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Asian Games Village: a High-Density Sports Complex

Law, Cheuk-fung, Jimmy.; 羅卓豐. Law, C. J. [羅卓豐]. (2002). Asian Games Village : a High-Density Sports Complex. (Thesis). University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5353/th_b3198657 2002

http://hdl.handle.net/10722/25837

The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent rights) and the right to use in future works.

Thesis Report

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report:

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex In Shatin

Candidate

Law Cheuk Fung, Jimmy 1996044191 M.Arch Il 2001-2002 Department of Architecture

Supervisor Mr. Peter T.T.Kou

-1-

Acknowledciement

I would like to express my thankfulness to the people who have offered help, professional advice, guidance and valuable time in assisting the preparation of this thesis report, and in particular the following: Mr. E.H.C.LeunQ Planner- Shatin, Taipo and North District Planning Office

Mr. Kenneth Y.H.Miu Biomechanic Research Officer- HK Sports Institute Mr.Michael W.Chunçi Rower- HKU Rowing Team

Mr. Billy W.Y.Wong Traffic Engineer Ms. Joyce Chan Environmental Engineer

In particular I would like to express my deepest gratitude to

Mr. Peter T.T.Kou, my thesis supervisor, for his help in formulation ¡n thesis concept. I would like to thank also Dr. Alexandre Amato for his guidance, supervision and support throughout the initial process of thesis report preparation.

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Department of Asian Games Village -

A High-Density Sports Complex

C)

:r CD C)

C -, CD

LAW Cheuk Fung, Jimmy

Thesis Report 200 1/2002

C

Bachelor of Arts ¡n Architectural Studies Master o Architecture Master of Landscape Architecture Master of Urban Design

Oepartment of Architecture The University of Hong Kong Tel (852) 28592133 Fax (8521 25596484

Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

Acknowledgement Contents 1.0

Statement of Deslan Intent 1.1

1.2 1.3

2.0

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Site Location and Context Site Analysis Reasons for the Choice of Site Site Particulars Site Constraints

Desian Proaramme 3.1

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

4.0

Design Objectives Background Information Scope of Work/ Design Consideration

Site Investigations and Context Analysis 2.1

3.0

4

4.2 4.3

5 6 7 7

10 11 11 11

12

The Brief The Client and Management Scope of Facilities Schedule of Accommodation Structural Relationship of Design Components

Research and Field Work 4.1

4

12 12

12 13 15 16

Environmental Issues in Sydney 2000 Olympic Main Considerations in Master Planning of Sports Site Park Over a Sewage Treatment Plant

Reference

Bibliography

-3-

16 18 19

Thesis Report

1.0

Statement of Design Intent:

1.1

Design Objectives:

Asian Games Vitlage -A High-Density Sports Complex

The main objective of the thesis is to design a compact sports village in Hong Kong, which

consists of international sports arenas, the HK sports institute and a recreational sports compLex. lt serves the following purposes:

The International Sports Arenas: The thesis is based on the hypothesis that Hong Kong will bid to host the next Asian Game. Hong Kong should have

the capacity to host international competitions, such as the Asian Games or the ParaLympic Games. These big events can act as a catalyst to promote Hong Kong as a world city' in terms of economic growth and sports culture

development. Furthermore, they can lift the profile of sports and physical recreation in the community.

The sparts village is not built for one event, but as a longterm legacy for Hong Kong. In the post-game period, it can serve as a sport center for local community.

The Hong Kong Sports Institute:

The inclusion of the Hong Kong Sports Institute into the project provides a supporting hardware for the justification for such a large-scale development. lt can share the initial financial cost, on the other hand makes the site a 24-hours city. The facilities can then be better utilized.

The redevelopment of sports institute also aims to provide a better environment for the mplementation of governments sport policy in training the professional athletes, especially for those sports that are included in the target development list i.

The design of the institute aims to create space that can motivate athlete's performance both physically and psychologically and let them concentrate on their endeavor for excellence. Technology involved in sports advancement will also be accommodated.

The Recreational Sports Complex: Hong Kong now has some high-density sports complexes. This mode of organizing sports space is a consequence of high land cost in Hong Kong. But often the sports space is built as a huge object building, very industrial like and disconnected from urban life. The project tries to reorganize and transform the fragmented, deficient and isolated sports facilities to the site

and form a public focus. The site will then be a long-term site where the public can appreciate and participate in sports sensationally and regard with pride and sense of belonging.

The integration of the above stated function let their programs complement each other's deficiencies when they exist alone. The place can then be the identity or a model for Hang Kongs future sports culture.

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

Background Information:

1.2

The need for a sports complex in HK: HK failed in the bid of hosting Asian Game 2006, which starts the controversy in reestablishing the existing policy and plan towards sports promotion.

But the entry in bidding already proven the overall direction how Hong Kong treats the issue of sports advancement. Hong Kong's legislators have given full support for the Asian Games to be held in Hong Kong in 2006 and two public opinion polls indicate that four out of five respondents favor Hong Kong bidding for the Games. Regular reports in newspapers, radio and television also highlight increasing local commitment and support 2.

2006

Even if the Asian Game will not be hosted by Hong Kong in the near future, the need for an international competition arena still proven to exist. The following are the major events that were hosted by Hong Kong in the year 2000 3: s

. .

. . s

. .

. . .

. .

. s

.

FINA Swimming World Cup Hong Kong 2000 Davis Cup

5th Asian Cities Gold Cup Taekworido Invitational Championships and the 14th Asian Taekwondo Championships Olympics Table Tennis Asian Qualifying Tournament Hong Kong International Rugby Sevens

Equestrian East Asian Nations Cup and the FF1 World Dressage Challenge 2000 2nd HKSAR International Handball Invitation Tournament Asian Squash Championships ACBS Asian Snooker Championships ElBA Diamond Ball Hong Kong 2000 (basketball) Ladies Open Amateur Golf Championships Hong Kong Open Junior Tennis Championships China Coast Sailing Regatta Asian Junior Judo Championships 3rd Asian Archery Circuit Hong Kong International Bowls Classic Cycling Tour of the South China Sea Southeast Asian Cricket Championships 25th Hong Kong Special Olympics Inter-cities Invitation Games

The need for inclusion of the sports institute: The existing Hong Kong stadium, due to its stand-alone feature, is highly under-use. Any newly proposed sports stadium cannot justify their existence f they are keeping on repeating what is happening now. The incorporation of the sports institute and amenity sports complex help the proposed stadium be a long-term site, which is sustainable but not for a single event.

The need for public participation: HK sport institute is alienated from public and s for professional players only. It seldom offers

open courses to public. HK needs a centralized sports venue for public to learn sports. Moreover, the existing facilities in Hong Kong are planned so 'functionally' such that they lack social-communal connotation.

"It is very important to encourage people to participate, to make a healthy community. We are looking at the whole picture and not just how we do in internatïonal competition."

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4

Thesis Report

1.3

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Scope of Work! Design Consideration

Stage 1:

A preliminary master plan will first be drawn. The plan will show the relationship of different sport buildings and other functional elements integrated together. This will respond to any rational arrangement of sports venues for better event management and flexibility. The sports buildings will be sited under: s

Careful consideration of orientation Crowd control Massive movement of spectators between venues Security management Facilities management

Squares and landscapes will be the connectors for different buildings, as circulation space as well as social space to let people communicate.

Stage 2:

Sports building design. The design of buildings will challenge the conventional concept of sports hail to be static, passive and conservative. The planning of such sports facilities will base on the technical requirement in hosting a sport event. Environmental friendly design elements will be input at this stage. The s s s

s s

sports

buildings will be planned under:

The relationship of indoor and outdoor environment The relationship of buildings with public open space Connection to traffic and internal circulation Rational arrangement of space to serve their purpose Technical requirement of space and facilities to host sports game Environmental friendly design Barrier free access design

Stage 3:

Detail and structural design. The building design will go into detail that makes the thesis a complete architectural project in respond to the above 2 stages. The following will be investigated in detail: u

s

u s s

Material design Structural design Structural connection details Environmental building systems Sustainable construction method Barrier free access measure

1 -6-

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

2.0

Site Investigations and Context Analysis:

2.1.1

Location Map:

The site is situated at Shatin,

at the end of Shing Mun River. The site is in the location of Hong Kong which is served by the KCR East Rail and several major road routes. central

St.rig Mun

Shabo

LEGEND M Lest Rad

pes

Airpoil

Mess Trani Rtplway N Mayor Road Routes

tjt Ra rrensì

2.1.2

Proposed Srte

Site Map: .

The existing sports institute will be re-located next to the sewage treatment plant to form a continuous piece of site.

Proposed

L

sports

village will be built right on top of the plant to provide a more environmental friendly use of the site.

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Thesis Report

2.1.3

Asian G2mes Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Aerial Photo:

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Thesis Report

2.1.4

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Corn pex

Site Photos:

Pedestrian bridge connecting KCR station to institue

Taipo Road r

Bicycle track along waterfront

Bridge connecting racecourse and KCR station

Residential towers opposite racecourse

View from racecourse

Aerial view of sewage plant

Racecourse

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Thesis Report

2.2.1

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Land-use Diagram:

High-rise residential towers are located along two-sides of the village riverfront. Low-density houses are scattered on the slopes.

Government buildings such as the Shatin Hospital and an old people's home are on the hillside opposite the Shing Mun River. The Chinese University occupies a main portion of land north-west of the proposed The Racecourse dominant site feature. site.

2.2.2

is

the

Roads/ Pedestrian Paths Diagram:

There are two major road routes running near the site. The first one is the Tolo Highway connecting

Kowloon and Taipo. The second one is the Tate's Cairn central

Highway

that

connects Kowloon

East and Ma On Shan. A branch that is a flyover connecting the two highways runs across the proposed site.

There is no convenient pedestrian footpath that reaches the site. The only possible route will be using bicycle track along the riverfront. But it

takes more than 20 minutes to

from the nearest traffic connection point to the site. Access points have to be re-planned.

walk

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Thesis Report

2.3 u

Asian Games Village

A High-Density Sports Complex

Reasons for the choice of the site: The land cost is cheaper than those in urban district. (In contrast to the government's proposed site in old airport and west Kowloon s.)

u

The site has adequate infrastructure and services support.

u

The site has its existing sport program.

u

The site has been identified by the government as a suitable site for sports venues. In Asian Game 2006 bidding, HK proposed to built an indoor recreation centre, a water sports centre and the game village near the region of Shing Muri River 5.

.

The existing sewage treatment plant is an urban scar' that occupies a large portion of open flat land. Proposing a new development over it can rectify the 'scar'.

u

The setting is quite suitable for a park or sport facilities because of green mountains and water near-by.

.

2.4 I

Along the Shing Mun River we have an existing flow of public program, such as the Hong Kong Cultural museum, the sports institute, the racecourse and the newly built science park. The project tries to re-connect it and have a continuous flow of program.

Site particulars: The pedestrian circulation will be mainly connected to the two mass transport stations. The Racecourse station is designed for a 30,000-people event Since the site s located near water, the pedestrian flow is defined and restricted by water edge. .

.

The traffic will enter the site using lai Po Road and Tate's Cairn Highway. The site lies on the main route of vehicular transport connecting north-south part of HK territory. The traffic engineer 7 comments that it is possible to insert exit points from the highways and lead the vehicular traffic directly to the site. Detail traffic design to and wïthin the site will be conducted in master planning stage.

The Racecourse station which is purposely designed for large volume circulation in occasion. As advised by traffic engineer, it is cost effective to develop a sub-branch of KCR railway and a station inside the site for a large-scale public development. Services (e.g. electricity, water and drainage) are adequate, existing facilities now in use. 2.5

Site constraints: Sewage plant on the chosen site has to be reor covered. As advised by environmental engineer a, ìt is possible to relocate the sewage plant as it is not necessary be situated next to Shing Mun River, Also it is

located

feasible and environmental friendly for the sewage plant to be covered and be put underground.

Planning is restricted by water edge.

Pedestrian flow

is

restricted by racecourse

and Taipo highway.

Noise problem should be treated with care because there are some residential buildings and motorway near by.

-11-

Sewage plant

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

3.0

Deslcin Proaramme

3.1

The Brief

The brief of the proposed sports village is to reorganise and Integrate sports facilities of different scale and purpose together into the site. The sports village will serve both the professional athletes and causal users. The main functions of the sports village are as follows:

.

Enable Hong Kong to have the capacity to host internatIonal sports competitions, such as the Asian Games.

Provide facilities to support governments policy towards sports, especially those

u

included in target sports training list.

Provide facilities and recreational space for all levels of sports players. (from district

u

competitions to causal users)

The landscape and recreational space acts as a connector to tie different sports facilities together. The indoor and outdoor relationship as will be emphasized.

well

as organisation for events management

The Client and Management

3.2

Since the proposed sports village is situated at a GIC site and OU site and the sports village is

a large public development, it is assumed that the client will be the government of Hong Kong. The sports village has both recreational facilities for causal users, as well as sports facilities for professional athletes training, so the management of the facilities is assumed by the joint venture of Leisure & Cultural Services Department and the Hong Kong Sports Development Board.

0) - *r wu

3.3

y

Leisure & Cultural Serwices Department

UDMD

Scope of Facilities:

The followings are the outline offunctional requirements or activities concerned: u

For international competition event (e.g. the Asian Game):

Competition venues or facilities Athlete's village Restaurant Media conter Tourist center Security center u

For sports institute:

Sports grounds for training athletes Research laboratories and gymnasiums Library and information center Lecture rooms for sport science and medicine school Administration office Hostel for athletes and training camp and sport school students

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Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

For an amenity sports complex: Sports grounds for public use Changing rooms and toilets Sports information center and lìbrary Recreational running track and landscapes Playgrounds and nursery service Restaurant

Other supporting facilities: Management office Security office First aid Store Transportation (roads and parking spaces) Squares and pedestrian path

Please note that many of the above stated activities are in common among the main functions. The facilities can be shared and their inter-relationship will be set out in section 3.5. 3.4

Schedule of Accommodation

Description

No

Area (sq.m)

I

50000 (approx. site area)

Soorts Facilities: Olympic standard stadium

(open air, 50000 seats max with 10000 temporary seats, for athletics, football and rugby)

Indoor water sports center

6000 (approx. site area)

8 lanes 50m pool Diving pool Secondaryfun pool Spectators stand (3000 Changing rooms Sanitary Facilities

750 325 I 000 3000

seats)

Indoor multi-purpose gymnasium Mainarea Spectators stand Sanitary facilities Changing rooms Meeting rooms First-aid rooms Scoreboard and control room Storage rooms Security control room Media center

I

7000 (approx. site area) 3150 3150

2 2 2

30@ 20cm

I I I

50 75

(for badminton, basketball, snooker, bowling, boxing, fencing, gymnastic, handball, judo, karatedo, squash, table tennis, taekondo, volley ball, weightlifting, wrestling, wushu)

Sports grounds Multi-purpose hard pitch

Tenniscourts Basketball courts

15000 (approx. site area) I 4000 8 5200

4 3000 I 2400 Grass pitch (archery, cycling, equestrian, hockey, golf, shooting, tennis)

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Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

Administration Building:

3000 (approx. site area)

Facility management Securïty management Media center and broadcasting Function room/hall Restaurant First Aid and medical Entrance hail and reception Booking office

500 500 350 3000 400@ 100@ 1000 50

2 2 1

Sports Institute Building:

5000 (approx. site area)

Management and administration office Research and information office Gymnasium and laboratory IT support Library Lecture rooms Multi-purpose room Restaurant

1200 1200 3500 200 800

250@ 200@ 400

Housing:

10000 (approx. site area)

Athlete's village 2000 units (will be transformed to studentistaff hostel and service apartment in post-game period)

Other free standing structures: Mass transport connection Changing rooms/toilets Storage Restaurant Security stand

Non-building components: Vehicular access road Traffic drop off Parking Landscape Recreational running track Pedestrian circulation Squares

1000

- 14 -

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

StructuraI relationship of design components:

3.5

SPORTS

INSTITUTE Sana9emefl(& 'Admlnistrat)onoffice '

A

SPORTS VENUES

' .-. '

Research S

I

Iniormatlon Cenler

I

Gyrii S LaboraorÌes

u I

Open Ak Stadium

I

I

IGvmn.ium

:

Restaurant

I

MuIt-purpose room

I

s

' .:

IGround

I

RI

-

I

-

:

i

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--

Pedestrian Circu'ation

t

lOutdoorWs ter

Squares

RSIOE

%"" I

I

Communal OpenSpace

Mada Centre S

aoadcasir

Entrance Hall Reception area

i Function Hall $ Rooms

'

4

a

D

TRANSPORTATION -------------

I

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I

.

¡

Security Stand

I

I

a

I

Storage

5 5

Fecility Man

Security Ma::gern:nt

ReataurantS

Il *_ Changtng Rooma/ ToilaiS

-

I

OTHERS

I

.1 .1 .1 .1 s

'

1

'

Recreatton Running Track

I

Spo

-

SEAVIEW

t---)r.

Landscape

Lecture rooms S Ubrary

I

%

.... VIIUAL

.4--- - f

I

I

NON-BUILDING COMPONENTS

OPEN FLAT LAND

I

'

Mass Transpoil Connection

I

I

First AidS Medical I

4

Tieffic Drop-Oil

1

Restaurant

I

I

1

I

I

I

I.

ADMINISTRATION BUILDING - - -

Paring

,

- 15-

- e

Thesis Report

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

4.0

Research/Field work

4.1

Environmental Issues in Sydney 2000 Olympic

The site for the games was reclaimed from a municipal

j

dump and now boasts an ecological park, recycling plant and solar cells to generate energy for rubbish

lighting and building ventilation. The athlete's village is claimed as the biggest solar powered suburb ever built and it uses active and passive solar systems, a wind farm and construction on ecological principals.

The central environmental management document for the Sydney Olympics is the Environmental guidelines for the Summer Olympic Games. lt was prepared by the Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid ¡n 1993 and sets out the environmental commitments Sydney made to the international community when ¡t launched its Olympic Bid. The Environmental guidelines state that Olympic

host cities should commit themselves to a range of specific environmental measures.

The environmental issues concerned were the water conservation, air and water pollution monitoring, conservation and regeneration of the natural environment, conservation of wildlife, a rational public transport infrastructure and accessible and adequate areas for public recreation.

Reducing Waste During the construction on the Olympic site, recycled materials were used where possibie. For example the rock and earth excavated for venues were processed and moved to other sites to create landscape embankments. Concrete and masonry rubble from the abattoir has been re-used, while crusher dust has been re-used as pipe bedding and after-treatment in water quality control ponds.

The strategy of the Olympic Co-ordination Authority is to maximise the re-use of building materials, paper, cardboard, aluminium and glass waste created during the construction process. The strategy also evolved as guidelines for the re-use of cups, plates and cutlery, together with the re-cycling of animal waste and bedding at the Showground.

Non-manufactured materials were also re-cycled. Mulch produced by processing vegetation waste is used for plant beds to reduce water loss. Tree pruning are chipped and re-cycled. Storm water is collected and used for dust-suppression and irrigation, while all animal and plant waste will be composted and used as fertiliser.

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Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

Saving Energy The strategy's aim has been to minimise reliance on energy from non-renewable sources, exploit solar and wind power and maximise the efficiency of power use through energy-saving appliances.

Orienting buildings to the sun and make use of natural light through windows and translucent ceilings reduced the reliance on power-generated lighting. The use of motion detectors for nighttime lighting will save the need for energy.

Taking advantage of southerly summer breezes reduces the need of air-conditioning. Oversized lift shafts, stairwells and escalator voids have been designed to draw in cooler air and allow warmer air to escape.

The use of solar power was the most

significant

--

'N

energy-saving

component Solar panels provide energy for lighting and heating and assist the gas hot water systems. The use of solar panels also halves the greenhouse gas emissions.

Water Conservation Drinking water was supplied by Sydney water, but most other water needs were met by the use of storm water and re-cycled water. Storm water after treatment was used to flush toilets and irrigated the landscaped areas.

The water quality control ponds were landscaped with native plants that naturally remove nutrients from storm water run-off.

The use of more efficient domestic appliances, and roof-

collected rainwater and appropriate landscaping and irrigation techniques were contributed to the water conservation strategies. A computer-controlled irrigation night operation and

system provides automatic eliminates over-watering.

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Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

Main Considerations in Master Planning of Sports Site

4.2

Basic principles Sports complexes are often constructed over a period of years for reasons of finance, natural

growth or land availability. To help ensure that the ultimate development is consistent in

terms of aesthetic quality and functional efficiency, and to avoid abortive work, a comprehensive plan for the entire development should be evolved at the very outset. This allows successive phases of the development to be carried out by different committees or

boards over a penad of time in the safe knowledge that their particular phase will be consistent with the whole.

The art of planning large stadium sites hinges on the correct zoning of the available land and the separation of incompatible uses that must be accommodated within the site boundarIes. These uses include the direct sporting functions but also very substantial parking areas, pedestrian and vehicular circulation routes, etc.

Pitchlcentral Area The starting point of design is the central area or playing field. lt's shape, dimension and orientation must enable it ta fulfil all the functions required of it.

Seating Capacity If the pitch is to be of variable size to cater for very different activities then the design capacity

should be stated as two figures: the number ofseats around the maximum pitch size and the maximum capacity around the smallest space user. The stadium owners will have very strong views on seating capacities as this form the basis of their profitability calculations.

Orientation The orientation ofthe playing field will depend on the uses to which it will be put, the main factors being:

. u

, .

The hemisphere in which the stadium is located. The period of the year in which the designated sports will be played.

Thetìmesofdaytheseeventswill be played. The specific local environmental conditions such as wind direction.

Zoning

-- 'u

-..--,.

( I

Having set the orientation the next priority is to plan the position of the stadium on the site, and to start thinking about the

"\

\\

'I

interrelationship of it's major parts: and this is best done by identifying the four zones which make up the safety plan. The size and location of these zones are critical to the performance of the stadium in an emergency, and they are:

4C'.11

I rÓw tr ,

_______

Zonal- activity area (that is the central area which the games .

/

i

J

..------------Lff'IoL

.

.

take place)

.

Zone2-spectator terraces and concourses surrounding the activity area Zone3- circulation area surrounding the stadium

Zone4- open space outside the stadium and separating it from the car parks

The purpose of such zoning is to allow spectators to escape from their seats, in an emergency, to a series of intermediate safety zones leading ultimately to a place of safety outside. lt provides a clear and helpful framework for design not only for new stadium but also for the refurbishment of existing facilities.

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Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Thesis Report

4.3

A Park Over a Sewage Treatment Plant

Riverbank State Park Hudson River- Manhattan, New York

The 28-acre plant roof consists of 14 separate sections moving independently as the roof expands and contracts due to changes in temperature. Each roof plate can support a different load depending on the column spacing beow, up to a maximum of 400 pounds per square foot. Park buildings must be supported with individual roof plates (to avoid damage from movement at expansion joints) with every park building column located directly over a corresponding plant column below.

The entire park- buildings, landscaping, site features-is

on a strict diet because of the limited load-bearing capacity of the plants caissons, columns and roof spans. Deducting from those capacities the expected loads (people, vehicles, snow) yielded the allowable weight of the buildings, retaining walls, soil, trees, and pavement. Buildings could only be live

lightweight steel structures with metal to tile-faced panels, and areas of deep soil required to support large plantings were lightened by a honeycomb of Styrofoam panels (made without ozone-depleting CFC's).

The design of the required utilities was similarly difficult as most of the pipes, drains and electrical conduits had to run over the plant roof. The park had to be constructed without affecting either the remaining construction of the plant or its operation. While none of these design limits are apparent, they had a profound effect on every aspect of the built structures.

The selected conceptual design organized the four largest park buildings around a southfacing courtyard sheltered from winter winds. Skating rink, multi-purpose cultural building, and gymnasium are linked by enclosed passageways. The swimming pool is reachable by a covered walkway to facilitate circulation in bad weather. Because it would be many years between the planning and realization of Riverbank, and t was expected that community demographics and recreation priorities would change, maximum program flexibility was designed into each building.

;

LJ

T-:A1,

:

_____

- 19-

Thesis Report

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Reference I Eleven events are included in the target development list. 2.Extracted from HK Bidding Document for the Asian Game 2006. 3.The BID- HK's promotion website for bidding for Asian Game 2006.

4.Jonathan Mckinley, Principal Assistant Secretary (Sports Policy Review) of the Home Affairs Bureau.

5.HK Bidding Document for Asian Game 2006. 6.Data from HK Jockey Club, Shatin Racecource. 7.Mr. Billy W.Y.Wong, Traffic Engineer

8.Ms. Joyce Chan, Environmental Engineer

- 20 -

Thesis Report

Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex

Bibliography Books:

Olympic Architecture- Building Sydney 2000 Patrick Bingham-HalI

Landscape of Recreation I (Sports Facilities) Franciso Asensio Cerver

Stadla- A Design and Development Guide Genaint John &Rod Sheard

Civil Architecture Dattner

Sports Architecture Rod Sheard

Arenas- A Planning, design and management guide Abdrew Shields

Periodicals: Sports Scene- A magazine on sports development in HK Architecture Australia Landscape Australia Architects' Journal Architectural Review Architectural Record World Architecture Documents and ReDorts:

Hong Kong Bidding Document- Asian Game 2006 Hong KongAnnual Report 2000 Websites:

HK Sports Development Board Leisure and Cultural Department, HK H KSAR

-21-

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Case Study Report:

Multi-Experience Sports Park In Shatin

Candidate

Law Cheuk Fung, Jimmy 1996044191 M.Arch Il 2001-2002 Department of Architecture, HKU

Supervisor Mr, Peter T.T.Kou Dr. Alexandre Amato

-1-

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Contents 1.0

Munich Olympic Park 1972

3

2.0

Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium

5

3.0

Riverbank State Park

8

4.0

Toyama Comprehensive Sports Park

10

5.0

Port Olympic, Barcelona

12

6.0

Sydney Olympic 2000

14

7.0

Sports Hall and Multi-purpose Complexes in HIC

16

8.0

The Olympic Village, Barcelona 92

11

Bibliography

-2-

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

1.0

Munich Olympic Park 1972 Behnisch & Partner Munich, Germany

Architect: Location: Completion Date:

1972

The Olympic complex in Munich had to house the main sporting facilities, as well as providing an adequate communications system for pedestrian and traffic.

Site Design The design for the Munich Olympic Park was an elaborated landscaping operation. The large, prominent hill, originally a refuse pile, extends in the form of dykes that break up an originally flat terrain and form the nerve centre of the complex. A central platform in which the different installations are grouped around is set up in the form of sunken amphitheatres. An artificial lake forms the horizontal plane of reference and its reflection unites the mountain, the platform and the stadium.

Architecture and Planning The stadium coverings appear to be only flimsy constructions, light transparent veils suspended over the Olympic stadium, but they are in fact made Plexiglas. This of architectural feature, together

with the communications tower, is

the distinctive image of the

Olympic centre.

Topography and gardening are used to different areas, whether natural or fulfilling a specific purpose. The mountain and lake, for example, are areas for general leisure, where people can pass time, and where the

define

landform and vegetation evoke typical preAlpine scenery. Sequences of willows run along the access routes to the installations, an unmistakable reference to Munich's most multiple routes, have the capacity to absorb the

foreseen flow of spectators to the major events, but also allow pedestrian to enjoy a quiet walk through the park. The changing perspective, the different views of the succession of amphitheatres, all help to create an atmosphere for the spectator even before the show start. The monumental feeling of the stadium is greatly reduced because they are in concave depressions excavated in the terrain and this creates a harmonious balance between their scale and that of their surrounding.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Conclusion The design of Munich's Olympic Park has achieved its two aims. These were to create the setting for the Olympic Games and, looking beyond the games, to give life to a fragment of

the city that had previously been disconnected. lt has been a success for the Olympic Park is now together with the English Garden, the favourite urban leisure area of Munich's inhabitants

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium

2.0

Maki and Associates Shibuya-ward, Tokyo March 1990 45,000 sq.m 24,100 sq.m

Architect: Location: Completion Date: Site Area: Gross Floor Area:

Description The Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium s a re-construction of an older sports facility, which had been built thirty years

previously and had become inadequate to the growing demands of local citizens. The grounds for the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium is part of the larger Meiji Park with Sendagaya Station to the north, residential and commercial complexes to the south and west, and the National Stadium to the east. This large open flat land was rare in

Tokyo, and the design take advantage of

its

generous situation by treating the entire site as an urban park, open at all hours. Sendagaya Station, the gateway for most visitors to the sports park, becomes a pivotal point for access to the main arena, the visitor's entrance, the swimming pool, and to the public thoroughfare between the

buildings. Paths to each of these points are dispersed radially from the station and form diagonal vistas through the site from the point of arrival.

Design Program

The sports complex s open to all metropolitan citizens and serves as a stage for both international and national indoor sporting events. lt is comprised of the following: 1

.!

D

Main Arena with a seating capacity of 10,000 Sub-Arena primarily used as a practice gym Indoor Swimming Pool (900 seatings) Training and meeting rooms Sports exhibition space Administration space Restaurants

Design Analysis The height restriction imposed on the development is 30 meters. This required the Main Arena

floor to be lowered six meters and the swimming pool two meters below ground level. By conforming to the height restrictions, the desígn does not fully reveal on the exterior the massive and voluminous spaces required of its hall interiors, and the scale of building harmonizes well with the near by residential and commercial buildings. The roof of the Main Arena curves gently like a shell, the roof of the Sub-Arena is stepped like a ziggurat, the roof of the Swimming pool undulates and hovers above the outward-curving side walls; together with the transparent entrance pyramid, outdoor sculptures and red lighting fixtures, these roofs constitute a new cityscape. Continually changing views out to the neighboring park and city open up as one moves between the dynamically juxtaposed building masses and sculptural elements. The experience of changing scenery is not unrelated to the principles of the kayushiki, or the traditional Japanese garden.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

While the Main Arena, Sub-Arena, and indoor Swimming Pool are all independently conceived

in terms of size, shape and form, (hey are dynamically knit together through the use of modern materials- primarily metal, glass and concrete. Much attention has been given throughout to precise details, which give these materials their energy and vitality.

Structural Analysis The

main

arena,

circular

in

plan

intended to create a two-way curved space with a dynamic quality, primarily expressed in the roof-structure. In order to enclose a huge indoor space, pair of leaf-like girders, each comprised of three trusses, are supported on piers at four points. This main structure carries

-LJ

t

L

-

one hundred percent of the seismic forces and more than two-thirds of the verticat loads. Twenty-eight columnar supports

topped

with

pin-joint

connections and spaced along the periphery of the arena seating resolve the remaining one-third of the vertical loads The horizontal forces exerted by

the roof structures pair of outwardleaning leaf-girders tension ring along circular roof line.

are taken by a the edge of the

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Acoustic Although used primarily as a gymnasium. the Main Arena has excellent acoustic insulation and is equipped with audio-visual and theatrical equipment to allow the space to accommodate

other activities besides sporting events. A composite double-packing roof surface with a sandwiched polyethylene sheet between two

0.2 mm stainless sheets was developed to provide for a higher quality sound insulation.

Lighting Daylíght is admitted through windows along the top of the main arena seats in the Main Arena of the Tokyo Gymnasium. Electrically operated Venetian blinds are installed ¡n double pane windows to control the quality of light or even blackout the space.

Natural light filters into the space through side windows and at the apex of the ceiling of the Sub-Arena.

Indoor Swimming Pool is characterized by its overall lightness and transparency. An ethereal floating quality of space ¡s achieved by the abundance of soft natural light filtering through the Teflon roof and fiber-grating ceiling. In addition, a clerestory separating the curving outer wall and hovering roof allows a generous amount of direct light into the space.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

3.0

Riverbank State Park

Architect: Landscape Architect: Location: Completion Date: Site area:

Richard Dattner Abel, Bainnson, and Butz Hudson River, Manhattan, New York City 1993 28 acre

Description The $130 million park sits on top of the 28-acre roof of the North River Pollution Treatment Plant, a facility that treats most of the sewage originating from New York City's West Side. lt is 138th 145th linked to the neighborhood by vehicular and pedestrian bridges at west and west Streets. A playground with a spectacular river view is one of many amenities available to visitors.

Coast of Riverbank State Park is 58 feet above the river. An exception ¡s the amphitheater and promenade located only a few feet above the waterside of the Hudson. lt is isolated to keep noisy events from disturbing neighbors to the east.

Background

In 1968, the west side of Harlem was chosen as the plant site after other West-siders successfully fought ils location in their neighborhoods. The parks was offered a means of soothing angry of Harlem residents who felt they don't deserve the plant in their backyards either, and feared that odor and possibly health-threatening gases would be generated

from the plant. Three complete designs for the park were prepared and were rejected because they didn't meet community needs or were either costly or unbuildable.

Planning History Architect Richard Dattner and his design team were selected by a committee of state officials and community representatives in I 979. Their design for the site represents almost nine years of community-based programming and design activity, document preparation, and several cycles of redesign due to value engineering. Construction finally began in 1987, nearly 20

years after the Harlem site was chosen, even as odor from the partIally completed plant had begun waftlng through the neighborhood, and a state budget shortfall demanded that value engineers be given another shot at the buildings.

Dattner barely kept the state from taking over the design and construction of the project with its own designers, who proposed that all of the landscaping be scrapped, and that metal buildings be substituted for the structure originally designed. Although much of the light, airy detailing of the buildings was lost, the designers kept much of the overall design intact.

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Case Study Report

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Structural Design Consideration The 28-acre plant roof consists of 14 separate sections moving independently as the roof expands and contracts due to changes in temperature. Each roof plate can support a different load depending on the column spacing below, up to a maximum of 400 pounds per square foot. Park buildings must be supported with individual roof plates (to avoid damage from movement at expansionjoints) with every park building column located directly over a corresponding plant column below.

The entire park- buildings, landscaping, site features-is on a strict diet because of the limited load-bearing capacityofthe plant's caissons, columns and roofspans. Deducting from those capacities the expected live loads (people, vehicles, snow) yielded the allowable weight of the buildings, retaining walls, soil, trees, and pavement. Buildings could only be lightweight steel structures with metal to tile-faced panels, and areas of deep soil required to support large plantings were lightened by a honeycomb of Styrofoam panels (made without ozone-depleting CFC's).

Construction Process The design of the required utilities was similarly difficult as most of the pipes, drains and electrical conduits had to run over the plant roof. The park had to be constructed without affecting either the remaining construction of the plant or its operation. While none of these design limits are apparent, they had a profound effect on every aspect of the built structures.

Environmental Consideration The selected conceptual design organized the four largest park buildings around a southfacing courtyard sheltered from winter winds. Skating rink, multi-purpose cultural building, and gymnasium are linked by enclosed passageways. The swimming pool is reachable by a covered walkway to facilitate circulation in bad weather.

Program Management Because it would be many years between the planning and realization of Riverbank, and it was expected that community demographics and recreation priorities would change, maximum program flexibility was designed into each building.

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

4.0

Toyama Comprehensive Sports Park

Architect: Location: Completion date:

Kouichi Sone & Environmental Design Associates Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan 1993

Description The Toyama sports complex is large, of a planned area of 46 ha, the 23 ha corresponding to the first phase of the general plan that have previously been completed. Those include the main athletic stadium, some additional tracks, the entrance area (Entrance Square), and the

traffic axis (Alpine Lane) connecting the entrance to Alpine Square, the Square that will regulate circulation to the project's three focal points: the stadium, a large circular covered pavilion and a recreational area with a health centre and baseball pitch.

From the point of view of circulation, spatial articulation along an axis, Alpine Lane, introduces geometric order reminiscent of the baroque system, creating perspectives apparently leading to the infinite. This east-west main route leaves the magnificent Entrance Square, with its curved perimeter and restrained access canopy.

Design Analysis

Special attention has also been paid the to integrating architectural structures into the landscape context, This is why the stadium's shape has been influenced by the sinuous forms surrounding it. This is particularly clear in the design of facades,

where steel and prestressed and post-tensioned concrete beyond rigidity and

go form

undulating curves. Not even the rhythmic arrangement of the shaped supports manages to neutralise the stadium's sensation of serenity and

spaciousness.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Two features help to dignify the precinct's extenor spaces. The first is artificial in nature and correspond to the design of the service constructions, such as teahouses, drink stalls, toilets, stores, etc. The idea is based on an innovative treatment of the concept of the folly, using themes related to the historical tradition but with a contemporary format, such as water wheels or mills. The second feature is natural, and refers to the smooth moulding of the terrain and the plants chosen to give the area an absolutely native feeling.

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Case Study Report

5.0

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Port Olvmoic

Architect: Location: Completion Date:

MBM Arquitectes Barcelona, Spain 1991

Port Olympic is one of the dominant elements of

the Olympic Village. Here, the demand of the Olympic programme had to blend with the port's subsequent use as a leisure port and centre of urban activities.

Facilities Planning The structural distribution of the project is based

on the division of the sheet of water into two harbour areas. A 52m-wide service quay runs between the two, with a car park, a boatyard for

repairs, and a reception, control and fuelling facility. The large peripheral space around these

two harbours areas s the centre point of the project, from the point of view of public use. lt is divided into two levels: the quaysides at a height

of 17m to 25m and the raised walkways, at a height of 7m above sea level.

The northeast and northwest quays are designed to form a large urban square, with views over the inner harbour. Its urban nature is reinforced by its sequential arrangement in terraces, and the choice of pavings and furnishings. On the lower promenade, arrangement as a 520m long commercial arcade allows the sitings of shops, bars and restaurants (and other private sailing establishments) to attract citizens to the area. Rows of palm trees, the symbol of the city's new Mediterranean image, strengthen the similarity with the Moli de la Fusta in the city's old port.

Seafront Promenade The dea of continuity s physically reinforced by the connection of the elevated promenades with the city's road grid, both horizontally and perpendicularly. These promenades serve as balconies with a view over the sea. particularly the northeast

promenade with spectacular views over the port and the Nova Icaria beach. This promenade

contains four structural bays that will accommodate restaurants, a linear 300m pergola providing shade for tables, and the attractive pyramidal constructions covering the boat warehouses of the municipal sailing facilities. The south-east promenade, six meters wide, follow a smooth curve opening onto a spectacular view of the coast and the city's skyline, with the Collserola range of hills n the background.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

The structure used to define the architectural façade is meticulously thought out. The layout of the large solid structure to protect the port avoids the usual chaotic construction of breakwaters, and allows bathers and anglers to use it as an area for walking and relaxation. This project has certainly achieved its aim of combining aesthetics and functional efficiency.

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Case Study Report

6.0

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Sydney Olympic 2000

The site for the games was reclaimed from a rubbish dump and now formed an ecological park, recycling plant and solar cells to generate energy for lighting and building ventilation. The athlete's village is claimed as the biggest solar powered suburb ever built and it uses actíveandpassivesolarsystems, awindfarrn and construction on ecological principals.

The central environmental management document for the Sydney Olympics is the Environmental

guidelines for the Summer Olympic Games. lt was prepared by the

Sydney Olympics 2000 Bid in 1993 and sets out the environmental commitments Sydney made to the international community when it launched its Olympic Bid. The Environmental guidelines state that Olympic host cities should commit themselves to a range of specific environmental measures.

The environmental issues concerned were the water conservation, air and water pollution monitoring, conservation and regeneration ofthe natural environment, conservation of wildlife, a rational public transport infrastructure and accessible and adequate areas for public recreation.

ReducingWaste During the construction on the Olympic site, recycled materials were used where possible. For example the rock and earth excavated for venues were processed and moved to other sites to create landscape embankments. Concrete and masonry rubble from the abattoir has been re-used, while crusher dust has been re-used as pìpe bedding and after-treatment in water quality control ponds.

The strategy of the Olympic Co-ordination Authority is to maximise the re-use of building materials, paper, cardboard, aruminium and glass waste created during the construction process. The strategy also evolved as guidelines for the re-use of cups, plates and cutlery, together with the re-cycling of animal waste and bedding at the Showground. Non-manufactured materials were also re-cycled. Mulch produced by processing vegetation waste is used for plant beds to reduce water loss. Tree pruning are chipped and re-cycled. Storm water is collected and used for dust-suppression and irrigation, while all animal and plant waste will be corn posted and used as fertiliser.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

Saving Energy The strategys aim has been to minimise reliance on energy from non-renewable sources, exploit solar and wind power and maximise the efficiency of power use through energy-saving appliances.

Orienting buildings to the sun and make use of natural light through windows and translucent ceilings reduced the reliance on power-generated lighting. The use of motion detectors for nighttime lighting will save the need for energy.

Taking advantage of southerly summer breezes reduces the need of air-conditioning. Oversized lift shafts, stairwells and escalator voids have been designed to draw in cooler air and allow warmer air to escape.

The use of solar power was the most significant energy-saving component Solar panels provide energy for lighting and heating and assist the gas hot water systems. The use of solar panels also halves the greenhouse gas emissions.

Water Conservation Drinking water was supplied by Sydney water, but most other water needs were met by the use of storm water and re-cycled water. Storm water after treatment was reused to flush toilets and irrigated the landscaped areas.

The water quality control ponds were landscaped with native plants that naturally remove nutrients from storm water run-off.

The use of more efficient domestic appliances, and roof-collected rainwater and appropriate landscaping and irrigation techniques were contributed to the water conservation strategies. A computer-controlled irrigation system provides automatic night operation and eliminates overwatering.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

7.0

Soorts Halls and Multi-ouroose Corn olexes in HK

Sports buildings in Hong Kong conventionally cater for the sporting activities are with very strong disciplines, rather set apart from ordinary life. lt is because they have traditionally been housed in impervious boxes and anchored in its setting, un-welcoming to the public and often daunting for indivìduals who use them.

The sports that have traditionally been conducted indoors are within virtually imperforate blank walls. They are then all huge mute boxes that simply contain activities that by their nature can have little contact with the outside. Because of the nature of the programme and sites suitable for it, they also often tend to be buildings that are large and inward looking and built in the midst of a sea of asphalt in urban fringes.

Worse than ever, they are built in prototypes, so that is minimal respect to the site. All leads to the issue in trying to humanise the functions for which they are intended, making them more understandable and approachable by individuals. Attempts to dress up such boxes in formal architectural clothes often result in over-monumental lumps like the western park indoors games hall. Less is done to neutralise its louring presence, e.g. buried the box in the ground. On the other hand, while the design of individual stadium has often improved protection from the elements, they tend perforce to remain Isolated as huge object buildings, cut off from

the ordinary texture of life.

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Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

The Olympic Village, Barcelona 92

8.0

Fundamental Planning Ideas The criteria and the methods that were established as the point of concept formation are the followings:

First of all is to reconstitute all the infrastructures in order to make the sector habitable: the beaches, the railway line, the road traffic and the major drainage and sewage network. The ïssues were approached with simple and radical criteria. The beaches had to be completely rehabilitated

by

asking

the

specialist consultant engineers to prepare a scheme that would coastline and protect the preserve it in a stable condition.

The two railway diverted

or

lines were rerouted

underground. The heavy traffic had to be absorbed ¡n such a way that it would not constitute .

new physical and barrier between neighbourhood and a

1

.

_________ . r11. .

.

..

"

',.

visual the the

y ____________

beaches. The general drainage

and sewage network and the

.-

----'-

.

Ç

-

water treatment systems would need thorough transformations; since

the new sector would

have it's own requirements and was subjected to frequent flooding. Secondly was to apply certain morphological principles with respect to the general structure of

the neighbourhood, made it possible to read the continuity with the already established

adjoining neighbourhood. And with the general look of Barcelona as a whole. The traditional form and use of public space ¡n the Barcelona had a great capacity to communicate

iii social terms. The design of streets, squares and blocks were in line with the historical models, but with an architecture which would allow more highly developed uses (the private garden, sport facilities), a more satisfactory layout (sunlight, views, privacy and transport links) and a higher standard of interior living conditions (new proportions and a new structure in built volumes.

of the Integration neighbourhood socially and formally into urban continuum was concerned. And it suggested the suitability of varyIng and and superimposing uses archtectu raI diversifying characters within a single coherent

unit. On the one hand, there was the need to avoid strict zoning and promote architectonic forms with a or diversity of simultaneous successive functional possibilities. On the other hand, it was

necessary to establish a project method ¡n several stages with a series of increasingly detailed and individuafised interventions.

17 -

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Case Study Report

The Scheme basic urban structure was established with a scheme consisting The

of a series of five successive strips parallel to the sea and an integrated system of parks:

First strip: the beaches and protective sea wall along a length of more than i

km of seafront. The main concern

was to do away the outfall

of

sewage and determine the system for the protection of the beaches. concave beaches between breakwaters, periodically regenerated Open,

artificially with clean sand from the seabed.

Second strip: the seafront promenade. Running parallel to the beaches and the seawall, the 30m wide pedestrian seafront promenade is a continuation of the passage Maritim beginning in the Barceloneta Third strip: coastal activities. A linear accumulation of a certain density of activities

the sector. The activities should not constitute a physical or visual barrier between the residential area and the beaches. contributed to the urban value of

Fourth strip: the avinguda dei Litoral. This avenue is one segment of the city's system of ring roads and expressways, and will have to absorb a considerable volume of traffic. The separation of traffic on the dual carriageway would leave a large garden ¡n the middle that accommodate a variety of urban activities and regulate unimpeded pedestrian access to the beach. The carriageway leading out of the city would be articulated in line with the curves of the beaches, while incoming carriageway would be straight, underlining the strictly formalised façade of the urban nucleus.

Fifth strip: the urban nucleus. Its structure had to integrate the new residential typologies into a traditional morphology. The facilities of the surrounding area were re-organised and buildings of architectural interest conserved and re-used. The great public spaces, which gave organisational unity to the whole, were planned. The system of parks: The parks are not only centres of public activity, but vertebral axes for the neighbourhood as a whole. The system is based on five parks. The five parks, each with its own individual character, are interrelated by means of three hinge areas which acts as focal points.

Case Study Report

Multi-Experience Sports Village

Bibliography Books: Space Design Special Feature- Fumihiko Maki 1987-1992 Koji Aikawa

Barcelona 92- The Olympic Village- Architecture, Parks, Leisure Port Martorell, Bohigas, Mackay and Puígdomenech

Landscape of Recreation (Sports Facilities) Francisco Asensio Carver

Civil Architecture Richard Dattner

Olympic Architecture- Building Sydney 2000 Patiick Bingham-Hall

Periodicals:

Architecture Australia Architect's Journal Architectural Review Architectural Record

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Technical Study Report:

High-Density Sports Complex In Shatin

Candidate

Law Cheuk Fung, Jimmy 1996044191 M.Arch II 2001-2002 Department of Architecture, HKU

Supervisor Mr. Peter T.T.Kou Dr. Alexandre Amato

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Contents 1.0

Lona Sean Structural Systems

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Form-active structural systems

3 -

3 4

Definition Design of form-active structuraC systems Technical behavior of form-active structural systems Systems- materials- span relationship Cable structures Tent structures Pneumatic structures Arch structures: funicular arch Arch structures: thrust lattice

I .3

Vector-active structural systems

I3

Definition Design of vector-active structural systems Relationship with other structural systems Form-shaping possibility of vector-actwe structural systems Systems- materials- span relationship Flat truss Curved truss Space truss

1.4

Surface-active structural systems

21

Definition Working principle of surface-active structural systems Design of surlace-active structural system s Surface-active structure: strict discipline In shaping forni Systems- materials- span relationship Folded plate structure Shell structure: cylindrical shell Shell structure: dome shell Shell structure: saddle shell

1.5

Hybrid structural systems

28

Definition System linkage of structural families

Example of bytrid structure Design of hybrid structural systems Potential if hybrid structural systems

2.0

SDorts SDace Technical Design ConsideratIon

31

2.1

Introduction

31

2.2

Orientation of playing field

32

2.3

Zoning of stadium

33

2.4

Roof design

35

2.5

Pitch dimensions, layout and boundaries

37

2.6

Crowd control

40

2.7

Spectator viewing

43

2.8

Spectator circulation

45

Bibliography

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

1.0

Long Span Structural Systems

1.1

Introduction

Because sports buildings are so closely geared to difficult functional requirements (clear sightlines, efficient high-volume circulation and large volume above playing surface, etc), this is a

building type where 'form' follows fairly directly from 'function'. In the shaping of architectural form, massive columns.

Form-active

beams and cantilevers are often difficult to translate into a coherent design concept, and a very useful trend in recent years has been the increasing use of more delicate lattice or tension structures to replace (wholly or in part) these assertive structural elements.

17

Vector-acttve

The new concepts do not automatically solve all problems or guarantee aesthetic success in form shaping, but they do offer help towards elegant and graceful structures that are related to the human scale. Section-active

As a technical study, this section will focus on various structural

The

structural

analysed in terms of their

technical

systems.

systems

will

be

*4!*

performances. and

their appropriateness in

coping with requirement in shaping sports space.

the

long-span

The classification of the systems is as follows:

. .

Form-active structural systems Vector-active structural systems Surface-active structural systems Section-active structural systems Height-active structural systems Hybrid structural systems

Surfac-actve

For the purpose of the design of long span structure to sports space, form-active, vector-active, surface-active and their hybrid use will be discussed in

enclose detail,

Height-active

N+

-V

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t'

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

1.2

Form-active structural systems

Definition Non-rigid, flexible matter, shaped in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, can support itself and span space: form-active structure systems.

Fundamental elements of form-active structural systems are the vertical hanger cable that transmits the load directly to the point of suspension, and the vertical column that in reverse direction transfers the load directly to the base point.

Vertical column and vertical hanger cable are prototypes of form-active structure systems. They transmit loads only through simple normal stresses; i.e. either through compression or through tension.

Two cables with different points of suspension tied together form a suspension system that can carry itself clear over free space and transfer loads laterally by pure tensile stresses.

A suspension cable turned up forms a funicular

arch. The ideal form of an arch for a certain load condition is the corresponding funicular tension

line for the same loading.

The definition of the form-active structure systems then is

that they redirect external forces by

simple normal stresses: the arch by compression, the suspension cable by tension.

Design of the form-active structural systems Form-active structural systems develop at their ends horizontal stresses. The reception of these stresses constitutes a major problem in designing form-actìve structural systems.

The bearing mechanism of form-active systems rests essentially on the material form. Deviation from the correct form, if possible at all, prevents the proper functioning of the system or requires additional mechanisms that compensate the deviation.

The structural form of form-active structural systems in the ideal case coincides precisely with the flow of stresses. Form-active structural systems therefore are the natural path of forces expressed in matter.

The 'natural stress line of the form-active compression system is the funicular pressure line. That of the form-active tension system the funicular tension line. Pressure line and tension line are determined by the forces working on the system on the one hand, and by the rise or sag and the distance of the ends on the other. Funicular pressure line and tension line are then a major characteristic of form-active structure systems.

Any change of loading or support conditions changes the form of the funicular curve and causes a new structural form. While the load cable as a 'sagging' system under new loads assumes

by itself a new tension line, the arch as a 'humping' system must compensate the changed pressure line with stiffness (bending mechanism).

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Since the suspension cable under different loading changes its form, it is always the funicular curve for the existing load. On the other hand the arch, since ¡t cannot change its form, can be funicular only for one certain loading condition.

Form-active structure systems, because of their dependence on loading conditions, are strictly governed by the discipline of the natural' flow of forces and hence cannot become subject to arbitrary free form design. Architectural form and space are the result of the bearing mechanism.

Technical Systems

Behaviour of the

Form-active

Structural

Lightness of the flexible suspension cable and heaviness of the arch stiffened against a variety of additional loads are architectural demerits of form-active structural systems. They can be largely eliminated through pre-stressing the systems.

As the suspension cable can be stabilized by pre-stressing so that it can receive additional forces that also may be upward directed, so too the arch can be pre-compressedto a degree that it can redirect asymmetrical loading without critical bending. A

Arch arid suspension cable, because of their being stressed only by simple compression or tension, are with regard to weight/span ratio the most economical systems of spanning space.

4

Because of their identity with the 'natural' flow of forces the form-active structural systems are the suitable mechanisms

TN

forachieving long spans and forming large spaces. Since form-active structural systems disperse loads in the direction of resultant forces they are in effect and essence linear girders. This is true also for cable nets, membranes or lattice domes in which the loads, though being dispersed in more than one axis, are still transferred in a linear way

0fiiii ''

because of lack of shear mechanism.

Form-active structure elements can be condensed to form surface structures. If the single stress condition, the distinction

mii'

of form-active systems, is to be maintained, they too are submitted to the rules of funicular pressure line and tension line.

Form-active qualities can be brought to bear on all other structure systems. Especially in surface-active structural systems they are the essential constituents for the functioning ofthe bearing mechanism.

Knowledge of the laws of form-active redirection of forces is requisite for the design of any structural system and hence is

essential for the architect or engineer concerned with

structural design.

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f

High-Density Sports Complex

Technica' Study Report

Form-active Structural Systems Systems - Material - Span Relationship Materials for Cable Structure:

Typical Span:

All metals! all metals + RC

50m to 500m

All metals! all metals + RC

30m to 250m

All metals! all metals + RCI all metals + wood

25m to 200m

Materials for Tent Structures:

Typical Span:

Textilel plastics + metal/ wood

5m to 40m

Textile/ plastics + metall wood

20m to 100m

plastics + metall wood

20m to 150m

Materials for Pneumatic Structures:

Typical Span:

Plastics + metal

10m to 300m

Plastics + metal/ wood! concrete

20m to 120m

Plastics

10m to 70m

Materials for Arch Structures:

Typical Span:

RC/Larninatedwood!metal

15m to 100m

Masonry

4m to 30m

Metal/ wood

10m to 150m

Textile!

ia 1111111

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Cable Structures Critica! deflections of the suspension cable:

Due its small dead weight in relation to its span and because of its flexibility, the suspension cable is very susceptible to wind uplift, vibrations and asymmetrical! moving loads. Methods ¡n stabilization of suspension cable:

Increase of dead weight Stiffening through construction as inverted arch (or shell)

Spreading curvature

against

cable

with

opposite

Fastening with transverse cables anchored to ground

Restraining systems for parallel suspension cables.

restraining cable

buttress

¡NIFi11Iii;.i;iiliiii __________

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Technical Study Report

Restraining systems

High-Density Sports Complex

fór stabilization

of suspension points:

Cable restraining of suspension points with soil anchorage of cables

rT-3 T

Redirection of forces in the suspension points through buttresses or bracings

F

L

-

Force transfer by horizontal girders to transverse walls or compression beams

Cable restraining with balancing tie member connection beneath floor slab

h --

-

I---

Restraining and bracing with tie connection beneathf within floor slab.

member

Bearing and stabilizing mechanism ofpre-stressed systems:

/%([JiiI:rITrl\

ATTI''Hk. bearing mechanism

Sfabìlizifl9 mechanism

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Tent Structures

For the design of a tent structure, the essential thing is to identify the locations of high points and low points in order to create an appropriate form and response to its structural behaviour. Direct construction systems for high points: Exterior supports for high points arranged peripherally

interior arch for high points arranged axially

Interior supports for high points arranged centrally

Exterior supports for high points arranged centrally

Indirect

construction systems for high

Exterior supports with hanger cables for high points arranged centrally

Exterior supports with load cable for suspension of high points arranged centrally

Interior supports with load cable for support of high points arranged centrally

Exterior supports for peripheral high points with

hanger cable for additional high point arranged centrally

points:

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Pneumatic Structures

Air as load bearing medium Air supported objects

Air volume locked into a tension-resistant, flexible envelope (membrane) and pressurized versus the surrounding air behaves like a homogeneous, resilient solid. As such, air volume can receive, transfer and discharge external forces. This is the principle of pneumatic structures.

This mechanical quality of air acting like a solid rests upon 3 conditions: 1. 2.

3.

The enclosing fabric must be tension-resistantand impermeable to aìr. The stabilizing indoor aîrpressure mustbe permanentand always be higherthan all the forces acting upon the membrane from outside. Each deflection of the envelope shape (with size of area unchanged) must lead to a definite reduction of the volume enclosed.

As a summary, the structural mechanics of air rest upon the resistant of the pneumatic form against external forces. This is the typical feature of form-active systems. Basic systems ofpneumatic structures:

LAir supported hail! pressurized indoor systems The pressurized air in the locked-in volume supports the space envelope and stabilizes it against acting forces. The pressurized volume is the use space as well. The membrane forces are directly discharged at the boundaries.

Y:::

.

2.Alr cushion! double membrane systems The pressurized air within the cushion

-

-,

only to stabilize the bearing membrane and, together with the upper membrane, forms a roof structure. The

serves

forces at the membrane edges transmitted to a restraining structure.

- r ¿.= =,r

=

-.:=-

-

=

'r-n

are

3.Air tube! linear envelope systems (High pressure systems) The pressurized air stabilizes the tube shape and thus forms linear structural members for diverse framework of spanning spaces. The membrane forces will be discharged directly

at the edges much like the air-supported halls.

- lo -

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Arch Structures: Funicular Arch Lever mechanism of funicular arch

due to the rnomeOI of hoizontaI eacUon M

k

the dpanly of the moments M. and M s contertsaied end brnøtng e etsmnated

Bending due to deviation of centre line from funicular curve:

7T

Any deviation of the arch centre line from the funicular compression line will cause either hump or sag of the arch resulting in bending Bending due to additional vertical or horizontal loading:

Any additional load will cause deflection of the arch and hence deviation from the funicular lire of compression resulting in bending.

-11-

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Arch Structures: Thrust Lattice Definition.

The funicular thrust lattice is a doubly curved planar mesh structure with continuous lineal members, in which the loads are transmitted into two dimensions through thhisf mechanics. Basics of the 3-dimensional thrust lattice systems:

3-dimensional load transfer and space spanning through the crossing of two funicular arches in two axes.

Formation of a quadrangular mesh pattern through parallel juxtaposition interpenetration of arch lines.

and

Characteristic of fúnicular thrust lattice:

The structural system is formed by the sheaves of funicular arch lines interpenetrating each other, the lineal members, as with the independent funicular arch, must be bending-resistant against secondary loads. The interpenetration of arch lines must be in such a way that meshes with equal side length will result.

The overall shape of the structure is determined not only by the arch curvatures, but also by

the individual mesh angles. Thus, for maintaining the structural form, the fixing of mesh angles is prerequisite.

The optimum shape for the thrust lattice can be developed empirically by inverting analogous suspension system with uniform meshes.

- 12 -

the

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

1.3

Vector-active structural systems

Definition Short, solid, straight-line elements, i.e.

lineal members are structural components

that (because of their small section in comparison to their length) can transmit only forces in direction of their length, i.e.

normal

stresses

(tension

and/or

corn pression): compressive and tensile members.

Compressive and tensile members in

triangular assemblage form

a

stable

composition complete in itself that, if suitably supported. receives asymmetrical and changing loads and transfers them to the ends.

Compressive and tensile members, arranged in a certain pattern and put together in a system

with hinged joints, form mechanisms that can redirect forces and can transmit loads over long distances without intermediate supports: vector-active structure systems (Vector = line representing magnitude and direction of the force).

Distinction of vector-active structure systems is the triangulated assemblage of straight-line members: triangulation.

Vector-active structural systems effect redirection of forces in that external forces are split

up into several directions by two or more members and are

held

in equilibrium by

suitable counter forces.

Design of the vector-active structural systems The position of truss members in relation to the

Ji

V,

external

-

, .

/

stress

direction

determines

the

magnitude of vector stresses in the members. The suitable one is an angle between 45-60 to the direction of force: it achieves effective redirection with relatively small vector forces.

1' :

4>

Truss Mechanism

Vector-active

structural

systems

are

multi-

component systems, the mechanism of which rests upon the concerted action of individual tensile and compressive members.

Knowledge of how forces can be made to change direction by means of vector resolution

and how the magnitude of vector forces themselves can be checked is indispensable prerequisite for the evolution of structure ideas on a vector-active basis.

Since resolution and combination of forces is basically the core of any physical-mechanical transformation and consequently the essence of the design of any bearing mechanism, the basics of the vector-active mechanisms concern not only the truss systems but any form creation that is intended to redirect forces in order to provide open space. Redirection of forces through vector mechanism has not necessarily to occur in one plane, nor load distribution in one axis. Fissure of forces can be also accomplished both in curved planes or three-dimensional directions.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Relationship with other structural systems By arranging the members in singly or doubly curved planes the advantage of form-active redirection of forces is integrated and thus a cohesive load-carrying and stress resisting mechanism is set up: curved truss system.

Biaxial expansion of triangulated lattice girders leads to the planar space truss.

The mechanism of vector-active redirection of forces can be applied also to other structure systems, especially if these, because of dead weight increase, have reached the limits of feasibility. Thus arches, frames, or shells can also be designed as trussed systems. With regard to the distribution of stresses vector-active structure systems can be compared with those compact structures that have the same shape: in a simply supported trussed girder with parallel chords the member stresses with regard to direction and relative magnitude are similar to the inner stresses of a straight beam likewise supported at both ends. Since

vector-active compositions

are very efficient with respect to changing load conditions and since they are composed of small-scale,

straight-line elements, they are eminently suited to form vertical structure systems for high-rise buildings.

Vector-active systems have great advantages as vertical structure systems for high-rise buildings.

Composed in a suitable pattern they can combine the structural functions of linear load collection, direct load transmission, and lateral wind stability.

Form shaping possibility of the vector-active structural systems Vector-active structure systems, because of their unlimited for three-dimensional expansion with possibility standardized elements at a minimum of space obstruction, are the suitable structure systems for the dynamic building form of the future.

Knowledge of vector-active structure systems therefore is not only basic to the designer of high-rise buildings, but also for the planner of future three-dimensional city structures.

Vector-active structure systems in their skeletal transparency are convincing expression of man's inventive thought of manipulating forces and mastering gravity.

Because of the purely technical treatment of trusses to date, the aesthetic potential of vector-active systems has remained unused. The employment of vector-active structure systems in building construction therefore is characterized by high level structural performance on the one hand and low-level aesthetic refinement on the other.

With the development of clean, accentuated joints and simple, lean member sections, triangulated structure and truss systems in future building will be also mastered aesthetically and will play that form-determining role which design potential and structural quality deserve.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Vector-active structural systems Systems - Material - Span Relationship Materials for Flat Trusses

\

Typical Sean

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 40m 10m to 50m

Wood Metal (steel)

10m to 60m 20m to 100m

Wood Metal (steel)

6m to 25m 10m to 35m

Materials for Transmitted Flat Trusses

Typical Span

Wood Metal (steel)

15m to 60m 15m to 120m

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 30m 10m to 90m

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 45m 15m to 80m

Materials for Curved Trusses

Typical Span

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 30m 10m to 90m

Wood Metal (steel)

8m 1 30m

Wood Metal (steel)

20m to 200m 20m to 500m

Materials for $ace Trusses

Typical Span

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 80m 6m to I 30m

Wood Metal (steel)

8m to 80m 6m to 130m

Wood Metar (steel)

15m to 70m 15m to 150m

10m to 90m

- 15-

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Flat truss Comparison of trvss mechanism with other mechanisms in directing force\ Re-direction of external forces through rigid material section

4J[L

Ic

Beam Mechanism

Re-direction of external forces through suitable

material form

Arch Mecharusm

Re-direction of external forces through suitable

pattern ofindividual members 1=;,-

r Truss Mechanism

Truss iigidity through triangulation of frame:

I-

System of vector separation:

frame with four corner hinges is only theoretically in equilibrium

each etemal load will be l*lä in balance by two or more vector forces

1

I

under asymmetrIcal load the system will fail as long as corners remain flexible Vi

construction height reduced: the member forces will increes because their component in direction ofexternel toad will decrease arid become tess

¿ç

Tvdiagonal member resists

efficent

deflection. the frame becomes a truss consttuct heht increased: the member forces will decrease because their component in direcflon of exiernal load will increase and become mora

ç7__

c)<

second diagonal member ¡ncleases stiffness, but is not requisite for vector action

efficient

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

influence of truss profile upon stress distribution in the chords and web members:

Analogously to the catenary, the funicular thrust line delineates the natural (i.e. determined by gravity) path of compressive forces to the supports within homogeneous structural fabric.

From comparing it with the truss profile conclusion can be drawn regarding the stress distribution within the truss. The farther the distance of structural fabric from the funicular line, foice re-direction and the economy. the lower the efficiency

The general rule is:

of

Double pitched truss:

Only toward the supports, the truss profile approaches the funicular thrust line. Here, the capacity of the chords

is fully utilized and maximum forces will developed.

Critical concentration of forces toward the supports. compression

Parallel chord truss: tension

Only toward mid-span, the truss profile 1

_......

corresponds with the funicular thrust line. Here the capacity of the chords is fully utilized and maximum forces will develop.

Critical concentration of forces in midspan section. Trapezoid-chord truss:

r .

___-

The truss profile largely conforms with

the funicular line. The chords are stressed in mid-span over a much Jonger distance. Forces are more evenly distributed.

Balanced distribution of forces culminating in mid-pan section.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Curved truss Combination of flat truss to forni truss systems for folded or curved planes:

Threefold beating action of the prismatic space truss:

neverse bearing action diagonal arches

transverse bearing action between chords as separate beams

longitudinal bearing action as separate trusses

An example of curved truss system:

two cylindrical

surfaces rising

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Space trusses Bearing mechanism of space truss:

'r

f participation of the truss not directly loaded in resisting deformation

VAV increase of efficiency through juxtaposition of additianat parallel trusses

AAVAYAV further increase of efficiency through combination of the para heI trusses

optimah efficiency through continuity of the system in length and width

Application of space trusses for long-span structures:

-19-

-

.1

' ,

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Surface-active structural systems

I .4

Definition Surfaces, finite and fixed in their form, are the instrument of space definition. Surfaces in space divide space. While dividing it, they terminate it and thus forni new space.

Surfaces are the most effective and most intelligible geometric means of defining space, from interior to exterior, from elevation to elevation, from space to space.

Surfaces, because of their nature to form and determine space, are the elementary abstraction through which architecture asserts itself, both as idea and as reality.

Surface elements in building, if given certain qualities can perform load-bearing functions: structural surfaces. Without additional help they can rise clear above space while carrying loads.

Structural surfaces can be composed to form mechanisms that redirect forces: surfaceactive structure systems. Structural continuity of the elements in two axes, i.e. surface resistance against compressive, tensile, and shear stresses are the first pre-requisite and first distinction of surface-active structures.

Working principle of surface-active structure The potential of the structural surface to make forces change direction, i.e. to carry loads, is dependent on the position of the surface in relation to the direction of the acting force. The beanng mechanism of a structural surface is most effective, if the surface is parallel to the direction of the acting force (for gravitational forces vertical); it is weakest, if the surface is at right angles to the direction of the acting force (for gravitational forces horizontal).

In the fiat structural surface dependent on the direction of the acting force, two different mechanisms of resistance or their combinations are set in motion: slab mechanism, if the acting force is directed at right angles to the surface: plate mechanism, if the acting force is directed parallel to the surface.

While in horizontal structural surfaces the bearing capacity under gravitational load decreases with increasing surface (slab mechanism), in vertical structural surfaces the bearing capacity increases togetherwith the surface expansion (plate mechanism).

Through inclining the surface toward the direction of the acting force by means of folding or curiing, it is possible to reconcile the opposites of horizontal efficiency in the coverage of space and vertical efficiency in the resistance against gravitational forces. structural plate and wall girder

4.

compare with beam and structural slab

+

slab

beam

e ,.,_

.. .

.

-

4 4

4

4 wallgirder

4

structural plate

- 21 -

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Design of surface-active structural systems The shape of the surface determines the bearing mechanism of surface-active systems. Design of the correct form is next to surface continuity the second prerequisite and second distinction of surface-active structure systems.

In surface-active structures it is foremost the proper shape that redirects the acting forces and distributes them in small unit stresses evenly over the surface. The development of an efficient shape for the surface - from structural, utilitarian and aesthetic viewpoints - is a creative act: art.

Through design of an efficient shape for the surface, the mechanism of form-active structures is integrated: the support action of the arch, the suspension action of the cable.

Also the mechanisms of the section-active structure systems, such as continuous beam or hinged frames, can be expressed with the vocabulary of structural surfaces just as the mechanisms of the form-active or vector-active structure systems. That is to say, all structure

systems can be interpreted with surface-active elements and thus may become superstructures for surface-active structure systems.

Determination of structural form through stiffening of surface edge and surface profile is a condition for the functioning of the bearing mechanism. The difficulty here is to design the stiffening elements in a way that avoids any abrupt change of both rigidity and tendency of deflection that would critically stress the junction zone.

Surface-active structure: strict discipline in shaping form Surface-active structure systems are simultaneously the envelope of the internal space and hull of the external building and consequently determine form and space of the building. Thus, they are actual substance of the building and criterion of its quality as a rational-efficient machine, as an aesthetic-significant form.

Because of the identity of structure and building substance surface-active structures permit neither tolerance nor distinction between structure and building. Since structure forni is not arbitrary, the space and form of the building and with them the will of the architect are subjected to the laws of mechanics. Design with structural surfaces then is submitted to discipline. Any devìation from the correct

form infringes upon the economy of the mechanism and may jeopardize the functioning altogether.

Despite the common laws to which any system consisting of structural surfaces is subjected, the mechanism of the known surface-active structure systems are many. Moreover, although each of these mechanisms has its typical way of functioning and its typical basic form, there are within each innumerable possibility for original design. Building with structural surfaces then requires knowledge of the mechanisms of surface-active structure systems: their way of functioning, their geometry, their significance for architectural form and space.

Knowledge of the possibilities of how to develop a self-supporting and load-carrying system consisting of space enclosing surfaces, therefore, is indispensable material of learning for the designer of structures, architect or engineer.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Surface-active structural systems Systems - Material - Span Relationship

rr I

H

4

4L'1

I1

'

ji

Matenals for Plate Structure

TvpicaISan

Reinforced concrete Wood

8m to 50m 6m to 50m

Reinforced concrete Wood

10m to 60m 8m to 50m

Reinforced concrete Wood

5m to 25m 8m to 20m

Materials for Folded Plate Structure

Tvical Sn

Reinforced concrete Wood

10m to 60m 8m to 50m

Reinforced concrete Wood

20m to 200m 15m tol5Om

Reinforced concrete Wood

20m to 100m 15m to 80m

Reinforced concrete Wood

10m to 90m 10m to 70m

i fr11

a' £'

Ii

Materials for Folded

E1

Shell Structure

Typical

Sean

Reinforced concrete

10m to 75m

Reinforced concrete

20m to 200m

Reinforced concrete

I 5m to 90m

Reinforced concrete Wood

15m to 70m 15m to 60m

Reinforced concrete

20m to 100m

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Folded Plate Structure Bearing action of singly folded plate:

/

simplified flow of stresses in singly folded plate

slab action

\

truss (frame) action plate action

Advantages of single fold structure over rib-slab structure:

span SP

4

4

reduction of slab span to about half because each fold acts as rigid support

+ elimination of ribs because each plane acts also as beam in longitudinal direction

increase of spanning capacity through incrase of construction height

Stiffening against critical deformations of fold pMe:

dislocation of lower edges buckling of one plate buckling of both plates

diaphragm below folds

diaphragm above folds

- 24 -

transverse stiffen Ing

change of fold angle

ngd frame below folds

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Shell Structure: Cylindrical Shell Bearing action of singly curved shell:

4

arch action

simplified flow of stresses

plate action

slab action

Bearing mechanism of singly curved shell- membrane stresses:

e

Is

Stiffening against critical deflection of transverse profile- typical forms of stiffen ers;

diaphragm below shell

diaphragm above shell

rigid frame

-25-

arch with tension cable

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Shell Structure: Dome Shell Membrane forces in mtational shells under symmetrical loading.

The shell element will be kept in equilibrium only by the meridian force and by the hoop force. Because of syrnmetiical loading no

shear will be developed in any section of shell.

Bending of lower edge: boundaiy disturbances:

+

-r flexibility of supports

1

4,

hA

frictional resistance

horizontal reaction

With flexible supports lower edge of shell can expand freely: only membrane stresses. However, if this motion is obstructed by friction of the supports, bending disturbance is introduced. The same will be the case when, for non-vertical final tangent of edge, a ring beam is built in which the expansion differs from that of the lower edge of the shell. Reduction of edge disturbances through pm-stressing of ring beam:

tenIe hoop rorcas

Opposite hoop deflection of lower edge of shell and of ring bean, caused by opposite direction of ring forces.

Reversal of deflective direction in ring beam through pre-stressing and hence elimination ofopposite hoop deflection.

-26-

.

A

Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Shell Structure: Saddle Shells Bearing mechanism of straight edged hypar' swlace:

The 'hyper' shell functions in one axis as arch mechanism, in the other axis as suspension mechanism. While in

one axis the shell deflects under compressive stresses and tends to give way, it is prevented from doing so

by tensile stresses ¡n the other axis. The resultant of the surface stresses acts in direction of the edge. Consequently the edge remains free of bending.

stabilization against tilting of shell

anchoring of high poInts with cables

buttressing of edge beams with struts

-27-

rigid connection of base points with foundation

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

1.5

Hybrid structural systems

Definition Two structural systems with dissimilar mechanics of redirecting forces can be locked together to form a single operational construction with new mechanics: hybrid structure systems.

Precondition for the hybrid structure system is that the two parental systems in their bearing function are basically equipotent and that in their new behaviour they are dependent upon one another.

Hybrid systems are not to be understood as such system combinations in which one of the parental systems plays a minor role in the redirection of forces or in which each system in the bearing process performs a separate function for itself such as load reception, load transfer, stabilization, etc.

Hybrid systems do not qualify as a unique structure 'family' or as a characteristic structure 'type', because:

They do not possess an inherent mechanism for redirection of forces They do not develop a specific condition of acting forces or stresses They do not command structural features characteristic to them

Differing from the typical structural families, hybrid structural systems, then, are characterized not by a particular mechanism of redirecting forces and by a distinctiveness of structural forms but by the specific behaviour stemming from the systems pairing.

System linkage of structural families

The interlocking of different structure families, for forming a single operational hybrid construction, is rendered possible through three basic kinds of systems linkage: Parallel joining = Superposition or alignment Successive joining = Coupling Cross joining =lnterpenetrating

In the superposition kind of hybrid systems linkages, redirection of forces will be collectively

performed by two different structure systems joined ¡n parallel order over the full functional length. Usually the parallel linkage superimposes one system on top of the other, but also a lateral systems alignment is theoretically possible. In the coupling type of hybrid systems linkage, redirection of forces will be performed in that different structure systems are selected according to the mechanical requirements prevailing in the various sections of the functional length and are joined successively one behind the other. Thus, also multiple couplings are possible.

A hybrid linkage can also be attained by having the elements of the one structure crossing those of another in grid like fashion: cross joining.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Example of hybrid structure A wide field for the application of hybiid structure systems is provided in particular through the interlocking of vector-active or section-active linear girders with cable structures: systems with external cable supports systems with integrated cable stressing

The border-line to the well-known pre-stressed systems with their simple, occasionally only partial, extension of the stressing tendon is vanable.

Design of hybrid structural systems Designing hybrid structural systems essentially is concerned with two objectives:

.

Creating a oneness out of two independent systems in both, mechanical and aesthetic sense

.

Tracing out and bringing to bear the synergetic relationships between the systems families

To master these tasks requires a comprehensive knowledge about all different structure systems, especially the images of their flow of forces and their form deflections under varying loading.

Hybrid structure systems are particularly appropriate for buildings exposed to extreme stresses: wide-span structures and high-rises. Here the possibilities resulting from the linkage of two systems with opposite phenomena of member stresses and of form deflections have yet to be uncovered.

Though the mechanical causality of hybrid systems is beyond question, still visual-aesthetic considerations can become a starting-point and final goal for the development of new hybrid systems; such design approach too, has thus far remained largely unexplored.

Out of the lockage of dissimilar structure systems each with distinct mechanical and formal characteristics evolve promising means and possibilities for developing new structure systems with high-level performance and with definite impulses for the design of form and space in architecture.

Hybrid structural systems, then, occupy a particular field within the theory of structures. Although not commanding a mechanism of their own and consequently not qualifying as a systems type, still their synergetic potential plus an infinite variety of combinative possibilities are license enough to forming a separate and important, though quite dissimilar branch of structural systems.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Potential of hybrid structural systems .u..111u.ni.nu.uiiu...wpiiuiu

uliuuluu,imui. iiui.uiuuimsuiiuuiniiuuii

IIii

lIiliII

i

Iii'

I

IIIiIIIVIV

Ih

lII

lu

hii'

.'&,iriiw

1

systems couplIng

Compensation of critical fornes:

By superposition, critical forces of one can be diminished or wholly compensated by the opposite forces of the system

4-

other.

e

Example: Horizontal forces in opposite directions at the supports of arch and suspension cable.

_

rTi_ -L____

Structural multi-function:

By superposition it is possible to assign to the individual structural member different functions from the systems superimposed. Example: Function of top chord as continuous beam in bending or as member of suspension system.

Reduction of deformation:

By superposition of systems with opposing deflective behaviour the deformation of one system will be held back by that of the other.

Example: Rigid frame structure with max shift at both ends and trussed girder with max shift in the middle.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

2.0

Sports Space Technical Design Consideration

2.1

Introduction

In any spatial design, we should take care of its function, the users' perception of space as well as the technical systems that support the proper use of the space. This happens all the same in the design of a sports space. But as a special and independent building type we should have more issues to be considered. ¡t is because there will be sports players, spectators and the administrators for we should individually cater for, each of them having its specific spatial and technical requirement. And do believe, for the purpose of I

sports events, the mode of activitIes (how people behave) are quite different from we observe and understand in daily life. What's more, the handling of mass spectator circulation will be an independent chapter for we should study in depth.

The purpose of this section s to outline some of the elementary technical data and design consideration specifically for the design of a stadium, which can be used in tackling the problem n thesis design, or even help in generating design idea.

The matters presented in this section are the first few decisions in a process that will ultimately involve hundreds of design judgements. But these are controlling decisions, and once they have been rationally made there should be regular checks to ensure that the evolving design never contradicts or moves away from them.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

2.2

Orientation of Playing Field Design factors

The orientation of the playing field will depend on the uses to which it will be put, the main factors being: the hemisphere in which the stadium is located the period of the year in which the designated sports will be played the times of day these events will be played specific local environmental conditions such as wind direction

All the guidelines below apply to open stadiums in temperate zones in the northern hemisphere, and we should make necessary adjustments for the design of stadium in Hong Kong.

Football and rugby An ideal orientation for the playing area is to have its longitudinal axis running north-south, or

perhaps northwest-southeast. With these orientations the sun will be at the side of the stadium during play. (B: range acceptable for football and ruby)

American football and baseball The sun should be at the side of the pitch during play. This suits the players, the spectators and the TV cameras.

Athletics Field and track sports in Asian Game take place mostly during the summer and autumn months. Runners and hurdlers approaching the finishing line should not have the sun in their eyes and nor, ideally, should spectators. The ideal orientation in the northern hemisphere s for the longitudinal axis of the track to run 15 degrees west of north (C: best range for track and field and pitch games). The same applies to the stadïum, which should be situated on the same side as the home straight and as close to the finish line as possible.

Sometimes it is difficult to achieve the above track orientations while also conforming to the requirements for wind direction. Where possible, alternative dïrections should therefore be provïded for running, jumping and throwing events.

Tennis

The longitudinal axis of the court should run north-south. Diverging by up to 22 or 23 degrees in either direction is acceptable, and diverging by 45 degrees is the limit. If matches are to be played in early morning or late evening the orientation becomes more critical.

ci:Li:..

.

- 32 -

____

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Zoning of Stadium

2.3

Planning for safety To plan the position of the stadium on the site, and to start decide the interrelationship of its major parts is best to be done by identifying the four zones which make up the safety plan

(refer to the diagram below). The size and location of these zones are critical to the performance of the stadium in an emergency, and they are:

. outside stadium

s circulation area

.

actvdy ara

s

ZONE 4 final safety zone

Zone 4- the open space outside the perimeter fence and separating it from the transportation

temp safety z

ZONE 3 temp safety zone

Zone 3- the circulation area surrounding the stadium structure and separating ¡t from the perimeter fence

vewlng are

I

Zone 1- the activity area (that is the central field on which the games take place) Zone 2- the spectator terraces and concourses surrounding the activity area

The purpose of such zoning is to allow spectators to escape from their seats, in an emergency, to a series of intermediate safety zones leading ultimately to a place of permanent safety outside. lt provides a clear and helpful framework for design for a stadium.

Designers must recognize that the stadium must be designed on the assumption of management failure. There should, where possible, be a Zone 3 within the outer perimeter to which spectators can escape and where they will be safe even if the perimeter gates are locked, cutting them off from the outside world.

Zone 4

The stadium should ideally be surrounded by access to transportation. Between this ring of transportation and the stadium perimeter there should be a vehicle-free zone described as Zone 4, which can serve several useful purposes: From the point of view of safety, it is called 'permanent' safety zone to which spectators can escape from the stands via Zone 3, and safely remain until the emergency has been dealt with. It should be possible to accommodate the whole of the stadium population here at a density of 4 to 6 people per square metre. From the point of view of everyday circulation, Zone 4 provides a belt of space in which spectators may circumnavigate the stadium to get from one entrance gate to another, assuming their first choice of gate was wrong. Every effort should be made to ensure

that people are directed from their points of arrival to the appropriate gate for their particular seat, but mistakes will always be made and there should be an easy route round the stadium to allow for this.

.

Retail points, meeting points and information boards can also very usefully be located in this zone of open space. To serve this social function the surface and its fittings (kiosks, information boards, etc.) should be pleasantly designed.

The above point can be taken further with Zone 4 serving as a pleasantly landscaped buffer zone between the 'event' and the outside world. Stadium performances are essentially escapist, and their enjoyment cari be heightened by visually disconnecting the audience from the workaday outside environment.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Zone 3

The stadium perimeter wifl form the security line across which no one may pass without a valid ticket. Between this tine of control and the actual stadium structure is Zone 3, which may have two functions:

From the point of view of safety, it is a place of 'temporary safety' to which spectators

may escape directly from the stadium, and from which they can then proceed to permanent safety in Zone 4 lt is therefore a kind of reservoir between Zones 2 and 4. If the pitch (Zone 1) is not designated as a temporary safety zone, then Zone 3 should be

large enough to accommodate the whole stadium population at a density of 4 to 6 peopte per square metre. But if Zone i is so designated Zone 3 may be reduced appropriately. In all cases the number of exit gates, and their dimensions, must allow the necessary ease and speed of egress from one zone to another.

.

From the point of view of everyday circulation, Zone 3 is the main circumnavigation route for people inside the stadium perimeter (i.e. who have surrendered their tickets and passed the control points).

Zone 2

This comprises the viewing terraces, the internal concourses, and the social areas (restaurants, bars, etc.). lt is the zone that must be evacuated in case of emergency, and is

situated between Zones i and 3. lt must be designed for easy and safe escape from each individual seat, first to a place of temporary safely (Zones i or 3) and then to permanent safety (Zone 4).

There is often a second line of security between Zones 2 and 3 where tickets are checked, with perhaps a fina] check inside Zone 2 for individual seat position, and there will often be a fence or moat along the inner periphery, where the stands meet the pitch. These barriers must not impede people trying to flee from a fire or other emergency.

Zone I The pitch or event space forms the very centre of the stadium. Along with Zone 3 it can serve the additional purpose of being a place of temporary safety, on the following conditions:

.

The escape routes from the seating areas to the pitch roust be suitably designed i.e. escape will not be an easy matter if there is a barrier separating pitch and seating terraces.

.

The surface material of the pitch must be taken into account.

Barriers between zones I

C

;J_

In all

_:_

cases the number of exit

gates, and their dimensions, must allow the necessary ease and

speed of egress from one zone to another.

r-

.

.

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Technical Study Report

2.4

High-Density Sports Complex

Roof Design

Shading from the sun

For afternoon matches, which are the majority, the main stand should face east with a minimum of spectators having to look Into the sun from a west-facing stand.

In all cases the efficiency of a roof in shading its occupants from the sun. and the extent of shadow ¡t casts upon the pitch at different times of the day and year, must be studied by computer modelling. Such modelling should proceed in parallel with wind tunnel testing, especially if the playing surface is to be natural grass, because a combination of shading from sunlight and reduced airflow at pitch level has an adverse effect on the durability and quality of grass.

Shelter from wind and rain As far as plan shape is concerned, designers should note that continuous roofs arranged in a circle or ellipse, as opposed to separate roofs with gaps between, normally have a calming effect on the air inside the stadium. This creates more comfortable conditions for spectators

and performers. Such improved conditions can measurably enhance the performance of athletes. One disadvantage is that too little airflow in wet climates (e.g. spring time in Hong Kong) may give inadequate drying of a grass pitch after rain, which may argue in favour of open corners between the stands. A balance must be struck between such differing and possibly contradictory factors.

The above diagram shows a simple model of the degree of protectìon offered by a stadium canopy. For actual design more detailed studies are needed taking into account factors such as orientation, prevailing wind direction and local patterns of turbulence. Factors to be included in the detail design investigations are: prevailing wind directions and velocities

. .

prevailing air temperatures. and whether winds at match times are likely to contain rain, local patterns of air turbulence caused by surrounding buildings and, of course, by the proposed stadium design itself conflict between the needs of spectators (wanting protection from wind and sun) and the desirability of a natural grass pitch

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Obstruction to viewing The roof edge must be high enough that the majority of spectators keep sight of the ball when

it rises high in the air, and spectators' views of the pitch should not be obstructed by roof supporting columns.

Design life

Different elements will have different design lives. The load bearing structure (columns, beams and trusses) will always have the longest replacement cycle, usually 50 years unless otherwise decided; roof coverings 15-20 years or more depending on type; and finishes will have the shortest cycle, the actual length depending on the type and quality of finish and

standard of maintenance. These periods must be discussed and decided with the cost consultants at briefing stage as part of the 'whole-life costing of the stadium. Elements that have shorter life cycles than the load beanng structure, such as claddings, must be designed for reasonably easy replacement.

Designing for wind uplift

When considering alternative forms of roof structure it must be remembered that holding the roof up is not the only structural problem. Wind pressure under the roof may at times create

a much more serious problem of

holding the roof down. This uplift condition is often momentary and may introduce a further complication by setting up an oscillation in the roof beams that must be dampened by the structure.

The problem is particularly great in lightweight structures that have insufficient mass to naturally dampen the bounce. Increasing the weight of the structure specifically to resist conditions of uplift is a possible solution. but an expensive one because these conditions may

apply only occasionally. An alternative approach is to adequately stiffen the lightweight structure, partly with special braces and partly by deliberately enhancing the structural potential of elements that are normally non-load bearing (cladding panels, fascia panels and

the like), so that they are able to play a part in transferring loads to the more massive elements and help to control vibration.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Pitch dimensions. layout and boundaries

2.5

Dimensions and layout The diagrams below set out the basic dimensions of the playing areas plus surrounding safety zones for the major sports.

Football Safety margins should be 6 m wide behind the goal line and 3 m along the side touch-lines

and the grass surface should extend beyond the touch lines by at least 3m and 2m respectively. A natural turf pitch is recommended by the governing bodies and is the only surface allowed for some competitions, but the use of artificial surfaces may become more widely accepted. IB3m

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There should be a margin of at least 6 m at each end of the pitch and at least 2 in, but preferably 6 m, at each side. Natural grass is currently the only accepted surface. Markings are in white, 76 min wide, and are not included in the playing area.

- 37 -

High-Densíty Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Athletics track and field Lanes are always 1.22 m wide to the centre of markings. Whatever the layout, the central area must have a natural grass surface because this is obligatory for field throwing events. The running tracks on the other hand may be surfaced with a variety of synthetic materials. E1

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- 38 -

1

High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

The playing area surround The following criteria are laid down by FIFA and UEFA for football pitches:

.

There should be two units of seating, accommodating ten people each, on the two sides of the centre line. They must be at ground level and protected from the weather.

Advertising boards must never obstruct spectators' sight lines, must under no circumstances be located where they could endanger players, and must not be constructed in any fashion or of any material which could endanger players. They must not be higher than 900 mm and must be located at least 6 m behind the goal, at least 5 m behind the side lines and at least 3m behind the corner flags.

Multi-purpose use The stadium accommodates an athletics track around the pitch and thereby provides a multi-

purpose facility. In the UK the separation of the spectators from the playing field by the running track, effectively pushing everyone away from the action by 10 or 12 m, has never gained acceptance. British football clubs pride themselves on providing a close concentrated

atmosphere to watch the game and consequently forego the possibility of sharing their grounds with an athletics club. lt is possible that by using movable seating tiers and other devices, the close football atmosphere and athletics can be made to work together.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Crowd Control

2.6

Perimeter fences

There are two reasons for having a fence between spectators and pitch. The first is the protection of players and officials from hostile spectators. The second is the protection of a natural grass pitch surface from compaction of the subsoil by spectators' feet.

On the other hand, the disadvantage is visual: most fences are an obstruction to proper viewing of the game, and usually are unsightly. The second disadvantage is safety. In cases of mass panic on the stands or escape from fire, the playing field is an obvious zone of safety and an intervening fence that prevents people from reaching it can create a death trap.

perimeter fences protect the pitch from crowd invasion but also obstruct viewing. are often unsightly may hinder escape in cases of emergency

and

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:::i 3M PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

The need for a fence is most likely in the case of soccer, particularly in countries or individual grounds with a history of violent crowd behaviour.

A key reference in the UK is the Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds. It recommends that perimeter fencing height should be a maximum of 2.2 m. This, it should be noted, is the minimum height recommended byFlFAand UEFA for soccer stadium. The fence must be robust and if there is not a crash barrier incorporated into the design then

the fence should be capable of withstanding crowd pressures equal to those that would normally be expected ofa crowd barrierata heightofl.1 m above the nosing. The fence must be as unclimbable as possible.

The design should allow the fence to be unobtrusive and permit the best vision possible through to the playing area. The effect of dirt, weather, unwanted reflections and wear and tear must be considered.

There must be adequate provision for escape through the fence, either in the form of gates, opening panels or collapsible sections. Whichever method is used for escape it should be

recognized that this is a critical element of the design and it should be as 'fool-proof' as possible. The openings should be sized in accordance with the total number of spectators required to gain access on to the playing area in an emergency. These openings should be clearly identified visually. If opening or collapsible fences are to be incorporated into a stadium they must be of a design capable of withstanding the significant loads of crowd pressure when

in use and it must be ensured that, under these conditions, the opening mechanisms will remain reliable and 'fail-safe'.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Moats

It is relatively easy to design the pitch side of a moat to be unclimbable and also to police a moat with security staff so that crowd invasion is easily controlled. The moat may serve a further purpose in providing a circulation route around the stadium for three groups of people:

officials and security staff needing to gain quick and easy access to some part of the viewing stands ambulances and emergency vehicles the media

The major advantage of the moat is that the crowd control and other functions listed above can be achieved inconspicuously and without impeding the view of spectators to the field. Its aesthetic qualities are therefore far superior to those of a perimeter fence.

a typical accessible moat

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S2.5M' But the use of a moat will increase the distance between the playing field and the spectators. Forthis reason moats may be more appropriate to a large stadium, where an additional 2.5 m or 3 m will be a relatively modest fraction of the overall dimensions involved.

The most precise recommendations are those laid down for football stadium by FIFA and UEFA: a minimum width of 2.5 m and a mìnimum depth of 3.0 m; sufficiently high bafflers on both sides to prevent people falling into the moat; and the provision of safety escape routes

across the moat in those stadium where the playing area is a means of escape in an emergency. Moats should not contain water but be constructed in such a way that unlawful intrusion on to the pitch is prevented - for example by climbing obstructions inside them.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Changes of level The combination of a depression, less deep than the moats described above, and a barrier, not as high as the fences gives quite an effective deterrent to crowd inva&on of the pitch while still providing good access around the perimeter of the pitch for official use. Alternatively the first row of seats can be lifted sufficiently high above the playing area to make pitch invasion difficult, though not impossible. This is the so-called 'bullring' method often used in the USA.

the bullring' solulion, or level change. is widely used

in baseball and American football stadium in USA '-

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The bullring method has the advantage of being able to accommodate a large number of players, officials and others at the side of the pitch without obstructing the view from the spectator seats.

But the methods described above are only moderately effective barriers to pitch invasion, deterring only the less motivated invaders. They are therefore most suitable where crowds are known to be well-behaved or where good stewarding is provided.

Lifting the height of the first row of seats, as in the bullring method, hampers the design of good sightlines from the seating tier behind, particularly in a large stadium.

Typical dimensions of the moat plus barrier method are a 1.5 m deep moat, plus a i m high fence on the pitch side. Typical dimensions of the bulking method are to raise the first row of seating T .5m or 2m above pitch level.

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Technical Study Report

2.7

High-Density Sports Complex

SDectatorVlewlna

Viewing distance Optimum viewing distance:

Calculation of maximum viewing distance is based on the fact that the human eye finds it difficult to perc&ve anything clearly that

subtends an angle of less than about 0.4 degrees particularly if the object is moving rapidly. In the case of a football, which is in diameter, the approximately 250mm calculation sets the preferred viewing distance at no more than 150m between the

extreme corner of the field and spectator's eye, with an absolute maximum of 190 m. In the case of a tennis ball, which is only 75mm in dìameter, the preferred maximum distance reduces to around 30m.

Setting out these distances from the extreme viewing positions, such as the diagonally opposed corners of a playing field, gives a preferred viewing zone and their average configuration suggests a circle struck from the centre spot on the field, generally referred to as the 'optimum viewing circle'. This circle in the case of football and rugby would have a radius of 90m. Practical limitations:

The simple circular plan areas developed above are only a starting point for laying out the viewing terraces and must be modified in several ways.

The spectators are not sitting at ground level but are raised above the ground by as much as 20 or 30 m in a large stadium. In big stadium the effect of this elevation must be taken into account by calculating the direct distances from the elevated spectators to the centre of the field. Moreover, spectators have preferred viewing locations for each particular sport, so that seats in some areas of the optimum viewing circle would be less satisfactory than others at the same distance from the game. Preferred viewing locations:

In the case of football, conventionally the best seats are on the long sides of the field, which give a good view of the game and flow of the game between the two opposing goalposts. But there is also a tradition for highly motivated team supporters to view the game from the short ends, behind the goal posts, where they get a good view of the side movements and line openings which present themselves to the opposing teams. Designing for multi-use

stadium:

Each particular sporting type has its own ideal viewing distances and seat positions, and whìle

it may be possible to satisfy these in a stadium dedicated to one particular kind of sport it becomes much more difficult in a facility that must accommodate different sports with different characteristics.

Football and athletics are much less compatible, even though these sports are frequently accommodated in the same stadium. This is at great cost to viewing quality. Placing an athletics track around the perimeter of a football field has the effect of pushing football fans so far away from the pitch that their sense of involvement with the game suffers.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Viewing angles and sightlìnes The term 'sightline' does not refer to the distance between spectator and pitch: it refers to the spectator's ability to seethe nearest point of interest on the playing field (the 'point of focus') comfortably over the heads of the people in front. In other words it refers to a height, not a distance. The calculation of N, the riser height is given below: o

LR where: iV

riser height:

R = heigh! between eye on

point of

focus' on Ehe playing field:

D = distance from eye to point of focus' .

on the playing field;

C

__

C' value,'

T = depth of.seating row.

In principle the calculation method is simple, but in real design it is not easy because the angle must be calculated many times over for each individual row in a stadium. This is because the optimum viewing angle varies with both the height of the spectator's eye above pitch level and its distance from the pitch; and every time either of these factors changes for a particular row of seats the computation must be repeated. Calculation method

Decidethe pointoffocus on the playing field. 2.

Decide a suitable 'C' value. 'C' value is the assumed distance between the sightline to the pitch, and the centre of the eye of the spectator below. In general 150 mm would

be an excellent design value. For new design a 'C' value of 90 min is an ideal minimum.

Choosing a low value such as 90 min or even 60mm makes for easier stand design, and in the case of large stadium these may be the maxìmum feasible values if an excessively steep seating angle is to be avoided. 3.

Decide the distance between the front row of seats and the point of focus. The greater this distance, the shallower can be the rake of the stand, and the lower the back rows,

all of which are advantageous factors. However, site restrictions may well dictate a tight spacing, in which case a steeply raked stadium becomes inevitable. 4.

Decide the level of the front row of seats relative to the playing field. The higher these seats are raised above playing field level, the better viewing standards will be, but the steeper the rake will be. The chosen method of separating the crowd from the playing field will influence this decision. Angle of rake

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Choosing a stadium profile that minimizes the distance between spectators and

playing field may give a rake that is too steep for comfort or safety. lt is generally accepted that an angle of rake steeper than 34 degrees (approximately the angle of a stair) is uncomfortable and induces a sense of vertigo ¡n some people as they descend the gangways, even if regulations in some countries do allow steeper angles.

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High-Density Sports Complex

Technical Study Report

Suectator Chculatlon

2.8

Overall design for Inward movement Clarity of mutes:

People enter the stadium from the area outside must then thread their way through a succession of turnstiles, corridors, circulation passages and doorways to the individual seating

or standing position. But a large multilevel stadium can be a very confusing place and a spectator may rapidly become exasperated if he cannot find his way from the entrance gate to

his seat and must repeatedly double back to try another route. There are four methods for minimizing or avoiding this problem:

keeping choices simple (so that people are

never faced with complex or difficult

decisions) ensuring clear visibility of the whole stadium (so that people always know where they are ¡n relation to exits) clear signs good stewarding Simple choices. ZDN

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possible the visitor

should never be faced with an interchange where many routes are open to him, only one of which is right. The ideal is to provide the spectator with a series of simple Y

or TJunctlons as he moves from the entrance gate to his seat. He must be confronted with one (and

only one) decision at a time, in ENTRANCES ÖJSIOE ATAJIUI4

ZCIC

such a way that when he has taken the final decision he has arrived at his seat.

This flow diagram shows in schematic form a typical circulation pattern where choices have been reduced to 'yes' and 'no' decisions both when entering the stadium and when leaving. In this example there are several main entrances, each giving access to a different part of the stad lu m.

While the primary circulation route should lead the spectator in the correct direction in deterministic fashion as described above, there should also be a secondary route allowing the

spectator who has ended up in the wrong place to find his way back. This secondary 'correcting route' is almost as important as the primary circulation routes.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Clianges or level can be benelícial il careturly øesignea. nie snort stair fleips slow clown incoming spectators, and enables those leaving to see the heads of the people in front.

Clear visibility:

Clarity is the first priority at every stage of entering or leaving the stadium, and designers should try to make the stadium as open as possible, so that crowds are visually aware at all times of where they are, and that alternative means of escape are open to them if needed. The need for maximum visibility is especially important in the case of sudden changes in direction, in width of corridor, in surface level, or in lightness and darkness. Such abrupt changes can be dangerous and should in general be avoided; but ifthat is impossible then the

stadium-user should see them clearly in advance so that he does not stumble upon the transition unprepared.

Clear systems

of signs

Clarity of stadium layout should be reinforced by an equally logical system of signs if spectators are to find their way about easily. dependably and safely.

A comprehensive sequence of signs should begin off the site, directing traffic and pedestrians first to the correct part of the ground, then to their particular entrance, and then stage by stage to every individual part of the building. The 'direction' signs leading people along their route must be supplemented at regular intervals by 'information signs which give information on the

location of different seating areas, catering outlets, toilets and other amenities. All signs should be designed for ease of reading; placed followed by; high enough to be seen over peopl&s heads and located in a consistent way so that people know where to look as they hurry through the building. Distancing of facilities from circulation mutes:

Many ancillary facilities must be provided in a stadium if spectators are to fully enjoy an event:

programme sales kiosks, bars, cafeterias, child care centres and the like. These should be eye-catching and pleasing, but off the main circulation routes so that queues of people do not disrupt the primary circulation flow. Such facilities should always be located at least 6m away from entrances or exits.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Overall design for outward movement Normal ogress from stadium:

This layout should follow the same pattern as the branching ofa tree. Tracing the route back troni the individual seat to the exit gate, one may say that the individual twigs lead to small branches, which lead to larger branches, which lead ultimately to the trunk that is the public road. The twigs or smaller branches should never be connected directly to the trunk as this may cause the flow on the branch line to hesitate, causing congestion and aggravation and (if the stadium is being emptied in conditions of emergency) serious risk. Emergency egress fmm stadium:

The requirement is that spectators must be able to move from their seats to a temporary

safety zone, and thence to the permanent safety zone in a specified time. From this requirement may be calculated both the maximum allowable distances from spectator seats to intermediate places of safety, and thence to exits, and the minimum allowable widths of all the passageways and doorways along those routes. The calculation that should be made is that known as 'timed exit analysis' (TEA). Timed exit analysis

This is a step-by-step computation of the time it takes spectators to move from seat to a place of permanent safety. It proceeds as follows:

I

.

2.

Take the 'worst case' in each subdivision of the stadium. This will be the seat furthest from the exit in the section under review.

Calculate the distance in metres from that seat to the 'temporary' safety zone, and thence to the 'permanent' safety zone. Level areas and ramps must be measured separately from staircases.

3.

Assume that spectators move along the level floors and ramps at 100m per minute, and down stairways at 30m per minute. Further assume that 40 people per minute cari pass through one 'exit width' (600 mm for corildors and also for doorways, gates, etc.).

4.

Add up the walking times for the 'worst case' spectator selected above, all the way from his seat to Zone 4.

5

Subtract this time from the 'escape peciod' required by regulation, or in case of doubt from eight minutes.

6.

Calculate widths of all passages and doorways or gateways along these routes in units of 600mm (i.e. a passage that is 600mm wide is lone unit exit width', one that is 1200 min wide is 'two exit unit widths'. Now check that the total number of spectators seated or standing in a particular section can actually exit in the time calculated above, and ¡f they cannot then widths must be increased.

7.

Repeat the above 'distance' and 'width' calculations for each subdivision of the stadium, so that no spectator seating or standing area has been missed out, and revise the stadium layout if necessary until the entire stadium complies with safety requirements.

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Technical Study Report

High-Density Sports Complex

Bibliography Books:

Structure Systems Heino Engel

Structures Daneil L. Schodek

Shaping Structures- Statics Waclaw Zalewski and Edward Allen Sports Architecture

Rod Shread

Stadia- A Design and Development Guide GeraintJohn& Rod Shread

Sporting Spaces images Pub. Group

The Stadium- The Architecture of Mass Sport Michelle Provoost

The Shape of Space- Indoor Sports Spaces Crane and Dixon

-48 -

Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report:

Asian Games Village: a High-Density Sports Complex In Shatin

Candidate

Law Cheuk Fung, Jimmy 1996044191 M.Arch II 2001-2002 Department of Architecture, HKU

Supervisor Mr. Peter T.T.Kou

-1-

Special Study Report

Sports

Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Contents 1.0

Introduction-who's involved?

3

2.0

Siorts Space DesiQn for Athletes

2.1

Introduction The activity area

4 4 5 6 6

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Theenvironment Floodlighting Competitors' facilities

7

3.0

Sp$iaieDesiiiti for SDectators

3.1

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Introduction The queuing experience Spectator safety Spectator service Viewing areas Division between spectators and participants

4.0

Snorts FacIlities for the Disabled

16

4.1

16

4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

Introduction Vehicular access and parking Footpaths, ramps and steps Signposting Entrance Circulation Social areas and spectators facilities Changing rooms and showers Access and safety of outdoorfacilities

17 18 18 18 19 19

5.0

Reference

20

6.0

BibliopraDhy

21

-2-

8 8 10 12

13 14

15

17 17

Special Study Report

1.0

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Introduction - Who's Involved?

To succeed in a sports complex design the space must address to and be accepted by many different interest groups, not only the sports players, but also the spectators, officials and event holders, local authorities, business sponsors and media companies. All of these groups have their own needs and play their independent role in a sports event. As a result the sports space design must be carefully planned and cater for their individual needs.

There are three primary interest groups whose requirements are a key issue of the sports space design. These are the participants, the spectators and the owner/operators,

Sports participants

Without participants there are no events. Participants expect a good and safe standard of playing or performance conditions, ideally with a large volume of audiences and, in certain circumstances, good television and media coverage. For casual sports players, provision of facilities and their immediate environment is their main concern. Spectators

The spectators (for a event like Asían Game) expect an enjoyable, safe day event in a stimulating environment. They are the primary group of people involved, without whose support the entire event will certainly fail. Owner/operators

The owner/ operators try to attract the spectators to the venue in sufficient numbers and by managing them in a safe, efficient and organized manner. (For the scope of this special study report, this part of study will not go in detail) The above mentioned are the backbone of a complex project. lt is only by designing for each of these groups- by thinking through logically what each requïres from the facility- that we

have a chance of achieving a higher standard of design. In this special study report, the interest groups and their requirements to sports space design will be looked at closely. Whereas the general structural design and overall planning parameters have been covered in the technical study report, this report will focus more on the design of space that cater for the users.

The disable athletes and spectators also form an interest group for sports space, especially in this modern urban society. This will form an individual chapter in this special study report.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

2.0

Sports Space Design for Athletes

2.1

Introduction

If spectators are to derive the maximum enjoyment from a stadium, it follows that the needs of

the participants must be considered with extreme care and attention during the design process. This includes provision for their safe and trouble-free arrival at the stadium, and their facilities for changing, bathing, warming-up, treatment, meeting with the media and post-event socializing.

But most important of all for participants is of course the pitch, track, court or stage, the focal point of the entire venue: its quality, dimension, security and lighting levels. This is the place where the athletes put into practice their months and years of training and preparation, where

their dreams may be fulfilled and their worst nightmares realized. Attention to detail is therefore absolutely vital.

The following is a checklist of main area of consideration in designing space for athletes: Changing facilities Medical facilities

Participants' storage Concert facilities Activity area Activity technology Security Pitch lighting Social facilities Support facilities

space requirements, relationships positioning space requirements, relationships, positioning numbers, space requirements, positioning space requirements, special services, positioning general pitch and track design, construction, servicing necessary sports operation technology, measurement, recording general provision, location, facility layout lumen requirements, fixture location, general strategy space requirements, positioning space requirements, services, positioning ,

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

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2.2

The Activity Area

The geometry, dimensions and markings of a sports pitch are prescribed for each individual sport by its governing body. (Since different sports have its own set of design data and it will forni another huge chapter, this special study report will not go into detail in recording Ihe data.) In addition to the basic dimensions, it is important to allow adequate safety and overrun space around the pitch. The key design issues affecting the participants in field sports are the type and quality of the playing surface.

Artificial surface offer the more cost-effective solution in the long term, because they require relatively little maintenance and allow intensive use and play in all weathers. However, for some of the sports, say soccer, artificial playing surface is not desirable or ¡s not permitted authority.

by

the

corresponding

sports

The installation and maintenance of a natural grass surface ¡ri a stadium ¡s not a straightforward matter. The turf must not

provide a flawless surface for the participants but it must appear to be flawless, both to the live and the remote audience. Furthermore, the standard of the surface should not be harmed by an intense usage. Finally, the turf must be able to coexist with the stadium roofs that tend to cast shadow and prohibit the healthy growth

of grass. This is another point that a balance is needed. Or using up-to-date planting technology, research into new species of grass that grow stronger in a less desirable condition. This is particularly important in environment that depends upon artificial ventilation and artificial lighting.

But in a normal and typical design, which aim to be less depend upon the planting technology, designer of stadium should ensure that, stadium structures should

allow for such a natural ventilation and adequate exposure to solar radiation. What is more, the species selection, substrate construction, feeding systems, irrigation

and

drainage

networks

and

subsurface warming systems are other important factors to be considered or seek expert's advice.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

2.3

The Environment

A wide range of activities is included in the stadium and it is therefore difficult to define ideal environmental conditions that cover all activities. A minimum design temperature of about 15 C in winter should be generally acceptable and this would probably be allowed to rise to around 30 C or so in the summer. lt is important that the humidity is kept at a reasonable level and the range 40-60 percent relative humidity would generally be acceptable. lt is also important that adequate ventilation is provided to maintain a fresh, comfortable environment and remove odours, etc but air movement must not cause excessive draughts, particularly in the vicinity of the pole vault and high jump bars.

In some particular event, the environment will not just

affect athlete's physical performance. but also the equipment. For example in the badminton matches, the

minimum

temperature

should

be

15.5°C.2

Warmer air can affect the flight of shuttles. Any ventilation system that moves the air can deflect the shuttlecock. As a result a draught-free atmosphere is essential. Careful consideration must be given to the location and protection of all air input and extract grilles or openings and the air movement they

produce, particularly in relation to the flight path of shuttlecock.

For an indoor gymnasium, a temperature of 21 C should be maintained throughout an event. 2.4

Floodlighting

Apart from the playing surface, a second major consideration for participants in many sports is the provision of artificial illumination. The aim of installation should be: The light has to deliver a sufficient high level of

illumination onto the playing surface. The recommended or minimum level of illumination various from sports to sports and usually be prescribed by the governing body or by television broadcasting companies.

To deliver an evenly distributed illumination across the field, that is, no excessive contrasts between darker and lighter areas. This is known as the 'uniformity ratio'.

For ari indoor gymnasium, the podium must be lit to 1400 lux at floor mat level for major televised events. Practice and warm-up venues should be lit to an adequate level for gymnasts (400-800 lux).

To avoid glare, that is, bright light sources shining into player's eyes, especially for the kind of sports the players have to look up when playing. Say for example badminton, players must be able to follow the flight of the shuttlecock against the background without being troubled by glare or having their attention distracted by bright light sources near their sight lines. And this requirement applies equally important to the spectators and people in neighbouring properties.

Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Competitors' Facilities

2.5

A basic requirement for all venues is to have changing rooms, baths, showers, toilets and all the associated medical, social and media facilities needed by the players who perform there. These rooms should be located with the following considerations in mind:

.

They should offer direct and easy access to the pitch, preferably on the same level. If there is any risk of players being subject to crowd intimidation, the route between the changing rooms and the field should be protected. (This happens a lot in the

soccer games in Europe where committed fans rush into the pitch and want to celebrate with the player in an important victory.) s

There should be direct and easy access, again preferably on the same level, to the external service road used by team coaches and by ambulances, in case of serious injuries.

Private areas used by the players should be secure against unauthorized entry by members of the public or the media. Players need to feel completely safe and at ease after game.

Direct links should be provided with the media areas, via a lift if necessary, so that interviews and other media contacts can be easily arranged.

It should be remembered that if teams of different sports were to share facilities, there different needs have to be carefully researched. The team managers may have separate offices and associated facilities, which in turn should be accessible, both to the team changing rooms and the stadium management office.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

2.0

Sports Space Design for Spectators

3.1

Introduction

A happy spectator is one who looks forward

to a special treat and whose expectations are not disappointed on the mass event day.

Spectators should be able to reach the stadium without difficulty; experience an agreeable sense of anticipation as they make their way to their seats through efficient entrances, safe ramps or stairways and pleasant concourses. When they have arrived they should be able to sit in comfort and safety with a clear view of the game. They should be fully informed and entertained during quiet moments by means

of information displays, action playbacks and other devices that are better than what they would have seen on television at home.

After the game spectators should not feel obliged to rush to the exit in order to avoid the crowds. They might, for example, prefer to linger in cafes, stay on at the stadium for a meal, or perhaps go shopping or spend time with their families in the stadium in the stadium museum, game arcade or cinema. If they have come a long way or wish to stay in the area longer or they might even like to spend a night in the sports hostel, perhaps in a bedroom whose window overlooks the pitch.

The designer have to know the motivations and desires of spectators, not treating them as a monolithic mass but as a diverse collection of different kinds of people.

Some may be sports enthusiasts for whom physical closeness to the game, to the players and to their fellow supporters is probably more important than comfort. At the other extreme, some may attend the game primarily for social reasons, or to entertain their business partners. To them the game itself is less important than the overall experience of being pampered in the ambience of excitement, comfort and perhaps even exclusivity. Between

these two extremes are various intermediate types of spectator; for example, fans that take a real interest in sports but only attend a event if they can take their families without feeling threatened by boisterous crowds or by the stadium environment itself.

¡

Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

The following is a checklist of main area of consideration in designing space for spectators: Capacity Sight/ines

Seating position Movable seating

Private boxes External circulation Turnstiles Stairs Ramps Lifts and escalators Internal circulation Crowd control Timed exit analysis Exit gates Toilets Information

systems

Communication

Transport Security First aid Signa ge and graphics

Chi/dcare Customer care

project analysis and calculation of maximum capacities 'C, value calculation, section profiling, optimum bowl analysis possible tread widths, seating centers, fixing methods assessment of need, extent of provision, configurations space requirements, services required, configuration options space requirements, distribution, layouts numbers calculation, typical arrangement, size requirements numbers calculation, size requirements, relationship to ramps, positioning numbers calculation, size requirements, relationship to stairs, positioning numbers calculation, size requirements, grouping, positioning space requirements, distribution, layouts analysis and arrangement of control and safety measures calculation and design of exit routes to meet specific exit times numbers required, size requirements, general distribution

ratio of male to female, numbers required, grouping, flexibility for varying events general requirements, locations , appropriate technology requirements, possible locations technology parking, operational requirements, road and public transport links general provision, strategic location typical facility arrangements numbers relating to spectators, space requirements, positioning strategic information, numbers required, positioning typical space requirements, positioning, general layout total numbers relating to capacity, space requirements ,

,

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

The Queuing Experience

3.2

No public assembly building can ever hope to serve all its customers simultaneously. A spectator attending an event must unavoidably stand in a series of queues; for

entry of the precinct from traffic, for entry at the stadium entrance, to be served at the eating places, to use the toilets and finally to make their exit. lt follows that if their queuing experience are boring or stressful then it is unlikely for the spectator to actually enjoy the big event or, most importantly, want to come again. Queuing should therefore be made as comfortable as possible. People's willingness to stand and follow a line is highly variable and depends on both physical and psychological influences.

The physical factor

is

easy to understand: the more enjoyable and comfortable the

surroundings, the more people can tolerate.

But for the psychological factors, they are not so straightforward. One of them is the purpose

for which they are queuing. If they are queuing for a ticket or a major event, they might already expect that t may take for more than an hour. And they tolerate more because they know that they are in the right place and right choice for large number of people wanting the tickets. However, if the queuing is for a merely functional purpose, perhaps to gain entry to the toilet within the venue, they are more likely to be frustrated and behave impatiently.

A second factor is the queuing experience itself. In the case of a football match lasting 90 minutes, a 15-minutes queuing time represents a queue-to-event ratio of 1:6. But clearly if people are arranged to stand in a poor environmental condition such as bleak surroundings with no distractions, they will soon become bored and impatient. And what is more important, they will consider not coming again if they are less enthusiastic individual. In contrast, even the queue-to-event ratio is high in an amusement park, say 30:1, the people queuing won't be bored since the designers attempt to transform the queuing space into a pre-event. The space is made as comfortable as possible and fill with interesting experience and attentioncatching diversions. The followings are some techniques in designing a good queuing space:

.

The queue is routed around a twisted line so that people can more easily see others moving forward, and at the same time give them an impression that they are close to the destination point.

.

The queue is routed through a sequence of attractive, relevant spaces specifically designed to create and enjoyable atmosphere.

.

s

While people are queuing they are provided with a continuous flow of information, for example, telling them how long they must wait before reaching the entry point. Or it may be events they will be offered later on. Most individuals are less likely to lose their temper if they know their progress of waiting. The design and routing of queuing space make the queue less visible to the potential queue- joining people, so that they will not be discouraged in joining the queue.

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Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

People queue more happily in spaces that are commodious, light and airy, and with texture and colours that are interesting and simulating. The

proportion of the space volume, that

is the determination of height and width, is another important factor. Excessively large spaces are uneconomic, and can encourage queues to

become wider and less manageable. On the other hand, excessively narrow spaces with low ceiling are unpleasant and even dangerous. The determination factors are listed below:

The number of people that is likely to use the space in a given period The likely moving speed of the queue

The sense of orientation of the queuing people

The purpose for which the people are queuing, or just routine

What is more, people who are impatient, tired or bored need to be stimulated. May be they are provided things to look at- such as display windows, wall posters, informational signs, advertisements and video screen displays. Or may be they are provided with things to listen to- such as recorded announcements, commercials and music, or even live music. A break from the routines of walking and waiting can be inserted for people to take a rest.

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Special Study Report

3.3

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Spectator Safety

As spectator move towards their seats, or back towards the exit after the event, they must not only

be safe but they must also fell safe. It is not a simple matter in every large venue with stepped tiers, ramps and stairs and possibly boisterous crowds. A number of key factors can assist in this aspect of the designing of the circulation routes. First, the geometry of stadium structures should be sufficiently open and clear to allow spectators always to see where they are going, and to see alternative routes if the obvious path is blocked or in case of emergency. Awareness of what is ahead

¡s vital to crowd safety since any unknown can prompt anxiety and even panic among crowds.

Routes of labyrinthine complexity with closed views are therefore definitely to be avoided along circulation paths wherever possible. Sudden changes in surface level, in corridor width,

or in light intensity must be seen in advance so that when the crowd happens upon the change they are not caught by surprise. Provided they are properly designed, such changes in the circulation route can be beneficial. For example, a change of level within the vomitory may help to dissipate any forward pushing movement into the seating area. It may also assist people in moving crowds to orient themselves by seeing over the heads of those in front.

The spatial clarity should be reinforced by a clear and visible signage system. For example, directional signs should be able to let people orientate themselves in the stadium and provide them with answers with no more than two choices. Even in the best-planned and most clearly signposted venue, some spectator will be wrong in making their decision. They may be indecisive about where they are going and, as a result,

hesitate or change course, thus obstructing the people behind. Such sudden change of

movement and direction, even on the part of just one individual, can have serious consequences in crowded situations. For this reason, each circulation route should have strategically placed lay-bys, or quiet areas out of mainstream of traffic, where people can stop, think, wait for their friends or perhaps change course without obstructing the moving crowd.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

3.4

Spectator Services

The better the catering facilities and the more they appeal to different types of consumers, the more likely spectators will be encouraged to arrive well before the event has started and stay on after its completion. lt helps to relieve some of the pressure placed on the transportation system at the beginning and end of events.

In addition to the catering service, which dominates the service to the spectators there are also some possible service in the stadium:

A stadium shop selling a variety of gifts, sports goods and souvenirs

A stadium museum and exhibition space for display of trophies or history of sports and venue Information points and database terminals Amusement arcades and playing areas Ticket sales counters Health and fitness facilities

Another key service provided by the sports venue, beside the catering service, is the toilet provision. Generally, spectators want toilets to be located as possible to their section of seats. They do not want to have a long queue when they get there,

and expect a clean and pleasant facility to serve them. Otherwise this will deter the spectators from any further attendance, especially for women because they seek a hygienic environment. However, satisfying the above requirements is very expensive, both on the initial cost and the later on maintenance.

Toilet numbers should be planned and determined according to the overall capacity of the section of stand to be served. To establish suitable numbers, designers should take into account the local regulations and the fact that the provision for female should be more generous than the minimums, because research shows that in general, females need twice as much time as males.

The male-to-female ratio should also be considered in advance. The male-to-female ratio will depend largely on the particular sports catered for, with, for instance, a higher ratio for males for football and for tennis. Therefore, it is sensible to include interchangeable sections that can be labeled 'male' or 'female' as required for a particular event. If possible, for the reason of economy, the toilets should be concentrated around a small number of drainage stacks.

The toilets internal layouts should encourage smooth traffic flow by allowing users to go in through one entrance and exit by another, preferably without having to open or close doors in the process. Careful considerations should be given for the design for spectators those are in special need, a later on section with cover this issue in more detail.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

3.5

Viewing Areas

Both the public and private viewing areas must offer patrons with clear viewing, in comfortable seats and suitable support services. Spectators' viewing standards essentially depend on three factors: Not being too far from the action Being able to see past the heads of people in front Not having the view impeded by any sort of obstructions

In addition to satisfying spectator's viewing standards, the seats themselves must be economic in both capital and lifetime costs. Generally specking seats should be comfortable, safe, and easy to keep clean. Another safety and comfort factor concerns the number of seats per row, placed between aisles.

A wider tread depth allows not only greater knee room for the seated spectator, but also more room for the spectator's personal effects, such as fast food items, drinks or bags. The extra

depth also makes it easier for people to walk along the row in normal and emergency conditions. The extent of floor area required to accommodate people with enhanced facilities is in the order of 0.5 square meters per person. Designing spectator areas using minimum dimension will almost certainly be a false economy in the long term.

What is more in football matches. the spectators tend to be very noisy. Wall and ceiling surfaces should be designed to reduce reverberation. In contrast, tennis is a game that requires concentration, and noise must be kept within acceptable standards. It is recommended that a tennis space should have a reverberation time of 1.6 seconds in the frequency range 500-1000 Hz.

The optimum viewing distance, maximum viewing distance and the 'C' viewing calculation have been mentioned in technical study report. Please refer to the technical study report for details.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

3.6

DivIsions between Spectators and Participants

In the majority of cases barriers placed between spectator areas and playing areas are largely there to protect the players and the playing surface. The bafflers may sometime be too high and that restrict all viewing from the lower 10 to 15 rows of seats. This encourages spectators in these areas either to stand or to crowd up against the barrier for a better view, a highly unsatisfactory situation in every respect.

Thus design for moats to be used instead and any other variations upon that idea when other forms of barrier were thought to be preferable. DfltflbanHm4

b Ewilik

ilí b

Moats have the advantage of not obstructing spectator's view of the game. They are effective as barriers, and offer a useful circulation route around the pitch for officials, emergency services and the media. If not used for any of the above functions the moats are just as a neutral space, they should still be

wide enough to prevent spectators from leaping across. Temporary means of bridging the moat must

always be provided for spectators to cross in an eectlon of

typlcaIaoceêbIenioat

b OfllI b

ae,Iuk

1\I aedion showing pitth aepafaDoll by rang the front row

emergency, and for pìtch maintenance.

One disadvantage of moats is that they increase the distance between spectators and the game, say by

around 3 meters. However, this distance is less noticeable in large stadium, where it only represents a small percentage of its dimension. An alternative to

moats is to raise the front row of seats to a height that will deter spectators from jumping down into the pitch. But this will increase the overall height of the

stand in overall, so this is a point of striking a balance.

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Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Special Study Report

4.0

Sports Facilities for the Disabled

4.1

Introduction

In the modern society, the needs of the disabled should be integrated into the general planning and design of any sports facilities. This is due partly to a more sympathetic understanding by those associated with the development of sports generally, and partly to recent legislation designed to encourage improved access to sports facilities. And in this chapter, some of the important points and design data are discussed for the disabled to be a player or spectator. To know about what disabled people need in the design and planning stage is the fïrst step to a successful public space design.

Most of the concerns are dealing with the wheelchair users, and later on this chapter the needs of people with other disabilities are also considered. (General building regulation in buildings should always apply since it also aims to provide a barner free access for disable people in case of emergency.)

Actually many of the barrier free access design will also be appreciated by others- such as parents with children and prams, and the elderly.

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Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Vehicular access and parking

4.2

Good vehicular access for cars and

24rn

coaches and a clearly marked 'drop-off point adjacent to the building entrance should be provided. The inclusion of a weather protective canopy at the entrance is also recommended.

N

32-6m

2-8-30m

Clearly marked parking bays suitable for individual disabled users should be

located close to the building entrance and never more than 36-46m away.4The following diagram shows the dimension of how the disable car park should be set out.

wheeia

'TiT-.. users

a,nbuIan rtsab4ed

Footpaths, Ramps and Steps

4.3 1-

i

tanrd bay

Unless suitable ramps are provided, changes in level

-

along the access route should be avoided. The minimum width for wheelchair users is 1200mm or 2000mm if we allow wheelchair and prams to pass each other.

--

Wherever possible gradients should not exceed 1:20 for all disabled people. Where site conditions not allow this, the maximum gradient should never exceed 1:12.

h-.-

-

Where slopes do occur, they should be gentle and blend into landscape. Surface should be firm, smooth

and slip-resistant. Paving and their jointed surface should be laid flush and kerbs ramped at crossing points,therampshaving amaximum gradient of 1:10.

Ramps should comply with the recommendation for footpaths. A landing of 1800mm should be provided at the top of the ramp and at every 10m in length or 800mm rise. Handrails should always be provided at a height of 900mm above the surface with a 50mm high kerb along all exposed edges. Át

)')

-

[

-

Steps must be provided where ramps exceed the recommended gradient of I in 12 and may well be preferred by many ambulant disabled

--

--S-

--

haróe procìg seO

-

n1ac'er

---w

re

:

c15ehse

people as an alternative means of access. Steps should be of uniform depth and height and open risers, winders and splayed or

slippery steps should be avoided. Contrasting colours between treads and risers can be of assistance to people with impaired vision. Handrails with good grip are essential on both sides or centrally if the steps are particularly wide, and should extend above and below the top and bottom steps. - .

_____________________________________

4.4

Signposting

Signs indicating suitable routes, access points and facilities for disabled people should be provided. This is particularly important for a large stadium, where routes may be branched for several times before one reaching his seat. The signage should be simple and clear with a

minimum of wording. The needs of the partially sighted and deaf persons must be particularly noticed.

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Special Study Report

4.5

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Entrance The main entrance to the building should be common to all users (that means disabled people do not have

to use some side door) and protected from the weather. Where turnstiles or revolving doors are installed a separate side-hung pass door should be provided giving a minimum opening width of 850mm. Thresholds should not project above the floor surface

and care must be taken in detailing such items as gratings and self-closing doors so as not to impede access by unassisted disabled people. 4.6

Circulation Access should be provided to all parts of the center not only from the entrance but also between areas within the building. Doors should not normally open onto corridors. If this has to happen adequate protection and space for maneuver must be provided.5 Doors separating corridor

c

should also be easily accessible.

Standard 900mm wide doors will satisfy most situations. Spring closers on selfclosing doors should be avoided. Lever handles should be fitted in preference to knob handles for the ease of handling by wheelchair users.

To assist people of impaired vision all projections such as cigarette bins should be avoided. Smooth wall surfaces and easily grasped handrails are particularly helpful to people liable to

loss of balance. Flooring should be non-slip, comfortable and resistant to marks and indentations. Contrasts in floor finish between areas will help people of impaired vision to orientate themselves.

Lifts should have an internal dimension of 1000 x 1400mm to accommodate a single wheelchair and a door opening width of not

less than 800mm. An internal dimension of 1400 x 1600mm is preferred. For independent wheelchair users the top lift button should be no more than 1300mm from the floor. Raised digits on

cn s1

I

bft butions I I

'4 I-

lpJ I

i

¿

lift buttons are particularly valuable to people with impaired vision. 4.7

Social areas and spectator facilities

In viewing galleries, rails should be positioned to interrupt views from people in wheelchairs as

little as possible. Access to balconies and outside areas must not involve steps. Additional facilities such as public telephones and vending machines must be suitably designed for use by ambulant disabled people and wheelchair users. Spectator facilities should include provision for wheelchair users. Where local fire escape requirements limit the number of wheelchair users at upper floor levels, some provision should be made at ground floor level adjacent to the playing area. The number of provision is to be calculated as follow: 6 to 1/100th of the total seats available to the public, whichever is greater,

should be wheelchair spaces.6 A wheelchaìr space means a clear space with a width of at least 900mm and a depth of at least 1400mm, accessible to a wheelchair user and providing a clear view of the event.

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Special Study Report

48

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Changing rooms and showers

Open plan and team changing rooms with bench and transfer seating or family sized changing

cubicles are usually adequate for the needs of disabled people. However, where special cubicles are provided they may well include a shower and wc. This is because some disabled

people, particularly those who may be embarrassed by their appliances, prefer special cubicles.

Access from the changing area to the activity spaces should be non-slIp, free from obstructions and afford easy access to basins, showers and wc cubicles without the need to tackle with steps. Where toilets are provided in changing areas at least one wc cubicles should be available for use by ambulant disabled people. Showers should be designed to allow the possibility of a seat and possibly a flexible lead connection to enable proper showering. 4.9

Access and safety of outdoor facilities

Access to and use of outdoör sports, changing and toilet facilities should be consistent with the standards set out. Special attention should be paid to safety around water activities.

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Special Study Report

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Reference

5.0

I 2 3

4 5 6

Source of information: Arenas- a Planning Design and Management Guide by Andrew Shields and Michael Wright. Advised by the Badminton Association, UK. Information from International Tennis Federation. Information from the handbook of sports and recreational building design, issued by British sports council, technical unit for sport. 1500mm width according to Hong Kong building regulation. According Building Regulations for England.

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Special Study Report

6.0

Sports Space Design for Athletes and Spectators

Bibliography

Arenas- A Planning Design and Management Guide By Andrew Shields and Michael Wright

Handbook of Snorts and Recreational Building Design By Geraint John and Kit Campbell

Design for SDQrts By Gerald A. Perrin

Snorts Architecture By Rod Sheard

$orts Buildings- A Brlefino and Deslan Guide By Allan Konya

The Shaøe of SDace- Indoor SDorts Søaces By Crane and Dixon

The Stadium- The Architecture of Mass Soort By Michelle Provoost

SDortina SDaces By Images Pub. Group

OlymDic Architecture- Building Sydney 2000 By Patrick Bingham-Hall

-21-

I Jury Record

Asian Games ViHage -a High-Density Sports Complex

Department of Architecture - University of Hong Kong Record of First Jury on Thesis Design 200112002

Date:

Student Name:

Law Cheuk Fung. Jimmy

Thesis Title:

A Multi-Exoerience Soorts Village

Supervisors:

Mr. Peter Kau. Dr. Alex Amato

Panel Members:

Mr. John Bedford. Mr. P C Smith

1.

Class No.:

16th

November2001 32

Synopsis of presentation

Objective of thesis The thesis responds (o the deficiencies in Hong Kong's sports and leisure facilities:

. Sports facilities are of prototype construction as huge object buildings. They are not understandable and approachable by citizens, and are cut off from ordinary texture of life.

. The existing stadiums, due to their stand alone feature, are under-use and costinefficient. Hong Kong's sports facilities do not have the capacity to host international competitions. Hong Kong's sports institute lacks the participation of public.

The thesis is to design a compact sports village, which consist of international sports arena, the HK sports institute and a sports theme park. They serve the following functions:

The international sports arena provide Hong Kong the capacity to host international competitions, which can promote Hong Kong's as a world city in terms of economic growth and sports culture development. The inclusion of the Hong Kong sports institute into the project provides a supporting

hardware for the justification for a large-scale development. lt can share the initial financial cost, and make the site a 24-hours city.

The sports theme park provides amenity value and facilities for all levels of sports players.

The integration of the above stated functions let their programs complement other's deficiencies when they exists alone.

Site context analysis

The student analyzed the site according to the following issues:

. Site location- at the end of Shing Mun River e The site is served by KCR east rail and two major road routes s Proposed sports village will be built on top of a sewage plant e A description on land-use and built-form surrounding the site e View and enivironmental concern Access and transports to the site

1-

Ist Jury Record

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

Traffic and access

The student proposed a light-rail system connecting 2 KCR stations and major facilities within the site. This serves as the main mass transport system for major sports event.

The student also proposed to relocate the flyover passing over the site. The reasons are as below:

The cost of relocating that portion of the road is estimated to be $56M. By doing so it can free up a large flat piece of flat land each will cost over $4000M when sold in private market.

lt will have severe environmental impact on the site as a park, in terms of both air and noise pollution.

The flyover will affect the spatial quality of the site to be a village. The flyover will give unnecessary sense of enclosure. The massive form will dominate the site which is incoherent to the concept as a village. lt will obstruct sea view from inner part of the site.

Planninci concept

The planning of the site will base on 'village' as the main image.

The massive stadiums form and the sports institute will be dissolved into the landscape that aims at being more approachable by humans. The design of space will be dominated by the recreational nature of facilities.

The zoning of the site will be defined by pedestrian flow and landscape. but not by roads and buildings.

The facilities are arranged in such a way that people are encouraged to experience and participate in the less popular event.

2.

Synopsis of staff observation

From Mr. Peter Kou

The site can still be freed up even though the flyover is not re-located. Site sections showing the relationship of flyover with the ground have to be studied carefully. If re-locating the road, it has to be justified with reasons. The road can be a constraint to help generating planning solutions.

From Dr. Alex Amato

The planning is not a good model to house the facilities. The housing can be better integrated into the village. There may be an over-provision of light rail stations.

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1

Jury Record

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

From Mr. P C Smith

The stadium will never be built in HK for the next thirty years. The light rail is not good, the rationale behind does not work.

The scale of a stadium is not compatible with a village. The stadium need to be easily accessed, not the same as a village like circulation. lt is better to improve the existing sports centre, but not replacing it. The site area is large but the site constrain is not yet well studied.

There is an insijfficient justification of components.

The village is for the people to live for a week without a feeling of what is going outside the actual site context.

3.

Student's response

The relocating of the road will be justified in terms of cost and envìronmental problem. The relocation of the road will be well considered again. There is lack of site constraint and development potential for the site is an engineered flat land

on top of a sewage plant. The development potential along and under the flyover will be studied.

The concept of a village may be incompatible with the stadiums due the scale and form of the stadium. The theme of the planning idea has to be adjusted.

The incorporation of housing should not dominate the site which is originally a public recreational development.

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

Jury Record

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

2nd Jury Record

Department of Architecture- University of Hong Kong Record of Second Jury on Thesis Design 2001/2002

Date:

February, 2002

Student Name:

Law Cheuk Funçi. Jimmy

Thesis Title:

Asian Games Village -A High-Density _ Spr1sComDlex

Supervisors:

Mr. Peter Kou

Panel Members:

Prof. Patrick Lau. Mr. John Bedford

1.

Class No.:

20th

32

Synopsis of presentation

Hypothesis and objective of thesis

The thesis will be developed based on the hypothesis that Hong Kong government will go for the bid for the next Asian Game again, despite its failure last time.

The thesis is to design a complex that can accommodate all the programs and functions required in the Asian Game. In the same time it will be an architecturally enjoyable place for professional and casual sports players. The whole development will be in a high-density mode, in respond to the context of Hong Kong. Site Analysis

The site is in Shatin, at the end of the Shing Mun River, which is in the key location of Hong Kong. And it is served by two major motorways connecting northwest of Hong Kong. The University station (KCR) is within five-minutes walk from the site. There are two major site constraints: one of which being the site adjacent to a sewage plant, and other is there is a motorway running though the site.

Institutional and recreational-type buildings are situated along the river, such that there is a continuously flow of public urban life. But ills disconnected by the sewage plant at the end. The thesis design aims at bringing the site to a higher community value. Master Plannin

A reception plaza is planned at the flat land across the motorway; this will first handle all the traffic (public and private drop off points) as well as connect the site to the railway station. Pedestrian and vehicular traffic that enter the site will use an underground tunnel. A mega A-frame is put across the flying motorway so that various programs can be inserted above and near it. Underneath the flying motorway is the car park because that is the space most undesirable to sports. The site is now divided into two zones: one facing the sea and one next to the sewage plant. Sporting space that is out-door and requires wide-open view and fresh air will be put facing the sea. For example the stadium and swimming pools. Sports space that need a controlled environment will be put in a less favorable location, which is next to the plant. A mass circulation spine is a strong axis in the center of the site. lt helps to distribute people to their destination venue when there is a big event.

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2nd Jury Record

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

The athletes village, which will be changed to rental apartment in post-game peiiod, will be built above the A-frame. lt is planned in such a way in trying to minimize the building's disturbance to players. And it is for the ease of management.

Vehicular circulation inside the site go underground in order to free up the ground level for mass circulation and recreational circulation. There will also be decks that help in handling mass circulation, especially as a buffer zone that deal with the outward flowing of spectators. In the normal operating time, the decks can be a large piece of sports ground for public leisure use.

The stadium

The stadium is one level sunken into the site to reduce the apparent scale. Also it is backed by the deck structure so that it will not have an out-of-scale elevation. The stadium will have a north-south orientation in order to reduce the low-angle sunlight enter the athlete's eyes. lt is asymmetrical because it is more favorable for the seat to be facing the finish line. Also the

west stand should be higher than the east stand so as to hide the spectator away from evening sun. All the seats are located within the recommend viewing distance.

The spectator stand is extensible at two ends so that it can cope with the high-volume event and won't be over-provide.

2.

Synopsis of staff observation

The high-density theme is appropriate in treating the problem in Hong Kong. In order to achieve the thesis's goal, the high-density design has to be pushed further in housing more sports space. One of the solutions is by multi-level treatment.

The underground road system will not work since it will create a lot of dark and enclosed space will may than lead to crime and security problem. The pedestrian traffic can be handled be decks.

The provisions of sports space have to be check against the Asian Games' requirement. For the planning seems to have under-provide the tennis courts. A lot of landscape design has to be done since the sports complex aims to provide leisure and recreational value. The Munich 72 Olympic site is a good study example.

The mass circulation handling system has to be planned by knowing the actual Asian game time schedule.

The extensible spectator stand is suitable in this Hong Kong situation. The jury questioned about whether it is possible to hold concerts (or any other purpose) so that the stadium is more fully used. Noise problem has to be checked. The car-parking space seems to be over-provided and under-use in post-game period. The jury suggests that it is possible to have temporary car-parking space at the reception plaza, in the period ofAsian game.

lt is a suitable site for such a complex since it s well served by traffic and it has racecourse and sports institute next to it. lt is possible to have some events arranged in racecourse.

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2nd Jury Record

3.

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

Students response

The density of the site will be pushed further in order to strengthen the thesiss objective. Examples in Hong Kong sports complex will be studied because they are receiving typical comment to be inapproachable and cut-off from ordinary life.

Vehicular circulation within the site will be studied again. This will be enhanced by multi-level decks treatment. The schedule and facilities provision will be checked so to obtain an up-to-date information to plan the facilities as well as the mass circulation system.

lt is possible to hold exhibitions or concerts since there is a plenty of spectator stand and column free indoor space. Noise would not be a problem since the site is a wide-open site. And some of the space is actually indoor will long span roof. Landscape will be used to soften the out-of-scale sports structure. At the same time it will enhance the complex in serving its recreational value. The extensible spectator stand is a method that can be adopted further. Car-parking space

can be temporary at the reception plaza. Mass circulation space can be used at sports ground in normal hours.

Some events will be held in racecourse since it also has a well-planned spectator stand and traffic system. Connection to racecourse from the site has to be studied.

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

2nd Jury Record

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

3rd Jury Record

Department of Architecture - University of Hong Kong Record of Third Jury on Thesis Design 2001/2002

Date:

Class No.:

24th

ApriI, 2002

Student Name:

Law Cheuk Fung, Jimmy

Thesis Title:

Asian Games Village -A _ High-Density _ Sprts CrnpIex

Supervisors:

Mr. Peter Kou

Panel Members:

Prof. Patrick Lau._ Mr. John Bedford

1.

32

Synopsis of students presentation

Hypothesis and objective of thesis

The thesìs title is Asian Games Village -A High-Density Sports Complex. The thesis design is based on the hypothesìs that Hong Kong Government will bìd again to host the next Asian Game. The complex will provide the competition facilities that are needed in hosting an Asian Game. In the post-game period, it will be an integrated sports center for both professional sports players and casual sports player. lt is designated as a focus of Hong Kong that provides recreational value to citizens. Site Analysis

The site is in Shatin, at the end of the Shing Mun River, which is in the key location of Hong Kong. And it is served by two major motorways connecting northwest of Hong Kong. The University station (KCR) is within five-minutes walk from the site.

There are public programs along the Shing Mun River. For example the racecourse, the sports institute, the Hong Kong cultural museum, the science park as well as the Chinese University. But it is now disconnected by the sewage plant. The reason for choosing the site is trying to revitalize the site by inserting a public and recreation program into the disconnected piece of land.

The other reason is the site is approachable by people living along the KCR East Rail, which include a considerable portion of Hong Kong's total number of residents. Theme/Main Issue I

The first main issue to be treated in designing such a complex is the adaptation between holding the Asian Game and the post-Asian Game period.

The incorporation of the athlete's village into the complex makes the project financially viable.

Since the housing will be changed to service apartments which can then rented out after Asian Game.

Another difference will be the provision of circulation space. There should have some measures to manage and treat the high-density circulation in Asian Game. On the other hand, circulation space should not be over-provided in the normal service mode.

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3rd Jury Record

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

Circulation decks will be inserted to assist the mass circulation. In the Asian Game period, all the surfaces will be designated as circulation space. The decks are straight and with voids so as to let spectators better orientate themselves. This will make management easier and avoid panic in emergency.

After the Game, panels, playing surface will be inserted into the decks to transform it to a sports space. The alternation work will be facilitated if (he structures are designed in module.

Voids can enhance the visual communication between passer-by and the sports players which means an invitation to participate. This will then create the necessary atmosphere for a recreational sports space.

Theme/Main Issue 2

The second issue a respond to current situation of Hong Kong. Hong Kong now does have high-density sports buildings, but most of them exist as huge object buildings, very industrial like. It is not approachable by citizens and does not serve its recreational value.

This project still goes for a high-density environment but not being self-enclosed. Spatial experience of sports space will be enhanced by the dynamic roof form. Depending on what is underneath, roof may be open, transparent or solid to create variation in space.

The large area of the site is enclosed under one single roof. The mega roof helps to tie buildings of different form and shape together and gives the site totality. The independence of roof structure and other structure also promote flexibility in planning and extension. Artificial Landscape

Part of the roof is accessible as artificial landscape. This will increase recreational space in a high-density environment. The accessible roof acts a path and a jogging trial which will then connected back to the seafront promenade. lt can let users have better communication with spaces space with indoor-outdoor experience. In existing Hong Kong we only have dark tunnels connecting the changing rooms and the sports hail. The landscape also helps to soften sharp building edge and also the massive stadium form. Structure

The dynamic, free form roof is shaped by 25 curved truss arrayed in parallel. Form can be shaped by changing the curvature of the truss and the location of support points.

Vertical forces are resisted by arch action. Horizontal movement is restrained by slanted column and the giant end-post.

For the accessible part of the roof (the artificial landscape), it has structural support at immediate below.

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3rd Jury Record

2.

Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

Synopsis of staff observation

The critics questioned about the circulation system of the whole complex. Prof. Patrick Lau commented that it is not efficient to have a connection deck at such a high-level. People have to go up 4 stories before they can get to the main circulation deck. A pedestrian flow analysis has to be conducted. Mr. Kenneth Wong commented that the complex is not high-density enough because there are still some pieces of large open space. Mr. Peter Kou said that the space is not overprovided, but it should not be merely an empty space but a hard paving with landscape design. Mr. Matsuda questioned on the long-span roof structure whether it is possible to have a 200m truss. He alsothoughtthata 16m grid is too largefora structural grid.

Mr. Kenneth Wong suggested that the accessible roof should be better planned and connected back to the seafront promenade because those are some important public open space.

Mr. Kou questIoned about the treatment on passive airflow. Professor Lau suggested that the exhausted air from the indoor gymnasium, from the motorway and the car park should be treated together. Discharge the air on top of the roof and let wind carry the unwanted air away. Mr. Kenneth Wong asked about the provision of outdoor water-sport facilities. Mr. Bedford suggested that sections should be better drawn and be informative.

Student's response

The main connection deck can be put under the flyover instead of above so that spectators may not need to climb up to such a high level. Student replied that the open space is already very small to accommodate mass circulation such that multi-stories decks have to be provided to assist the circulation. A more detailed landscape design will be provided.

Student replied that it is possible to have a 200m truss as he has been consulted with a structural engineer. But the structural depth will be very large so the student will consider a cable stay structure to share the taking up of loading.

Student shared the same idea with Mr. Kenneth Wong that the accessible roof is a very important connector for the whole site. He will plan the route carefully.

The wind-blowing direction is presented by the student. Beside the help of mechanical ventilation, chimneys can have stack effect to generate air-movement and carry away exhausted air.

There is a rowing finishing tower at the Shing-Mun River side. Also there is an existing watersports center at the other side of lolo Harbour. Students said that plans and sections have to be drawn in greater detail.

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

3rd Jury Record

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Asian Games Village -a High-Density Sports Complex

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