Fundamentals of Chemistry Workbook

 

AQA GCSE SCIENCE A CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 Workbook

THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS IN CHEMISTRY  CHEMISTRY    ATOMS THE  PERIODIC TABLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Steve Bishop January 2013

Name: ……………………………………….. Date: ……………………………………

 

On the periodic table colour the following non-metals: He, C, N, O, F, Ne, P, S, Cl, Ar, Se, Br, I, Rn  Are Kr and Xe X e metals or non-metals? no n-metals? Why? W hy? Use another colour to shade in the semi-metals: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At. What do you notice? Are there any patterns?

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The atom This is a representation of an atom. Label the following: electron, proton, neutron and nucleus

Complete with the following terms:  Atom

Periodic table

Compounds

Proton

Electron

Proton no (atomic no)

Mass number

Groups (down)

Neutron

Molecule

3

No of electrons in outer shell No of electron shells

 

Atomic structure and the Periodic table Atomic structure 1. What are the three major component particles of atoms? …………………………….., …………………………… and …………………………

2. How do particles compare in mass and charge? Symbol

Mass

Charge

Neutron Proton Electron

Complete these sentences 3. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the ……………… number, When a neutral atom loses an electron electron ………………. Ion is formed, and when a neutral atom gains an electron a …………… ion is formed.

4. Complete the table Element

Symbol

Atomic

Mass

Number of

Number of electrons in

number

number

particles in the

each shell

nucleus

Protons

Hydrogen

1

1

1

Nucleus

0

First

Second

Third

shell

shell

shell

1

He Li Be B C N O F

5. Which groups in the Periodic table contain: (a) only metals (b) only non-metals and (c) both metals and non-metals?

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Use the periodic table to answer the following questions:

Which group and period is Argon in?

……………….

How many electron shells does Argon have? ………………. How many electrons in the outer shell?

Complete the table:

Proton number Mass number Period Group Element

5

……………….

 

Heating substances Procedure heat one small  spatula   spatula scoop of each substance in a dry test tube over a blue Bunsen flame. Wear eye protection and wash hands after use. Heat in well ventilated room. Do not breathe in the fumes.

Heating copper carbonate Observation (Describe the powder before heating) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prediction (What will happen when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Observation (What happened when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Explanation (Why did it happen?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

 

Copper carbonate is a green powder, when heated produced a black powder and carbon dioxide gas. This type of reaction is called thermal decomposition. decomposition. We can write an equation for this reaction: Copper carbonate

! black powder + carbon dioxide gas

Suppose one particle of copper carbonate looks like this:

and one particle of carbon dioxide looks like this:

What does one particle of the black powder look like? Draw it as you think it should be:

What do you think the black powder is called?

Use diagrams as those above to ‘draw’ the chemical equation for this.

Can you write down in symbols the reaction that has taken place?

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Heating lead nitrate Observation (Describe the powder before heating) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prediction (What will happen when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Observation (What happened when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Explanation (Why did it happen?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. http://www.youtube.c www.youtube.com/watch?v=csE om/watch?v=csEnz9ZsAFM nz9ZsAFM   YouTube clip http://

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Lead nitrate

!yellow powder + gas

Suppose the yellow powder looks like this

 And a particle particl e of the gas looks like this

What do you think a particle of lead nitrate (the white powder) looks like? Draw it below:

Write an equation to show what happens to one particle of lead nitrate when it is heated. Use the diagrams to represent the particles.

What do you think the yellow powder left in the tube is called?

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Heating potassium permanganate Observation (Describe the powder before heating) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Prediction (What will happen when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Observation (What happened when heated?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Explanation (Why did it happen?) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Potassium permanganate

! brown powder + oxygen

Suppose a particle of potassium permanganate looks like this:

 And a particle particl e of oxygen looks look s like this:

What do you think a particle of brown powder looks like?

Draw what you think it should be like:

What do you think the brown powder is called?

Use diagrams to represent the chemical equation for this reaction.

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For lead nitrate: Observations on heating Colour change from white to yellow Fumes given off – a gas is produced Brown fumes suggest nitrogen dioxide is produced.  A glowing splint sp lint would relight rel ight – oxygen gas ga s is produced The chemical reaction is

2Pb(NO3)2(s) ! 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

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Writing chemical equations Complete the table Substance

Number of atoms present in one

Formula

molecule Water

2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

 Alumina

2 aluminium aluminium,, 3 oxygen

Quartz

1 silicon, 2 oxygen

 Ammonia

1 nitrogen, 3 hydrogen hyd rogen

Methane

1 carbon, 4 hydrogen

Calcium oxide

CaO

Sugar

C6H12O6 

Sodium thiosulphate thiosulphate

Na2S2O3 

Ethanol

C2H5OH

Calcium carbonate

CaCO3 

Copper nitrate

Cu(NO3)2 

Rules for writing a formula of a compound   The c chemical hemical formula of a compound represents the smallest particle present •

•

  The fo formula rmula shows shows the symbol of each atom atom present, present, a small number number below below the line shows where there is more than one atom of the same kind   Where po possible ssible the the symbols symbols are written in order, order, so that those those atoms atoms which are linked together are placed next to one another, In calcium sulphate (CaSO 4) the O atoms are linked to the S atoms and not directly to the Ca.

•

  The formula of a compound containing a metal is usually written with the metal atom first: PbO not OPb   Brackets are used to show when the same group of atoms is found more than once in the formula: Cu(NO 3)2. 

•

•

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Chemical reactions Reactants

Products

Word equation Hydrogen + Oxygen

! 

Water

Picture

Symbol

2H2 + O2

2H2O

!  Check: do they balance?

4 H and 2 O 4 H and 2 O

Reactants

Products

Ethanol + ______________

Carbon dioxide +

! 

 ______________

Word equation

Picture

Symbol

C2H6O + 3 ____

! 

_______ + 3H2O

Check: do they balance?

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2 C, 6H, ______ , ______

_______, 6H, 7O

! 

 

Reactants

Products

Nitrogen + _____________

 Ammonia

Word equation

!  Picture

Symbol N2 + _______

! 

2________

Check: do they balance?

2N, ______

_________, 6H

Now do the same for the following: copper carbonate lead nitrate

! copper oxide + carbon dioxide

! lead oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

magnesium + oxygen copper + oxygen

! magnesium oxide

! copper oxide

Which of the above are (a) oxidations or (b) thermal decompositions?

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Elements, compounds and mixtures

Place these substances in the correct column Oxygen

Magnesium

Sand

Carbon dioxide

Milk

Limestone

Element

Compound

Mixture

In the flasks are the particles of four different gases. (Each circle represents an atom.)

Which represents (a) an element …………….. and (b) a compound ………………… 16

 

Fill in the boxes with w ith the correct terms: Elements

Molecules

Compounds

Pure substances

 _________   _

 _________   _

 Atoms

 _________   _

Molecules

In each of the boxes draw images to represent an element, a compound and a mixture

Element

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Compound

Mixture

 

Key terms Explain the meaning of these key terms:

 Atom ………………… …… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ………………… ……… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Element ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Compound ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Periodic table table …………..……………………………………………………………… …………..…………………………………………………… ………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Nucleus ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Proton …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Neutron ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………  Atomic number num ber …………………… ……… ………………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………… …… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Mass number ..………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Energy level …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Electron shell ..………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Noble gases …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 18

 

Unreactive ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Stable …………..……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Molecules .……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Ions ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Covalent bonds ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Reaction ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Reactants ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Products ………………………..……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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AQA Chemistry exam-style questions Q1.   Q1.

Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below. carbonate   carbonate

chloride   chloride

compound   compound

mixture   mixture

oxide   oxide

solution   solution

(a)

When two elements react, the new substance formed is called a .............................. .

(b)

The white powder formed when zinc reacts with oxygen is called zinc .......................... .

(1)

(1) (Total 2 marks)

Q2.   Q2.

The diagram shows the structure of a lithium atom.

(a)

(b)

(i)

What is represented by

(ii)

What is represented by

.......................................................................... .................................... ............................................. .......

........................................................................... ....................................... ....................................

(2)

What is the symbol for lithium? ............................................................................... ........................................ ......................................... (1) (Total 3 marks)

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Q3.   Q3.

The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the list to label the diagram. electron

ion

neutron

nucleus  nucleus 

(Total 3 marks)

Q4 Sando-K is a medicine. It is given to people whose bodies contain too little of a particular element. Sando-K is a mixture of two compounds. The formulae of the two compounds are given below. KHCO3   KHCO3 (a)

KCl   KCl

Use the Data Sheet to help you to name all the elements in these compounds. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3)

(b)

Which metal do people given Sando-K need? ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 4 marks)

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Q5.   Q5.

(a)

The list below gives six substances. substances.

•

aluminium

•

beer

•

copper

•

milk

•

pure water

•

sodium chloride

Put each substance in the correct column of the table. ELEMENTS

COMPOUNDS

MIXTURES

(3) (b)

Elements can be divided into two groups, metals and non-metals. The list below gives some properties of elements. •

brittle

•

can be hammered into shape

•

dull

•

good conductors of electricity

•

poor conductors of electricity

•

shiny

Put each property into the correct column.

PROPERTIES OF METALS

PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

(3)   (3) 23

 

Q6.   Q6.

In the flasks are the particles of four different gases. (Each circle represents an atom.)

(a)

Which diagram represents (i)

oxygen, O2 .................................. (1)

(ii)

steam, H2O ................................. (1)

(b)

The gases in A and B are elements and the gases in C and D are compounds. Explain why. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3) (Total 5 marks)

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Q7.   Q7.

About 100 years ago a scientist called J. J. Thomson thought that an atom was a ball of positive charge with negative particles stuck inside. Today a different model is used. The diagram shows how an atom of carbon is represented by this model.

(a)

The negative particles (i)

are  are called electrons.

What is the name of the positive particles

?

........................................................................................................................... (ii)

(1)

What particle is represented represented by "? ........................................................................................................................... (1)

(iii)

What is the central part of the atom called that contains both

and "?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b)

Use the model to explain why the six electrons are arranged as shown. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 5 marks)

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Q8.   Q8.

The diagram shows a light bulb.

(a)

(i)

An argon atom has the structure shown. Use the words in the box to label the particles in the atom. Each word should only be used once. once.   electron

neutron

proton

(2) (ii)

Argon is unreactive. unreactive. Why? ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... (1)

(b)

Oxygen would not would not be  be a suitable gas to use in a light bulb. Explain why. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ (2) (Total 5 marks)

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Q9.   Q9.

(a)

The diagram represents an atom of beryllium. Use words from the box to label the diagram.

electron   electron

ion   ion

isotope

molecule  molecule 

nucleus   nucleus

(2) (b)

Use crosses (  x  x ) to complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a magnesium atom. The atomic (proton) number of magnesium is 12.

(2) (Total 4 marks)

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Q10.   Q10.

The diagram represents the electronic structure of an atom of an element.

The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you with this question. (a)

Name this element. ........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b)

Complete this sentence. The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons and ..........................................................

(1) (Total 2 marks)

Q11.   Q11.

John Dalton wrote these statements in 1808. •

“All substances substances are made of a vast number of extremely small particles called atoms.”

•

“Every particle of water is like every other particle of water, every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen, etc.”

(a)

“Every particle particle of water water is like every every other other particle particle of water.” Use Dalton’s Dalton’s ideas ideas and and your knowledge of water to explain why. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2)

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(b)

Dalton thought that all atoms of an element are exactly the same. We now know that it is possible to have atoms of the  the  same element  element but with different mass numbers. The diagrams represent two atoms of hydrogen.

State, in terms of particles, how these two atoms are different. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 3 marks)  marks) 

Q12.   Q12.

Hydrogen is an element. (a)

The diagram shows the parts of a hydrogen atom. Use words from the box to label the diagram.

electron   electron

group   group

nucleus   nucleus

symbol   symbol

(2)

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(b)

Hydrogen can be used as a clean fuel  for  for cars.

(i)

When hydrogen burns in air, it reacts with another element. Complete the word equation for this reaction. hydrogen

+ .................................

! 

water (1)

(ii)

Suggest one one reason  reason why hydrogen is called a clean fuel . ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 4 marks)

Q13.   Q13.

Hot air balloons burn hydrocarbons hydrocarbon s to heat the air.

(a)

The hot air contains these gases: nitrogen, N2  oxygen, O2  argon, Ar carbon dioxide, CO2  water vapour, H2O

(i)

Argon is an element . What is an element ? ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(ii)

Name one one other  other gas in the hot air that is also an element. ........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b)

Propane, C3H8, can be represented as: H #  H $   C #  H

H #  $   C #  H

H #  $   C $   H H #  H

Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.

bond   bond (i)

carbon   carbon

compound   compound

element   element

mixture   mixture

Propane is a ....................................... .................................. ..... and is made up of atoms of hydrogen and ....................................... (2)

(ii)

Each line between the atoms in propane represents a chemical ....................... (1) (Total 5 marks)

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Q14.   Q14.

Limestone has been called the Earth’s most useful rock. (a)

Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3. (i)

Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of calcium carbonate. Calcium has been done for you.

Element   Element

Number of atoms in the formula CaCO3 

Calcium, Ca

1

Carbon, C  C  Oxygen, O  O  (2)

(ii)

The diagram below represents a carbon atom. Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom.

bond   bond

electron   electron

molecule   molecule

nucleus   nucleus

(2)

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(b)

At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and and heated heated in a kiln.

Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions. (i)

Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay. ........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii)

Limestone contains calcium carbonate, carbonate, CaCO3. Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the sentence.

argon. The gas formed when calcium carbonate decomposes is

carbon dioxide. nitrogen. (1)

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(c)

The cement works starts to burn a different fuel. Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks. Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke particles from the chimney. The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.

(i)

Particle size in mm

Medical effect

Larger than 0.4

No medical risks known

0.3 and smaller

Causes asthma attacks

0.2 and smaller

May cause cancer

Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works burning a different fuel. 1 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel. If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you decide if the company’s statement is true or not? ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 10 marks)

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Q15.   Q15.

A substance made of only one type of atom is called an element. The chemical symbols and positions of six elements in the periodic table are shown.

Draw a straight line from each description to its correct symbol. Description   Description

Symbol   Symbol  Al

 A metal with wit h a low density that does not corrode easily Fe It has properties similar to those of sodium, Na He It is a transition metal Li It is a noble gas O (Total 4 marks)

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Q16.   Q16.

Atoms are made up of three main particles. (a)

Complete the table to show the names and charges of the particles in an atom. Name of particle  particle 

Charge   Charge

proton 0 electron

–1 (2)

Use the periodic table on the Data Sheet to help you answer these questions. (b)

Why are lithium and sodium in the Group 1 of the periodic table? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................

(c)

(1)

Helium is in Group 0 of the periodic table. (i)

Give one one property  property of helium that is the same as other gases in Group 0. .............................................................................................................. (1)

(ii)

Give one one property  property of helium that is different from other gases in Group 0. .............................................................................................................. (1) (Total 5 marks)

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Q17.   Q17.

A substance made of only one type of atom is called an element. (a)

The diagram represents the structure of an atom.

(i)

What does the diagram tell you about this atom? .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. (3)

(ii)

The atom of a different element has an atomic number of 5 and a mass of 11. How many neutrons are in this atom? ..................................... (1)

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(b)

The chemical symbols and positions of six elements in the periodic table are shown.

Draw a straight line from each description to its correct symbol. Description   Description

Symbol   Symbol  Al

 A metal with wi th a low density densi ty that does not corrode easily Fe It has properties similar to those of sodium, Na He It is a transition metal Li It is a noble gas O (4) (Total 8 marks)

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Q18.   Q18.

(a)

The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below. 2Na + Cl2 

! 

2NaCl

Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the substances and the numbers of the atoms involved. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (3) (b)

Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer this question. (i)

Complete the electronic structure of sodium.

(2) (ii)

How is the electronic structure of sodium different from the electronic structure of chlorine? ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (1) (Total 6 marks)

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Q19.   Q19.

There are millions of different substances that make up our world. All these substances are made from chemical elements. (a)

What is an element? ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (1)

(b)

Many substances are compounds. What is a compound? ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 3 marks)

Q21.   Q21.

Carbon is an important element in maintaining life. (a)

Draw and label a diagram of an atom of carbon. Include the correct names of the particles.

(4) (b)

Use your your diagram to give the atomic number and mass number of carbon.  Atomic number num ber ......................................................... ........................ ................................................................... .................................... Mass number ............................................................................................... (2)

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Q23.  Q23.  2, 7.

Lithium has an electronic configuration of 2, 1. Fluorine has an electronic configuration of

Describe how both lithium and fluorine form ions to make lithium fluoride. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (Total 4 marks)

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