FRP designguide.pdf

Dynaform® Fiberglass Structural Shapes

Design Guide



Corrosion Resistant



Fire Retardant





Low Maintenance



Light Weight





Long Service Life



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High Performance Composite Solutions

UALITY

ISO 9001-2000 C

ER

TIFI

E

D

Table of Contents Pultrusion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Resin Systems for Structural Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Elevated Temperature Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chemical Resistance Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Structural Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Vinyl Ester Threaded Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Coupon Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Structural Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pultruded Flat Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Vinyl Ester Threaded Rods and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Cross Sectional Tolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Section Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Wide Flange Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 I Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Square Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Rectangular Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Structural Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Stringer Design Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 OSHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 UBC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 I Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Wide Flange Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Square Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Rectangular Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Round Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

Pultrusion Process

Pultrusion is a continuous process of raw materials, typically resin and reinforcing materials, forming profiles of constant cross section in continuous length. Pultrusion gets its name from the method by which the profiles are made. Raw materials are literally pulled by what we call "the puller." "The puller" is the machine made up of pulling pads, which grip the product, and a drive system which keeps the product moving. "The puller" is located just before the final cut-off saw. The process starts with the reinforcements. Typically, unidirectional glass roving is the fiber that runs along the length of the profile. Second, the fiberglass mat is added in, which is multidirectional reinforcement. Third is the resin, typically polyester or vinylester. The glass is "wet-out" with the liquid resin and pulled into a heated die. Just before all the material enters the die, surface veil may be added which enhances the final product's surface. Now that all the reinforcements have been "wet-out" and pulled into a heated die, the curing takes place. All the resins used in the pultrusion process have a catalyst or hardener added when the resin is mixed. This catalyst activated at about 200°F. Consequently, as the "wet-out" reinforcement pass through the heated die, the product changes from liquid to a solid profile with all the reinforcement laminated within. The product exiting the die is pulled by "the puller", which upon exiting can be cut to the desired length.



Standard Resin Systems for Structural Shapes STANDARD POLYESTER (ISO or PN) RESIN SYSTEM The STANDARD POLYESTER RESIN SYSTEM refers to a NON FLAME RETARDANT isophthalic polyester resin system. This resin system is manufactured in olive green and incorporates ultraviolet inhibitors. Polyester resins exhibit good corrosion resistance, good electrical properties, low thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. FLAME RETARDANT POLYESTER (ISOFR or PF) RESIN SYSTEM This resin system exhibits the same characteristics as the Standard Polyester resin system PLUS a flame spread rating of 25 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E-84. The FLAME RETARDANT resin system is manufactured in gray and yellow. FLAME RETARDANT VINYL ESTER (VEFR or VF) RESIN SYSTEM This resin system is manufactured from vinyl ester resin which exhibits higher strength, improved strength and stiffness retention at elevated temperatures, and improved corrosion resistance. This system also meets a maximum flame spread rating of 25 and is produced in beige and yellow. ELEVATED TEMPERATURE EFFECTS The approximate retention of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are:

Ultimate Stress

Modulus of Elasticity

TEMPERATURE 100˚ F 125˚ F 150˚ F 175˚ F 200˚ F

ISO(PN)/ISOFR(PF) 85% 70% 50% Not Recommended Not Recommended

VEFR(VF) 90% 80% 80% 75% 50%

100˚ F 125˚ F 150˚ F 175˚ F 200˚ F

100% 90% 85% Not Recommended Not Recommended

100% 95% 90% 88% 85%



Chemical Resistance Guide - Structural Shapes The data in this chemical resistance guide is based on field service performance, laboratory testing and extrapolated values from our resin manufacturers' recommendation. Data shown is intended as a guide only. It is recommended that for a specific application, testing be done in the actual chemical environment. The following conditions will effect the suitability of a specific resin laminate: • Periodic changes in temperature • Exposure to frequent splashes and spills • Temperature spikes • Exposure to intermittent splashes and spills • Changes in chemical concentrations • Frequency of maintenance wash down • Combinations of chemicals • Load bearing or non-load bearing requirements • Exposure to vapors only

Maximum Recommended Chemical Service Environment Temperatures, °F VEFR ISO/ISOFR Acetic Acid, to 10% 170 80 180 NR Acetic Acid, to 50% Acetic Acid, Glacial NR NR Acetone NR NR Aluminum Chloride 170 120 Aluminum Hydroxide 140 120 Aluminum Nitrate 140 120 Aluminum Sulfate 170 120 Ammonium Chloride 170 120 NR Ammonium Hydroxide, 5% 140 170 120 Ammonium Nitrate, to 50% Ammonium Nitrate, Saturated 170 NR 90 Ammonium Persulfate, to 25% 140 Ammonium Phosphate 170 120 Ammonium Sulfate 170 120 Amyl Alcohol 80 NR Barium Carbonate 170 120 Barium Chloride 170 120 Barium Sulfate 170 120 Benzene NR NR 110 NR Benzene Sulfonic Acid 50% Benzoic Acid 170 120 Benzyl Alcohol NR NR Borax 170 120 Brine (Sodium Chloride Sol.) 170 120 Bromine, Liquid or Vapor NR NR Ethyl Alcohol NR NR Ethylene Glycol 170 120 Fatty Acids 170 80 Ferric Chloride 170 100 Ferric Sulfate 170 110 Formaldehyde 110 NR Fuel Oil 140 80 Gasoline, Aviation and Ethyl 140 80 

Chemical Environment Butyl Acetate Butyl Alcohol Calcium Carbonate Calcium Hydroxide Calcium Hypochlorite Calcium Nitrate Calcium Sulfate Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Gas Carbon Dioxide Gas Carbon Tetrachloride Liquid or Vapor Chlorine, Dry Gas Chlorine, Wet Gas Chlorine Water Chloroform Chromic Acid, to 5% Chromous Sulfate Citric Acid Copper Chloride Copper Cyanide Copper Nitrate Crude Oil, Sour Cyclohexane, Liquid and Vapor Diesel Fuel Ethyl Acetate Phosphoric Acid, Vapor Potassium Aluminum Sulfate Potassium Bicarbonate Potassium Carbonate, to 10% Potassium Chloride Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sulfate

Maximum Recommended Service Temperatures, °F VEFR ISO/ISOFR NR NR 80 NR 170 120 140 120 120 NR 170 120 170 120 NR NR 170 160 170 160 110 170 170 140 NR 110 140 170 170 170 170 170 170 140 NR 170 170 110 110 170 140 170 170

NR NR NR NR NR NR 120 120 170 170 170 170 NR 90 NR 120 120 100 NR 120 NR 120 120

Chemical Resistance Guide - Structural Shapes Maximum Recommended Chemical Service Environment Temperatures, °F VEFR ISO/ISOFR Glucose 170 100 Glycerine 170 100 Hexane 120 90 Hydraulic Fluid (Glycol Based) 140 NR Hydraulic Fluid Skydraul 140 NR Hydrobromic Acid 110 NR Hydrochloric Acid, up to 15% 140 80 Hydrochloric Acid, Concentrated 110 NR Hydrogen Bromide, Dry Gas 140 80 Hydrogen Bromine, Wet Gas 140 NR Hydrogen Chloride, Dry Gas 170 80 Hydrogen Chloride, Wet Gas 170 80 Hydrogen Flouride, Sol or Vapor 140 NR Hydrogen Peroxide, to 10% 110 NR Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry Gas 140 80 Hydrogen Sulfide, Wet Gas 140 80 Isopropyl Alcohol 80 NR JP-4 140 80 Kerosene 140 110 Lactic Acid 170 120 Lead Acetate 170 120 Linseed Oil 170 100 Lithium Chloride 170 120 Magnesium Carbonate 170 120 Magnesium Chloride 170 120 Magnesium Hydroxide 170 100 Magnesium Nitrate 170 120 Magnesium Sulfate 170 120 Mercuric Chloride 170 120 Mercury Metal 170 120 Methyl Ethyl Ketone NR NR Mineral Oil 170 120 Monochlorobenzene NR NR Naphtha 140 120 Nickel Chloride 170 120 Nitric Acid, to 5% 110 100 Nitric Acid, Concentrated NR NR Nitric Acid, Vapor 140 100 Oleic Acid 170 120 Oxalic Acid 170 120 Paper Mill Liquor 100 100 Phenol Solution or Vapor NR NR Phosphoric Acid 170 100 Phosphoric Acid, Salts thereof 170 120

Maximum Recommended Chemical Service Environment Temperatures, °F VEFR ISO/ISOFR Propylene Glycol 170 120 Sodium Acetate 170 120 Sodium Benzoate 140 120 Sodium Bicarbonate 140 120 Sodium Bisulfate 170 120 Sodium Bisulfite 170 120 Sodium Borate 170 120 Sodium Bromide 170 120 Sodium Carbonate, to 10% 140 70 Sodium Chloride 170 120 Sodium Cyanide 170 120 Sodium Dichromate 170 120 Sodium Diphosphate 170 120 Sodium Hydroxide, 10% 140 NR Sodium Hypochlorite, to 5-1/4% 110 70 Sodium Monophosphate 170 120 Sodium Nitrate 170 120 Sodium Nitrite 170 120 Sodium Sulfate 170 120 Sodium Tetraborate 140 120 Sodium Thiosulfate 140 120 Soy Oil 170 100 Stearic Acid 170 120 Styrene NR NR Sulfamic Acid 170 120 Sulfated Detergents NR 120 Sulfite Liquor 160 100 Sulfur Dioxide, gas-dry 170 120 Sulfur Dioxide, gas-wet 170 70 Sulfur Trioxide, gas-wet or dry 170 NR Sulfuric Acid, to 25% 170 80 Tartaric Acid 170 120 Tetrachloroethylene NR NR Toluene NR NR Trichloroethylene vapor NR NR Trisodium Phosphate 170 NR Urea, 35% 110 NR Vinegar 170 150 Water, Distilled 180 150 Water, Tap 180 120 Zinc Chloride 170 120 Zinc Nitrate 170 120 Zinc Sulfate 170 120



Chemical Resistance Guide - Vinyl Ester Threaded Rods

SOLUTION H2SO4 - 25 % HCI - 20% HNO3 - Gas Acetic Acid - 25% Phosphoric Acid - 100% NaOH - 50% Sodium Carbonate - 35% NaCl - Saturated Ethanol - 10% Sodium Hypochlorate - 10% All AIK (SO4)2 Perochloroethylene - 100% n-Heptane - 100% Kerosene - 100% Toluene - 100% H2O2 - 30% Distilled Water

MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE F°/C° 210/99 210/99 100/38 210/99 210/99 180/82 180/82 180/82 120/49 120/49 210/99 80/27 210/99 180/82 80/27 150/65 180/82

NOTE: Threads of threaded rods are cut into specially manufactured pultruded rods. Therefore, after installation of threaded rods and fiberglass nuts in a corrosive environment, the threads are to be sealed with a vinyl ester resin.



Coupon Properties - Structural Shapes The values listed below are test results from coupon tests performed in accordance with the noted ASTM Test. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile Stress, LW Tensile Stress, CW Tensile Modulus, LW Tensile Modulus, CW Compressive Stress, LW Compressive Stress, CW Compressive Modulus, LW Compressive Modulus, CW Flexural Stress, LW Flexural Stress, CW Flexural Modulus, LW Flexural Modulus, CW Modulus of Elasticity, E Shear Modulus Short Beam Shear Punch Shear Bearing Stress, LW Notched Izod Impact, LW Notched Izod Impact, CW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Barcol Hardness 24 Hour Water Absorption Density Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, LW

ASTM D-638 D-638 D-638 D-638 D-695 D-695 D-695 D-695 D-790 D-790 D-790 D-790 Full Section --D-2344 D-732 D-953 D-256 D-256

UNITS psi psi 106 psi 106 psi psi psi 106 psi 106 psi psi psi 106 psi 106 psi 106 psi 106 psi psi psi psi ft-lbs/in ft-lbs/in

VALUE 30,000 7,000 2.5 0.8 30,000 15,000 2.5 1.0 30,000 10,000 1.8 0.8 2.8 0.450 4,500 10,000 30,000 25 4

ASTM D-2583 D-570 D-792 D-696

UNITS --% max lbs/in3 10-6 in/in/°C

VALUE 45 0.45 .062-.070 8

UNITS seconds kv/in volts/mil @60hz

VALUE 120 35 200 5

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ASTM Arc Resistance, LW D-495 Dielectric Strength, LW D-149 Dielectric Strength, PF D-149 Dielectric Constant, PF D-150 ISOFR and VEFR Fire Retardant Structural Profiles:

FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES ASTM UNITS VALUE Tunnel Test E-84 Flame Spread 25 max Flammability D-635 --Nonburning LW = Lengthwise CW = Crosswise PF = Perpendicular to Laminate Face 

Coupon Properties - Pultruded Flat Sheets Below are the test results for typical coupon properties of ISO, ISOFR and VEFR Flat Sheet. Properties are derived per the ASTM test method shown. Synthetic surfacing veil and ultraviolet inhibitors are standard.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM

UNITS

1/8" Tensile Stress, LW D-638 psi 24,000 Tensile Stress, CW D-638 psi 7,500 Tensile Modulus, LW D-638 106 psi 2.0 6 Tensile Modulus, CW D-638 10 psi 1.0 Compressive Stress, LW D-695 psi 24,000 Compressive Stress, CW D-695 psi 15,500 6 Compressive Modulus, LW D-695 10 psi 1.8 6 Compressive Modulus, CW D-695 10 psi 1.0 Flexural Stress, LW D-790 psi 35,000 Flexural Stress, CW D-790 psi 15,000 6 Flexural Modulus, LW D-790 10 psi 1.6 6 Flexural Modulus, CW D-790 10 psi 0.9 Perpendicular Shear Stress, LW D-3846 psi 6,000 Perpendicular Shear Stress, CW D-3846 psi 6,000 Bearing Stress, LW D-953 psi 32,000 Notched Izod Impact, LW D-256 ft-lbs/in 18.5 Notched Izod Impact, CW D-256 ft-lbs/in 5

THICKNESS ISO & ISOFR 3/16"-1/4" 3/8"-1" 1/8" 24,000 24,000 24,000 10,000 10,000 7,500 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.0 24,000 24,000 24,000 16,500 16,500 16,500 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 35,000 30,000 35,000 15,000 18,000 15,000 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.4 0.9 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 32,000 32,000 32,000 20 20 18.5 5 5 5

VEFR 3/16"-1/4" 24,000 10,000 2.0 1.1 24,000 17,500 1.8 1.0 35,000 15,000 2.0 1.1 6,000 6,000 32,000 20 5

3/8"-1" 24,000 10,000 2.0 1.4 24,000 17,500 1.8 1.0 30,000 18,000 2.0 1.4 6,000 6,000 32,000 20 5

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ASTM UNITS 1/8" 3/16"-1/4" 3/8"-1" 1/8" 3/16"-1/4" 3/8"-1" Barcol Hardness D-2583 ---40 40 40 40 40 40 24 Hour Water Absorption D-570 % max 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3 Density D-792 lbs./in. .062-.070 .062-.070 .062-.070 .062-.070 .062-.070 .062-.070 -6 Coefficient Thermal Expansion, LW D-696 10 in/in/°F 8 8 8 8 8 8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Arc Resistance, LW Dielectric Strength, LW Dielectric Strength, PF

ASTM D-495 D-149 D-149

UNITS seconds kv./in. volts/mil.

1/8" 120 35 200

3/16"-1/4" 120 35

3/8"-1" 120 35

1/8" 120 35 200

3/16"-1/4" 120 35

3/8"-1" 120 35

FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES FOR ISOFR & VEFR FLAT SHEET Tunnel Test

E-84

Flame Spread 25 max.

Flammability

D-635

Nonburning

UL

94

VO

NBS Smoke Chamber LW = Lengthwise

E-662 Smoke Density 600-700 CW = Crosswise PF = Perpendicular to Laminate Face 

Coupon Properties - Threaded Rods and Nuts Threaded rod and nuts are manufactured using premium vinyl ester resin containing UV inhibitors. The properties listed below are the result of the ASTM test method indicated. PROPERTIES Ultimate Transverse Shear (Double Shear) Longitudinal Compressive Strength Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus Flammability Fire Retardant Water Absorption 24 hr. Immersion Longitudinal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Ultimate Thread Shear using fiberglass nut Ultimate Torque Strength fiberglass nut lubricated with SAE 10W30 motor oil Rod Weight Nut Weight Nut Dimensions Color

ASTM

UNITS

VALUE Diameter- Threads per Inch (UNC) 3/8-16 1/2-13 5/8-11 3/4-10 1-8

B-565

lb

4,200

6,800

10,000

13,400

24,000

D-695

psi

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

D-790 D-790 D-635 E-84

psi 106 psi

70,000 2.5

70,000 70,000 70,000 2.5 2.5 2.5 Self-extinguishing for all Class 1 Class 1 Class 1

D-570

% max

D-696

Class 1

70,000 2.5 psi Class 1

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

10 in/in/°F

6

6

6

6

6

----

lb

1,200

2,400

3,600

4,000

8,200

----

ft-lb

12

18

35

75

110

----------

-6

lb/ft .07 .08 .20 .30 .53 lb .01 .02 .04 .06 .14 in (sq) x in (thick) .68 x.45 .86 x.56 1.06 x.69 1.24 x.82 1.63 x1.1 Gray Gray Gray Gray Gray

NOTE: Threads of threaded rods are cut into specifically manufactured pultruded rods. Therefore, after installation of threaded rods and fiberglass nuts in a corrosive environment, the threads are to be sealed with a vinyl ester resin.

10

Cross Sectional Tolerances

SHAPE

DIMENSION

TOLERANCE

MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM TOLERANCES

t = thickness

± 10%

± 0.010" minimum

b = flange width

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

d = depth

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

t = thickness

± 10%

± 0.010" minimum

b = flange width

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

d = depth

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

t = thickness

± 10%

± 0.010" minimum

b = flange width

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

d = depth

± 5%

± 0.094" maximum

t = thickness

± 10%

± 0.040" maximum

b = width

± 3%

± 0.094" maximum 0.187" minimum

ANGLES

CHANNELS

WIDE FLANGE, I SHAPES

FLAT SHEET

11

Cross Sectional Tolerances

SHAPE

DIMENSION

ROUND & SQUARE TUBE

OUTSIDE DIMENSION CONDITION

TOLERANCES

Under 1"

± 20%

1" and up

± 15 %

Under 2"

± 0.020"

2" and up

± 0.040"

Up to 3"

± 0.010"

t = thickness

od = outside dimension ROUND ROD & SQUARE BAR od = outside dimension

FLATNESS Flatness is measured in the center with the weight of the profile minimizing the deviation by contact with a flat surface. STRUCTURAL SHAPES RODS, BARS, & SHEET

Allowable deviation from flat Width

All Thicknesses

Up to 1"

0.008"

Over 1"

0.008"/inch

HOLLOW SHAPES

Allowable deviation from flat Width

Thickness 0.125" to 0.188"

Thickness 0.189" and over

Up to 1"

0.012"

0.008"

Over 1"

0.012"/inch

0.008"/inch

12

Cross Sectional Tolerances STRAIGHTNESS Straightness is measured in the center with the weight of the pultrusion minimizing the deviation by contact with a flat surface. ANGLE, BEAM AND CHANNEL Allowable deviation from straight

All widths RODS AND BARS

0.050"/foot

Allowable deviation from straight

ROUND, SQUARE, AND RECTANGULAR TUBE

Diameter/Depth

Per Foot

Up to 1"

0.020"

Over 1"

0.040"

Allowable deviation from straight Diameter/Depth

Per Foot

Up to 2"

0.020"

Over 2"

0.030"

SHEET AND PLATE Allowable deviation from straight

All thicknesses and widths

13

0.025"/foot

Cross Sectional Tolerances TWIST

Twist is measured with the weight of the pultrusion minimizing the twist. ALL PROFILES Allowable twist Width/Depth

Per Foot

Per Piece Max

Up to 1.499"

tan 1° x width

tan 7° x width

1.500" to 2.999"

tan 1/2° x width

tan 5° x width

3.000" and over

tan 1/3° x width

tan 3° x width

ANGULARITY Allowable deviation from specific angle ALL PROFILES thickness up to 3/4"

tan 1-1/2° x width of flange in inches

CUT LENGTHS ALL PROFILES

Allowable deviation from specific length Up to 20'

-0", + 1/2"

Over 20' to 50'

-0", + 1"

SQUARENESS OF ENDCUT Allowable deviation from square ALL PROFILES All thicknesses

14

tan 1° x width in inches

Section Properties WIDE FLANGE SHAPES

SECTION DIMENSIONS d in. 3 4 6 6 8 8 10 12

b in. 3 4 6 6 8 8 10 12

t in. 1/4 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2 1/2 1/2

A in.2 2.13 2.89 4.39 6.48 8.73 11.51 14.51 17.51

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X Y-Y Wt. S r S I I 4 3 4 lb./ft. in. in. in. in. in.3 1.64 3.17 2.11 1.22 1.13 0.75 2.15 7.94 3.97 1.66 2.67 1.34 3.40 28.28 9.43 2.54 9.01 3.00 4.90 40.17 13.39 2.49 13.52 4.51 6.49 99.19 24.80 3.37 32.03 8.01 8.70 126.96 31.74 3.32 42.74 10.69 10.90 256.20 51.24 4.21 83.42 16.68 13.20 452.45 75.45 5.08 144.11 24.02

15

r in. 0.73 0.96 1.43 1.44 1.92 1.93 2.40 2.87

Section Properties I SHAPES

SECTION DIMENSIONS d in. 3 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 18 24

b t A in. in. in.2 1-1/2 1/4 1.38 2 1/4 1.88 3 1/4 2.88 3 3/8 4.23 4 3/8 5.73 4 1/2 7.51 5 3/8 7.22 5 1/2 9.51 6 1/2 11.51 4-1/2 3/8 - 1/2 10.92 7-1/2 3/8 - 3/4 19.90

Wt. I lb./ft. in.4 1.10 1.75 1.50 4.41 2.20 16.99 3.20 22.35 4.30 55.55 5.70 70.62 5.78 111.63 7.20 143.29 8.70 253.96 8.70 498.15 15.20 1877.00

16

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X Y-Y S r S I 3 4 in. in. in. in.3 1.17 1.13 0.14 0.19 2.21 1.53 0.34 0.34 5.66 2.43 1.13 0.75 7.45 2.30 1.71 1.14 13.89 3.11 4.03 2.02 17.66 3.07 5.40 2.70 22.33 3.93 7.85 3.14 28.66 3.88 10.51 4.21 42.33 4.70 18.11 6.04 55.35 6.75 7.66 3.40 156.42 9.76 52.83 14.09

r in. 0.32 0.43 0.63 0.64 0.84 0.85 1.04 1.05 1.26 0.84 1.64

Section Properties CHANNELS SECTION DIMENSIONS d in. 3 3 3 3-1/2 4 4 6 6 8 10

b in. 13/16 1 1-1/2 1-3/16 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-11/16 2-3/16 2-3/4

td in. 1/8 1/4 1/4 1/8 1/4 3/16 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2

tb in. 1/8 1/4 1/4 3/16 1/4 3/16 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/2

A in.2 0.55 1.08 1.33 0.88 1.38 1.16 2.13 3.23 4.23 7.02

Wt. lb./ft. 0.43 0.79 1.01 0.67 1.05 0.88 1.67 2.60 3.20 5.30

Ri in. 3/16 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 3/16 1/4

17

Ro in. 1/32 3/8 3/8 3/16 3/8 5/16 3/8 1/8 9/16 3/4

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X Y-Y S r S I I 4 3 4 in. in. in. in. in.3 0.64 0.43 1.08 0.03 0.04 1.27 0.85 1.09 0.06 0.09 1.75 1.16 1.15 0.26 0.25 1.54 0.88 1.32 0.11 0.13 2.87 1.44 1.44 0.13 0.16 2.62 1.31 1.50 0.19 0.18 10.18 3.39 2.19 0.43 0.35 14.55 4.85 2.12 0.52 0.45 35.77 8.94 2.88 1.52 0.91 92.49 18.50 3.63 3.97 1.92

r in. 0.22 0.24 0.44 0.36 0.31 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.60 0.75

Section Properties EQUAL LEG ANGLES SECTION DIMENSIONS DEPTH WALL h t A in. in. in.2 1 1/8 0.23 1-1/4 1/8 0.29 1-1/2 3/16 0.52 1-1/2 1/4 0.67 2 1/4 0.92 3 1/4 1.42 3 3/8 2.09 3 1/2 2.70 4 1/4 1.92 4 3/8 2.84 4 1/2 3.70 6 1/2 5.70

I in.4 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.33 1.24 1.76 2.22 3.04 4.35 5.56 19.91

Wt. lb./ft. 0.18 0.22 0.40 0.54 0.70 1.08 1.61 2.11 1.45 2.18 2.89 4.45

18

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X/Y-Y S r 3 in. in. 0.05 0.31 0.05 0.38 0.10 0.46 0.13 0.45 0.23 0.59 0.58 0.93 0.83 0.91 1.07 0.91 1.04 1.26 1.52 1.24 1.97 1.23 4.60 1.87

x/y in. 0.29 0.36 0.44 0.47 0.59 0.84 0.89 0.93 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.68

Section Properties SQUARE TUBES

b in. 1 1 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4 1-3/4 2 2 2 2-1/8 2-1/4 2-1/4 3 3 4

SECTION DIMENSIONS t A in. in.2 1/8 0.43 1/4 0.74 1/8 0.56 1/4 0.99 1/8 0.68 1/4 1.24 1/8 0.81 1/4 1.49 1/8 0.93 1/4 1.74 3/8 2.44 3/16 1.45 1/8 1.06 1/4 1.99 1/8 1.43 1/4 2.74 1/4 3.74

Wt. lb./ft. 0.32 0.55 0.41 0.75 0.50 0.98 0.61 1.13 0.70 1.32 1.85 1.10 0.81 1.51 1.08 2.07 2.83

19

SECTION PROPERTIES S r I 4 3 in. in. in. 0.06 0.11 0.36 0.08 0.16 0.33 0.12 0.19 0.46 0.18 0.28 0.42 0.22 0.29 0.56 0.34 0.45 0.52 0.36 0.41 0.67 0.58 0.66 0.62 0.55 0.55 0.77 0.91 0.91 0.73 1.13 1.13 0.68 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.80 0.71 0.87 1.35 1.20 0.83 1.98 1.32 1.18 3.50 2.33 1.13 8.82 4.41 1.53

Section Properties RECTANGULAR TUBES SECTION DIMENSIONS d in. 1-1/2 1-1/2 2 2 4 4-3/8 4-1/2 5

b in. 3/4 1 1/2 1 1 1-3/8 1-3/4 2

td in. 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8

tb in. 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 3/16 3/16 1/8

A in.2 0.50 0.56 0.56 0.69 1.19 1.52 1.69 1.69

Wt. lb./ft. 0.39 0.44 0.44 0.54 0.90 1.18 1.29 1.32

I in.4 0.13 0.16 0.22 0.33 2.04 3.60 4.52 5.20

20

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X Y-Y S r S I 3 4 in. in. in. in.3 0.17 0.51 0.04 0.11 0.21 0.53 0.08 0.16 0.89 0.63 0.02 0.07 0.33 0.69 0.11 0.21 1.02 1.31 0.20 0.40 1.64 1.54 0.47 0.69 2.07 1.64 0.85 0.97 2.08 1.76 1.21 1.21

r in. 0.32 0.40 0.18 0.39 0.42 0.79 0.71 0.85

Section Properties ROUND TUBES

od in. 1 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4 1-3/4 1-7/8 2 3 3

SECTION DIMENSIONS t A in. in.2 3/32 0.27 1/8 0.34 1/8 0.39 3/32 0.34 1/8 0.44 1/4 0.79 1/8 0.54 1/4 0.98 1/8 0.64 1/4 1.18 3/16 0.99 1/4 1.37 1/4 2.16 1/2 3.93

Wt. lb./ft. 0.22 0.25 0.33 0.27 0.32 0.61 0.45 0.79 0.51 0.94 0.88 1.08 1.70 2.98

21

SECTION PROPERTIES S r I 4 3 in. in. in. 0.03 0.06 0.32 0.03 0.07 0.31 0.05 0.09 0.36 0.06 0.09 0.41 0.07 0.11 0.40 0.10 0.17 0.36 0.13 0.17 0.49 0.20 0.27 0.45 0.21 0.24 0.58 0.34 0.39 0.54 0.36 0.38 0.60 0.54 0.54 0.62 2.06 1.37 0.98 3.19 2.13 0.90

Section Properties SQUARE BARS

SECTION DIMENSIONS d in. 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

b in. 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

A in.2 1.00 1.56 2.25

Wt. lb./ft. 0.88 1.37 1.98

I in.4 0.08 0.20 0.42

SECTION PROPERTIES X-X Y-Y S r S I 3 4 in. in. in. in.3 0.17 0.29 0.08 0.17 0.33 0.36 0.20 0.33 0.56 0.43 0.42 0.56

22

r in. 0.29 0.36 0.43

Section Properties SOLID ROUNDS SECTION DIMENSIONS d A Wt. in. in.2 lb./ft. 0.2500 0.049 0.044 0.3000 0.071 0.062 0.3125 0.077 0.067 0.3500 0.096 0.083 0.3750 0.110 0.095 0.4375 0.150 0.133 0.4720 0.175 0.150 0.4800 0.181 0.160 0.5000 0.196 0.172 0.6250 0.307 0.270 0.7500 0.442 0.397 0.8125 0.518 0.460 0.8750 0.601 0.534 1.0000 0.785 0.697 1.2500 1.227 1.094 1.5000 1.766 1.571

SECTION PROPERTIES S r I in.4 in.3 in. 0.0002 0.0016 0.0625 0.0004 0.0027 0.0750 0.0005 0.0030 0.0781 0.0007 0.0042 0.0875 0.0010 0.0052 0.0938 0.0018 0.0082 0.1094 0.0024 0.0103 0.1180 0.0026 0.0109 0.1200 0.0031 0.0123 0.1250 0.0075 0.0240 0.1563 0.0156 0.0414 0.1875 0.0214 0.0527 0.2031 0.0288 0.0658 0.2188 0.0491 0.0982 0.2500 0.1198 0.1917 0.3125 0.2485 0.3313 0.3750

23

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables TABLE NOTATION

Aw - Area of web (in2)



∆ - Deflection (in)



E - Modulus of Elasticity (psi)

Fb - Maximum Allowable Flexural Stress for Laterally Supported Beam (psi) Fv - Maximum Allowable Shear Stress for Laterally Supported Beam (psi)

G - Shear Modulus (psi)



I - Moment of Inertia (in4)



L - Span Length (in)



S - Section Modulus (in3)



V - Vertical Shear (lbs)



w - Uniform Load (lbs/in)



M - Maximum Moment (in-lb)

24

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables TABLE NOTATION he allowable uniform load tables were generated using the results from tests and the following T formulas, properties and assumptions. The deflection formula reflects that the deflection is the result of both flexural and shear stresses. 5wL4 wL2 ∆ = + 384EI 4AwG V Fv = Aw M Fb = S E = 2.8 x 106 psi G = 450,000 psi Fb = 10,000 psi Fv = 1,500 psi Adequate lateral support is provided (full lateral support for channels). LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS - FRP STRUCTURAL SHAPES MEMBER C6" x 1/4" C8" x 3/8" C10" x 1/2" I4" x 1/4" I6" x 1/4" I8" x 3/8" I10" x 3/8" I12" x 1/2"

LATERAL SUPPORT SPACING 48" 60" 60" 24" 36" 48" 60" 84"

MEMBER W4" x 1/4" W6" x 1/4" W6" x 3/8" W8" x 3/8" W10" x 3/8" W12" x 1/2"

Load is applied perpendicular to major axis. Beam simply supported at both ends. The part weight has been deducted in the following tables.

25

LATERAL SUPPORT SPACING 60" 84" 96" 108" 156" 168"

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3 x 3 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 0.625 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 3.17 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 623 467 373 311 266 218 172 139

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 2.11 in3

Wt. = 1.64 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----496 388 323 242 214 178 133 129 107 80 83 69 51 56 46 34 39 32 24 28 23 17

L/100 ----322 194 125 85 60 43

L/360 330 161 88 53 33 22 15 11

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

4 x 4 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 0.875 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Ix= 7.94 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 872 653 522 435 372 325 289 260 216 181 154

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 3.97 in3

Wt. = 2.15 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------522 483 402 301 300 249 186 197 163 122 135 112 83 96 80 59 71 58 43 53 44 32 40 33 24 31 26 19

L/100 --------297 204 146 107 81 62 49

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

26

L/360 661 347 200 123 80 55 38 28 20 15 11

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 6 x 6 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 1.375 in2

Ix= 28.28 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 5 821 Fv 6 684 Fv 7 585 Fv 8 512 Fv 9 454 Fv 10 409 Fv 11 371 Fv Fv 12 340 Fv 13 313 Fv 14 291 Fv 15 271 The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 9.43 in3

Wt. = 3.40 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 --------------549 ----503 377 --430 358 267 --315 262 195 357 237 196 146 274 181 150 112 215 142 117 87 171 112 93 69 138 90 75 55 112 74 61 44 the above table.

L/360 554 364 250 177 129 96 73 57 44 35 28

6 x 6 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 1.969 in2

Ix= 40.17 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 5 1176 Fv 6 980 Fv 7 839 Fv 8 733 Fv 9 651 Fv 10 586 Fv 11 532 Fv Fv 12 487 Fv 13 449 Fv 14 417 Fv 15 389 The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 13.39 in3

Wt. = 4.90 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 --------------782 ----717 537 --613 510 381 --449 373 279 508 337 280 209 390 259 215 160 306 202 168 124 243 160 133 98 196 129 107 79 160 105 87 64 the above table. 27

L/360 790 520 356 252 184 138 105 81 64 51 41

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 8 x 8 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 2.719 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 99.19 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1353 1158 1013 899 809 735 673 620 576 537 503 473 446 422 401 368 335 306 280 258

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 24.80 in3

Wt. = 6.49 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------1105 ----811 --815 609 751 625 467 586 488 364 465 387 288 374 311 231 305 253 188 251 208 154 209 173 128 175 145 107 148 122 90 126 104 76 108 89 65 93 76 55 80 66 48 70 57 41 61 50 35 53 43 31

L/100 --------------565 461 380 316 266 225 192 165 143 124 108 95 83

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.



28

L/360 1028 735 539 404 309 240 190 152 123 100 83 69 58 48 41 35 29 25 21 18

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 8 x 8 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 3.5 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 126.96 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1741 1491 1304 1158 1041 946 866 799 741 691 647 609 574 544 516 471 428 391 358 330

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 31.74 in3

Wt. = 8.70 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------1418 ----1040 --1044 781 963 801 598 751 625 466 596 495 369 479 398 296 390 324 241 321 266 197 267 221 164 224 185 137 189 156 115 161 133 97 138 113 83 119 97 71 103 84 61 89 73 52 78 63 45 68 55 39

L/100 --------------724 590 486 405 341 288 246 211 183 159 138 121 107

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

29

L/360 1319 942 691 518 396 308 243 194 157 129 106 88 74 62 52 44 38 32 27 23

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 10 x 10 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 3.469 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 198.53 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1725 1478 1292 1147 1032 937 858 791 734 685 641 603 569 539 511 487 464 443 425 407

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv

Sx = 39.71 in3

Wt. = 8.74 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------------------1059 ----829 --880 658 851 708 529 693 576 430 571 474 353 475 394 293 398 330 245 337 279 207 287 237 176 246 203 150 212 175 129 184 152 111 160 132 97 140 115 84 123 101 74 109 89 64

L/100 --------------------602 509 434 373 322 280 245 215 189 167

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

30

L/360 1635 1210 914 703 549 435 349 284 233 192 161 135 114 97 83 71 61 53 46 40

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 10 x 10 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 4.50 in2 SPAN FEET 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Ix= 256.20 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1918 1677 1489 1339 1216 1114 1027 953 889 833 783 739 700 664 632 603 576 552 529 494 458 425 395

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 51.24 in3

Wt. = 10.90 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------------1370 ----1072 --1138 850 1100 915 684 896 745 556 738 613 457 614 510 379 515 427 318 435 361 268 371 307 228 318 263 195 274 227 167 238 196 144 207 171 125 181 149 109 160 131 96 141 115 84 125 102 74 111 90 65 99 80 57 88 72 51

L/100 ------------------778 658 562 482 417 362 316 278 245 217 192 172 153 138

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

31

L/360 1567 1183 910 711 563 452 367 301 249 208 175 148 126 108 93 80 69 60 52 46 40 35 30

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 12 x 12 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 5.50 in2 SPAN FEET 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Ix= 452.45 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2343 2049 1819 1636 1486 1361 1255 1165 1086 1017 957 903 854 811 772 736 703 674 646 621 597 575 555 536

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv

Sx = 75.45 in3

Wt. = 13.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------------------------1338 ----1091 --1203 899 --1001 747 1010 839 626 854 710 529 728 604 450 624 518 385 538 446 331 467 387 287 407 337 249 357 295 218 314 259 191 277 229 168 246 203 148 219 180 131 195 160 171 175 143 104 157 128 93 141 115 83

L/100 ------------------------814 707 618 542 478 423 376 335 300 269 242 219

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.



32

L/360 2273 1760 1383 1102 888 723 595 493 413 348 295 252 216 186 161 140 123 107 94 83 73 65 57 51

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 0.625 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 1.75 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 623 467 310 215 157 120 94 76

Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 1.17 in3

Wt. = 1.10 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 511 425 319 236 196 147 126 104 78 74 61 45 46 38 28 31 25 19 21 17 13 15 12 9

L/100 --355 189 112 71 47 33 24

L/360 212 97 51 30 18 12 8 5

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

4 x 2 x 1/4 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 0.875 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ix= 4.41 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 873 Fv 654 Fv 523 Fv 407 Fb 299 Fb 228 Fb 180 Fb 145 Fb 120 Fb 100 Fb

Sx = 2.21 in3

Wt. = 1.50 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----692 542 451 338 299 249 186 180 150 112 116 96 72 78 65 48 55 46 34 40 33 24 30 25 18 23 19 13

L/100 ----449 271 175 119 84 61 46 35

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

33

L/360 461 225 123 74 47 32 22 16 11 8

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 6 x 3 x 1/4 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 1.375 in2

Ix= 16.99 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 5 822 Fv 6 685 Fv 7 586 Fv 8 513 Fv 9 455 Fv 10 374 Fb 11 309 Fb 12 259 Fb 13 220 Fb 14 189 Fb 15 165 Fb The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 5.66 in3

Wt. = 2.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 ----797 597 --607 505 378 --405 337 252 424 282 234 175 306 203 169 126 227 150 125 93 173 114 95 70 134 88 73 54 106 70 57 42 85 56 46 34 69 45 37 27 the above table.

L/360 397 251 167 116 83 61 46 35 27 21 17

6 x 3 x 3/8 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 1.969 in2

Ix= 22.35 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 6 981 Fv 7 840 Fv 8 734 Fv 9 609 Fb 10 493 Fb 11 406 Fb 12 341 Fb 13 290 Fb 14 249 Fb 15 217 Fb 16 190 Fb 17 168 Fb 18 149 Fb The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 7.45 in3

Wt. = 3.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 --813 676 506 812 540 449 336 564 375 312 233 406 269 224 167 301 199 165 123 229 151 125 93 177 117 97 72 140 92 76 56 112 73 60 44 91 59 49 36 75 48 40 29 62 40 33 23 52 33 27 19 the above table. 34

L/360 336 223 154 110 81 61 46 36 28 22 18 14 11

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 8 x 4 x 3/8 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 2.719 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ix= 55.55 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1355 1160 1015 901 811 737 638 543 467 407 357 315 281 251 226

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 13.89 in3

Wt. = 4.30 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----1083 --993 744 849 707 529 622 518 387 468 389 291 359 299 223 281 234 174 224 186 138 181 150 111 147 122 90 122 101 74 101 84 61 85 70 51 72 59 43 61 50 36

L/100 --------704 542 425 338 273 224 185 154 130 111 94

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

35

L/360 720 494 351 256 192 147 114 90 72 58 48 39 33 27 23

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 8 x 4 x 1/2 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 3.50 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ix= 70.62 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1744 1494 1307 1161 1044 949 812 691 595 517 454 401 357 320 288

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 17.66 in3

Wt. = 5.70 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----1383 --1267 949 1082 901 674 793 660 494 596 496 370 458 381 284 358 298 222 285 237 176 230 191 142 188 156 115 155 128 95 129 107 79 109 90 66 92 76 55 78 64 47

L/100 --------897 690 541 431 348 285 236 197 166 141 121

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

36

L/360 920 631 448 327 245 187 146 115 92 75 61 50 42 35 29

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 10 x 5 x 1/2 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 4.50 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 143.29 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2242 1921 1680 1492 1342 1219 1117 1030 956 841 738 653 582 521 470 425 387 353 324 298

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 28.66 in3

Wt. = 7.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------1681 --1635 1225 1468 1222 914 1120 932 697 872 725 542 690 573 428 554 460 343 450 374 278 370 307 228 308 255 189 258 214 158 218 180 133 186 153 113 159 131 97 137 113 83 119 98 71 104 85 62 91 74 54 80 65 47

L/100 ------------1038 834 679 559 466 391 331 283 243 210 183 160 140 123

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

37

L/360 1579 1118 814 607 462 359 283 226 183 150 124 103 86 73 62 53 45 39 33 28

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 10 x 5 x 3/8 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 3.469 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 111.63 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1728 1481 1295 1150 1035 940 861 794 737 656 575 509 453 406 366 332 302 275 252 232

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 22.33 in3

Wt. = 5.78 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------1305 --1270 951 1141 949 711 871 725 542 678 564 422 537 446 333 431 358 267 350 291 217 288 239 178 240 199 148 201 167 123 170 141 104 145 120 88 124 103 75 107 88 65 93 76 56 81 66 48 71 58 42 62 51 37

L/100 ------------808 649 529 436 363 305 258 220 189 164 142 124 109 96

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

38

L/360 1225 868 632 472 359 279 220 176 143 117 96 80 67 57 48 41 35 30 26 22

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 12 x 6 x 1/2 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 5.50 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Ix= 253.96 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2741 2348 2054 1824 1641 1491 1366 1260 1170 1091 1022 962 862 773 696 631 574 524 481 442 408 378 351 327 305

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 42.33 in3

Wt. = 8.70 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------------1922 ----1463 --1514 1134 1434 1193 893 1147 954 713 929 773 577 762 633 473 631 524 391 528 438 327 445 370 275 379 314 122 324 269 199 279 231 171 242 200 148 211 174 129 185 152 112 162 134 98 143 118 86 127 104 76 113 93 67 101 83 60 90 74 53 81 66 74

L/100 ----------------1147 951 796 673 573 491 424 368 321 282 248 220 195 174 156 140 126

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

39

L/360 2354 1715 1278 972 753 592 473 382 312 258 215 180 153 130 111 96 83 72 62 55 48 42 37 32 28

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 18 x 3/8 x 4-1/2 x 1/2 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 6.375 in2 SPAN FEET 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Ix= 498.15 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2382 2116 1904 1730 1585 1462 1357 1266 1186 1116 1054 998 913 828 753 688 632 581 537 497 462 430 401

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 55.35 in3

Wt. = 8.70 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----------------1872 ----1507 ----1228 --1351 1011 1349 1123 840 1132 942 704 957 796 595 815 678 506 700 581 434 604 502 374 524 436 324 458 380 283 402 333 248 354 294 218 313 260 193 279 231 171 248 206 152 222 184 136 200 165 121 180 148 109 162 134 98

L/100 ----------------------910 791 691 607 536 475 422 377 338 304 274 248

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

40

L/360 1996 1565 1245 1002 816 671 557 466 394 335 286 246 213 186 162 142 125 111 98 87 78 70 62

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 24 x 3/8 x 7-1/2 x 3/4 I BEAM Laterally Supported Aw = 8.44 in2 SPAN FEET 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

Ix= 1877.00 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 707 687 668 650 633 617 602 575 548 523 499 477 456 437 418 401 385 370 355 342 329 316 305

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 156.42 in3

Wt. = 15.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 363 300 221 335 276 203 309 255 187 286 236 173 265 218 160 246 202 148 228 188 137 212 174 127 198 162 118 184 151 109 172 141 101 161 131 94 150 122 88 140 114 82 131 107 76 123 100 71 116 94 66 108 88 62 102 82 58 96 77 54 90 72 50 84 68 47 79 64 44

L/100 552 510 472 437 405 377 350 327 305 284 266 249 233 219 205 193 181 171 161 151 143 135 127

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

41

L/360 142 130 119 110 101 93 86 79 73 67 62 58 53 49 45 42 39 36 33 31 28 26 24

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3 x 13/16 x 1/8 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.344 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 0.64 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 317 178 114 79 57 44 34 28

Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 0.43 in3

Wt. = 0.43 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 200 167 125 90 75 56 47 39 29 27 23 17 17 14 10 11 9 7 8 6 4 5 4 3

L/100 301 135 71 41 26 17 12 8

L/360 83 37 19 11 7 4 3 2

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

3 x 1 x 1/4 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.625 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 1.27 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 624 353 226 156 115 88 69 56

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 0.85 in3

Wt. = 0.85 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 393 328 246 178 148 111 94 78 58 55 46 34 35 29 21 23 19 14 16 13 10 11 9 7

L/100 591 267 141 83 52 35 24 18

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

42

L/360 163 73 38 22 14 9 6 4

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.625 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 1.75 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 623 467 307 213 156 119 93 75

Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 1.16 in3

Wt. = 1.01 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 511 425 319 236 196 147 126 104 78 74 61 45 46 38 28 31 25 19 21 17 13 15 12 9

L/100 --355 189 112 71 47 33 24

L/360 212 97 51 30 18 12 8 5

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

3-1/2 x 1-3/16 x 1/8 x 3/16 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.406 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 1.54 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 623 467 307 213 156 119 93 75

Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 0.88 in3

Wt. = 0.67 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 511 425 319 236 196 147 126 104 78 74 61 45 46 38 28 31 25 19 21 17 13 15 12 9

L/100 --355 189 112 71 47 33 24

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

43

L/360 212 97 51 30 18 12 8 5

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 CHANNEL MAJOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 0.54 in2 Ix= 1.92 in4 SPAN MAXIMUM L/100 FEET LOAD 3 539 Fv --4 404 Fv 377 5 291 Fb 204 6 202 Fb 122 7 148 Fb 78 8 113 Fb 53 9 89 Fb 37 10 72 Fb 27 11 59 Fb 20 Fb 15 12 50

Sx = 1.10 in3

Wt. = 0.86 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 532 443 332 251 209 157 136 113 84 81 67 50 52 43 32 35 29 21 24 20 15 18 14 11 13 11 8 10 8 6

L/360 221 104 56 33 21 14 10 7 5 4

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

MINOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 0.44 in2 Ix= 0.22 in4 SPAN MAXIMUM L/100 FEET LOAD 3 154 Fb 115 4 86 Fb 49 5 55 Fb 25 6 38 Fb 14

Sx = 0.21 in3

Wt. = 0.86 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 77 64 47 32 27 20 16 13 10 9 7 5

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

44

L/360 31 13 6 3

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ 4 x 1-3/8 x 3/16 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.680 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 2.62 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 679 509 348 242 177 135 107 86

Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 1.31 in3

Wt. = 0.88 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 --593 445 339 282 211 184 153 115 110 91 68 70 58 44 48 39 29 33 28 21 24 20 15

L/100 --509 277 165 106 72 51 37

L/360 296 141 76 45 29 19 13 10

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

4 x 1-1/8 x 1/4 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 0.875 in2 SPAN FEET 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ix= 2.87 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 873 598 382 265 194 148 117 94

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 1.44 in3

Wt. = 1.05 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 811 675 506 380 316 236 204 170 127 121 100 75 77 64 47 52 43 31 36 30 22 26 21 15

L/100 --570 307 182 116 78 55 40

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

45

L/360 337 157 84 49 31 20 14 10

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 5-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 CHANNEL MAJOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 1.3125 in2 Ix= 7.38 in4 SPAN MAXIMUM L/100 FEET LOAD 3 1311 Fv --4 982 Fv --5 714 Fb --6 495 Fb 450 7 363 Fb 291 8 278 Fb 199 9 219 Fb 141 10 177 Fb 103 11 146 Fb 78 Fb 60 12 122 Fb 47 13 104 89 Fb 37 14 78 Fb 30 15

Sx = 2.68 in3

Wt. = 1.49 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----1118 887 739 554 493 411 308 299 249 186 194 161 120 132 109 82 93 77 58 68 56 42 51 42 31 39 32 24 31 25 18 24 20 14 19 16 11

L/360 745 368 204 123 79 54 38 27 20 15 12 9 7

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

MINOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 0.56 in2 Ix= 0.32 in4 SPAN MAXIMUM L/100 FEET LOAD 3 211 Fb 166 4 118 Fb 71 5 75 Fb 36 6 51 Fb 20

Sx = 0.29 in3

Wt. = 1.49 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 110 91 68 46 38 28 23 19 14 13 10 7

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

46

L/360 45 18 8 4

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 6 x 1-5/8 x 1/4 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 1.375 in2

Ix= 10.18 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 5 823 Fv 6 626 Fb 7 459 Fb 8 351 Fb 9 277 Fb 10 224 Fb 11 185 Fb Fb 12 155 Fb 13 132 Fb 14 113 98 Fb 15 The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 3.39 in3

Wt. = 1.67 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 --649 540 405 599 399 332 249 392 261 217 162 269 179 149 111 192 127 106 79 141 93 78 58 107 70 58 43 82 54 45 33 65 43 35 26 52 34 28 20 42 27 22 16 the above table.

L/360 269 165 107 73 52 38 28 21 17 13 10

6 x 1-11/16 x 3/8 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 1.969 in2 SPAN FEET 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ix= 14.55 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1178 895 657 502 396 320 264 222 188 162 141

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 4.85 in3

Wt. = 2.39 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 928 773 579 570 475 355 372 310 232 255 212 158 182 151 112 133 111 82 101 83 62 77 64 47 61 50 37 48 40 29 39 32 23

L/100 --857 560 384 274 202 152 118 92 74 60

The part weight has been deducted in the above table. 47

L/360 385 236 153 105 74 54 40 31 24 18 14

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 8 x 2-3/16 x 3/8 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 2.719 in2 SPAN FEET 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ix= 35.77 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1627 1356 1161 927 732 592 489 410 349 300 261 229 202 180 161 145

Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 8.94 in3

Wt. = 3.20 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----1235 1261 1050 787 845 704 527 590 491 367 426 355 265 317 264 197 241 201 149 188 156 116 148 123 91 119 98 73 97 80 59 79 65 48 66 54 40 55 45 33 46 38 27 39 32 23

L/100 ------887 642 478 364 283 224 180 147 121 101 85 72 61

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

48

L/360 822 523 350 244 175 130 98 76 59 47 38 31 25 21 17 14

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 10 x 2-3/4 x 1/2 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 4.50 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 92.49 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2244 1923 1682 1494 1227 1013 850 724 623 542 476 421 375 336 302 274 249 227 208 191

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 18.50 in3

Wt. = 5.30 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----1802 --1654 1239 1414 1177 882 1037 864 646 781 650 486 600 499 373 470 391 292 375 311 232 303 251 187 248 205 153 205 170 126 171 141 105 144 119 88 122 101 74 104 86 63 90 74 54 78 64 46 67 55 40 59 48 34 51 42 30

L/100 --------1174 904 709 565 457 374 310 259 219 186 160 138 119 104 91 80

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

49

L/360 1199 824 586 429 322 247 193 153 123 100 82 68 56 47 40 34 29 25 21 18

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 11-1/2 x 2-3/4 x 1/2 CHANNEL Laterally Supported Aw = 5.25 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ix= 124.6 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 2618 2243 1962 1743 1438 1187 996 848 730 635 557 493 439 393 354 321 291 266 244 224

Fv Fv Fv Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 21.67 in3

Wt. = 6.07 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 ----2313 --2143 1605 1846 1537 1151 1362 1134 849 1029 857 641 795 661 494 625 519 368 499 414 309 404 335 250 331 275 204 274 227 169 229 190 141 194 160 118 164 136 100 141 116 85 121 100 73 105 86 63 91 75 54 80 65 47 70 57 41

L/100 ------------940 752 609 500 415 348 294 250 215 185 161 140 123 108

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

50

L/360 1540 1068 765 563 425 327 256 204 164 134 110 91 77 64 55 46 40 34 29 25

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 3 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Laterally Supported Aw = 1.25 in2 SPAN FEET 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ix= 3.50 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 935 618 428 314 240 189 152 125 105

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 2.33 in3

Wt. = 2.07 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 472 393 294 252 210 156 149 123 92 94 78 58 63 52 38 43 36 26 31 25 18 23 18 13 17 14 9

L/100 710 380 224 142 96 67 48 36 27

L/360 195 103 60 37 24 16 11 8 5

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

3-1/2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Laterally Supported Aw = 1.5 in2 SPAN FEET 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ix= 5.73 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1122 869 602 442 338 266 215 177 148 126 108

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 3.27 in3

Wt. = 2.49 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 741 617 462 402 335 250 240 199 149 153 127 95 103 85 63 72 60 44 52 43 32 39 32 23 29 24 17 22 18 13 17 14 10

L/100 1113 605 361 231 156 110 80 60 45 35 28

The part weight has been deducted in the above table. 51

L/360 307 166 98 62 41 28 20 14 10 8 6

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 4 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Laterally Supported Aw = 1.75 in2

Ix= 8.82 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 4 1310 Fv 5 1047 Fv 6 814 Fb 7 597 Fb 8 456 Fb 9 360 Fb 10 291 Fb 11 240 Fb 12 201 Fb 13 171 Fb 14 147 Fb 15 128 Fb The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 4.41 in3

Wt. = 2.83 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 --1085 903 677 900 599 499 373 543 361 301 225 351 233 194 144 238 158 131 98 169 112 92 69 123 81 67 50 93 61 50 37 71 46 38 28 56 36 30 21 44 28 23 17 35 23 18 13 the above table.

L/360 450 248 149 95 64 45 32 24 18 13 10 8

4 x 3/8 SQUARE TUBE Laterally Supported Aw = 2.44 in2

Ix= 12.03 in4

SPAN MAXIMUM LOAD FEET 5 1459 Fv 6 1108 Fb 7 813 Fb 8 621 Fb 9 490 Fb 10 396 Fb 11 326 Fb 12 273 Fb 13 232 Fb 14 199 Fb 15 173 Fb 16 151 Fb 17 134 Fb 18 119 Fb 19 106 Fb 20 95 Fb The part weight has been deducted in

Sx = 6.01 in3

Wt. = 4.24 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/100 L/150 L/180 L/240 1230 818 681 510 742 493 410 306 478 317 264 196 325 215 178 132 230 151 125 93 168 110 91 67 126 82 68 49 96 62 51 37 75 48 39 28 59 38 31 22 47 30 24 17 38 24 19 13 31 19 15 10 25 15 12 8 21 12 9 6 17 10 7 4 the above table. 52

L/360 338 202 129 87 60 43 31 23 17 13 10 7 5 3 2 1

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 4 x 1/8 X 2 X 1/4 RECTANGULAR TUBE Laterally Supported Aw = 0.44 in2 SPAN FEET 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ix= 4.38 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 262 218 187 163 145 130 118 99

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 2.19 in3

Wt. = 1.46 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 260 217 162 162 135 101 107 89 66 73 61 45 52 43 32 38 32 23 29 24 17 22 18 13

L/100 ----161 111 79 58 44 34

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

53

L/360 107 66 43 29 21 15 11 8

Beams - Allowable Uniform Load Tables (lbs/ft) 6 x 4 x 1/4 RECTANGULAR TUBE MAJOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 2.42 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Ix= 22.89 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 1004 1033 791 624 505 416 349 297 255 222 195

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 7.63 in3

Wt. = 3.80 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 862 718 537 569 473 354 392 326 244 281 233 174 207 172 128 157 130 96 121 100 74 95 79 58 76 63 46 61 50 37 50 41 30

L/100 --855 591 423 313 237 184 145 116 94 77

L/360 357 235 161 115 84 63 48 37 29 23 18

The part weight has been deducted in the above table.

MINOR AXIS Laterally Supported Aw = 1.54 in2 SPAN FEET 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Ix= 12.09 in4

MAXIMUM LOAD 638 546 477 424 381 329 276 235 202 175 154

Fv Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb Fb

Sx = 6.05 in3

Wt. = 3.80 lbs./ft.

DEFLECTION L/150 L/180 L/240 468 389 291 306 254 190 209 174 129 149 123 92 109 90 67 82 68 50 63 52 38 49 40 29 38 31 23 31 25 18 25 20 14

L/100 --461 316 225 166 125 96 75 60 48 39 54

L/360 193 125 85 60 43 32 24 18 14 10 8

Structural Connections BEARING ON FRP Bolt Allowable for Given FRP Plate Thickness (1) BOLT DIAMETER MATERIAL THICKNESS 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 1" 1/8" 469 625 781 938 1250 1/4" 938 1250 1563 1875 2500 2344 2813 3750 3/8" 1406 1875 1/2" 1875 2500 3125 3750 5000 3/4" 2813 3750 4688 5625 7500 1" 3750 5000 6250 7500 10000 (1) BEARING on FRP plate or web controls (Factor of Safety = 3.0; Fp=10,000 psi) The designer must confirm that no other component of connection controls.

BOLT SHEAR Bolt Allowable for Given Bolt Diameter (2) BOLT TYPE & APPLICATION

3/8" 1408 2816

1/2" 2503 5007

BOLT DIAMETER 5/8" 3/4" 3912 5633 7823 11265

316SS- single shear (3) 316SS- double shear FRP threaded rod (4) 300 600 900 1000 single shear FRP threaded rod 600 1200 1800 2000 double shear (2) The designer must confirm that no other component of connection controls. (3) SHEAR of bolt controls. Fv=0.17*FU = 0.17*75,000 psi = 12,750 psi (4) SHEAR of FRP threaded rod controls (Factor of Safety = 4.0). Ultimate values from Dynaform® Design Guide

1" 10014 20027 2050 4100

RATIO OF EDGE DISTANCE TO FASTENER DIAMETER RANGE RECOMMENDED Edge Distance - cl* bolt to END 2.0-4.0 3.0 Edge Distance - cl* bolt to SIDE 1.5-3.5 2.5 Bolt Pitch - cl* to cl* 4.0-5.0 5.0 * - "cl" is centerline 55

Stringer Design Tables Stringer Design Table - OSHA Design Criteria 3’-0” Wide Stair Only

1 1 2 3 4

3

4

5

C8

C8

6

7

8

1. Slope range is 30° to 50° 2. OSHA does not limit the maximum rise 3. Design is for a 1000 lb point load, L/D ≥ 180 4. C8 = C 8” x 2-3/16” x 3/8”; C10 = C10” x 2-3/4” x 1/2” Horizontal Run in Feet

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

C8 C8

C8 C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

6

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

7

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

5

Vertical Rise in Feet

2

Notes:

C8

8 9 10 11 12 13

C8 Rise/Run combinations without stringer size fall outside of 30° - 50° slope limits set by OSHA.

Stringers below double line require lateral bracing.

14 15 16 17

Stringers below heavy black line are longer than 20'-0". These require a splice or pull to length.

18

56

Stringer Design Tables Stringer Design Table - UBC Design Criteria 3’-0” Wide Stair Only

1 1

2

3

4

5

C8

C8

C8

C8

Vertical Rise in Feet

3 4 6 7 8

1. Slope range is 19.5° to 41.6° 2. Landings are required every 12’ of rise 3. Design is for a 100 psf point load, L/D ≥ 180 4. C8 = C 8” x 2-3/16” x 3/8”; C10 = C10” x 2-3/4” x 1/2” Horizontal Run in Feet

6

7

8

9

10

11

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8

2

5

Notes:

Rise/Run combinations without stringer size fall outside of slope limits set by UBC.

9 10

Stringers below heavy black line are longer than 20'-0".

11 12

C10

Stringers below double line require lateral bracing.

*Indicates that C8 stringers can be used if columns are installed at midspan of stringer. C10 will not work.

Stringer Design Table - UBC Design Criteria 4’-0” Wide Stair Only

1 1 2

Vertical Rise in Feet

3 4 5 6 7 8

2

3

4

5

C8

C8

C8

C8

Notes:

1. Slope range is 19.5° to 41.6° 2. Landings are required every 12’ of rise 3. Design is for a 100 psf point load, L/D ≥ 180 4. C8 = C 8” x 2-3/16” x 3/8”; C10 = C10” x 2-3/4” x 1/2” Horizontal Run in Feet

6

7

8

9

10

11

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

C8

11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

C8

C8

C8

C10

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8

C8

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8

C8

C10

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C10

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8*

C8

Rise/Run combinations without stringer size fall outside of slope limits set by UBC.

9 10

12

Stringers below heavy black line are longer than 20'-0".

Stringers below double line require lateral bracing.

*Indicates that C8 stringers can be used if columns are installed at midspan of stringer. C10 will not work.

57

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables

8’ long - 6” x 6” x 1/2” Angle Full section column testing was conducted on equal leg angles, I and Wide Flange Shapes and Square Tubes. Ultimate values were generated through testing of elements with square cut ends placed between the table and the upper, moving platen of a universal testing machine. This test procedure closely simulates how FRP columns will generally be used in practice. Comparison of test data versus theoretical Euler buckling capacity suggests that the "K" value as tested is approximately 0.70, representing a fixed-pinned condition. The values in the tables represent an FS = 3.0 for the tested condition. Should you feel, however, that your column end conditions closely approximate a pinned-pinned condition ("rounded" column ends are somewhat difficult to achieve in practice) we recommend you multiply the allowable values shown in the tables by the following values:

SHAPE I, W or Angle Square Tube

To Obtain FS = 2.0 multiply by: 0.75 0.50 58

To Obtain FS = 3.0 multiply by: 0.50 0.33

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads NOTATION

A

area (in2)

b

width of flange/leg/wall (in)

t

thickness of flange (in)

r

minimum radius gyration (in)

l

length (in)

K

effective column length factor

F a

allowable column concentric axial stress (psi)

P a

allowable column centric axial load (lbs)

8' long - 6" x 3/8" WIDE FLANGE SHAPE

ANGLE

WIDE FLANGE & I SHAPES

Maximum Allowable Stress: b/t ≤ 8 4,862 psi b/t = 10.7 4,194 psi b/t = 12 3,620 psi b/t = 16 2,758 psi

Maximum Allowable Stress: b/t ≤ 12 10,000 psi b/t = 13.3 8,747 psi b/t = 16 7,208 psi t = 1/4" t > 1/4" b/t = 16 6,233 psi b/t = 20 4,920 psi

SQUARE TUBE (1/4" wall) Maximum Allowable Stress: b/t ≤ 10 10,000 psi 8,880 psi b/t = 12 b/t = 16 6,595 psi

t = 1/4" t > 1/4"

59

b/t = 21.3

4,483 psi

b/t = 24 b/t = 24 b/t = 26.7

4,167 psi 3,608 psi 2,732 psi

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 2 x 2 x 1/4 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 0.92 in.2 r = 0.38 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Fa (psi) 4,862 2,807 2,077 1,684 1,416 1,211 1,079 988 891 833 752 667

Pa (lbs) 4,473 2,582 1,911 1,549 1,303 1,114 993 909 820 766 692 614

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

60

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 3 x 1/4 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 1.42 in.2 r = 0.90 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

Fa (psi) 3,620 3,620 2,933 2,277 1,968 1,736 1,538 1,391 1,249 1,146 1,070 1,010 952 889 849 815 757 708 665

Pa (lbs) 5,140 5,140 4,165 3,233 2,795 2,465 2,184 1,975 1,774 1,627 1,519 1,434 1,352 1,262 1,206 1,157 1,075 1,005 944

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

61

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 3 x 3/8 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.09 in.2 r = 0.59 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

Fa (psi) 4,862 4,862 2,933 2,277 1,968 1,736 1,538 1,391 1,249 1,146 1,070 1,010 952 889 849 815 757 708 665

Pa (lbs) 10,162 10,162 6,130 4,759 4,113 3,628 3,214 2,907 2,610 2,395 2,236 2,111 1,990 1,858 1,774 1,703 1,582 1,480 1,390

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

62

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 3 x 1/2 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.70 in.2 r = 0.59 in. b/t = 6 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

Fa (psi) 4,862 4,862 2,933 2,277 1,968 1,736 1,538 1,391 1,249 1,146 1,070 1,010 952 889 849 815 757 708 665

Pa (lbs) 13,127 13,127 7,919 6,148 5,314 4,687 4,153 3,756 3,372 3,094 2,889 2,727 2,570 2,400 2,292 2,201 2,044 1,912 1,796

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

63

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 1/4 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 1.92 in.2 r = 0.80 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0

Fa (psi) 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,393 2,133 1,914 1,760 1,603 1,482 1,379 1,283 1,187 1,123 1,064 1,020 980 933 889 860 834 802 759 727 693 660

Pa (lbs) 5,295 5,295 5,295 5,295 4,595 4,095 3,675 3,379 3,078 2,845 2,648 2,463 2,279 2,156 2,043 1,958 1,882 1,791 1,707 1,651 1,601 1,540 1,457 1,396 1,331 1,267

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

64

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 3/8 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.84 in.2 r = 0.79 in. b/t = 10.7 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0

Fa (psi) 4,194 4,194 4,194 2,947 2,367 2,113 1,896 1,741 1,586 1,461 1,364 1,260 1,177 1,113 1,048 1,012 969 922 878 853 828 791 745 712 680 652

Pa (lbs) 11,911 11,911 11,911 8,369 6,722 6,001 5,385 4,944 4,504 4,149 3,874 3,578 3,343 3,161 2,976 2,874 2,752 2,618 2,494 2,423 2,352 2,246 2,116 2,022 1,931 1,852

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

65

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 1/2 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 3.70 in.2 r = 0.78 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

Fa (psi) 4,862 4,862 4,862 2,904 2,350 2,098 1,884 1,724 1,570 1,446 1,350 1,234 1,167 1,095 1,036 1,005 959 912 872 847 821 777 735 704

Pa (lbs) 17,989 17,989 17,989 10,745 8,695 7,763 6,971 6,379 5,809 5,350 4,995 4,565 4,318 4,051 3,833 3,719 3,548 3,374 3,226 3,134 3,038 2,875 2,720 2,605

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

66

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 6 x 3/8 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 4.33 in.2 r = 1.14 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

Fa (psi) 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,758 2,427 2,229 2,060 1,911 1,802 1,684 1,585 1,503 1,416 1,354 1,289 1,211 1,167

Pa (lbs) 11,942 11,942 11,942 11,942 11,942 11,942 10,509 9,652 8,920 8,275 7,803 7,292 6,863 6,508 6,131 5,863 5,581 5,244 5,053

True Length (ft) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5

Fa (psi) 1,121 1,079 1,041 1,015 988 955 922 892 872 851 833 813 782 752 729 706 680 660

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

67

Pa (lbs) 4,854 4,672 4,508 4,395 4,278 4,135 3,992 3,862 3,776 3,685 3,607 3,520 3,386 3,256 3,157 3,057 2,944 2,858

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 6 x 1/2 ANGLE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 5.70 in.2 r = 1.19 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 3,620 3,620 3,620 3,620 3,620 2,960 2,512 2,290 2,120 1,984 1,844 1,748 1,642 1,548 1,469 1,397 1,337 1,267 1,202 1,157

Pa (lbs) 20,634 20,634 20,634 20,634 20,634 16,872 14,318 13,053 12,084 11,309 10,511 9,964 9,359 8,824 8,373 7,963 7,621 7,222 6,851 6,595

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5

Fa (psi) 1,117 1,076 1,033 1,015 989 958 927 896 873 855 839 822 794 765 737 717 699 672 655

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

68

Pa (lbs) 6,367 6,133 5,888 5,786 5,637 5,461 5,284 5,107 4,976 4,874 4,782 4,685 4,526 4,361 4,201 4,087 3,984 3,830 3,734

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 1 1/2 x 1/4 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 1.38 in.2 r = .32 in. b/t = 6 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 8,121 5,155 3,583 2,462 1,683 1,278 1,027 843 652

Pa (lbs) 13,800 11,207 7,114 4,945 3,398 2,323 1,764 1,417 1,163 900

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

69

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 2 x 1/4 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 1.88 in.2 r = 0.43 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 7,107 5,206 4,061 3,017 2,248 1,717 1,373 1,147 992 854 713 567

Pa (lbs) 18,800 18,800 13,361 9,787 7,635 5,672 4,226 3,228 2,581 2,156 1,865 1,606 1,340 1,066

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

70

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 3 x 1/4 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.88 in.2 r = 0.63 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 7,944 6,127 5,083 4,255 3,486 2,886 2,380 1,974 1,623 1,403 1,245 1,105 1,003 908 817 717 615 520

Pa (lbs) 28,800 28,800 28,800 22,879 17,646 14,639 12,254 10,040 8,312 6,854 5,685 4,674 4,041 3,586 3,182 2,889 2,615 2,353 2,065 1,771 1,498

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

71

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 3 x 3/8 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 4.23 in.2 r = 0.64 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 7,700 5,415 4,237 3,450 2,833 2,297 1,843 1,563 1,347 1,169 1,050 923 800 721 647 586 525 479

Pa (lbs) 42,300 42,300 42,300 32,571 22,905 17,923 14,594 11,984 9,716 7,796 6,611 5,698 4,945 4,442 3,904 3,384 3,050 2,737 2,479 2,221 2,026

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

72

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 8 x 4 x 3/8 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 5.73 in.2 r = 0.84 in. b/t = 10.7 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 8,370 6,182 4,917 4,157 3,558 3,063 2,598 2,232 1,888 1,667 1,461 1,311 1,176 1,085 997 888 800 741 680 630 582 535 498 467

Pa (lbs) 57,300 57,300 57,300 57,300 47,960 35,423 28,174 23,820 20,387 17,551 14,887 12,789 10,818 9,552 8,372 7,512 6,738 6,217 5,713 5,088 4,584 4,246 3,896 3,610 3,335 3,066 2,854 2,676

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

73

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 8 x 4 x 1/2 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 7.51 in.2 r = 0.85 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 8,597 6,303 5,016 4,217 3,620 3,103 2,660 2,282 1,943 1,697 1,485 1,340 1,200 1,102 1,015 914 822 755 697 644 596 549 510 476

Pa (lbs) 75,100 75,100 75,100 75,100 64,563 47,336 37,670 31,670 27,186 23,304 19,977 17,138 14,592 12,744 11,152 10,063 9,012 8,276 7,623 6,864 6,173 5,670 5,234 4,836 4,476 4,123 3,830 3,575

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

74

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 10 x 5 x 3/8 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 7.22 in.2 r = 1.04 in. b/t = 13.3 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5

Fa (psi) 8,747 8,747 8,747 8,747 8,747 8,747 6,814 5,520 4,711 4,097 3,620 3,186 2,833 2,470 2,188 1,918 1,714

Pa (lbs) 63,153 63,153 63,153 63,153 63,153 63,153 49,197 39,854 34,013 29,580 26,136 23,003 20,454 17,833 15,797 13,848 12,375

True Length (ft) 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0

Fa (psi) 1,540 1,404 1,288 1,179 1,103 1,033 954 869 800 751 704 658 619 581 543 511 482

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

75

Pa (lbs) 11,119 10,137 9,299 8,512 7,964 7,458 6,888 6,274 5,776 5,422 5,083 4,751 4,469 4,195 3,920 3,689 3,480

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 10 x 5 x 1/2 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 9.51 in.2 r = 1.05 in. b/t = 10 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,163 6,917 5,605 4,765 4,157 3,666 3,227 2,880 2,517 2,232 1,963 1,739 1,564

Pa (lbs) 95,100 95,100 95,100 95,100 95,100 87,140 65,781 53,304 45,315 39,533 34,864 30,689 27,389 23,937 21,226 18,668 16,538 14,874

True Length (ft) 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5

Fa (psi) 1,429 1,311 1,200 1,120 1,049 975 889 818 764 717 669 630 592 554 520 491 467

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

76

Pa (lbs) 13,590 12,468 11,412 10,651 9,976 9,272 8,484 7,779 7,266 6,819 6,362 5,991 5,630 5,269 4,945 4,669 4,441

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 12 x 6 x 1/2 I SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 11.51 in.2 r = 1.26 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,800 7,512 6,182 5,310 4,653 4,157 3,741 3,364 3,063 2,753 2,458 2,232 2,008 1,793

Pa (lbs) 115,100 115,100 115,100 115,100 115,100 115,100 112,798 86,348 71,155 61,118 53,556 47,847 43,059 38,720 35,255 31,687 28,292 25,690 23,112 20,637

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 1,667 1,513 1,411 1,311 1,217 1,144 1,084 1,025 960 888 828 780 741 701 662 630 598 567 535 510

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

77

Pa (lbs) 19,187 17,415 16,241 15,090 14,008 13,167 12,477 11,798 11,050 10,221 9,530 8,978 8,529 8,069 7,620 7,251 6,883 6,526 6,158 5,870

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 3 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.13 in.2 r = 0.73 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 7,271 5,915 5,046 4,318 3,667 3,105 2,647 2,208 1,907 1,597 1,412 1,274 1,145 1,048 965 883 803 719 633 547

Pa (lbs) 21,300 21,300 21,300 21,300 15,487 12,599 10,748 9,197 7,811 6,614 5,638 4,703 4,062 3,402 3,008 3,714 2,439 2,232 2,055 1,881 1,710 1,531 1,348 1,165

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

78

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.89 in.2 r = 0.96 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0

Fa (psi) 7,208 7,208 7,208 7,208 7,208 7,208 6,697 5,838 5,155 4,621 4,050 3,583 3,163 2,792 2,452 2,150 1,923 1,683 1,503 1,383 1,278 1,174 1,095 1,027 964 902 843 777 714 652 582 520

Pa (lbs) 20,831 20,831 20,831 20,831 20,831 20,831 19,354 16,872 14,898 13,355 11,705 10,355 9,141 8,069 7,115 6,214 5,557 4,864 4,344 3,997 3,693 3,393 3,165 2,968 2,786 2,607 2,436 2,246 2,063 1,884 1,682 1,503

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information. 79

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 6 x 1/4 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 4.39 in.2 r = 1.43 in. b/t = 24 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 4,167 3,997 3,666 3,334 3,068 2,800 2,534 2,322

Pa (lbs) 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 18,293 17,547 16,094 14,636 13,469 12,292 11,124 10,194

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 2,097 1,917 1,754 1,644 1,510 1,419 1,332 1,244 1,171 1,118 1,066 1,013 954 891 834 792 756 722 687 655

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

80

Pa (lbs) 9,206 8,416 7,700 7,217 6,629 6,229 5,847 5,461 5,141 4,908 4,680 4,447 4,188 3,911 3,661 3,477 3,319 3,170 3,016 2,875

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 6 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 6.48 in.2 r = 1.44 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 5,586 4,917 4,447 4,037 3,695 3,365 3,093 2,833 2,563 2,345

Pa (lbs) 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 40,390 36,197 31,862 28,817 26,160 23,944 21,805 20,043 18,358 16,608 15,196

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 2,123 1,948 1,774 1,667 1,528 1,436 1,347 1,260 1,206 1,129 1,076 1,025 969 906 845 800 765 731 696 662

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

81

Pa (lbs) 13,757 12,623 11,496 10,802 9,901 9,305 8,729 8,165 7,815 7,316 6,972 6,642 6,279 5,871 5,476 5,184 4,957 4,737 4,510 4,290

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 8 x 8 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 8.73 in.2 r = 1.92 in. b/t = 21.3 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,483 4,237 3,927 3,695

Pa (lbs) 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 39,137 36,989 34,283 32,257

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 3,450 3,213 3,038 2,833 2,627 2,442 2,297 2,129 2,003 1,843 1,744 1,667 1,563 1,477 1,413 1,348 1,283 1,220 1,169 1,129

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

82

Pa (lbs) 30,119 28,049 26,522 24,732 22,934 21,319 20,053 18,586 17,486 16,089 15,225 14,553 13,645 12,894 12,335 11,768 11,201 10,651 10,205 9,856

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 8 x 8 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 11.51 in.2 r = 1.93 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,233 6,037 5,460 4,966 4,606 4,267 3,957 3,718

Pa (lbs) 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 71,742 69,486 62,845 57,159 53,015 49,133 45,545 42,794

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 3,475 3,240 3,058 2,860 2,653 2,470 2,321 2,158 2,023 1,868 1,757 1,679 1,580 1,491 1,425 1,360 1,296 1,231 1,179 1,137

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

83

Pa (lbs) 39,997 37,292 35,198 32,919 30,536 28,430 26,715 24,839 23,285 21,501 20,223 19,325 18,186 17,161 16,402 15,654 14,917 14,169 13,570 13,087

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 10 x 10 x 3/8 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 11.06 in.2 r = 2.38 in. b/t = 26.7 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732

Pa (lbs) 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,732 2,621 2,476 2,349 2,232 2,093 1,993 1,868 1,773 1,709 1,640

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

84

Pa (lbs) 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 30,216 28,988 27,385 25,980 24,686 23,149 22,043 20,660 19,609 18,902 18,138

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 10 x 10 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 14.51 in.2 r = 2.4 in. b/t = 20 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,920 4,917

Pa (lbs) 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,389 71,346

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 4,641 4,367 4,117 3,867 3,695 3,500 3,304 3,133 2,999 2,833 2,966 2,517 2,379 2,267 2,129 2,033 1,908 1,800 1,729 1,667

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

85

Pa (lbs) 67,341 63,365 59,738 56,110 53,614 50,785 47,941 45,460 43,515 41,107 43,037 36,522 34,519 32,894 30,892 29,499 27,685 26,118 25,088 24,188

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 12 x 12 x 1/2 WIDE FLANGE SHAPE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 17.51 in.2 r = 2.87 in. b/t = 24 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608

Pa (lbs) 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,608 3,516 3,349 3,200 3,078 2,954 2,813 2,673 2,552 2,429 2,333

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

86

Pa (lbs) 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 63,176 61,565 58,641 56,032 53,896 51,725 49,256 46,804 44,686 42,532 40,851

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 2 x 2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 1.74 in.2 r = 0.73 in. b/t = 8 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,850 8,650 7,450 6,491 5,684 5,000 4,253 3,726 3,188 2,786 2,454 2,111 1,895 1,722 1,585 1,448 1,370 1,276 1,189 1,079 957

Pa (lbs) 17,400 17,400 17,400 17,139 15,051 12,963 11,294 9,890 8,700 7,400 6,483 5,547 4,848 4,270 3,673 3,297 2,996 2,758 2,520 2,384 2,220 2,069 1,877 1,665

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

87

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.24 in.2 r = 0.92 in. b/t = 10 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0

Fa (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,900 8,816 7,842 7,078 6,351 5,733 5,192 4,675 4,146 3,673 3,246 2,904 2,629 2,358 2,087 1,923 1,825 1,641 1,533 1,445 1,387 1,320 1,239 1,163 1,077 977

Pa (lbs) 22,400 22,400 22,400 22,400 22,176 19,748 17,566 15,855 14,226 12,842 11,630 10,472 9,287 8,228 7,271 6,505 5,889 5,282 4,675 4,308 4,088 3,676 3,434 3,237 3,107 2,957 2,775 2,605 2,412 2,188

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information. 88

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 3 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 2.74 in.2 r = 1.13 in. b/t = 12 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0

Fa (psi) 8,880 8,880 8,880 8,880 8,880 8,880 8,880 8,237 7,573 6,976 6,386 5,857 5,416 4,977 4,566 4,133 3,732 3,397

Pa (lbs) 24,331 24,331 24,331 24,331 24,331 24,331 24,331 22,668 20,750 19,114 17,498 16,048 14,840 13,637 12,511 11,324 10,226 9,308

True Length (ft) 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0

Fa (psi) 3,046 2,821 2,604 2,383 2,163 2,013 1,865 1,748 1,643 1,565 1,467 1,428 1,367 1,308 1,248 1,193 1,121 1,052

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

89

Pa (lbs) 8,346 7,730 7,135 6,529 5,927 5,516 5,110 4,790 4,502 4,288 4,020 3,913 3,746 3,584 3,420 3,269 3,072 2,882

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3-1/2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 3.24 in.2 r = 1.53 in. True Length (ft) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0

Fa (psi) 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,575 7,333 6,595 6,304 5,866 5,483 5,109 4,753 4,313 4,034 3,697 3,400 3,083 2,896 2,689 2,516 2,325

Pa (lbs) 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 24,543 23,759 21,368 20,425 19,006 17,765 16,553 15,400 13,974 13,070 11,978 11,016 9,989 9,383 8,712 8,152 7,533

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

90

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 3.74 in.2 r = 1.53 in. b/t = 16 True Length (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Fa (psi) 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,349 5,941 5,608 5,283 4,962 4,666

Pa (lbs) 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 24,665 23,745 22,219 20,974 19,758 18,558 17,451

True Length (ft) 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0

Fa (psi) 4,306 4,025 3,738 3,493 3,233 3,000 2,836 2,672 2,511 2,350 2,225 2,052 1,948 1,850 1,767 1,687 1,631 1,558 1,484 1,441

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

91

Pa (lbs) 16,104 15,054 13,980 13,064 12,091 11,220 10,607 9,993 9,391 8,789 8,322 7,674 7,286 6,919 6,609 6,309 6,100 5,827 5,550 5,389

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 4 x 4 x 3/8 SQUARE TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 5.23 in.2 r = 1.48 in. True Length (ft) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0

Fa (psi) 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,595 6,318 5,895 5,490 5,175 4,874 4,576 4,298 3,960 3,712 3,420 3,209 2,961 2,719 2,566 2,411 2,268 2,113 1,964

Pa (lbs) 34,492 34,492 34,492 34,492 34.492 34,492 34,492 34,492 34,492 34,492 34,492 33,043 30,831 28,713 27,065 25,491 23,932 22,479 20,711 19,414 17,887 16,783 15,486 14,220 13,420 12,610 11,862 11,051 10,272

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

92

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 6 x 4 x 1/4 RECTANGULAR TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 4.68 in.2 r = 1.61 in. True Length (ft) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0

Fa (psi) 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,935 5,620 5,295 5,017 4,710 4,466 4,208 3,899 3,678 3,415 3,220 2,976 2,753 2,614 2,442 2,313 2,194 2,054

Pa (lbs) 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 27,776 26,302 24,781 23,480 22,043 20,901 19,693 18,247 17,213 15,982 15,070 13,928 12,884 12,234 11,429 10,825 10,268 9,613

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information. 93

Columns - Allowable Axial Load Tables 3 x 1/2 ROUND TUBE Allowable Concentric Axial Stresses and Loads A = 3.93 in.2 r = 0.9 in. True Length (ft) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0

Fa (psi) 7,992 7,992 7,992 7,992 7,800 6,944 6,255 5,580 5,047 4,553 4,079 3,605 3,191 2,774 2,513 2,276 2,025

Pa (lbs) 31,409 31,409 31,409 31,409 30,654 27,290 24,582 21,929 19,835 17,893 16,030 14,168 12,541 10,902 9,876 8,945 7,958

The effective "K" value is 0.70. See page 58 for additional information.

94

Chemical

Microelectronics

    

Elevated Walkways in Tank Farms Access Platforms for Process Vessels and Tanks Platforms Over Piping and Equipment Chemical Loading/Unloading Platforms Walkways, Skids and Platforms for Chemical Storage Areas  Access Systems for Hazardous Waste Areas

Food & Beverage    

Elevated Crossovers at Machinery Support Platforms for Materials Storage Wastewater Treatment Areas Loading Docks

Transportation

Water & Wastewater  Filter Media Support Grids & Structures (Biofilter, Trickling Filters, Etc.)  Tank & Equipment Access Platforms  Elevated Platforms & Walkways  Air Intake Access & Safety  Ships Ladders

Oil & Gas         

Boat Landings, Splash Zone Areas Stairways, Decking, Bridges, Catwalks Chemical Injection Skids (Access Platforms) Walkways over Mud Pits/Mud Tanks Access Platforms for Metering Stations, Valve Operations and Other Areas Communications/Radar Platforms Support, Protection for Subsea Components Drilling Derrick Ship’s Ladders

Loading/Unloading Platforms Rail Washdown & Offloading Areas Maintenance/Inspection Platforms for Bridges Platforms for Mass Transit At Grade Crossings Platforms at Diesel Refueling Facilities Elevated Platforms for Light Rail Car Maintenance  Pit Covers in Light Rail Maintenance Facilities  Covers for Electrified Cable Ways    

Elevated Walkways in Electrowinning Areas Stairways to Chemical Storage Tanks Walkway Supports & Stairways in Refineries Support for Walkways Around Flotation Cells & Flotation Cell Support  Walkways and Access Stairways to Thickeners  Piping Supports, Walkways and Stairways in Sulfuric Acid Plants & Smelters  Walkways, Stairways and Equipment Supports in High-sulfur Coal Prep Plants

Boat Docks, Walkways Stairways, Decking, Bridges, Catwalks Access Platforms, Ramps Aquatic Facility Drainage Areas/Walkways Mechanical Rooms Storage Areas Playground Structures Golf Course Bridges and Cart Path Areas Nature Trail Bridges, Ramps and Outlooks

Power  Platforms/Walkways Around Sumps and Trenches  Platforms/Accesways Around Tanks & Injection Skids  Gratings Subject to Coal Dust, Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, Gypsom, Limestone  FGD Scrubber Environments  Intake Structures  Cooling Tower Structures and Walkways

Pulp & Paper       

      

Metals & Mining

Recreation         

 Plating Line Platforms  Wastewater Neutralization Platforms and Walkways  Corrosive Storage  Raised Access Flooring in Etching Lines  Bulk Chemical Distribution Platforms and Walkways  Acid Waste Neutralization (AWN) Platforms and Walkways  Cooling Tower Basins  Central Utility Building (CUB) Platforms and Walkways

Scrubbers - Media Support, Structures Tank Farm Walkways Waste Treatment Walkways Chemical Unloading Structures Wood Yard Conveyor Systems Liquor Storage Areas Crossovers

Pharmaceutical  Tank & Equipment Access Platforms  Stairways & Landings  Filter Media Support Grids & Structures (Biofilter, Trickling Filters, Etc.)  Elevated Platforms & Walkways

95

Fibergrate Products & Services Fibergrate® Molded Grating Fibergrate molded gratings are designed to provide the ultimate in reliable performance, even in the most demanding conditions. Fibergrate offers the widest selection in the market with more than ten resins including Chemgrate CP-84 and more than twenty grating configurations available in many panel sizes and surfaces. RIGIDEX® Moltruded® Grating RIGIDEX Moltruded gratings are the first fiberglass gratings to combine the corrosion resistance of molded grating with the longer span capacity of pultruded grating, all at the low cost of metal gratings. Safe-T-Span® Pultruded Industrial and Pedestrian Gratings Combining corrosion resistance, long-life and low-maintenance designs, Safe-T-Span provides unidirectional strength for industrial and pedestrian pultruded grating applications. Dynarail® Handrail Easily assembled from durable prefabricated components or engineered to your specifications, Dynarail handrail meets or exceeds OSHA and strict building code requirements for safety and design. Dynarail® Safety Ladder System Easily assembled on site, Dynarail safety ladder systems meet or exceed OSHA requirements. Though less costly than prefabricated ladder systems, these safety ladders provide a custom fit to the supporting structure. Dynaform® Structural Shapes Fibergrate offers a wide range of pultruded structural components for industrial use, including bars, rods, tubes, beams, channels, leg angles and plates. Stair Solutions Fibergrate offers a wide range of slip-resistant products to meet your stair safety needs. These durable products which include treads, tread covers and covered stair treads are a long-term, cost-efficient solution for your facility. Grating Pedestals Uniquely designed adjustable single and quad head pedestals for square mesh molded grating are manufactured to provide safe and economical support for elevated flooring. Engineering and Fabrication Services Combining engineering expertise with an understanding of fiberglass applications, Fibergrate provides turnkey design and fabrication of fiberglass structures, including platforms, catwalks, stairways and test racks. ©Fibergrate Inc. 2003 883100-01/06-2.0 Made in the USA

Fibergrate Composite Structures Inc. believes the information contained here to be true and accurate. Fibergrate makes no warranty, expressed or implied based on this literature and assumes no responsibility for consequential or incidental damages in the use of these products and systems described, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness. Information contained here is for evaluation only.

Fibergrate Composite Structures Inc. Phone: 800-527-4043 • Fax: 972-250-1530 www.fibergrate.com • Email: [email protected]