Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes (Feb 2013)

Features • Covers unit processes common to drinking water, wastewater, and any water requiring treatment • Presents theory and practice for each unit process and key factors in development • Examines uncommon issues that aid in applications principles, such as submerged flow for a Parshall flume and Henry’s law constants for 12 gases at different temperatures • Reviews how the field arrived at its present state-of-the-art technologies to shed light on current practices

Summary Carefully designed to balance coverage of theoretical and practical principles, Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes delineates the principles that support practice, using the unit processes approach as the organizing concept. The author covers principles common to any kind of water treatment, for example, drinking water, municipal wastewater, industrial water treatment, industrial waste water treatment, and hazardous wastes. Since technologies change but principles remain constant, the book identifies strands of theory rather than discusses the latest technologies, giving students a clear understanding of basic principles they can take forward in their studies. Reviewing the historical development of the field and highlighting key concepts for each unit process, each chapter follows a general format that consists of process description, history, theory, practice, problems, references, and a glossary. This organizational style facilitates finding sections of immediate interest without having to page through an excessive amount of material. Pedagogical Features

• End-of-chapter glossaries provide a ready reference and add terms pertinent to topic but beyond the scope of the chapter

• Sidebars sprinkled throughout the chapters present the lore and history of a topic, enlarging students’ perspective

• Example problems emphasize tradeoffs and scenarios rather than single answers and involve spreadsheets

• Reference material includes several appendices and a quick-reference spreadsheet • Solutions manual includes spreadsheets for problems • Supporting material is available for download Understanding how the field arrived at its present state of the art places the technology in a more logical context and gives students a strong foundation in basic principles. This book does more than build technical proficiency, it adds insight and understanding to the broader aspects of water treatment unit processes.

Table of Contents FOUNDATION Water Treatment Water Treatment Organization of Water Treatment Knowledge Unit Processes Treatment Trains Design Summary Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References

PARTICULATE SEPARATIONS Screening Theory of Screening Types of Screens Bar Screens Comminutors Fine Screens Microscreens Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References

Water Contaminants Water Quality: Definitions Federal Laws Maturation of Water Quality Knowledge Categorizations of Contaminant Species Utility of Water Quality Data Combinations of Quality of Source Waters and Product Waters Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 2.A: Organic Carbon as a Contaminant Glossary References

Sedimentation Key Notions in Design Particle Settling Settling Basins Characterizing Suspensions Flocculent Suspensions (Type II) Hindered and Compression Settling (Type III and Type IV Suspensions) Hydraulics of Settling Basins Design Practice Real Basins Plate Settlers and Tube Settlers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References

Models Unit Processes Models Modeling Protocol Units and Dimensions Examples of Models Summary Problems Glossary References

Grit Chambers Grit Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers Aerated Grit Chambers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References

Unit Process Principles Unit Processes Principles Reactors Kinetic Models Problems Glossary References

Flotation Development of Flotation DAF System Description Principles of DAF Flotation Practice Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES

Coagulation Coagulation in a Nutshell Particles in Ambient Waters Chemistry Double Layer Theory Trivalent Metal Ions: Reactions with Water Synthetic Aluminum Polymers Zeta Potential, Charge Density, and Streaming Current Potential Physical Models Polymers Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Mixing Definitions and Applications History of Mixing Theory of Mixing Mixing Technologies Summary Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Bibliography Flocculation Definitions Applications History Theory of Flocculation Design Proprietary Technologies Summary Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 11.A Derivation of Camp and Stein G for ThreeDimensional Cube Glossary References Rapid Filtration Description of Rapid Filtration Development of Rapid Filtration Theory Design Operation Pilot Plants

Wastewater Filtration Proprietary Equipment Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 12.A—Filtration in New York Glossary References Slow Sand Filtration Description Slow Sand as a Process Design Pilot Plant Studies Operation Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Cake Filtration Description Cake Filtration Process Design Operation Pilot Plant Studies Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References MOLECULES AND IONS Adsorption Description Adsorption Process Theory Laboratory and Pilot Plant Studies Design Operation and Costs Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 15.A: Freundlich Isotherm Coefficients Glossary References Further Readings Ion-Exchange Description Ion-Exchange Theory Design Operation Studies Problems

Acknowledgments Appendix 16.A: Ion-Exchange Conversions Glossary References Bibliography

Membrane Processes Description History Theory Design Operation Pilot Plants Case Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Gas Transfer Description Gas Transfer Theory Design Case Studies Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 18.A: Onda Coefficients Glossary References Disinfection Fundamentals History Theory Design Operation Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Oxidation Description Oxidation Theory Practice Problems Acknowledgments Glossary References Further Reading

Precipitation Description Precipitation Theory Practice Problems Acknowledgment Glossary References BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Biological Processes Background Cell Metabolism Biological Treatment Overview Cell Yield Kinetics of Biological Reactions Summary Problems Acknowledgments Appendix 22.A: Proteins Appendix 22.B: Michaelis– Menten Equation Glossary References Biological Reactors Biological Reactor Spectrum Activated Sludge Biofilm Reactors Anaerobic Reactors Summary Problems Appendix 23.A: Biofilm Reactor Model Glossary References Pre Appendix Quick Reference Tables for Constants and Unit Conversions Appendix A: International System of Units Appendix B: Physical Constants and Physical Data Appendix C: Miscellaneous Relations Appendix D: Fluid Mechanics—Reviews of Selected Topics Appendix E: Porous Media Hydraulics Appendix F: Alum Data and Conversions Appendix G: Dimensionless

Numbers Appendix H: Dissolved Gases

Index

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