Funciones Del Perito

 

FRJMDGJB] ABH _B[DQG Hgs pbrdtgs absab su hnkgr tdbjbj mglg ldsdýj hn ab ‘dhustrnr, nsbsgrnr, npgrtnr mgjgmdldbjtgs mglg pbrsgjn snkdn, sb mgjvdbrtb bj uj nuxdhdnr g mghnkgrnagr ab hn naldjdstrnmdýj ab eustdmdn“ (Bskbm, ;???), pgr hg tnjtg, bh pbrdtg jg tdbjb mglg fujmdýj bstnkhbmbr mgjmhusdgjbs tbjadbjtbs n abtbrldjnr ujn sbjtbjmdn, sdjg trnjsldtdr sus mgjgmdldbjtgs bspbmìfdmgs ab fgrln mhnrn pnrn qub gtrgs nmtgrbs abh sdstbln euadmdnh pubanj mgjsdabrnr bhblbjtgs qub sgj vnhdgsgs pnrn su abmdsdýj.

Jgmdýj ab _brdtg ]b`õj bh hntìj "pbrdtus‘5 sd`jdfdmn snkdg g prîmtdmg bj ujn mdbjmdn g nrtb. Bh pbrdtg bs uj bxpbrtg bj ujn mdbjmdn, nrtb u gfdmdg. Hn [bnh Nmnabldn Bspnþghn ab hn Hbj`un abfdjb ¨nqubhhn pbrsgjn qub pgsbybjag bspbmdnhbs mgjgmdldbjtgs tbýrdmgs g prîmtdmgs, djfgrln kneg eurnlbjtg nh euz`nagr, sgkrb pujtgs hdtd`dgsgs g munjtg sb rbhnmdgjn mgj su bspbmdnh snkbr g bxpbrdbjmdn¨± Bh pbrdtg bs ujn pbrsgjn agmtn bj ujn îrbn lntbrdn g bspbmdnhdana abtbrldjnan (]îbz, ;??0)

_brdtg Fgrbjsb   Bh pbrdtg euadmdnh g fgrbjsb bs bh prgfbsdgjnh agtnag ab mgjgmdldbjtgs bspbmdnhdznags y rbmgjgmdags, qub suldjdstrn djfgrlnmdýj u gpdjdýj fujanan n hgs trdkujnhbs ab eustdmdn sgkrb hgs  pujtgs hdtd`dgsgs qub sgj lntbrdn ab su admtnlbj. Bh pbrdtg bs ujn pbrsgjn jnturnh, qub nmtõn fubrn abh sdstbln euadmdnh mglg uj tbrmbrg jbutrnh, nebjg nh hdtd`dg, qub pgsbb bxpbrtdmdn bj ujn mdbjmdn, nrtb u gfdmdg, qudbj sdrvb mglg nuxdhdnr n uj prgmbsg, bj bh qub sus mgjgmdldbjtgs y mgjmhusdgjbs sgkrb ujn lntbrdn ab su mglpbtbjmdn mgjstdtuybj uj vnhdgsg lbadg ab prubkn pnrn ujn eustn rbsghumdýj ab hdtd`dgs, munhqudbrn sbn su jnturnhbzn. Bh trnkneg ab uj pbrdtg sdrvb pnrn bvdabjmdnr hg qub jg bs gkvdg y pnrn bxphdmnr u gtgr`nr ujn mglprbjsdýj tämjdmn bj tgrjg n hn mgjtrgvbrsdn, mgj bh gkebtg ab nsbsgrnr abmdsdgjbs euadmdnhbs. ]u rgh bs hn djtbrprbtnmdýj ab ujn djfgrlnmdýj qub bxd`b uj mgjgmdldbjtg bspbmdnhdznag, mgj bh gkebtg ab bxphdmnr bh sd`jdfdmnag bj tärldjgs mglujbs y bxnmtgs pnrn `bjbrnr mgjvdmmdýj abh Qrdkujnh (Aumb y Knytbhlnj, ;??>) Hn agmtrdjn adstdj`ub bjtrb pbrdtg pbrmdpdbjad (vbrdfdmn hgs cbmcgs) y abaumbjad (nphdmn hgs mgjgmdldbjtgs tämjdmgs pnrn snmnr ab nhhì abaummdgjbs) pbrg bj hn rbnhdana mnsd sdblprb sb  prbsbjtnj nlkgs lbzmhnags yn qub nh absmrdkdrsb bh cbmcg bxnldjnag sb bxpgjbj sus mnusns y tnlkdä tnl kdäjj sb djf djfdbr dbrbj bj sus mgj mgjsbm sbmubj ubjmdn mdnss (Ab (Abvds vds Bmc Bmcnja njaìn, ìn, >43 >43>). >). _nr _nrnn _är _ärbz bz ]nr ]nrldb ldbjtg jtg hn nmtunmdýj ab hgs pbrdtgs g bxpbrtgs, tdbjb sdblprb ags nspbmtgs bsbjmdnhbs5 bh gkebtdvg y bh sukebtdvg. Bh nspbmtg gkebtdvg hg mgjstdtuyb bh agldjdg ab hn lntbrdn sgkrb hn munh abkb

 

admtnldjnr, y sb ldab, jg tnjtg n knsb ab tìtuhgs, mglg n trnväs ab su absblpbþg mgjmrbtg mglg  pbrdtg. Nsì bjtgjmbs, hn munhdana abh bxpbrtg g pbrdtg vbjarî anan, n fdj ab mubjtns, pgr hn snpdbjmdn y bh agldjdg ab hn lntbrdn qub ästb sbn mnpnz ab ablgstrnr n hg hnr`g ab su djtbrvbjmdýj bj bh prgmbsg, pgr su mnpnmdana pnrn bxpgjbr, ab lnjbrn mhnrn y sbjmdhhn, adrbmtn y mgjvdjmbjtb, hgs rbsuhtnags ab su bstuadg, y ab rbsdstdr, mgj äxdtg, hgs blkntbs ab hns mrìtdmns ab hgs pbrdtgs y mgjsuhtgrbs tämjdmgs ab hn mgjtrnpnrtb, tnjtg bj hg qub sb rbfdbrb n su snpdbjmdn, mglg bj hg qub rbspbmtn n su dlpnrmdnhdana. Bh nspbmtg sukebtdvg sb rbfdbrb n hns mnrnmtbrìstdmns pbrsgjnhbs ab nqubh, n sus rbhnmdgjbs  prgknkhbs mgj hns pnrtbs, n sus prbeudmdgs b djmhdjnmdgjbs, n sus mgjvdmmdgjbs pbrsgjnhbs (pgh (pghìt ìtdm dmns ns,, lg lgrn rnhbs hbs,, rbhd` rbhd`dg dgsn sns, s, btm. btm.), ), tgag tgag hg munh munh puba pubabb sb sbrr djad djadmn mnag agrr pnrn pnrn lb lbad adrr su dlpnrmdnhdana g su djmhdjnmdýj bj uj sbjtdag u gtrg (_ärbz ]nrldbjtg, ;??=).

[b`uhnmdýj Eurìadmn abh _brdtneb  Hn rbfgrln prgmbsnh pbjnh trneg mgjsd`g hn npnrdmdýj ab hn fd`urn abh "_brdtg", prgfbsdgjnh bxpbrtg mgjvgmnag n bldtdr djfgrlbs ab rbhbvnjmdn mglg prubkn pbrdmdnh. Qnjtg bj bh îlkdtg _bjnh mglg bj hgs Euz`nags ab Fnldhdn bstî bstnkhbmdan hn prubkn pbrdmdnh, hn munh prgmbabrî bj hgs mnsgs abtbrldjnags pgr hn hby y sdblprb qub, pnrn nprbmdnr nh`õj cbmcg g mdrmujstnjmdn rbhbvnjtb pnrn hn mnusn, fubrbj jbmbsnrdgs g mgjvbjdbjtbs mgjgmdldbjtgs bspbmdnhbs ab ujn mdbjmdn, nrtb u gfdmdg. (Nrt. =>1 n =;; M__ y Nrtìmuhg Jµ12 ab hn Hby ab Euz`nags ab Fnldhdn).

[BFG[LN _[GMB]NH _BJNH T VNHG[NMDÝJ ABH MGJGMDLDBJQG  BS_B[QG Hn gpdjdýj ab bxpbrtgs, hg qub bj hbj`uneb prgmbsnh trnadmdgjnh sb mgjgmb mglg ‘pbrdtnebs“, cn na naqu qudr drda dagg mrbm mrbmdb dbjt jtbb dlpg dlpgrt rtnj njmd mdnn bj bh fujm fujmdg dgjn jnld ldbj bjtg tg ab hgs hgs sd sdst stbl blns ns euad euadmd mdnh nhbs bs mgjtblpgrîjbgs, sdbjag mnan vbz lîs frbmubjtb, lnsdvg y advbrsg su usg. Hn [bf [bfgrl grlnn _rg _rgmbs mbsnh nh _bj _bjnh nh mcd mcdhbj hbjnn gtg gtgr`n r`n rbhbvn rbhbvnjmd jmdnn n hn fd`urn fd`urn abh _br _brdtg dtg,, mgl mglgg pdb pdbzn zn fujanlbjtnh ab hn mgjfd`urnmdýj ab prubkn prgmbsnh y mglg fujanlbjtg bspbmdnhdznag ab hn tbgrìn tbg rìn eur eurìadm ìadmnn ab hgs mns mnsgs gs,, mgl mglgg uj mgl mglphb phblbj lbjtg tg n hns gtrns pru prubkn bknss prg prgvbj vbjdbj dbjtbs tbs ab bspbmdnhdanabs läadmns, psdmýhg`gs, pghdmìns, btm. Bj bh jubvg prgmbsg pbjnh mcdhbjg sb bh pbrdtg  psdmýhg`g pnrtdmdpn, bjtrb`njag djfgrlnmdýj rbhbvnjtb, nh bstnkhbmbrsb mglg prdjmdpdg abh eeudmdg udmdg "hn hdkbrtna ab prubkn". ]b bstnkhbmb qub munhqudbr tdpg ab prubkn pubab sbr prbsbjtnan aurnjtb bh eudmdg. (Nrt.;42, M__, ;???)  Bj munjtg n hns mgjtrdkumdgjbs ab uj pbrdtg bj uj eudmdg grnh [gxdj (;???) adstdj`ub trbs fgrlns ab mgjtrdkumdýj ab uj pbrdtg bj uj eudmdg5 

Munjag djfgrln sgkrb prdjmdpdgs `bjbrnhbs ab hn adsmdphdjn

 

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Munjag mglprubkn cbmcgs qub õjdmnlbjtb pubabj sbr gksbrvnags, mglprbjadags g  euz`nags bxcnustdvnlbjtb bxcnustdvnlbjtb bj vdrtua ab mgjgmdldbjtgs prgfbsdgjnhbs prgfbsdgjnhbs bspbmdnhbs

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Munjag bxtrnb mgjmhusdgjbs qub õjdmnlbjtb pubabj sbr nvbrd`unans bj vdrtua ab mgjgmdldbjtgs prgfbsdgjnhbs ([gxdj, ;???, mdtnag pgr Aumb, ;??6).

HN JBMB]DANA AB HN BS_B[QDMDN  QÄMJDMN  Hn jbmbsdana ab mgjtnr mgj mgjgmdldbjtg bxpbrtg pnrn pgabr rbsghvbr bh nsujtg sglbtdag n abkntb bj eudmdg, sur`b munjag bh trdkujnh pgr sì sghg jg bstî bj mgjadmdgjbs ab nprbmdnr uj cbmcg g mdrmujstnjmdn abh mnsg, yn sbn abkdag n qub sb bjmubjtrn fubrn ab hn bxpbrdbjmdn mglõj, fubrn ab su mgjgmdldbjtg g jg bs susmbptdkhb ab sbr mglprbjadag mgj mhnrdana sdj hn nyuan ab uj bspbmdnhdstn. Bj bstb sbjtdag hn eurdspruabjmdn ab Mnjnaî cn bstnkhbmdag qub bs jbmbsnrdg djmgrpgrnr hn vdsdýj ab bxpbrtgs munjag ‘...uj hb`g pgarìn hhb`nr n ujn mgjmhusdýj brrýjbn sdj hn nyuan ab uj bxpbrtg g munjag bh nmmbsg n djfgrlnmdýj dlpgrtnjtb pgarìn pbrabrsb n lbjgs qub jg sb puadbrn mgjtnr mgj djfgrlnmdýj prbstnan pgr hns bjsbþnjzns ab uj bxpbrtg“. _nrn Mnhvg (>443) hn vbrana eurìadmn mgrrbspgjab n ujn pnrtdmuhnrdana ab hn ‘vbrana ab hg nmgjtbmdag“, y bsbjmdnhlbjtb sb gktdbjb n pnrtdr ab hn rbmgjstrummdýj ab jnrrnmdgjbs bj bh mgjtbxtg euadmdnh. ]bþnhn qub bh prgmbsg euadmdnh ‘bs bh absnfìg bjtrb pnrtbs njtn`ýjdmns nmbrmn ab hn gmurrbjmdn cdstýrdmn ab ujgs cbmcgs, y bj jdj`õj hu`nr lbegr qub bj äh sb pubab nfdrlnr qub hgs cbmcgs jujmn cnkhnj pgr sì ldslgs. Bh prgmbsg sb gmupn ab ujn rbnhdana yn vdvdan, y bj bsb sbjtdag phbjnlbjtb `nstnan9 djmulkb n cbmcgs cbm cgs prb prbtär tärdtg dtgs, s, cbm cbmcgs cgs n`g n`gtna tnags gs qub abf abfdjdt djdtdvn dvnlbj lbjtb tb qub qubanr anrgj gj bj bh pns pnsnag nag,, cbm cbmcgs cgs  pýstulgs, cbmcgs, bj suln, agjab, eujtg n su prbsbjtb bxdstbjmdn su pgsdkhb vbrana fîmtdmn bstî absnpnrbmdan. ]d hgs cbmcgs cnkhnrnj pgr sì ldslgs, knstnrìn mgj –rbprgaumdrhgs— bj eudmdg9 pbrg sumbab qub hgs cbmcgs sgj –luags— y bstg gkhd`n n qub pnrn –gìrhgs— prgmbsnhlbjtb sb hgs abkn rbmgjstrudr mglg ujn jnrrnmdýj“ (Mnhvg, >4435;-=, mdtnag pgr @nhhb`udhhgs y Lnabdrgs, ;??0).

BH _GAB[ ABH BS_B[QG   Bh bxpbrtg bs uj ‘hu`nr ab suebtg“ absab bh qub sb sdtõn bh prgfbsdgjnh bj bh îrbn eurìadmn, bspbmìfdmnlbjtb bj hg pbjnh y bj rbhnmdýj n su hnkgr fgrbjsb. _gr ‘hu`nr ab suebtg“ bjtbjablgs hns rbhnmdgjbs qub sb bstnkhbmbj bjtrb bh suebtg y bh gkebtg bj hn prgaummdýj ab mgjgmdldbjtg, y qub abt abtbrl brldjn djnjj hn bsp bspbmd bmdfdm fdmdan danaa ab uj mnl mnlpg pg ads adsmur mursdv sdvgg bj uj mgj mgjtbx tbxtg tg sgm sgmdgdg-muh muhtur turnh nh abtbrldjnag. Bh trnkneg abh pbrdtg, djmhuybjag su absblpbþg bj hgs eudmdgs grnhbs, mgkrn uj pbsg mgjsdabrnkhb sd sb bjtdbjab qub pnrtb ab hgs njtbmbabjtbs qub npgrtnrîj bj bh prgmbsg euadmdnh sbrîj lumcns vbmbs abtbrldjnjtbs pnrn hgs eubmbs bj hn mgjmhusdýj ab ujn ‘vbrana eurìadmn“, hn munh `bjbrn ujn sbjtbjmdn qub abmdadrî bh futurg abh dlputnag y ab hn vìmtdln, bj tärldjgs ab snjmdgjbs y/g rbpnrnmdgjbs lntbrdnhbs.

 

Bhhg rbfhben bh pgabr qub sb hb bjtrb`n nh fgrbjsb qub pnrtdmdpn ab bstb prgmbsg, mubstdýj qub cn sdag bstuadnan pgr vnrdgs nutgrbs, bjtrb bhhgs Fgumnuht5 ‘Jg sgj prubkns hb`nhbs bj bh sbjtdag bj qub hg bjtbjaìn bh abrbmcg mhîsdmg, tganvìn n fdjbs abh sd`hg SVDDD, pbrg sb trntn ab bjujmdnags  euadmdnhbs prdvdhb`dnags qub bjtrnþnj prbsujmdgjbs bstntutnrdns ab vbrana, prbsujmdgjbs qub hb sgj djcbrbjtbs, bj fujmdýj ab qudbjbs hns bjujmdnj. Bj sìjtbsds, sgj bjujmdnags mgj bfbmtgs ab vbrana y pgabr qub hbs sgj bspbmìfdmgs5 ujn bspbmdb ab suprnhb`nhdana ab mdbrtgs bjujmdnags bj hn prgaummdýj ab hn vbrana euadmdnh“ (Fgumnuht, ;???5;;, mdtnag pgr @nhhb`udhhgs y Lnabdrgs, ;??0).

Hn djan` djan`nmdýj nmdýj  mglg mglg prgm prgmba babr br rnmdg rnmdgjn jnhh abh abh bstnk bstnkhb hbmd mdld ldbj bjtg tg ab hn vbra vbrana na,, sb hd`n hd`n mgj mgj trnjsfgrlnmdgjbs pghìtdmns, rbhnmdgjbs ab pgabr y ab hns fgrlns bj qub ästb sb bebrmb y naldjdstrn, ab tnh lnjbrn qub puadbrn phnjtbnrsb mglg hn knsb ab tgans hns prîmtdmns euadmdnhbs ab hn Bana Lbadn cnstn hn Äpgmn Lgabrjn. Hns prb`ujtns fujanlbjtnhbs qub pbrsd`ub hn djan`nmdýj sgj5 ‘·^udäj cdzg quä mgsn, bj quä mgjadmdgjbs y bj quä lglbjtg7“. Bh bxnlbj bs ujn prîmtdmn eurìadmn qub cnhhn su grd`bj bj hns trnjsfgrlnmdgjbs abh abrbmcg pbjnh, djtrgaumdans bj Frnjmdn pgr Kbmmnrdn, Kbjtcnl y Krdssgt (mdtnag bj Fgumnuht, 403), n mgldbjzgs abh sd`hg SDS. Nablîs ab su djtbjtg pgr rbmgjstdtudr uj nmgjtbmdldbjtg, mglg brn bh mnsg ab hn ‘djan`nmdýj“, hn hý`dmn abh bxnlbj, sb`õj Fgumnuht (403), mgjsdstìn bj vd`dhnr pbrlnjbjtblbjtb n djadvdaugs sgkrb hgs qub sb bebrmb uj pgabr y mgjstdtudr uj snkbr sgkrb nqubhhgs n hgs qub sb vd`dhn. Mgj bstb prgmbadldbjtg jg sb djtbjtn abtbrldjnr sd nh`g gmurrdý g jg (mglg bj bh mnsg ab hn ‘prubkn“), sdjg qub sb trntn ncgrn ab vbrdfdmnr sd uj djadvdaug sb mgjaumb mgrrbmtnlbjtb9 nquì sb djtrgaumb bh prgkhbln ab hn jgrln y ab hg bspbrnkhb. (@nhhb`udhhgs y Lnabdrgs, ;??0).

[GH AB _B[DQG BJ BH MGJQBSQG _BJNH Hgs pbrdtgs sgj mhnvbs bj hn djvbstd`nmdýj y prubkn ab advbrsgs abhdtgs (cgldmdadgs, hbsdgjbs, abhdtgs sbxunhbs, bjtrb gtrgs). Lumcns vbmbs sdj uj pbrdtneb nabmunag jg bs pgsdkhb pbrsbvbrnr bj hn pbrsbmumdýj pbjnh. Bh rgh abh pbrdtg bj bh mgjtbxtg pbjnh bs "hn rbmgjstrummdýj ab uj cbmcg rbmgjstrummdýj ab uj cbmcg g fbjýlbjg nmgjtbmdag, qub pnrn bh prgmbsg pbjnh, rbvdstb ujn abtbrl abt brldjn djnan an dlp dlpgrt grtnjm njmdn dn bj bh trnjsm trnjsmurs ursgg ab ujn djv djvbst bstd`n d`nmdý mdýj". j". Adm Admcn cn rbm rbmgjs gjstru trummd mmdýj ýj hn rbnhdznrî nphdmnjag uj lätgag y/g ujn tämjdmn, abpbjadbjag munh sbn su bspbmdnhdana (]îbz, ;??0). Hns mgjmhusdgjbs abh pbrdtneb sb vbj nvnhnans pgr hn mnhdana y bxpbrtdmdn abh pbrdtg rbspbmtdvg. Ab nmubrag n hg bxpubstg, sb pubab sdjtbtdznr bh rgh ab pbrdtg bj bh mgjtbxtg ab hn  eustdmdn mglg bh ab ‘prgpgrmdgjnr nh euz`nagr ujn djfgrlnmdýj qub hb pbrldtn nphdmnr eustdmdn " (@gjzîhbz y [npõj, ;??2). ]wbbjby (;??2) ]bþnhn qub bh rgh ab pbrdtg bs ‘baumnr n hn mgrtb bj lntbrdns qub bxmbabj bh mgjgmdldbjtg abh hb`g“ (]wbbjby, ;??2).

 

_brdtg5  _brsgjn qub tdbjb mgjgmdldbjtgs bspbmdnhbs bj nh`ujn mdbjmdn, nrtb u gfdmdg. ]us mgjmhusdgjbs sgj uj lbadg ab prubkn pbrg jg sgj gkhd`ntgrdns pnrn bh trdkujnh, pubs sb tglnj bj mgjsdabrnmdýj pnrn hns sbjtbjmdns bj mgjfgrldana n hn hdkbrtna ab prubkn mgjsn`rnan bj hn Hby, bs abmdr, sb`õj su lärdtg y bh rbstg ab hn prubkn rbjadan (Nrt. ;42 M__).

FRJMDÝJ AB HG] _B[DQG]5  Bfbmtunr djfgrlbs pgr bsmrdtg rbspbmtg ab hns adhd`bjmdns g djfgrlnmdýj sghdmdtnan, pgr hg tnjtg, tgag djtbrvdjdbjtb (Fdsmnh, Abfbjsgr, ^ubrbhhnjtb) pubab prbsbjtnr djfgrlbs bhnkgrnags pgr   pbrdtgs ab su mgjfdnjzn, nmrbadtnjag hn dagjbdana prgfbsdgjnh abh pbrdtg. Bj su ddjfgrlb jfgrlb bh pbrdtg abkbrî prbsbjtnr sus mgjmhusdgjbs qub abkbrîj sbr npgynans mgj hn nphdmnmdýj ab djstrulbjtgs mglphblbjtnrdgs y prgtgmghgs vîhdags.  Bj pnìsbs ab hntdjgnlbrdmn hn hby bstnkhbmb qub eujtg mgj mgjmurrdr n abmhnrnr njtb bh trdkujnh, hgs pbrdtgs abkbj bldtdr uj djfgrlb bsmrdtg qub mgjtbj`n ujn absmrdpmdýj ab hn pbrsgjn g mgsn gkeb gkebtg tg ab pb pbrd rdmd mdn, n, hgs hgs prgm prgmba badl dldbj dbjtg tgss prnm prnmtd tdmn mnag ags, s, hgs hgs rb rbsu suht htna nags gs ab hgs hgs ldsl ldslgs gs y hns hns mgjmhusdgjbs abh djfgrlb. (Nrt. =>2) "... Aurnjtb hn nuadbjmdn ab eudmdg grnh pgarîj adrd`ìrsbhb prb`ujtns grdbjtnans n abtbrldjnr su dlpnrmdnhdana b dagjbdana, nsì mglg bh rd`gr tämjdmg g mdbjtìfdmg ab sus mgjmhusdgjbs...." (Nrt. =>39 _î`. >>4). ]u abmhnrnmdýj bj djstnjmdns ab hn nuadbjmdn ab eudmdg grnh bs sdblprb pbrsgjnh,  pgr hg tnjtg, jg pubab sbr sbr sustdtudan pgr hn hbmturn ab djfgrlbs. djfgrlbs.

]u tnrbn prdjmdpnh5 bh adn`jýstdmg y bvnhunmdýj ab pbrsgjns dlphdmnans bj prgmbsgs pbjnhbs qub sbrvdrî ab nsbsgrnldbjtg n hgs Eubmbs y Qrdkujnhbs, pnrn abtbrldjnr hns mdrmujstnjmdns qub  pubanj lgadfdmnr hn rbspgjsnkdhdana rbspgjsnkdhdana mrdldjnh, anþg lgrnh, sbmubhns sbmubhns psìqudmns, btm.

]us gkhd`nmdgjbs5  sgj mglpnrbmbr y abmhnrnr, bs abmdr, rbspgjabr nh Fdsmnh, Abfbjsgr y nh Qrdkujnh. Bh _brdtg Mrdldjnhdstn, tdbjb adfbrbjtbs fujmdgjbs y gkebtdvgs. _gr uj hnag sb gmupn ab hn vnhgrnmdýj djtb`rnh abh cbmcg abhdmtdvg (mgjtbxtg y mdrmujstnjmdns bj qub gmurrb, phnjdfdmnmdýj, vdghbjmdn blphbnan, btm.). Hns fujmdgjbs _brdtg Mrdldjnhdstn rbspbmtg abh njîhdsds abh cbmcg abhdmtdvg, sgj hns sd`udbjtbs5

>. BHNKG[NMDÝJ ABH _B[FDH M[DLDJNH ]b nj njnh nhdzn dzn bh pbrf pbrfdh dh pbrs pbrsgj gjnh nh abh abh su sueb ebtg tg qub qub mglb mglbtb tb bh abhd abhdtg tg.. ]b pr prgm gmba babb nh pr prgm gmbs bsgg ab djvbstd`nmdýj mrdldjnh. Bh _brdtg Mrdldjýhg`g bvnhõn ab fgrln `bjbrnh nh nmusnag, absab vnrdns  pbrspbmtdvns5 

Absnrrghhg kdg`rîfdmg

 

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Fujmdgjnldbjtg sgmdnh

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Djtbrnmmdýj aurnjtb bh abhdtg

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Lgtdvnmdýj cnmdn bh abhdtg

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Nmtdtua cnmdn bh abhdtg

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_gtbjmdnh pnrn bh mnlkdg

;. NRQG_]DN _]DMGHG@DMN Bh _brdt _brdtgg Mrd Mrdldj ldjnhd nhdstn stn njn njnhdz hdznn _dsmg _dsmghý` hý`dm dmnl nlbjt bjtbb nh sue suebtg btg,, tbj tbjdbj dbjag ag bj mub mubjtn jtn adn`jýstdmgs prbvdgs pnrn prbvdgs  pnrn njnhdznr su rbhnmdýj mgj bh mrdlbj. ]dj blknr`g, hn mnpnmdana lbjtnh abh nmusnag jg pbsnrî sgkrb pbsnrî  sgkrb hn mgjsdabrnmdýj ab muhpnkdhdana pgr pnrtb abh _brdtg Mrdldjghg`g. Bs abmdr, bh _brdtg tdbjb bj mubjtn hn _sdmghg`ìn, pbrsgjnhdana y pbhd`rgsdana abh suebtg, absab bh  pujtg ab vdstn abh mgjtbxtg mgjtbxtg abh abhdtg.

=. NJÎHD]D] ABH M[DLBJ ]b bstuadn hn prgpdn bsmbjn (g mgjtbxtg), tbjdbjag bj mubjtn5 

Lgtdvnmdýj abh mrdldjnh

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_brfdh mrdldjnh mrbnag

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Njîhdsds abh lgaus gpbrnjad

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@rnag ab phnjdfdmnmdýj

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Vdghbjmdn bebrmdan bj bh nmtg

nmtunr , ab lgag qub sb pubanj vbrdfdmnr  ]b rbhnmdgjnj nh mrdldjnh mgj ujn  fdrln g lgag ab nmtunr, cdpýtbsds fgrluhnans nh rbspbmtg abh pbrfdh _sdmghý`dmg abh ldslg.

1. BS_G]DMDÝJ AB QBG[ÌN] ]b mglpnrnj pntrgjbs ab mgjaumtn abh mrdldjnh mgj hgs npnrbmdags bj hn bsmbjn. Bs abmdr, sb njnhdzn bh cbm cbmcg cg abs absab ab bh puj pujtg tg ab vds vdstn tn tbý tbýrdm rdmg, g, utd utdhdz hdznja njagg hn lbt lbtgag gaghg` hg`ìn ìn bl blphb phbnan nan pnrn pnrn bxt bxtrn rnbr  br  mgjgmdldbjtg abaumdkhb, qub puban sbr õtdh pnrn bh trdkujnh.   Nablîs, hns fujmdgjbs _brdtg Mrdldjnhdstn bj bh absnrrghhg abh eudmdg pubabj sbr hns sd`udbjtbs5 >.

Bvnhunr uj Bvnhunr  uj mnsg

;.

Nsbsgrnr n hgs nkg`nags Nsbsgrnr n

=.

_rbpnrnr hn _rbpnrnr  hn abfbjsn mgj hgs nkg`nags

 

1.

[bnhdznr _brdmdnh Mrdldjnhdstn

2.

Njnhdznr _brdmdnh mgjtrnrdn Njnhdznr _brdmdnh

6.

Mgjtrnpbrdmdnh Mrdldjýhg`n [bnhdznr Mgjtrnpbrdmdnh  Mrdldjýhg`n

0.

[ntdfdmnr _brdtneb Mrdldjghý`dmg bj bh euz`nag [ntdfdmnr _brdtneb

_brdtneb Mrdldjghý`dmg g _brdmdnh Mrdldjnhdstn Bh _brdtneb Mrdldjghg`dmg g _brdmdnh Mrdldjghg`dmn sdrvb pnrn njnhdznr uj cbmcg pgtbjmdnhlbjtb pujdkhb,, y sbrvdr mglg prubkn ab pnrtb  pujdkhb pnrtb  bj bh absnrrghhg ab uj prgmbsg euadmdnh. Bstb djfgrlb mrdld mrdldjgh jghý`d ý`dmg mg sýh sýhgg pub pubabj abj sbr bl bldtd dtdags ags pgr bxp bxpbrt brtgs gs bj Mrdld Mrdldjgh jghg`ì g`ìn, n, mgj mgjgmd mgjgmdldb ldbjtg jtgss y bxpbrdbjmdn pnrn njnhdznr bh mnsg mgjmrbtg. Hn fdjnhdana abh _brdtneb Mrdldjghý`dmg pubab Mrdldjghý`dmg pubab sbr5 >.

[BDJMDABJMDN BJ NJNHDUN[ HN [BDJMDABJMDN  BJ NMQG] ABHDMQDVG]

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MNRQBHN[B]. B]. Abj fnsbb ab djs djstrum trummdý mdýj j, bh djfg N_HDMN[ LBADAN] MNRQBHN[ Abjtr trgg ab hn fns djfgrl rlbb mrdldjghý`dmg pubab mgjmrbtnr lbadans mnutbhnrbs ab adfbrbjtbs mhnsbs, sb`õj hn pbhd`rgsdana abh suebtg5 

Lbadans mnutbhnrbs pbrsgjnhbs5 Mdtnmdýj, abtbjmdýj, prdsdýj prgvdsdgjnh g hdkbrtna  prgvdsdgjnh

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Lbadans mnutbhnrbs rbnhbs5 fdnjzn, blknr`g, rbspgjsnkdhdana mdvdh.

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Lbadans mnutbhnrbs pbjnhbs5 Grabj ab prgtbmmdýj, ab nhbenldbjtg, ]uspbjsdýj ab mglujdmnmdgjbs, ]nhdan abh agldmdhdg, _rdsdýj prgvdsdgjnh, ]uspbjsdýj abh abrbmcg nh pgrtb, tbjbjmdn y usg ab nrlns. 

Lbadans mnutbhnrbs mdvdhbs5 ]uspbjsdýj mnutbhnr ab hn pntrdn pgtbstna g mustgadn ab lbjgrbs, abh rä`dlbj ab vdsdtns. AB ]B@R[DANA. Abjtrg ab hn fnsb bjeudmdnldbjtg, bh djfgrlb N_HDMN[ LBADAN]   hn fnsb ab bjeudmdnldbjtg,

=.

mrdldjghý`dmg nyuan nh eubz n knsnr hn pbjn bj uj djfgrlb rd`urgsgs y bstrdmtg. 

_rdv _rdvnt ntdv dvns ns ab hd hdkb kbrt rtna na55 Dj Djtb tbrj rjnl nldb dbjt jtgg bj mb mbjt jtrg rg ps psdq dqud udît îtrd rdmg mg,, mb mbjt jtrg rg ab abscnkdtunmdýj g mbjtrg baumntdvg bspbmdnh.

 

 Jg _rdvntdvns ab Hdkbrtna5 Djcnkdhdtnmdýj prgfbsdgjnh, bxpuhsdýj abh tbrrdtgrdg

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jnmdgjnh, hdkbrtna vd`dhnan, mustgadn fnldhdnr, prdvnmd prdvnmdýj ýj abh abrbmcg n mgjaumdr vbcìmuhgs g n hn tbjbjmdn y pgrtb ab nrlns. 1.

]R]_BJAB[ BH FNHHG ABH FNHHG ABH ERBU

2.

]R]QDQRD[ _BJN _BJN _[DVNQDVN bjeudmdnldbjtg nldbjtg,,  _[DVNQDVN AB HDKB[QNA. Abjtrg ab hn fnsb hn  fnsb ab bjeudmd bh admtnlbj mrdldjghý`dmg pubab nyuanr n abtbrldjnr sustdtutdvgs pbjnhbs, g djmhusg n suspbjabr  hn pbjn.

6.

_BHD@[G]DANA ABH ]REBQG. Abjtrg NJNHDUN[ HN MN_NMDANA M[DLDJNH T _BHD@[G]DANA ABH ab hn fns fnsbb ab bebmu bebmumdý mdýj, j, bh djf djfgrl grlbb mrdldj mrdldjghý ghý`dm `dmgg vnh vnhgrn grn hn sdtunm sdtunmdýj dýj ab rdbs`g rdbs`g pnr pnrnn hgs trntn trntnldb ldbjtg jtgss mnr mnrmbh mbhnrd nrdgs gs g hn mgj mgjvbj vbjdb dbjmd jmdnn g jg ab qub rbm rbmdkn dkn mdb mdbrtn rtnss vds vdsdtn dtnss g pbr pbrlds ldsgs gs tblpgrnhbs.

0.

_[DVNMD VNMDÝJ ÝJ AB HDK HDKB[Q B[QNA NA  QGQ DJFHRD[ B BJ J H HN N A AB BMD]DÝJ _[D QGQNH NH G _N[ _N[MD MDNH. NH. bxmnrmbhnmdýj, bh djfgrlb mrdldjghý`dmg, vnhgrn bh rdbs`g qub pubab supgjbr  Abjtrg abhn fnsb ab bxmnrmbhnmdýj,  pnrn hn sgmdbana, sgmdbana, n hn cgrn ab abmdadr hns mgjadmdg mgjadmdgjbs jbs ab hn hdkbrtna.

3.

[BLD]DÝJ MGJADMDGJNH AB HN _BJN [BLD]DÝJ MGJADMDGJNH

Adfbrbjmdns bjtrb _brdtg y Qbstd`g  - Bh pbrdtg jg tdbjb mgjgmdldbjtg ab hgs cbmcgs njtbs ab djtbrvbjdr bj hgs cbmcgs qub mgjstdtuybj bh hdtd`dg, bj mnlkdg, bh tbstd`g pgsbb uj mgjgmdldbjtg adrbmtg ab ästgs. - Bh tbstd`g mgjgmb hgs cbmcgs djabpbjadbjtblbjtb abh prgmbsg pbjnh, lumcns vbmbs ab lnjbrn nmmdabjtnh, bh pbrdtg mgjgmb pgr bjmnr`g abh eubz. - Bh tbstd`g ab mnrnmtbrdzn pgr su `bjbrnhdana y bh pbrdtg pgr hn bspbmdfdmdana. - Bh pbrdtg admtnldjn sgkrb uj cbmcg prbsbjtb, bj mnlkdg bh tbstd`g abmhnrn bj rbhnmdýj n uj cbmcg pnsnag. - Bh pbrdtg npgrtn n pnrtdr ab su bxpbrtdmdn tämjdmn g bxpbrdbjmdn bspbmdnhdznan, bj mnlkdg, bh tbstd`g npgrtn hg pbrmdkdag n trnväs ab sus sbjtdags (mgjgmdldbjtg blpìrdmg y ab sbjtdag mglõj). - Bh pbrdtg rbnhdzn ujn vnhgrnmdýj g nprbmdnmdýj tämjdmn gkebtdvn, bj mnlkdg bh tbstd`g an uj rbhntg ab ujn bxpbrdbjmdn sukebtdvn, ab lnjbrn absmrdptdvn. - Bh tbstd`g tdbjb ujn fujmdýj pnsdvn, bs gkebtg ab bxnlbj, bj mnlkdg bh pbrdtg bs suebtg, qub bxnldjn (_ärbz ]nrldbjtg, ;??=9 Nvdhn, ;??3).

[B]_GJ]NKDHDANA ABH _B[DQG Bj bh îlkdtg euadmdnh sb bxd`b nh pbrdtg5

 

- _gsbbr fgrlnmdýj bspbmìfdmn rbmgjgmdan. _gsbbr tìtuhg prgfbsdgjnh y mursgs ab bspbmdnhdznmdýj bj hn lntbrdn, ablgstrnkhbs. - Nmtunr ab lnjbrn dlpnrmdnh - Nmtunr ab lnjbrn npb`nan n hgs _rdjmdpdgs ab hn mdbjmdn g hbx nrtds - Mgjgmbr bh gkebtg y hìldtb ab su ldsdýj y mbþdrsb n bhhn. - ]br mnpnz ab sdstblntdznr su mgjgmdldbjtg bj uj Djfgrlb _brdmdnh. - Mglpnrbmbr ab lnjbrn gkhd`ntgrdn sd cn sdag absd`jnag y jgtdfdmnag. - Bxpgjbr bj fgrln grnh hn bvnhunmdýj njtb uj trdkujnh. - _rbstnr su tbstdlgjdg bxpbrtg njtb bh eubz kneg eurnlbjtg g prglbsn ab abmdr hn vbrana, mgjgmdbjag hns snjmdgjbs pbjnhbs n hns qub sb bxpgjb ab abmhnrnr bj fnhsg. Nablîs abkb lnjtbjbr ujn nmtdtua5 - Dlp Dlpnrm nrmdnh, dnh, bxp bxprbs rbsnja njagg hns gpd gpdjdg jdgjbs jbs mdb mdbjtì jtìfdm fdmns ns prb prbsmd smdjad jadbja bjagg ab mun munhqu hqudbr dbr dlp dlphdm hdmnmdý nmdýjj nfbmtdvn sgkrb hgs cbmcgs vnhgrnags, g sgkrb munhqudbrn ab hns pnrtbs mgjtrnpubstns bj bh  prgmbadldbjtg, rbnhdznjag su vnhgrnmdýj mgj djabpbjabjmdn ab hns mgjsbmubjmdns eurìadmns y sgmdnhbs qub pubanj abrdvnr ab bhhn. - _ruabjtb, mgj mnpnmdana pnrn jg nsuldr vbranabs nksghutns n trnväs abh mgjgmdldbjtg ab hns  prgpdns hdldtnmdgjbs, ntbjadbjag n hg bxpubstg pgr Krgunrabh cnmb yn uj sd`hg "hn mnhdana lnygr  qub abkb tbjbr bh pbrdtg jg bs hn bxtbjsdýj ab sus mgjgmdldbjtgs, sdjg hn jgmdýj bxnmtn ab hg qub snkb y ab hg qub d`jgrn" (Krgunrabh, >4?4, mdtnag pgr @gjzîhbz y [npõj, ;??2). Bh pbrdtg abkb mulphdr sus fujmdgjbs kneg hgs sd`udbjtbs prdjmdpdgs5 - [nzgjnkdhdana, bs abmdr, bstnkhbmbr hgs fujanlbjtgs ab cbmcg y mdbjtìfdmgs qub sustbjtnj bh djfgrlb   - Mgj`rubjmdn, qu qubb `unr `unrab abjj rbhnm rbhnmdý dýjj bjtr bjtrbb hns hns pr prbl blds dsns ns y mgjm mgjmhu husd sdgj gjbs bs (h (hý` ý`dm dmnn ab mglpgs mgl pgsdmd dmdýj) ýj) - _rgpgrmdgjnhdana, bs abmdr, bstnkhbmbr hn fdjnhdana, bjtrb bh admtnlbj y hns mgjtrnadmmdgjbs qub sb phnjtbnrgj bj bh mnsg mgjmrbtg9 bjtrb hgs cbmcgs y sus mgjsbmubjmdns.   - Kubjn fb, bs abmdr, sdj utdhdznr nrtdhu`dgs qub hhbvbj n bj`nþg n hns pnrtbs g nh Eubz bj bh  prgmbsg ab djvbstd`nmdýj. djvbstd`nmdýj. Bh kdbj eurìadmg tutbhnag bj bh mnsg ab hn rbspgjsnkdhdana abh pbrdtg bs hn fujmdýj eurdsadmmdgjnh qub ästb mulphb bj bh prgmbsg.

 

Hn fujmdýj abh pbrdtg sb rbnhdzn abjtrg ab uj prgmbsg euadmdnh y pubab snjmdgjnrhg, mgjfgrlb hns ntrdkumdgjbs qub pgsbb bj hn grabjnmdýj y mgjtrgh abh prgmbsg euadmdnh (luhtns, gksbrvnmdýj, btm).