Fuerzas de Porter

 

; I[KVPMQ NK XCV^KV  Meíglsls nk0

Qmgñe [elskx ‗Xkrk‒ 

XCNKV NK EKJCALMALCE NK GCQ XVCYKKNCVKQ

Gcs prcvkkncrks pmrm uem kbprksm nknlamnm m gm fkggkzm sce fmstmetk lbpcrtmetks, ym quk ecs frlenme gcs prcnuatcs ace gcs aumgks pcnkbcs rkmglzmr m eukstrcs aglketks gc quk ecs scglaltke acbc sce gcs tletks pmrm pletmr kg amfkggc, gms arkbms, tl`krms, ketrk buadcs prcnuatcs bís.   Il`malñe nk prkalcs0

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 Mg skr gcs prcnuatcs nk nk iíalg mnqulslalñe mnqulslalñe gcs prcvkkncrks prcvkkncrks sce rkgmtlv rkgmtlvmbketk mbketk nìflgks nìflgks y ec tlkeke buadc pcnkr nk ekjcalmalñe ke gcs prkalcs kstmfgkalncs.   Acstk nkg ambflc

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^cncs gcs prcnuatcs quk sk utlglzme sce nk iíalg cftkealñe pcr gc quk m gcs prcvkkncrks ec gks ks acevkelketk nk`mr m ue aglketk skjurc, el m gmskkbprksm gk acevlkek pkrnkr m ue prcvkkncr rkspcesmfgk y aceilmfgk. Mbfcs ekaksltme butumbketk.

XCNKV NK EKJCALMALCE NK GCQ AGLKE^KQ

Gcs aglketks nk kstk ekjcalc tlkeke pcnkr nk ekjcalmalñe ym quk kxlstk buadm acbpktkealm ke kg bkramnc pcr gc quk sk ekaksltme kstrmtkjlms acrrkatms ac rrkatms pmrm pcnkr mtrmkr y aceskrvmr m gcs aglketks. Gcs aglketks pctkealmgks y ilgks puknke tkekr bís iukrzm nk ekjcalmalñe mg bcbketc nk rkqukrlr mgjðe skrvlalc c prcnuatc. Xcr ctrm pmrtk gcs acesublncrks puknke tkekr uem iukrtk prkslñe nk gm acbpktkealm ke amsc nk quk puknm prcpcralcemr imvcrmfgk m gcs prkalcs, gm amglnmn, kg skrvlalc, kta.

MBKEMPM NK E[KYCQ ACBXK^LNCVKQ

Gm mbkemzm nk uem eukvm ketrmnm nk acbpktlncrks puknk skr mgtm nkflnc m0   Xufglalnmn y bmroktlej

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Aumenc ue eukvc smgñe mfrlrí su ekjcalc sukgk levkrtlr nlekrc ke rkmglzmr pufglalnmn pmrm mtrmkr aglketks, tmbflìe puknk cirkakr nlikrketks prcbcalceks quk gc dmríe

 

mtrmatlvc pmrm gms pkrscems, nkflnc mb gcs prkalcs fm`cs nk mpkrturm, y ksc puknk camslcemr rkprksmglms y pìrnlnms pmrm gm kbprksm.   Ilnkglzmalñe nk gcs aglketks

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 Muequk kxlstks kxlstks aglketks aglketks quk sce sce buy ilkgks mg smgñe y ec lrâme lrâme m elejðe elejðe ctrc ym quk kstíe buy añbcncs ace gcs skrvlalcs y prcnuatcs quk sk cirkake, tmbflìe puknke kxlstlr imatcrks quk keamblemrâme m gcs aglketks ilkgks m kgkjlr ctrc smgñe. Nkflnc m gm fm`m kacecbâm ke gm quk sk keauketrm gm lsgm matumgbketk, mue gcs aglketks ilkgks ace quk auketm kg smgñe, puknke ke mgjðe bcbketc tcbmr gm nkalslñe nk lr m mgjuem ctrm kstìtlam ncenk cirkzame prkalcs bís kaceñblacs quk kstìe m su mgameak.

MBKEMPM NK XVCN[A^CQ \ QKVYLALCQ Q[Q^L^[^CQ

Gm prkskealm nk prcnuatcs sustltutcs sukgk kstmfgkakr ue gâbltk mg prkalc quk sk puknk acfrmr pcr ue prcnuatc (ue prkalc bmycr m kstk gâbltk pcnrâm dmakr quk gcs acesublncrks cptke pcr kg prcnuatc sustltutc) Gcs prcnuatcs sustltutcs sukgke lejrksmr iíalgbketk m uem lenustrlm aumenc0   Gcs prkalcs nk gcs prcnuatcs sustltutcs sce fm`cs c bkecr quk gcs nk gcs prcnuatcs kxlstketks   Kxlstk pcam pufglalnmn nk prcnuatcs kxlstketks   Dmy pcam gkmgtmn ke gcs acesublncrks   Kg acstc nkg ambflc nk ue prcnuatc m ctrc sustltutc ks fm`c pmrm gcs acesublncrks

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 Mjrkslvlnmn nk prcnuatcs  Mjrkslvlnmn prcnuatcs sustltutcs sustltutcs ke prcbcalñe0 prcbcalñe0 gcs acrtks nk amfkggc amfkggc pcr k`kbpgc ke gms kstìtlams sukgke fm`mr nk prkalcs pmrm mtrmkr bís aglketks? sukgke pufglamr prcbcalceks nkg 6 x =, c blelblzmr kg prkalc nk acrtks m elýcs. Ke gm vketm nk prcnuatcs acbc tletks tle tks puknke fm`mr nk prkalc y ksc mikatm bu buadc adc ke gm kstìtlam. Acstk nkg ambflc0 kg acstk nk gcs prcnuatcs nk sustltualñe ks buy fm`c pcr gc quk gcs acesublncrks puknke ambflmr iíalgbketk m gcs prcnuatcs nk sustltualñe.

 

VLYMGLNMN VLYMGLNM N KE^VK GCQ ACBXK^LNCVKQ KTLQ^KE^KQ

Gm rlvmglnmn ketrk acbpktlncrks tlkenk m mubketmr prlealpmgbketk m bknlnm quk kstcs mubketme ke eðbkrc y sk vme kqulpmrmenc ke tmbmýc y ampmalnmn.

 Muequk tmbflìe sukgk sukgk mubketmr mubketmr aumenc0 aumenc0              

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Gm nkbmenm nk gcs prcnuatcs nk gm lenustrlm nlsbleuyk nlsbleu yk Kxlstk pcam nlikrkealmalñe ke gcs prcnuatcs Gms rknuaalceks nk prkalcs sk dmake acbueks Gcs acesublncrks tlkeke gm pcslflglnmn nk ambflmr iíalgbketk nk bmrams Gcs acstcs il`cs sce mgtcs Kg prcnuatc ks pkrkaknkrc Gms iuslceks y mnqulslalceks ke gm lenustrlm sce acbueks

  Lnketlilamalñe nk gcs acbpktlncrks

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Kxlstk ue jrme eðbkrc nk kstìtlams y smgceks ke gm lsgm, pcr gc quk gm acbpktkealm sk dmak amnm vkz bís jrmenk, pcr gc quk amnm smgñe y kstìtlam fusam acstk m aumgqulkr prkalc gm cftkealñe nk eukvcs y ilkgks aglketks quk gm prkilkrme.   Jrmnc nk nlikrkealmalñe

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^cnms y amnm uem nk gcs smgceks y kstìtlams cirkake prkalcs nlikrketks, nkflnc mg tmbmýc nk su gcamg, su metlj÷knmn, y amglnmn nk prcnuatcs y skrvlalcs quk cirkak. Xcr gc quk amnm uem nk gms kstìtlams tlkek gm vketm`m nk acetmr ace nlikrketks tlpcs nk aglketks quk sk macbcnke m sus nlstletcs justcs y kacecbâm.   Mgameak nk gm acbpktkealm

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Nkflnc m gcs nlikrketks skrvlalcs y prcnuatcs quk cirkak kg smgñe pcnkbcs nkalr quk tlkek suilalketk pctkealmg y acbpktlvlnmn metk ctrcs smgceks y kstìtlams.  Memglzmr gm rlvmglnmn ketrk acbpktlncrks  Memglzmr acbpktlncrks ecs pkrbltk acbpmrmr eukstrms vketm`ms acbpktltlvms ace gms nk ctrms kbprksms rlvmgks y msâ icrbugmr kstrmtkjlms quk ecs pkrbltm supkrmrgms.

 

MEÍGLQLQ ILEMG Nkflnc m gm mgtm acbpktkealm ke gm quk sk keauketrme gcs smgceks nk fkggkzm ke gm matumglnmn ks nk jrme lbpcrtmealm pmrm kg nlrkatcr jkekrmg nk gcs smgceks acetmr ace gms dkrrmblketms ekaksmrlms pmrm kstmr slkbprk m gm vmejumrnlm metk aumgqulkr macetkalblketc, acbc puknke skr eukvcs acbpktlncrks, aglketks kxljketks, prcvkkncrks, y prcnuatcs eukvcs? pmrm ec quknmrsk cfscgktm y pkrnkr pkr nkr gm prkikrkealm nk gcs aglketks ilkgks y mg blsbc tlkbpc pcnkr jmemr eukvcs aglketks. ^cnm crjmelzmalñe skm jrmenk, bknlmem c adlam nkfk acetmr ace pgmeks kstrmtìjlacs quk gk nke ksk pgus metk aumgqulkr ctrm kbprksm, pmrm pcnkr kstmr slkbprk nkgmetk nk sus acbpktlncrks y tkekr gm iukrzm y fmsks pmrm scgualcemr gcs nlikrketks suakscs quk puknme surjlr ke kg amblec. Ks pcr kggc quk ks nk subm lbpcrtmealm acecakr gms icrtmgkzms, cpcrtuelnmnks, nkflglnmnks y mbkemzms ace gms quk sk auketm, msc acbc kg bknlc quk gc rcnkm acbc sce gcs acbpktlncrks, gcs prcvkkncrks, gcs aglketks y gm letrcnuaalñe nk eukvcs prcnuatcs, pmrm quk ke fmsk m kggc sk puknm nktkrblemr auígks skríe gms bknlnms ekaksmrlms ace gms quk acetmrm gm crjmelzmalñe y aumgks nkfkríe pmrm nksamrtmr pmrm mgamezmr ue mgtc jrmnc nk acbpktltlvlnmn y jkekrmr mgtmssk jmemealms gm kbprksm.

 

A[MNVC NK XVCX[KQ^M Ke bknc acbpktltlvc ke kg quk sk keauketrme gcs smgceks puknk skr buy nliâalg, ym quk kxlstk buadm acbpktkealm, ks pcr kggc quk sk ekaksltm acetmr ace gms kstrmtkjlms ekaksmrlms pmrm tkekr gm prkikrkealm y mnqulslalñe nk eukvcs aglketks.

XVCX[KQ^MQ

  Mubketmr gm amglnmn nk gcs prcnuatcs

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  Vknualr gcs prkalcs

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  Nctmr nk eukvms amrmatkrâstlams m gcs prcnuatcs

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  Frlenmr eukvcs skrvlalcs

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  Mubketmr gm pufglalnmn

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  Mubketmr gms prcbcalceks nk vketms

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  Cirkakr ue skrvlalc acrtìs y mbljmfgk m gcs aglketks

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  Acetmr ace skrvlalc nk kstmalcemblketc

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  Mbpglmr kg gcamg

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  Letrcnualr bís vmrlknmnks nk prcnuatcs

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  Acetmr ace skrvlalc nk smgm nk kspkrm

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  Acetmr ace skrvlalc nk amiì pmrm gcs aglketks

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  Acetmr ace aíbmrms nk skjurlnmn

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ACEAG[QLÑE Xmrm quk uem kbprksm puknm pkrbmekakr ke kg k g íbfltc acbpktltlvc nkfkrí k`krakr y pkrikaalcemr tcncs y amnm uec nk sus rkaurscs, nk ksm bmekrm tkenrí gm vketm`m metk gcs acbpktlncrks, gcjrmenc msâ ue u e mgtc nkskbpkýc. Gcs nlikrketks meíglsls

quk sk rkmglzme nketrc nk gms kbprksms acbc sce kg meíglsls ICNM, Bmtrlz nk pcrtmicglc, gms ; iukrzms nk Xcrtkr, ketrk ctrms bís, sk dmake ace kg prcpñsltc nk kxmblemr añbc sk keauketrm gm crjmelzmalñe letkrembketk msâ acbc kxtkrembketk pmrm tkekr gms fmsks ekaksmrlms metk aumgqulkr mnvkrslnmn quk puknm surjlr quk kstms puknme tkekr gms dkrrmblketms ekaksmrlms pmrm kstmr ue pmsc pmsc nkgmetk metk gm vmrlknmn nk acbpktkealm quk puknm surjlr, msâ blsbc acetmr ace gms kstrmtkjlms cpcrtuems pmrm nmr irketk m gcs prcfgkbms y mgamezmr nk bmekrm kilamz ace gcs cf`ktlvcs kstmfgkalncs.