrch piri mltmlfmr hcs emfgcs fm emfgfi y eilfc fmh prcjmsc. ]l sgstmei fm såebchcs di sgfc mstilfirgzifc pcr hi lcrei GZI.
9.6.
ZGZ GZV VMEI FM FM ]L ]LGFIFM FMZ Z
Mh Zgstmei Gltmrlijgclih fm ]lgfifms ms uli acrei ijmptifi piri hi utghgzi zijjgúl fm his ulgfifm ifms fm emfgfi fm his eiklgtufms aåsgjis fm hcs jumrpcs. Ih glgjgc his ulgfifms fm emfgfi sm utghgzircl súhc piri mh gltmrjiebgc fm jiltgfifms. Pmrc ijtuihemltm, his ulgfifms fm emfgjgúl sm fmsirrchhircl gltmr ltmrli lijjgcli gclihe heml mlttm y sm acre acreir ircl cl his lc lcre reis is piri piri hi emfgjgúl fm his jiltgfifms aåsgjis y virgibhms aåsgjis.
Fgamrmltms crkilgzijgclms jcec ZIEI (Iscjgijgúl jgmltåagji fm aibrgjiltm fm ipiritcs), GZI (Zcjgmfif Gltmrlijgclih fm iutc iu tcei eitg tgzi zijg jgúl úl)) dil dil dm dmjd jdc c fgam fgamrm rmlt ltms ms msté mstélf lfir irms ms piri piri glstruemltcs glfustrgihms piri su ulgfif fm emfgfi tiebgçl. ]LGFIFMZ BÉZGJIZ Jcls Jc lstti fm sgm gmttm ulg ulgfi fifm fmss bés bésgj gjis is aulfi ulfiem emlt ltih ihms ms qu qumm mxprmsil eiklgtufms aåsgjis. -
9. Hclk Hclkgt gtuf uf,, Emtr Emtrc c (e)? (e)? ]l emtrc sm fmaglm jcec hi fgstilj fgstiljgi gi qum rmjcrr rmjcrrmm hi huz mh vijåc vijåc ml 9/277 ;72 6=4 smkulfcs. 2. Eisi, Nghckriec (Nk)? ]l ng nghc hckr krie iec c sm fmag fmaglm lm jcec hi jiltgfif fm eitmrgi qum jcltgmlm ul jumrpc. :. Vgmepc, Zmkulfc (s)? Mh smkulfc sm usi prgecrfgihemltm piri fmsgklir i hi ulgfif fm tgmepc qum furi til súhc ul glstiltm y i pirtgr fm hi juih sm jcepclml hcs eglutcs, his dcris y sujmsgviemltm hcs fåis, mltrm ctrcs. 6. Gltm Gltmls lsgf gfif if fm Jcrrg Jcrrgml mltm tm Mhçj Mhçjtrg trgji ji,, Iepm Iepmrm rm (I) (I)? Ms hi ulgfif fm gltmlsgfif fm jcrrgmltm mhçjtrgji qum jcrrmspclfm ih pisc fm ul juhcebgc pcr smkulfc. =. Vmepm mepmri ritu turi ri,, Nmh Nmhvg vgl l (N) (N)? Ms hi arijjgúl 9/2;:.91 fm hi tm tmep epmri mritu turi ri tm tmre recf cfgl glée éegj gjii (c ibsc ibschu huti ti)) fmh fmh pultc trgphm fmh ikui (2;:.91 n). 1. Jiltgfif fm Zustiljgi, ech? Ms hi jilt jiltgf gfif if fm ulgfifms mhmemltihms (étcecs, echçjuhis gclms, mltrm ctrcs) ml ul sgstmei eitmrgih. ;. Gltmlsgfif Hueglcsi, Jilfmhi (jf)? gltmlsgfif hueglcsi ml uli fgrmjjgúl fifi,
Ms
hi
jcrrmspclfgmltm i uli mlmrkåi fm uli aumltm qum megtm uli rifgijgúl eclcjrceétgji fm armjumljgi. -
]lgfifms Fmrgvifis
Emf mfgi gilt ltmm msti msti fmlc fmlceg egli lijg jgúl úl sm di dijjm rma rmamrml mrmljg jgii i his ulgfifms utghgzifis piri mxprmsir eiklgtufms aåsgjis qum scl rmsuhtifc fm jcebglir eiklgtufms aåsgjis bésgjis. Zg çstis scl hclkgtuf, eisi, tgmepc, gltmlsgfif fm jcrrgmltm mhçjtrgji, tmepmrituri, jiltgfif fm substiljgi c gltmlsgfif hueglcsi, sm tr trit itii fm uli uli eikl eiklgt gtuf uf bésg bésgji ji.. Vcfi Vcfiss hi hiss fmeé fmeéss scl scl fmrgvifis.
Agkuri :. ]lgfifms fm emfgjgúl y jclvmrsgúl ZG. Vceifc fm dttp?//hizircvgjtcrgi.bhckspct.jce/209=/0=/9:-ulgfifmsfm- emfgjgcl-y-jclvmrsgcl-fm.dteh fm-
9.=.
L C RE I Z Z I E I
Hcs fgikri fgikrieis eis jcl sge sgebch bchckå ckåii ZIEI ZIEI (‘Zjgm (‘Zjgmltg ltgagj agj Ippiritus Einmrs Isscjgitg Isscjgitgcl cl―) ―) scl scl ut utghghgz gzifc ifcss armj armjum umlt ltme meml mltm tm pi piri ri fcjuemltir mstritmkgis jcephmois fm jcltrch.
Mh eçtcfc ZIEI fm fgikrieis auljgclihms qum mephmil piri his auljgclms bhcjn y his fmsgklijgclms fm auljgclms. Piri iyufir ml prcjmscs glfustrgihms fclfm hi sgebchckåi bglirgi ms mxtrmeifiemltm ÿtgh ipirmjml lumvcs såebchcs bglirgcs ml hålmis. Mh fgikriei ZIEI ms euy sgeghir i hi jirti fm ahuoc ml ipirgmljgi jcl såebchcs piri rmprmsmltir fgamrmltms auljgclms.
Prcpúsgtc.
Mh prcpúsgtc fm msti lcrei ms mstibhmjmr mstibhmjmr ul emfgc emfgc ulgacrem ulgacrem fm fms fmsgkl gklijgú ijgúl l hcs gls lsttru ruem emlt ltcs cs y hcs sg sgst stme meis is fm hi glstruemlt glst ruemltijgúl ijgúl usifcs piri hi emfgjgúl emfgjgúl y jcltrch. jcltrch. Jcl mstm agl, mh sgstmei fm fmsgklijgúl gljhuym hcs såebchcs y prmsmlti ul júfgkc fm gfmltgagjijgúl.
Prcjmsc
Ml tcfc prcjmsc tribioil fgamrmltms usuirgcs c mspm ms pmjg jgih ihgf gfifm ifms. s. Hi msti mstilf lfir irgz gzij ijgú gúl l fmbm fmbm rm rmjc jclc lcjm jmrr msti msti rmih rm ihgf gfif if y ifmeé ifmeéss smr smr jcls jclsgs gstm tmlt ltmm jc jcl l hc hcss cbom cbomtg tgvc vcss fmh fmh msté ms télf lfir ir,, pc pcrr hc ti tilt ltc c fm fmbm bm mltr mltrmk mkir ir eç eçtc tcfc fcss piri piri uli uli sgebchckåi ihtmrlitgvi. Hi mstilfirgzijgúl fm hi gl glst stru ruem emlt ltijg ijgúl úl ms gepc gepcrt rtil iltm tm piri piri fg fgvm vmrs rsis is gl glfu fust strg rgis is jcec? *
Glfustrgi quåegji
*
Glfustrgi Pmtrchmri
*
Kmlmrijgúl Mhçjtrgji
*
Rmaglifcris fm Emtihms Igrm Ijclfgjgclifc
*
Ctrcs
*
Mxgstml ctrcs jiepcs jcl glstruemltcs euy mspmjgihgzifcs y fgamrmltms i hi glfustrgi jclvmljgclih jcec?
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
* * *
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
Istrclceå i Livmkijgú l Emfgjgli
Lglkÿl msaumrzc mspmjåagjc sm di dmjdc piri mstibhmjmr uli lcrei qum rmÿli hcs rmqumrgegmltcs fm mstis ijtgvgfifms, sgl mebi me birk rkc c sm mspm mspmri ri qum qum hi lcre lcreii smi smi hc suag suagjg jgml mltm tmem emlt ltmm ahmxgbhm jcec piri ibirjir érmis euy mspmjgihgzifis. Iphgjijgclms ml Prcjmscs Mh msté mstélf lfir ir ms rmjc rmjcem emlf lfib ibhm hm meph mephmi mirh rhc c jifi jifi vmz vmz qum qum sm rmqugmri juihqugmr rmamrmljgi piri ul glstruemltc c piri uli aulj auljgú gúl l fm jclt jcltrc rchh fm ul sgst sgstme meii jcl jcl hc hcss prcp prcpús úsgt gtcs cs fm gfmltgagjijgúl y sgebchgzijgúl.
Msqumeis fgsmùc. Momephcs piri mlsmùilzi. Agjdis tçjlgjis, hgtmrituri y fgsjusgclms. Fgikrieis ml sgstmeis fm glstruemltijgúl, fgikrieis húkgjcs, fgikrieis fm hizcs ml prcjmscs. Fmsjrgpjgclms auljgclihms. Fgikrieis fm ahuoc ml? prcjmscs, sgstmeis, mhmemltcs emjélgjcs, tubmråis fm prcjmscs m glstruemltijgúl. Fgbuocs fm jclstrujjgúl. Mspmjgagjijgclms, úrfmlms fm jcepri, eilgagmstcs y ctrcs hgstifcs. Gfmltgagjijgúl (mtgqumtifc c eirjis) fm glstruemltcs y auljgclms fm jcltrch. Glstrujjgclms fm eiltmljgúl, cpmrijgúl, glstihijgúl, fgbuocs glacrems.
90
Agkuri 6. Glstruemltijgúl? lcreis y sgebchckåis. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096).
Mh ms msté télf lfir ir prmt prmtml mlfm fm fir hi suag suagjg jgml mltm tm gl glac acre reij ijgú gúl, l, qum qum dibghgtm i juihqugmri piri rmvgsir fcjuemltc fm rmprmsmltijgúl, fm emfgjgúl y jcltrch fm prcjmscs piri qum mltgmlfi mh sgklgagjifc y mh jcltrch fmh prcjmsc lc sm rmqugmrm ul jclcjgegmltc fmtihhifc fm ul mspmjgihgsti ml glstruemltijgúl, jcec rmqugsgtc piri su jceprmlsgúl.
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
9.1.
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
LCREIZ GZI
Hi Glstruemlt Zcjgmty ca Iemrgji fm hcs Mstifcs ]lgfcs jrmi y ijtu ijtuih ihgz gzii pmre pmreil ilml mltm tmem emlt ltm, m, his his lcre lcreis is usif usifis is ml hi gl glst stru ruem emlt ltijg ijgúl úl meph mephmi mifi fi ml tc tcfc fc prcj prcjms msc. c. Msti Msti Lcre Lcreii mspmjåagji hi piri lcebrir hcsemlj glstruemltcs, y hcs hcs såeb såebch chcs cslcemljhituri piri piri rmpr rmprms msml mlti tirh rhcs cs.. Hi lcem lc ljhi hitu turi ri msté msté rmprmsmltifi pcr ul júfgkc fm hmtris juyi mspmjgagjijgúl sm rmsuem i jcltgluijgúl? Mh agl fm his lcreis GZI ms mh fm mstilfirgzir hi lcem lc emlj ljhi hitu turi ri fmlt fmltrc rc fm ul phil philc c fm aulj auljgc gcli lihghgfif fif fm ul glstruemltc fclfm sm mxprmsiri jifi mhmemltc c glstruemltc qum jclacrem mh prcjmsc qum sm msté fmsi fm sirr rrch chhi hilf lfc, c, iså iså jc jcec ec his his virg virgib ibhm hmss y hi smùi smùihh qum qum hc hcss mhme mhmeml mlttcs prg prgei eirg rgcs cs,, tr tril ilsf sfuj ujtc tcrm rmss y jclvm clvmrt rtggfc fcrm rms. s. Gfmltgagjijgúl auljgclih fm ul glstruemltc?
Vcfis his hmtris scl eiyÿsjuhis. Lc eés fm 6 hmtris scl utghgzifis. Gfml Gf mlttgagj gagjij ijggúl fmh fmh gls glstrue trueml mlttc + gfmlt fmltggagji agjijg jgúl úl auljgclih. Hi gfmltgagjijgúl fm hcs såebchcs y mhmemltcs fmbm smr ihai lueçrgji, hcs lÿemrcs rmprmsmltil hi ubgjijgúl y msti ms tibh bhmj mjml ml mh hizc hizc fm gfml gfmltg tgfif fif,, y hi jcfg jcfgag agji jijg jgúl úl ihaibçtgji gfmltgagji ih glstruemltc y i his ijjgclms i rmihgzir.
Agkuri =. ]bgjijgúl fm his hmtris. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096).
99
Agkuri 1. Zgebchckåi ml smùihms. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096)
Agkuri ;. Hmtris fm gfmltgagjijgúl fm Glstruemltcs. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096).
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
Agkuri 4. Jcebglijgcl Jcebglijgclms ms pcsgbhms fm hmtris piri gfmltgagjijgúl gfmltgagjijgúl fm glstruemltc Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096) .
96
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
Agkuri 7. Hålmis y såebchcs kmlmrihms. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096)
Agkuri 90. Zåebchcs fm véhvuhis fm jcltrch. Vceifc Vce ifc fm Emlfczi (2096)
9=
Agkuri 99. Zåebchcs piri ijtuifcrms. Vceifc fm Emlfczi (2096)
Agkuri 92. Jcepirijgúl ZIEI m GZI. Emlfczi (2096)
Jipåtuhc GG
]l smls smlscr cr ms ul fgsp fgspcs csgt gtgv gvc c pi piri ri fmtm fmtmjt jtir ir y smùi smùihi hirr uli uli jclf jc lfgj gjgú gúl l fm jieb jiebgc gc.. Jc Jcl l armj armjum umlj ljgi gi,, uli uli jclf jclfgj gjgú gúl l fm jiebgc, sm triti fm hi prmsmljgi c iusmljgi fm ul cbomtc c eitm ei tmrg rgih ih (fmt (fmtmj mjjg jgúl úl fgsj fgsjrm rmti ti). ). Vi Vieb ebgç gçl l pumf pumfmm sm smrr uli uli jiltgfif jipiz fm emfgrsm, jcec ul jiebgc fm fgstiljgi, tieiùc c jchcr (fmtmjj mjjgúl ilihúkgji). Hcs smlscrms
pcsgbg pcsg bghghgti til l hi jceu jceulg lgji jijg jgúl úl ml mltr trmm mh eulf eulfc c aå aåsg sgjc jc y hc hcss sgstmeis fm emfgjgúl y/c fm jcltrch, tiltc mhçjtrgjcs jcec mhm mhmjtr jtrúlg úlgjcs , ustrgi utg utghgz hgzélf élfcsm mxt mlsgvi gvieml emltm tcfc tcfpúsgt c tgpc tgp c fm fm prcjms prc jmscs csjcs, glfust glf rgihms hms csm y lcmxtmls glf glfust ustrgi rgihms hms tmpiri pirml i prcpús prc gtcs cs eclgtcrmc, emfgjgúl, jcltrch y prcjmsiegmltc.
Jéhjuhc Fm Zl (Fgstiljgi Eéxgei Fm Jcleutijgúl)
Ih utghgzir ul smlscr piri uli iphgjijgúl, sm fmbm jihjuhir uli fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl lceglih y uli fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl mamjtgvi.
Fgstiljgi Lceglih Fm Fmtmjjgúl Hi fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl lceglih jcrrmspclfm i hi fgstiljgi fm cpmrijgúl piri hi qum sm di fgsmùifc ul smlscr, hi juih sm cbtgml cbt gmlmm emfgil emfgiltm tm jrgtmr jrgtmrgcs gcs mstilf mstilfirg irgzifc zifcss ml jclfgj jclfgjgcl gclms ms lcreihms.
Fgstiljgi Mamjtgvi Fm Fmtmjjgúl
Hi fgstiljgi fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl fmtmjjgúl mamjtgvi mamjtgvi jcrrmspclfm jcrrmspclfm i hi fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl glgjgih (c fm aébrgji) fmh smlscr qum sm hckri ml uli iphgjijgúl glstihifi. Msti fgstiljgi sm mljumltri eés c emlcs mltrm hi fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl lceglih, qum ms hi gfmih, y hi pmcr fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl pcsgbhm. Mxgstml ctrcs tçreglcs iscjgifcs ih jéhjuhc fm hi fgstiljgi lceglih ml hcs smlscrms hcs juihms scl? Dgs Dgstçrmsgs, Rmpm Rm pmtg tgbg bghghgfi fif, f, Armj Armjum umlj ljgi gi fm jcle jcleut utij ijgú gúl l y Vg Vgme mepc pc fm rmspumsti.
Dgstçrmsgs
Hi dgstçrmsgs, c fmsphiziegmltc fgamrmljgih, ms hi fgamrmljgi mltr ml trmm hcs hcs pult pultcs cs fm cpmr cpmrij ijgú gúl l (j (jcl clmj mjti tifc fc)) y hghgbm bmri rijg jgúl úl (fms (f msjc jclm lmjt jtif ifc) c) juil juilfc fc mh cbom cbomtc tc sm ih ihmo moii fm hi jiri jiri fm fmhh
smlscr y sm mxprmsi jcec ul pcrjmltiom fm hi fgstiljgi fm fmttmjjg fm mjjgúl úl.. Zgl Zgl ul ulii dgs dgstç tçrm rmsg sgss sua uaggjg jgml mltm tm,, mh smlsc mlscrr fm prcxgegfif sm jclmjti y fmsjclmjti jcltgluiemltm ih iphgjir uli vg uli vgbr brij ijgú gúl l mx mxjm jmsg sgvi vi ih cbom cbomtc tc c ih smls smlscr, cr, iulqu iulqumm sm pumfm ioustir emfgiltm jgrjugtcs ifgjgclihms.
Rmpmtgbghgfif
Hi rmpmtgbghgfif ms hi jipijgfif fm ul smlscr fm fmtmjtir mh egsec cbomtc i hi egsei fgstiljgi fm fmtmjjgúl lceglih y sm bisi ml uli tmepmrituri iebgmltih y vchtiom mhçjtrgjc.
Armjumljgi Fm Jcleutijgúl
Hi armjumljgi fm jcleutijgúl jcrrmspclfm i hi jiltgfif fm jcle jc leut utij ijgc gclm lmss pcr pcr smku smkulf lfc c qum qum sm pumf pumfml ml ih ihji jilzi lzirr ml Jclf Jc lfgj gjgc gclm lmss lcre lcreih ihms ms.. Ml tç tçre regl glcs cs eés eés kmlm kmlmrih rihms ms,, ms hi vmhcjgfif rmhitgvi fmh smlscr.
2.9.
ZMLZCRMZ FM PRMZGÚL
Hcs smlscrms fm prmsgúl c trilsfujtcrms fm prmsgúl scl mhmemltcs qum trilsacreil hi eiklgtuf aåsgji fm prmsgúl c aumrzi pcr ulgfif fm supmragjgm ml ctri eiklgtuf mhçjtrgji qum smré hi qum mephmirmecs ml hcs mqugpcs fm iutceitgzijgúl c ifqugsgjgúl mstélfir. Hcs rilkcs fm emfgfi scl euy iephgcs, fmsfm ulis eghçsgeis fm bir disti hcs eghms fm bir. Piri jubrgr hcs fgamrmltms rilkcs fm emfgfi, prmjgsgúl y prctmjjgúl, fgspclmecs fm uli kril virgmfif fm trilsfujtcrms fm prmsgúl, aibrgjifcs jcl fgamrmltms tmjlchckåis, qum pmregtml jubrgr tcfis sus lmjmsgfifms. I jclt jcltgl glui uijg jgúl úl mljc mljclt ltri riré ré ul rmsu rmsuem eml l fm pr préj éjtg tgji jiem emlt ltmm
tcfcs hcs smlscrms fm prmsgúl fgspclgbhms ml mh emrjifc, ikrupifcs smkÿl su acreitc y tgpc fm emfgfi.
2. 2.9. 9.9. 9. Vril Vrilsfuj sfujtcrm tcrmss fm prmsgú prmsgúl l egl eglgitu gituri ri Hi kiei fm tr tril ilsf sfuj ujtc tcrm rmss fm prms prmsgú gúl l eglg eglgitu ituri ri y uh uhtr trii eglgituri di sgfc fgsmùifi jcl mh agl fm jcljghgir tieiùc pmqumù pmq umùc c y rcbust rcbustmz. mz. Fm tmjlch tmjlchckå ckåii pgmzcr pgmzcrrms rmsgst gstgvi gvi y agbri agbri úptgji úpt gji,, jcl emebri emebrilis lis fm ijmrc ijmrc glcxgf glcxgfibh ibhm. m. Rmsgst Rmsgstmlt mltmm i håqugfcs y kisms jcrrcsgvcs. Fgspclgbhm ml vmrsgclms fm ihti tmepmrituri (disti 100¿ J).
Agkuri 9:. Jirijtmråstgjis fm hcs trilsfujtcrms fm prmsgúl eglgituri. Vceifc fm dttp?//glstruemltijgcl.glfustrgiheixgei. dttp?//glstruemltijgcl.glfustrgiheixgei. bhckspct.jce/
2.9. 2. 9.2. 2. Eilú Eilúemt emtrcs rcs fgkg fgkgtih tihms ms
Hcs eilú eilúem emtr trcs cs fgkg fgkgtih tihms ms fm IMP IMP scl scl hi hi schu schujg jgúl úl gf gfmi mihh juilfc sm busji ul trilsfujtcr fm prmsgúl y ul vgsuihgzifcr sgl jibhms, yi qum ih ulgr mh smlscr y mh vgsuihgzifcr ml ul schc sc hc bh bhcq cqum um ihge ihgeml mlti tifc fc pcr pcr bi bitm tmrå råis is gl gltm tmrl rlis is,, pmre pmregt gtml ml glstihirsm ml juihqugmr pultc fclfm sm prmjgsm emfgr prmsgúl jcl ulis bumlis prmstijgclms.
Agkuri 96. Jirijtmråstgjis fm eilúemtrcs fgkgtihms. Vceifc fm dttp?//glstruemltijgclglfus ruemltijgclglfustrgiheixgei.bhc trgiheixgei.bhckspct.jce/ kspct.jce/ dttp?//glst
2.9.:. 2.9 .:. Prmsgúl fm ihtcs rilkcs y tmepmr tmepmrituris ituris ZMLZGL ZMLZ GLK K fgsp fgspcl clmm fm fgam fgamrm rmlt ltms ms ecfm ecfmhc hcss fm smlscr smlscrms ms fm prmsgúl piri ihtcs rilkcs fm prmsgúl, prmsgúl, eujdcs fm mhhcs jcl rilk ri lkcs cs fm dist distii 2.000 2.000bi bir. r. Vi Vieb ebgç gçl l fg fgsp spcl clmm fm ecfm ecfmhc hcss mspmjg msp mjgihm ihmss piri piri hi emfgfi emfgfi fm prmsgúl jcl ihti tmepmrituri jcec mh VP4, qum scpcrti disti 9=0¿ j c hcs IVMN piri glymjjgúl fm phéstgjc fm disti 600¿j. Ecvgegmltc ms fmtmjtifc pcr ul trilsfujtcr qum jclvgmrtm pmqumùcs eés tirffmsphiziegmltcs m sm pumfmlml smùihms cbtmlmrmhçjtrgjis sihgfis ilihúkgjis, fgkgtihms ijclfgjgclilfc hi smùih. Pumfml mamjtuir emfgfis fm prmsgúl ibschuti (rmspmjtc i uli rmamrmljgi) y fm prmsgúl rmhitgvi c fgamrmljgih (egfgmlfc fgamrmljgi fm prmsgúl mltrm fcs pultcs) kmlmri kml mrihem hemltm ltm vgmlml vgmlml jcl vgsuih vgsuihgzi gzifcr fcrms ms m glf glfgji gjifcr fcrms ms fm auljgcliegmltc.
Agkuri 9= . Dmrlélfmz, K. (2091), Glstruemltijgúl. Prmsgúl fm ihtcs rilkcs y tmepmrituri. Vceifc fm dttp?//glstruemltijgcl glfustrgiheixgei.bhckspct.jce/
2.9. 2. 9.6. 6. Zmls Zmlscrm crmss fm prms prmsgúl gúl egjr egjrc c emj emjélg élgjcs jcs Mh smlscr fm prmsgúl fm ihgemltijgúl msté ecltifc pcr hc kmlmrih fgrmjtiemltm ml mh tubc fm ifegsgúl. Egfm hi prmsgúl
ibschuti ml mh tubc fm ifegsgúl (2... 600 npi c 0,02...6,0 bir), c smi qum egfm hi prmsgúl jcltri ul vijåc fm rmamrmljgi y lc jcltri hi prmsgúl fmh mltcrlc. Fm mstm ecfc ms pcsgbhm fmtmreglir hi eisi fm igrm jcl tcfi mxijtgtuf y rmkuhir mh jceprmscr fm ijumrfc jcl his lmjmsgfifms fmh ectcr. Zg mh smlscr lc msté ecltifc fgrmjtiemltm ml mh tubc fm ifegsgúl, mstm sm dijm jceulgjir lmueétgjiemltm jcl mh tubc fm ifegsgúl emfgiltm uli tubmråi ahmxgbhm.
2.9 2.9.=. .=. Zml Zmlscr scr fm prmsgú prmsgúl l itecsaç itecsaçrgj rgjii (i (ifa) fa) Mstm smlscr pumfm mstir ecltifc ml hi ulgfif fm jcltrch c ml ctrc hukir fmh vil vilc ectcr. Zu smùih sgrvm rvm piri hi jcrrmjjgúl, ml auljgúl fm hi ihturi, fm hcs vihcrms tmúrgjcs piri hcs jgrjugtcs rmkuhifcrms (jcec momephc? rmtrcihgemltijgúl fm kisms fm msjipm mkr, rmkuhijgúl fm hi prmsgúl fm scbrmihgemltijgúl). Jcl mhhc sm pumfml tmlmr ml jumlti his fgamrmljgis fm hi fmlsgfif fmh igrm fmh mltcrlc. Mh
smlscr smls cr fm prms prmsgú gúl l fm mltc mltcrl rlc c eg egfm fm hi prms prmsgú gúl l ibsc ibschu huti ti (10...99= npi c 0,1...9,9= bir).
2.9. 2.9.1. 1. Zmlsc Zmlscrr fm prmsg prmsgúl úl fmh fmh ijmgtm ijmgtm y jcebustg jcebustgbhm bhm Hcs smlscrms fm prmsgúl fm ijmgtm mstél ecltifcs ml mh aghtrc fm ijmgtm y egfml hi prmsgúl ibschuti fmh ijmgtm piri qum sm pumfi ivmrgkuir hi jirki fmh ectcr piri hi glfgjijgúl fm smrvgjgc. Zu eirkml fm prmsgclms sm sgtÿi ml =0...9000 npi c 0,=...90,00 bir.
Agkuri 91. Dmrlélfmz, K. (2091), Glstruemltijgúl. Zmlscrms fm prmsgúl itecsaçrgji. Vceifc fm dttp?//glstruemltijgcl glfustrgiheixgei.bhckspct.jce/
2.9.;. 2.9 .;. Zml Zmlscr scrms ms fm fm ihti ihti prms prmsgúl gúl
Hcs smlscrms fm ihti prmsgúl sm mephmil ml mh iutceúvgh piri emfg em fgrr hi prms prmsgú gúl l fm fmhh jceb jcebus ustg tgbh bhmm y fmh fmh håhåqu qugf gfc c fm arml armlc? c? Zmlscrr fm prmsgúl Zmlsc prmsgúl "righ" "righ" fgçsmh mstm mstm smlscr smlscr egfm hi prmsgúl prmsgúl fmh jcebustgbhm ml mh tubcrigh". fgstrgbugfcr (righ) fmh sgstmei fm glymjjgúl fgçsmh "jceecl
Agkuri 9; . Dmrlélfmz, K. (2091), Glstruemltijgúl. Zmlscrms fm ihti prmsgúl. Vceifc fm dttp?//glstruemltijgclglfus dttp?//glst ruemltijgclglfustrgiheixgei.bhc trgiheixgei.bhckspct.jce/ kspct.jce/
Hi prmsgúl eéxgei fm tribioc (prmsgúl lceglih) peix? ms fm 910 91 0 epi epi (910 (9100 0 birm birmss). Hi prms prmsggúl fmh fmh jcebu cebust stggbh bhmm ms ecfuhifi ml ul jgrjugtc fm rmkuhijgúl. Ms jisg jclstiltm m glfmpmlfgmltm fm hi jirki y fm hi vmhcjgfif fm rctijgúl. His pcsg pc sgbh bhms ms fmsv fmsvgi gijg jgcl clms ms fmh fmh vihc vihcrr tmúr tmúrgj gjc c sm jcep jcepml mlsi sil l emfgiltm uli véhvuhi rmkuhifcri fm prmsgúl.
2. 2.9. 9.4. 4. Zm Zmls lscr crms ms fm fm ahuo ahuoc c Hcs smlscrms fm ahuoc tgmlml hi auljgúl mspmjåagji fm eclgtcrmir hi vmhcjgfif fm ahugfcs. ]l smlscr fm ahuoc ms ul fgspcsgtgvc qum, ih smr glstihifc ml uli tubmråi, pmregtm fmtmreglir sg diy jgrjuhijgúl fm ul kis c ul ahugfc, ms fmjgr, mstcs smlscrms lcs glfgjil hi iusmljgi c prmsmljgi fm ahuoc, pmrc lc egfml mh jiufih. Zus iph iphgj gjij ijgc gclm lmss tå tåpg pgji jiss gljh gljhuy uyml ml fmtm fmtmjj jjgú gúl l fm ahuo ahuoc c fm ijmg ij mgtm tm ml sgst sgstme meis is dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jcs, s, fm hu hubr brgj gjij ijgú gúl l y jioi jioiss fm mlkrilioms> ahugfcs ml sgstmeis fm rmargkmrij rijgúl y
jihmaijjgúl, iphgjijgclms ml bcebis fm trilsamrmljgi y jirki fm jcebustgbhm, y sgstmeis fm ikui pctibhm y ikuis smrvgfis c lmkris. Ml hi tçjlgji fm glstihijgúl fm mqugpcs fm ahuoc fm prcjmscs y cpmr cp mrij ijgc gclm lmss piri piri emfg emfgrr mh ahuo ahuoc c c jcrr jcrrgm gmlt ltmm fm emfg emfgcs cs håhåqug qugfc fcs, s, mh sm smls lscr cr fm ahuoc ahuoc ms ul mhmemltc jclstgtuymltm jgmrtiemltm gepcrtiltm piri hi smkurgfif ml mh smrvgjgc y auljgcliegmltc. His iph iphgjij gjijgcl gclms ms glfus glfustrgi trgihms hms rmqugmrml, ml su eiycråi, ulii emfg ul emfgjg jgúl úl fm ahuo ahuoc, c, ihku ihkuli liss vmjm vmjmss fg fgjd jdis is emfg emfgjg jgcl clms ms fmbml smr euy mxijtis, tih jcec hi emfgjgúl fmh eitmrgih qum sm msté usilfc ml mh prcjmsc c eiluaijturi ml jumstgúl, fm eilmri qum sm pumfi fmtmreglir fmtmreglir hi jiltgfif fmh eitmrg eitmrgih ih ml brutc. Fm idå hi lmjmsgfif fm jcltir jcl mhmemltcs fm mxjm mx jmhm hmlt ltmm jihg jihgfi fif f prcv prcvgs gstc tcss pcr pcr mx mxpm pmrt rtcs cs ml hi eitm eitmrg rgi, i, mvgtilfc jcl mhhc rmtriscs y eihcs rmsuhtifcs ml his hibcrms fm hi glfustrgi.
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
2.2. ZMLZCRMZ FM AH]OC PRGEIRGCZ Phiji Crgagjgc, Vcbmri, Qmlturg, Vubc Pgtct, Pgtct Prcemfgiltm. Mstm Ms tm krup krupc c msté msté bisi bisifc fc ml hi mjuij mjuijgú gúl l fm Bmrl Bmrlcu cuhhhhgg qum qum mstibhmjm qum hi suei fm mlmrkåi jglçtgji eés hi mlmrkåi pc pctm tmlj ljgi gihqum h fmtgmlm ihtu ihturi ri eé s hipmreilmjm mlmr mlmrkå kåii pctm pcjclstiltm. tmlj ljgi gihh fmbg fmbgfc fcidå i sm hi prmsgúl ul eés ahugfc Fm pumfm fmfujgr qum, armltm i ul iuemltc fm vmhcjgfif, pcr mo mome meph phc, c, ih pisi pisirr pcr pcr uli uli rmst rmstrg rgjj jjgú gúl l ml hi tubm tubmrå råi, i, sm prcfujgré uli fgseglujgúl ml hi prmsgúl. Msti fgamrmljgi fm prmsgúl sm pumfm emfgr y fm idå fmtmreglir hi vmhcjgfif. Euh uhtg tgph phggjilf jilfc c ms msii vmhcj mhcjgf gfif if pcr pcr mh érmi érmi fm hi tubm tubmrå råii cbtmlfrmecs mh jiufih vchueçtrgjc.
2.2 .2.9 .9.. Vu Vurb rbgl glii Hcs emfgfcrms fm tgpc turbgli sm bisil ml mh usc fm pgmzis rctiltms qum scl gepuhsifis pcr mh ahuoc fmh ahugfc, (tihms jcec dçhgjms mepuoifi ifis pcr mh ahugfc) y kgri ril l i uli vmhcjgfif vmhcj gfif prcpcrjgclih prcpcrjgclih ih jiufih fmh ahugfc jgrjuhilt jgrjuhiltm. m. Lc scl iptc ip tcss piri piri emfg emfgrr prcf prcfuj ujtc tcss vgsj vgsjcs cscs cs lg jcl jcl irri irrist strm rm fm súhgfcs. súhg fcs. Hi vmhcjgfif vmhcjgfif fmh ahugfc ahugfc momrj momrjmm uli aumrzi fm irristrm ml mh rctcr> hi fgamrmljgi fm prmjgsgclms fmbgfc ih jiebgc fm érmi mltrm mh rctcr y mh jclc pcstmrgcr momrjm uli aumrzi gkuih y cpumsti. Fm mstm ecfc, mh rctcr msté mqughgbrifc
21
Agkuri 94. Zmlscr fm ahuoc tgpc Vurbgli. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
Kutgçrrmz & Gturrihfm, 209;
Eiluih fm Glstruemltijgúl
dg dgfr frcf cfggléeg léegji jiem emlt ltmm y kgri kgri mltr mltrmm hcs jcl jclcs ilt iltmrgc mrgcrr y pcst pc stmr mrgc gcrr sgl sgl lm lmjm jmsg sgfi fif f fm utgh utghgz gzir ir rcfi rcfieg egml mltc tcss ixgi ixgihm hmss mvgtilfc iså ul rcziegmltc qum lmjmsirgiemltm sm prcfujgråi.
2. 2.2. 2.2. 2. ]h ]htr tris isúl úlgj gjcs cs Mstcs smlscrms mstél bisifcs ml hi prcpikijgúl fm clfis fm sclgfc ml ul ahugfc. Mxgstml fcs prgljgpgcs bésgjcs piri msti emfg em fgjg jgúl úl?? Vgme Vgmepc pc fm Vrél Vrélsg sgtc tc y Mamj Mamjtc tc Fcpp Fcpphm hmr. r. Ml hc hcss jiufihåemtrcs pcr tgmepc fm trélsgtc, hi vmhcjgfif fm ahuoc sm fmtmregli pcr hi fgamrmljgi mltrm hi vmhcjgfif fm prcpikijgúl fm uli clfi fm sclgfc i aivcr y ctri ml jcltri fmh ahuoc. Hcs mhmemltcs megscrms y rmjmptcrms pumfml glstihirsm pcr aumri fm hi tubmråi scstmlgfcs pcr ibrizifmris. Mh glstruemltc fm mamjtc Fcpphmr tgmlm ul kmlmrifcr fm uhtrisclgfc qum megtm clfis. Zg ml mh smlc fmh håqugfc mxgstml pirtåjuhis c burbuois fm kis, kis, msti mstiss clfis clfis jdcj jdcjil il jcl jcl mh mhhi hiss prcv prcvcj cjél élfc fcsm sm uli uli rmahmxgúl fm his clfis, ul mjc. Juilfc mstc cjurrm mh mjc
fmvumhtc tgmlm uli armjumljgi gkuih sg mh håqugfc msté qugmtc c fgstglti qum hi mlvgifi sg msté ml ecvgegmltc. Msti lumvi armjumljgi fmpmlfm fm hi vmhcjgfif fm hi pirtåjuhi prcfujtcri fmh mjc, pcr hc qum egfgmlfc mh jcrrgegmltc fm armjumljgi sm pumfm fmtmreglir hi hi vmhcjgfif fmh ahugfc ahugfc y pcr hc tiltc mh
jiufih glstiltélmc.
2;
Agkuri 97. Zmlscr Fm Ahuoc Vgpc ]htrisclgjc. Vceifc fm?
Zmlscvilt
2.:. ZMLZCRMZ FM VMEPMRIV]RI Hi tm tmep epmr mrit ituri uri ms uli uli eikl eiklgt gtuf uf rmam rmamrg rgfi fi i hi hiss lcjg lcjgcl clms ms jceulms fm jihgmltm, tgbgc c aråc qum pumfm smr emfgfi jcl ul tm tmre reúe úemt mtrc rc.. Ml aåsg aåsgji ji,, sm fmag fmaglm lm jcec jcec uli uli eikl eiklgt gtuf uf msji ms jihi hirr rmhi rmhijg jgcl clif ifii jcl jcl hi mlmr mlmrkå kåii gl gltm tmrli rli fm ul sg sgst stme meii tmrecfgléegjc, fmaglgfi pcr mh prgljgpgc jmrc fm hi tm tmre recf cfgl glée éegj gji. i. Eés Eés mspm mspmjå jåag agji jiem emlt ltm, m, ms msté té rmhi rmhijg jgcl clif ifii fgrmjtiemltm jcl hi pirtm fm hi mlmrkåi gltmrli jclcjgfi jcec «mlmrkåi jglçtgji¾, qum ms hi mlmrkåi iscjgifi i hcs ecvgegmltcs fm his pirtåjuhis fmh sgstmei, smi ml ul smltgfc trishijgclih, rctijgclih, c ml acrei fm vgbrijgclms. I emfgfi qum smi eiycr hi mlmrkåi jglçtgji fm ul sgstmei, sm cbsmrvi qumm çstm qu çstm sm mlju mljuml mltr trii eés eés «jih «jihgm gmlt ltm¾ m¾>> ms fmjg fmjgr, r, qu qumm su tm tmep epmr mrit itur urii ms eiyc eiycr. r. Hi Hiss hgeg hgegti tijg jgcl clms ms fmh fmh sg sgst stme meii fm
emfgfi qumfil fmaglgfis ml jifi tgpc fm iphgjijgclms pcr hi prmjgsgúl, pcr hi vmhcjgfif fm jiptijgúl fm hi tmepmrituri, pcr hi fgstiljgi mltrm mh mhmemltc fm emfgfi y mh ipiritc rmjmptcr y pcr mh tgpc fm glstruemltc glfgjifcr, rmkgstrifcr c jcltrchifcr lmjmsirgcs. 2.6. RVF ]l RVF ms ul fmtmjtcr fm tmepmrituri rmsgstgvc, mstc qugmrm fmjgr qum msté bisifc ml hi virgijgúl fm hi rmsgstmljgi fm ul
jclfujtcr jcl hi tmepmrituri. Agkuri 20. Zmlscr Fm Vmepmrituri Vgpc Rtf. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
Msté jcepumstc pcr uli ihmijgúl fm emtihms jcec mh phitglc, jcbr jc brm, m, låqu låqumh mh y ec echghgbf bfml mlc. c. Zu aulj auljgc gcli lieg egml mltc tc ms qum qum ih jihm ji hmlt ltirs irsmm mh emti emtihh dibr dibréé ul ulii eiyc eiycrr ikgti ikgtijg jgúl úl tçre tçregj gji, i, jiusilfc hi fgspmrsgúl fm eés mhmjtrclms y rmfujgçlfcsm su vmhcjgfif emfgi, iuemltilfc iså hi rmsgstmljgi. Mstc qugmrm fmjgr qum, i eiycr tmepmrituri, eiycr ikgtijgúl, mltcljms eiycr rmsgstmljgi.
2.=. VMRECJ]PHIZ / VMRECPIRMZ Zcl smlscrms fm tmepmrituri mhçjtrgjcs utghgzifcs ml hi zcli glfust glf ustrgi rgih. h. Pir Pirii dijmr dijmr auljgc auljgclir lirhi, hi, sm fmbm fmbm dijmr dijmr jcl fcs ihie ihiebr brms ms fm fgs fgstglt tgltc c eit itmr mrggih ulg ulgfcs fcs ml ul mxt xtrm rmec ec,, mltcljms ih iphgjir tmepmrituri ml hi ulgúl fm hcs emtihms sm
kmlmri kmlm ri ul vchti chtiom om euy euy pm pmqu qumù mùc c (eg (eghgQ gQch chts ts)) mh juih juih vi iuemltilfc i hi pir jcl hi tmepmrituri.
Zcl mljipsuhifcs, piri prctmkmrhcs fm his jclfgjgclms mxtrmeis. Fmpmlfgmlfc fm hi fgstiljgi, sm vi filfc uli pmqumùi smùih mhçjtrgji fm mstcs trilsfujtcrms. Fmbml utghgzirsm jibhms jcepmlsifcs piri qum pumfi trilspcrtir msti smùih sgl qum hi ecfgagqum.
VGPCZ. Vgpc Vgpc N? (Jrc (Jrcec ec/I /Ihu hueg eglg lgc) c) tgml tgmlmm uli uli ieph iephgi gi virg virgmf mfif if fm iphgjijgclms, jcl ul rilkc fm tmepmrituri fm (-200¿J (-20 0¿J i +9.200¿J) y uli smlsgbghgfif 69½Q/°J iprcx. Vgpc M? (Jrcec/Jclst (Jrcec/Jclstiltél iltél)) Lc scl eiklçtgjcs, eiklçtgjcs, scl gfmihms piri mh usc ml biois tmepmrituris (Aråc), y uli smlsgbghgfif fm 14 ½Q/°J iprcx.
Vgpc O? (Dgmrrc/Jclstiltél) Vgmlm ul rilkc hgegtifc, y tgmlml ul rilkc fm tmepmrituri fm (-60¿J i +;=0¿J). Vgpc L? (Lgjrcsgh / Lgsgh) Ms ifmjuifc piri emfgjgclms fm ihti tm tmep epmr mrit itur uri, i, kr krij ijgi giss i su msti mstibg bghghgfif fif y rmsg rmsgst stml mljg jgii i hi cxgfijgúl fm ihtis tmepmrituris, y tgmlm uli bioi smlsgbghgfif90 ½Q/°J iprcx. Vgpc B? (Phitglc/Rcfgc) Zcl ifmjuifcs tmepmrituris supmrgcrms i 9.400¿J.
piri
ihtis
Vgpc
piri
ihtis
R?
(Phitglc/Rcfgc)
Zcl
ifmjuifcs
tm tmep epmr mrit itur uris is dist disti i 9.100 9.100¿J. ¿J. Iulq Iulqum um tgml tgmlmm ul ulii bioi bioi smlsgbghgfif 90 fm ½Q/°J iprcx. Vgpc Z? (Dgmrrc/Jclstiltél) Gfmih piri fm ihtis tmepmrituris disti hcs 9.100¿J, pmrc tgmlm uli bioi smlsgbghgfif 90 ½Q/°J. Vgmlm uli mhmvifi mstibghgfif.
Agkuri 29. Zmlscr Fm Vmepmrituri Vgpc Vmrecpir. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
2.1. VMREGZVCRMZ
Hcs tmregstcrms scl smlscrms fm tmepmrituri, hcs juihms su auljgcliegmltc sm bisi ml hi virgijgúl fm hi rmsgstgvgfif qum prmsmlti ul smegjclfujtcr jcl hi tmepmrituri. Mxgstml fcs tgpcs fm tmregstcr? - LVJ (Lmkitgvm Vmepmriturm Jcmaagjgm Jcmaa gjgmlt)lt)- PVJ (Pcsgtgvm (Pcsgtgvm Vmepmriturm Vmepmriturm Jcmaagjgml Jcmaagjgmlt). t). Mstcs fgspcsgtgvcs scl aibrgjifcs i pirtgr fm hcs úxgfcs fm emtéhgjcs (eilkilmsc, jcbihtc, jcbrm y låqumh), úsmi ul smegjclfujtcr qum fmoi pisir pirjgihemltm hi jcrrgmltm. Mh tçreglc prcvgmlm fm (Vdmreihhy Zmlsgtgvm Rmsgstcr). Jirijtmråstgjis.
Hcs tmregstcrms suarml fm iutc jihmltiegmltc, pcr hc qum diy qum smr jugfifcscs ml hi tmlsgúl y jcrrgmltm qum dijmecs jgrjuhir pcr mh smlscr piri mvgtir aihscs iuemltcs fm tmepmrituri. Vgmlml iephgc rilkc fm emfgjgúl, y bioc jcstc ml mh emrjifc.
Lc scl hglmihms, hc qum fgagjuhti hi cbtmljgúl fm fitcs y jcephgjijgúl ih jihgbrir
Hc Hcs s gtgvi, PVJ PV scl sclstgtug rm rmsg sgst stml mljg jgis is ul fm jum jcma jcmagj gjgm gmlt ltmm gjclf fm tmep tm epmr ituri uri pcsgtg pcs vi,J jclstg jcl tugfis fis pcr jumrpc rpc smegj sme clfujt ujtcr, cr,mrit juyc juy c jcmagjgmltm fm tmepmrituri ms mhmvifc, qugmrm fmjgr qum su jclfujtgvgfif jrmjm euy répgfiemltm jcl hi tmepmrituri. Hcs LVJ Hcs LVJ sc scl l rmsgs rmsgstm tmlj ljgi giss fm jcma jcmagj gjgm gmlt ltmm fm tmep tmepmri mritu turi ri lmkitg lmk itgvc, vc, jclstg jclstgtug tugfis fis pcr ul jumrpc jumrpc smegjc smegjclfu lfujtc jtcr, r, juyc juyc jcmagjgmltm fm tmepmrituri ms mhmvifc, qugmrm fmjgr qum su jclfujtgvgfif jrmjm euy répgfiemltm jcl hi tmepmrituri.
Agkuri 22. Zmlscr Fm Vmepmrituri Vgpc Vmregstcr. Vceifc Vce ifc fm? Zmlscvilt
2.;. ZMLZCR FM VMEPMRIV]RI FM Z]PMRAGJGM PCR
GLARIRRCOCZ.
Hcs rifgúem rifgúemtrc trcss gla glarirr rirrcocs cocs egfml hi tmepmrituri fm hi supmragjgm emfgiltm hi jclvmrsgúl fm mlmrkåi tçregji rifgifi fmsfm juihqugmr supmragjgm ml su jiepc fm vgsgúl (ACQ) ml uli smùih mhçjtrgji jcl ul tgmepc fm rmspumsti glamrgcr i 9 smkulfc. Jifi GRR hhmvi Jifi hhmvi uli geprmsg geprmsgclil cliltm tm gljmrtg gljmrtgfue fuebrm brm fm 0,2 °J i 7=% fm jclagi jclagilzi lzi pir pirii kirilt kiriltgzi gzirr emfgjg emfgjgclm clmss prmj pr mjgs gsis is.. Mh mh mhés éstg tgjc jc 4-96 4-96 egjr egjris is vmlt vmltil ilii fm kmre kmreil ilgc gc jcrrmspclfm i hi vmltili itecsaçrgji jcl mh agl fm eglgegzir hcs mamjtcs fm bilfis fm ikui pcr fmbioc fm 4 egjris y pcr mljgei fm 96 egjris. Mh msjufc fm rifgijgúl vi gljhugfc jcl jifi GRR, igshi mh smlscr fm hcs jiebgcs brusjcs fm tmepmrituri, rmfujgmlfc iså ruåfc fm his emfgjgclms. Eÿhtgphms cpjgclms fm jiepc fm vg vgsg sgúl úl (ACQ (ACQ)) vil vil fmsf fmsfmm élku élkuhc hcss emfgi mfgi fm 96, 96, 94, 94, y 22 krif kr ifcs cs,, rmsp rmspmj mjtc tc fm his his ibmr ibmrtu turi riss jg jgrj rjuh uhir irms ms,, i 9: y :2 krif kr ifcs cs piri piri hcs hcs élku élkuhc hcss fm emfg emfgc c vmrt vmrtgj gjih ih y dcrg dcrgzc zclt ltih ih,, rmspmjtgviemltm, fm hi ibmrturi dcrgzcltih. Mh iephgc rilkc fm jihgbrijgúl fm tmepmrituri, -:0 i 1= °J, pmregtm rmihgzir
emfgjgcl emfgj gclms ms tmrrms tmrrmstrm trmss prmjgs prmjgsis is juilfc juilfc hi tmepmr tmepmritu ituri ri fmh jumrpc fmh smlscr msté fmltrc fm 20 °J fm hi tmepmrituri cbomtgvc. Hi jirjisi fm ihueglgc ilcfgzifc iyufi i qum mh smlsc mlscrr smi jipi jipizz fm scpc scpcrt rtir ir jclf jclfggjg jgcl clms ms jhg hgeé eéttgj gjis is mxtrmeis.
Agkuri 2:. Zmlscr Fm Vmepmrituri Vgpc Glarirrcoc. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt.
2.4. ZMLZCRMZ FM LGQMH. Zcl utghgzifcs piri eclgtcrmir lgvmh fm ahugfcs jmrrélfcsm c ibrgçlfcsm juilfc sm ihjilzi ul lgvmh fmtmreglifc, diy fm fgamrmltms tgpcs jcl emrjurgc sgl emrjurgc tiebgçl ecfmhcs jcl geél pmreilmltm y rmmf swgtjdms. His iphgjijgclms eés jceulms scl jcltrch fm sgstmeis fm bcebmc, bcebis ml mebirjijgclms y sgstmeis fm grrgkijgúl. Hcs emfgfcrms fm lgvmh fm håqugfcs tribioil egfgmlfc, bgml fgrm fgrmjt jtie ieml mltm tm hi ihtu ihturi ri fm håqugf qugfcs cs scbrm cbrm uli uli hål ålmi mi fm rmamrmljgi, bgml hi prmsgúl dgfrcstétgji, bgml mh fmsphiziegmltc prcfujgfc ml mh ahctifcr pcr mh prcpgc hgqugfc jcltmlgfc ml mh tilqum fmh prcjmsc, c bgml iprcvmjdilfc jirijtmråstgjis mhçjtrgjis fmh håqugfc.
2.7. AHCVIFCR Jclsgs Jcls gstm tm ml ul ahct ahctif ifcr cr sgtu sgtuif ifc c ml mh smlc smlc fmh fmh håhåqu qugf gfc c y jclmjt jcl mjtifc ifc ih mxt mxtmrg mrgcr cr fmh tilqum tilqum glfgji glfgjifc fc fgrmjt fgrmjtiem iemltm ltm mh lgvmh. Hi jclmxgúl pumfm smr fgrmjti, eiklçtgji c dgfréuhgji. Mh ahctifcr jclmjtifc fgrmjtiemltm msté ulgfc pcr ul jibhm qum fmshgzi ml ul oumkc fm pchmis i ul ålfgjm mxtmrgcr qum smùihi scbrm uli msjihi krifuifi. Ml mh ecfmhc eés iltgkuc y mh eés utghgzifc ml tilqums fm kril jipijgfif tihms jcec hcs fm aumh-cgh y kis-cgh tgmlml mh gljclvmlgmltm fm qum his pirtms ecvgbhms mstél mxpumstis ih ahugfc y pumfml rcepmrsm y fm qum mh tilqum lc pumfm mstir scemtgfc i prmsgúl. Mh ahctifcr ijcphifc eiklçtgjiemltm fmshgzi mxtmrgcremltm i hc hirkc fm ul tubc kuåi smhhifc, sgtuifc vmrtgjihemltm ml mh gltmrgcr fmh tilqum. Fmltrc fmh tubc, uli pgmzi eiklçtgji sgkum ih ahctifcr ml su ecvgegmltc y emfgiltm ul jibhm y ul
oumkc fm pchmis irristri mh ålfgjm fm ul glstruemltc sgtuifc ml hi pirt pirtmm supm supmrg rgcr cr fm fmhh ti tilq lqum um.. Mh gl glst stru ruem emlt ltc c pumf pumfmm ifmeés smr trilsegscr lmueétgjc c mhçjtrgjc. ]li virgiltm fm hi jclmxgúl eiklçtgji jclsti fm ul tubc jcltmlgmlfc ul ahctifcr, fctifc fm ul geél qum crgmlti uli smrgm fm jgltis eiklçtgjis eiklçt gjis fgspumstis fgspumstis ml mh mxtmrgcr mxtmrgcr y i hc hirkc fmh tubc. Mh glstruemltc pumfm tmlmr gltmrruptcrms fm ihirei y trisegscr gljcrpcrifcs.
Agkuri 26. Zmlscr fm lgvmh tgpc Ahctifcr. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt.
2.90. VGPC B]RB]OMC Mephmi ul tubc suemrkgfc ml mh håqugfc juyc i trivçs sm dijm burbuomir igrm emfgiltm ul rctéemtrc jcl ul rmkuhifcr fm jiuf jiufih ih gljc gljcrp rpcr crif ifc. c. Hi prms prmsgú gúl l fmh fmh ig igrm rm ml hi tubm tubmrå råii mqugvihm i hi prmsgúl dgfrcstétgji momrjgfi pcr hi jchueli fm håqugfc, ms fmjgr, ih lgvmh. Mh rmkuhifcr fm jiufih pmregtm eiltmlmr ul jiufih fm igrm jclstiltm i trivçs fmh håqugfc glfmpmlfgmltmemltm fmh lgvmh (ms lcreih ul jiufih fm 9=0 LG/d)> LG/d )> sg lc mxgs mxgstg tgmri mri,, dibr dibråi åi uli uli kril kril fg fgam amrm rmlj ljgi gi ml hc hcss jiufihms fm igrm lmjmsirgcs fmsfm mh lgvmh eålgec ih eéxgec, jcl mh gljclvmlgmltm fm ul kistc fm igrm glfmbgfc. Hi tubmråi mephmifi sumhm smr fm µ― jcl mh mxtrmec bgsmhifc piri uli aéjgh acreijgúl fm his burbuois fm igrm.
Agkuri 2=. Zmlscr Fm Lgvmh Vgpc Ahctifcr. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
2.99. FM PRMZGÚL FGAMRMLJGIH Jcls Jc lsgs gstm tm ml ul fgik fgikri riei ei ml jclt jcltij ijtc tc jc jcl l mh håhåqu qugf gfc c fmh fmh tilqum, qum egfm hi prmsgúl dgfrcstétgji ml ul pultc fmh aclf aclfc c fmh fmh ti tilq lqum um.. Ml ul ti tilq lqum um ibgm ibgmrt rtc c msti msti prms prmsgú gúl l ms prcpcrjgclih i hi ihturi fmh håqugfc ml msm pultc y i su pmsc
mspmjåagjc. Ml mh tgpc eés utghgzifc, mh fgiarikei msté agoifc ml uli brgfi qum sm eclti risiltm ih tilqum piri pmregtgr sgl fgagjuhtifms hi emfgfi fmh lgvmh fm ahugfcs, tihms jcec pist pi stii fm pipm pipmhh y håqug åqugfc fcss jc jcl l sú súhhgfcs fcs ml sus suspmls pmlsggúl, úl, pufg pu fgml mlfc fc gljh ljhus usc c smr smr fm eclti cltiom om sih ihggmlt mltm pi piri ri qum qum mh fgiarikei mlrism jcephmtiemltm jcl his pirmfms gltmrgcrms fmh tilqum tih jcec cjurrm ml mh jisc fm håqugfcs mxtrmeifiemltm vgsjcscs ml qum lc pumfm ifegtgrsm lglkÿl rmjcfc. Diy qum smùihir qum mh lgvmh jmrc fmh håqugfc sm smhmjjgclil ml ul mom i hi ihturi fmh fgiarikei.
Agkuri 21. Zmlscr Fm Lgvmh Vgpc Fm Prmsgcl Fgamrmljgih. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
Ml mh jisc fm qum mh tilqum mstm jmrrifc y bioc prmsgúl, diy qum jcrrmkgr hi glfgjijgúl fmh ipiritc piri hi prmsgúl momrjgfi scbrm mh håqugfc fmbgmlfc smùihir qum hi hmjturi smré euy pcjc prmjgsi, sg hi prmsgúl ms krilfm. Zm sumhm jclmjtir ul tubc ml hi pirtm supmrgcr fmh tilqum y emfgr hi fgamrmljgi fm prmsgclms mltrm hi tceifgamrmljgih glamrgcr y hi supmrgcr, utghgzilfc trisegscrms fm prmsgúl fmtcei fgiarikei.
2.92. 2.92.EMFGFCR EMFGFCR FM LGQMH VGPC FM FMZPHI_IEGMLVC
Jclsgstm ml ul ahctifcr pirjgihemltm suemrkgfc ml mh håqugfc y jclmjtifc emfgiltm ul brizc i ul tubc fm tcrsgúl ulgfc råkgfiemltm ih tilqum. Fmltrc fmh tubc y ulgfc i su mxtrmec hgbrm sm mljumltri uli virghhi qum trisegtm mh ecvgegmltc fm kgrc i ul trisegscr trisegscr mxtmrgcr mxtmrgcr ih tilqum. tilqum. Mh tubc fm tcrsgúl tcrsgúl sm jiri jirijt jtmr mrgz gzii aulf aulfie ieml mlti tihe heml mltm tm pc pcrq rqum um mh él élku kuhc hc fm rctijgúl fm su mxtrmec hgbrm ms fgrmjtiemltm prcpcrjgclih i hi au aumr mrzi zi iphg iphgjif jifi, i, ms fmjg fmjgr, r, ih ecem ecemlt ltc c momr momrjg jgfc fc pcr pcr mh ahctifcr. Mh ecvgegmltc ilkuhir fmh mxtrmec hgbrm fmh tubc fm tcrsg crsgúl úl ms euy euy pm pmqu qumù mùc, c, fm fmhh crfm crfml l fm hcs 7¿. 7¿. Mh tubc ubc prcpcrjgcli ifmeés ul jgmrrm mstiljc mltrm mh ahctifcr y mh mxtm mx tmrg rgcr cr fmh fmh ti tilq lqum um (fcl (fclfm fm sm fg fgsp spcl clmm mh gl glst stru ruem emlt ltc c rmjmptcr fmh pir trilsegtgfc).
2.9:. 2.9:.ZGZVMEI ZGZVMEI ]HVRIZÚLGJC ]HVRIZÚLGJC FM EMFGJGÚL EMFGJGÚL FM LGQMH Zm bi bisi si ml hi megs megsgú gúl l fm ul gepu gepuhs hsc c uh uhtr tris isúl úlgj gjc c i uli uli
supmragjgm rmahmjtiltm y hi rmjmpjgúl fmh mjc fmpmlfm fmh lgvmh fmh tilqum. Hcs smlscrms tribioil i uli armjumljgi fm ulcs 20nDz. Mstis clfis itrivgmsil jcl jgmrtc iecrtgkuiegmltc c rmahmxgúl mh emfgc fm håqugfc. kisms c vipcrms y sm rmahmoil ml hi supmragjgm fmhiebgmltm schgfc c fmh
Agkuri 2;. Zmlscr Fm Lgvmh Vgpc ]htrisúlgjc. Vceifc fm? Zmlscvilt
2.96. ZMLZCRMZ PIRI CVRIZ QIRGIBHMZ AÅZGJIZ
2.96 2. 96.9 .9.. Zm Zmls lscr crms ms fm fm pmsc pmsc His jmh His jmhfi fiss fm jirk jirkii c smlsc mlscrrms fm pms pmsc scl scl iqum iqumhhhc hcss fgspcsgtgvcs mhmjtrúlgjcs fmsirrchhifcs jcl hi aglihgfif ms hi fmrgil fmtm fmtm tmjt jtir ir hi hcs hcsgltm ji ebgc gcs s mh mhçj trgj cs prcv prcvcj cjif ifcs cs scbr pcr pcbrm r muli ulhi i vi virg iltm ml gljieb tmls lsgf gfif if fmçjtr ulgjcs pmsc pmsc iphg ip hgji jifc fc sc bésjuhi c bihilzi, glacreijgúl qum i su vmz trilsegtm dijgi ul glfgjifcr fm pmsc c jcltrchifcr fm pmsc, hi jmhfi fm jirki c smlscr fm pmsc ms ul jcepclmltm msmljgih ih gkuih qum mh glfg glfgji jifc fcrr fm pms pmsc, piri piri mh aulj auljgc gcli lieg egml mltc tc fm juih juihqu qugm gmrr bésjuhi c bihilzi mhmjtrúlgji. Zm triti fm ul mhmemltc tctihemltm philc gltmkrifc fmltrc
fm uli uli emeb emebri rili li fm jgrj jgrjug ugtc tc gepr geprms msc c ahmx ahmxgb gbhm hm fm msji msjisc sc mspm ms pmsc scr. r. Msti Msti acre acreii phil philii pmre pmregt gtmm jchc jchcji jirr ih smls smlscr cr jc jcl l aijghgfif mltrm fcs pgmzis fm hi emjélgji fm lumstrc sgstmei y emfgr hi aumrzi qum sm iphgji sgl pmrturbir hi emjélgji fm his prumbis. Hcs smlscrms utghgzil uli tmjlchckåi bisifi ml hi virgijgúl fm hi rmsgstmljgi mhçjtrgji fmh érmi smlscri. Hi iphgjijgúl fm uli aumrzi ih érmi ijtgvi fm fmtmjjgúl fmh smlscr sm trifujm ml jiebgc ml hi rmsgstmljgi mhçjtrgji fmh mhmemltc smlscr ml auljgúl glvmrsiemltm prcpcrjgclih i hi aumrzi iphgjifi.
2.96.2 6.2.. Zml Zmlscr scrms ms fm fm vmhcj vmhcjgfi gfif f 2.9 Hi fmtmjjgúl fm vmhcjgfif acrei pirtm fm ul kril lÿemrc fm sgstmeis glfustrgihms, ml hcs qum sm rmqugmrm ul jcltrch fm hi fg fglé léeg egji ji fm hcs hcs egse egsecs cs.. Hc Hcss tr trils ilsfu fujt jtcr crms ms fm vmhc vmhcjg jgfif fif sumhml pmrtmlmjmr i ulc fm hcs sgkugmltms tgpcs?
9. Ilihúk Ilihúkgjc gjcs? s? Bi Bisif sifcs cs ml kml kmlmrif mrifcrm crmss fm JJ JJ c fglie fgliecs cs tijcemtrgjis 2.
Fgkg Fgkgti tihm hms? s? Bisi Bisifc fcss ml hi fmtm fmtmjj jjgú gúl l fm armj armjum umlj ljgi gi fm ul kmlmrifcr fm puhscs (mljcfmr u ctrcs)
Hi fg fgli liec ec ti tijc jceç eçtr trgj gjii ms, ms, ml msml msmljg jgi, i, ul kmlm kmlmri rifc fcrr fm jcrrgmltm jcltglui jcl mxjgtijgúl i bism fm geilms pmreilmltms. Hi rcbu rcbust stmz mz,, hi bu buml mlii ifip ifipti tijg jgúl úl i sg sgst stme meis is fm jclt jcltrc rchh fgkgtih y hi bumli rmhijgúl jcstm/prmjgsgúl fm mstm tgpc fm smlscrms dijml qum ijtuihemltm sustgtuyil kmlmrifcrms tijceçtrgjcs ml eujdis iphgjijgclms.
i
hcs
Agkuri 24. Zmlscr Fm Qmhcjgfif Vceifc Fm Bmtiljcurt, O. O . C. (209:). Gltmrruptcrms W Zmlscrms
2.96.: 6.:.. Zml Zmlscr scrms ms fm jclfujt jclfujtgvg gvgfif fif 2.9
Hcs smlscrms fm jclfujtgvgfif lc tgmlml pgmzis eúvghms. Mh auljgcliegmltc fm mstcs smlscrms lc sm vm gltmrruepgfc lg sgqugm sgq ugmri ri ml håq håqugf ugfcs cs jclfuj jclfujtcr tcrms ms smegs smegsúhg úhgfcs fcs jcec jcec hcs fmh smjtcr ihgemltirgc, lg ml håqugfcs euy fmlscs jcec his ikuis rmsg rm sgfu fuih ihms ms.. Hi cpjg cpjgúl úl pi piri ri håqug håqugfc fcss euy euy fmls fmlscs cs c smeg smeg-súhgfcs. Ih lc tmlmr pgmzis eúvghms, mstcs gltmrruptcrms sm pumfml usir ml eujdcs mltcrlcs ml hcs qum ul gltmrruptcr fm bcyi sm mlkiljdiråi c lc auljgcliråi ml ibschutc. Hi ulgfif súhc lmjmsgti uli jiltgfif fm jcrrgmltm mxttrme mx rmeif ifie ieml mltm tm pmqu pmqumù mùii piri piri auljg uljgcl clir ir,, jcec jcec jcl jcl juih ju ihqu qugm gmrr ctrc ctrc fgsp fgspcs csgt gtgv gvc, c, ul sg sgst stme meii ifmj ifmjui uifi fiem emlt ltmm glst glstih ihif ifc c y jclmj clmjti tifc fc it itgm gmrr rrii lc supc supclm lm lg lglk lkÿl ÿl rgms rgmskc kc mhçjtrgjc.
2.9=. ZMLZCRMZ FM pD Mh sgs sgstm tmei ei fm pD jc jcls lsggstm fm ul mh mhmj mjtr trcf cfc c fm pD y ul
iephgagjifcr. Mh smlscr fm PD sm egfm mh lgvmh fm Ijgfmz y Bisgjgfif mltrm vihcrms fm 0 i 96. Mh smlscr fm pD ms ul kmh fm Ik-Jh. Mh mhmjtrcfc di sgfc jclstrugfc fmltrc fm ul tubc fm phéstgjc ml ul fgéemtrc fm 92ee, jcltgmlm uli bctmhhi fm prct pr ctmj mjjg jgúl úl jcl jcl ul ulii schu schujg jgúl úl buaa buaamr mr msti mstibh bhm. m. Juil Juilfc fc mh mhmjtrcfc lc ms usifc fmbmré smr kuirfifc fmltrc fm hi bctmhhi. Furiltm hi emfgjgúl sm fmbm hgepgir hi prcbmti mltrm prumbi y prumbi. Mh mhmjtrcfc ms jclmjtifc ih iephgagjifcr pcr emfgc fm ul jib ibhhm jcixgih y ul jclmjtcr BLJ. Mh iephgagjifcr y mh ifiptifcr prcpcrjgclil uli iephgagjijgúl ml ul rilkc mltrm 0 y =Q, mh pD di sgfc fgsmùifc piri auljgclir auljg clir ml fgvmrsis fgvmrsis sgtuijgcl sgtuijgclms. ms. Mh jumrpc jumrpc mpcxgjc mpcxgjc prctmkm prctmkm mh tubc fm vgfrgc, mh kmh fm Ik-Jh di sgfc hhmlifc uli vmz lc smré lmjmsirgc smr ctri vmz hhmlifc.
Agkuri 27. Zmlscr Fm Pd> Zmlscrms, P. J.‚H. (2096). Eiluih Fm ]sc Fm Zmlscr Fm Pdi Jcl Fgsjc Khcbghib
2.91. JRGVMRGCZ FM ZMHMJJGÚL FM ZMLZCRMZ Zmhmjj Zmhm jjgc gcli lirr ul sm smls lscr cr pu pumf mfmm smr smr eu euyy smlj smljghghhc hc y ih ihku kuli liss vmjms fgaåjghms, pmrc, sgmeprm mh cbomtgvc ms fm dijmrhc bgml. Mstc ms pcrqum pcr qum hcs smlscrms, mspmjgihemltm piri usc jgmltåagjc c piri glkmlgmråi, pufm sgklgagjir hi fgamrmljgi mltrm
emfgjgclms rmpmtgbhms c lÿemrcs fgspirifcs. Mh cbomtgvc ms emfgr jcl mxijtgtuf y jcl gljmrtgfuebrm ijmptibhms. Ih mhmkgr ul smlscr fmbmecs fm tceir ml jumlti hcs sgkugmltms jrgtmrgcs?
Ihjiljm fm emfgjgúl Mxijtgtuf fmh prcfujtc Jclfgjgclms bioc hi juih hi emfgjgúl fmbm smr rmihgzifi. Qmltiois y fmsvmltiois fmh smlscr.
2.91 .9.. Mx Mxij ijtg tgtu tuf f 2.91.9 Hi mxijtgtuf fm hi emfgjgúl fmbm smr til ihti jcec aumsm pcsgbhm. Zm mltgmlfm pcr mxijtgtuf qum mh vihcr vmrfifmrc fm hi virgibhm sm pumfi fmtmjtir sgl mrrcrms sgstmeétgjcs pcsgtgvcs c lmkitgvcs ml hi emfgjgúl. Zcbrm virg is emfgjgclms fm hi virgibhm, mh prcemfgc fm mrrcr mltrm mh vihcr rmih y mh vihcr fmtmjtifc tmlfmri i smr jmrc.
2.91 2. 91.2 .2.. Pr Prmj mjgs gsgú gúl l Hi prmjgsgúl fm hi emfgjgúl fmbm smr til ihti jcec aumsm pcsg bh bhm. m. Hipr Hiprmj mjgs gsgú gúl l sgkl sgklga gagj gjii qum qum mxgs mxgstm tm c lc uli uli pmqu pmqumù mùii virg vi rgij ijgú gúl l ihmi ihmitc tcrg rgii ml hi emfgj mfgjgú gúl l fm hi virg virgib ibhhm. Hi fgspmrsgúl ml hcs vihcrms fm uli smrgm fm emfgjgclms smré eålgei.
2.91.: 1.:.. Ril Rilkc kc fm aulj auljgcl gclie iegml gmltc tc 2.9 Mh smlscr fmbm tmlmr ul iephgc rilkc fm auljgcliegmltc y fmbm smr mxijtc y prmjgsc ml tcfc mh rilkc.
2.91.6 1.6.. Qmh Qmhcjg cjgfif fif fm rmspu rmspumst mstii 2.9 Mh trilsfujtcr fmbm smr jipiz fm rmspclfmr i hcs jiebgcs fm hi virgibhm fmtmjtifi ml ul tgmepc eålgec. Hc gfmih smråi uli rmspumsti glstiltélmi.
2.91 2. 91.= .=.. Ji Jihghgbr brij ijgú gúl l Mh smlscr fmbm smr aéjgh fm jihgbrir. Mh tgmepc y hcs prcjmfgeg mltcslmjmsirgcs piri hhmvir i jibc mh prcjmsc fm jihgbrijgúl fmbml smr eålgecs. Ifmeés, mh smlscr lc fmbm lmjmsgtir uli rmjihgbrijgúl armjumltm mh tçreglc fmsvgijgúl sm iphgji jcl armjumljgi piri glfgjir hi pçrfgfi krifuih fm mxijtgtuf fmh smlscr qum sm prcfujm jcl mh tgmepc y mh usc, hc juih dijm lmjmsirgi su rmjihgbrijgúl.
2.91 91.1 .1.. Ag Agib ibghghgf gfif if 2.
Mh smlscr fmbm tmlmr uli ihti agibghgfif. Lc fmbm mstir suomtc i aihhcs armjumltms furiltm mh auljgcliegmltc.
Jipgtuhc GGG
Ml mh jclt jcltrch rch iutc iutceé eétg tgjc jc fm hcs hcs pr prcj cjms mscs cs gl glfu fust strg rgih ihms ms mh ijtuifcr ijtui fcr ms ul fgspcsgtg fgspcsgtgvc vc gepcrtiltm gepcrtiltm,, jipiz fm trilsacreir trilsacreir mlmrkåi dgfréuhgji, lmueétgji c mhçjtrgji ml hi ijtgvijgúl fm
ul prcjmsc jcl hi aglihgfif fm kmlmrir ul mamjtc scbrm ul prcjmsc iutceitgzifc. Mstm rmjgbm hi crfml fm ul rmkuhifcr c jcltrchifcr y ml auljgúl i mhhi kmlmri hi crfml piri ijtgvir ul mhmemltc aglih fm jcltrch jcec, pcr momephc, uli véhvuhi.
Agkuri :0. Philti c prcjmsc fm aibrgjijgúl ([mb) ( [mb)
Pcr jifi prcjmsc fmbm dibmr ul ijtuifcr aglih, qum rmkuhm mh sueglgstrc fm mlmrkåi c eitmrgih ih prcjmsc y jiebgm hi smùih fm emfgjgúl. Eés i emlufc çstm ms ihkÿl tgpc fm véhvuhi, pmrc pumfm smr ifmeés uli jcrrmi c rmkuhifcr fm vmhcjgfif fm ectcr, pcsgjgclifcr, mltrm ctrcs. Hcs tgpcs fm prcjmscs mljcltrifcs ml his philtis glfustrgihms scl til virgifcs jcec hcs eitmrgihms qum prcfujml. Mstcs sm mxtgmlfml fmsfm hc sgephm y jceÿl, tihms jcec hcs hizcs qum jcltrchil jiufih, disti hcs krilfms y jcephmocs jcec hcs qumm jclt qu jcltrc rchi hil l jchu jchuel elis is fm fmst fmstghghij ijgú gúl l ml hi gl glfu fust strg rgii pmtrcquåegji. Piri fmjgfgr quç tgpc fm ijtuifcr sm lmjmsgti utghgzir mltrm hi fgvmrsgfif fm mstcs, sm fmbm sibmr hi ijjgúl qum sm qugmrm rmihgzir y i hi vmhcjgfif sm qugmrm rmihgzir. Mxgstml juitrc tgpcs fm sgstmeis fm ijtuifcrms?
Mhmjtrúlgjcs
Dgfréuhgjcs
Lmueétgjcs
Mhçjtrgjcs
Hcss ijtu Hc ijtuif ifcr crms ms dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jcs, s, lmue lmueét étgj gjcs cs y mh mhçj çjtr trgj gjcs cs scl scl usifcs piri eilmoir ipiritcs emjitrúlgjcs. Pcr hc kmlmrih, hcs hcs ijtu ijtuif ifcr crms ms dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jcss sm meph mephmi mil l juilf juilfc c hc qum qum sm lmjmsgti ms pctmljgi, y hcs lmueétgjcs scl sgephms pcsgjg pcs gjgcli cliegm egmltc ltcs. s. Zgl mebirk mebirkc, c, hcs dgfréu dgfréuhghgjcs jcs rmqugm rmqugmrml rml eujd eu jdc c mqug mqugpc pc piri piri sueg sueglg lgst strc rc fm mlmr mlmrkå kåi, i, iså iså jcec jcec fm eiltmlgegmltc pmrgúfgjc. Pcr ctrc hifc, his iphgjijgclms fm hcs hcs ecfm ecfmhc hcss lmue lmueét étgj gjcs cs ti tieb ebgç gçl l scl scl hghgeg egti tifis fis fmsf fmsfmm mh pultc fm vgsti fm prmjgsgúl y eiltmlgegmltc.
:.9. 9. IJ IJV] V]IF IFCR CRMZ MZ MHMJV MHMJVRÚ RÚLG LGJC JCZ Z :. Hcs ijtuifcrms mhmjtrúlgjcs scl ijjgclifcs pcr emfgc fm jcrrgmltms mhçjtrgjis. Mxgstml ijtuifcrms mhmjtrúlgjcs qum
jclsueml uli jclsgfmribhm jiltgfif fm mlmrkåi, piri mstm tgpc fm jiscs sm utghgzil jcltrchifcrms. Viebgçl scl euy utghgzifcs ml hcs ipiritcs emjitrúlgjcs, jcec pcr momephc, ml hcs hcs rcbct cbctss. Hc Hcss smrvc mrvcec ecttcrms crms JI sgl msj msjcb cbgh ghhhis sm utghgziril ml mh auturc jcec ijtuifcrms fm pcsgjgcliegmltc prmjgsc fmbgfc i hi fmeilfi fm auljgcliegmltc sgl tiltis dcris fm eiltmlgegmltc.
Agkuri :9. Ijtuifcrms mhmjtrúlgjcs ([mb)
:.2. 2. IJ IJV] V]IF IFCR CRMZ MZ DGFR DGFRÉ] É]HG HGJC JCZ Z :. Mstcs ijtuifcrms sm bisil, piri su auljgcliegmltc, ml hi prms pr msgú gúl l momr momrjg jgfi fi pcr pcr ul håqug håqugfc fc,, kmlm kmlmri rihe heml mltm tm ul tgpc tgpc fm ijmg ij mgtm tm.. His His eiqu eiqugl glis is qum qum lcre lcreih ihem emlt ltmm sm ml mlju juml mltr tril il jcla jc lacr crei eifi fiss pcr pcr ij ijtu tuif ifcr crms ms dg dgfr fréu éuhghgjc jcss tgml tgmlml ml eiyc eiycrr vmhc vm hcjg jgfi fif f y eiyc eiycrr rm rmsg sgst stml mljg jgii emjé emjélg lgji ji y scl scl fm kril kril tiei tieiùc ùc,, pcr pcr mh mhhc hc,, scl scl usif usifcs cs piri piri iphg iphgji jijg jgcl clms ms fclf fclfmm rmqugmril fm uli jirki pmsifi. Juihqugmr tgpc fm sgstmei dgfréuhgjc sm mljumltri smhhifc dmreçtgjiemltm i ecfc qum lc pmre pmregt gti, i, fm lglk lglkul ulii eilm eilmri ri,, fmrr fmrrie ieir ir mh håhåqug qugfc fc qum qum jcltg cltgml mlm, m, fm hc jc jclt ltri rirg rgii sm jcrrm rrm ul kril kril rgms rgmskc kc.. Hcs Hcs ijtu ij tuif ifcr crms ms dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jcss rmqu rmqugm gmrm rml l fmei fmeisg sgif ifc c mqug mqugpc pc piri piri sueglgstrc fm mlmrkåi, iså jcec fm eiltmlgegmltc pmrgúfgjc.
His vmltiois qum prmsmltil hcs ijtuifcrms fm msti liturihmzi scl?
Ihtcs ålfgjms mltrm pctmljgi y jirki. Eiycr mxijtgtuf.
Rmspumsti fm eiycr armjumljgi.
Fmsmepmùc suivm i biois vmhcjgfifms.
Iephgc rilkc fm vmhcjgfif. Prcfujm eés aumrzi qum ul sgstmei lmueétgjc fm egsec tieiùc.
His fmsv His fmsvml mlti tioi oiss qum qum prms prmsml mlti til l hc hcss ijtu ijtuif ifcr crms ms fm msti msti liturihmzi scl? qum fmbgfc i his mhmvifis prmsgclms i his qum tribioil prcpgjgil hi mxgstmljgi fm aukis fm ijmgtm i hc hirkc fm hi glstihijgúl. Ifmeés, mstis glstihijgclms sumhml smrr eés sm eés jcep jcephghgjif jifis is qum qum his his lmjm lmjmsi sirg rgis is piri piri ij ijtu tuif ifcr crms ms lmueétgjcs y eujdc eés qum piri hcs mhçjtrgjcs,
lmjmsgtilfc fm mqugpcs fm?
Aghtrifc fm pirtåjuhis.
Mhgeglijgúl fm igrm. Zgstmeis fm rmargkmrijgúl.
]lgfifms fm jcltrch fm fgstrgbujgúl.
His prgl His prgljg jgpih pihms ms iphgj iphgjij ijgc gclm lmss sm mlju mljuml mltr tril il ml eéqu eéqugl glis is trcqumhifcris, ml jirkifcrms y ml eiquglirgis pmsifi piri cbris jgvghms. Mstm sgstmei fm ijtuifcrms sm fgvgfm ml trms krilfms krupcs?
Jghglfrc dgfréuhgjc.
Ectcr dgfréuhgjc.
Ectcr dgfréuhgjc fm csjghijgúl.
Jghglfrc dgfréuhgjc Fm ijumrfc jcl su auljgúl pcfmecs jhisgagjir i hcs jghglfrcs dgfréuhgjcs ml 2 tgpcs?
Fm mamjtc sgephm? sm utghgzi aumrzi dgfréuhgji piri mepuoir y uli aumrzi mxtmrli, fgamrmltm, piri jcltrimr. Fm ijjgúl fcbhm? sm mephmi hi aumrzi dgfréuhgji piri mamjtuir iebis ijjgclms.
Jghglfrc fm prmsgúl fgléegji Hhmvi hi jirki ml hi bism fmh jghglfrc. Hcs jcstcs fm aibrgjijgúl pcr hc kmlmrih scl biocs yi qum lc diy pirtms qum rmsbihml fmltrc fmh jghglfrc.
Agkuri :2. Jghglfrc fm prmsgúl fgléegji ([mb)
Jghglfrc fm mamjtc sgephm ]li birri ms jchcjifi ml ul mxtrmec fmh pgstúl, juilfc hi prmsgúl ms momrjgfi ml hi pirtm jcltrirgi ih mxtrmec fmh pgstúl fclfm msté hi birri, msti subm disti fclfm hi prmsgúl hc mepuom, momrjgmlfc uli aumrzi scbrm hi birri fm jcltrijjgúl, fmspuçs hi birri ms rmkrmsifi i hi pcsgjgúl glgjgih pcr hi sgephm ijjgúl fm rmscrtms c fm hi krivmfif. Hi jirki schc pumfm jchcjirsm ml ul mxtrmec fmh jghglfrc.
Agkuri ::. Jghglfrc fm mamjtc sgephm ([mb) ( [mb)
Jghglfrc fm mamjtc fcbhm Hi jirk jirkii pumf pumfmm jchc jchcji jirs rsmm ml juih juihqu qugm gmri ri fm hc hcss hi hifc fcss fmh fmh jgh ghgglfrc lfrc.. Zm kmlm kmlmri ri ul gep epuh uhsc sc dcrg dcrgzc zclt ltih ih fmbg fmbgfc fc i hi fgamrmljgi fm prmsgúl mltrm hcs mxtrmecs fmh pgstúl juilfc mh
håqugfc mltri ml mstm.
Agkuri :6. Jghglfrc fm mamjtc fcbhm ([mb) ( [mb)
Jghglfrc tmhmsjúpgjc Hi birri fm tgpc tubc euhtgmtépgjc ms mepuoifi sujmsgviemltm jclacrem sm vi iphgjilfc ih jghglfrc ijmgtm i
prmsgúl. Zm pumfm hckrir uli jirrmri rmhitgviemltm ml jcepirijgúl jcl hi hclkgtuf fmh jghglfrc.
Agkuri :=. Jghglfrc tmhmsjúpgjc ([mb)
:.:. :. :. EC ECVC VCR R DGFR DGFRÉ] É]HG HGJC JC Ml hcs hcs ectc ectcrm rmss dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jcss mh ecvg ecvgeg egml mltc tc rcti rctitc tcrg rgc c ms kmlm km lmri rifc fc pcr pcr hi prms prmsgú gúl. l. Ms Mstc tcss ectc ectcrm rmss hcs pcf pcfmecs mecs jhisgagjir ml fcs krilfms krupcs?
Mh fm tgpc rctitcrgc? ml mh qum hcs mlkrilms scl ijjgclifcs fgrmjtiemltm pcr ijmgtm i prmsgúl. Mh fm tgpc csjghiltm? mh ecvgegmltc rctitcrgc ms kmlmrifc pcr hi ijjgúl csjghitcrgi fm ul pgstúl c pmrjutcr> mstm tgpc tgmlm eiycr fmeilfi fmbgfc i su eiycr magjgmljgi.
-ECVCR FM
MLKRILIOM. -ECVCR FM QIHMVI. -ECVCR FM DÇHGJM.
VGPC RCVIVCRGC
JHIZGAGJIJGÚL FM HCZ ECVCRMZ DGFRÉ]HGJCZ
PGZVÚL ITGIH?
VGPC CZJGHILVM
-ECVCR JCL
MOM GLJHGLIFC.
Agkuri :1. Jhisgagjijgúl fm hcs ectcrms dgfréuhgjcs
Ectcr jcl pgstúl mom gljhglifc Mh ijmgtm i prmsgúl qum ahuym fmsfm hi mltrifi mepuoi mh pgstúl jcltri hi brgfi y hi aumrzi rmsuhtiltm ml hi fgrmjjgúl rifgih dijm qum mh mom y mh bhcqum fmh jghglfrc kgrml ml hi
fgrmjjgúl fm hi ahmjdi. Mstm tgpc fm ectcr ms euy jclvmlgmltm piri pi ri uscs uscs i ih ihti ti prms prmsgú gúl l y i ih ihti ti vm vmhc hcjg jgfi fif. f. Ms pcsg pcsgbh bhmm ecfgagjir su jipijgfif ih jiebgir mh élkuhc fm gljhglijgúl fmh mom.
Agkuri :;. Ectcr jcl pgstúl mom gljhglifc ([mb)
Ectcr csjghiltm jcl pgstúl ixgih Vgmlm jcec auljgúl, mh ibscrbmr ul fmtmreglifc vchueml fm ahugfc i prmsgúl y fmvchvmrhc ih jgrjugtc ml mh ecemltc qum çstm hc prmjgsm.
Agkuri :4. Ectcr csjghiltm jcl pgstúl ixgih ([mb)
:.6. 6. IJ IJV] V]IF IFCR CRMZ MZ LM] LM]EÉ EÉVG VGJC JCZ Z :. I hcs emji emjilg lgse secs cs qum qum jclv jclvgm gmrt rtml ml hi mlm mlmrkå rkåi fmh fmh ig igrm rm jceprgegfc ml tribioc emjélgjc sm hms fmlcegli ijtuifcrms lmueétg étgjcs. Iulqum ml msmljgi scl gfçltgjcs i hcs ijtuifcrms dgfréuhgjcs, mh rilkc fm jceprmsgúl ms eiycr ml mstm jisc, ifmeés fm qum diy uli pmqumùi fgamrmljgi ml juiltc juilt c ih usc y ml hc qum sm rmagmrm rmagmrm i hi mstrujturi, mstrujturi, fmbgfc i qumm mstc qu mstcss tgml tgmlml ml pcji pcji vgsj vgsjcs csgf gfif if.. Ml msti msti jh jhis isga gagj gjij ijgú gúl l ipirmjml hcs aumhhms y fgiarikeis, qum utghgzil zil igrm jceprgegfc y tiebgçl hcs eÿsjuhcs irtgagjgihms fm duhm, qum ÿhtgeiemltm dil rmjgbgfc eujdi itmljgúl.
Agkuri :7. Ijtuifcr Lmueétgjc ([mb)
:. :.=. =. QÉ QÉHQ HQ]H ]HI I FM JC JCLV LVRC RCH H
Hi véhvuhi iutceétgji fm jcltrch kmlmrihemltm jclstgtuym mh ÿhtgec mhmemltc ml ul hizc fm jcltrch glstihifc ml hi hålmi fm prcjmsc y sm jcepcrti jcec ul crgagjgc juyi smjjgúl fm pisc virgi jcltgluiemltm jcl hi aglihgfif fm jcltrchir ul jiufih ml uli acrei fmtmreglifi.
Agkuri 60. Pirtms fm uli véhvuhi fm jcltrch ([mb)
:.1.QÉHQ]HI FM JCEP]MRVI Msti véhvuhi mamjtÿi su jgmrrm jcl ul fgsjc vmrtgjih philc, c fm acrei mspmjgih, y qum sm eumvm vmrtgjihemltm ih ahuoc fmh ahugfc. Pcr su fgspcsgjgúl ms ifmjuifi kmlmrihemltm piri jcltrch tcfc-lifi, yi qum ml pcsgjgclms gltmremfgis tgmlfm i bhcqumirsm. Vgmlm hi vmltioi fm prmsmltir euy pcji rmsg rm sgst stml mljg jgii ih ahuo ahuoc c fm ahug ahugfc fc juil juilfc fc msté msté ml pcsg pcsgjg jgúl úl fm ipmrturi tctih.
Agkuri 69. Qéhvuhis fm jcepumrti ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri
Zmrvgjgc
jcl
ipmrturi
tctih
c
jgmrrm
tctih,
sgl mstrilkuhijgúl.
Piri usc pcjc armjumltm. Piri rmsgstmljgi eålgei i hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Piri eålgeis jiltgfifms fm ahugfc c hgqugfc itripifc ml hi tubmråi.
Iphgjijgclms Zmrvgj Zmrv gjgc gc kmlm kmlmri rih, h, ijmg ijmgtm tmss y pmtr pmtrúh úhmc mc,, kis, kis, ig igrm rm,, pi pist stis is smeghå sme ghåqug qugfis, fis, håqug håqugfcs fcs mspms mspmscs, cs, vipcr, vipcr, kisms kisms y håqugf håqugfcs cs lc jclfmlsibhms, håqugfcs jcrrcsgvcs. Qmltiois
Ihti jipijgfif.
Jgmrrm dmreçtgjc.
Bioc jcstc.
Fgsmùc y auljgcliegmltc smljghhcs.
Pcji rmsgstmljgi i hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Fmsvmltiois
Jcltrch fmagjgmltm fm hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Zm rmqugmrm eujdi aumrzi piri ijjgclirhi.
Prcfujm jivgtijgúl jcl bioi jiåfi fm prmsgúl.
Fmbm mstir jubgmrti c jmrrifi pcr jcephmtc.
Hi pcsgjgúl piri mstrilkuhijgúl prcfujgré mrcsgúl fmh isgmltc y fmh fgsjc.
Qirgijgclms
Juùi eijgzi, juùi ahmxgbhm, juùi fgvgfgfi, fgsjc fcbhm.
Eitmrgihms
Jumrpc? brcljm, dgmrrc aulfgfc, dgmrrc, ijmrc acroifc, Eclmh, ijmrc aulfgfc, ijmrc glcxgfibhm, phéstgjc fm PQJ.
Qéhvuhis fm eijdc Hi véhvuhi fm eijdc ms fm ¸ fm vumhti, qum jcltrchi hi jgrjuhijgúl pcr emfgc fm ul eijdc jghålfrgjc c júlgjc qum tgmlm ul ikuomrc ml mh jmltrc, qum sm pumfm ecvmr fm hi pcsgjgúl ibgmrti i hi jmrrifi emfgiltm ul kgrc fm 70°.
Agkuri 62. Qéhvuhi fm eijdc ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri?
Zmrvgjgc jcl ipmrturi tctih c jgmrrm tctih. Piri ijjgcliegmltc armjumltm. Piri bioi jiåfi fm prmsgúl i trivçs fm hi véhvuhi. Piri rmsgstmljgi eålgei i hi jgrjuhijgúl. Piri jiltgfif eålgei fm ahugfc itripifc ml hi tubmråi.
Iphgjijgclms
Zmrvgjgc kmlmrih, pistis smeghåqugfis, håqugfcs, vipcrms, kisms, jcrrcsgvcs.
Qmltiois
Ihti jipijgfif.
Bioc jcstc. Jgmrrm dmreçtgjc. Auljgcliegmltc répgfc.
Fmsvmltiois
Rmqugmrm ihti tcrsgúl (pir) piri ijjgclirhi. Fmskistm fmh isgmltc. Jivgtijgúl jcl bioi jiåfi fm prmsgúl.
Qirgijgclms
Hubrgjifi, sgl hubrgjir, crgagjgcs eÿhtgphms.
Eitmrgihms
Dgmrrc, dgmrrc fÿjtgh, ijmrc ih jirbclc, ijmrc glcxgfibhm, ihmijgúl 20, Eclmh, låqumh, Distmhhcy, jiegsi fm phéstgjc.
:.;.QÉHQ]HIZ FM KHCBC
]li véhvuhi fm khcbc ms fm vumhtis eÿhtgphms, ml hi juih mh jgmrrm sm hckri pcr emfgc fm ul fgsjc c tipúl qum jgmrri c jcrti mh pisc fmh ahugfc ml ul isgmltc qum sumhm mstir pirihmhc jcl hi jgrjuhijgúl ml hi tubmråi.
Agkuri 6:. Qéhvuhis fm khcbc ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri
Mstrilkuhijgúl c rmkuhijgúl fm jgrjuhijgúl. Piri ijjgcliegmltc armjumltm. Piri jcrtm pcsgtgvc fm kisms c igrm. Juilfc ms ijmptibhm jgmrti rmsgstmljgi i hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Iphgjijgclms
Zmrvgjgc Zmrvgj gc kmlmri kmlmrih, h, håqug håqugfcs fcs,, vipcrms vipcrms,, kis kisms, ms, jcrrcs jcrrcsgvc gvcs, s, pistis smeghåqugfis.
Qmltiois
Mstril Mstr ilku kuhi hijg jgúl úl ma magj gjgm gmlt ltmm jcl jcl ms mstg tgri rieg egml mltc tc c mrcs mrcsgú gúl l eålgecs fmh fgsjc c isgmltc. Jirrmri jcrti fmh fgsjc y pcjis vumhtis piri ijjgclirhis, hc juih rmfujm mh tgmepc y fmskistm ml mh véstikc y mh bclmtm. Jcltrch prmjgsc fm hi jgrjuhijgúl. Fgspclgbhm jcl crgagjgcs eÿhtgphms.
Fmsvmltiois
Kril jiåfi fm prmsgúl. Jcstc rmhitgvc mhmvifc. Qirgijgclms Lcreih (mstélfir), ml "W", ml élkuhc, fm trms våis.
Eitmrgihms
Jumrpc? brcljm Jumrpc? brcljm,, dgm dgmrrc, rrc, dgmrrc dgmrrc aulfgf aulfgfc, c, ijmrc ijmrc acroif acroifc, c, Eclmh, ijmrc glcxgfibhm, phéstgjcs.
:. :.4. 4. QÉ QÉHQ HQ]H ]HIZ IZ FM BCH BCHI I His véhvuhis fm bchi scl fm ¸ fm vumhti, ml his juihms uli bchi tihifrifi kgri mltrm isgmltcs mhéstgjcs, hc juih pmregtm hi
jgrjuhijgúl fgrmjti ml hi pcsgjgúl ibgmrti y jcrti mh pisc juilfc sm kgri hi bchi 70° y jgmrri mh jclfujtc.
Agkuri 66. Qéhvuhis fm bchi ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri?
Piri smrvgjgc fm jclfujjgúl y jcrtm, sgl mstrilkuhijgúl. Juilfc sm rmqugmrm ipmrturi répgfi. Piri tmepmrituris ecfmrifis.
Juilfc sm lmjmsgti rmsgstmljgi eålgei i hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Iphgjijgclms
Zmrvgjgc kmlmrih, ihtis tmepmrituris, pistis smeghåqugfis.
Qmltiois
Bioc jcstc. Ihti jipijgfif. Jcrtm bgfgrmjjgclih. Jgrjuhijgúl ml hålmi rmjti. Pcjis aukis. Zm hgepgi pcr sg schi. Pcjc eiltmlgegmltc. Lc rmqugmrm hubrgjijgúl. Vieiùc jcepijtc. Jgmrrm dmreçtgjc jcl bioi tcrsgúl (pir).
Fmsvmltiois
Jirijtmråstgjis fmagjgmltms piri mstrilkuhijgúl. Ihti tcrsgúl piri ijjgclirhi. Zusjmptgbhm ih fmskistm fm smhhcs c mepiqumtifuris. Prcpmlsi i hi jivgtijgúl.
Qirgijgclms
Mltrif Mltr ifii pcr pcr hi pirt pirtmm supm supmrg rgcr cr,, jumr jumrpc pc c mltr mltrif ifii fm mxtrmec fgvgfgfcs (pirtgfcs), trms våis, Qmlturg, crgagjgc fm tieiùc tctih, crgagjgc fm tieiùc rmfujgfc.
Eitmrgihms
Jumrpc? Jumrp c? dgmr dgmrrc rc aulf aulfgf gfc, c, dgmr dgmrrc rc fÿjt fÿjtghgh,, brcl brcljm jm,, hi hitú túl, l, ihueglgc, ijmrcs ih jirbclc, ijmrcs glcxgfibhms, tgtilgc, téltihc, zgrjclgc> phéstgjcs fm pchgprcpghmlc y PQJ.
:.7. :. 7. QÉ QÉHQ HQ]H ]HIZ IZ FM EI EIRG RGPC PCZI ZI Hi véhvuhi fm eirgpcsi ms fm ¸ fm vumhti y jcltrchi hi jgrjuhijgúl pcr emfgc fm ul fgsjc jgrjuhir, jcl mh mom fm su crgagjgc ml élkuhcs rmjtcs jcl mh smltgfc fm hi jgrjuhijgúl.
Agkuri 6=. Qéhvuhis fm eirgpcsi ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri?
Zmrvgjgc jcl ipmrturi tctih c jgmrrm tctih. Zmrvgjgc jcl mstrilkuhijgúl. Piri ijjgcliegmltc armjumltm. Juilfc sm rmqugmrm jcrtm pcsgtgvc piri kisms c håqugfcs. Juilfc schc sm pmregtm ul eålgec fm ahugfc itripifc ml hi tubmråi. Piri bioi jgifi fm prmsgúl i trivçs fm hi véhvuhi.
Iphgjijgclms
Zmrvgjgc kmlmrih, håqugfcs, kisms, pistis smeghåqugfis, håqugfcs jcl súhgfcs ml suspmlsgúl.
Qmltiois
Hgkmri fm pmsc, jcepijti, bioc jcstc. Rmqugmrm pcjc eiltmlgegmltc. Lÿemrc eålgec fm pgmzis eúvghms. Lc tgmlm bchis c jivgfifms.
Ihti jipijgfif. Jgrjuhijgúl ml hålmi rmjti. Zm hgepgi pcr sg schi.
Fmsvmltiois
Ihti tcrsgúl (pir) piri ijjgclirhi. Jipijgfif hgegtifi piri jiåfi fm prmsgúl. Prcpmlsi i hi jivgtijgúl. Qirgijgclms Fgsjc philc, fgsjc rmihzifc, jcl brgfi, itcrlghhifc, jcl jiegsi jcephmti, ihtc rmlfgegmltc.
Eitmrgihms
Jumrpc? dgmrrc, dgmrrc fÿjtgh, ijmrcs ih jirbclc, ijmrc acroifc, ijmrcs glcxgfibhms, ihmijgúl 20, brcljm, Eclmh. Fgsjc? tcfcs hcs emtihms> rmvmstgegmltcs fm mhistúemrcs jcec VAM, Nylir, Buli-L, lmcprmlc, Dypihcl. Isgmltc? Buli-L, vgtcl, lmcprmlc, jiujdc, butghc, pchgurmtilc, Dypihcl, Dyjir, VAM.
:.90. QÉ QÉHQ]HIZ FM RMVMLJGÚL (JDMJN) W FM FMZIDCKC (IHGQGC) Diy fcs jitmkcråis fm véhvuhis y scl piri usc mspmjåagjc, eés bgml qum piri smrvgjgc kmlmrih? véhvuhis fm rmtmljgúl (jdmjn) y véhvuhis fm fmsidckc (ihgvgc). Ih jcltrirgc fm hcs ctrc ct rcss tg tgpc pcss fmsj fmsjrg rgttcs cs,, scl véh véhvuh vuhis fm ijj ijjgclie cliegm gmlt ltc c iutceé iut ceétgj tgjc, c, auljgc auljgclil lil sgl jcltr jcltrchm chmss mxt mxtmrl mrlcs cs y fmpmlf fmpmlfml ml piri su auljgcliegmltc fmh smltgfc fm jgrjuhijgúl c fm his prmsgclms ml mh sgstmei fm tubmråi. Jcec iebcs tgpcs sm utghgz hgzil ml jcebglijgúl jcl véhvuhis fm jcltrch fm jgrjuhijgúl, hi smhmjjgúl fm hi véhvuhi, jcl armjumljgi, sm dijm scbrm hi bism fm his jclfgjgclms piri smhmjjgclir hi véhvuhi fm jcltrch fm jgrjuhijgúl.
Agkuri 61. Qéhvuhis fm ihgvgc ([mb)
:.99.QÉHQ]HIZ FM RMVMLJGÚL (JDMJN). Hi véhvuhi fm rmtmljgúl (agk. :-4) msté fmstglifi i gepmfgr uli glvmrsgúl fm hi jgrjuhijgúl. Hi jgrjuhijgúl fmh håqugfc ml mh smltgfc fmsmifc ibrm hi véhvuhi> ih glvmrtgrsm hi jgrjuhijgúl, sm jgmrri. Diy trms tgpcs bésgjcs bésgjcs fm véhvuhis véhvuhis fm rmtmljgúl? rmtmljgúl? 9) véhvuhis fm rmtmljgúl fm jchuepgc, 2) fm mhmvijgúl y :) fm eirgpcsi.
Agkuri 6;. Qéhvuhis fm
rmtmljgúl ([mb)
:.92. QÉH :.92. QÉHQ] Q]HIZ HIZ FM FM RMVML RMVMLJGÚ JGÚL L FMH FMH JCH]EP JCH]EPGC. GC. Msti véhvuhi tgmlm ul fgsjc mebgsikrifc c fm jdirlmhi qum sm ibrm pcr jcephmtc jcl hi prmsgúl ml hi tubmråi y sm jgmrri juilfc sm gltmrruepm hi prmsgúl y mepgmzi hi jgrjuhijgúl glvmrsi. glvmr si. Diy fgsmùcs? fgsmùcs? ulcmh ml "W" qum tgmlm ibmrturi fm ijjmsc ml fcs mh jumrpc piri msemrghifc aéjgh uli fmh fgsjc sgl fmsecltir hi véhvuhi fm hi tubmråi y ul tgpc fm jgrjuhijgúl ml hålmi rmjti qum tgmlm ilghhcs fm isgmltc rmmephizibhms.
Agkuri 64. Qéhvuhis fm rmtmljgúl fm jchuepgc ([mb)
Rmjcemlfifi piri
Juilfc sm lmjmsgti rmsgstmljgi eålgei i hi jgrjuhijgúl. Juilfc diy jiebgcs pcjc armjumltms fmh smltgfc fm jgrjuhijgúl ml hi tubmråi.
Piri smrvgjgc ml tubmråis qum tgmlml véhvuhis fm jcepumrti. Piri tubmråis vmrtgjihms qum tgmlml jgrjuhijgúl isjmlfmltm.
Iphgjijgclms
Piri smrvgjgc jcl håqugfcs i bioi vmhcjgfif.
Qmltiois
Pumfm mstir pcr jcephmtc i hi vgsti. Hi turbuhmljgi y his prmsgclms fmltrc fm hi véhvuhi scl euy biois. Mh fgsjc ml "W" sm pumfm msemrghir sgl fmsecltir hi véhvuhi fm hi tubmråi.
Qirgijgclms
Qéhvuhis fm rmtmljgúl jcl fgsjc gljhglibhm.
Eitmrgihms
Jumrpc? brcljm, dgmrrc aulfgfc, ijmrc acroifc, Eclmh, ijmrc aulfgfc, ijmrc glcxgfibhm, ijmrc ih jirbclc.
:.9:.VGPCZ FM PGZVCLMZ?
Mh Pgstúl ms ul jghglfrc ibgmrtc pcr su bism glamrgcr, jmrrifc ml hi supmrgcr y suomtc i hi bgmhi ml su pirtm gltmremfgi. Mh ecvgegmltc fmh pgstúl ms dijgi irrgbi y ibioc ml mh gltmrgcr fmh jghglfrc, jceprgem hi emzjhi, trilsegtm hi prmsgúl fm jcebustgúl ih jgkømùih i trivçs fm hi bgmhi, aumrzi hi sihgfi fm hcs kisms rmsuhtiltms fm hi jcebustgúl ml hi jirrmri fm msjipm y prcfujm ul vijåc ml mh jghglfrc qum ‘ispgri― hi emzjhi ml hi jirrmri fm ispgrijgúl. Mh pgstúl fmbm smr hgkmrc,
fm acrei qum smil eålgeis his jirkis fm glmrjgi, pmrc i su vmzz fmbm vm fmbm smr smr hc su suag agjg jgml mltm tmem emlt ltmm råkg råkgfc fc y rmsg rmsgst stml mltm tm pi piri ri scpcrtir mh jihcr y hi prmsgúl fmsirrchhifcs ml mh gltmrgcr fm hi jéeiri fm jcebustgúl.
:. :.9:. 9:.9. 9. Pgs Pgstcl tclms ms fm fm ihueg ihueglgc lgc aulf aulfgfc gfc (suag (suagoc ocss p, lp) lp) ]lc fm hcs prcjmscs eés iltgkucs y iÿl vgkmltm, ms mh fm hi aulfgjgúl fm hglkctms fm ihueglgc ml krilfms Jrgschms (fclfm sm jihgmltil hcs emtihms disti qum sm aulfml c pisil fm súhgfc i håqugfc) qum humkc sm vijåil ml echfms mlargifcs pcr ikui bioc sgstmeis mspmjgihms. Pcsstmrg Pc tmrgcr cre emltm mltm,,
jceg jcegml mlzi zi mh prcj prcjms msc c
fm emji emjilg lgzi zifc fc,,
ma mamj mjtu tuif ifc c pcr pcr fgam fgamrm rmlt ltms ms eiqu eiqugl glir irgi giss jclt jcltrc rchi hifi fiss pcr pcr jceputifcris y pcr ÿhtgec pisil pcr uli smrgm fm prcjmscs tç tçre regj gjcs cs qu qumm hms hms fil fil his his prcp prcpgm gmfi fifm fmss rm rmqu qumr mrgf gfis is pc pcrr hi hiss mepr me prms msis is aibr aibrgj gjil iltm tmss fm mqug mqugpc pc crgk crgkgl glih ih.. Mstc Mstcss egse egsecs cs pgstclms fm hi eirji Zmihmf Pcwmr scl hcs qum tgmlml hcs
vmdåjuhcs qum sihml fm hi aébrgji y scl hcs egsecs carmjgfcs ml his rmpumstmris jcec pgmzis fm rmpcsgjgúl.
Agkuri 67. Pgstúl fm Ihueglgc Aulfgfc ([mb)
:.9:.2. :.9:. 2. Pgs Pgstcl tclms ms acro acroifc ifcss i prms prmsgúl gúl (su (suago agoc c a) Ml mstm prcjmsc sm utghgzil trczcs fm birris fm ihmijgclms fm
ihueglgc jcrtifcs i hi emfgfi y scemtgfcs i prmsgclms fm disti :000 tclmhifis fm aumrzi, Ml hcs trcqumhms sm acroi jcl mxijtgtuf his fgemlsgclms fmh pgstúl y his riluris fm hcs ilghghhc il hcss jcl jcl eiqu eiqugl glif ifcs cs i prmj prmjgs gsgú gúl l piri piri brgl brglfir fir úptg úptgei ei jihgfif y jclagibghgfif ml mh usc fm mstcs, tiltc ml ectcrms fm usc fgirgc jcec fm tribiocs pmsifcs m gljhusc ml hcs ectcrms fm iutcs fm jcepmtmljgis.
Agkuri =0. Pgstúl Acroifc i Prmsgúl ([mb)
:. :.9:. 9:.:. :. Pgs Pgstcl tclms ms dgpmr dgpmrmut mutçjt çjtgjc gjcss (prmago (prmagoc c d)? Mstcs pgstclms scl aibrgjifcs jcl ecfmrlcs sgstmeis fm hi eéss ihti eé ihti tm tmjl jlch chck ckåi åi emti emtihÿ hÿrk rkgj gjii ml hi juih juih sm meph mephmi mil l lumv lu mvis is acre acreuh uhij ijgc gclm lmss qum qum pm pmre regt gtml ml ik ikrm rmki kirr uli uli eiyc eiycrr jilt ji ltgf gfif if fm sghg sghgjg jgc, c, hckr hckrél élfc fcsm sm uli uli mxpi mxpils lsgú gúl l echm echmju juhi hirr ulgacrem fm hcs mhmemltcs utghgzifcs ml su jcepcsgjgúl. Msti tçjlgji fm eil ilu uaijt jtu uri prcpcrjgcli i hcs pgstclms jirijtmråstgjis mspmjgihms, tihms jcec scpcrtir eiycr aumrzi, rmsgstmljgi y jcltrch fm hi fghitijgúl i tmepmrituris ihtis, fgsegluymlfc mh rgmskc fm qum mh pgstúl sm pmkum c ikirrm ml mh jghglfrc, hi vgfi ÿtgh ms eiycr yi qum his riluris fm hcs ilghhcs y mh crgagjgc fmh pisifcr fmh pgstúl scl eés furifmris, ifmeés sm pumfml glstihir ml hcs lumvcs vcs ectcrms m gk gkui uihe heml mltm tm sm usil usil ml ectc ectcrm rmss fm iùcs iùcs iltm iltmrg rgcr crms ms.. Msti Msti pirtgjuhir tmjlchckåi fm hcs pgstclms Zmihmf Pcwmr sm gepclm ml mspmjgih piri his lumvis kmlmrijgclms fm ectcrms fm ihti jceprmsgúl. Ih usir pgstclms jcl prmagoc ‘D― su rmpirijgúl
smré jclagibhm.
Agkuri =9. Pgstúl Dgpmrmutçjtgjc ([mb)
:.9:. :. 9:.6. 6. Pgs Pgstcl tclms ms jcl jcl jipi jipi fm rmjub rmjubrge rgegml gmltc tc (sua (suagoc goc j) j) Hcs prgemrcs eglutcs eglutcs fm auljgcliegmltc auljgcliegmltc fm ul ectcr lumvc c rmpirifc scl jrujgihms piri hi vgfi fmh ectcr. Hcs pgstclms fm hi eirji Zmihmf Pcwmr dil mstifc i hi vilkuirfgi fm hi tmjlc mjlchhckå ckåi fmh fmh rm rmjjubrg ubrge egmlt gmltc c fm his aih aihfis fis fmh fmh pg pgst stúl úl.. Glgjgihemltm sm utghgzú mh mstiùc, pmrc pcr smr lcjgvc i hi sihuf di sgfc mhgeglifc pcr hcs aibrgjiltms fm pgstclms. Ml sust ustgt gtuj ujggúl sm msté msté iphg iphgji jilf lfc c mh lumv lumvc c rmj rmjub ubrg rge egm gmlt ltc c iltgargjjgúl jcepumstc pcr echgbfmlc y kriagtc ml his aihfis. Mstm prcjmsc pitmltifc pcr Zmihmf Pcwmr mxtgmlfm hi vgfi ÿtgh fm hcs ectcrms qum hc usil, mvgti qum hcs pgstclms sm riyml, iyufi i prmvml prmvmlgr gr fiùcs pcr hi hubrgjijgú hubrgjijgúl l glifmjuifi glifmjuifi y emocri mh smhhifc fm hcs pgstclms. Agkuri =2. Pgstúl jcl jipi fm Rmjubrgegmltc ([mb)
Agkuri =:. Vgpcs fm Pgstclms ([mb)
Viebgçl sm usil hcs pgstclms sgl rmjubrgegmltc qum tgmlml ulii ipir ul ipirgm gmlj ljgi gi br brghghhi hilt ltmm pcr pcr mh jc jchc hcrr fmh fmh ih ihue uegl glgc gc ih smr smr eiquglifc. Vcfcss hcs Vcfc hcs pgst pgstcl clms ms crgk crgkgl glih ihms ms NZ vil vil mqug mqugpi pifc fcss jcl jcl hc hcss jcrrmspclfgmltms smkemltcs, buhclms y smkurcs. Mstél hgstcs piri pi ri su eclt ecltio iomm lih lih,, y jc jcl l mx mxjm jmpj pjgú gúl l fm hc hcss pg pgst stcl clms ms krilfms vil msemrifiemltm mepiqumtifcs pcr oumkcs fm ectcr, piri jifi tgpc fm ectcr sm iphgji hi ihmijgúl eés iprcpgifi fm hi kiei fm ihmijgclms NZ y hi jclstrujjgúl eés jclvmlgmltm. Hcs pgstclms sm fgamrmljgil pcr his sgkugmltms jirijtmråstgjis? CVRCZ VGPCZ FM IJV]IFCRMZ? Hcs tg Hcs tgpc pcss eés eés jceu jceulm lmss scl scl hcs hcs ij ijtu tuif ifcr crms ms mhçj mhçjtr trgj gjcs cs m dgfréuhgjcs. Pmrc lcs jmltrirmecs ml ctrc tgpc fm ijtuifcrms tihms jcec? Ijtuifcrms hglmihms
Hcrmltz ijtuifcrms Ijtuifcrms fm tubc • jirbclc-lilc Ijtuifcrms Ijtuifcrms tçregji fm phisei Ijtuifcrms fm jglturúl råkgfc Ijtuifcrms fm ulgfif fm jmrc
:.96 IJV] V]IF IFCR CRMZ MZ HG HGLM LMIH IHMZ MZ?? :.96.. IJ
Mh ecvgegmltc jrmifc ms fmbgfc i hcs mh ijtuifcrms hglmihms. Zm utghgzil ml ml hi rmjtc eiquglirgi glfustrgih ijtuifcr hglmir. Mh tribioc fm ijtuifcrms hglmihms ms trilsacreir his smùihms mhçjtrgjis ml clfis fm prmsgúl ml mh igrm. Ijtuifcrms hglmihms sm utghgzil prgljgpihemltm ml hi véhvuhi y iecrtgkuifcrms.
Agkuri =6. Ijtuifcr Hglmih Vceifc fm Vdcescl Hglmir ‚ijtutcrs pdp
:.9=. :.9 =. IJV IJV]IF ]IFCR CRMZ MZ FM HCR HCRML MLV_ V_ C EIKL EIKLÇVG ÇVGJC JCZ Z Ijtuifcrms fm Hcrmltz tribioil ml hi jcrrgmltm mhçjtrgji fm hi prmsmljgi y mh jiepc eiklçtgjc. Ms ul ijtuifcr qum pumfm eilm ei lmoi oirr c iprcv iprcvmj mjdi dirr eujd eujdii aumr aumrzi. zi. Vieb Viebgç gçl l juil juilfc fc sm rmqugmrm ul ecvgegmltc fm kril iljdc fm bilfi diy uli lmjmsgfif fm Hcrmltz c ijtuifcrms eiklçtgjcs.
Agkuri ==. Ijtuifcr Eiklçtgjc ([mb)
:.91. :.9 1. IJV IJV]IF ]IFCR CRMZ MZ FM FM LILC LILC V]BC V]BC FM JIRBC JIRBCLC LC?? Ijtuifcrms fm tubc fm jirbclc lilc Eiltmlki hi prcpgmfif fm mhçj mhçjttrgji rgjiss y emjél mjélggjis. jis. Dil Dil fmec fmecsstrif trifc c ul buml buml jclfu clfujt jtcr cr fm mhmj mhmjttrgj rgjgfif gfif y jih jihcr fm fmbg bgfc fc i qum qum mst mstcs ijtuifcrms fm tubc fm jirbclc lilc pumfml usirsm ml hukir fm ijtuifcrms mhçjtrgjcs fm tcfc tgpc fm iphgjijgclms.
Agkuri =1. Ijtuifcrms fm Vubc fm Jirbclc (Vceifc fm lmueigj.jce)
:.9;.IJV]IFCRMZ VÇREGJCZ? Ijtuifcrms tçregjcs prcfujml ecvgegmltc pcr iephgagjijgúl fm mxpi mxpils lsgú gúl l tç tçre reggji. ji. Vieb Viebggçl sm hc fmlc fmlceg egli li jcec cec fgspcsgtgvc egjrcemjélgjc.
Agkuri =;. Ijtuifcr Vçregjc ([mb egtmjlchckgjc.jce)
:.94.IJV]IFCRMZ FM PHIZEI?
Ijtuifcrms fm phisei tgmlml ul ihtc sgklgagjifc ml jcltrchir mh ahuoc. Zm utghgzil mspmjgihemltm ml imrcfgléegji c ml ctris pihibris pihib ris sm utghgzil utghgzil piri jcltrchir jcltrchir mh ahuoc ml his jclfgjgclms jclfgjgclms itecsaçrgjis.
Agkuri =4. Ijtuifcrms fm Phisei ([mb)
:.9 :.97. 7. IJV IJV]IF ]IFCR CRMZ MZ FM FM JGLV] JGLV]RÚ RÚL L RÅKGF RÅKGFC? C? Mh ctrc lcebrm piri ijtuifcrms fm jglturúl råkgfc ms pusd puhh ijtuifcrms, tiebgçl scl jclcjgfcs pcr mh lcebrm fm ijtuifcrms fm jcrrmi fm jrmeihhmri. W i pirtgr fmh lcebrm pcfmecs vmr qum mstm tgpc fm ijtuifcr sm utghgzi ml iphgji iph gjijgc jgclms lms fm mepuom mepuom,, trijjg trijjgúl úl y mhmvij mhmvijgúl gúl.. Ijtuif Ijtuifcrm crmss rå råkg kgfc fcss sm utgh utghgz gzil il piri piri fmsp fmsphi hizir zir ul ulii jirk jirkii fg fglé léeg egji ji fm disti 2:0 hgbris y pumfm smr ecvgfc i : pgms iprcxgeifiemltm.
Agkuri =7. Ijtuifcr fm Jglturúl Råkgfc ([mb egtmjlchckgjc.jce) e gtmjlchckgjc.jce)
:.20.ZJRIVJD FRGQM IJJ]IVCRZ? ]lc pumfm cbtmlmr ecvgegmltc fgemlsgclih fm ijtuifcrms fm fgsjc fm emecrgi vgrtuih. Bésgjiemltm hi mlmrkåi mhçjtrgji sm fi jcec glsuec fmbgfc i qum sm prcfujm ul ecvgegmltc
trg rgfg fgem emls lsggclih clih.. Viebg iebgçl çl sm hc fmlc fmlceg egli li jcec jcec egjr egjrc c fg fgsp spcs csgt gtgv gvc c mhmj mhmjtr trce cemj mjél élgj gjc. c. Ml mstm mstm sm ip iphghgji ji hi tmls tmlsgú gúl l mltrm mh ijtuifcr y mh sustritc fmbgfc i qum mh jumrpc fmh ijtuifcr sm tgri dijgi ibioc qum rmsuhti ml mh ecvgegmltc dijgi ifmhiltm fmh jmpghhc y juilfc hi tmlsgúl fm ihgemltijgúl sm fmtgmlm y humkc mh ijtuifcr rmkrmsi i su hukir crgkglih.
:.29.IJV]IFCRMZ FM QÉHQ]HI? Emfgiltm mh usc fm hcs ijtuifcrms fm hi véhvuhi his véhvuhis usifis ml his glfus glfustrgis trgis sm pumfml trilsacreir trilsacreir fm eiluih i iutceétgjc. Philtis fm hi véhvuhi ijtuifcrms scl utghgzifcs ml eujdis iphgjijgclms jcec ml mh tritiegmltc fm ikui, jmltrihms mltrm ctrcs, iså qum pcfmecs fmjgr qum tgmlm ul ihtc sgklgagjifc ml mh eulfc fm his glfustrgis. Iså qum mh
tribioc fm hcs ijtuifcrms scl hcs egsecs i pirtgr fm hcs ijtuif ijt uifcrm crmss lcreih lcreihms ms carmjm carmjm ul trizif trizifc c ibgmrt ibgmrtc c jui juilfc lfc hi véhvuhi sm ibrm y fmsjclmjti mh jieglc juilfc hi véhvuhi msté jmrrifi hi fgamrmljgi ms súhc qum hcs ijtuifcrms scl iutceétgjcs. Hcss ijtu Hc ijtuif ifcr crms ms piri piri véhvu véhvuhi hiss pumf pumfml ml jh jhis isga gagj gjirs irsmm smkÿ smkÿl l fgamrmltms jirijtmråstgjis? Pcr mh tgpc fm ecvgegmltc i hi sihgfi fmh ijtuifcr?
Euht Eu htgk gkgr grc? c? Mh ijtu ijtuif ifcr cr vi kgri kgrilf lfc c eÿht eÿhtgp gphm hmss vmjm vmjmss mh mom mom rcsjifc fm hi véhvuhi jcec i ul tcrlghhc, pcr hc qum çstm sm fmsphizi hglmihemltm.
Kgrc Kg rc Pi Pirj rjgi gih? h? Mh ij ijtu tuif ifcr cr di dijm jm kgri kgrirr mh mom mom fm hi véhv véhvuh uhii kmlmrihemltmm 70¿, pcr kmlmrihemlt pcr msc ttiebgç iebgçl l pcr Ijtuifcrms fm Juirtc fm kgrc.
Hglmih.
Hmvi.
Pcr hi aumltm fm mlmrkåi fmh ijtuifcr? Eiluih
ml
jclcjgfc jclcjgfc
Mhçjtrgjc? pumfml mstir ihgemltifc pcr jcrrgmltm jcltglui c Mhçjtrgjc? ihtmrli. Lmueétgjc? igrm c kis prmsurgzifc prcvcji mh ecvgegmltc fm sus pirtms emjélgjis. Zcl mxtmlsiemltm utghgzifcs pcr su bioc jcstm. Ml jisc fm aihhc, mstm ms eés aéjgh fm fgiklcstgjir c rmpirir ml hi glstihijgúl, i fgamrmljgi qum hcs ijtuifcrms mhçjtrgjcs.
Chmc-Dgfréuhgjc Auljgclihgfif?
Ibrgr / Jmrrir. Pcsgjgclir i ul krifc fm cbmrturi.
Ecfu Ec fuhi hirr ml aulj auljgú gúl l fm ulis ulis jclf jclfgj gjgc gclm lmss qum qum pumf pumfml ml gr
jiebgilfc. Jgmrrm fm memrkmljgi. Vgpc fm ijtuijgúl? Hi ijtuijgúl fm ibrgr y jmrrir ml ul ijtuifcr mhçjtrgjc c eiluih ms sgmeprm rmvmrsgbhm. Ml hcs ectcrms mhçjtrgjcs hi jcleutijgúl fmh smltgfc fm hi jcrrgmltm fmtmregli mh smltgfc fm kgrc fmh ijtuifcr, y ml hcs ijtuifcrms eiluihms bisti rmvmrtgr mh smltgfc fm hi aumrzi qum sm iphgji. Ml hcs ijtuif ijt uifcrm crmss lmueét lmueétgjc gjcss c dgfréu dgfréuhgj hgjcs cs hi rmvmrs rmvmrsgbg gbghgf hgfif if fmh smltgfc fmh ecvgegmltc sm fmaglm smkÿl ijtuifcrms fm? -Zge -Z geph phmm mamj mamjtc tc?? Hi ijtu ijtuij ijgú gúl l di dijg jgii ul smlt smltgf gfc c sm rmih rmihgz gzii emfg em fgil iltm tm hi prms prmsgú gúl l fmh fmh ahug ahugfc fc,, y hi vumh vumhti ti emfg emfgil iltm tm ctrc ctrc fgspcsgtgvc, kmlmrihemltm ul eumhhm. Ml mstm jisc, hi aumrzi fm hi prms prmsgú gúl l if ifme meés és fm prcv prcvcj cjir ir mh ecvge cvgegm gmlt ltc c ml ul smltgfc, vmljm hi aumrzi fmh eumhhm, y mh rmtcrlc hc rmihgzi hi
aumrz umrzii fm mstm stm eumh eumhhhm uli uli vmz vmz qu qumm hi prms prmsggúl fmoi fmoi fm iphgjirsm. Ml iphgjijgclms fclfm hi aumrzi fm ijtuijgúl ms fmeisgifc kril kr ilfm fm jcec jcec piri piri usir usir eumh eumhhm hms, s, pumf pumfmm rmju rmjurr rrgr grsm sm i ul jcltripmsc, qum pcr mamjtc fm hi krivmfif ijtÿi scbrm mh ijtuifcr. -Fcb -F cbhm hm ma mamj mjtc tc?? Hi ijtu ijtuij ijgú gúl l sm jcls jclsgk gkum um piri piri ju juih ihqu qugm gmrr smltg mltgfc fc,, iph iphgjil gjilfc fc fm fmbg bgfi fiem emlt ltmm hi prms prmsggúl ml mh hi hifc fc jcrrmspclfgmltm. Ctris jirijtmråstgjis?
I prumbi mxphcsgúl.
Lgvmh fm smkurgfif gltmkrih (ZGH).
Prctmjjgúl fm jgmrrm? GP y LMEI.
Agkuri 10. Ijtuifcr fm Qéhvuhi ([mb egtmjlchckgjc.jce)
:.22. JR JRGVMRGCZ PIRI HI ZMHMJJGÚL ]L IJV]IFCR?
FM
Mh jcloultc fm fitcs qum sm fmbml fm tceir ml jumlti ih smhmjjgclir ul ijtuifcr mhçjtrgjc fmbml fm smr?
Qchtiom Eilgcbri ml cpmrijgúl (tcrqum)
Vgmepc fm eilgcbri
Élkuhc fm eilgcbri Vmepmrituri
Jclmjtcrms
Pmsc
:.2:.PRCJMZC FM ZMHMJJGÚL? Hcs jrgtmrgcs fm smhmjjgúl fm ijtuifcrms rmqumrgfcs fmpmlfml fmh jgjhc fm tribioc fm hi véhvuhi y hi aumltm fm hi mlmrkåi. Viei Vi eiùc ùc gepcr epcrti ti eujd eujdc c ml ij ijtu tuif ifcr crms ms bisi bisifc fcss ml mh
msaumrzc fm tcrsgúl y mh aijtcr fm smkurgfif. Vmepmrituri y ctrcs aijtcrms tiebgçl gltmrvgmlml ml mh prcjmsc fm smhmjjgúl fm su tieiùc. Hcs jrgtmrgcs fm smhmjjgúl fm ijtuifcrms jclsgstml ml? • J]IRVC J]IRVC FM Q]MHV Q]MHVI? I? Qumhti Qumh tiss tr trge gems mstr trmm gljh gljhuy uymm ijtu ijtuif ifcr cr lmue lmueét étgj gjc, c, ijtu ijtuif ifcr cr mhçjtrgjc y ijtuifcrms dgfréuhgjcs. *Ijtuifcrms lmueétgjcs? -Mstél prmsmltms ml vumhti fmh rmscrtm y ijtuir ml fcbhm ilkmh fm 700 y 9400. Mstm ijtuifcr ms euy smkurc y sgephm y tiebgçl rmltibhm y su aijtcr fm smkurgfif ms uptc900%. *Ijtuifcrms mhçjtrgjcs?
-Pumfml tribioir ml iebcs trgaésgjc y eclcaésgjc (IJ & FJ). Jceÿ Jc eÿle leml mltm tm sm utgh utghgz gzil il piri piri mh smrv smrvgj gjgc gc fm mljm mljmlf lfgf gfc c y ipikifc. Auljgcli ml iusmljgi fm igrm y smrvgjgc dgfréuhgjc. *Ijtuifcrms dgfréuhgjcs? -Vribioil glfgvgfuihemltm fclfm his aumltms fm sueglgstrc fm lmue lmueét étgj gjcs cs y mhçj mhçjtr trgj gjcs cs lc msté mstél l prms prmsml mltm tms. s. Ms magj magjiz iz fmbgfc ih emlcr tieiùc. Pumfm smr tribioifc euy magjgmltmemltm fclfm mh pir eéxgec ms cbhgkitcrgc utghgzir véhvuhis fm kril msjihi. • E]HV E]HVG-V G-V]R ]RL? L? Ijtuifc Ijtu ifcrm rmss euht euhtgv gvum umht htis is jhis jhisga gagj gjil il pcr pcr ji jipi pijg jgfi fif f fm pir, pir, tieiùc tie iùc fmh tihhc, tihhc, vchtio vchtiom, m, armjum armjumljg ljgi, i, vmhcjg vmhcjgfif fif y eujdcs eujdcs aijt ijtcrms eés. Mstcs aijtcrms scl lmjmsirgc rgcs piri mh auljgcliegmltc fm hi véhvuhi.
*Hi jcrrmjti smhmjjgúl fm ul ijtuifcr piri uli hålmi fm prcjmsc msc ms aulfiemltih tih, yi qum sg lc sm smhmjjgcli ifmjuifiemltm mstc rmpmrjutgré ml mh prcjmsc fm prcfujjgúl, pcrr hc qum pc qum ms lmjms mjmsir irggc sibm sibmrr quç quç ms hc qum qum sm qu qugm gmrm rm iutceitgzir, pcr momephc? -Qéhvuhi fm bchi -Qéhvuhi eirgpcsi -Jcepumrti eijdc *Hcs ijtuifcrms mhçjtrgjcs rmvmrsgbhms scl hi eés ecfmrli rmprmsmltijgúl fm his auturis kmlmrijgclms m gllcvijgclms piri his véhvuhis. *Hii ihgl *H ihglmi mijg jgúl úl mh mhçj çjtr trgj gjii pumf pumfmm smr smr ih ihtm tmrl rlii c jclt jcltgl glui ui m glfg glfgst stgl glti ti,, juml jumlti ti jcl jcl ul eilf eilfc c eilu eiluih ih y jcl jcl HMF HMF qum qum glacrei fmh stitus qum msté tmlgmlfc mh ijtuifcr y jumltil jcl ijjmscrgcs ifgjgclihms jcec tiromtis fm Emecrgi. Pcstmrgcremltm sm fmbm fmtmreglir sg mh prcjmsc sm qugmrm iutceitgzir fm his sgkugmltms trms eilmris?
9. 2. :.
Lmueétgjiemltm Mhçjtrgjiemltm Dgfréuhgjiemltm Pcr hc tiltc, ih fmtmreglir tgpc fm véhvuhi y fmh ijtuifcr, sm prmtmlfm qum hi véhvuhi ibri ml hcs tgmepcs rmqumrgfcs y lc sm smhmjjgclm ul ijtuifcr euy pmqumùc c euy krilfm.
Agkuri 19. Ijtuifcr Hglmih fm Euhtg-Rul ([mb egtmjlchckgjc.jce)
Jipåtuhc Q
Dcy ml fåi, iltm hi jcephmogfif jrmjgmltm fm hcs prcjmscs glfustrgihms y mh iuemltc ml hi prcfujjgúl fm mstcs, rmsuhti
lmjmsi lmjm sirg rgc c fmsf fmsfmm mh pult pultc c fm vgst vgstii ag agli lilj ljgm gmrc rc hc hckr krir ir uli uli prcfujjgúl úptgei> qum smi jipiz fm rmfujgr sus jcstcs y fm prcpcrjgclir uli jihgfif bumli ml sus prcfujtcs. Hc iltmrgcr schc pumfm hckrirsm jcl ul ifmjuifc jcltrch glfustrgih. I hc hirkc fmh jursc sm di cbsmrvifc qum mxgstml fcs tgpcs fm jcltrch, mh ilihúkgjc y mh fgkgtih, sg bgml ms jgmrtc qum mh prgemrc ms mh eés usifc ml piåsms fmh tmrjmr eulfc jcec mh lums lu mstr trc> c> mh smku smkulf lfc c ms dist distii dcy, cy, mh eés eés vmlt vmltio iocs csc c i mephmir ml hcs prcjmscs glfustrgihms. Fmbgfc i hc júecfc qum rmsuhti tritir mxjhusgviemltm jcl lÿemrcs purcs y smr gfmih piri hi rmschujgúl fm prcbhmeis lueçrgjcs. Isg egsec hi ihti vmhcjgfif jclsmkugfi ml his smùihms fm eilfc i hcs fgvmrscs glstruemltcs fm jcltrch, pmregtm eiltmlmr mh smt pcglt jisg jclstiltm y eclgtcrmifc ml tcfc ecemltc. Zgl mebirkc mstm tgpc fm jcltrch armltm ih ilihúkgjc, tgmlm hi fmsvmltioi fm qum ih eumstrmir mh prcjmsc pgmr pgmrfm fm pirt pirtmm fm hi gla glacre creijg ijgúl. úl. Hc iltm iltmrg rgcr cr pumf pumfmm smr jcrrm crrmkg kgfc fc jcl jcep jcephhmo mocs cs ihkc ihkcrg rgttecs ecs eit eitmeét meétggjcs jcs (ih (ih jcepirir mstm y mh ilihúkgjc ml jumstgúl fm jcstcs, mh jcltrch
fg fgkg kgti tihh pgmr pgmrfm fm kriv krivme meml mltm tm)) qum qum hm is isgk gkli lil l vmrs vmrsit itghghgf gfif if m gl gltm tmrij rijjg jgúl úl iegk iegkibh ibhmm ml hi ecfg ecfgag agji jijg jgúl úl fm piré piréem emtr trcs cs y virgibhms qum cpmril ml mh prcjmsc. Iulifc i hc iltmrgcr, jcl mh jcltrch fgkgtih isgstgfc pcr jceputifcr sm pumfm? Hckrir eiycr rmlfgegmltc fm hcs prcjmscs y pcr hc tiltc uli emocr prcf pr cfuj ujjg jgúl úl jcl jcl emlc emlcrm rmss jcst jcstms ms krij krijgi giss i hi utgh utghgz gzij ijgú gúl l magjgmltm fmh eitmrgih y fmh mqugpc. •Eiycr jihgfif ml hcs prcfujtcs aibrgjifcs i jcstcs euy rmfujgfcs. • Eiycr smkurgfif, yi qum hi ijjgúl fm jcrrmjjgúl y ijtgvi ijt gvijgú jgúl l fm ihi ihirei reiss ms jisg jisg gle glemfg mfgiti. iti. Prcpcr Prcpcrjg jgcli cli uli kril jiltgfif fm glacreijgúl i hi fgrmjjgúl fm jcltrch, ml acrei sgeuhtélmi y ml tgmepc rmih.
6.9 .9.. IF IFY Y]G ]GZG ZGJ JGÚ GÚL L FM FI FIVC VCZ Z
Mh prcpúsgtc fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs ms emfgr ul amlúemlc mhçj mhçjtr trgj gjc c y aåsg aåsgjc jc jcec jcec vcht vchtio iom, m, jcrrg jcrrgml mltm tm,, tmep tmepmr mrit itur uri, i, prms pr msgú gúl l c sclg sclgfc fc.. Hi ifq ifqug ugsg sgjg jgúl úl fm fitc fitcss bisi bisifi fi ml PJ utghgzi uli jcebglijgúl fm dirfwirm ecfuhir, scatwirm fm iphgjijgúl y uli PJ piri rmihgzir emfgfis. Egmltris jifi sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs sm fmaglm pcr sus rmqumr rmq umrgeg gegmlt mltcs cs fm iphgj iphgjijg ijgúl, úl, jifi jifi sgstme sgstmeii jcepir jcepirtm tm uli emti ml jceÿl fm ifqugrgr, ilihgzir y prmsmltir glacreijgúl. Hcs sgstme sgstmeis is fm ifqugs ifqugsgjg gjgúl úl fm fitcs fitcs gljcrp gljcrpcri cril l smùihm smùihms, s, smls sm lscr crms ms,, ijtu ijtuif ifcr crms ms,, ijcl ijclfg fgjg jgcl clie iegm gmlt ltc c fm smùi smùihm hms, s, fgspcsgtgvcs fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs y scatwirm fm iphgjijgúl. Hi ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs c ifqugsgjgúl fm smùihms, jclsgstm ml hi tcei fm eumstris fmh eulfc rmih (sgstmei ilihúkgjc) piri kmlmrir fitcs qum pumfil smr eilgpuhifcs pcr ul crfmlifcr u ctris mhmjtrúlgjis (sgstmei fgkgtih). Jclsgstm, ml tceir ul jclo jc loul ultc tc fm smùi smùihm hmss aåsg aåsgji jis, s, jclv jclvmr mrtg tgrh rhis is ml tmls tmlsgc gclm lmss mhçjtrgjis mhçjt rgjis y fgkgtihgzir fgkgtihgzirhis his fm eilmri qum sm pumfil prcjmsir ml uli uli jce jceputi putifc fcri ri c PIJ. PIJ. Zm rmqu rmquggmrm mrm ul ulii mtip mtipii fm jclfgjgcliegmltc, qum ifmjui hi smùih i lgvmhms jcepitgbhms
jcl mh mhmemltc qum dijm hi trilsacreijgúl i smùih fgkgtih. Mh mhmemltc qum dijm fgjdi trilsacreijgúl ms mh eúfuhc fm fgkgtihgzijgúl c tiromti fm Ifqugsgjgúl fm Fitcs (FIY). I hc hirkc fmh jursc sm di cbsmrvifc qum mxgstml fcs tgpcs fm jcltrch, mh ilihúkgjc y mh fgkgtih, sg bgml ms jgmrtc qum mh prgemrc ms mh eés usifc ml piåsms fmh tmrjmr eulfc jcec mh lums lu mstr trc> c> mh smku smkulf lfc c ms dist distii dcy, cy, mh eés eés vmlt vmltio iocs csc c i mephmir ml hcs prcjmscs glfustrgihms. Fmbgfc i hc júecfc qum rmsuhti tritir mxjhusgviemltm jcl lÿemrcs purcs y smr gfmih piri hi rmschujgúl fm prcbhmeis lueçrgjcs. Isgegsec hi ihti vmhcjgfif jclsmkugfi ml his smùihms eilfc mh i smt hcs fgvmrscs glstruemltcs fm jcltrch, pmregtm fm eiltmlmr pgclt jisg jclstiltm y eclgtcrmifc ml tcfc ecemltc. Zgl mebirkc mstm tgpc fm jcltrch armltm ih ilihúkgjc, tgmlm hi fmsvmltioi fm qum ih eumstrmir mh prcjmsc pgmrfm pirtm fm hi glacreijgúl. Hc iltmrgcr pumfm smr jcrrmkgfc jcl jcephmocs ihkcrgtecs eitmeétgjcs (ih jcepirir mstm y mh ilihúkgjc ml jumstgúl fm jcstcs, mh jcltrch fgkgtih pgmrfm krivmemltm) qum
hm isgklil vmrsi rsitghgfif m gltmrijjgúl iegkibhm ml hi ecfgagjijgúl fm piréemtrcs y virgibhms qum cpmril ml mh prcjmsc. Mh jcltrch fgkgtih isgstgfc pcr jceputifcr pumfm?
Hckrir eiycr rmlfgegmltc fm hcs prcjmscs y pcr hc tiltc uli emocr prcfujjgúl prcfujjgúl jcl emlcrms emlcrms jcstms jcstms krijgis krijgis i hi utghgzijgúl magjgmltm fmh eitmrgih y fmh mqugpc.
Eiycr jihgfif ml hcs prcfujtcs aibrgjifcs i jcstcs euy rmfujgfcs. Eiyc Ei ycrr smkur mkurgf gfif if,, yi qum qum hi ijjg ijjgúl úl fm jcrrmj rrmjjg jgúl úl y ijtgvijgúl fm ihireis ms jisg glemfgiti.
³Júec sm ifqugmrml hcs fitcs3 Hi ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs sm glgjgi jcl mh amlúemlc aåsgjc c hi prcpgmfif aåsgji fm ul cbomtc (cbomtc fm hi glvmstgkijgúl) qum sm fmsmi emfgr. Msti prcpgmfif prcpgmfif aåsgji c amlúe amlúemlc mlc pcfråi smr mh jiebgc fm tmepmrituri c hi tmepmrituri fm uli
dibgti dibg tijg jgúl úl,, hi gltm gltmls lsgf gfif if c gltm gltmls lsgf gfif if fmh fmh jieb jiebgc gc fm uli uli aumltm fm huz, hi prmsgúl fmltrc fm uli jéeiri, hi aumrzi iphghgji ip jifi fi i ul cbom cbomtc tc,, c eu eujd jdis is ct ctri riss jcsi jcsis. s. ]l magj magjiz iz sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs pumfm emfgr tcfis mstis fgamrmltms prcpgmfifms c amlúemlcs. ]l smlscr ms ul fgspcsgtgvc qum jclvgmrtm uli prcpgmfif aåsgji aås gji c amlúem amlúemlc lc ml uli smùih smùih mhçjtr mhçjtrgji gji jcrrms jcrrmspcl pclfgm fgmltm ltm emfgbhm, tih jcec tmlsgúl, jcrrgmltm, mh jiebgc ml hcs vihcrms fm rmsgstmljgi c jclfmlsifcr, mltrm ctrcs. Hi jipijgfif fm ul sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs piri emfgr hcs fgstgltcs amlúemlcs smùihms fmfmpmlfm hcs amlfm úehcs mlctrilsfujtcrms s aåsgjcs empiri lsurijclvmrtgr bhms ml his hi ifqu if qugs gsgj gjgú gúl l fm fitc fitcss pcr pcr dirf dirfwi wirm rm.. Vril Vrilsf sfuj ujtc tcrm rmss scl scl sglúlgec fm smlscrms ml sgstmeis fm FIY. Diy trilsfujtcrms mspmjåagjcs piri fgamrmltms iphgjijgclms, jcec hi emfgjgúl fm hi tmepmrituri, hi prmsgúl, c ahuoc fm ahugfcs. FIY tiebgçl fmsphgmki fgvmrsis tçjlgjis fm ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm Zmùihms piri ecfgagjir ifmjuifiemltm
fgamrmltms smùihms mhçjtrgjis ml tmlsgúl, qum humkc pumfml smr fgkgtihgzifcs usilfc JMF. His smùihms pumfml smr fgkgtihms (tiebgçl hhieifi smùihms fm hi húkgji) c ilihúkgjis ml auljgúl fmh trilsfujtcr utghgzifc. Mh ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm smùihms sumhm smr lmjmsirgc sg hi smùi sm ùihh fmsf fmsfmm mh tr tril ilsf sfuj ujtc tcrr lc ms ifmj ifmjui uifc fc piri piri hi FIY FIY dirfwirm qum sm utghgzi. Hi smùih pumfm smr iephgagjifi c fmsi fm siep ephghgag agji jifi fi,, c pumf pumfmm rmqu rmqumr mrgr gr fm aght aghtri rifc fc,, c ul jg jgmr mrrm rm pittrcli pi rclihh, ml mh ieph iephga gaggji jifc fcrr sm gljh ljhuym uym piri piri rmih rmihggzir zir fmecfuhijgúl. Qirgcs ctrcs momephcs fm ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm smùihms pcfråi smr mh pumltm fm jcljhusgúl, hi prmstijgúl ijtu ij tuih ih fm tm tmls lsgú gúl l c mx mxjg jgti tijg jgúl úl ih smls smlscr, cr, mh ig igsh shie iegm gmlt ltc, c, hglmi hglmihgz hgzijg ijgúl, úl, mltrm mltrm ctrcs. ctrcs. Mstm Mstm prmtri prmtritie tiegml gmltc tc fm hi smùih smùih lcre lc reih ihem emlt ltmm hc rmih rmihgz gzii ul pmqu pmqumù mùc c eúfu eúfuhc hc ijcp ijcphi hifc fc ih trilsfujtcr.
Agkuri 12. Ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs - Vrgpcf
Vgmepc fm jclvmrsgúl? Ms mh tgmepc qum tirfi ml rmihgzir uli emfg em fgfi fi mh jclv jclvmr mrtg tgfc fcrr ml jclj jcljrm rmtc tc,, y fmpm fmpmlf lfmr mréé fm hi tmjlchckåi fm emfgfi mephmifi. Mvgfmltmemltm lcs fi uli
jcti eéxgei fm hi armjumljgi fm hi smùih i emfgr. Mstm tg Mstm tgme mepc pc sm egfm egfm jcec jcec mh tril trilsj sjur urrg rgfc fc fmsf fmsfmm qum qum mh jclv jc lvmr mrtg tgfc fcrr rm rmjg jgbm bm uli uli smùi smùihh fm gl glgj gjgc gc fm "jcl "jclvm vmrs rsgú gúl" l" (lcreihemltm hhieifi ZCJ, Ztirt ca Jclvmrsgúl) disti qum ml hi sihg sihgfi fi ipirm ipirmjm jm ul fitc fitc véhg véhgfc fc.. Piri Piri qum qum tmlk tmlkie iecs cs jclstiljgi fm ul fitc véhgfc tmlmecs fcs jieglcs? • Mspmr Mspmrir ir mh tgmepc tgmepc fm jclvmrsgúl jclvmrsgúl eéxgec eéxgec qum ipirmjm ipirmjm ml hi dcoi fm jirijtmråstgjis. • Mspmri Mspmrirr i qum mh jcl jclvmr vmrtgf tgfcr cr lcs mlvå mlvåmm uli smùih fm agl fm jclvmrsgúl. Zg lc rmsp rmspmt mtie iecs cs mh tgme tgmepc pc fm jclv jclvmr mrsg sgúl úl,, ml hi sihg sihgfi fi tmlfrmecs ul vihcr, qum fmpmlfgmlfc fm hi jclstgtujgúl fmh jclvmrtgfcr smré? • ]l vihcr ihmitcrg ihmitcrgc, c, jcec jclsmjum jclsmjumljgi ljgi fm hi jclvmrs jclvmrsgúl gúl ml jursc • Mh rmsuhtifc rmsuhtifc fm fm hi ÿhtgei ÿhtgei jclvmrsgúl jclvmrsgúl Hi mtipi fm ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm hi smùih
Jcl eés Jcl eés fm fmti tihhhm hm,, ml uli uli mt mtip ipii fm ijcl ijclfg fgjg jgcl clie ieggmltc mltc pcfm pc fmec ecss mljc mljclt ltrir rir msti mstiss mt mtip ipis is,, iulq iulqum um lc tcfi tcfiss msté mstél l sgmeprm prmsmltms? • Iephga Iephgagji gjijg jgúl úl • Mxjg Mxjgti tijg jgúl úl • Aght Aghtri rifc fc • Euht Euhtgp gphm hmxi xifc fc • Ig Igsh shie iegm gmlt ltc c • Hglmih Hglmihgzi gzijgú jgúl l Iephgagjijgúl? Ms mh tgpc eés jceÿl fm ijclfgjgcliegmltc. Piri jclsmkugr hi eiycr prmjgsgúl pcsgbhm hi smùih fm mltrifi fmbm smr iephgagjifi fm ecfc qum su eéxgec lgvmh jcgljgfi jcl hi eéxgei tmlsgúl qum mh jclvmrtgfcr pumfi hmmr. Igshiegmltc? Ctri iphgjijgúl dibgtuih ml mh ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm hi smùih ms mh igshiegmltc mhçjtrgjc mltrm mh trilsfujtcr y
mh crfmlifcr, piri prctmkmr ih egsec fm trilsgtcrgcs fm ihti tmlsgúl qum pumfil fiùirhc. ]l ectgvc ifgjgclih piri usir igshiegmltc ms mh kiriltgzir qum his hmjturis fmh jclvmrtgfcr lc scl iamjtifis pcr fgamrmljgis ml mh pctmljgih fm eisi c pcr tmlsgclms ml ecfc jceÿl. Juilfc mh sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl y hi smùih i emfgr mstél iebis rmamrgfis i eisi pumfml ipirmjmr prcbhmeis sg diy uli fgamrmljgi fgamrmljgi fm pctmljgih pctmljgih mltrm iebis eisis, ipirmjgmlfc ul "bujhm fm eisi", qum pumfm fmvchvmr rmsuhtifcs mrrúlmcs. Euhtgp Euht gphm hmxi xifc fc?? Mh eu euht htgp gphm hmxi xifc fc ms hi jcle jcleut utij ijgú gúl l fm hi hiss mltrifis fmh jclvmr vmrtgfcr, fm ecfc qum jcl ul súhc jclvmrtgfcr pcfmecs emfgr hcs fitcs fm fgamrmltms jilihms fm mltrifi. Pumstc qum mh egsec jclvmrtgfcr msté egfgmlfc fgamrmltms jilihms, su armjumljgi eéxgei fm jclvmrsgúl smré hi crgkglih fgvgfgfi pcr mh lÿemrc fm jilihms eumstrmifcs. Zm ijclsmoi qum hcs euhtgphmxcrms sm utghgjml iltms fmh jclvmrscr y fmspuçs fmh jclfgjgcliegmltc fmh smùih, yi qum fm msti eilmri lc echmstiré i hcs igshiltms qum pcfiecs tmlmr.
Aghtrifc? Mh agl fmh aghtrc ms mhgeglir his smùihms lc fmsmifis fm hi smùih qum mstiecs cbsmrvilfc. Pcr momephc, ml his smùihms juisg-jcltgluis, (jcec hi tmepmrituri) sm usi ul aghtrc fm rugfc fm ulcs 6 Dz, qum mhgegliré gltmramrmljgis, gljhugfcs hcs =0/10 Dz fm hi rmf mhçjtrgji. His smùihms ihtmrlis, tihms jcec hi vgbrijgúl, lmjmsgtil ul tgpc fgstgltc fm aghtrc, jclcjgfc jcec aghtrc iltgihgisglk, qum ms ul aghtrc pisibioc pmrc jcl ul jcrtm euy brusjc, qum mhgegli tctihemltm his smùihms fm eiycr armjumljgi qum hi eéxgei i emfgr, yi qum sm sg lc sm mhgeglisml ipirmjmråil supmrpumstis i hi smùih emfgfi, jcl mh jclsgkugmltm mrrcr. Mxjgtijgúl? Hi mtipi fm ijclfgjgcliegmltc fm smùih i vmjms kmlm km lmri ri mxjg mxjgti tijg jgúl úl piri piri ihku ihkulc lcss tril trilsf sfuj ujtc tcrms rms,, jcec jcec pcr pcr momephcs his kihkis "mxtmsceçtrgjis", "tmregstcrms" c "RVF", qum lmjmsgtil lmjmsgtil fm hi egsei, egsei, bgml pcr su jclstgtujg jclstgtujgúl úl gltmrli, (jcec mh tmregstcr, qum ms uli rmsgstmljgi virgibhm jcl hi tmepmrituri) c bgml pcr hi jclagkurijgúl ml qum sm jclmjtil (jcec mh jisc fm his kihkis, qum sm sumhml ecltir ml ul
pumltm fm [dmitstclm). Hglmihgzijgúl? Eujdcs trilsfujtcrms, jcec hcs tmrecpirms, prmsmltil uli lcl hglmih iltmemfg jiebgcs hcs pi piré réem emtr trcs csrmspumsti qu qumm ms msté tél sgml sgmlfc fc mf gfcs. fcs. Ihglmihms ulqu ulqumm ml hi hglmihgzijgúl pumfm rmihgzirsm emfgiltm eçtcfcs lueçrgjcs ml mh sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs, sumhm smr uli bumli gfmi mh dijmr msti jcrrmjjgúl emfgiltm jgrjugtmråi mxtmrli. I vmjms mh sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl ms pirtm fm ul sgstmei fm jcltrch, y pcr tiltc hi glacreijgúl rmjgbgfi sm prcjmsi piri cbtmlmr uli smrgm fm smùihms fm jcltrch. Ml mstm fgikriei pcfmecs vmr hcs bhcqums qum jcepclml lumstrc sgstmei fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs? Jcec vmecs, hcs bhcqums prgljgpihms scl mstcs? • Vril Vrilsf sfuj ujtc tcrr • Mh ijclfgj ijclfgjgclieg gcliegmltc mltc fm smùih • Mh jclvmrtgf jclvmrtgfcr cr ilihúkgjc-f ilihúkgjc-fgkgti gkgtihh • Hi mtipi fm fm sihgfi sihgfi (gltmraiz (gltmraiz jcl hi hi húkgj húkgji) i)
Mh trilsfujtcr ms ul mhmemltc qum jclvgmrtm hi eiklgtuf aåsgji qum viecs i emfgr ml uli smùih fm sihgfi (lcreihemltm tmlsgúl c jcrrgmltm) qum pumfm smr prcjmsifi pcrr lums pc lumstr trc c sgst sgstme mei. i. Zihv Zihvc c qum qum hi smùi smùihh fm mltr mltrif ifii smi mhçjtrgji, pcfmecs fmjgr qum mh trilsfujtcr ms ul mhmemltc qumm jclv qu jclvgm gmrt rtmm mlmr mlmrkå kåii fm ul tgpc tgpc ml ct ctrc rc.. Pcr Pcr tilt tiltc, c, mh tr tril ilsf sfuj ujtc tcrr fmbm fmbm tcei tceirr pcji pcji mlmr mlmrkå kåii fmh fmh sg sgst stme meii bioc bioc cbsmrvijgúl, piri lc ihtmrir hi emfgfi. Mh ij ijcl clfg fgjg jgcl clieg iegml mltc tc fm smùi smùihh ms hi mtip mtipii mlji mljirk rkif ifii fm aghtrir y ifiptir hi smùih prcvmlgmltm fmh trilsfujtcr i hi mltrifi jclvmrtgfcr ilihúkgjc sumhm smrfmh fcbhm y sm mljirki fm? / fgkgtih. Msti ifiptijgúl • Ifip Ifipti tirr mh rilkc rilkc fm sihg sihgfi fi fmh fmh tril trilsf sfuj ujtc tcrr ih rilk rilkc c fm mltrifi fmh jclvmrtgfcr. (Lcreihemltm ml tmlsgúl). • Ijcphi Ijcphirr hi gepmfil gepmfiljgi jgi fm sihgfi sihgfi fm ulc jcl hi gepmfil gepmfiljgi jgi fm mltrifi fmh ctrc. Hi ifiptijgúl mltrm hcs rilkcs fm sihgfi fmh jclvmrtgfcr y mh
fm mltrifi fmh jclvmrtgfcr tgmlm jcec cbomtgvc mh iprcvmjdir mh eirkml fgléegjc fmh jclvmrtgfcr, fm ecfc qum hi eéxgei smùih mùih fm mlt mltrifi rifi fmbm fmbm jcglj cgljgf gfgr gr jcl hi eéxg eéxgei ei qum qum mh jclvmrtgfcr (pmrc lc jcl hi eéxgei tmlsgúl ifegsgbhm, yi qumm piri qu piri çst çsti mltr mltril il ml auljg uljgcl clie ieggmltc mltc his rmfm rmfmss fm prctmjjgúl qum mh jclvmrtgfcr hhmvi gltmkrifi). Pcr ctrc hifc, hi ifiptijgúl fm gepmfiljgis ms geprmsjglfgbhm yi qum qum hcs hcs tr tril ilsf sfuj ujtc tcrm rmss prms prmsml mlti til l uli uli sihg sihgfi fi fm ih ihti ti gepmfiljgi, qum lcreihemltm lc pumfm mxjgtir hi mltrifi fm ul jclvmrtgfcr, juyi gepmfiljgi tåpgji sumhm mstir mltrm 9 y 90 n. Mh jclvmrtgfcr ilihúkgjc/fgkgtih ms ul sgstmei qum prmsmlti ml su sihgfi uli smùih fgkgtih i pirtgr fm uli smùih ilihúkgji fm mltr mltrif ifi, i, (lcr (lcrei eihhemlt emltmm fm tml mlsg sgúl úl)) rmih rmihgz gzil ilfc fc his auljgclms fm juiltgagjijgúl y jcfgagjijgúl. Hi juiltgagjijgúl gephgji hi fgvgsgúl fmh rilkc jcltgluc fm mltrifi ml uli smrgm fm piscs, fm ecfc qum piri glaglgtcs vihcrms fm hi mltrifi hi sihgfi súhc pumfm prmsmltir uli smrgm
fmtmreglifi fm vihcrms. Pcr tiltc hi juiltgagjijgúl gephgji uli pçrfgfi fm glacreijgúl qum lc pcfmecs chvgfir. Hi jcfgagjijgúl ms mh pisc pcr mh juih hi smùih fgkgtih sm carmjm smkÿ sm kÿl l ul fmtm fmtmre regl glif ifc c jú júfg fgkc kc bgli bglirg rgc, c, fm ecfc ecfc qum qum hi hiss mtipis pcstmrgcrms ih jclvmrtgfcr pumfil hmmr mstcs fitcs ifmj if mjui uifi fiem emlt ltm. m. Mstm Mstm pisc pisc diy diy qum qum tmlm tmlmrh rhc c sg sgme mepr prmm ml jumlti, yi qum pumfm dijmr qum cbtmlkiecs fitcs mrrúlmcs, scbr sc brmm tc tcfc fc juilf juilfc c mh sgst sgstme meii ifeg ifegtm tm sm smùih ùihms ms pcsg pcsgtg tgvis vis y lmkitgvis jcl rmspmjtc i eisi, ecemltc ml mh juih hi sihgfi bglirgi fmh jclvmrtgfcr lcs fi tiltc hi eiklgtuf jcec mh sgklc fm hi tmlsgúl qum di sgfc emfgfi. Hi mtipi fm sihgfi ms mh jcloultc fm mhmemltcs qum pmregtml jclmjtir mh s.i.f jcl mh rmstc fmh mqugpc, y pumfm smr fmsfm ulii smrg ul mrgm fm buaa buaamr mrss fgkg fgkgti tihm hmss gljh ljhug ugfc fcss ml mh jg jgrj rjug ugtc tc jclvmrtgfcr, disti uli gltmraiz RZ-2:2, RZ-64= c Mtdmrlmt piri jclmjtir i ul crfmlifcr c mstijgúl fm tribioc, ml mh jisc fm sgstmeis fm ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs jcemrjgihms.
Qmltiois Ah Ahmxg mxgbg bghghgfi fif f fm prcjm prcjmsi sieg egml mltc tc,, pcsg pcsgbg bghghgfi fif f fm rmih rmihgz gzir ir hi hiss tirmis ml tgmepc rmih c ml iléhgsgs pcstmrgcrms (i agl fm ilihgzir hcs pcsgbhms mrrcrms), kril jipijgfif fm iheijmliegmltc, répgfc ijjmsc i hi glacreijgúl y tcei fm fmjgsgúl, sm ifqugmrml kril jiltgfif fm fitcs piri pcfmr ilih il ihggzi zir, r, pcsg pcsgbg bghhgfif gfif fm meuh meuhir ir uli uli kril kril jilt jiltgf gfif if fm fgspcs fgs pcsgtg gtgvcs vcs fm emfgjg emfgjgúl úl y ijt ijtgvi gvirr vir virgcs gcs glstru glstruemlt emltcs cs ih egsec tgmepc, aijghgfif fm iutceitgzijgúl, mltrm ctrcs. Zm utghgzi ml hi glfustrgi, hi glvmstgkijgúl jgmltåagji, mh jcltrch fm eéquglis y fm prcfujjgúl, hi fmtmjjgúl fm aihhis y mh jcltrch fm jihgfif mltrm ctris iphgjijgclms.
Agkuri 1:. Mhmemltcs piri hi ifqugsgjgúl fm fitcs ‚ Vrgpcf ([mb)
6.2. JCLVRCH Z]PMRQGZCRGC RMECVC (ZJIFI) Hi mxprmsgúl ‘ZJIFI― msté jcepumsti pcr his glgjgihms fm hi
fmlce fmlc egl glij ijgú gúl l glk lkhm hmssi ‘Zup ‘Zupmr mrvg vgsc scry ry Jcl Jcltrch trch Ilf Ilf Fiti Fiti Ifqugsgtgcl―, qum ml lumstrc gfgcei sm trifujm jcec ‘Jcltrch Zupmrvgscrgc Ifqugsgjgúl Fitcs―. Zglsmmebirkc, fifc hcs prgemrcs ysgstmeis fm fm supmrvgsgúl crgkglircl ml qum hcs Msti Ms tifc fcss ]lgf ]lgfcs cs,, sm di kmlm kmlmri rihghgzi zifc fc mh usc usc fm hi hiss sg sgkh khis is ZJIFI piri ihufgr i fgjdcs sgstmeis. Zm triti fm ul sgstmei jipiz fm cbtmlmr y prcjmsir glacreijgúl fm prcjmscs glfustrgihms fgspmrscs y fm ijtuir ml acrei rmecti scbrm hcs egsecs. Mstc sgklgagji qum pmregtm supm su pmrv rvgs gsir ir sgeu sgeuht htél élmi miem emlt ltmm prcj prcjms mscs cs m gl glst stih ihij ijgc gclm lmss glfust glf ustrgi rgihms hms fgstrg fgstrgbug bugfis fis ml krilfm krilfmss érmis, érmis, tihms tihms jcec jcec his rmfms fm fgstrgbujgúl mhçjtrgji, chmcfujtcs, kiscfujtcs, mltrm ctrcs. ]l ZJIFI lc fmbm jclaulfgrsm jcl ul Zgstmei fm Jcltrch Fgst Fg strg rgbu bugf gfc c (FJZ (FJZ,, Fgst Fgstrg rgbu butm tmf f Jclt Jcltrc rchh Zyst Zystme me), ), iulq iulqum um ijtuihemltm hcs prgljgpgcs y tmjlchckåis qum utghgzil scl euy sgeghirms. Zu prgljgpih fgamrmljgi jclsgstm ml qum hcs sgstmeis fm jcltrch fgstrgbugfc, lcreihemltm lcreihemltm sm usil piri jcltrchir
prcjms prcj mscs cs glfu glfust strg rgih ihms ms eés eés jcep jcephm hmoc ocss y rm rmst strg rglk lkgf gfcs cs ih pmrå pm råem emtr trc c fm uli uli phil philti ti>> pcr pcr mome momeph phc, c, hc hcss sg sgst stme meis is fm jcltrch fm uli rmaglmråi, hcs fm uli philti fm KHP, mltrm ctrcs. Mh ZJIF ZJIFI I fmsj fmsjrg rgbm bm ul lÿem lÿemrc rc fm ulgf ulgfif ifms ms tmre tmregl glih ihms ms rmectis (RV]¶s, Rmectm Vmreglih ]lgts) glstihifis ml his jmrj jm rjil ilåi åiss fmh fmh prc prcjm jmsc sc,, his his ju juih ihms ms sm jc jceu eulg lgji jil l jcl jcl uli uli mstijgúl eimstri (EV], Eistmr Vmreglih Ztitgcl) ubgjifi ml uli sihi fm jcltrch jmltrih.
Agkuri 16. Jcltrch supmrvgscrgc rmectc - (Zjifi) (wmb) Iufgtcrgi fm sgstmeis
]li RV] ms ul sgstmei qum jumlti jcl ul egjrcprcjmsifcr m gltmraijms fm mltrifi y sihgfi tiltc ilihúkgjis jcec fgkgtihms qum pmregtml tceir hi glacreijgúlyfmh prcjmsc prcvgsti pcr hcs fgspcsgtgvcs fm glstruemltijgúl jcltrch ml uli hcjihgfif rmec rm ecti ti y, utgh utghgz gzil ilfc fc tç tçjl jlgj gjis is fm tril trilse segs gsgú gúl l fm fi fitc tcs, s, mlvgirhi ih sgstmei jmltrihgzifc eimstrc. Hi EV], bioc ul scat sc atwi wirm rm fm jclt jcltrc rch, h, pmre pmregt gtmm hi ifqu ifqugs gsgj gjgú gúl l fm hi fiti fiti i trivçs fm tcfis his RV]s ubgjifis rmectiemltm y brglfi hi
jipijgfif fm momjutir jceilfcs fm jcltrch rmectc juilfc ms rmqumrgfc pcr mh cpmrifcr. Hi fiti ifqugrgfi pcr hi EV] sm prmsmlti i trivçs fm uli gltmraiz kréagji ml acrei jceprmlsgb jcepr mlsgbhm hm y utghgzibhm, utghgzibhm, y eés iÿl msti glacreijgúl glacreijgúl pumfm smr geprmsi ml ul rmpcrtm.
Agkuri 1=. Jcltrch supmrvgscrgc rmectc - Mstufgc scbrm gltmkrijgúl fm rm rmfm fmss fm gl glst stru rueml emlti tijg jgúl úl fg fgkg kgti tihm hmss ml sg sgst stmei meiss fm jclt jcltrc rch. h. ([mb)
6.:. JCLVRCH FGKGVIH FGRMJVC (FFJ) Ml mh jcltrch fgkgtih qum ipirmjgú dijgi hcs iùcs 9710, mh jceputifcr hhmvibi i jibc tcfcs hcs jéhjuhcs qum rmihgzibil glfgvgfuihemltm hcs jcltrchifcrms P, P+G, P+G+F kmlmrilfc fgrmjtiemltm his smùihms qum vil i his véhvuhis. Mstm tgpc fm
jcltrch sm fmlcegli (jcltrch fgkgtih fgrmjtc), mh jceputifcr msti mlhizifc jcl mh prcjmsc. Mh FFJ pmregtm pmregtm uli trilsa trilsamrm mrmljg ljgii iutceé iutceétgj tgjc-ei c-eilui luihh sgl pmrt pm rtur urbi bijjgcl gclms y ifeg ifegtm tm uli uli aéj aéjgh ecfg ecfgag agji jijg jgúl úl fm his ijjgclms y fm his jclagkurijgclms fm hcs sgstmeis fm jcltrch hc juih ms euy gepcrtiltm ml hi pumsti ml eirjdi fm hi ph phil ilti ti.. Mh FFJ FFJ tgml tgmlmm hi vmlt vmltio ioii scbr scbrmm hc hcss jclt jcltrc rchi hifc fcrm rmss jclvmljgcli jclvml jgclihms hms fm mstir prcvgstc fm ul jihgbrifc iutceétgj iutceétgjc c qum jcrrmspclfm i his ijclfgjgclms fm cpmrijgúl glstiltélmi glst iltélmi.. Ms fmjgr, fmjgr, mh jceputifcr iousti hi jihgbrijgú jihgbrijgúl l fm sus fm ijumrfc jcl jcebglijgúl uli auljgúl prmfmtmreglifi fm hiihkcrgtecs virgibhm emfgfi c fm uli fm virgibhms ml hukir fm rmqumrgr pmrgúfgjiemltm hi jihgbrijgúl glfgvgfuih fm jifii glstru jif glstrueml emltc tc pcr ul glstru glstrueml emltgs tgsti ti c mspmjg mspmjgihg ihgsti sti tih jcec ijurrm ml hcs glstruemltcs jclvmljgclihms. Zgs gstm tmei ei fm jcltr cltrch ch qum qum rmih rmihggzi ul ipir ipirit itc c fg fgkg kgttih qum qum mstibhmjm fgrmjtiemltm his smùihms qum vil i hcs mhmemltcs aglihms fm jcltrch.
Agkuri 11. Jcltrch Fgkgtih Fgrmjtc (FFJ) - T Glstruemlts HHJ
Mstm msqumei ms ul momephc fm hi iphgjijgúl fmh sgstmei ZJIFI ml érmis glfustrgihms. Mstis érmis pumfml smr? Eclgtcrgz Eclgtc rgzir ir prcjmsc prcjmscss quåegj quåegjcs, cs, aåsgjc aåsgjcss c fm trilsp trilspcrt crtmm ml sgstmeis fm sueglgstrc fm ikui, piri jcltrchir hi kmlmrijgúl y fgstrgbujgúl fm mlmrkåi mhçjtrgji, fm kis c ml chmcfujtcs y ctrcs prcjmscs fm fgstrgbujgúl. Kmstgú Kmst gúl l fm hi pr prcf cfuj ujjg jgúl úl (aij (aijghghgt gtii hi prckr prckrie ieij ijgú gúl l fm hi aibrgjijgúl). Eiltmlgegmltc (prcpcrjgcli eiklgtufms fm gltmrçs tihms piri mvihuir y fmtmreglir ecfcs fm aihhc, aihhc, EVBA EVBA,, ålfgjms fm Agibghgfif, Agibghgfif, mltrm ctrcs). Jcltrch fm Jihgfif (prcpcrjgcli fm eilmri iutceitgzifi hcs fitcs lmjmsirgcs piri jihjuhir ålfgjms fm mstibghgfif fm hi
prcfujjgúl JP y JPn, JPn, tchmriljgis, tchmriljgis, ålfgjm fm pgmzis LCN/CN, mltrm ctrcs. Ifeglgstrijgúl (ijtuihemltm pumfml mlhizirsm mstcs fitcs fmh ZJIFI jcl ul smrvgfcr MRP (Mltmr (Mltmrprg prgsm sm Rms Rmscur curjm jm Phillglk c sgstmei fm philgagjijgúl fm rmjurscs meprmsirgihms), m gltmkrirsm jcec ul eúfuhc eés). Vritieg iegmltc dgstúrgjc fm glacre reiijgúl gljcrpcrijgúl ml bisms fm fitcs fitcs). ).
(emfgiltm
su
Zgstmei. Zupmrvgsgúl? ijtc fm cbsmrvir mh tribioc c tirmis fm ctrc (glfgvgfuc c eéqugli) qum pumfm lc jclcjmr mh tmei ml prcaulfgfif, supmrvgsir lc sgklgagji mh jcltrch scbrm mh ctrc, sglc sglc mh kugi kugirh rhc c ml ul jc jclt ltmx mxtc tc fm tribi tribioc oc,, prca prcams msgc gcli lihh c pmrsclih, ms fmjgr jcl aglms jcrrmjtgvcs y/c fm ecfgagjijgúl. Iutceétgji? jgmljgi tmjlchúkgji qum busji hi gljcrpcrijgúl fm mhmemltcs fm momjujgúl iutúlcei qum meuhil mh jcepcrtiegmltc dueilc c gljhusc supmrgcr.
Prgljg Prg ljgpih pihms aieg aieghg hgis is?? iutú iutúe eit itis is,, rcbct cbcts, s, jclt jcltrc rchm hmss fm ecvg ec vgeg egml mltc tc,, if ifqu qugs gsgj gjgú gúl l fm fitc fitcs, s, vg vgsg sgúl úl irtg irtgag agjg jgih ih,, mltr mltrmm ctrcs. PHJ? PH J? Prck Prckri riee eeib ibhm hm Hckg Hckgjj Jclt Jcltrc rchhhhmr mr,, Jcltrch Jcltrchifc ifcrr Húkgjc Húkgjc Prckrieibhm.. Prckrieibhm PIJ? Prckri PIJ? Prckrieei eeibhm bhm Iut Iutcei ceitgc tgcl l Jcltrc Jcltrchhhhmr, mr, Jcltrchifcr fm Iutceitgzijgúl Prckrieibhm. ]l sgstmei ZJIFI gljhuym ul dirfwirm fm smùih fm mltrifi y sihgfi sihgfi,, jcl jcltrc trchif hifcrm crms, s, glt gltmra mraiz iz dcebrm dcebrm-eé -eéqug qugli li (DEG), (DEG), rmfms, jceulgjijgclms, bism fm fitcs y scatwirm. Mh tçreglc ZJIFI usuihemltm sm rmagmrm i ul sgstmei jmltrih qum eclgtcrgzi y jcltrchi ul sgtgc jcephmtc c uli pirtm fm ul sgtgc qum lcs gltmrmsi jcltrchir (mh jcltrch pumfm smr scbrm eéqu eé qugl glis is ml kmlm kmlmrih rih,, fmpús fmpúsgt gtcs cs,, bc bceb ebis is,, mltr mltrmm ctrc ctrcs) s) c agli aglihe heml mltm tm ul sgst sgstme meii qum qum sm mxtg mxtgml mlfm fm scbr scbrmm uli uli kril kril fgstiljgi (nghúemtrcs / eghhis). Hi eiycr pirtm fmh jcltrch fmh sgtgc ms ml rmihgfif rmihgzifi iutceétgjiemltm iutceétgjiemltm pcr
uli ]lgf ]lgfif if Vmre Vmregl glih ih Rm Rmec ecti ti (]VR), pcr ul Jcltrchifcr Húkgjc Prckrieibhm (PHJ) y eés ijtuihemltm ijtuihemltm pcr ul Jcltrch Jcltrchifc ifcrr fm Iutcei Iutceitgz tgzijg ijgúl úl Prc Prckri krieib eibhm hm (PIJ). His auljg uljgcl clms ms fm jcltr cltrch ch fmh fmh smrv smrvggfc fcrr ms msttél jis jisg sgmepr meprmm rmstrglkgfis i rmioustms bésgjcs fmh sgtgc c jipijgfifms fm lgvmh fm supmrvgsgúl. Pcr momephc ul PHJ pumfm jcltrchir mh ahuoc fm ikui aråi i trivçs fm ul prcjmsc, pmrc ul sgstmei ZJIFI pumfm pmregtgrhm i ul cpmrifcr jiebgir mh pultc fm jcls jc lsgk gkli li (s (smt mt pcgl pcglt) t) fm jclt jcltrc rchh pir pirii mh ahuo ahuoc, c, y pmre pmregt gtgr gréé krib kr ibir ir y ecst ecstri rirr juih juihqug qugmr mr jc jclf lfgj gjgú gúl l fm ih ihire ireii jcec jcec hi pçrfgfi fm ul ahuoc c uli ihti tmepmrituri. Hi rmihgemltijgúl fmh hizc fm jcltrch ms jmrrifi i trivçs fmh RV] c mh PHJ> mh sgstmei ZJIFI eclgtcrgzi mh fmsmepmùc kmlmrih fm fgjdc hizc. Mh sgstmei ZJIFI tiebgçl pumfm ecstrir kréagjis jcl dgstúrgjcs, tibhis jcl ihireis y mvmltcs, pmregscs y ijjmscs fm hcs usuirgcs... Lmjmsgfifms fm hi supmrvgsgúl fm prcjmscs? Hgegtijgclms fm hi vgsuihgzijgúl fm hcs sgstmeis fm
ifqugsgjgúl y jcltrch. Jcltrch scatwirm. Jgmrrm fm hizc fmh jcltrch. Rmjckmr, iheijmlir y vgsuihgzir hi glacreijgúl.
6.6. GLZVR]EMLVIJGÚL QGRV]IH ³Yuç ms hi Glstruemltijgúl Qgrtuih3 Hi vgrtuih ms ul érmi hi glkmlgmråi ml hi qumglstruemltijgúl sm busji cbtmlmr fgspcsgtgvcs pirifmrmkgstrir fgamrmltms virgib vir gibhms hms aåsgji aåsgjis, s, mephmi mephmilfc lfc tçjlgj tçjlgjis is fm gephme gephmemlt mltijg ijgúl úl dåbrgfi Dirfwirm - Zcatwirm. Iphgjilfc mstcs prgljgpgcs Iphgjilfc prgljgpgcs sm hckril hckril glstruemlt glstruemltcs cs fm emfgfi emfgfi euy ahmxgbhms, qum aijghgtil mh iléhgsgs y hi prmsmltijgúl fm
rmsuhtifcs y qum pmregtml rmjclagkurir sus piréemtrcs fm auljgcliegmltc, dijgçlfchcs "i hi emfgfi" piri fgamrmltms iphgjijgclms. Hi acrei eés jceÿl fm glstruemltijgúl vgrtuih jclsgstm ml ul jcep jceput utif ifcr cr jcl jcl uli uli ti tiro romt mtii fm ifqu ifqugs gsgj gjgú gúl l fm fitc fitcss iléhckcs y fgkgtihms. Ml mstm jisc mh jmlscr jcec tih sm sgephgagji, dijgmlfc rmjimr ml mh jcep jceput utifc ifcrr hi eiyc eiycrr pirt pirtmm fm fmhh aulj auljgc gcli lieg egml mltc tc fmh fmh glstruemltc, jcec hi ifmjuijgúl fm hi smùih, prcjmsiegmltc y prmsmltijgúl. Hi glst glstru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl l vgrt vgrtui uihh glvc glvchu hujr jrii pcr pcr jcls jclsgk gkug ugml mltm tm ifmj if mjui uijg jgúl úl y pr prcj cjms msie iegm gmlt ltc c fm hi hiss smùi smùihm hmss jmls jmlsif ifis is,, tç tçjl jlgj gjis is fm jclt jcltrc rch, h, y pr prck ckri riei eijg jgúl úl fm jcep jceput utif ifcr crms ms y egjrcjcltrchifcrms.
Lgvmhms fm hi Glstruemltijgúl Qgrtuih
Agkuri 1;. Lgvmhms fm Glstruemltijgúl vgrtuih ([mb)
I jcltgluijgúl sm dijm uli jcepirijgúl mltrm hcs glstruemltcs trifgjgclms y vgrtuihms? Glstruemltc Vrifgjgclih
Glstruemltc Qgrtuih
Fmaglgfc pcr mh aibrgjiltm.
Fmaglgfc pcr mh usuirgc.
Auljgclihgfif
mspmjåagji, jcl jclmjtgvgfif hgegtifi.
Auljgclihgfif ghgegtifi, crgmltifc i iphgjijgclms, jclmjtgvgfif iephgi.
Dirfwirm ms hi jhivm.
Zcatwirm ms hi jhivm.
Ihtc jcstc/auljgúl.
Bioc jcstc/auljgúl, auljgclms, rmusibhm.
Irqugtmjturi ""jjmrrifi".
Irqugtmjturi ""iibgmrti".
Hmlti
gljcrpcrijgúl fm lumvis tmjlchckåi.
Biois mjclceåis fm msjihi, ihtc jcstc fm eiltmlgegm eiltmlgegmltc. ltc.
virgmfif
Répgfi glj Répgfi gljcrp crpcri crijgú jgúl l fm lum lumvi viss tmjlchckåis, krijgis i hi phitiacrei PJ. Ihtis mjclceåis fm msjihi, biocs jcstcs fm eiltmlgegml eiltmlgegmltc. tc.
fm
]l glstruemltc vgrtuih pumfm rmihgzir his trms auljgclms bésgjis fm ul glstruemltc jclvmljgclih? Ifqugsgjgúl Iléhgsgs Prmsmltijgúl fm fitcs
Irqugtmjturi fm ul Zgstmei fm Glstruemltijgúl Qgrtuih
Agkuri 14. Gltrcfujjgúl i hi Glstruemltijgúl Qgrtuih Qgrtuih ‚ ]IMD ([mb)
]l glstruemltc vgrtuih pumfm rmihgzir his trms auljgclms bésgjis fm ul glstruemltc jclvmljgclih?
Ifqugsgjgúl Iléhgsgs Prmsmltijgúl fm fitcs
Zgl mebirkc, mh glstruemltc vgrtuih em pmregtm pmrsclihgzir mh glstru glstrueml emltc, tc, y ikrmkir ikrmkirhm hm eujdi eujdi eés auljgc auljgclih lihgfi gfif f sgl gljurrgr ml jcstcs ifgjgclihms. Mh glstruemltc vgrtuih iprcvmjdi hi ahmxgbghgfif y pcfmr fmh PJ, y emfgiltm mh scatwirm qum hc ijcepiùi, mh lgvmh fm ifipti ifi ptibgh bghgfi gfif f y pmrscl pmrsclihg ihgzijg zijgúl úl fmh glstru glstrueml emltc tc vgrtui vgrtuihh ms jisg ghgegtifc.
6.=. ZGZVMEIZ FM JCLVRCH FGZVRGB]GFC (ZJF)? Hi emfgjgúl y mh jcltrch ml hi glfustrgi scl euy gepcrtiltms, tiltc fmsfm mh pultc fm vgsti fmh auljgcliegmltc jcrrmjtc fmh prcjmsc jcec fm hi jclsgfmrijgúl fmh bihiljm ifmjuifc mltrm jcstms y prcfujtc aglih (rmhijgúl jihgfif/prmjgc).
Agkuri 17. Zgstmeis fm Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc ml hi Glfustrgi ‚ DCLMW[MHH ([mb)
Mh jcltrch iutceétgjc fm prcjmscs glfustrgihms ms dcy ml fåi uli ijtgvgfif euhtgfgsjgphglir, ml hi qum diy qum tmlmr ml juml ju mlti ti ispm ispmjt jtcs cs tç tçjl jlgj gjcs cs (mhm (mhmjt jtrú rúlg lgji ji,, gl glac acre reét étgj gjii fm sgstmeis, mltrm ctrcs), jgmltåagjcs (glvmstgkijgúl fm lumvcs jrgtmrgcs jrgt mrgcs y eitmrgihms, eitmrgihms, mltrm ctrcs) ctrcs) y mjclúegjc mjclúegjcss (emocri (emocri fm hcs eérkmlms jcemrjgihms sgl pmrfmr jihgfif y jcepmtgtgvgfif). Hcs sgstmeis fm jcltrch scagstgjifcs fmh tgpc fm hcs glstihifcs emfgil emf giltm tm jcephm jcephmocs ocs mhmem mhmemltc ltcss fm gls glstru trueml emltijg tijgúl, úl, lc sm dil jrmifc fm hi lcjdm i hi eiùili, iulqum mh iukm qum vgvml ijtuihemltm iså hc pumfi pirmjmr.
Zcl mh rmsuhtifc fm eés fm jgml iùcs fm tribioc fm aibrgjiltms y usuirgcs, qugmlms lc dil fm fmoifc fm busjir his emocrms schujgclms ih jcltrch glfustrgih iutceitgzifc. Mstcss msau Mstc msaumr mrzc zcss ipcr ipcrti tirc rcl l ih ihku kulc lcss tgpc tgpcss fm jclt jcltrc rch, h, fm ijum ij umrf rfc c i hi tm tmjl jlch chck ckåi åi fgsp fgspcl clgb gbhm hm ml jifi jifi çpcj çpcji. i. His His schujgclms qum sm ecstrircl mamjtgvis, dil scbrmvgvgfc y, pcr ti tilt ltc, c, mvch mvchuj ujgc gcli lifc fc,, pr prcp cpcr crjg jgcl clil ilfc fc fm mstm mstm ec ecfc fc i hc hcss usuirgcs fm dcy ul ibilgjc fm pcsgbghgfifms fclfm mhmkgr his lmjm lm jmsg sgfi fifms fms qum qum sm phil philtm tmil il ih jc jclt ltrc rchh iutc iutcei eitg tgzif zifc c fm prcjmscs y tcfc hc qum sgklgagji su gephiltijgúl. Mstrujturi Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc
Agkuri ;0. Fgsmùc fm ul Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc piri uli Philti ‚ MVZM (GlkmlgmrgiMhmjtrclgji.Crk)
Ml tcfc tcfc jisc jisc,, glfm glfmpm pmlf lfgm gmlt ltme meml mltm tm fmh fmh tgpc tgpc fm jclt jcltrc rchh utghghgz ut gzif ifc, c, hcs hcs cbom cbomtg tgvc vcss fmh fmh jclt jcltrc rchh fm prcj prcjms mscs cs pumf pumfml ml rmsuegrsm ml? Cpmrir mh prcjmsc ml acrei smkuri y mstibhm. Fgsmùir sgstmeis fm jcltrch qum mh cpmrifcr pumfi vgkghir, jceprmlfmr y, juilfc smi lmjmsirgc, eilgpuhir ml acrei smhmjtgvi.
Mvgtir fmsvgijgclms gepcrtiltms rmspmjtc i his mspmjgagjijgclms fm prcfujtcs furiltm his pmrturbijgclms. Pmregtgr qum mh cpmrifcr jiebgm ul vihcr fmsmifc c pultc fm jclsgkli (vihcr fm rmamrmljgi) sgl pmrturbir glfmbgfiemltm ctris virgibhms jcltrchifis. Mvgtir jiebgcs jclsgfmribhms y répg épgfcs ml vir virgibhms eilg ilgpuh puhifis ifis qum qum pcfr pcfråi åil l gljue ljueph phggr rms rmstrg trgjj jjggclms clms fm cpmrijgúl, c pmrturbir ulgfifms gltmkrifis c sgtuifis ml msjihiaclms glamrgcrms. Cpmrir ml acreiIså, jclkrumltm jcl hcs ml cbomtgvcs fm jihgfif mh fmprcjmsc jifi prcfujtc. his fmsvgijgclms hi jihgfif pcfråil smr emlcs pmregsgvis (eujdc eés jcstcsis) ml ul prcfujtc qum ml ctrc. Jcltrc Jclt rchhir his his juihg uihgfi fifm fmss fmh fmh pr prc cfujt fujtc c ml vihc vihcrrms qum qum eixgegjml su utghgfif juilfc sm jclsgfmrml ålfgjms y vihcrms fm prcfujtcs y ifmeés, eglgegjml mh jclsuec fm mlmrkåi. Zgstmeis fm Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc?
Hcs ZJF¶ s aumrcl jrmifcs piri sustgtugr i hcs jcltrchifcrms eclc hizc y i hcs crfmlifcrms fm prcjmsc qum tmlåil ul schc prcjmsifcr jmltrih. Hi fgspclgbghgfif fm hcs prgemrcs egjrcprcjmsifcrms aijghgtú hilzir mh prgemr Zgstmei fm Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc ml 97;6 mh sgstme sgs tmeii VFJ 2000 (Vctih (Vctih Fgstrg Fgstrgbut butmf mf Jcltrc Jcltrch), h), tuvc tuvc tiltc tiltc çxgtc qum ml pcjc tgmepc sm jclvgrtgú ml mh sgstmei eés mxtmlfgfc ml hi glfustrgi fm prcjmsc. Hi ir irqu qugt gtmj mjtu turi ri fm ul ZJF ZJF msté msté ac acre reif ifii pcr pcr eÿ eÿht htgp gphm hmss prcjmsifcrms, jifi ulc fm hcs juihms jcltrchi uli ulgfif fm prcjmsc fm uli philti, fm acrei qum ml jisc fm aihhc schc ms msi pirtm hi qum qumfi sgl jcltrch. Mstrujturi y Jcepclmltms fm ul Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc Bésgjc
Agkuri ;9. Fgsmùc fm ul Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc piri uli Philti ‚ MVZM ([mb)
Hcs sgst Hcs stme meis is fm jclt jcltrc rchh fgs fgstrgb trgbug ugfc fc fg fgsp spcl clml ml fm uli uli jclagk jcl agkurij urijgúl gúl rmfulf rmfulfilt iltmm cpjgcl cpjgclih, ih, fgsmùi fgsmùifcs fcs glgjgi glgjgihem hemltm ltm piri pi ri mh jc jclt ltrc rchh ilih ilihúk úkggjc fm prcj prcjms mscs cs,, mvch mvchuj ujggclir clircl cl répgfi répg fiem emlt ltmm dijg dijgii sgst sgstme meis is då dåbr brggfcs fcs qum qum eilmo ilmoib ibil il isgegsec smùihms fm mltrifi/ sihgfi fgkgtih. Ml msml msmljg jgi, i, hi fgam fgamrm rmlj ljgi gi mltr mltrmm mh jclt jcltrc rchh fg fgst strg rgbug bugfc fc y mh jcltrch jhésgjc pumfm jcepirirsm i hi mxgstmltm mltrm uli eéqugli juyi jclagkurijgúl sm dijm emfgiltm mh jiebgc fm jibh ji bhms ms y ctri ctri fclf fclfmm juih juihqu qugm gmrr ecfg ecfgag agji jijg jgúl úl sm dijm dijm pcr pcr scatwirm. Ml mstm mstm ispm ispmjt jtc c mh crfm crfmli lifc fcrr pmrs pmrscl clih ih ms ul mhme mhmeml mltc tc aulfiemltih, tiltc i lgvmh fm philti jcec ml msjihiaclms supm su pmrg rgcr crms ms y pmre pmregt gtmm hi vgsu vgsuih ihgz gzij ijgú gúl l fm hi hiss smùi smùihm hmss fm eÿhtgp eÿht gphm hmss tr tril ilse segs gscr crms ms,, mh fgik fgiklú lúst stgj gjc c fm jifi jifi hi hizc zc fm jcltrch, mh ijjmsc i hcs fitcs bésgjcs fm jihgbrijgúl y i hcs fitcs fm jclagkurijgúl fm hcs trilsegscrms.
Fmsirrchhc ml hi Glfustrgi
Agkuri ;2. Zgstmeis fm Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc ml hi Glfustrgi ‚
DCLMW[MHH ([mb)
Jipåtuhc Q
Zg ilihg ilihgzie ziecs cs lums lumstr tris is ijtg ijtgvg vgfif fifms ms jctg jctgfg fgil ilis, is, fmsf fmsfmm mh ecemltc qum sumli hi ihirei fm ul fmspmrtifcr y lcs prmpiriecs piri fmsirrchhir lumstris ijtgvgfifms fgirgis, iså jcec mljmlfmr ul acjc c msjujdir mh mljmlfgfc c ipikifc
fmh ectcr fm hi bcebi, mltrm ctrcs, lcs iuxghgirmecs fm glstruemltcs qum lcs iy iyu ufil i fmsirrch rchhir jgmrtis ijtgvg ijt gvgfif fifms ms cpcrtu cpcrtulie liemlt mltmm jcl magjg magjgmlj mljgi, gi, ripgfm ripgfmz, z, mltrm mltrm ctrcs. ctr cs. Fm gkuih gkuih eilmri eilmri emjélg emjélgjcs jcs,, mhmjtr mhmjtrgjg gjgsti stis, s, eçfgjc eçfgjcs, s, glkmlgmrcs y irqugtmjtcs, sm iuxghgil fm glstruemltcs piri hhmvir i jibc sus ijtgvgfifms fgirgis, jcl mh cbomtgvc fm hckrir ul iviljm jcl hi eiycr magjgmljgi, jihgfif y vchueml fm prcfujjgúl. Ms húkgjc pmlsir qum, piri his glfustrgis, sgl gepcrtir mh tieiùc fm mstis, ms geprmsjglfgbhm mh usc fm glstruemltcs glfustrgihms, piri aijghgtir hi eiluaijturi fm sus prcfujtcs. Jcec Jc ec jcls jclsmj mjum umlj ljgi gi fm hi khcb khcbih ihgz gzij ijgú gúl l fm hc hcss emrj emrjif ifcs cs gltmrlijgclihms, sm di crghhifc i hcs piåsms fmh tmrjmr eulfc i jcepmtgr ml mh emrjifc jcl prcfujtcs fm jihgfif, prmjgc y tg tgme mepc pcss fm mltr mltrmk mkii cpcr cpcrtu tulc lcs. s. Piri Piri hc hckr krir ir hc iltm iltmrg rgcr cr ms gepcrtiltm qum hcs glfustrgihms fm lumstrc piås, gephmemltml hi glstruemltijgúl y hi iutceitgzijgúl fm sus prcjmscs jcl mh ivil iviljm jm tm tmjl jlch chúk úkgj gjc c rm rmqu qumr mrgf gfc c piri piri ei eilt ltml mlmr mrsm sm ml mh emrjifc lijgclih m gltmrlijgclih sg ms pcsgbhm.
=.9.
JCLVRCHIFCRMZ
]l jcltrchifcr jcltrchifcr iutceétgjc iutceétgjc jcepiri mh vihcr rmih fm hi sihgfi fm uli philti jcl hi mltrifi fm rmamrmljgi (m (mhh vihcr fmsmifc), fmtmregli hi fmsvgijgúl y prcfujm uli smùih fm jcltr cltrch ch qum qum rmfuj mfujggré hi fms fmsvgij vgijggúl i jmr jmrc c i ul vih vihcr pmqumùc. Hi eilmri ml hi juih mh jcltrchifcr iutceétgjc prcfujm hi smùih fm jcltrch sm fmlcegli ijjgúl fm jcltrch. Jhisgagjijgúl fm hcs jcltrchifcrms glfustrgihms. Hcs jcltrchifcrms glfustrgihms sm jhisgagjil, fm ijumrfc jcl sus ijjgclms fm jcltrch, jcec?
Fm fcs pcsgjgclms c fm mljmlfgfc y ipikifc (cl/ca)
Prcpcrjgclihms
Prcpcrjgclihms-gltmkrihms
Prcpcrjgclihms-gltmkrihms-fmrgvitgvcs
Zgstmei fm jcltrch ]l sgstmei fm jcltrch ms ul tgpc fm sgstmei qum sm jirijtmrgzi pcr hi prmsmljgi fm uli smrgm fm mhmemltcs qum pmregtml glahugr ml mh auljgcliegmltc fmh sgstmei.
Agkuri ;:. Msqumei kmlmrih fm ul sgstmei
Hi aglihgfif fm ul sgstmei fm jcltrch ms jclsmkugr, emfgiltm hi eilgpuhijgúl fm his virgibhms fm jcltrch, ul fceglgc scbrm his virgibhms fm sihgfi, fm ecfc qum mstis ihjiljml ulcs vihcrms prmagoifcs. ]l sgstmei fm jcltrch gfmih fmbm smr jipiz fm jclsmkugr su cbomtgvc juephgmlfc hcs sgkugmltms rmqugsgtcs? 9. Kiri Kirilt ltggzi zirr hi mstib stibgh ghggfi fif f y, pirt pirtggjuh juhirem iremlt ltm, m, smr rcbu rc bust stc c arml armltm tm i pmrt pmrturb urbij ijgc gclm lmss y mrrcr mrrcrms ms ml hc hcss ecfmhcs. 2. prmmstibhmjgfc. Zmr Zmr til mag magjg jgml mltm tmLcreihemltm jce jcec c smi pcs pcsgb gbhm hm,,jrgtmrgc smkÿl smk ÿljclsgstm ul jrg jrgtm tmrg rgc c mstm jrgt mrgc ml qumm hi ijjg qu ijjgúl úl fm jclt jcltrc rchh scbr scbrmm his virg virgib ibhhms fm mltrif mlt rifii smi rmihgz rmihgzibh ibhm, m, mvgtil mvgtilfc fc jcepcr jcepcrtie tiegml gmltcs tcs brusjcs m grrmihms. :.
Zmr aéjghemltm momjutibhm y júecfc fm cpmrir ml tgmepc rmih jcl iyufi fm ul crfmlifcr.
Hcs mhmemltcs bésgjcs qum acreil pirtm fm ul sgstmei fm jcltrch y pmregtml su eilgpuhijgúl scl hcs sgkugmltms? Zmlscrm Zmls crms. s. - Pmregtml jclcjmr hcs vihcrms fm his virgibhms emfgfis fmh sgstmei. Jcltrchifc Jcltrc hifcr. r. - ]tghgzilfc hcs vihcrms fmtmreglifcs pcr hcs smlscrms y hi jclsgkli gepumsti, jihjuhi hi ijjgúl qum fmbm iphgjirsm piri ecfgagjir his virgibhms fm jcltrch ml bism i jgmrti mstritmkgi. Ijtuifcr. - Ms mh emjilgsec qum momjuti hi ijjgúl jihjuhifi pcr mh jcltrchifcr y qum ecfgagji his virgibhms fm jcltrch.
Mstritmkgi fm jcltrch
Agkuri ;6. Mhmemltcs bésgjcs fm ul s.j. ([mb)
Hi mstritmkgi fm jcltrch dijm rmamrmljgi i hi liturihmzi y hi fgrmjjgúl fm hcs hizcs mxgstmltms mltrm his virgibhms emfgfis y/c jcltrchifis y his virgibhms fm jcltrch. Zm fg fgst stgl glku kuml ml fcs fcs tgpc tgpcss fm mstr mstrit itmk mkgi giss ml au aulj ljgú gúl l fm hi liturihmzi fm hi glacreijgúl utghgzifi piri jihjuhir hi ijjgúl
fm jcltrch fmh sgstmei fm? 9. Hizc jmrrifc 2. Hizc ibgmrtc
=.2. IPHGJIJGCLM IPHGJ IJGCLMZ Z FM ZGZVMEIZ ZG ZVMEIZ FM HI_C IBGMRVC IB GMRVC W HI_C JMRRIFC =.2. 2.9 9.
Zgst Zg stme meis is fm jc jclt ltrc rchh fm fm hi hizc zc jm jmrr rrif ifc c
Hcs sgstmeis fm jcltrch ml hizc jmrrifc scl iqumhhcs ml hcs qum hi smùih fm sihgfi fmh sgstmei (virgibhm jcltrchifi) tgmlm mamjtc fgrmjtc scbrm hi ijjgúl fm jcltrch (virgibhm fm jcltrch). Fmaglgjgúl? Jcltrch rmtrcihgemltifc
Cpmrij Cpmr ijgú gúl l qu qumm ml prms prmsml mljg jgii fm pmrt pmrtur urbi bijg jgcl clms ms tgml tgmlfm fm i rmfujgr hi fgamrmljgi mltrm hi sihgfi fm ul sgstmei y ihkuli mltrifi fm rmamrmljgi. Msti rmfujjgúl sm hckri eilgpuhilfc ihkuli virgibhm fm mltrifi fmh sgstmei, sgmlfc hi eiklgtuf fm fgjdi virgibhm fm mltrifi auljgúl fm hi fgamrmljgi mltrm hi virgibhm fm rmamrmljgi y hi sihgfi fmh sgstmei. Jhisgagjijgúl Eiluihms? Jcltrchifcr cpmrifcr dueilc.
Agkuri ;=. Jcltrch eiluih fm hizc jmrrifc fmh lgvmh fmh tilqum ([mb)
Iutceétgjc? Jcltrchifcr fgspcsgtgvc. Lmueét Lmue étgj gjc, c, dgfr dgfréu éuhghgjc jc,, (egjrcprcjmsifcr).
mh mhçj çjtr trgj gjc, c,
mhmj mhmjtr trúl úlgj gjc c
c
fg fgkg kgti tihh
Agkuri ;1. Jcltrch iutceétgjc fm hizc jmrrifc fmh lgvmh fmh tilqum
Agkuri ;;. Momephc fm ul s.j. ml hizc jmrrifc ([mb)
Ghueglijgúl ml ul glvmrlifmrc I emfgfi qum hi huz iuemlti c fgsegluym sm ibrgré c sm jmrriré mh tmjdc eiltmlgmlfc jclstiltm mh lgvmh fm huz.
Agkuri ;4. Msqumei fm ul sgstmei fm ghueglijgúl fm ul glvmrlifmrc (Vceifc fm kuglmi-mfmsc-bhckspct.jce)
Agkuri ;7. Momephc fm ul s.j. ml hizc ibgmrtc ([mb)
=. =.2. 2.2. 2.
Zgst Zg stme meii fm jc jclt ltrc rchh fm hi hizc zc ib ibgm gmrt rtc c
Zcl iqum Zcl iqumhhhhcs cs ml hcs hcs qum qum hi virg virgib ibhm hm fm sihg sihgfi fi (vir (virgi gibh bhmm jclt jc ltrc rchi hifi fi)) lc tgml tgmlmm ma mamj mjtc tc scbrm cbrm hi ijjg ijjgúl úl fm jc jclt ltrc rchh (virgibhm fm jcltrch). Jirijtmråstgjis
Lc sm jcepiri hi sihgfi fmh sgstmei jcl mh vihcr fmsmifc fm hi sihgfi fmh sgstmei (rmamrmljgi). Piri jifi mltrifi fm rmamrmljgi hm jcrrmspclfm uli jclfgjgúl fm cpmrijgúl agoifi. Hi mxijtgtuf fm hi sihgfi fmh sgstmei fmpmlfm fm hi jihgbrijgúl fmh jcltrchifcr. Ml prm prmsm smlj ljgi gi fm pmrt pmrtur urbij bijgc gclm lmss mstc mstcss sg sgst stme meis is fm jcltrch lc juephml su auljgúl ifmjuifiemltm.
Mh jcltrch ml hizc ibgmrtc sumhm ipirmjmr ml fgspcsgtgvcs jcl jcltrch smjumljgih, ml mh qum lc diy uli rmkuhijgúl fm virgibhms, sglc qum sm rmihgzil uli smrgm fm cpmrijgclms fm uli eilmri fmtmreglifi. Msi smjumljgi fm cpmrijgclms pumfm vmlgr gepumsti pcr mvmltcs (mvmlt-frgvml) c pcr tgmepc (tgem frgvml). Zm prckriei utghgzilfc PHJ (jcltrchifcrms fm húkgji prckrieibhm).
Momephc fm ul s.j. fm hizc ibgmrtc Iephgagjifcr. ]l momephc pumfm smr mh iephgagjifcr fm sclgfc fm ul mqugpc fm eÿsgji. Juilfc lcsctrcs virgiecs mh pctmljgúemtrc fm vchueml, virgi hi jiltgfif fm pctmljgi qum mltrmki mh
ihtivcz, pmrc mh sgstmei lc sibm sg sm di prcfujgfc hi virgijgúl qum fmsmiecs c lc.
Agkuri 40. s.j. fm ul iephgagjifcr([mb)
=.:. ECFCZ CZ FM JCLVR JCLVRCH CH ML GLZVR GLZVR]EM ]EMLV LVIJG IJGÚL ÚL.. =.:. ECF Hcs ijtuifcrms c mhmemltcs aglihms fm jcltrch, pumfml dijmr jcrrmjjgclms ml virgis acreis?
Ml jisc fm smr uli véhvuhi, pumfm ibrgr c jmrrir glstiltélmiemltm. -pumfm ibrgr c jmrrir hi véhvuhi hmltiemltm, i uli vmhhcjg vm cjgfi fif f jcls jclsti tilt ltm, m, egml egmltr tris is sm eilt eiltml mlki ki hi fmsvgijgúl. pumfm ibrgr hi véhvuhi ml eiycr krifc juilfc hi fmsvgijgúl ms eés répgfi. pumfm ibrgr hi véhvuhi ul lÿemrc fm vumhtis jclstiltm, pcr jifi ulgfif fm fmsvgijgúl.
Mstis jcrrmjjgclms, scl dmjdis pcr mh jcltrchifcr, ml hcs sgstme sgs tmeis is glfust glfustrgi rgihms hms sm mephmi mephmil l bésgji bésgjieml emltm tm ulc c uli jcebglijgúl fm hcs sgkugmltms sgstmeis fm jcltrch?
Fm fcs pcsgjgclms, mljmlfgfc c ipikifc (CL-CAA).
Prcpcrjgclih.
Prcpcrjgclih -Gltmkrih.
Prcpcrjgclih -Fmrgvitgvc. Prcpcrjgclih -Gltmkrih -Fmrgvitgvc.
=.:.9. CL-CAA Ijj jjggúl fm jcltr cltrch ch fm fcs fcs pcsg pcsgjg jgcl clms ms c fm mlj mljmlfg mlfgfc fc y ipikifc (cl/caa). Ml ul sgstmei fm jcltrch fm fcs pcsgjgclms, mh mhmemltc fm ij ijtu tuij ijgú gúl l sc schc hc tgml tgmlmm fcs fcsmljmlfgfc pcsg pcsgjg jgcl clms msy ipikifc. agoi agoiss qum, qum,Mhml eujd eujdcs cs jiscs, scl sgephmemltm jcltrch fm fcs pcsgjgclms c fm mljmlfgfc y ipikifc ms rmhitgviemltm sgephm sgep hm y biritc, biritc, rizúl pcr hi juih su usc ms mxtmlfgfc mxtmlfgfc ml sgstmeis fm jcltrch tiltc glfustrgihms jcec fceçstgjcs. Ms jceÿ jceÿl l qu qumm hcs hcs jc jclt ltrc rchi hifc fcrm rmss fm fcs fcs pcsg pcsgjg jgcl clms ms sm smil il fgspcsgtgvcs mhçjtrgjcs, ml juyc jisc sm usi mxtmlsiemltm uli véhvuhi mhçjtrgji cpmrifi pcr schmlcgfms. Hcs
jcltrchifcrms lmueétgjcs prcpcrjgclihms jcl kililjgis euy ihtis auljgclil jcec jcltrchifcrms fm fcs pcsgjgclms y, ml cjisgclms, sm fmlceglil jcltrchifcrms lmueétgjcs fm fcs pcsgjgclms sm eumstri ul sgstmei fm jcltrch fmh håqugfc qum ms jcltrchifc pcr uli ijjgúl fm jcltrch fm fcs pcsgjgclms.
Agkuri 49. Ecfc cl-caa ([mb)
=. =.:. :.2. 2.
Prcp Pr cpcr crjg jgcl clih ih
Ijjgúl fm jcltrch prcpcrjgclih piri ul jcltrchifcr jcl ijjgúl fm jclt jcltrc rchh prcp prcpcr crjg jgcl clih ih,, hi rm rmhi hijg jgúl úl mltr mltrmm hi sihg sihgfi fi fmh fmh jcltrchifcr u(t) y hi smùih fm mrrcr m(t) ms? ut5npmt c bgml, ml jiltgfifms trilsacreifis pcr mh eçtcfc fm Hiphijm usms5np ml fclfm np sm jclsgfmri hi kililjgi prcpcrjgclih juihqugmri qum smi emjilgsecprcpcrjgclih rmih y hi acrei fm hi pctmljgi fm cpmrijgúl, mh mh jcltrchifcr ms, ml msmljgi, ul iephgagjifcr jcl uli kililjgi ioustibhm. Mh jcltrchifcr prcpcrjgclih ms mh tgpc eés sgephm fm jcltrchifcr, jcl mxjmpjgúl fmh jcltrchifcr fm fcs mstifcs (fmh juih sm dijm emljgúl ml hi prgemri pirtm fmh tmxtc) hi mjui mj uijg jgúl úl jc jcl l qu qumm sm fmsj fmsjrg rgbm bm su au aulj ljgc gcli lieg egml mltc tc ms hi sgkugmltm?
EV5E+NJ*JR*RV-JR C EV5E+NJ*MR FCLFM? E(V) 5 Zihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr, psgk c ei R(V) 5 Pultc fm jcltrch, psgk c ei J(R) 5 Qirgibhm qum sm jcltrchi, psgk c ei> çsti ms hi smùih qum hhmki fmh trilsegscr. M(R) 5 Zmùih fm mrrcr, psg c ei> çsti ms hi fgamrmljgi mltrm mh pultc fm jcltrch y hi virgibhm qum sm jcltrchi. NJ 5 Kililjgi fmh jcltrchifcr, psg/psg ú ei/ei E 5 Qihcr bism, psgk c ei. Mh sgklgagjifc fm mstm vihcr ms hi sihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr juilfc mh mrrcr ms jmrc> kmlmrihemltm sm tgoi furiltm hi
jihgbrijgúl fmh jcltrchifcr, ml mh emfgc fm hi msjihi, 7 psgk c 92 ei. Ms gltmrmsiltm lctir qum ms piri ul jcltrchifcr fm ijjgúl glvmrsi> sg hi virgibhm qum sm jcltrchi, j(a), sm gljrmemlti ml ul vihcr supmrgcr ih pultc fm jcltrch, r(t), mh mrrcr sm vumhvm lmkitgvc y, jcec sm vm ml hi mjuijg ijgúl, hi sihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr, e(t), fmjrmjm. Hi eilmri jceÿl jcl qum sm fmsgkli eitmeétgjiemltm ul jcltrchifcr fm ijjgúl fgrmjti ms dijgml dijgmlfc fc lmk lmkitg itgvi vi hi kililj kililjgi gi fmh jcltrchif jcltrchifcr, cr, nj> sgl mebi me birk rkc, c, sm fmb fmbm rmjc mjcrfir rfir qum qum ml hcs jcl jcltrch trchif ifc crms rms glfust glf ustrgi rgihms hms lc diy kililj kililjgis gis lmk lmkitg itgvis vis,, sglc sglc ÿlgjie ÿlgjiemlt mltmm pcsgtgvis, hc juih sm rmsumhvm jcl mh smhmjtcr glvmrsc/fgrmjtc. Mh nj lmkitgvc sm utghgzi juilf ilfc sm dijm mh iléhgsgs eitmeétgjc fm ul sgstmei fm jcltrch ml mh qum sm rmqugmrm ul jcltrchifcr fm ijjgúl fgrmjti. Zm vm qum hi sihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr ms prcpcrjgclih ih mrrcr mltrm mh pultc fm jcltrch y hi virgibhm qum sm jcltrchi> hi prcpcrjgclihgfif hi fi hi
kililjgi fmh jcltrchifcr, n> jcl msti kililjgi c smlsgbghgf smlsg bghgfif if fmh jcltrchifcr jcltrchifcr sm fmtmregli fmtmregli juéltc sm ecfgagji ecfgagji hi sihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr jcl ul jgmrtc jiebgc fm mrrcr mstc sm ghustri kréagjiemltm.
Agkuri 42. Ecfc prcpcrjgclih ([mb)
Ma Mamj mjtc tc fm hi kilil kililjg jgii fmh fmh jclt jcltrc rchi hifc fcrr sc scbr brmm hi sihg sihgfi fi fmh jcltrchifcr. (I) jcltrchifcr fm ijjgúl fgrmjti. (B)
jcltrchif jcltrc hifcr cr fm ijjgúl ijjgúl glvmrs glvmrsi. i. Hcs jcltrc jcltrchif hifcrms crms qum scl ÿlgj ÿl gjie ieml mltm tm prcp prcpcr crjg jgcl clih ihms ms tgml tgmlml ml hi vmlt vmltio ioii fm qum qum schc schc juml ju mlti til l jcl jcl ul piré piréem emtr trc c fm io ious ustm tm>> nj, nj, sg sgl l mebi mebirk rkc, c, ifchmjml fm uli kril fmsvmltioi, cpmril jcl uli fmsvgijgúl, c ‘mrrcr fm mstifc mstijgclirgc― ml hi virgibhm qum sm jcltrch rchi. I agl fm iprmjgir fgjdi fmsvgijgúl kréagjiemltm, jclsgfçrmsm mh jgrjugtc fm jcltrch fm lgvmh qum sm eumstri ml hi Agkuri 42> supúlkism qum his jclfgjgclms fm cpmrijgúl cpmrijgúl fm fgsmùc scl qg 5 qc 5 9=0 kpe y d 5 1 pgms> supúlkism tiebgçl qum, piri qum pisml 9=0 kpe pcr hi véhvuhi fm sihgfi hi prmsgúl fm igrm scbrm çsti fmbm smr fm 7 psgk. Zg mh ahuoc fm mltrifi sm gljrmemlti, qg, hi rmspumsti fmh sgstmei jcl ul jcltrchifcr prcpcrjgclih ms jcec sm vm. Mh jclt jcltrc rchhif ifcr cr hhmv mvii fm lumv lumvc c i hi virg virgib ibhhm i ul vih vihcr msti ms tijg jgcl clir irgc gc pmrc pmrc ms mstm tm vihc vihcrr lc ms mh pult pultc c fm jclt jcltrc rchh rmqumrgfc> hi fgamrmljgi mltrm mh pultc fm jcltrch y mh vihcr fm msti ms tifc fc msti mstijg jgcl clir irgc gc fm hi virg virgib ibhm hm qum qum sm jclt jcltrc rchi hi ms hi fmsv fm svgi gijg jgúl úl.. Zm eums eumstr tril il fcs fcs jurv jurvis is fm rmsp rmspum umst stii qum qum
jcrrms jcrr mspc pclf lfml ml i fcs fcs fgam fgamrm rmlt ltms ms vihc vihcrm rmss fmh fmh pirée piréemt mtrc rc fm ioustm nj, sm iprmjgi qum juiltc eiycr ms mh vihcr fm nj, tiltc emlcr ms hi fmsvgijgúl, pmrc hi rmspumsti fmh prcjmsc sm dijm eés csjghitcrgi> sgl mebirkc, piri hi eiycråi fm hcs prcjmscs mxgstm ul vihcr eéxgec fm nj, eés ihhé fmh juih mh prcjmsc sm dijm glmstibhm. Ml hi agkuri 4: sm cbsmrvil his virgijgclms fm Nj y nj9 jcl rmspmjtc ih pultc fm jcltrch
tceilfc mh mrrcr fm mstifc crgkglifc fmsvgijgúl ml hi smùih. Agkuri 4:. prcpcrjgclih ([mb)
Vmcråi f fmm jjc cltrch p prrcpcrjgclih c ijjgúl
=.:.:. Prcpcrjgclih + Gltmkrih. Hi eiycråi fm hcs prcjmscs lc sm pumfml jcltrchir jcl uli fmsvgi fmsv gijg jgúl úl,, ms fm fmjg jgr, r, sm fm fmbm bml l jc jclt ltrc rchi hirr ml mh pu pult ltc c fm jclt jc ltrc rch, h, y ml mstc mstcss jisc jiscss sm fm fmbm bm iùif iùifgr gr gl gltm tmhghgkm kmlj ljgi gi ih jcltrc jcl trchif hifcr cr prcpcr prcpcrjgc jgclih lih,, piri piri mhgegl mhgeglir ir hi fmsvgi fmsvgijgú jgúl. l. Msti Msti lumvi gltmhgkmljgi c lumvc ecfc fm jcltrch ms hi ijjgúl gltmkrih c fm rmioustm y, ml jclsmjumljgi, mh jcltrchifcr sm jclvgmrtm ml ul jcltrchifcr prcpcrjgclih-gltmkrih (pg) (vmr agkuri 46).Hi sgkugmltm ms su mjuijgúl fmsjrgptgvi?
EV5E+NJ*JR*RV-JR+NJ*ΦG*RV-JR*FV
EV5E+NJ*MV+NJ*ΦG*MV*FV Fclfm? Vg 5 Vgmepc fm gltmkrijgúl c rmioustm eglutcs/rmpmtgjgúl. Pcr hc tiltc, mh jcltrchifcr pg tgmlm fcs piréemtrcs, nj, y Vg, qum sm fmbml ioustir piri cbtmlmr ul jcltrch sitgsaijtcrgc. Piri mltm ml tmlf lfmr mr mh sgkl sgklga gagj gjif ifc c aåsg aåsgjc jc fmh tgme tgmepc pc fm rm rmio ious ustm tm,, φg φg,, jclsgfçrmsm mh momephc dgpctçtgjc qum sm eumstri, fclfm ;, ms mh tg tgme mepc pc qum qum tcei tcei ih jclt jcltrc rchi hifc fcrr rm rmpm pmtg tgrr hi ijjg ijjgúl úl prcpcrjgclih y, ml jclsmjumljgi, his ulgfifms scl eglutcs/rmpmtgjgúl. Viltc emlcr ms mh vihcr fm φg, juiltc eés prcluljgifi ms hi jurvi fm rmspumsti, hc juih sgklgagji qum hi rmspumsti fmh jcltrchifcr sm dijm eés répgfi. Rmspumsti fmh jcltrchifcr prcpcrjgclih gltmkrih (pg) (ijjgúl fgrmjti) i ul jiebgc msjihúl ml mh mrrcr. Ctri eilmri fm
mxphgj mxph gjir ir mstc mstc ms emfg emfgilt iltmm hi cbsm cbsmrv rvij ijgú gúl l fm hi mjui mjuijg jgúl úl,, tiltc emlcr ms mh vihcr fm Vg, juiltc eiycr ms mh tçreglc fmhi fm hilt ltmm fm hi gltm gltmkr krih ih,, nj njφg φg y, ml jclsmjumljgi, sm hm fi eiycr pmsc i hi ijjgúl gltmkrih c fm rmioustm. Fm hi mjuijgúl tiebgçl sm lcti qum, egmltris msté prmsmltm mh tçreglc fm mrrcr,, mh jcltrchifcr mrrcr jcltrchifcr sm eiltgmlm eiltgmlm jiebgilfc su rmspumsti rmspumsti y, pcr hc tiltc, gltmkrilfc mh mrrcr, piri mhgeglirhc> rmjuçrfmsm qum gltmkrijgúl tiebgçl qugmrm fmjgr sueitcrgi. hi auljgúl fm trilsamrmljgi fmh jcltrchifcr ms? usms5np9+9tgs. Ml fclfm np, ms hi kililjgi prcpcrjgclih y Vg sm fmlcegli tgmepc gltmkrih. Viltc np jcec Vg scl ioustibhms. mh tgmepc gltmkrih iousti hi ijjgúl fm jcltrch gltmkrih, egmltris qum ul jiebgc ml mh vihcr fm np iamjti his pirtms gltmkrih y prcpcrjgclih fm hi ijjgúl fm jcltrch. Mh glvmrsc fmh tgmepc gltmkrih Vg sm fmlcegli vmhcjgfif fm rmioustm. Hi vmhcjgfif fm rmiou rmioust stmm ms hi jilt jiltgf gfif if fm vmjm vmjmss pcr eglut eglutc c qum qum sm fuph fu phgj gjii hi pirt pirtmm prcp prcpcr crjg jgcl clih ih fm hi ijjg ijjgúl úl fm jclt jcltrc rch. h. Hi vmhcjgfif fm rmioustm sm egfm ml tçreglcs fm his rmpmtgjgclms
pcr eglutc. Zg hi smùih fm mrrcr m(t) ms uli auljgúl msjihúl ulgtirgc, hi sihgfi fmh jcltrchifcr u(t) sm jclvgmrtm ml hc qum sm eumstri.
Agkuri 46. Ecfc prcpcrjgclih + gltmkrih ([mb) ( [mb)
=.:.6.
Prcpcrjgclih + Gltmkrih + Fmrgvitgvc.
Ihkulis vmjms sm iùifm ctrc ecfc fm jcltrch ih jcltrchifcr pg, mstm lumvc ecfc fm jcltrch ms hi ijjgúl fmrgvitgvi, qum tiebg iebgçl çl sm jclcj clcjmm jce jcec ripg ripgfm fmzz fm fmrg fmrgvi vijg jgúl úl c prmprmijtuijgúl> tgmlm jcec prcpúsgtc iltgjgpir dijgi fúlfm vi mh prcj pr cjms msc, c, emfg emfgil iltm tm hi cbs cbsmrvi mrvijg jgúl úl fm hi ripg ripgfm fmzz piri piri mh jiebgc fmh mrrcr, su fmrgvifi. Hi mjuijgúl fmsjrgptgvi ms hi sgkugmltm? EV5E+NJ*MV+NJ*ΦG*MV*FV+NJ*ΦF*FV
FCLFM? ΦF5 ri ripg pgfm fmzz fm virg virgij ijggúl ml eglu eglutc tcs, s, pcr pcr hc tiltc iltc,, mh jcltrchifc jcltr chifcrr pgf sm tgmlm trms piréemtrcs, piréemtrcs, j c pb, φg c φgr y φf qum sm fmbml ioustir piri cbtmlmr ul jcltrch sitgsaijtcrgc. Lútmsm qum schc mxgstm ul pir irééemtrc piri ioustm fm fmrgvijgúl, Vf, mh juih tgmlm his egseis ulgfifms, eglutcs, piri tcfcs hcs aibrgjiltms. Jcec sm ijibi fm emljgclir, jcl hi ijjgúl fmrgvitgvi sm fi ih jcltrchifcr hi jipijgfif fm
iltgjg iltg jgpi pirr dijg dijgii fúlf fúlfmm sm fgrg fgrgkm km mh pr prcj cjms msc, c, ms fmj fmjgr gr,, ‘vmr ‘vmr dijgi ifmhiltm―, emfgiltm mh jéhjuhc fm hi fmrgvifi fmh mrrcr. Hi jiltgfif fm ‘iltg ‘iltgjgpij jgpijgúl― gúl― sm fmjgfm fmjgfm emfgiltm mh vihcr fmh piréemtrc fm ioustm, Vf hcs jcltrchifcrms pgf sm utghgzil ml prcj pr cjms mscs cs fclf fclfmm his jcls jclsti tilt ltms ms fm tgme gmepc scl hirki irkis. s. Momephcs tåpgjcs fm mhhc scl hcs jgrjugtcs fm tmepmrituri y hcs fm jclj jcljml mltr trij ijgú gúl. l. Hc Hcss pr prcj cjms mscs cs ml qum qum hi hiss jcls jclsti tilt ltms ms fm tg tgme mepc pc scl scl jcrt jcrtis is (j (jip ipij ijgt gtilj iljgi gi pm pmqu qumù mùi) i) scl scl répg répgfc fcss y susjmptgbh susjm ptgbhms ms ih rugfc fmh prcjmsc, prcjmsc, scl jirijtmrås jirijtmråstgjc tgjcss fm mstm tgpc fm prcjmsc hcs jgrjugtcs fm jcltrch fm ahuoc y hcs jgrjugtcs piri jcltrch rchir hi prmsgúl ml jcrrgmltms fm håqug ugf fcs. Jclsgfçrmsm mh rmkgstrc fm ahuoc qum sm ghustri ml hi iphgjijgúl fmh ecfc fmrgvitgvc schc fi jcec rmsuhtifc hi iephgagjijgúl f mpgfi h fiem ruemlt gfcltm, , m,pcms rquul m hvihc i hcr frmrkr gviilfm fifm..fmHcs h s ruprcj gfcjms c,mscs qumfclf ie gi répg ré vi kril Hc pr cs fcjlfm m bhi jcls jc lsti tilt ltmm fm tgme tgmepc pc ms hirk hirkii (j (jip ipij ijgt gtil iljg jgii krilf krilfm) m) scl scl kmlm km lmri rihe heml mltm tm iecr iecrtg tgku kuif ifcs cs y, ml jcls jclsmj mjum umlj ljgi gi,, emlc emlcss susjmptgbhms ih rugfc> sgl mebirkc, sm fmbm mstir ihmrti, yi qum sm pumfm tmlmr ul prcjmsc jcl jclstiltm fm tgmepc
hirki, pcr momephc, ul jgrjugtc fm tmepmrituri, ml mh qum mh trilsegscr smi rugfcsc, ml juyc jisc sm‗ fmbm rmpirir mh trilsegscr iltms fm utghgzir mh jcltrchifcr pgf.
Agkuri 4=. Rmkgstrc fm ul jgrjugtc fm ahuoc
=.6.
JRGVMRGCZ PIRI HI ZMHMJJGÚL FM
]L JCLVRCHIFCR.
Juilfc viecs i gephmemltir ul hizc fm jcltrch sm lcs philtmi uli smrgm fm prmkultis? ³Yuç tgpc fm jcltrchifcr fmbmecs mhmkgr piri uli sgtuijgúl fifi3 ³Júec smhmjjgclir hcs vihcrms fm hcs piréemtrcs fmh jcltrchifcr3 C bgml, ³jcl quç jrgtmrgc fm pmracreiljm dijmecs hi smhmjjgúl y mh ioustm fm piré piréem emtr trcs cs fmh fmh jc jclt ltrc rchi hifc fcr3 r3 Pcr Pcr mome momeph phc, c, pcfm pcfmec ecss smhmjjgclir ihkulc fm hcs sgkugmltms jrgtmrgcs?
Yum mh bujhm jmrrifc smi mstibhm.
Yum hcs mamjtcs fm his pmrturbijgclms sm eglgegjml.
Yum sm cbtmlkil rmspumstis répgfis y suivms armltm i jiebgcs ml mh smt pcglt. Yum sm mhgeglm mh caasmt.
Yum mh sgstmei smi rcbustc, mstc ms, pcjc smlsgbhm i jiebgcs ml his jclfgjgclms fm prcjmsc c fmbgfc i mrrcrms.
Ml prgljg prgljgpgc pgc pum pumfm fm jclsgf jclsgfmri mrirsm rsm juihqu juihqugmr gmr prcpgm prcpgmfif fif piri smhmjjgclir hi rmspumsti fmh sgstmei, pcr momephc?
Cvmrsdcct - Vgmepc fm fmjigegmltc (‘rgsm tgem―> disti ihjilzir mh vihcr fmsmifc pcr prgemri vmz). Vgmepc fm ismltiegmltc (‘smtthglk tgem―, disti qumfir ml ¹ =% fmh vihcr fmsmifc, p. mo.). Rmhijgúl fm fmjigegmltc (‘fmjiy ritgc―, hi rmhijgúl mltrm hi ihturi fmh 2¿ y mh 9mr. Pgjc) Armjumljgi fm csjghijgúl
=.=. =. =.
ZGLV ZG LVCL CLG_ G_IJ IJGÚ GÚL L FM JC JCLV LVRC RCHI HIFC FCRM RMZ Z
Hi PGF hiscrrmkhis fm sgltclgzijgúl sgltcl sgltclgzi gzijgú jgúl l fm fmjcltrchifcrms _GMKHMR _GMKHMR-Lg -Lgjdc jdchs. hs.sm]lbisi jcltrc jclml trchif hifcr PGF ipcr ip crtti, ipcr ipcrtti fcs fcs jmr mrcs cs,, ul pch pchc ml mh crgkm rgkml l y uli uli kililjgi. Hi sglt sgltcl clgz gzij ijgú gúl l agli agli pcr pcr mh huki hukirr fm hi hiss riåj riåjms ms sm hc hckr krii ecfgagjilfc hcs jmrcs y his kililjgis fmh jcltrchifcr PGF piri cbtmlmr uli rmspumsti úptgei. Hi ifgjgúl fm ul pchc i hi auljgúl fm trilsamrmljgi ml hizc ibgmrtc tgmlm mh mamjtc fm oihir mh hukir kmceçtrgjc fm his riåjms i hi fmrmjdi hc qum jcltrgbuym i fgseglug ugrr hi mstibghgfif fmh sgstmei.
Agkuri 41. Ifgjgúl fm ul pchc. (Mluljgifcs pcr _gmkhmr -Lgjdchs )
Hi ifgjgúl fm ul jmrc i hi auljgúl fm trilsamrmljgi ml hizc ibgmrtc tgmlm mh mamjtc fm oihir mh hukir kmceçtrgjc fm his riåjms dijgi hi gzqugmrfi jcl hc juih mh sgstmei tgmlfm i smr eés mstibhm.
Agkuri 4;. Ifgjgúl fm ul jmrc
_gmkhmr y Lgjdchs _gmkhmr Lgjdchs prcpusgmrcl prcpusgmrcl uli smrgm fm rmkhis piri iaglir iaglir jcltrchifcrms PGF jcl uli bism i uli rmspumsti mxpmrgemltih Hi iphgjijgúl fm mstm eçtcfc jclsgstm ml smkugr mh sgkugmltm ihkcrgtec?
Mhgeglir hcs mamjtcs fm hi pirtm gltmkrih y fmrgvitgvi
]tghgzir schc hi kililjgi prcpcrjgclih piri hhmvir ih sgstme stmeii i csjg sjghij hijgclm gclmss scs scstmlg tmlgfi fis. s. Mh vih vihcr fm kililjgi prcpcrjgclih ml hi qum mh sgstmei csjghi sm
fmlcegli kililjgi jråtgji. Jihj Ji hjuh uhir ir mh pmrg pmrgcf cfc c jr jråt åtgj gjc c qu qumm jcrr jcrrms mspc pclf lfmm i hi kililjgi jrgtgji. Iprcxgeir hcs piréemtrcs fmh jcltrchifcr PGF, scbrm hi bism fm kililjgi y pmrgcfc jråtgjcs fm ijumrfc i?
Agkuri 44. Rmhijgúl fm piréemtrcs
=. =.1 1.
IPH IP HGJ GJI IJGÚ GÚL L FM FM JC JCLVRCHI HIF FCRMZ
Iphgjijgclms eés armjumltms?
Jihfmris fm vipcr. Zmjifmrcs y mvipcrifcrms.
Dcrlcs tÿlmh.
Jihfmris fm fmstghijgúl.
Gltmrjiebgifcrms fm jihcr.
Jihfmris fm vipcr I hi jihfmri fm sm hm mxgkm eiltmlmr uli prmsgúl fm tribioc jclstiltm piri hi kril fgvmrsgfif fm jiufihms fm jclsuec fm hi aijtcråi pcr hc juih fmbm smr jipiz fm?
Ipcrtir
mlmrkåi
jihcråagji
suagjgmltm
piri
uli
jcebustgúl
Kiriltgzir uli hhieil smkuri ml hi jcebustgúl Mh auljgcliegmltc fm hi jihfmri fmbm smr úptgec piri hckrir rmltibghgfif y mjclceåi
Jcltrch fm jcebustgúl
Jcltrch fm lgvmh
Zmkurgfif fm hhiei
Zmjifmrcs y Mvipcrifcrms
Hcs smjifmrcs tgmlml pcr cbomtc cbtmlmr mh prcfujtc schgfc jcl ul eålgec fm duemfif Hcs mvipcrifcrms jcljmltril mh prcfujtc ml acrei håqugfi ih mvipcrir ikui
Dcrlc tÿlmh Hcs prcjmscs fm jcjjgúl fm ihkulcs prcfujtcs sm bisil ml mh eiltmlgegmltc fm uli jurji fm jcjjgúl qum mstibhmjm ul
prckriei prmjgsc fm tmepmrituri fgstrgbugfi fm ijumrfc jcl his trms zclis tåpgjis fmh dcrlc?
Prmjihmltiegmltc
Jcjjgúl
Mlargiegmltc
Hi tmepmrituri tmepmrituri sm rmkuhi bésgjiemltm bésgjiemltm ml hi zcli fm jcjjgúl fclfm sm mljumltril hcs qumeifcrms y hcs vihcrms fmsmifcs ml hi zcli zcli fm prmj prmjih ihml mlti tieg egmlt mltc c sm ih ihji jilz lzil il emfg emfgil iltm tm hi jgrjuhijgúl fm igrm prcjmfmltm fm hi zcli fm mlargiegmltc.
Agkuri 47. Fmstghijgúl fm pmtrúhmc ([mb).
Gltmrjiebgifcrms fm jihcr Hi eiycråi fm prcjmscs gltmrjiebgifcrms fm jihcr.
glfustrgihms
mephmil
Mxgstml virgcs sgstmeis piri mh jcltrch fm hcs gl gltm tmrj rjie iebg bgifc ifcrms rms fm jihc jihcrr fmbg fmbgfc fc i qum qum sc scl l eujd eujdcs cs hc hcss aijtcrms qum fmbml jclsgfmrirsm?
Prmsgúl fm vipcr c fm ahugfc fm ihgemltijgúl
Ahujtuijgclms ml mh jiufih fmh prcfujtc
Qirgijgclms fm tmepmrituri fmh prcfujtc
Ijifmegimfu.. Ijifmegimfu
Vceifc
fm
IJIFMEGIMF]?
dttps?//www.ijifmegi.mfu/244=21;:/ZMLZCRMZSFM dttps?// www.ijifmegi.mfu/244=21;:/ZMLZCRMZSFM
SVMEPMRIV]RISGlfustrgihms. Ijmf Ij mfc c Zilj Ziljdm dmz, z, Oc Ocsç sç (2001) (2001).. Gl Glst stru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl l y jclt jcltrch rch bésg bé sgjc jc fm prcj prcjms mscs cs.. Mf Mfgj gjgc gclm lmss Fåiz Fåiz fm Zilt Ziltcs cs,, 26 pékglis. Ijmf Ij mfc c Zilj Ziljdm dmz, z, Oc Ocsç sç (209:) (209:).. Gl Glst stru ruem emlt ltij ijgú gúl l y jclt jcltrch rch ivilzifc ivilzif c fm prcjmscs. Mfgjgclms Mfgjgclms Fåiz fm Ziltcs, 121 pékglis Bmtiljcurt, O.C. (209:). GLVMRR]PVCRMZ W ZMLZCRMZ . Bclfcs, J. (2000). VMJLCHCKGI FMH JCLVRCH. J. Irtmrc, E. L. (209:). PD ZMLZCR. K]EGZI K]EGZI.. Jcrcli, H. K. (200;). Ml Zmlscrms y Ijtuifcrms (pék. :9;). Mspiùi? Pitrgi. Jrmus Zchç, Iltclgc (200=). Glstruemltijgúl Glfustrgih. Mfgtcrgih Eirjcebc, ;¿ Mfgjgúl, ;;1 pikglis. Mfuirfc, K. (s.a.). Gltrcfujjgúl i hi Glstruemltijgúl Qgrtuih. Júrfcbi ? ]IMD.
Mlråqumz, Kghbmrtc (2000). MH IBJ FM HI GLZVR]EMLVIJGÚL ML MH JCLVRCH FM PRCJMZCZ GLF]ZVRGIHMZ. Mfgtcrgih Hgeusi. Kirjåi Kutgmrrmz, Hugs. (2096) Glstruemltijgúl bésgji fm emfgfi y jcltrch. Mfgtcrgih Imlcr. Kirjåi Kir jåi Kutgmr Kutgmrrmz rmz,, Hugs. Hugs. (9777) (9777) Qéhvuh Qéhvuhis is fm jcltrc jcltrch. h. Mfgjgú Mfgjgúl l Ghustrifi, Eifrgf. :0: pékglis. Kirjgi,
O. (209;). ijifmegi. Vceifc fm ijifmegi? dttps?//www.ijifmegi.mfu/;44=22;/ZgstmeisSfmSjc dttps?// www.ijifmegi.mfu/;44=22;/ZgstmeisSfmSjc
ltrchS-ShizcSibgmrtcS-hizcSjmrrifc Kirjåi Kutgçrrmz Hug Hugs. (977;). Hi emfgfi fmh jiufih. Qchuem Qch ueml l 20 fm ^Pubhg ^Pubhgjij jijgcl gclms ms Vçj Vçjlgj lgjisU isU Iscjgi Iscjgijgú jgúl l Mspiùc Msp iùchi hi fm Lcreih Lcreihgzi gzijgú jgúl l y Jmrtga Jmrtgagji gjijgú jgúl. l. Mfgtcr Mfgtcrgih gih IMLCR, 217 pékglis. Dmrlélfmz, Kghbmrt I., (2091), Glstruemltijgúl, Dttp?//Glstruemltijgclglfustrgiheixgei.Bhckspct.Jc Dttp?//Glstruemltijgclglfustrgiheixgei.Bhckspct.Jc
e/
Ouhgc, R. (2004). Zgstmeis fm Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc ml hi Glfustrgi. Dclmywmhh. EijKriwl-Dghh. (977:). Ml [. D. Jrcusm, Emjilgji fmh Iutcecvgh (pék. 6=0). Birjmhcli? EIRJCEBC Z.I. Emlfczi Emlfczi, Egkumh I., (2096), Glstruemltijgúl? Lcreis
W
sgebchckå is,Dttps?//Vcpgjcsmhmjtrclgji.Aghms.[crfprms is,Dttps?//Vcpgjcsmhmjtrclgji.Aghms.[crfprms
s.Jce/2096/02/Glstruemltijgcl-Lcreis-W- s.Jce/2096/02/Glstruemltijgcl-Lcreis-W- Zgebchckgi.Pfa Ecltihvc, I. (s.a.). ZM ZMLZ LZCR CRMZ MZ FM LG LGQM QMHH. Vceifc fm ZHGFMZDIRM? dttp?//ms.shgfmsdirm.lmt/IhilEcltihvc/smlscrms-fm- dttp?//ms.shgfmsdirm.lmt/IhilEcltihvc/smlscrms-fm-
lgvmh-99290;763qgf5;929::;9-;jf9-6bb1-7mia7;a76;a17a0i&v5&b5&arceSsmirjd59 Ckiti Nitsudgnc (9774) Glkmlgmråi fm Jcltrch Ecfmrli ‚‚ :mrii Mfgjgú :mr Mfgjgúl. l. Prmltg Prmltgjm-D jm-Dihh ihh Dgs Dgspil pilcie ciemrg mrgjil jili. i. 909= pékglis.
Chhmrc fm Jistrc, Pmfrc (2092). Glstruemltijgúl y jcltrch fm ph phil ilti tiss quåe quåegj gjis is.. Mfgt Mfgtcr crggih Zåltms ltmsgs gs,, Z. I., I., ==0 ==0 pékglis. Chhm Ch hmrc rc fm Jistr Jistrc, c, Pm Pmfr frc, c, Am Amrl rlél élfmz fmz Jieij Jieijdc dc,, Mfui Mfuirf rfc. c. (977 (9 77;) ;).J .Jcl cltr trch ch m glstr lstrue ueml mlti tijg jgúl úl fm prcj prcjms mscs cs quåegjcs. Qchueml 9 fm Jgmljgis Yuåegjis? Glkmlgmråi quåegji. Mfgtcrgih Zåltmsgs, 6=6 pékglis. Csjir, H. (2099). Fgsmùc fm ul Jcltrch Fgstrgbugfc piri uli Philti. MVZM. Zilfcvih, Mffy, (2096), Lcreis Gsi W Ziei, Dttps?//Prmzg.Jce/Gknqqqup20cn/Lcreis-Gsi-W- Dttps?//Prmzg.Jce/Gknqqqup20cn/Lcreis-Gsi-W Ziei/ Zmlscrms, P. J.‚H. (2096). EIL]IH FM ]ZC FM ZMLZCR FM PDI JCL FGZJC KHCBGHIB. Zm Zmls lscvi cvit, t, (s (s.a .a.). .). ZMLZCQILV . Vceifc fm ZMLZCQILV? dttp?//smlscvilt.jce/prcfujtcs/jiufih-lgvmh- dttp?//smlscvilt.jce/prcfujtcs/jiufih-lgvmhahugfcs/smlscrms-Lgvmh-fm-hgqugfcs/smlscrms-fm-lgvmh-
fm-hgqugfcs.dteh Zegtd, Jirhcs, Jcrrgpgc, Ireilfc (9779). Jcltrch iutceétgjc i utceétgjc fm prcjmscs? Vmcråi y préjtgji Zchm, I. J. (200=). Ml Glstruemltijgcl Glfustrgih (pék. ;:2). Mspiùi? EIRJCEBC Z.I. Qmhisqumz, K., & Kclzihms, O. (s.a.). wgx . Vceifc fm fm dttp?//siglt- dttp?//sigltdycki.wgxsgtm.jce/jcltrchmsmhmjtrgjcs/qugmlmsscecs2
]LGQMRZGFIF MZVIVIH PMLGLZ]HI FM ZILVI MHMLI
Hcs iutcrms
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