Fuels and Combustion4 PDF

 

Combustion and Fuels Luke Cowell Solar Turbines Incorporated

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Overview • Gas Turbine Combustion Systems & Emissions • Dry Low Emissions (DLE) Combustion • Gas Turbine Fuels • Future Combustion Technologies

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Overview • Gas Turbine Combustion Systems & Emissions • Dry Low Emissions (DLE) Combustion • Gas Turbine Fuels • Future Combustion Technologies

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Typical Gas Turbine Combustion System Fuel Supply Manifold

Fuel Injector 

Annular  Combustor 

Torch Igniter 

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Combustion System Design Criteria • Reliable Ignition • Good Combustion Stability

Operation

• High Combustion Efficiency • Low Smoke

Environmental Regulations

• Satisfactory Emissions Levels • Minimum Pressure Loss

Performance

• Satisfactory Combustor Exit • Temperature Distribution • Life

Durability

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Industrial Gas Turbine Combustion Systems • Conventional Combustion   

Diffusion Combustion

  

Historical Design

• Dr Dry y Lo Low w Emis Emissi sion ons s (DLE (DLE or or DLN) DLN) - “SoL “SoLoN oNOx Ox” ”   

Lean Premixed Combustion

  

Superior Emissions Performance Offered Since 1992

  

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Diffusion Flames

Premixed Flames

Fuel and Air Mix and Burn At the Same Time

Fuel and Air Mix and Then Burn

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Effect of Stoichiometry on Flame Temperature and NOx Emissions CONVENTIONAL (Diffusion Flame)

  e   r   u   s    t LEAN   a   n   o   r    i   e   s PREMIXED   p    i   s LEAN   m   m EXTINCTION   e    T    E   e    O   x   m   a    N    l    F

Lean

Fuel/Air Ratio

Rich

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Emissions Characteristics CO

Desired Operating Range NOx

  s   n   o    i   s   s    i   m    E

Lean

Rich

Fuel/Air Ratio

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Combustion System NOx Emission Capabilities 250 Natural Gas 200

                 v                  m                  p                        p                                    S,     150                        N                                     IO 100                        S                                     IS                         EM                  x                        O                        N

Conventional

50 25 0

DLE

Target for Ultra Low Emissions

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

Overview • Gas Turbine Combustion Systems & Emissions • Dry Low Emissions (DLE) Combustion • Gas Turbine Fuels • Future Combustion Technologies

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

DLE is Pollution Prevention Reduction of Combustion- Generated Generated Exhaust Emissions through Understanding Understanding and Control of Combustion Process More Cost-Effective Than Exhaust Clean Up

 

DLE Gas Turbines

General Questions to All Manufacturers

• Lean Premixed Combustion Reduces NOx, CO and

UHC Emissions • NOx are Reduced   

Lowering Flame Temperature ♦ Lean Combustion ♦

Premixing to Eliminate “Hot Spots”

• CO and UHC are Reduced   

Increasing Combustion Residence Time (Volume)

  

Combustor Design to Prevent Local Quenching

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

70%

AIRFLOW 30%

Conventional

4100°F Same Turbine Inlet Temp

FUEL FUEL Main Pilot

SoLoNOx

2900°F 60%

AIRFLOW

40%

 

General Questions to All Manufacturers

SoLoNOx Engine and Package Changes from Conventional Conventional Combustion Systems

• Combustor Liner  SoLoNOx

• Fuel Injectors • Engine Casings

18.0 in.

Split Engine Cross Section

• Fuel System • Control System

14.5 in. Conventional

 

Dual Fuel DLE

General Questions to All Manufacturers

• Lean Premixed Combustion • Diesel No. 2 and Kerosene •

Main and Pilot Fuel Circuits on Both Fuels • Same Combustor Liner as Gas Only

 

DLE Time Line

General Questions to All Manufacturers

•

First Unit Commissioned 1992 fo for 42 42 ppm on Ga Gas

•

First Dual Fuel DLE Unit Commissioned in 1994

•

Units Capable of 25 ppm Ship in 1995

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Units Unit s Off Offer ered ed at 15 ppm ppm or Less (with restrictions) in 2000

• Estimate >1400 DLE Units* Units*

Worldwide • Nearly 1000 SoLoNOx Units

Sold** Sold **

*