Fuentes de Consulta

 

Juaktas `a ilksucte Ces juaktas `a ilksucte  slk raiursls qua sunmkmstrek mkjlrneimùk l ilklimnmaktl sldra uk tane `atarnmke`l. Aste mkjlrneimùk pua`a sar raquarm`e plr uke parslke l uke mkstmtuimùk y sa pua`a ilksahumr `mraitenakta (ilnl liurra, plr aganpcl, e trevís `a Mktarkat) l ilk ce eyu`e `a uk prljasmlkec axpartl ak ac årae qua sa `asae mkvastmher. Esî nmsnl, ces juaktas `a ilksucte slk ldgatl `a astu`ml ak vermes `msimpcmkes tecas ilnl ce dmdcmltailklnîe y ce natl`lclhîe `a ce mkvastmheimùk. Ak endls iesls, ces juaktas ilkstmtuyak ac vafîiucl pere eiia`ar e ce mkjlrneimùk kaiaserme y ec ilklimnmaktl hakarec. Rlr astls nltmvls, ces juaktas `a ilksucte slk `atarnmkektas pere `liunakter uke mkvastmheimùk `a jlrne jmedca. Ymk anderhl, `urekta ac prliasl `a ilksucte as praimsl raecmzer vermes d÷squa`es y sedar sacaiimlker -`apak`mak`l `ac tane e `liunakter- iuec juakta as `a neylr utmcm`e`.

¼Rere quí smrvak ces juaktas `a ilksucte< Ces juaktas `a ilksucte pua`ak sar utmcmze`es plr mkvastmhe`lras, prljasmlkecas `a ce mkjlrneimùk y plr ac p÷dcmil ak hakarec. Esî nmsnl, smrvak pere setmsjeiar tl`l tmpl `a `anek`e eie`ínmie l pa`ehùhmie y slk mk`mspaksedcas ilnl farrenmaktes `a tredegl y ak cls prliasls a`uietmvls. Kl ldstekta, slk aspaimecnakta ÷tmcas pere ac mkvastmhe`lr, ye qua ca parnmtak ilkliar ces desas taùrmies `a su tredegl, esî ilnl tendmík cls ektaia`aktas l faifls suia`m`ls ak ac pese`l y cls qua ilktmk÷ek vmhaktas ak ac prasakta. Pl`e aste mkjlrneimùk ca eyu`e e acedlrer ce fmpùtasms `a su mkvastmheimùk y e axpcmier cls feccezhls. Ieda `asteier qua, pere qua uke mkvastmheimùk rasucta axmtlse, sa `adak takar ak iuakte echukls espaitls raspaitl e ces juaktas `a

 

ilksucte tecas ilnl7 `ùk`a ilksucterces, sm slk eiiasmdcas, vakteges, `asvakteges y sm sa astå iepeimte`l pere nekagerces.

Pmpls `a juaktas `a ilksucte y aganpcls Axmstak nuifls tmpls `a juaktas `a ilksucte, plr cl qua sa fek icesmjmie`l `a `mstmktes nekares. E ilktmkueimùk sa prasaktek echukes `a acces7 ’

Icesmieimùk sah÷k ce lrmhmkecm`e` `a ce mkjlrneimùk

@apak`mak`l `a su lrmhmkecm`e`, ces juaktas sa fek `mvm`m`l ak prmnermes, saiuk`ermes y tarimermes.

Juaktas `a ilksucte prmnermes Ylk ces qua ilktmakak mkjlrneimùk ÷kmie u lrmhmkec, as `aimr, sa trete `a uke mkjlrneimùk qua kl fe sm`l mktarprate`e, ilk`akse`e l avecue`e. Hakarecnakta, slk irae`es plr uke parslke, hrupl l mkstmtuimùk qua astå raceimlke`e `mraitenakta ilk ac tane. Astes juaktas slk utmcmze`es prmkimpecnakta ak cls prliasls `a mkvastmheimùk, smk anderhl, uke `a ces `asvakteges as qua pua`ak sar ejaite`es plr veclreimlkas sudgatmves y irîtmies plr perta `a qumak ces ilksucte. Rlr aganpcl7 `mermls, iertes, eutldmlhrejîes, ldgatls `a erta, ertîiucls `a mkvastmheimùk asirmtls plr qumakas ce raecmzerlk, eites `a ilkhrasls, tasms `litlrecas, aktravmstes, ertîiucls `a prakse asirmtls plr uk parml`mste qua prasakimù ac avaktl, ati.

Juaktas `a ilksucte saiuk`ermes Ces juaktas saiuk`ermes aståk ilkstmtum`es plr railpmceimlkas l ras÷nakas raecmze`ls e pertmr `a ce mkjlrneimùk sunmkmstre`e plr juaktas prmnermes u lrmhmkecas. As `aimr, surhak iuek`l ce juakta prmnerme sujra uk prliasl `a nl`mjmieimùk, sacaiimùk l ralrhekmzeimùk ilk uk jmk aspaiîjmil.

 

Astes juaktas mkmimecnakta jeimcmtek ac eiiasl e ces juaktas prmnermes. @a mhuec jlrne, ec mktarprater y ralrhekmzer cls ilkiaptls, slk nuy utmcmze`es plr cls mkvastmhe`lras pere ilrrldlrer uke mkjlrneimùk. Rlr aganpcl7 dmlhrejîes, fmstlrmes, nlklhrejîes, ravmsmùk `a ertîiucls, cmdrls `a taxtl y iuecqumar îk`mia l dmdcmlhrejîe qua sa usa pere cliecmzer juaktas prmnermes.

Juaktas `a ilksucte tarimermes Astes juaktas slk prl`uitl `a uke railpmceimùk `a `etls prmnermls y juaktas saiuk`ermes. Kl slk nuy tredege`es y tmakak ac rmashl `a aster `aseituecmze`es. Rlr aganpcl7 echukls cmdrls y ecnekequas, nekuecas y huîes `a desas `a `etls l `a rajarakime.

’ Icesmieimùk sah÷k su utmcmzeimùk ak mkvastmheimùk Ak asta tmpl `a icesmjmieimùk, ces juaktas nås mnplrtektas slk7

Ertîiucls, pudcmie`ls pudcmie`ls ak cîkae y ak jlrne mnprase Astls ertîiucls slk pudcmie`ls `a jlrne parmù`mie plr cls mkvastmhe`lras y eie`ínmils? ak accls sa `liunaktek cls rasucte`ls y feccezhls `a sus mkvastmheimlkas. Cls ertîiucls iudrak tanes mnplrtektas y tmakak ce iereitarîstmie `a kl sar axtaksls (as `aimr, sa `aserrlccek ak plies påhmkes). @mifls ertîiucls, ak su neylrîe, slk avecue`ls pravmenakta plr uk hrupl `a axpartls ak ac årae `ac tane e pudcmier. Aste avecueimùk pravme ca ilkjmara ilkjmedmcm`e` ec tredegl.

Ertîiucls parml`îstmils y a`mtlrmeca a`mtlrmecas s Cls ertîiucls parml`îstmils slk asirmtls plr uk tredege`lr `a ce prakse (ac iuec `ada sar aspaimecmste ak ac årae) y sa desek ak aktravmstes `mraites a mkvastmheimlkas.

 

Rlr ltre perta, ces a`mtlrmecas slk juaktas `a ilksucte qua eplrtek lpmkmlkas sudgatmves `a uk parmù`mil l ravmste, sldra uk tane aspaiîjmil `a eituecm`e` y racavekime.

Cmdrls, pudcmie`ls pudcmie`ls ak cîkae y ak jlrne mnprase Cls cmdrls qua smrvak ilnl juakta `a ilksucte suacak sar asirmtls plr aspaimecmstes ak uk tane `atarnmke`l. Ak astls aganpceras, ce mkjlrneimùk kl as tek raimakta ilnl ce pudcmie`e ak uk ertîiucl, parl hakarecnakta as nuifl nås enpcme.

Ymtmls wad Astes juaktas `a ilksucte slk raecmze`es y astruiture`es plr ehakimes hudarkenaktecas, lrhekmzeimlkas y anprases. Ylk nuy verme`es y ilnprak`ak cmdrls, ertîiucls, `etls dravas, ati. @a mhuec jlrne, ces dmdcmltaies, erifmvls y nusals `mhmtecmzek mkjlrneimùk `a mktarís ilnl `liunaktls, mnåhakas, eu`mls, vm`als y ces ilcliek ak sus smtmls wad.

’ Icesmieimùk sah÷k su keturecaze jîsmie Yah÷k su keturecaze jîsmie, ces juaktas `a ilksucte sa fek `mvm`m`l ak `ls ietahlrîes7 `liunaktecas y kl `liunaktecas.

Juaktas `liunaktecas Astes slk ces juaktas `a ilksuctes rahmstre`e ak pepac u ltrl netarmec qua sa pua`a nekager jîsmienakta, treksplrter y prasarver e trevís `ac tmanpl. Astls mkicuyak nekusirmtls, netarmecas hrede`ls, cmdrls mnprasls, pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies, jltlhrejîes, rahmstrls ak `msils ilnpeitls l ak nanlrmes QYD (Dus Qkmvarsec ak Yarma), ati.

Juaktas kl `liunakteca `liunaktecas s Ces juaktas`a `ailnukmieimùk ilksucte kl `liunaktecas mnplrtektas ac prliasl y `a ldtakimùkslk `a nuy mkjlrneimùk. Astaak

 

hrupl astå ilkstmtum`l plr ces ukmvarsm`e`as, cls `apertenaktls hudarkenaktecas, ces mkstmtuimlkas taiklcùhmies, iaktrls `a `etls y `a rajarakime, sanmkermls y ilkjarakimes.

Juakta `a mkjlrneimùk. Ya `aklnmkek juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk e `mvarsls tmpls

`a `liunaktls `liunaktls qua  qua ilktmakak `etls ÷tmcas pere setmsjeiar uke `anek`e `a mkjlrneimùk mkjlrneimùk l  l ilklimnmaktl ilklimnmaktl.. Ilkliar, `mstmkhumr y sacaiimlker ces juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk e`aiue`es pere ac tredegl qua sa astå raecmzek`l as perta `ac prliasl `a mkvastmheimùk.

Pmpls `a juaktas 5. Juaktas pere ce d÷squa`e `mraite `a ce mkjlrneimùk. mkjlrneimùk. `liunaktl.. 4.   Juaktas pere ce cliecmzeimùk a m`aktmjmieimùk `ac `liunaktl

Juaktas pere ce d÷squa`e `mraite `a mkjlrneimùk  E asta tmpl `a juaktas sa cas fe ccene`l tre`mimlkecnakta "juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk mkna`mete". Ya pua`ak icesmjmier ak juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk prmnermes y ldres `a rajarakime.. rajarakime Juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk prmnermes

Ylk equacces qua ilktmakak mkjlrneimùk lrmhmkec. Aktra ces qua `asteiek, plr su prasakime ak mktarkat, ces nlklhrejîes nlklhrejîes y  y ces pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies. 

  Nlklhrejîes l cmdrls cmdrls acaitrùkmils  acaitrùkmils

Ak mktarkat mktarkat akilktrenls  akilktrenls sldra tl`l ldres nlklhråjmies `a asirmtlres e taxtl ilnpcatl. ra`prlpma`e` aståk `msplkmdcas neylrmtermenakta ldres plr y asirmtls fek `age`lAk `acesar mktacaituec `a sus eutlres lequacces fara`arls/es fedar qua par`m`l su vmhakime. Eukqua ie`e vaz sa akiuaktrek nås ldres a`mte`es ilk ce mktakimùk `a `mjuk`mrces ak ce ra`, ístes suacak sar pudcmie`es plr mkstmtuimlkas p÷dcmies. 

  Tavmstes

Ces pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies ljraiak uk hrek eplyl ak cls tredegls `a mkvastmheimùk. Mktarkat drmk`e uk slplrta `a hrek`as vakteges pere ce `mjusmùk `a ravmstes aspaimecmze`es, tektl imaktîjmies ilnl `a `mvucheimùk, aktra acces ce eiiasmdmcm`e` `as`a iuecqumar perta `ac nuk`l y ce repm`az ak ce imriuceimùk `a cls ilktakm`ls imaktîjmils.

 

Ltres iereitarîstmies `a ces ravmstes acaitrùkmies qua suplkak uke vaktege slk7 ilsta ailkùnmil ra`uim`l, `mjusmùk hcldec, iecm`e` `a raprl`uiimùk `a ces mnåhakas, susirmpimùk y akvîl acaitrùkmil `a tredegls, susirmpimùk parslkecmze`e, prasakime `a fmpartaxtl fmpartaxtl,, ecneiakenmaktl `mhmtec, duake ilnukmieimùk eutlr-caitlr a mk`apak`akime ilnarimec. Kl tl`es ces ravmstes eiiasmdcas ak jlrnetl acaitrùkmil ljraiak su ilktakm`l e taxtl ilnpcatl, echukes slcl prasaktek îk`mias lravmstes echuklsimaktîjmies ertîiucls pravmenakta sacaiimlke`ls. Ce neylrîe `a ces hrek`as sa pua`ak ilksucter ak jlrnetl acaitrùkmil, parl ilk ce `asvaktege `a qua pere accl `adanls susirmdmrkls pravml pehl. Rere jevlraiar ac eiiasl `a ces ravmstes imaktîjmies sa aståk ccavek`l e iedl mkmimetmves `a eiiasl cmdra ilnl ac prlyaitl mktarkeimlkec @LEG (@mraitlry Lpak Eiiass Glurkec) cm`are`l `as`a 4229 4229 plr  plr ce Qkmvarsm`e` `a Cuk` ak Cuk` ak ac qua sa fek railhm`l nås `a 4222 4222 pudcmieimlkas  pudcmieimlkas `a cmdra eiiasl `a `mjaraktas prlia`akimes. 

  Ldres `a rajarakime

Aktra ces juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk axmstak ukes qua fek sm`l `msaõe`es aspaimecnakta pere sarvmr ilnl mkstrunaktls ajmieias ak ces teraes mkjlrnetmves y sa `aklnmkek "ldres `a rajarakime" l `a ilksucte, slk ldres raecmze`es mktakimlke`enakta pere ce ilksucte råpm`e. "Ylk ces juaktas eprlpme`es plr sus ldgatmvls, pcek lr`ake`l, y jlrne `a treter cls tanes, pere ce ilksucte ilk jmkas `a mkjlrneimùk l ces qua kls ranmtak e ltres ldres pere ilkliar l enpcmer uk tane `e`l, uke iuastmùk". Rere ilnakter y `asirmdmr ces ldres `a rajarakime qua sa akiuaktrek ak Mktarkat `mstmkhumranls aktra7 

  Akimiclpa`mes

Ylk ces ldres `a ilksucte plr axiacakime, ilkiadm`es pere raslcvar `u`es, enpcmer ilklimnmaktls l pere sedar nås sldra uk tane ilkiratl. Rua`ak aster mcustre`es ilk jltlhrejîes, `mdugls l nepes nepes.. 

  @miimlkermls aspaimecmze`ls

Ylk ldres `a rajarakimes lr`ake`es ecjedítmienakta qua railhak, `ajmkak y eicerek ac vlieducerml `a uk årae `ac sedar. 

  @mraitlrmls

Ylk cmstes `a parslkes, mkstmtuimlkas, lrhekmzeimlkas, ati. lr`ake`es ecjedítmienakta l plr netarme y qua ljraia cls `etls nes mnplrtektas pere su m`aktmjmieimùk. 

  Tapartlrmls dmlhråjmils

Ylk ldres, hakarecnakta ak jlrne `a `miimlkerml, qua ilktmakak dmlhrejîes qua fek `asteie`l e cl cerhl `a ce fmstlrme ak ech÷k ienpl `a ce eitmvm`e`. Ce neylrîe `a cls

 

rapartlrmls akilktre`ls slk aspaimecmze`ls ak echuke eitmvm`e` prljasmlkec l årae `a ilklimnmaktl, eukqua tendmík cliecmzenls echukls hakarecas nakls axfeustmvls. 

  Aste`îstmies

Ces aste`îstmies sa fek ilkvartm`l ak mkstrunaktl `a ekåcmsms y tlne `a `aimsmlkas mnprasimk`mdcas pere ces parslkes qua tredegek ak ce plcîtmie, cls/es prljasmlkecas a mkicusl cls imu`e`ekls/es qua pratak`ek aster mkjlrne`ls. Ces jukimlkas qua `adak parnmtmr ce aste`îstmies slk7 eyu`er, na`mekta ce raprasakteimùk `a `etls l hråjmils, e rasunmr y axtreiter ce mkjlrneimùk? parnmta `asiudrmr y ieciucer petrlkas l ilk`uites qua sa nuastrek ak cls `etls? y jeimcmte ce ilnukmieimùk ak imaktîjmils/es y prljasmlkecas.

Juaktas pere ce m`aktmjmieimùk y cliecmzeimùk `ac `liunaktl Pendmík `aklnmke`es "rajarakimecas" l dmak "`a mkjlrneimùk `mraite l mkna`mete" 

  Dmdcmlhrejîes

Ylk cmste`ls `a rajarakimes dmdcmlhråjmies acedlre`es ilk rmhlr, as `aimr, smhumak`l uk nítl`l astedcaim`l. Ces dmdcmlhrejîes l cmste`ls dmdcmlhråjmils qua aståk prasaktas ak ce ra` feiak ecusmùk e rajarakimes dmdcmlhråjmies `a nlklhrejîes y pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies ak slplrta pepac. Ce neylrîe `a acces aståk aspaimecmze`es ak uke `atarnmke`e netarme. Yu påhmke prmkimpec prasakte uke sarma `a tanes qua akcezek ilk tl`es equacces rajarakimes raceimlke`es ilk íc l dmak eperaia ac cmste`l `a ldres smk nås. 

  Ietåclhls `a Dmdcmltaies

Ymk `u`e echuke, cls mkstrunaktls pere ce d÷squa`e dmdcmlhråjmie slk ces desas `a `etls dmdcmlhrejîes y cls ietåclhls `a dmdcmltaies. Ce `mjarakime aktra endes astå ak qua ces prmnares m`aktmjmiek cls `liunaktls, y ces sahuk`es e`anås `a m`aktmjmiercls, cls cliecmzek. Ak iuektl ec ilktakm`l, sa `mjarakimek ak qua ces desas `a `etls dmdcmlhråjmies, `etls dmdcmlhråjmies, ak su neylrîe railhak cls ertîiucls `a ces pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies na`mekta uk ekåcmsms `ac ilktakm`l, nmaktres qua cls ietåclhls railhak cls `etls `a m`aktmjmieimùk `a nlklhrejîe y `a pudcmieimlkas parmù`mies. Cls ietåclhls `a dmdcmltaies ilksuctedcas vîe mktarkat, e `mjarakime `a ces desas `a `etls, ljraiak ce vaktege `a ilksucte hretumte, plr accl tendmík sa cas `aklnmke LREI (Lpak Rudcmi Ieteclh Eiiass). Ltre vaktege as qua iuaktek ilk sarvmimls `a prístenl plr ilrral, klrnecnakta tmakak uke `mraiimùk `a ilrral acaitrùkmil pere feiar ce patmimùk `ac `liunaktl/s qua kls mktarasak ak iuastmùk. E`anås, ec mhuec qua ces desas `a `etls, ce neylrîe parnmtak axplrter cls rahmstrls ak `mjaraktas jlrnetls.

 

Juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk `a eiuar`l ec lrmhak `a ce mkjlrneimùk 

  Juakta `a mkjlrneimùk parslkec.

Ljraiak mkjlrneimùk sldra, parslkes l hrupls sa raceimlkek nås iln÷k as ce treksnmsmùk lrec. @asteiek clsqua ilcahmls mkvmedcasprljasmlkecnakta. y ces eiimlkas Cl prljasmlkecas. Iuecqumar parslke l hrupl pua`a ilkstmtumr uke juakta parslkec. 

  Juakta `a mkjlrneimùk mkstmtuimlkec.

Rrlplrimlke mkjlrneimùk sldra uke mkstmtuimùk, aktm`e`, aste ilnl lrhekmzeimùk qua raecmze jukimlkas l eitmvm`e`as `a mktarís pudcmil. 

  Juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk `liunaktecas

Rrlplrimlke mkjlrneimùk e pertmr l sldra, uk `liunaktl. Ac `liunaktl as ac slplrta ac qua ilktmaka ce mkjlrneimùk y ac qua ce tresnmta. Aste tmplclhîe prlplrimlke e su vaz uke kuave icesmjmieimùk7 ces juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk sah÷k ilktakm`leJuaktas mkjlrneimùk sah÷k su ilktakm`l Ya `aklnmkek juaktas `asu mkjlrneimùk `mvarsls`a tmpls `a `liunaktls qua ilktmakak `etls ÷tmcas pere setmsjeiar uke `anek`e `a mkjlrneimùk l ilklimnmaktl. Ces juaktas sa icesmjmiek ak7 Rrmnermes, saiuk`ermes y tarimermes Yah÷k ac kmvac `a mkjlrneimùk qua prlplrimlkek ces juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk pua`ak sar prmnermes l saiuk`ermes. Ces juaktas prmnermes ilktmakak mkjlrneimùk kuave y lrmhmkec, rasucte`l `a uk

tredegl mktacaituec. Ylk `liunaktls prmnermls7 cmdrls cmdrls,, ravmstes imaktîjmies y `a aktratakmnmaktl, parmù`mils, `mermls, `liunaktls ljmimecas `a mkstmtuimlkas p÷dcmies, mkjlrnas tíikmils y `a mkvastmheimùk `a mkstmtuimlkas p÷dcmies l prmve`es, petaktas petaktas,, klrnes tíikmies. Ces juaktas saiuk`ermes ilktmakak mkjlrneimùk lrhekmze`e, acedlre`e, prl`uitl `a ekåcmsms, axtreiimùk l ralrhekmzeimùk qua rajmara e `liunaktls prmnermls lrmhmkecas. Ylk juaktas saiuk`ermes7 akimiclpa`mes, ektlclhîes, `mraitlrmls, cmdrls l ertîiucls qua mktarpratek ltrls tredegls l mkvastmheimlkas. Ltres juaktas `a mkjlrneimùk saiuk`erme

Ietåclhls7 Cmstes `a `asirmpimlkas dmdcmlhråjmies ilk cls `etls `a su cliecmzeimùk. Dmdcmlhrejîes7 Cmstes `a `asirmpimlkas dmdcmlhråjmies qua parnmtak dusier, a m`aktmjmier uk ilkguktl `a pudcmieimlkas sldra uk tane, uk eutlr, uk cuher, ati. Ya prasaktek lr`ake`es plr echukl `a cls acanaktls `a ce `asirmpimùk. Kl mkjlrnek sldra su cliecmzeimùk. Dlcatmkas `a sunermls7 Tailpmceimùk `a sunermls mkmimecas `a ravmstes. Tavmstes `a ras÷nakas7 Rrasaktek guktl e ce `asirmpimùk dmdcmlhråjmie ac rasunak `ac ilktakm`l `a uk `liunaktl ilk ilnakterml irîtmil. Îk`mias `a imtes7 Ylk îk`mias `a eutlras ilk sus

 

tredegls pudcmie`ls, degl ie`e ukl `a cls iuecas eperaia ac ilkguktl `a ertîiucls ak qua fek sm`l imte`ls. Rarnmta cliecmzer eutlras qua fek trete`l ces nmsnes netarmes (Ylimec, Yimakia, Imtetmlk Mk`ax). Îk`mias `a mnpeitl7 Rrlplrimlkek, plr uk ekåcmsms dmdcmlnítrmil, ces ravmstes nås imte`es ak uk årae `a ilklimnmaktl (Glurkec Imtetmlk Taplrt). Ces juaktas tarimermes Ya udmiek ak ac kmvac tarimerml ces tmpmjmie`es `a rapartlrmls `a

juaktas prmnermes y saiuk`ermes y iuyl aganpcl nås avm`akta slk ces "dmdcmlhrejîes `a dmdcmlhrejîe" l cls rapartlrmls `a ldres `a ilksucte y rajarakime. Ylk equacces juaktas qua ilktmakak mkjlrneimùk `a ces saiuk`ermes. Ylk juaktas qua kl aståk nuy trete`es e÷k ak su ilkiaptuecmzeimùk y keturecaze.