Fundamentals of Criminal Law Review-Gregorio

1

An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws (Act No. 3815 as Amended)

PRELIMINARY TITLE DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE Article 1. Time when Act takes effect. — This Code shall take effect on the First day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty-two. Article 2. Application of its provisions. — Except as provided in the treaties and laws of preferential application, the provisions of this Code shall be enforced not only within the Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, its interior waters and maritime zone but also outside of its jurisdiction, against those who: 1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship; 2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands of obligations and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands; 3. Should be liable for acts connected with the introduction into these islands of the obligations and securities mentioned in the preceding number; 4. While being public ofcers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their functions; or 5. Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, dened in Title One of Book Two of this Code. 1

2

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW

Criminal Law, Dened Criminal law is that branch of municipal law which denes crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. (12 CYC. 129) What is a Crime? A crime is the commission or omission by a person having capacity, of any act, which is either prohibited or compelled by law and the commission or omission of which is punishable by a proceeding brought in the name of the government whose law has been violated. (Wharton’s Criminal Law, 1957, vol. 1, p. 11) Constitutional Limitations on Power of Congress to Enact Penal Laws Limitations on the power of Congress to enact penal laws are found in Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. These limitations include: 1.

The law must observe both substantive and procedural due process. (Art. III, Section 1)

2.

The law must be general in application. (Art. III, Section 1)

3.

The law should not impose cruel and unusual punishment or excessive nes. (Art. III, Section 19)

4.

The law should not operate as a bill of attainder or as an ex post facto law. (Art. III, Section 22)

Bill of Attainder A Bill of Attainder is a legislative act which inicts penalty without judicial trial. Ex Post Facto Law An ex post facto law is one which: (1) makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was innocent when done, and punishes such an act; (2) aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was when committed; (3) changes the punishment and inicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the

APPLICATION OF ITS PROVISIONS

3

crime when committed; (4) alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or different testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense; (5) assuming to regulate civil rights, and remedies only, in effect imposes penalty or deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful; and (6) deprives a person accused of a crime of some lawful protection to which he has become entitled such as the protection of a former conviction or acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty. The test whether a penal law runs afoul of the ex post facto clause of the Constitution is: Does the law sought to be applied retroactively take “from an accused any right that was regarded at the time of the adoption of the constitution as vital for the protection of life and liberty and which he enjoyed at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him’’? The crucial words in the test are “vital for the protection of life and liberty.” We nd, however, the test inapplicable to the penal clause of Republic Act No. 7653. Penal laws and laws which, while not penal in nature, nonetheless have provisions dening offenses and prescribing penalties for their violation operate prospectively. Penal laws cannot be given retroactive effect, except when they are favorable to the accused. Nowhere in Republic Act No. 7653, and in particular Section 36, is there any indication that the increased penalties provided therein were intended to operate retroactively. There is, therefore, no ex post facto law in this case. (Roberto S. Benedicto and Hector T. Rivera, Petitioners, vs. The Court Of Appeals, et. al, G.R. No. 125359, September 4, 2001) Felony, Offense and Infraction of an Ordinance, Distinguished If the crime is punished by the Revised Penal Code, it is called a felony; if by a special law, it is called an offense; and if by an ordinance, it is called an infraction of an ordinance. Theories in Criminal Law The theories or the schools of thought in Criminal Law are as follows: 1.

Classical or Juristic Theory — where the basis of criminal liability is human free will. The purpose of the penalty is retribution in view of the voluntariness of the act or

PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION (2008 Edition) There have been numerous changes in our penal laws requiring the revision of this book. The Supreme Court in a multitude of decisions has set distinctions in the application of the country’s penal laws. The latest statutes such as Republic Act No. 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006) and Republic Act No. 9372 (Human Security Act of 2007), as well as landmark decisions including People vs. Genosa (G.R. No. 139581, January 15, 2004) and Valenzuela vs. People (G.R. No. 160188, June 17, 2007) were discussed in this edition. We have likewise incorporated at the end of each Chapter/ Title the relevant bar examination questions, in the hope that it will assist the bar examinees in their review of Criminal Law. We express our gratitude to the Supreme Court for awarding the CENTENARY BOOK AWARD to the FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW REVIEW authored by the late DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO. We dedicate this humble work to the memory of our father, DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO, whose name is the best legacy for his family and to our late mother, CLEO ZAPATA GREGORIO, who has remained our inspiration and pillar of strength, despite her demise.

CARINA MA. GREGORIO

iii

PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION (1997 Edition) Since the last edition of this book, new and novel doctrines in the field of criminal law have been established by our Supreme Court and new laws have been enacted by the Congress of the Philippines. In view of the clamor of the students and practitioners of law, his family updated the Fundamentals authored by the late Dean ANTONIO L. GREGORIO. All important decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, recent penal statutes as well as codal provisions have been collated and included in this edition. It is hoped that, as in the past, it will be of help to the law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar for whatever it may be worth. Acknowledgment is made to those who have been of help in the preparation of this book, particularly to the staff of Rex Book Store. We dedicate this humble work to the memory of our father, DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO whose name has remained the best legacy for his family, and to our loving mother, CLEO ZAPATA GREGORIO who is our inspiration, our beacon light and above all, our pillar of strength.

CARINA MA. GREGORIO April 22, 1997

iv

PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION (1988 Edition) This edition has been updated by recent Supreme Court Decisions in Criminal Law and penal legislative enactment. The decisions have been evaluated and collated so as to follow established jurisprudence. Again, the assistance of the former students of the author, namely: WALTER F. REYNOSO, Customs Examiner, Manila International Container Port (MICP), Department of Finance; and Manila Assistant City Probation Officer ZENAIDA H. BRIOSO, former Technical Assistant in the Office of the Assistant Administrator, PA, Department of Justice and part-time Professor, Social Science and Education Departments, Philippine Normal College, Manila, is acknowledged for proofreading the manuscript and checking the citations. The Bar questions in Criminal Law are also included. It is earnestly hoped that humble work will also prove to be useful to law students, bar reviewees and also to the bench and bar.

THE AUTHOR Manila, Philippines January 11, 1988

v

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION (1985 Edition) This edition includes a supplement of recent Supreme Court decisions and of penal statutes, which are pertinent presidential decrees and “batas” enacted by the Batasang Pambansa. Such updates the citations without affecting the context of the format. The author does hope this edition will also be of help to law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar. Acknowledgment is extended to Walter F. Reynoso and Zenaida Hermo Brioso, his former students at the UST Faculty of Civil Law (1976) and SSC School of Law (1984), respectively, and both Assistant City Probation Officers of Manila, for proofreading the manuscript and checking the citations, and to his former secretary, Ms. Patrocinio P. Conato, for her assistance, in many ways.

ANTONIO L. GREGORIO

Manila, October 28, 1985

vi

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION (1983 Edition) The author could not resist the request of his former students and friends to come out with the latest edition of this humble work. So, recent Supreme Court decisions and legislative enactments have been collated and incorporated. 1981 and 1982 Bar examination questions in Criminal Law are included. Again, the end in view is primarily for those preparing for the bar examination not to encounter difficulties, due to time constraint, in assimilating the fundamentals of criminal law. Deep appreciation is extended to Miss Patrocinio P. Conato, the personal secretary of the author, for the help in the revision of this project and of course, to the staff of REX PRINTING CO., INC., who made this edition possible.

DEAN ANTONIO L. GREGORIO

Manila, February 14, 1983

vii

PREFACE TO THE 1981 EDITION Since the last edition of this humble work, new and novel doctrines in the field of criminal law have been established by our Supreme Court. Because of the clamor of his students that this “Fundamentals” be updated, the author perforce has to muster time and effort to make a more practical and simplier approach in the treatment of the subject. It is hoped that, as in the past, it will be of help to the law students, bar reviewees and even to the members of the bench and bar for whatever it may be worth. Again, appreciation is extended to Miss Patrocinio P. Conato for typing the manuscript and to the staff of Rex Book Store for their unsolicited cooperation and encouragement.

THE AUTHOR

May 15, 1981

viii

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The author has been encouraged by his former students, most of whom are now members of the bar, to revise the last edition of his humble work, for the benefit of the current crop of law reviewees and law students. It is indeed gratifying to know that it has been immensely helpful to many, including those who are in the practice of law. All the important decisions of the Supreme Court and of the Court of Appeals, as well as recent penal statutes and presidential decrees have been collated and included in this edition. The aim of the author is to present the basic fundamentals of criminal law in a simple manner for easy reading and understanding. Acknowledgment is made to those who have been of help in the preparation of this book, particularly to the daughter of the author, Miss Carina Gregorio, who supervised the proofreading; Miss Patrocinio Conato who typed the manuscript; Atty.Lily Gruba, former student of the author in the Ateneo College of Law, who helped in checking the citations, and to the staff of REX BOOK STORE, for their infinite patience and cooperation.

THE AUTHOR

Manila, May 30, 1978

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK ONE

Page Preface ......................................................................................

iii

PRELIMINARY TITLE — DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE ............................................................... Article 1. Article 2.

Time when Act takes effect ....................... Application of its provisions ...................... Review Questions.......................................

1 1 8

TITLE ONE. — FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY....................

9

Chapter One. — Felonies ....................................................

9

Article 3. Article 4. Article 5.

Article 6. Article 7. Article 8. Article 9. Article 10.

Definition and elements ............................ Criminal liability ....................................... Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed but which are not covered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties ................................. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies........................................................ When light felonies are punishable .......... Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony .......................................................... Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies ............................................... Offenses not subject to the provisions of the Revised Penal Code.................................... Review Questions....................................... x

9 16

23 26 36 37 43 44 45

Chapter Two. — Justifying circumstances and circumstances which exempt from criminal liability ........................................................................... Article 11. Article 12.

Justifying circumstances ........................... Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability ........................................ R.A. No. 9344 — Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006.................................... Review Questions.......................................

Chapter Three. — Circumstances which mitigate criminal liability ........................................................ Article 13.

47 47 72 73 89 91

Mitigating circumstances .......................... Review Questions.......................................

91 130

Chapter Four — Circumstances which aggravate criminal liability ..........................................................

132

Article 14.

Aggravating circumstances ....................... Review Questions.......................................

132 201

Chapter Five. — Alternative circumstances ..................

203

Article 15.

Their concept .............................................. Review Question ........................................

203 209

TITLE TWO. — PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR FELONIES .............................................................

210

Article 16. Article 17. Article 18. Article 19. Article 20.

Who are criminally liable .......................... Principals ................................................... Accomplices ................................................ Accessories ................................................. Accessories who are exempt from criminal liability ........................................ Review Questions.......................................

210 212 219 224

TITLE THREE. — PENALTIES .............................................

231

Chapter One. — Penalties in general...............................

231

Article 21. Article 22. Article 23. Article 24.

Penalties that may be imposed ................. Retroactive effect of penal laws ................ Effect of pardon by the offended party ..... Measures of prevention or safety which are not considered penalties...................... xi

229 230

233 234 236 237

Chapter Two. — Classification of penalties ...................

239

Article 25.

Penalties which may be imposed ..............

239

Article 26.

Fine — When afflictive, correctional, or light penalty...........................................

243

Chapter Three. — Duration and effect of penalties .....

245

Section One. — Duration of penalties .....................

245

Article 27. Article 28. Article 29.

245 247

Reclusion perpetua, etc. ............................. Computation of penalties .......................... Period of preventive imprisonment deducted from term of imprisonment .......

247

Section Two. — Effect of penalties according to their respective nature ......................................

250

Article 30. Article 31. Article 32.

Article 33.

Article 34. Article 35. Article 36. Article 37. Article 38. Article 39.

Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification ..... Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualification ....... Effects of perpetual or temporary special disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage ............................... Effects of the penalties of suspension from any public office, profession or calling, or the right of suffrage.................. Civil interdiction ........................................ Effects of bond to keep the peace .............. Pardon, its effects ...................................... Costs — What are included ....................... Pecuniary liabilities — Order of payment .................................................. Subsidiary penalty .....................................

Section Three. — Penalties in which other accessory penalties are inherent .................... Article 40. Article 41. Article 42. Article 43.

Death — Its accessory penalties ............... Reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal — Their accessory penalties ...... Prision mayor — Its accessory penalties .. Prision correccional — Its accessory penalties ..................................................... xii

250 251

252

252 253 253 255 256 257 258

262 262 262 262 262

Article 44. Article 45.

Arresto — Its accessory penalties ............. 262 Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the crime ........................... 263

Chapter Four. — Application of penalties ......................

265

Section One. — Rules for the application of penalties to the persons criminally liable and for the graduation of the same ................

265

Article 46. Article 47.

Article 48. Article 49.

Article 50. Article 51. Article 52. Article 53.

Article 54. Article 55. Article 56. Article 57. Article 58. Article 59.

Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general.................................................... In what cases the death penalty shall not be imposed; Automatic review of death penalty cases.................................... R.A. No. 9346 — An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines ................................................. Penalty for complex crimes........................ Penalty to be imposed upon the principals when the crime committed is different from that intended ..................................... Penalty to be imposed upon principals of a frustrated crime .................................. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of attempted crime ..................................... Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a consummated crime............................ Penalty to be imposed upon accessories to the commission of a consummated felony .......................................................... Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime .................................. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of a frustrated crime .................................. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in an attempted crime ............................... Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime................................ Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories ..................................... Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime because the means

xiii

265

266

267 269

284 286 286 286

287 287 287 287 288 288

Article 60. Article 61.

employed or the aims sought are impossible ................................................... Exception to the rules established in Articles 50 to 57 ..................................... Rules for graduating penalties..................

289 289 291

Section Two. Rules for the application of penalties with regard to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances and habitual delinquency ..... 296 Article 62.

Article 63. Article 64. Article 65. Article 66. Article 67.

Article 68. Article 69. Article 70. Article 71. Article 72.

Effects of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances and of habitual delinquency ................................. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties ..................................................... Rules for the application of penalties which contain three periods ...................... Rules in cases in which the penalty is not composed of three periods ................... Imposition of fines...................................... Penalty to be imposed when not all the requisites of exemption of the fourth circumstance of Article 12 are present ..... Penalty to be imposed upon a minor under eighteen years of age ...................... Penalty to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholly excusable ........... Successive service of sentences ................. Graduated scales........................................ Preference in payment of the civil liabilities.....................................................

Section Three. — Provision common to the last two preceding sections .............................. Article 73. Article 74. Article 75. Article 76.

Presumptions in regard to the imposition of accessory penalties ................................ Penalty higher than reclusion perpetua ... in certain cases........................................... Increasing or reducing the penalty of fine by one or more degrees ................... Legal period of duration of divisible penalties ..................................................... xiv

296 305 307 309 311

311 312 313 314 318 319

320

320 320 321 321

Article 77.

When the penalty is a complex one composed of three distinct penalties ......... Act No. 4103 — Indeterminate Sentence Law .............................................

322 323

Chapter Five. — Execution and service of penalties ...

333

Section One. — General provisions .........................

333

Article 78. Article 79. Article 80.

When and how a penalty is to be executed ...................................................... Suspension of the execution and service of the penalties in case of insanity............ Suspension of sentence of minor delinquents ................................................. P.D. 603 — Child and Youth Welfare Code (Repealed by R.A. No. 9344) ...........

333 334 334 334

Section Two. — Execution of principal penalties Article 81. Article 82. Article 83. Article 84. Article 85. Article 86. Article 87. Article 88.

When and how the death penalty is to be executed ................................................. Notification and execution of the sentence and assistance to the culprit ..................... Suspension of the execution of the death sentence ........................................... Place of execution and persons who may witness the same ............................... Provisions relative to the corpse of the person executed and its burial .................. Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional and arresto mayor ...................................... Destierro ..................................................... Arresto menor ............................................. Review Questions.......................................

342 343 344 345 345 345 345 346 347

TITLE FOUR. — EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY.......................................................................

349

Chapter One. — Total extinction of criminal liability ...........................................................................

349

Article 89.

How criminal liability is totally extinguished ............................................... xv

349

Article 90. Article 91.

Article 92. Article 93.

Prescription of crimes ................................ Computation of prescription of offenses ... Act No. 3326, as amended — An Act to Establish ... Periods of Prescription for Violations Penalized by Special Acts And Municipal Ordinances and to Provide When Prescription Shall Begin to Run..... When and how penalties prescribe ........... Computation of the prescription of penalties .................................................

Chapter Two. — Partial extinction of criminal liability ........................................................................... Article 94. Article 95.

353 354

358 361 362 363

Partial extinction of criminal liability ...... Obligation incurred by person granted conditional pardon ..................................... Effect of commutation of sentence ............ Allowance for good conduct ....................... Special time allowance for loyalty ............ Who grants time allowances ..................... P.D. No. 968, as amended — Probation Law ............................................ Review Questions.......................................

363

TITLE FIVE. — CIVIL LIABILITY ........................................

380

Chapter One. Persons civilly liable for felonies ...........

380

Article 96. Article 97. Article 98. Article 99.

Article 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony ...................................................... Article 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases ............................................... Article 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavern-keepers and proprietors of establishments ........................................... Article 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons........................................................

363 364 365 366 366 366 379

380 389 391 392

Chapter Two. — What civil liability includes ................

396

Article 104. What is included in civil liability .............. Article 105. Restitution — How made .......................... Article 106. Reparation — How made ..........................

396 398 398

xvi

Article 107. Indemnification — What is included ........ Article 108. Obligation to make restoration, reparation for damages, or indemnification for consequential damages and action to demand the same — Upon whom it devolves ...................................................... Article 109. Share of each person civilly liable............. Article 110. Several and subsidiary liability of principals, accomplices, and accessories of a felony — Preference in payment ........ Article 111. Obligation to make restitution in certain cases ...............................................

400

401 402

402 403

Chapter Three. — Extinction and survival of civil liability .............................................................

404

Article 112. Extinction of civil liability ......................... Article 113. Obligation to satisfy civil liability............. Review Questions.......................................

404 404 407

BOOK TWO CRIMES AND PENALTIES TITLE ONE. — CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS ..................

408

Chapter One. — Crimes against national security .......

408

Section One. — Treason and espionage..................

408

Article 114. Treason ....................................................... Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason ........................................................ Article 116. Misprision of treason ................................. Article 117. Espionage ...................................................

408 417 418 419

Section Two. — Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war .......................................................

420

Article 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals .................................. Article 119. Violation of neutrality ............................... Article 120. Correspondence with hostile country ....... Article 121. Flight to enemy’s country ..........................

420 421 421 423

xvii

Section Three. — Piracy and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters ............................. Article 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters ...................... Article 123. Qualified piracy.......................................... P.D. No. 532 — Piracy in Philippine Waters ........................................................ R.A. No. 6235 - Aircraft Piracy or Hijacking ................................................ Review Questions.......................................

423

423 427 427 428 429

TITLE TWO. — CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THE STATE...................................................

431

Chapter One. —Arbitrary detention or expulsion, violation of dwelling, prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings and crimes against religious worship ..........................................

431

Section One. —Arbitrary detention and expulsion ...............................................................

431

Article 124. Arbitrary detention .................................... Article 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities .................................................. Article 126. Delaying release......................................... Article 127. Expulsion....................................................

431

Section Two. — Violation of Domicile.....................

440

Article 128. Violation of domicile .................................. Article 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service of those legally obtained ...................................................... Article 130. Searching domicile without witnesses ...... .................................................................... Section Three. — Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings .............

440

445

Article 131. Prohibition, interruption and dissolution of peaceful meetings ..................................

445

xviii

434 438 439

441 444

Section Four. — Crimes against religious worship ..................................................................

448

Article 132. Interruption of religious worship .............. Article 133. Offending the religious feelings ................ Review Questions.......................................

448 448 451

TITLE THREE. — CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER ....

452

Chapter One. — Rebellion, Sedition and Disloyalty ....

453

Article 134. Rebellion or insurrection ........................... Article 134-A. Coup d’etat—How committed ................. Article 135. Penalty for rebellion, insurrection or coup d’etat .............................................. Article 136. Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection ........ Article 137. Disloyalty of public officers or employees ................................................... Article 138. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection .......... Article 139. Sedition — How committed ....................... Article 140. Penalty for sedition.................................... Article 141. Conspiracy to commit sedition .................. Article 142. Inciting to sedition .....................................

453 457 458 461 463 463 464 466 467 467

Chapter Two. — Crimes against popular representation ..............................................................

469

Section One. — Crimes against legislative bodies and similar bodies..................................

469

Article 143. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly and similar bodies .......... Article 144. Disturbance of proceedings .......................

469 469

Section Two. — Violation of parliamentary immunity ...............................................................

470

Article 145. Violation of parliamentary immunity.......

470

Chapter Three. — Illegal assemblies and associations ...................................................................

472

Article 146. Illegal assemblies....................................... Article 147. Illegal associations.....................................

472 473

xix

Chapter Four. —Assault upon, and resistance and disobedience to persons in authority and their agents ...................................................................

475

Article 148. Direct assaults ........................................... Article 149. Indirect assaults ........................................ Article 150. Disobedience to summons issued by the National Assembly, its committees or subcommittees, by the Constitutional Commission, its committees, subcommittees or divisions ....................... Article 151. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or the agents of such persons........................................................ Article 152. Persons in authority and agents of persons in authority — Who shall be deemed as such ..........................................

482

Chapter Five. — Public disorders ....................................

488

Article 153. Tumults and other disturbances of public orders — Tumultuous disturbances or interruption liable to cause disturbance .. Article 154. Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful utterances............................ Article 155. Alarms and scandals.................................. Article 156. Delivering prisoners from jail ...................

475 481

483

486

488 490 491 492

Chapter Six. — Evasion of service of sentence..............

494

Article 157. Evasion of service of sentence ................... Article 158. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorders, conflagrations, earthquakes, or other calamities .............. Article 159. Other cases of evasion of service of sentence ..................................................

494

496 497

Chapter Seven. — Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense ...........................................................

501

Article 160. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another previous offense ......................................... Review Questions.......................................

501 503

xx

TITLE FOUR. — CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST

505

Chapter One. — Forgeries ..................................................

507

Section One. — Forging the seal of the Government of the Philippine Island, the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive ...

507

Article 161. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Island, forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive .......................................... Article 162. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp .............................................. Section Two. — Counterfeiting coins ...................... Article 163. Making and importing and uttering false coins ................................................... BSP Circular No. 61, Series of 1995 — Consolidated Rules and Regulations on Currency Notes and Coins.................... Article 164. Mutilation of coins — Importation and utterance of mutilated coins .............. Article 165. Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance .................................... Section Three. — Forging treasury or bank notes, obligations and securities, importing and uttering false or forged notes, obligations and securities ....................................................... Article 166. Forging treasury or bank notes, or other documents payable to bearer; importing, and uttering such false or forged notes and documents ........................................... Article 167. Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments not payable to bearer............ Article 168. Illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and other instruments of credit ....................................................... Article 169. How forgery is committed .........................

xxi

507 507 508 508

510 512 513

514

514 516

518 520

Section Four. — Falsification of legislative, public, commercial and private documents, and wireless, telegraph, and telephone messages ................................................................ Article 170. Falsification of legislative documents....... Article 171. Falsification by public officer, employee, or notary or ecclesiastical minister ........... Article 172. Falsification by private individual and use of falsified documents.......................... Article 173. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages, and use of said falsified messages ......................................

521 521 525 535

542

Section Five. — Falsification of medical certificates, certificates of merit or service and the like .. 543 Article 174. False medical certificates, false certificates of merit or service, etc. ........... Article 175. Using false certificates ..............................

543 544

Section Six. — Manufacturing, importing and possession of instruments or implements intended for the commission of falsification ...........................................................

544

Article 176. Manufacturing and possession of instrument or implements for falsification .................. 544 Chapter Two. — Other Falsities........................................

546

Section One. — Usurpation of authority, rank, title and improper use of names, uniforms and insignia ..........................................................

546

Article 177. Usurpation of authority or official functions ..................................................... Article 178. Using fictitious name and concealing true name ................................................... C.A. No. 142 — Anti-Alias Law ................ Article 179. Illegal use of uniforms or insignia ............

547 549 550

Section Two. — False testimony ...............................

551

Article 180. False testimony against a defendant ........

551

xxii

546

Article 181. False testimony favorable to the defendant.................................................... Article 182. False testimony in civil cases .................... Article 183. False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation ................................ Article 184. Offering false testimony in evidence ........

552 553 553 556

Chapter Three. — Frauds ...................................................

558

Section One. — Machinations, monopolies and combinations ........................................................

558

Article 185. Machinations in public auctions ............... Article 186. Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade........................................ Section Two. — Frauds in commerce and industry ................................................................. Article 187. Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise made of gold, silver or other precious metals or their alloys ................................. Article 188. Substituting and altering trademarks, tradenames, or service marks ................... Article 189. Unfair competition, fraudulent registration of tradename, trademark, or service mark, fraudulent designation of origin, and false description ......................................... Review Questions....................................... TITLE FIVE. CRIMES RELATIVE TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS ..................................... Articles 190-194. (Repealed and modified by Republic Act No. 9165) .............................. R.A. No. 9165 — An Act Instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act o f 2002, Repealing Republic Act No. 6425, Otherwise Known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, As Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes. ............ Review Questions.......................................

xxiii

558 558

560

560 561

562 564

567

567

567 626

TITLE SIX. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS.............

628

Chapter One. — Gambling and betting ...........................

628

Article 195. What acts are punishable in gambling ..... Article 196. Importation, sale, and possession of lottery tickets or advertisements .......... Article 197. Betting in sports contests .......................... P.D. No. 483 ............................................... Article 198. Illegal betting on horse races .................... R.A. No. 954, as amended by R.A. No. 3063...................................................... Article 199. Illegal cockfighting..................................... P.D. No. 449 — Cockfighting Law of 1974, as amended by P.D. No. 1309, March 6, 1978............................................. P.D. No. 1602 — Prescribing Stiffer Penalties on Illegal Gambling ................... LOI No. 816 — To Exclude Certain Prohibited Games Under Presidential Decree No. 1602 ......................................... Chapter Two. — Offenses against decency and good customs.................................................................

628 631 632 632 634 635 635

636 640

642

645

Article 200. Grave scandal............................................. Article 201. Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions, and indecent shows ........ P.D. No. 960 ............................................... P.D. No. 969 ............................................... Article 202. Vagrants and prostitutes — Penalty ........ Review Questions.......................................

645 646 646 650 657

TITLE SEVEN. — CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS .......................................................................

658

Chapter One. — Preliminary provisions.........................

658

Article 203. Who are public officers ..............................

658

Chapter Two. — Malfeasance and Misfeasance in Office ..........................................................................

660

Section One. — Dereliction of duty .........................

660

Article 204. Knowingly rendering unjust judgment ....

660

xxiv

645

Article 205. Judgment rendered through negligence ... Article 206. Unjust interlocutory order ........................ Article 207. Malicious delay in the administration of justice ..................................................... Article 208. Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance .............................................. Article 209. Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor — Revelation of secrets ...............

661 661

Section Two. — Bribery ..............................................

665

Article 210. Direct bribery ............................................. Article 211. Indirect bribery .......................................... Article 211-A. Qualified Bribery ..................................... Article 212. Corruption of public officials ..................... P. D. No. 749 .............................................. R.A. No. 3019 — Anti-Graft Practices Act............................................... Memorandum Circular No. 11, Series of 1995 ............................................. R.A. No. 7080 – An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder...............

665 669 670 670 671

687

Chapter Three. — Frauds and illegal exactions and transactions ..........................................................

692

Article 213. Frauds against the public treasury and similar offenses ................................... Article 214. Other frauds ............................................... Article 215. Prohibited transactions ............................. Article 216. Possession of prohibited interest by a public officer ....................................... Chapter Four. — Malversation of public funds or property .................................................................... Article 217. Malversation of public funds or property — Presumption of malversation ............... Article 218. Failure of accountable officer to render accounts ...................................................... Article 219. Failure of a responsible public officer to render accounts before leaving the country........................................................ Article 220. Illegal use of public funds or property ...... xxv

662 663 664

673 678

692 694 694 695

698

698 705

707 707

Article 221. Failure to make delivery of public funds or property.................................................. Article 222. Officers included in the preceding provisions ...................................................

708 709

Chapter Five. — Infidelity of public officers ..................

711

Section One. — Infidelity in the custody of prisoners ...........................................................

711

Article 223. Conniving with or consenting to evasion.. Article 224. Evasion through negligence ...................... Article 225. Escape of prisoner under the custody of a person not a public officer ..................

711 712 713

Section Two. — Infidelity in the custody of documents ........................................................

714

Article 226. Removal, concealment or destruction of documents .............................................. Article 227. Officer breaking seal .................................. Article 228. Opening of closed documents ....................

714 716 716

Section Three. — Revelation of secrets ..................

717

Article 229. Revelation of secrets by an officer ............. Article 230. Public officer revealing secrets of private individual ...................................................

717

Chapter Six. — Other offenses or irregularities by public officers ..........................................................

718

719

Section One. — Disobedience, refusal of assistance, and maltreatment of prisoners ........................ 719 Article 231. Open disobedience ..................................... Article 232. Disobedience to order of superior officer, when said order was suspended by inferior officer ............................................. Article 233. Refusal of assistance.................................. Article 234. Refusal to discharge elective office ........... Article 235. Maltreatment of prisoners ........................

xxvi

719

719 720 721 721

Section Two. — Anticipation, prolongation and abandonment of duties and powers of public office ...................................................... Article 236. Anticipation of duties of a public office ..... Article 237. Prolonging performance of duties and powers ................................................. Article 238. Abandonment of office or position ............. Section Three. — Usurpation of powers and unlawful appointments.............................. Article 239. Article 240. Article 241. Article 242. Article 243.

723 723 723 724

725

Usurpation of legislative powers............... Usurpation of executive functions ............ Usurpation of judicial functions................ Disobeying request for disqualification .... Orders or requests by executive officers to any judicial authority ............................ Article 244. Unlawful appointments .............................

725 725 725 726

Section Four. — Abuses against chastity ...............

727

Article 245. Abuses against chastity — Penalties........ Review Questions.......................................

727 728

TITLE EIGHT. — CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS................

730

Chapter One. — Destruction of life ..................................

731

Section One. — Parricide, murder, homicide .......

731

Article 246. Parricide ..................................................... Article 247. Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances .............. Article 248. Murder ........................................................ Article 249. Homicide..................................................... Article 250. Penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide ................................................. Article 251. Death caused in a tumultuous affray ....... Article 252. Physical injuries in a tumultuous affray .. Article 253. Giving assistance to suicide ...................... Article 254. Discharge of firearms.................................

731

xxvii

726 727

733 738 741 742 743 744 745 746

Section Two. — Infanticide and abortion ..............

747

Article 255. Article 256. Article 257. Article 258.

747 748 749

Infanticide .................................................. Intentional abortion................................... Unintentional abortion .............................. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents ........................... Article 259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives.........

750

Section Three. — Duel ................................................

751

Article 260. Responsibility of participants in a duel .... Article 261. Challenging to a duel.................................

751 752

Chapter Two. — Physical injuries ....................................

753

Article 262. Mutilation................................................... Article 263. Serious physical injuries ........................... Article 264. Administering injurious substances or beverages ............................................... Article 265. Less serious physical injuries ................... Article 266. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment .............................................

753 753

749

757 757 759

Chapter Three. — Rape .......................................................

760

Article 266-A. Rape, when and how committed ............. Review Questions.......................................

760 789

TITLE NINE. — CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY .............................................................

792

Chapter One. — Crimes against liberty ..........................

793

Section One. — Illegal detention ..............................

793

Article 267. Kidnapping and serious illegal detention..................................................... Article 268. Slight illegal detention .............................. Article 269. Unlawful arrest..........................................

793 797 798

Section Two. — Kidnapping of minors ...................

799

Article 270. Kidnapping and failure to return a minor .......................................................

799

xxviii

Article 271. Inducing a minor to abandon his home ....

799

Section Three. — Slavery and servitude ................

801

Article 272. Slavery........................................................ Article 273. Exploitation of child labor ......................... Article 274. Services rendered under compulsion in payment of debts ...................................

801 801

Chapter Two. — Crimes against security ......................

803

Section One. — Abandonment of helpless persons and exploitation of minors................................

802

803

Article 275. Abandonment of persons in danger and abandonment of one’s own victim ...... Article 276. Abandoning a minor .................................. Article 277. Abandonment of minor by person entrusted with his custody; indifference of parents.................................................... Article 278. Exploitation of minors ............................... Article 279. Additional penalties for other offenses .....

805 806 807

Section Two. — Trespass to dwelling ......................

808

Article 280. Qualified trespass to dwelling ................... Article 281. Other forms of trespass .............................

808 812

Section Three. — Threats and coercions................

812

Article 282. Article 283. Article 284. Article 285. Article 286. Article 287. Article 288. Article 289.

812 815 816 816 817 821 823

Grave threats ............................................. Light threats .............................................. Bond for good behavior .............................. Other light threats..................................... Grave coercions .......................................... Light coercions ........................................... Other similar coercions ............................. Formation, maintenance, and prohibition of combination of capital or labor through violence or threats .....................................

803 804

823

Chapter Three. — Discovery and revelation of secrets ........................................................................

825

Article 290. Discovering secrets through seizure of correspondence .......................................

825

xxix

Article 291. Revealing secrets with abuse of office ...... Article 292. Revelation of industrial secrets ................ Review Questions.......................................

827 827 828

TITLE TEN. — CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY .................

830

Chapter One. — Robbery in general ................................

831

Article 293. Who are guilty of robbery ..........................

831

Section One. — Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons ................................

835

Article 294. Robbery with violence against or intimidation of persons — Penalties......... Article 295. Robbery with physical injuries, committed in an uninhabited place and by a band or with the use of firearm on a street, road, or alley ........................................................ Article 296. Definition of a band and penalty incurred by the members thereof ............................. Article 297. Attempted and frustrated robbery committed under certain circumstances .. Article 298. Execution of deeds by means of violence or intimidation ........................................... Section Two. — Robbery by the use of force upon things ........................................................... Article 299. Robbery in an inhabited house or public building or edifice devoted to religious worship ....................................................... Article 300. Robbery in an uninhabited place and by a band .................................................... Article 301. What is an inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to religious worship and their dependencies ............... Article 302. Robbery in an uninhabited place or in a private building....................................... Article 303. Robbery of cereals, fruits, or firewood in an uninhabited place or private building....................................................... Article 304. Possession of picklocks or similar tools ....

xxx

835

850 851 853 854

854

854 859

859 861

863 864

Article 305. False keys ................................................... R.A. No. 6539, as amended — An Act Preventing and Penalizing Carnapping ... P.D. No. 532 — Anti-Piracy and AntiHighway Robbery Law of 1974 ................. P.D. No. 533 — Cattle Rustling Law ........

864 865 872 874

Chapter Two. — Brigandage ..............................................

877

Article 306. Who are brigands — Penalty .................... Article 307. Aiding and abetting a band of brigands ...

877 879

Chapter Three. — Theft ......................................................

881

Article 308. Who are liable for theft.............................. R.A. No. 7832 — Anti-Electricity Pilferage Act of 1994 .................................. P.D. No. 704 — Illegal Fishing Law ......... Article 309. Penalties for the crime of theft ................. Article 310. Qualified theft ............................................ P.D. No. 705 — Revised Forestry Code .... Article 311. Theft of property of the National Library and National Museum ............................... P.D. No 1612 — Anti-fencing Law of 1979 ................................................

881 889 904 909 911 915 919 920

Chapter Four. — Usurpation .............................................

923

Article 312. Occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property ........ E.O. No. 129 — Anti-Squatting Law ........ Article 313. Altering boundaries or landmarks ............

923 925 928

Chapter Five. — Culpable insolvency .............................

929

Article 314. Fraudulent insolvency ...............................

929

Chapter Six. — Swindling and other deceits .................

931

Article 315. Swindling (estafa) ...................................... B.P. No. 22 — Bouncing Checks Law ....... P.D. No. 818 — Increasing Penalties for Estafa ....................................................

931 964

xxxi

971

P. D. No. 1689 — Increasing Penalties for Certain Forms of Estafa ...................... Article 316. Other forms of swindling ........................... Article 317. Swindling a minor...................................... Article 318. Other deceits ..............................................

974 975 980 980

Chapter Seven. — Chattel Mortgage................................

982

Article 319. Removal, sale or pledge of mortgaged property ......................................................

982

Chapter Eight. — Arson and other crimes involving destruction ....................................................................

985

Article 320. Destructive arson ....................................... Article 321. Other forms of arson .................................. Article 322. Cases of arson not included in the preceding articles ....................................... Article 323. Arson of property of small value ............... Article 324. Crimes involving destruction .................... Article 325. Burning one’s own property as a means to commit arson.......................................... Article 326. Setting fire to property exclusively owned by the offender ................................ Article 326-A. In cases where death resulted as a consequence of arson ................................. Article 326-B. Prima facie evidence of arson ................. P.D. No. 1613 — Amending Law on Arson ..................................................... Chapter Nine. — Malicious mischief................................ Article 327. Article 328. Article 329. Article 330.

Who are liable for malicious mischief ....... Special cases of malicious mischief ........... Other mischiefs .......................................... Damage and obstruction to means of communication ....................................... Article 331. Destroying or damaging statues, public monuments or paintings ................

985 989 996 996 997 998 999 999 1000 1001 1004 1004 1005 1006 1007 1007

Chapter Ten. — Exemption from criminal liability in crimes against property ........................................

1008

Article 332. Persons exempt from criminal liability .... Review Questions.......................................

1008 1009

xxxii TITLE ELEVEN. — CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY ...........

1011

Chapter One. —Adultery and concubinage....................

1011

Article 333. Who are guilty of adultery......................... Article 334. Concubinage ...............................................

1011 1017

Chapter Two. — Rape and acts of lasciviousness .........

1020

Article 335. When and how rape is committed (Rape has been classified under Crimes against Persons by R.A. No. 8353, otherwise known as “Anti-Rape Law of 1997”) ............................................. Article 336. Acts of lasciviousness ................................

1020 1020

Chapter Three. — Seduction, corruption of minors, and white slave trade..................................................

1023

Article 337. Qualified seduction .................................... Article 338. Simple seduction ........................................ Article 339. Acts of lasciviousness with the consent of the offended party .................................. Article 340. Corruption of minors ................................. Article 341. White slave trade .......................................

1027 1028 1029

Chapter Four. —Abduction ................................................

1031

Article 342. Forcible abduction ..................................... Article 343. Consented abduction .................................

1031 1034

Chapter Five. — Provisions relative to the preceding chapters of Title Eleven .............................................

1037

Article 344. Prosecution of the crimes of adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction, rape and acts of lasciviousness .......................... Article 345. Civil liability of persons guilty of crimes against chastity.......................................... Article 346. Liability of ascendants, guardians, teachers, or other persons entrusted with the custody of the offended party ..... Review Questions.......................................

xxxiii

1023 1025

1037 1046

1048 1049

TITLE TWELVE. — CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS ..................................................

1051

Chapter One. — Simulation of births and usurpation of civil status .................................................................

1051

Article 347. Simulation of births, substitution of one child for another and concealment or abandonment of a legitimate child ........... Article 348. Usurpation of civil status ..........................

1051 1053

Chapter Two. — Illegal Marriages....................................

1054

Article 349. Bigamy........................................................ Article 350. Marriages contracted against provisions of laws ......................................................... Article 351. Premature marriages ................................ Article 352. Performance of illegal marriage ceremony .................................................... Review Questions.......................................

1054 1057 1058 1059 1060

TITLE THIRTEEN. — CRIMES AGAINST HONOR............

1062

Chapter One. — Libel ..........................................................

1062

Section One. — Definition, forms, and punishment of this crime ..................................

1062

Article 353. Definition of libel ....................................... Article 354. Requirement for publicity ......................... Article 355. Libel by means of writing or similar means ......................................................... Article 356. Threatening to publish and offer to prevent such publication for a compensation ............................................. Article 357. Prohibited publication of acts referred to in the course of official proceedings ...... Article 358. Slander ....................................................... Article 359. Slander by deed..........................................

1079 1080 1082

Section Two. — General Provisions ........................

1085

Article 360. Persons liable for libel or slander ............. Article 361. Proof of truth ..............................................

1085 1089

xxxiv

1062 1071 1078

1079

Article 362. Libelous remarks........................................

1090

Chapter Two. — Incriminatory machinations ..............

1091

Article 363. Incriminating innocent persons ................ Article 364. Intriguing against honor............................ Review Questions.......................................

1091 1092 1093

TITLE FOURTEEN. — QUASI-OFFENSES .........................

1094

Sole Chapter. — Criminal Negligence.....................

1094

Article 365. Imprudence and negligence....................... Review Questions.......................................

1097 1108

TITLE FIFTEEN. — FINAL PROVISIONS ..........................

1110

Article 366. Application of laws enacted prior to this Code ................................................ Article 367. Repealing clause ........................................ Other Penal Acts Repealed .......................

1110 1110 1111

xxxv