Fret Sawing and Wood Carving for Amateurs

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:

FRET-SAWING AND

WOOD- CARVING FOR AMATEURS. BY

GEORGE

A.

lUastratcb from Original

SAWYER.

Jratoings bg t^e ^otl^or.

" Carved with figures strange and sweet, All

made out

of the carver's brain."

Sam' I- T. Coleridge.

BOSTON LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS. NEW YORK: LEE, SHEPARD,

AND DILLINGHAM.

1875-

Entered according to Act of Congress,

GEORGE

A.

in the

year 1874, by

SAWYER,

In the Office ot the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Bcston:

Elbctrotvped and Printkd by Rand. Avery.

& Ca

(.V

'he

,

^^

^

^r-,

-*-

^:5fe

writer contributed, during the past year,

a series of articles on wood-carving to that

most delightful

of

young

folks'

magazines,

Scribner's " St. Nicholas."

The unexpected

interest displayed in them,

and the many questions asked not only by

unknown correspondents, encourage

friends, but

by

the hope that a more

complete description of the tools and mode of work might not be unacceptable little

bark

is

;

and

it

is

with this thought that this

launched upon the sea of books.

Whatever the shortcomings or the merits is

freighted with the desire to carry

its

of its cargo,

burden into many

a happy port, and leave nothing but that which

and helpful

it

in its results. 3

is

healthful

PREFACE.

4 Especially

is it

younger members course

may

direct

not be entirely in

becoming

uses,

may

consigned to the restless energies of the of the household, in the

them

lost,

in channels

where

hope that

its

their labors will

and where the time pleasantly passed

familiar with

in after life

even these simple

become

tools

and their

valuable.

G. A. S. Germantown,

Phila., Pa.

.

CONTENTS. PAGE

,

Introduction

7

Tools and Accessories for Fret-Sawing

lo

Tools and Accessories for Carving

14

Saw-Frames and Saws

21

Miscellaneous Tools

28

Sharpening Tools

-,-,

Woods

^6

Glue, Varnish, Oiling, and Polishing

.

\

.

.

Copying and Transferring Patterns

How How

to Use the

.

43 48

Saw

ci

to Use the Carving-Tools

^^

Description of Plates

58 5

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING FOR AMATEURS.

fRET-SAWING

has, within a few years past,

a popularity rather hard to realize by those within the pale of

day

it is

many or the

its

fascinations

;

but

it is

jumped

who

are not

a fact that to-

one of the most popular of home amusements.

a pleasant

home

is

heard the gentle

more sonorous buzz

z-z-z of the

of the jig-machine

;

into

Within

handsaw,

and walls and

tables everj'where are loaded with the results of these labors.

Good, bad, and

indifferent, large

and small, dark and

light,

brackets, easels, book-racks, picture-frames, and other things too

numerous them, and

to mention, still

spasmodic, and

amount of

The

— the

they come. will

houses and shops are alike

A

die out

;

good deal

full

of

of this enthusiasm

is

but there yet remains a large

solid interest to be provided for.

true secret of this suddenly acquired popularity lies in

the fact that this

amusement

is

within the reach of almost every 7

.

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

8 one, that

easily acquired, costs but

it is

ductive of

good

results.

It

little,

and

really pro-

is

keeps us happily busy, gives us a

resource for rainy days, and helps us recall ourselves pleasantly the

to

remembrance of those

thinking of them while

whom we

friends,

we make some

pretty

gratify

little

by

object to

adorn their rooms.

For the young

particularly, this is a

Its influences are alone for

and

elevating.

It

good,

most desirable

associations solely refining

its

does not take them to improper places, nor

bring them in contact with doubtful characters. their taste for the

mechanical arts

helpful in the use of the tools

they a

may have

means

for

it

;

tends to develop any talent

it

;

drawing and designing

;

and

it

may become

of future profit as well as present pleasure. too,

it

has

its

charms.

can buy brackets, boxes, portfolios, and a thousand other

and more

things, cheaper perhaps,

ever likely to produce them

derived from the Slippers are fully

It cultivates

makes them handy and

For the older members of the family,

We

pursuit.

all

gift of

;

an

but

finely executed, than

who can

are

estimate the pleasure

done by some dear hand

article

?

well enough in their way, but the most care-

kept ones will not wear forever.

monogram

we

prettily wrought,

A

handkerchief, with our

makes a very tender souvenir

;

but

they are apt to get "blown off the

line, sur,"

Neckties are charming, but fleeting

even the bright colors of

;

and disappear.

a pincushion fade, and the stitches fray with constant use.

When, however, John

gives Jane

a rosewood box with her

INTRODUCTION.

monogram

inlaid in

the top, and

trays inside for her jewels

all

9 sorts of convenient little

or her spools

;

or Jane gives

her portrait in a frame of her own sawing and carving, reasonably sure that the gift will last for recall us, in pleasant its

beauties by mellowing

Let

us, then,

many

memories, and that time its tints

John

— we

feel

a long year to

will

and harmonizing

only add to its

tones.

gather up our tools, lay in a stock of beautiful and

enduring wood, and prepare ourselves to become skilled work-

men

in this pleasant field.

Coals [HIS ter

little ;

aitb

work

and, as

it

^cassorus to

airrls

may

for Jfwt-Saioiwg.

ba entirely practical

fall into

the

in its charac-

hands of those away from

the cities where opportunities exist for personal examination is

and

given

inquiry, the ;

and,

when

approximate cost of the different necessary,

more than one kind

described, so that an intelligent selection

course there are

many kinds

would be very useful

;

;

is

Of

and there are other methods of

but the writer usually offers only

own experience has proved

which

trial.

repay

tool

may be made.

those which his will

articles

mentioned here, which

of tools, not

to possess

work besides those described

of

satisfactory,

and

For simple fret-sawing, the tools required are few and inexpensive.

Pretty good work can be done by a clever boy with only a jack-knife and an old cigar-box

;

indeed,

we have

toiled

with nothing more than these for months at a time

cheap tools enlarge one's are greatly to be desired.

field as a lens

;

away

but a few

does one's vision, and

TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR FRET-SAWING.

As a commencement, something suggested

A

:

like the following

holes

down

a few small

;

inequalities left

any pattern

;

and smooth

a pocket-knife of almost

;

If

— the whole

you add to these a

which includes the awl before mentioned, and

some

chisels

and other useful implements

oil-stone for sharpening your knife

mend broken

glue-pot to

an awl with which to

and two or three sheets of sandpaper,

tools,

has, besides,

;

to finish the work,

files

by the saw

costing between two and three dollars.

handle of

might be

—

saw-frame with a dozen fret-saws

drill

II

parts,

;

and an

and other edged tools; a

and fasten others

;

a bottle of

linseed-oil or shellac-varnish for polishing finished work,

additional lot costing perhaps two dollars more,

— you

an outfit equal to almost any ordinary demands.

add a small plane, a

drill of

and a

of different sizes,

have

If to these

some kind with a number

set of small

— the

will

you

of drills

carving-tools, the whole

costing about five or six dollars, you have a complete equip-

ment

;

and there

is

nothing more to wish for except a saw run-

ning by foot-power like a sewing-machine.

Without

however, you can do excellent and finished work.

saw

will

only do

a

it

good deal

faster,

as tht sewing-machine accomplishes

the unaided

hand

;

but there

is

and

this last,

The

treadle-

with less fatigue, just

work so much

faster than

perhaps the same temptation to

elaborate

and multiply work with the treadle-machine, that

there

add tucks and

it

is

to

seems so easy

to do,

frills

and

is

when one uses a sewing-machine so quickly done.

;

'

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

12

Let US recapitulate.

List of tools which are essential for fret-sawing

A A

—

saw-frame,

dozen assorted saws,

An

awl to bore holes,

Half a dozen

A

•

files,

few sheets of sand or glass paper.

List of additional tools which

may Handle

it is

convenient to possess,

and which

be purchased at once if possible:-^

of tools.

Oil-stone,

Glue-pot,

Two

or three

Bottle of

for holding glued objects,

or varnish,

oil

Archimedian

With these

wooden screw-clamps

drill

to

with six small

commence

with,

drills.

you can do any of the ordi-

nary samples of fret-sawing with satisfaction and success if

you are only taking up the occupation

pose, or as a

means

of whiling

would otherwise hang for

heavily,

for a

;

and

temporary pur-

away some spare moments which and not from any

real fondness

mechanical pursuits, we would advise your being content

with these.

For those, however, who have had previous experience, or

3

TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR FRET-SAWING. strong mechanical tastes and

for people of

would recommend extending the

some

1

leisure,

we

by the addition of one

list

of

the several kinds of treadle scroll-sawing machines with which the market at prices

and

is

abundantly supplied, and which can be procured

ranging

the

all

way from ten

Without venturing

fifty.

ent rivals for public favor, points which

is

it

dollars to one

to discriminate

it is

hundred

between the

differ-

suggested that there are a few

necessary that the

machine should

fulfil.

should be well and strongly made, and yet not too heavy to

It

be portable.

It

The fewer

should be symmetrical and graceful.

the parts, and the simpler

its

formation, the better

;

and

it

should

be readily adjustable to carry saws of different sizes and lengths and,

lastly, it

machine that

will

fill

these requirements, and

still

come within

the reach of the average pockets of the people, will soon its

;

The

should run with great rapidity and ease.

make

way.*

A A

small smoothing-plane such as piano-makers use,

A

try-square,

A

gauge,

light

hammer,

may be added ble to the

as they are needed,

and

will

advanced workman who intends

* The " Fleetwood " Machine, which we

use,

is

to us entirely satisfactory,

furnished at a less price than any other with which

ones were

made with a

treadle for

an essential improvement.

one

foot.

We

be found indispensato excel.

we

are acquainted.

The

and

is

older

regard the double-foot treadle as

;

11.

Cools anb %ca%Boxus

[HOUGH

good specimens

fully finished, are

of fret-sawing, well

pleasing,

the rich effect of the sawing

and is

to

many

point of view, by calling to our aid the

artistic

and there

an opportunity to display

is

A

possess.

dozen people

will

;

satisfactory,

no

all

the ability and power

limit to our fancy,

take the same design, and

much

the sanie style

and except that one

will

smoothly, and one roughly, the general effect will be at last the

same

;

but, put the carver's tools into their hands,

same specimens when finished

vary

all

something which would be acceptable

'as

Next

is

drawing and painting, there

to

readily

shows the refinement of

cation of the

hand and

flower or a leaf

number

will

is

taste

and

the

do

it

much

and the

way from bad

a work of fine

to

art.

nothing which more feeling,

and the edu-

eye, than the few strokes with

cut out of a solid block of

of successful wood-carvers should 14

and

chisels

is

with a fret-saw cut out the pattern in very they have a line to follow

and care-

greatly heightened, in an

gouges of the carver; and here there

we

dTarbmg.

for

wood

;

which a

and the

be as much greater

PLATE

I.

— For description

see "Tools for Carving."

STRAIGHT CARVING TOOLS. Chisel.

Skew

Chisel.

Parting Tool.

Chisel.

Parting

IMPRESSIONS OF THE EDGES OF TOOLS. Chisels.

h

Gouges. ~^

Fluting Gouge.

^

Parting

TooL

TooL

TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR CARVING. than the number of successful pursuit

The

is

the

more

tools required for carving

more

excellence in the one

easily acquired than in the other.

the fret-saw need not be are

artists, as

work previously prepared by

numerous or expensive, though there

difficulties in the

way

of

making

a proper selection

here than in the. case of the fret-sawing appliances.

own

help detailing our

Some time

after

We

cannot

experience.

making our

small piece of work, on which

which came with the to

15

little

first

essay at real carving on a

we used

the chisels and gouges

handle of tools previously mentioned,

which we had added one or two of our own home manu-

facture,

and

we one day went

asked to see

into a large

some wood-carving

hardware establishment, tools.

The

clerk cout

ducted us to the rear of the shop, and, going up to a long coun-

we wished. We replied that we were only an amateur, and had come to see what they had, and what one needed in the way of a small set for general work. The gentleman smiled when he said, "We ter,

threw open two large drawers, and asked what

have here chisels and gouges of eight or nine different patterns

and shapes, commencing

at one-sixteenth of

an inch wide, and

increasing by sixteenths up to two inches, or more, all

one hundred and

fifty

any thing about them. sizes

they

every

tools

;

— probably

and we don't pretend

to

in

know

Usually workmen come in with the

and shapes they need punched on a piece of board, and

make

their selection to suit their particular

man wants

a different

lot.

We

work; and

can give no advice."

;;

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

l6

After looking them

we

retired in despair,

and con-

cluded to go into the workshops, and see what the

men who

over,

all

used them had to say about

Here we were more

it.

successful

and from them, and other sources of information, we decided that a suit

tools,

that

dozen or eighteen of the

the particular

however, are

is,

work all

sizes

under one half inch would

which we wished them.

for

and

large,

to a certain extent

These

awkward

;

they are designed to stand the ordinary rough usage of

and

the workshop,

in so far are not

adapted to the more careful

handling of the amateur, particularly when the amateur

we made a pattern

lady; and so

a skilful and willing workman, satisfaction after our

own

some trouble

and, after

;

we had a

set

made

a

is

to find

to our entire

designs.

For ordinary work, however, the tools imported from England (we cannot find that there country),

and kept

and the prices range from for the sizes

We

under one

will give

is

any manufactory

in the large tool-stores,

a select

of

them

in this

cannot be excelled

thirty-five to seventy-five cents apiece

half-inch.

of one dozen,

list

general work, such as has been described.

do heavier work, or wish

to

and of eighteen for

Those who want

extend the range of

it,

to

can add

other tools, or, rather, different sizes of these same ones, as

they find out their needs.

be gotten to fair start,

them.

It

is

suggested that no more tools

commence with than

are necessary to

make a

but the 'collection extended as experience calls for

7

TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR CARVING, List of tools for carving: 3

1

—

flat chisels, I

.

.

.

I

.

.

.

I

.

.

.

\ inch wide,

tV "

"

"

"

i

3 shallow gouges, I

.

.

\ inch wide.

.

I

.

.

.

I

.

.

.

A

"

"

i

"

"

3 deep gouges, I

.

.

I

.

.

I

.

\ inch wide.

.

3

.

i

.

U

((

"

"

I

skew

I

parting-tool,

^"

"

I

fluting-gouge, \ "

"

chisel, \ inch wide,

The above

When

are

the

extend the

list

all

straight tools.

paragraph above was written, we intended to

by

six

more

tools.

But we find

that, after getting

beyond those already mentioned, generalization becomes more difficult

;

and instead we have added figures of the bent

(see plate of carving-tools), tions suitable for the

We

will

work

from which each can make

in

tools selec-

hand, or to suit particular needs.

only say that the bent parting-tool, and bent fluting-

gouge, are very generally useful.

They

are the

same

sizes as

;

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

15

and

the Straight ones,

only in the curve of the blade,

differ

which permits their use

in depressions of

the

work where a

straight tool will not reach.

There

another tool of which we have not given a figure,

is

—a

round

chisel with the

edges

but often noticed in the books, called a macaroni,

name

for a square thing,

it

being a

make an

turned up, and would

;

but the parting-tool

accomplish the same work, difficult to

The

and a

and the macaroni

is

It is

|.

|

away the waste wood next

chiefly useful in cutting

nent veins of foliage

flat

impression like this

the promiflat

chisel

extremely

sharpen, and keep in order.

other bent tools are more valuable on work of greater

depth than any we are likely to have but where

sawing

;

Where

it is

in

connection with

they are needed they are

fret-

indispensable.

intended to have the carved work raised on a level

ground, a pick or checkering punch

This

fiat surface.

effect

may

is

useful in breaking

up the

often be seen on what are called

stencilled picture-frames so popular two or three years ago.

Diaper-carving

work.

The

is

another

side of the figure

is

of

effect

is

;

and

all

the

wood

out-

stamped with a checkering punch.

All parts of this work,

the

for a very similar kind

wood-engraver

tool or the graver of the

and the

name

outlines of the design are carved with a parting-

entirely

it

will

be seen, are on the same level

dependent upon the contrast between

smooth parts of the design, and the stamping of the ground-

work.

A

pattern with broad lines, after the style of plate

2,

TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR CARVING. for this kind of

would be of suitable character

19

work

small box, or the cover to a book, would be an

;

and a

appropriate

example.

The checkering punch may have one

,„

or four,

shapes

;

!!,

an asterisk

or like

*,

point, thus,

',

or three,

or a variety of

other

and the amateur can make them himself by taking a

piece of round or square steel-wire four inches long, and threesixteenths or a quarter of an inch in diameter, and filing one end into the desired shape.

After the carving

is

finished,

and the whole ground-work by a that

light

one of these punches covered with

left

is

taken,

figure indented

its

blow with the mallet, and the surface not

regularly,

The carved

not in regular lines, but evenly pitted.

is,

being

is

smooth and untouched, forms with

this

part,

roughened

surface a stronger contrast.

Besides the tools above mentioned, you will need one or two clamps, or hold-fasts, of which a good pattern

where, and a light wooden

hardware store

;

mall^et,

and one or two

is

figured else-

which can be procured slips,

in

any

as they are called, of

Ouachita, or preferably of Arkansas oil-stone, to sharpen the inside of the gouges

The they

all

dollars, with fitted.

hand and the ;

own

tools of our

fifteen

and

parting-tools.

pattern,

a single

spoken of above, cost about

adjustable

handle

into

which

This was for one set very carefully made by price

was altogether too large

ble for popular use.

We

to

make them

availa-

are in hopes of being able to get

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

20

some more made

in

considerable numbers at a reasonable

rate.

A

set

of carving tools

maker, would

cost, for

forty cents apiece.

by Addis, the celebrated London

one dozen assorted, about

thirty-five or

PLATE

II.

CORNER BRACKET.

III.

[HERE

are so

sale, that

in this

we

many

dififerent

feel the

patterns of saw-frames for

importance of setting the tyro right

matter upon which our success so greatly depends

and we therefore give a few

brief

;

remarks upon some of the

kinds which have come under our notice.

The thing,

smallest, simplest, is

No.

I,

and

one

of which

we know any

the

one figured

the

and handiest,

in is

we

would recom-

mend

to those ^'°-

without previ-

'•

Adjustable Saw-Frame.

ous practice, and especially for children's use.

It is also the

cheapest, costing from one dollar to a dollar and a half, accord-

ing to the make.

can be done with

The it,

objection to

it

is,

that only small

work

the distance from the saw-blade to the back

of the frame, only about two

and a half inches, being the

limit.

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

22

These frames are

made abroad, and we do not know

all

any manufacturer of them

demand among

artisans

advantage they have

They

anywhere.

in this

is

country

they can be

that

are sold under the various

or jeweller's, or mechanical saw-frames

and one

obtained almost

names

and even

;

of

but they are in great

professions,

different

of

;

of dentist's,

you subse-

if

quently treat yourself to a larger one, or to a treadle-machine, they will be useful for bility.

This

is

many purposes on account

also the only

frame

in

of their porta-

which the back

ble to broken saws, or blades of varying lengths

;

and

is

it

adjusta-

possesses

an additional value on that account.

The next

pattern in point of size

No.

2,

which

we have that

it

something

is

is

just

also

much

like

one

been describing except

has,no method of adjustment;

an objection which applies to other patterns which will tioned.

figure

like the

It

will,

all

the

be men-

however, do larger

work, the distance from the saw-blade to the

back varying

different

makes from

six to fourteen Fig.

2.

Saw-Frame.

eight or nine inches

than one larger that

;

it

distance from

is

inches.

For Ordinary work one

plenty large, and more easily

being remembered,

in

that, as

managed

you can saw

each edge of your board, an eight-inch

SAW-FRAMES AND SAWS. saw

cut

will

on a board a foot or fourteen

satisfactorily

inches wide, and that

23

quite sufficient for any ordinary hand-

is

work.

The next kind No.

of

saw-frames are varying styles of figure

We

3.

have never used one of these,

and

do not

so

speak from

personal e X

pe

ence

;

r i-

but this pattern

is

the kind that has probably

been most used by amateurs England, where fret-sawing

The long frame upper arm, and

some one as light

it

of this

in this country,

is

saw requires

would seem

to be

of the smaller kinds.

In

fact,

to

in

to use than

But

it

made

does larger work,

having to turn the wood

and we know ladies use

the best specimens of

be supported on the

should therefore be

and symmetrical as possible.

;

in

more fatiguing

It

and the large opening saves trouble less frequently

and

even more popular than here.

it

with great success.

hand fret-sawing we have

yet

seen were at the rooms of the Sorrento Wood-Carving Co. in Boston, where the walls were hung with the

work, ment.

all

done,

we were

told,

by the ladies

most beautiful of the establish-

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

24

In figure No. 4 friend,

which

is

a pattern of a saw-frame invented by a

too good to be kept longer restricted to the

is

favored few ; and the dimensions of one of good size are given, that any one with a few tools,

mind,

may

easily

make

and a

slight

clamps to take the ends of the saw-blades

Fig. 4.

The whole last

mechanical turn of

for themselves, only at

having to get the

any machine-shop.

Foot Jig-Saw.

cost will not be greater than any of the larger styles

mentioned

;

and we think, where one has

facilities for getting

and as

them made,

that they will be found as useful,

operated, as

any saw not having a regular balanced movement

like the treadle-machines.

They

are,

easily

however, less desirable for

ladies' use.

The arms

are thirty-six inches long, and

made

of black wal-

SAW-FRAMES AND SAWS.

Seven inches from the end, the sticks

one inch square.

nut,

are planed off to a taper,

worked down

25

and

left

The

square.

to a long, graduated, elastic,

rest of the

arm

round rod; the

two inches being square, and through which holes are bored

These clamps are made

take the saw-clamps.

with a square shank to

fit

;

the saw,

is

to

Screw the arms on a

screw, in which to fasten the saw-blade.

screws.

and a nut

and a jaw, confined by a thumb-

piece of inch board, six inches or so square

when using

to

like the figure,

the hole in the arm,

screw down, and hold them fast

is

last

and

;

this board,

fastened to a box or table by a clamp or

Fasten a wooden saw-horse, like the one figured

else-

where, on the table opposite the saw, the blade being close into the

V cleft

;

and on

this place the

work. -Be careful, when fasten-

ing the arms to the board, that the saw-blade dicular, so that,

when

it is

This

the cut will be true.

is

exactly perpen-

drawn down by the action is

worked

of the foot,

to the best advantage

by a

strap or stirrup from the lower arm, into which the heel of the

boot

is

put, the ball of the foot resting

on the

on a block of wood an inch or two high. fatiguing than might be

considerable period.

its

work

;

;

or, better, is

less

imagined, and can be kept up for a

This arrangement makes a cut

angles to the surface of the wood, and to guide the

floor

The motion

it

at right

leaves both hands free

advantages which go far to compensate for

disadvantages.

All the saw-blades for these

frames are made abroad,

in

;

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

26

Germany

and vary

principally,

teeth are not visible except

in size

fine that the

upon very close examination,

coarse enough to take one of the

They are numbered from

teeth.

from one so

first

to 5

i

the No.

;

i 's

eighty teeth to the inch, and the No. 5's about thirty. still

ones than these, numbered 000, 00, and

finer

With a treadle-saw,

used for cutting metal. silver, &c.,

may be

one its

have about

There are o,

and are

thin brass, copper,

sawed, and monograms, and other ornaments

for inlaying or overlaying

wood-work, may be executed very

Monograms done

beautifully.

to

kind between each of

French

in ivory or

handsome and appropriate adornments

for

gilt,

make

a prayer-book or

Bible.

The medium and sawing

;

coarse sizes, Nos. 3 to

and two dozen

will last a

5,

are best for fret-

long time.

Being made by

machinery, they are sold very cheaph', retailing in this country for twenty or thirty cents a dozen.

There are

still

coarser saw-blades

made

at

home, and specially

adapted to the particular machine for which they are designed

;

and, in using a treadle-machine for sawing any thing thicker than

one-eighth of an inch, they are more useful than a finer one also in preparing

wood

used are made by the are excellent.

They

to

be carved.

Trump

cost

fifty

The only ones we have

Brothers, Wilmington, Del., and

cents a dozen.

All these smaller implements can safely be ordered and sent

by mail

;

but, for the

things for himself,

occasional

workman who

we may mention

that very

likes to

make

good saw-blades

SAW-FRAMES AND SAWS. can be made from discarded hoop-skirt with a

file.

A

number of pieces

steel, cutting

27 the teeth

of the desired length

may be

fastened together by clamps, or hand-vises, at the ends, and the

whole

filed

out at once with buc Uttle more labor than a single

one would require.

IV. [istcUaiuous Cools.

[HE handle

of tools (see figure 5, which, however,

shows

only a portion of the tools), mentioned with the fret-sawing

implements,

is

an extremely convenient

have

article to

the its

in

house, besides usefulness in this

particular direction.

There

are

kinds in ket

;

several

mar-

the

but this will be

found

to

combine

as many advantages,

any of

perhaps, as

them. About twenty small tools,

drivers, sink,

screw-

counter-

chisels,

awls,

brads, &c., are

cluded handle, Fig.

5.

Brad-Awls, &c, with Hollow Handle.

they

all

in the

in-

same

into which fit,

and are

PLATE

III.

WALL BRACKET.

MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS.

When

securely held while in use.

wrench

all

go

not in use, the tools and

which thus occupies but

into the hollow handle,

and can be sold

space,

little

cost of this style

Figures 6 and

is

7

at a

29

most reasonable

about a dollar and a half, or

less.

are given of two kinds of clamps.

both useful in holding glued

articles,

The

price.

They

are

and the

metal one with the single screw for fastening

wood

A nail

to the

bench while being carved.

convenient way of securing wood

two thin

strips

is

to

on the work-bench

at

each other, and place the

right angles to

article in the angle.

As

the carving

is

done

principally by pushing the tools, the strips

make a

point of support, and prevent the

article

from slipping away.

of the

work

of course

and

do

When

are delicately carved, to subject

them

in that case the

or

a piece

;

will

not

clamp may be used.

also be fastened

under side

it

to this pressure,

The work may screws, to

the edges

by a screw,

of board

the screws being put

from the into the

carving in the thickest part, and where they Figs. 6

will not interfere

When

and

7.

Clamps.

with the use of the tools.

carving fret-work after sawing,

it

may sometimes be

to.put a long screw through a hole in the work-bench, or a

best

good

sized piece of board, pass the point of the screw through one of

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

30

«

wooden block on

the openings of the fret-work, and screw a

the point as a nut, and turn

work

it

down

enough to hold the

close

tightly.

Smaller pieces of

wood

be carved may also be glued to a

to

larger piece of pine board, and the latter fastened in any easy way.

Put a piece of thin paper between the two glued

when

it is

The paper

thin table-knife.

The

articles,

and,

desired to separate them, carefully insert the blade of a

drill

will split,

(No. 8) figured here

and

as

is

is

and permit

known

their parting.

as the Archimedian,

good as any we have yet

six sizes of drills furnished with the stock

may be added by

getting the

grinding the shanks to

make a

fit

There are

seen.

common

the stock.

;

and more

twist-drills,

The

and

twist-drills

perfectly clean, clear hole, which can be used

advantageously for ornamental purposes.

Some

of the treadle-machines have drilling-attach-

ments, which would supersede the use of the handdrills.

A

small plane has been mentioned as very con-

venient.

made of

a

The one we have

for piano-makers, little

less

than

in

and

figure (No. 9) of

explains

itself.

A

is

a

one-half the

costs full price, about a dollar

The

use

the

piece of

and a

is

an implement

smoothing-plane usual

size,

but

half.

saw-horse

sufficiently

board has a V-shaped

notch cut in one or both ends, two or three inches

31

MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS. deep.

fastened to a table or work-bench, with the

The horse

is

m

V

i

over the edge, and

end protecting

the it

work

laid

is

when will

on

saw

so that the

Saw-Horse.

Fig. 9.

in operation

be close in the angle, and the horns of

on either side

the horse

will

support the

wood. In the

dozen

half a

any kind

which

list

is

of fret-sawing tools, there are files

do,

will

so

much

which works so

mentioned.

While almost

we have

upon a

hit

style

more convenient to use, and

satisfactorily, that

we cannot

forbear giving a figure (No. 10) and description of them.

They

are

made

of eighth-inch wire,

two inches of the round wire being left on They can be bought to serve as a handle.

by the dozen kinds

alike.

for about seventy-five cents, all

A

flat

one, a round one, a half-

and half-round, a square, a three-cornered, and a knife-edged, are the kinds recom-

flat

mended.

For finishing

indispensable. of the Figs. 10

AND

II.

Files.

will

flat,

fine

work, these are

For large work, larger

sizes

square, round, and round and

be found useful.

flat,

These cannot be gotten

FRpT-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

32 of the

handled

Peter Stubs'

style

files

;

and any hardware

are the best in the world,

more than the commoner ones not Another very useful called

rifflers,

store will supply them.

or bent

file

files,

is

and cost but

little

half as good.

shaped

like

fig.

ii.

and are very desirable

They for

are

smooth-

ing the hollow surface of a leaf or petal of a flower after carving,

and

for other places

not reach.

where a piece of

They can be procured

at

flat

sand-paper would

places

where dental

instruments are kept, and are sold for about twenty cents each.

There are other shapes besides the one

figured.

V.

LL

A

edge-tools require frequent sharpening.

makes hard and poor work, and

dull tool

a constant aggrava-

is

To keep them in order, an oil-stone must be Ouachita-stones, three always at hand, and often made use of. or four inches long and two or three wide, may be purchased tion.

for fifteen or twenty cents,

and

will serve a

good purpose

;

but

the very best stones are Arkansas, which give the finest and

most enduring edge.

One

of

and

will

the size mentioned

be entirely

in

costly, but will

above

will

last

forever.

cost nearly a dollar,

satis-

a box to preserve

them clean and dust and

amateur in

are

They should be

factory.

kept

They

grit;

free

from

and

the

will take pleasure

making a box

for this

purpose himself of some pretty

wood.

stone

down on

Lay

the Fig. 12,

Oil-Stone and Box.

a piece of 33

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

34

wood

a

surface,

little

larger than

and then dig

it

itself,

and mark

Repeat the same thing

of the stone.

the stone, and plane

from

oil-stone,

of

which

oil,

dirt, it is

is

Keep

also.

out,

a

on the

fine

soft,

on

it

Give

it

is

Besides the

fall.

upon

top

the-

thick leather, moistened with

emery-powder.

little vial

kerosene, always at hand.

place

and your stone

well to have a small block of wood,

glued a piece of

;

box even.

and breakage from a chance

and sprinkled with

cover

outline

for a cover

the edges of the

all

two or three coats of shellac inside and safe

its

out with a chisel to about half the depth

of sweet

oil,

This

may have

neat's-foot, or

Put a few drops on the

a

even

oil-stone, lay

the bevelled or sloping edge of your chisels and gouges

on

flat

the stone, holding them steadily with both hands, and not bear-

ing too hard, and

move them

rock the gouges from side to their

to

and

fro

;

being careful to slowly

side, so as to

bring every part of

Try

rounded edges successively tq bear upon the stone.

the edge occasionally by drawing

it

and continue the whetting

of paper, sharft cut.

The

on the stone

;

across a shaving, or piece till it

makes an even,

clean,

other side of the chisel will need a few touches

and the inside of the gouges and parting-tool

require rubbing with a slip of Arkansas-stone ground to

curves and angles

;

will

fit

the

the gouges being held in the left hand,

and

the slip applied with the right, taking care that the fingers are

kept well back, and out of reach in case of a chance tool.

slip of the

After getting a satisfactory edge by the above means,

draw the

tools a

few times over the leather and emery, and they

SHARPENING TOOLS. can be kept

each other

;

good condition with but

in

the edges of

tools protected

all

and

it is

keep them

effects of

The is

little

trouble.

Keep

from injury or rubbing against

well to place them, after using, in a box or

rack, where they will be safe. to

31?

in order, but a

It is

more

a comparatively easy thir;g difficult

one

to repair the

rough usage.

oil-slip

a piece

of

previously mentioned

(see

stone about two inches

one wide, shaped

like

a

thick

fig.

13)

long,

and

knife-blade; the

edge for whetting the inner angle of the partingtool,

and the thick rounded back

the gouges. thin

end

It is still better if

for the

tapering, the

small gouges, and the thick end

for the large ones.

cents.

for the inside of

made

They

cost twenty-five or thirty Fig.

13.

Oil-Slip.

VL

[OR

and carving, the most desirable and

fret-sawing

procured wood

is

easily

black walnut, sawed not more than one-

fourth of an inch in thickness, and planed smooth

both

This wood

sides.

with which

it is

is

of universal popularity

worked, and

tiful grain,

make

adornment.

It

its

;

on

and the ease

handsome dark color and beaukinds of

household

should cost about from six to ten

cents per

very suitable for

it

all

square foot, of the thickness named.

White holly

is

another very popular wood

difficult

to procure,

demand

for

;

wood has

and the grain

exposed

to the air

where gas shellac

if

is

burned

it is

large towns

in

is

it

;

;

but

it

a light creamy

more

is

where there

and carving purposes.

for fret-sawing

it

freshly cut, this fact

except

tint,

is

a

When

almost white in

nearly as fine and close as ivory.

If

gradually discolors, particularly in rooms

and

it is

well to give

it

a coat of bleached

desirable to preserve the fresh white color.

It

makes a good contrast with black walnut, rosewood, or other dark woods

;

and work done 36

in

it,

and glued on a dark back-

PLATE

IV.

TABLE EASEL

WOODS.

37

ground of any of the above-mentioned woods, wUl be found very effective.

White holly comes occasionally as wide as ten or twelve inches

;

but

wood

a very difficult

it is

and

to

keep

in stock, as

it

both

so hard as to be troublesome to plane.

warps and

splits,

Indeed,

cannot be planed perfectly smooth, but must be

it

it is

finished with a scraper

and a

;

skilful

cabinet-maker

person likely to make a satisfactory job of

it.

when buying

it is

to get

it,

ready for use.

it

It costs,

at places where

It

when prepared, from

is

the only

would be

well,

kept planed and

ten to fifteen cents

per square foot, for thicknesses from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch.

Maple is

is fine

grained, and sometimes handsomely figured, but

rather hard to

work

;

the saw seeming to drag in working

a very tiresome manner.

It

would be useless

it,

in

to try to cut with

a hand-saw a greater thickness than about three-sixteenths of an

inch

and

;

ble size.

that

would be very

It costs

from

difficult for a

design of considera-

six to ten cents.

Cherry and mahogany are both excellent for our purposes.

They

are

somewhat

similar in color,

being a native wood, cents.

Mahogany

is

is

less,

at

veneers, but

is

in

five

Cherry, to ten

thicknesses of a quarter inch

from forty cents down. occasionally useful for a

work, or to contrast with other woods. 4

well.

from

about three times as expensive.

Rosewood can be gotten and

and work

the cheaper, costing

It

is

usually seen in

handsome piece It is

of fret-

very fragrant also,

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

38

and should be oiled and polished, instead of varnished,

bring

to

out this quality.

Red cedar

is

stripes fade

protect

it

on exposure

long.

It

Its

to the light,

a delightful

is

carving.

tools.

do

It will

to

Jhandsome mottles and purple

and even varnish does not

wood

to whittle, but

hard to work, from a gritty brittleness which causes

under the

known

a beautiful and fragrant native wood,

us usually in lead-pencils.

rather

to splinter

it

for fret-sawing, but is

poor for

It is also costly.

Satin-\yood

is

another very handsome variety of a yellow

with a fine grain, and beautiful markings

and

;

is

tint,

suitable for all

kinds of fret-work, or for panelling in contrast with darker

woods.

It is delightfully

dust from the saw

men

is

fragrant

when being

cut

;

said to be so poisonous, that

working

at the mills object to

in

it

have not experienced any effects from

but the fine

some work-

any quantities.

this

We

cause, and do not

think any fears need bCxfelt by the amateur on this account.

A

satin-wood panel with ornaments of ebony veneer, the whole finely

sand-papered and shellacked,

not so often seen that one

extremely effective, and

apt to tire of

is

Olive-wood can be gotten

is

in the cities

;

it.

and,

if

pieces can be

procured which were brought from the Holy Land, put to most appropriate use

in

making the carved

it

can be

sides for a

prayer-book or Bible, or in making crosses, buttons, and other

ornaments for personal

works well either

to

use.

saw or

The wood is very handsome, and The Holy Land wood is

carve.

WOODS. expensive

39

and we have paid as high as three dollars per square

;

foot for selected pieces only one-eighth of an inch thick.

by any means

Last, but not

must be mentioned the

least,

Spanish cedar, popularly known as cigar-box wood, which

one of the factories

best, as well

we can

as the cheapest

where the boxes are made,

is

it

get.

is

At the

possible to procure

very fine pieces, sometimes with beautiful mottles and curls like the fancy maples, the effect of which

with shellac, its

not surpassed by any

is

appearance

is

usual rough state

in its

trouble.

is

and coated

common wood.

Indeed,

;

and

it

who

it

is

are only familiar with

thoroughly well repays the

very pleasant and easy to work, and has an odor

It is

which to us

polished,

so changed by sandpaper and polish, that

rarely recognized by those persons it

when

very agreeable.

It costs, in the

usual thickness

for cigar-boxes, about ten cents per foot.

When

a factory

empty boxes

is

not accessible, one can buy, for a few cents,

at the cigar-stores

get rid of them

;

where they are usually glad

boxes to be used a second time for the packing of cigars. sert the

blade of a

carefully pry

it

stiff

apart without breaking the

to thoroughly soak

edges are bound.

off

If the

other, they

do not dry

;

and throw

all

the paper strips with which the

pieces are laid rapidly,

wood

and

them remain an hour or

The wood should be

on edge.

In-

table-knife in the joints of the box,

the pieces into a tub of water, and let

more

to

our modern revenue laws not permitting the

fiat,

and are

dried by standing

it

up

or piled on top of each liable to warp.

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

40

These directions may seem But

simple a thing.

it is

diffuse for the

a vexatious job to attempt to scrape

the paper off while dry, and

it is

worse to leave

work, and then mar the good effect of it

sawing

after

;

it

it

on a piece of

by attempting to remove

the paste used to fasten the paper strips on

cigar-boxes being as tenacious as a dog's

Pine

performance of so

bad name.

sometimes used, and afterwards stained

is

wood

in imitation

it

seems hardly worth the trouble when the

others can be gotten.

Clear pine looks much better shellacked

of hard

;

but

or varnished, the stain not taking well unless so dark as to

obscure the figure of the wood.

All the above-mentioned woods,

and many more beautiful

kinds, can be had in veneers of about a sixteenth or twelfth of an

inch in thickness, at a trifling price are produced

monograms, or or ebony

;

by the contrasts

and very handsome selected

pijeces.

of the

effects

Initials,

on walnut, rosewood,

or ebony on satin-wood or curled ash,

— make

very

Veneers of white holly or ash can be

gotten dyed in various high colors

some

;

silhouettes, in white holly

beautiful ornaments.

in

of

;

and those who have travelled

Pullman day-cars may have noticed the

effect

of those dyed woods used as inlays around the door-casings, &c.

Most ples,

of these colors are nehrly or quite permanent.

however, are not, and possibly the blues.

It

The

pur-

would be

WOODS.

41

well to assure one's self of the fact of their stability before using

them on a piece

of

work

of

any great extent.

two or more pieces of veneer of different kinds or colors

If

are laid on top of each other, particularly

when

and sawed out

the treadle-machine

is

same

at the

time,

used, the saw of which

cuts exactly at right angles to the surface of the wood,

pieces or figures which are cut out of one will just other,

and can thus be transposed, and the

into the dark, or vice versa ;

same pattern can be done

more

to

difficult

experience to effect,

however,

is

and

if

it

is

may be expected. The common kinds ;

The

worth while trying even

a simple design fair

of veneers cost but a

is

amount

chosen

at

of success

few cents per square

those dyed in high colors are about twenty-five or thirty

cents for the

All

this is

considerable

with some accuracy.

and the work carefully executed, a

first,

foot

fit

so good, that ;

ones inlaid

light

With the hand-saws,

at once.

the pieces

without a treadle-machine

the

into the

and thus several examples of the

accomplish, and will require

make

fit

same

quantity.

woods should be well seasoned,

or, after

spending a good

deal of time and trouble in working them, they will be sure to

become defaced with cracks

or warps, a particularly unpleasant

when one has made a pretty piece of work The only sure way to present this unfortunate

occurrence

for a

present.

result

is,

to get a quantity of

wood, and keep

it

in the

house as long as

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

42

possible before using if

the house

is

;

two or three years

heated by a furnace

is

much and, much the better,

not too

in winter, so

;

the dry air from a register being a great seasoner.

small pieces of

It is said that

by boiling

in

wood may be

taking the sap out of the wood, and making

The wood

;

the boiling

dry and hard.

it

shrinks considerably under this treatment, for which

We

due allowance must be made. one instance only, on white

and discolored, in

rapidly seasoned

clean fresh water for four or five hours

in

an iron pot.

holly,

have tried

this

process in

which was somewhat stained

consequence, perhaps, of having been boiled

We

would recommend a vessel

of tin for light-

colored woods.

Thin woods particularly are

by holding them

in front of

the heat, as close as

on a board over

it

floor,

is

or lay a

a

fire,

often

damp

them

cloth on

it,

;

or,

damp

a place

and place the wood

concave side down, and put a moderate weight on top of

wood has regained it

is

it

the convex side exposed to

safe to place

In either case the work must be watched

it.

if

it

and

liable to warp,

This may sometimes be effected

necessary to straighten them.

its

desired condition,

has been damped,

too long,

it

will of

it

it

;

and,

when

the

must be removed, and,

must be put on edge to

course go the other way.

dry.

If left

END FOR BOOK

SLIDE,

VII. ^ilinjg

(Slue, IS^antbl^,

GLUE-POT appliances

;

is

unb

ipoltsljiitg.

a necessary accompaniment to our other

and

such a variety of them kept for

tliere is

sale at the stores that

is

it

The

easy to provide one.

essential parts are a cup for the glue, and another one larger for water

both

set

The

ing.

the glue-cup being placed in the water-vessel, and

;

on the glue

and heated

in

be set over the

This

stove.

may be put

is

in a china, or glass cup, or tumbler,

any convenient fire,

and

is

very necessary to prevent burn-

to

article of tin or iron

be applied hot.

In choosing glue, select the lightest colored.

more than the dark, but it

in small bits,

and place

it

put

it

is

When

thick

it

clogs the work

;

little

and

little

Break

with cold water,

— rather

practice will get if

it

a

If the articles

it

If too

does not

admit of

well to heat the pieces before applying the glue, 43

it

difficult

right.

too thin and watery

possess proper adhesive qualities. it is

it

a

in the right condition for use,

should be about as thick as thin molasses, point to describe, but a

It costs

probably purer and stronger.

into the cup, just cover

to heat.

which can

it,

and use

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

44

no more than

necessary to give a thin coating.

is

Press the

pieces firmly together, and hold them tight for a few

moments

with the fingers, or bind them with a string, or use the clamps

The

described elsewhere.

clamps may be

latter is the best

method

In glueing veneers, fastening small panels, and the the hot glue,

;

and the

left on, if possible, all night.

the panel in place, and rub

fix

it

like,

down

apply

with any

smooth hard implement, forcing the surplus glue out under the Continue

edges.

sufficiently to

this

rubbing

the glue has set, or hardened

till

keep the veneer closely down.

All the surplus

glue which runs over the edges, must be removed either by scrap-

ing away after

it

water while

is

it

hardens, or with a cloth moistened with

surface of the wood,

Glued

This

yet soft.

and

is

apt to draw apart

;

and

it is

warm

method roughs up

the

not always admissible.

when exposed

articles,

latter

to

well,

changes of temperature, are

when

the nature of the

work

permits, after glueing on the ornaments, to drill a hole through

them from the back, but not so deep as and put

Work

in a small

to

show on the

so fastened will stand almost any thing.

wood must be

Any good

exterior,

peg of hard wood well covered with

glue.

Of course, the

thicker than veneer for this treatment.

may be used but the most convenient will made of shellac dissolved in alcoreadily made at home, of any desired quantity

varnish

;

probably be found to be that hol.

This

and color

;

is

and

for this purpose procure a small

wide-mouthed

GLUE, VARNISH, OILING bottle (two-ounce

alcohol,

large

is

gum

thirds full of

and cork

enough

it

warm

twenty-four hours or so, and

more alcohol

on several one.

if

and get the

on several

after putting

coats,

fill it

two-

you are

if

in

It will dissolve in

place.

It is better to

necessary.

use

the addition thin,

it

and put

one thick

effect with

job, like a box-cover, or a panel,

you are doing a nice

If

and

may then be thinned by

coats, than to try

45

Cover with strong

in bits.

up, shaking occasionally, and,

a hurry, placing the bottle in a

of

POLISHING.

for small work),

broken

shellac

AND

you can rub

down

it

with a piece

of very fine sand or emery paper, and finish with one more thin coat. flat

This takes out

all

the brush-marks,

and leaves a perfectly

and even polished surface.

The

alcohol used to dissolve shellac must be strong and pure,

what druggists watered,

Use

will

it

a small,

pouring on Shellac

it

call alcohol of

95 per cent.

If

it

thinned or

is

not dissolve the gum. flat

brush

;

and,

when

through, wash the brush by

a few drops of alcohol, and wiping dry.

may

also be applied with a

pad of cotton done up

in

a soft linen rag, and laid on with a quick circular movement,

and the rag kept moistened wrth alcohol applied very drop by drop.

gum, and

If too

to get so dry as to

alone will

much

spoils the effect

make a

;

alcohol

is

used,

it

carefully,

re-dissolves the

and yet the gum must not be allowed

be streaky.

Experience and good judgment

success of this method

;

but for a

flat

panel

nothing short of real French polishing will produce so good an effect.

On

irregular surfaces, the brush

must be used of neces-

FRET-SAWING AND WOOD-CARVING.

46

Shellac dries so rapidly that the difficulty in this process

sity. is

do

to

it

the dark, which

dark woods

and

is

of a

is

mahogany

color,

and the bleached, which

;

on

excellent

Many

There are two kinds of

quickly enough.

light

is

and

is

shellac,

suitable for

of a light

creamy

tint,

woods and dyed veneers. and

;

for this purpose nothing

is

better

than raw linseed-oil applied with a soft rag, and well rubbed this

all

pieces of work look better with a dead oiled surface

than with a polished one

and

—

repeated as often as

Polishing attainable

wood

is

a high

is

necessary to get a good

art, in

which great success

by the most cunning and crafty workmen

;

in,

finish.

is

only

but this

should not discourage the careful and ambitious amateur from

making the attempt,

in special cases

able, with a confident prospect of

when a high

finish is desir-

measurable success.

Prepare the wood for polishing 'by using the finest sand or glass paper,

and rubbing

it till

all tool

marks and scratches are

absolutely obliterated.

French polish light

To

and dark, apply

it,

is

for

purchased at drug or art stores, of two kinds,

woods

of those respective shades.

make a pad

of a small tuft of cotton-wool folded

in a soft old linen rag, the folds of the rag at the

for a handle.

from

Cotton cloth

will

do

also,

back serving

but the linen

is

freer

lint.

Moisten the bunch of cotton with the polish, and place the folds of the rag, squeezing

it

it

in

slightly to force the polish to

AND POLISHING.

GLUE, VARNISH, OILING

47

soak through, and apply to the outside of the rag a drop or two of

raw

Sweet-oil

linseed-oil.

and gives a more durable

harder,

pad by dipping

to the

may be

in

used, but linseed dries

putting on only the drop which adheres to

be used

it,

easily over the surface of

the wood, and as

much

too

the object of the oil being merely to

;

applied

If the oil is

surface.

and

the bottle a small broom-straw,

make

little

the

will not

pad

slip

should be used

as will barely accomplish this result.

With the pad thus charged, rub motion

till

all

is

it

it

on the wood with a

covered, charging the cotton occasionally

with the polish, and the rag with the

The

first

may be

as

it

to dry

;

oil.

wood, and produce but

coat will sink into the

Allow

effect.

and

in

little

and repeat the operation as many times

necessary to produce a surface which

light like a mirror,

circular

which you can see your

wi'll

reflect

face.

or three applications will ordinarily produce this result

;

Two

an open

porous wood, requiring more than a hard fine-grained one. If

too

greasy white streaks show themselves,

much

oil is

it

is

evidence that

used, and they must be gently rubbed out with-

out oiling the pad.

This process

and the sawing

like

;

may be

is

of course only suitable for flat surfaces, panels,

though wood which partially prepared

is

to

be used for plain

by receiving one or two coats

before sawing, and a finishing one afterwards, ficult

fret-

otherwise to polish sawed work.

it

being very

dif-

VIII. Copnnt0 anb

g^ ELECT

one of the designs given here of drawing