French Grammar Made Clear
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FRENCH GRAMMAR...
Description
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
BY
IN La
Religieuse
Pensee
AUTHOR
SAME
THE
FRENCH: i.'Angleterre
dans
ContemporAine.
1933.
Paris, Lecoffre, Figures
Moineo
de
(crowned
by
French
the
Academy). Perrin,
1908.
Paris, Bloud,
1910.
Paris, Soeurs
Les
Bronte.
Anglaise
Grammaire
Simplifiee.
Paris,
Bourget,
March
to
"
Chatto
London, The
Literary Biography. London,
Windus;
New
Tendencies
of
French
Chatto
Gained
France
Anything
by
(Lowell Grammar
Latin
Clear
Made
Petitmangin
Putnam,
1914.
and
John
"
Windus,
1915.
Thought. Oxford
Has
York,
Timbuctoo.
London, The
Constable, 1911.
Again.
Herself
France
in
Essay
an
A.
the
University Press,
Neighbor
her
liamstown
Institute
and
of
her
(in collaboration
almost
with
a
Paris
Professor
Problems
(six lectures
Roman
de
Gigord. the
at
Wil-
University
Press.
Balcony.
IN
de
H.
Politics.
London,
Latine
ready.
Fitzgerald).
Yale From
1916.
War.?
Lectures, 1919)
Paris, France,
1919.
Gigord,
ENGLISH:
IN
Paul
de
Grant
Richards.
LATIN:
is.
Paris, de
Gigord.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
CLEAR
MADE
USE
FOR
IN
SCHOOLS
AMERICAN
BY
ERNEST
DIMNET
Agrege Professor
FUNK
" NEW
at
de
rUniversite
College
WAGNALLS YORK
Stanislas, Paris
COMPANY AND
LONDON
"!V
1922,
Copyright, FUNK
"
WAGNALLS
[Printed
in
the
Copynghi
Under of
the
the
Articles
Pan-American
United
COMPANY States
United
Published
States,
by
in
May,
of
the
1922
Copyright
Republics August
America]
of
11,
and
Convention the
1910
10-24
9o^ OF
TABLE
CONTENTS
Page 1
Foreword This
written
grammar
is
What
French
The
this grammar
5
Language
Where
5
spoken
6,7.8,9
it is
What Whether Its
of
or
1
2 3
?
grammar
a
Characteristics
for students
difficult to
not
9,10 10,11 11,12
learn
vocabulary
Its pronunciation Where spoken the
12
best
13
Advice About
5 13,14,1 15,16,17
the grammar French words think in French
learning
How
to
How
to
learn
Alphabet
17
^
18 19
Pronunciation
Differences between French and English pronunciation 19,20 Pronunciation 20,21 of French vowels 21 Pronunciation of French diphthongs of nasal sounds Pronunciation 21,22 of consonants Pronunciation 22,23 is meant What 23 by liaison French sounds ill-pronouncedby English-speakingpeople..24,25 Grammatical
Terms
Articles Translation Elision and
26,27 28
of the contraction
697624
28
28,29
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
Use
of
29,3^3
genders in French
of
Distinction
31
le, la, les of
Translation Partitive Resume
a,
31
an
31,32
article du, de la, des of rules concerning articles
32,33 34
Nouns Feminine
of
Modifications
Plurals
of
Plurals
of
the
beyond
addition
of
35 36
e
nouns
compound
Plurals
of proper Collective nouns Resume
34
nouns
of
rules
36,37
nouns
37
names
^7 for
37,38
nouns
39
Adjectives
39 adj ectives 39 Adjectives of quality Feminine of adjectives 39,40,41 Plurals of adjectives : 41,42 42 used noun as a Adjective of adjectives Place 42,43,44 44 Comparative degree of adjectives 44 of Superlative degree adjectives in and 45 Irregularities comparative superlative of adjectives.. 45 Agreement of adjectives Possessive 46 adjectives 47 of Agreement sa son, Demonstrative 47 adjectives Their modifications 47,48 48 Interrogative adjectives Indefinite adjectives 48 Varieties
%
of
r
"
Cardinal Their
"
"
49 49.50
numerals
formation
Ordinal numerals, their formation How cardinal numbers used in French are How time is expressed in French Resume of rules on adjectives Pronouns Personal Personal
50,51 .51
51,52
52,53,54 55
nominative
pronouns
in
pronouns
in accusative
Disjunctive personal Meaning and use of Meaning and use of
55
pronouns
56 56,57
lui
57,58 58
leur
VI
TABLE
CONTENTS
OF
."
Meaning Meaning
and
use
and
use
Reflexive
moi-meme, pronouns pronouns of it is
of
Meaning
celui
Demonstrative
use
and
Relative
referring to mine, etc
several
61
people
62
de :
pronouns
and
Meaning Meaning Meaning Meaning Meaning
59,60 60,61
etc
Possessive
use
and
use
and
use
and
use
of
celui-ci of celui qui of ceci,cela oi ce of ce qui
i
.
.
.
*
.-
of
64
64,65 66
relative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns other
62 62 62 63 63
63,64
pronouns
Declension
In
58 59
Possessive Translation
s/
58
of en of y
pronouns
of
Use
Page
66 used
in
speaking of
66,67
persons
67 67
oases
Translation of what Translation of which Indefinite pronouns and its use On between Difference personne of Meaning plusieurs Meaning and use of rien Resume of rules on pronouns
67 68
'.
and
une
68 69
personne
69 69
70,71,72,73 74
Verbs Plan Are
74
of chapter verbs French
difficult? and between French
Differences How
conjugations French conjugations
Best
method
French
Personal Tense
of
endings endings in
Exercises Formation
74 76
learning French
78
verbs
78,79 80,81
in present indicative each conjugation
81,82
verbs
on
of
^
77
simplified
are
*-'"
74,75,76
English verbs
82
tenses
Auxiliary verbs in French Irregularitiesin conjugation of avoir Conjugation of avoir Compound tenses Conjugation of etre The four conjugations Their unequal importance VII
83,84 84
84,85,86,87,88 89
89,90,91,92,93 93 ,.,,..,.
.93,94,
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Pact 1.
Conjugation of aimer is noticeable
What
,
in the
of
Irregular verbs
the
in
100,101,102,103,1("4 105,106,107
ir recevoir
Characteristics
of
the
108,109,110,111,112
third
Irregular verbs in oir Conjugatfori of rendre
Use
of
in
verbs in
112
conjugation
113,114
4.
Irregular verbs
105
conjugation
second
of
of
9?
99,10C
5: Conjugation
Classification
.94,95,96,97,98 98,9S
Its irregularities _Ip:"gttlarverbs^ in er 2. Conjugation of Twlr Characteristics
.
first conjugation
115,116,117,118,119 119,120
re
121,122,123,124
re
124
Tenses
124,125 125,126
Infinitive
participle participle
Present Past
-"f\
126 127 127
\/.
Present
indicative
used
instead
Present
indicative
used
instead
of past of future
127,128 128,129 129,130 130,131
Imperfect Simple past Pluperfect Future Future
131
anterior
132,133
Conditional
Subjunctive What
tense
Concord
of
133,134,135,136,137 used
after
si
137,138
subjunctive How rules concerning subjunctive to master Interrogative conjugation Negative conjugation Resume
Classes
of rules
of
138
in
tenses
on
the
use
of tenses
139
139,140,141 142,143 143,144,145,146,147
147
Verbs
148
ft
Passive Intransitive
148,149
Reflexive
150,151,152 152,153 153,154,155 155,156
Impersonal avoir
Verb
y
Verb
falloir
Resume verbs
of
rules
on
and passive, intransitive,
reflexive
157,158
^^ABLE
CONTENTS
OF
Page
1^9
Adverbs in
Adverbs
j59 159
ment
used
Adjectives
as
adverbs
Mieux and comment Comme Position of adverbs in French of quality, List of adverbs time,place,manner, and
160 etc.
160,161,162,163
J63 163
Done Si
J^ loO
oui
164,165
Prepositions
Conjunctions
166,167,168,169
Exclamations
170,171,172,173 176
Gallicisms
Referring to definite article Referring to indefinite article Referring to partitive article Referring to noun Referring to adjective Referring to pronoun Referring to personal pronoun Repetition of pronouns Le, la, les
Demonstrative pronouns Relative pronouns Indefinite pronouns to
Inversion
of
178,179,180 180
180,181,182,183 183
188
verb
of
Agreement
178
184,185 185,186 186,187 187,188
En
Referring
177
177,178
184
pronouns
as
176,177
subject subjects with
verbs
188,189 189,190 190
Use
of
Use Use
of indicative of conditional
190,191
Use Use
of present participle of infinitive
191,192
tenses
190 191
;"""".".
Prepositions before an infinitive Prepositions suppressed translated To by a To translated by pour To translated by de Remarks
Remarks
on
on
a
few
192
193,194 193,194 194
194,195,196 196
verbs
196,197,198
faire IX
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
Remarks
on
alter
198,199
Remarks
on
vouloir
199,200
Adverb
200
A
200
si
peine
200,201
Combien
201
D'oti,
201
Encore Pas
201,202
Peu
202
Par
202
ou
202
Pres
2Q2
Preposition
202,203
A
Dans,
204,205
en
205,206
De
206
Jusqu'a
207
Par
208
Conjunctions
208,209
Ne
208,209,210
Que
210
Quelque Suppression
210
conjunctions
of
*
Frequent
.211,212,213,214
Mistakes
Century
Twentieth
Current
Phrases
216,217,218,219,220,221
223
Appendices 1.
French
2.
Main
225
Versification
periods
3.
Landmarks
4.
Measures,
5.
Polite
French
of of
French
6.
Advice
7.
Bibliography
on
232
Literature
237
Coins
Weights, formulas
229
History
Letter "
238
Writing
240
Translating "
241
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
FOREWORD
TO
This
book
has
who
for
This
appears.
needs
to
the
learn
we
the
that
speak
result
it with is
But
certainly know,
who
you
have
governess
their who lines
mistakes read in
good
read
French
French
who, in
the
of
but
Your
prefer.
that
who
for
in your
Europe
easily
correctly.
as
Ask
in
or
surprise you
few
even
is
the
and
is
that
language.
with their
next
a
girls
or
French
teacher
know
by
people
cannot
write
questions
and
but
no
language
a
probably
English a
they
school, boys
own
nevertheless, And
leatning
written
books
:
fact, there
it well,
know
in
In
language
a
language
way.
method
learn
can
we
that
speaking. as
the
occasionally
order
sometimes
of
French
learned and
that
it better
people
in
with
English
arbitrariness
of
grammar
quickest
to
contrary
ment arrange-
although
that
in
you.
everything.
in
quickest
notice
will
you
contend
people learning
doubt
the
considered
Some
that
the
what
of
were
without
after,
for
but
typographical
first
given
are
is not
consideration
will
teacher
your
works,
every
You
for
you^not
learned
of
you.
translation
French
for
chosen,
was
examples
cases
say
it
of
devised most
written
was
large Hbrary
a
word
Every
STUDENT
THE
six you
will
invariablyfind
French
other
no
ready
are
CLEAR
people have
that these
and
grammar
have
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
than
cause
a
tations that their hesi-
admit
to
studied
never
their
the
of
ignorance
grammar.
Nobody knov^s, really know^s, a language, v^^ithout of that language. knov^ringthe grammar Is it the work of a legislator But what is a grammar? have to obey implicitly?Is it a collection of formulas we so
be
final that remembered
Some
But
merely
"
they
as
the
explanation of
asks
another
''Cinqcents'' dix" ; cent '"'Cinq points out to the there
is
if it is followed
a
collection of
a
language from This
will
to
formulas
nor
that
they
are
?
in French
ten"?
French s
an
figureafter it,but
:
and
knows
takes
cent
way
speaking. When
of
is *'five hundred who
long
a
grammars.
what
other
given in simple but of
it goes
ways
person
must
all?
at
is "five hundred"
if the
other
no
certain
syllableand
one
what
:
And
"
s
not
or
are
neither codes
are
grammars
person
when
be altered in
cannot
people imagine this, and explaining their antagonism
towards
a
they
does
better
in the not
"
plural
take
the
figure,a grammatical rule is excellent language. A grammar is merely such explanations : it is the description
by
another
well-chosen
explain to
examples. this grammar
why
you
consists
of
like the conversation mentioned questionsand answers above, why the technical language of grammarians is as much as possibleavoided in it,and why examples are of such capitalimportance in its composition. You are not rules: you verbatim are pected exexpected to remember any to
understand
the difference
phrasing,in English in
which
difference of
the
one
you
show
can
is to invent
given
and
in
an
in
between
French, and
that
you
example
the grammar.
have
of your
two
the
ways
best
understood own
of
manner
this
in imitation
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
A
is
grammar
short
enough in
omit
class,
it
the
been
leave
to
himself
that
nothing is
known
the
burden
which
of
memory French
Altogether
you
been
composed
being
your
advice
it
the
to
know
new
its
its
to
you
decided
progress
efforts
anxiety in
already
natural
their
its
gfves,
(see
to
order
who
one
all
are
his
your
be
clear
of
only has
the
you
niceties
with
the
aims
the
well
as
on
of
pupils
are
you
to
what
the
sure
be
may
page
133),
friendly
and
rejoiced
life.
ERNEST
at
:
is
as
eye
what
has
book It
subjunctive,
aspects
guided
Why
teacher
to
of
use
lead
that
all
out
you.
own
as
to
adtnit
:
this
that
dazzle
make
to
treatment
optimism, to
much
as
set
know?
not
not
author
girl
or
realize
soon
enlighten,
to
friend
mind,
to
will
has
Frenchman.
boy
may
Clear"
leave
and
American
an
tendency
adhered
educated
an
writer
a
even
to
The
The
throug^hout
complicate
unduly
may
generally
not
has
he
in.
to
rassment, embar-
Made
crowd
versation con-
not
cause
anxiety.
Grammar
than
and
enough
might
be
it must
:
reading
complete
which
"French
which
to
for
ultimately
rather
out
rule
a
of
or
of
composition
be
must
helpful
not
time
of
absence
astonishment, in
it is
plenty
but
the
anything,
if
nothing
leave
to
CLEAR
MADE
DIM
NET.
tude attiin
FRENCH
drawn
GRAMMAR
to be
not
a
learned
or
is the
at
knowledge
a
well
as
Latin
as
a
text
Latin
that
of
Italian
be called
from
of
most
the
Romans
a
hundred
of
Christian
the
French
of
of
words
transformation
Gauls, established
are
took
50
in
very
cities which
had
which ed inhabitable favor-
at
developed, the graduallydisseminated
the
so
of
course
four
and
a
half
they held possession. When Franks
(fifthcentury of
era) compelled them
the new-comers,
derivative
larger rivers,and separated, In other, by thick woodlands.
during which
invasions
a
language,
the
their civilization in the
the
this
kept garrisonsand
centuries
French
France, this territorywas
points along one
the
with
one
clearly.When, conquered the country
by communities the
distinguished
will tell any
Spanish, is
or
B.C., Julius Caesar to
importance
over.
French
origin. How place, history tells us was
in
happens
language?
Latin
of
the
French
world
ninety-ninein
:
of
France
Hence
them.
knowledge
French
CLEAR
when
even
circl'esthe
glance
A
French,
signatoryto
the
given to
2. What
in
up
MADE
the presence
to
make
of the Roman
way
the for
armies,
schools, and shops,as well as frequent magistrates, had made Gaul as completelyLatin inter-marriages, Mexico, originallyIndian, had become as Spanish when her rightsthere. Except Spain had to renounce in a few out-of-the-way districts where the Gallic language (akin to Gaelic) was still spoken, the Gauls had wholly forgotten their own dialects and Was with
spoke only Latin. this Latin which
the
exactly similar
works
of
Cicero
to
and
the
language Virgil have
FRENCH
made
GRAMMAR
familiar?
us
as
American
of
Lincoln.
used
by the Roman
this inferior
different
as
from
there
from
English
the
ties varie-
two
were
it
by cultivated people who
and
equns
spoken by the lower words by cahallns and used
was
is different
one
:
CLEAR
in Rome
Even
horse
a
No, it
slang
Latin
of
called
MADE
a
house
clas'ses who mansio.
armies
Latin, made
other
the
domus,
replaced these
The
Latin
language
was (sermo castrensis)
even
different
more
from
classical Latin
by the miscellaneous origin of the legions,as k well spoke it. The Roman
who
men
known,
largelyrecruited from barbarous tribes speaking various languages; necessitycompelled these soldiers to adopt the language of their Roman were
comrades, (that is above), born an
did.
men
R^ others
but
they
Some
of
could, not
to
say,
seldom
the
spoke could
them
a
pronounce
cribed des-
Latin
low it
as
not
Italian-
pronounce
G, many
ed sound-
distinguish from B a were a utterly v, while nearly all of them ignorant of the delicate rules of Roman prosody and accented wrongly all but the simplestwords. This was the majority of the kind of Latin which a
like
d
a
Gallo-Romans "
had
a
t, many
"
chance
others
not
Gauls
Romanized
as
could
were
called
learn.
to
only abojit far from 30,000 and they were being superiorin civiljizaitionto the people whom they were parently apdominating; in a generationor two they The
Franks
were
not
numerous
"
"
Teutonic began to forgot their own tongue and with speak the language of the Gallo-Romans However, the departure hardly any modifications. of
French
the
Romans
without
a
left
standard
these of
ancestors
language,and
of
the
hence-
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
Latin
forth
purity as
MADE
treated
was
English may
americanized different
CLEAR
with in
be
factory full
a
foreignerscoming
countries.
The
little reg-ard for
as
from
half
niceties of
of
dozen
a
Latin
un-
sions declen-
and
conjugationswere forgotten; consonants were interchangedin an apparentlyextraordinary manner (cf. "y^P" ^^^ y^s), many were suppressed ty) (cf. "goo'bye" for good-bye, "twenny" for twendelicate,passed through ; the vowels, being more deformations worse even (cf.girlpronounced"goil," American
*'Amarican"
pronounced
"room"
in
pronounced
States,as in the South French
of
in every
tended
word
of
England, as
etc., etc.); above
u,
South
the
"Amurrican,"
or
to
United
the if
oo
were
all,the accented weaken
or
a
ble syllato
even
kill
its
for "do neighbors (cf. "d'you 'member" you remember,'' and the suppressionsfrequent in lish Engversification.)
In the
case
of the
authorities
Gallo-Romans, having no
dard stan-
popular faults and ening corruptionsof speech,the results were: 1), a shortof Latin words, due to the incapacity of untrained to perceiveclearlyany cented ears except the acto
the
correct
syllables(bonitatem, hontat, and graduallyhonta of
varying
with
vowels the
within RE,
in
These
a
few
and
into
(for
'even
miles
now
instance, became
bonte) ; 2), a
very
districts and
dialects
''roi/'whilch
for
different
giving
instance, is
sounds
rise
regem
formation trans-
to
merous! nu-
became
pronounced "rwcx"
of Paris, while
in Italian it is
Spanish rey). transformations
during
the
were
quick and
dinous multitu-
stage of the language known
as
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
French
Old
(from
of
the end
MADE
the
CLEAR
beg^innlngof the ninth
thirteenth century). There
the
standard
of
language
of culture
to no
was
erable spelHng or speaking, and the innumdialects were supposed to be one as good as the King, from his rather the other. However, as lord of the Ile-deprecarious position as mere France (the province roundabout Paris), slowly the language spoken by to superiorauthority, rose him his court and began to be regarded as the and
.fellto the lower writers
of
be
to
known
had
hundred
for two
the standard
in
as
(in,
a
Southern
or
3. Is French
a
people No and
an,
which
French
have
acknowledged The
un),
the
of gave
it
currence frequentre-
softened so-called fluid
a
the tap-tap of the can
never
as
bration vi-
ll's nasal
quality
langue d'oc
possess.
difficult language for English-speaking to
learn?
language has the
when
e's,lending fullness and
mute
ecaille, and
on,
harmony
been
years
of preceding syllable,
fille and
sounds and
the
direction and
sam.e
polishedFrench.
of
in it of to
The craving patois."^ appreciatedat court
invented,the Parisian language
printingwas
last
of and
in the
naturallyworked at
rank
lects dia-
the other
fashion, and
consequence
so
as English, simple a grammar is that English-speakingpeople
of tendency to look upon the grammars other languages as complicated. It is a fact that while English nouns denotingthingsare uniformly in French; feminine masculine or neuter, they are *
of ro
a
The Norman French spoken by cul'ivated English people during the Conqueror by William (luest
Heard,
the the was
English centuries
and Kings by the majority the following immediately
substantially the
same
as
Parisian
10
FRENCH
the
GRAMMAR
adjective, too,
follows
in French
varies
and
noun
plural; Above
which
and
There
contrast
is truth
here.
more
who
effort to master
the
books
if
as
simple rules
is singular or
the
supposed
to
But
is
there
and
cans, of Ameri-
perfection,
to
sufficient
made
never
French
read
spoken language
A
tongue.
own
littlepractise(by
books)
easy
less truth
no
thousands
have
through reading very
one's
tax
extraordinary degree.
an
in their
a
manner.
same
sj"eakFrench
they were and
accompanying
the
are
especially women, many
its
noun
in
undeclined,
is
simplicityof the puzzling, conjugationsseem in
memory
the
to
in the fact that hundreds
and
EngHsh
the gender of
English verb, French and the irregularverbs attention
CLEAR
in
again as change
pronouns
all, by
MADE
few
speaking and French
the
rob
and the rules genders of their apparent difficulty, become concerning the adjectivesand pronouns clear in consequence. Finally,it is doubtful whether the French frightenany one conjugationswould if the irregularverbs comparatively very few in number not were so constantly described as a nightmare, which, in simple truth, they are not. "
"
A
littlemethod
uniformity
where
is
there
but dishearteningdiversity, the verbs
4. Is the
ought
French
to
hour
a
people imagine
Seventy
per
in
cent,
of
the
spent
great
so,
the
origin. Several
but
be
to
method
the student
reassure
vocabulary
Some
French
first half
supposed
show
will
attention
moderate
and
"
sucli
portant: is all im-
the French
over
for
ever.
difficulty? they
are
mistaken.
English vocabulary thousand
French
words
is
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
endinof in ticn
twelve hundred (for instance, some like application, nation, ration) are
the
to
English for
papier
words
thousand
ten
some
that any
they who
one
thousand
are
so
unmistakable.
are
words
French
any
Yes, for people who
they
having
able
to
sciously con-
this
counts ac-
guess
at
without
newspaper
teen fif-
some
all, and
at
said
be
can
really
pronounce?
difficult to
that
before
people being
rpany
meaning of a French knowing the language.
imagine
It
English knows
knows
the
5. Is French
terparts English coun-
like their
so
French
learned for
more
paper)
that
exactly similar which they translate, while (as exigence for exigency,
do
would
not
try
or
foolishly
who
if
ridiculous
appear
they
did try.
Many people,supposed to enjoy exceptional tion, opportunitiesfor learning the French pronunciasounding foreign to the end of their go on lives because effort of the sort required; no they make others improve with astonishingrapidity because learn how they realize that you no more to pronounce a to, or language merely by listening even by livingwith, people who speak it than you without learn to sing by going to the opera ever practisingsinging. The mimic
even
the in ,
the intonation
placing of keeping with
The
only
the French the
effort
and
method
sounds,
"
voice. so
is
to
in
or
copy a
Progress
word, will be
made.
ought to aim, from the very first lesson,at a correct pronunciationof the French r the real key to proper placing of the vocal organs student
"
"
of
the
nasal
sounds
in,
on,
an,
un,
and
of
the
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
12
sounds
represented
these
half
moment
pupils
it
them
only
details
other "
out
service.
The
French
have
of
safely
every very
is
between
but
striking.
The
and
a
large
Paris
In
refined
the no
all
being military
proportion most
people child
every
the
South,
pronunciation
difficulty in
in
One
pronunciation.
from
but
above
his
practically
apart
has
speech. French
a
pure
foreigner
town, best
has
that,
say
language a
and
accent, there
up
that
well.
speak
to
rare
escapes
during
man
is
not
pronunciation
seldom
consequence
good
brought
words
have
Provincialism
effort.
young
a
people
a
.may
of
elegant
they
is
Employers*
any
choice
It
speech.
their
without
laughed
in
for
taste
opportunity
every
distinction
acquire
or
inborn
an
improve
and)
servants
accent
spoken?
have
acquiring
the
The
eu.
some
gain
to
French
French
apparently
of
hour
best
language,
"
with
and
an
the
The
see
and
au,
u,
easy.
is
of
CLEAR
"
become
Where
by
secured
are
takes
6.
MADE
Paris,
difference
English-speaking
is
culiar, pein
finding
in
models in
where
this
of
the
respect
countries
is
14
FRENCH
GUAGE
GRAMMAR
USES
thing is
THE
the rule, for
make
in the
his
instead
Not as
be
may the
set
differences
of
groups
You
will be
itself than
and
verbs
examine as
if
the
they
ONS,
EZ, and
"
first "
but
models
four
were
from
types of
by the thing
less
of
moment
above
:
ent
are
others
fountain
are
These
alone
endings
coincide
rendre
third to
three
be
you
"
in the
same
in the first and
singular,which therefore as exceptions.
them
pen
3) that,after all,aimer
only
really
you
examine
"
everywhere the
culty diffi-
the
great satisfaction,1 ) that the
singular;and the
the various
heard
the
and 2) that finir,recei^oir, in the
as
indicative
have
you
verbs
four
will find with
simple You prepositions.
in the present
what
of French
an
given
that
is
grammar
similarities between
frightenedat
by
of
in class
complicatedlesson, for instance,
more
a
French
the infinitive after
of
use
pupil'susing
compels the student to just merely remembering.
of
everythingin
the
the
this
book, because
understand
Some
example given.
making instead
own
oughly thor-
before
purposes,
the
on
all-importaiit remembering
at
attempt
examination
teachers wisely insist of
The
an
understanding
example
CLEAR
INFINITIVE.
to
never
MADE
ral; plueven
differs person? bered, remem-
statements
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
make
rule
the
up
MADE
expected
are
you
15
CLEAR
find
to
for
yourself. The
moment
such
see
you
clearly,shut
rule
a
mentally rehearse the whole thing it cannot feel sure till you ory. slipout of your memThis practisewill not only teach you the French and the French language, but grammar It will strengthwill also teach you concentration. en and
book
your
have
you
just learned
accurate
and
if you
and,
memory
your
and logically, clearly,
it will
terms,
teach
explain lucidly,which,
in neat,
think
to
you
what
state
to
try
clearly
all. is the main
after
object of education. 2. Is it advisable
to
learn French
systematically?
words
It is
ly astonishingthat some people should seriousask such a question.Anybody who reallywishes need:3 to master all or a language learns words the tjime. Read fascinating John Stuart MilKs Autobiography: you will see how as a very little boy he used constantlyto note on cards the Greek words
his father
which
the time
at
were
child had
the
taught him
Greek-Latin
only
been
started
The
results
there
because
dictionaries and Greek
on
before
ginning be-
^
Latin.
people livingin forced
into
should
strive
meaning In
fact
TEN
words
a
memory
never
nothing does
FRENCH
day,
at
remember
to
vocabulary. It LEARN
foreigncountry
a
their
were
marvelous.
were
in two
have
be revealed
is
easier not
WORDS,
years
to
than
take
and you
five
One
turn.
word
to
words
new
every
each
Also
as
if its
again.
one
masiteringthe to
minutes
if you
learn
will know
ten
nearly
FRENCH
16
MADE
eight thousand,
an
is
ten
learn
to
the
CLEAR
The
supply.
enormous
words
secret
day and
every
the
at
hour.
same
3. How
GRAMMAR
does
words?
French
learn
one
instead By looking intently, at
them, by repeating them, and
to
other
Words
words.
by being glanced
in
at
by joining them
dictionary
a
simply
learned
be
not
can
merely glancing,
of
casually
or
everything else they only become familiar upon long acquaintance. When the French you find in an exercise an English word to you, naturally equivalentof which is unknown in
heard
Like
While
it up.
look
you
class.
examine
it
listen to
its sound,
of
think
few
a
Do
same
the
on
skimming
when
kept at read
you
do
you
a
capacityfor remembering long will
You
another
be remembered no
put
the
locomotive
them
chauffeur
in your
while
together in met
show
surprising
du
charbon
a
lists of
which
help two
sur
le
which
chaudiere,
if you
memory them
and
sentence
feu
one
ing mean-
some
charbon,
such
words.
new
has
learning some
just
habit will
easilythan
Feu,
of
valuable
words
more
connection.
chauffeur, will stay of
four
dwell
text:
instead
their combination
because
can
have
find that
for the purpose.
know,
not
write
done
French
a
students
some
:
been
hand
it. In this way,
over
formed
be
this has
when
note-book
word
every
soon
a
you,
take in its physiognomy,
moments,
and
sentence, in
before
imagine the objectit represents, sible opposite,above all,insert it in a sen-
its
it down
there
it stands
de
think if you as
"le
la chaudiere"
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
will
remember
English
into
French
teach
you
You from
will
Nothing
in
down
having
the
4.
This
may
of
lines
ten
again,
fluently of
than
to
reverse.
ing writ-
is dictating
person
pointed French
be
given
its
think
in
should
done
find
French,
their
syntax,
;
French
equivalent.
has
one
passage
than
more
the
over
passage
verbatim
not
of
more
need
which
the
construe
freely, thinking
enough
French?
French
and
bering remem-
by rewriting rapidly
never
it in
you. lating trans-
or
English
stopping, reading
repeating
to
is not
to
wards, after-
are
you
word
able
a
out
guessing
French
loud
out
without
and
a
easily be
One
read.
just
another
Merely
are
up
the
infallibly as
so
speak
is to
very
summing
or
words
you
learn
one
translating^
by
by doing
mistakes
your
you
17
English, and, immediately
meaning
when
does
How
in
is necessary
word
than
English.
from
better
what
when
that
Observe
CLEAR
words
French
slowly
very
what
MADE
the
be
not
but words at
correct
first.
People who them
in
more
words
easily which like
you must
a
know
that
way,
and
without
others.
in time
is
languages
languages
learn
muscle,
many
generally
any
professors.
you
know,
Memory
get filled up
; it is
is a
strengthened by daily
the not
habit use.
learn The more
a
box
which,
Note. 1. Learn
at
give
to
once
French
French
their
letters
name.
2. F, but
H,
L,
N^
M,
s^
R,
feminine;
are
French
educated
many
ex.:
people
f;
une
une
of
un
say
s;
all
letters.
Accents
There,
:
are
three
accents
:
^
acute
accent.
Ex.
:
^
grave
accent.
Ex.
:
/v
circumflex
e'peler, a,
Ex.
accent.
ires, :
pate, tete,
cote, flute.
The
acute
is
accent
opened
;
the
opened
;
the
grave
with
pronounced with
accent
circumflex
with
the
the
the lips hardly lips moderately
lips wide
open.
PRONUNCIATION
What
differences
there
are
between
and
of
English
is
substantially
the
the
ciation pronun-
of
pronunciation
French?
a)
French WRITTEN,
whereas
from
word
final
A
from
the
in
French
vowel
first,and like
in
Vvonoh
have
the
three The
clearly For
the
instance,
strat' agem
any
dependent in-
and
English-speaking
an
and
(exactly
without
accented
is
pronounced
three
the
**one, two,
as
emphasis
on
son per-
syllables is
three" of
any
the
numbers.) French THE
VOICE
GEME
is
is
pronounced
the
value
same
should
foreigners. no
out
neighbors.
geme,
differ
word
to
have
stands
pronounces
the
phasized: syllable is slightly em-
last
which
stra-ta-
pronounced
c)
its
STRATAGEME,
naturally
the
syllable
from
puzzling to
vary
should
in this
a's
is
of
sound
naval
said
be
although
word
is
hat
can
each
both
why in
a
words
SYLLABLES
word
English
English
the
Why
it
as
in
sounds
another.
to
the
sound
not
b)
one
pronounced
same
always ON
pronounced
words
( strat'-
stra-ta-geme The
mo-na-stere.
in A-GEM
for
VOWEL;
A
English ;
are
instance and
stressed divided
mon'-as-tery).
ing rest-
by
words
their
divide
strata-
monastere
syllables of after
The
ants consonconse-
20
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
is important. We
quence
compelled
in
the
to
though they
CLEAR
tempted and practically
are
English
even
as
MADE
give prominence
to
of
extent
double
were
making
their
softer
than
Long
vowels
d)
THAN
but
are
For
A.
E.
longer than
in the
i
pronunciation
A
sounds
like
a
in
a
sounds
like
a
in bar
without
as
in
English;
the first
ex. E
:
ex.
:
like
ex.
in
ay
:
bay,
word
(long a), rat; in
ea
is
rat
i
cease
six.
fahle.
:
bdtir. the end
at
elsewhere
page;
in veneer;
e
sounds
E
is mute
dedly deci-
voweb?
of French
:
are
English word
English word
; ex.
long
word
French
father;ex.
accent
any
the
six is shorter than
word
less
in hark
a
in the
is the
E
less
is much
in the French
than
in
vowel
same
in the French
2. What
in the
t
the
to
teeth
vowels
instance,a
appreciablylonger than and
their
slightly
short
and
slightlyshorter
the
harshness
speaking;
French
in
longer.
is
sound
them
in tea.
English
in
baton
in
lips more
sonants, con-
monn'as(stratt'agcm,
tery),and this imparts inevitable French pronunciation. The use and
to
of
word,
a
it sounds
like
venir. but
shorter
and
clear.
benir.
sounds
like
in
e
perish^but
trifle longer;
a
ex.
:
pere. E
I.
I
i
O.
has
the
sound
same
has the sound
of
ee
but in
longer again; shorter ;
feet,but
now-a-days is hardly longer than like the
o
sounds
r
it sounds
like
o
oa
in
botany;
in roar;
ex. ex.
ex.
:
:
tete.
midi;
i.
: :
ex.
poli;before aurore;
an
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
22
and
AN /
like
pronounced in sang;
AN
has
the
ex.
approximately
sounds
chicn:
sound;
chemin;
ex.:
approximately
in
it does
as
approximately as
sounds
is not
n
ex.:
;
wrong;
bon;
:
UN
like an(g)
above
as
ex.:
same
sounds
ON
sound
frequently en
not
IN
CLEAR
cent;
sans, EN
MADE
perceived ;
brun.
:
ex
the
but
in uncle,
UN
Note. AN,
F.s, IN,
ON
the
letters
b
5. How
a)
:
in
B, p,
:r IR
the
oir)
sounded
c)
c
:
;
before
: G
ex.
:
e
and
a,
^)
:
pleasure
has
i
before
o,
sounds
J
always
H
is sometimes
become
ex.
l";
generally
are
deux.
in
(not
er
in
verbs
it is
words
the
a, o, and
:
ex.:
as
before
which
like
K
it
case
e
it does and
i
in
get
it sounds
;
ex.
like
:
s
geste, giffle.
like mute;
:
ex.:
s;
as
it sounds
u
(cedilla) in
sounds
u
sound
same
ga,-apergu.
ex.:
; ex.
aspirate ;
word
a
cher, hier.
gdter,g outer, aigu; in
of
aimer; ending other
:
like s;
before
followingexceptions:
verbs
it is printed g
sounds
d)
end
it ends
ex.
;
cerise,cinema; unless
the
plomb, bond, loup, chiens, vent,
is silent when and
their
but
pompe,
pronounced?
consonants
p, s,' T, X, at :
before
om
im,
em,
am,
same.
with
ex.
to
chambre,
ex:
English but
silent ;
b)
p;
the
French
are
As
and
remains
sound
changed
are
hache.
s
in
ex.:
When
Vhommc,
pleasure.
histoirc,and it is mute
sometimes le
VJiistoire; when
or
la
it is
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
aspirate it le her OS, la
is not
sounded
hache,
final
N
UNE
is sound-ed
in
MADE
and
:
but
le
or
23
stand ;
la
if the article is un,
is not
UN
CLEAR
sounded
while
ex.
the
une,
the
:
final
in
e
hache.
une
Note. No
rule, only
CH
sounds
like
sounds
like
TH
6.
What
ift meant The
word
a
like in
is mute
z
Us
is caused
This
harsh
any
The
ex.
;
t
ex.
;
of
is
h
aspirate
chanter;
:
theatre.
:
French?
in
final letter
a
with
is not
sounded
in
gros
un
sont
otherwise vowel
a
in
im
for
;
gros
but
fore be-
mute
example,
Hire,
arhre; again the
venus,,
t
it
but
in sont
it is sounded
is
ear
of
Us
in
language
between
the
dra-t-on? the
and
article
two
vowels
French
offended
harsh
obviates
the
sounding
the
hiatus
; ex.
:
what
by
vowels
before
the
parle-t-ellefvien-
beginning by
nouns
;
is
by insertinga
frequently by eHding
more
for
have
consonants.
equally
hiatus,viz., two
French
:
aversion
the
by
combination
French
called
ex.
when
arjfives.
sont
in
sh
beginning
in gros
s
sounds
T
determine
can
by liaison
sounding
the
usage
mute.
or
a
e
or
vowel
Varc, I'orme.
Note. Too
many
consonants
the
liaisons
as
dropped
semi-educated.
well in
as
the current
tendency usage
to
pronounce
characterize
a
;
24
FRENCH
What
7.
GRAMMAR
French treated
o)
:
Most
MADE
CLEAR
generally illby English-speaking people? sounds
be
to
seem
which
English-speaking people double, instead sharply,as if they were pronounce of pronouncing them softly,using the lips more than the teeth; ta table should not be pronounced consonants
tta ttable.
b)
and
: Av
6
they consisted
of
wrongly pronounced
scale of o's whereas
a
this sound
to
preserve
often
are
its
purity:
like toe, it is much
c) :
is often
EU
should
d)
:
the
be
should
n
AN,
IN,
be UN
ON,
;
these
to
like
u
nounced pro-
in total. in
bu}t; it
lipshardly opened.
the
entirelysilent
remarkably
are
name,-
with
uttered
French
is not
tot to
nearer
wrongly pronounced
the
if
as
in the nasal
sounds
sounds, in spite of their
fluid and
harmonious.
is of R pronunciationof the French from the vital importance and ought to be watched first lesson. Except in a few provinces the very French the R by vibratingthe base, not pronounce is that the tip,of the tongue.(l) The consequence The
e) :
this
correct
is reallya
R
German Vorme
or can
a
Scotch
be the
However effort
word
the and
In
ch.
fact the
approximated
does, and
as
loch
then ch
rather
gutturalsound,
as
German the
adding
should
brieflyas
or
a
a
word nouncing pro-
man Scotchloch-M.
letter m,
sounded
be
French
nearly by
very
a
similar to
with
as
little
possible.
Note. 1.
English-speaking people as
(1) tlie
A
Frenchman his tongue
tip of
they do
their
has trouble in no between his teeth
who
accent
language, for
own
rolling all
the
a
succession time.
French
words
instance, proof
r's, keeping
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
nouncing
la
singing
a
2.
The pour
sentence
les
practised.
MADE
cap'
itale
effect
instead which
Insurgents"
of
does
"Rochambeau
fut is
a
25
CLEAR
good
la not
ca-pi-ta-le, exist
heureux test
and
in
duce pro-
French.
de should
lutter be
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
26
MADIC
TERMS
GRAMMATICAL
Grammar,
la
grammaire
CLEAR
Direct
ment object, le comple-
A
rule, unc
direct
The
Indirect
A
alphabet,Valphabet vowel, line voyelle
A
consonant,
Adjective,Vadjectif(masc.)
A
word,
A
phrase, une
A
sentence,
regie
consonnc
une
locution
une
phrase
SpellingVorthographe Etymology, Vetymologie root, la racinc
The To
analyser
parse,
Speech, Parts
le discours
of
indirect
Adjective
mot
un
object,le complement
of
quality,I'adjectifqualiiicatif Comparative, le comparatif Positive,positif
Superlative, siiperlatif Demonstrative,
demons-
tratif Pronoun,
le pronom
speech, les parties Personal, personnel
dii discours
Inttix
Article, Vartklc
jgative,interrogatif Relative, relatif
Noun,
Verb, le verbe
le
nom
Common,
commun
Conjugation,la conjugaison
Material,
concret
Transitive, transitif
Abstract,
abstrait
Intransitive,intransitif
Proper, propre
Compound, Gender, le
compose
Passive, passif
l^lural, pluriel
Auxiliary,Vauxiliaire Infinitive,Vinfinitif Indicative, Vindicatif Subjunctive, le subjonctif
Subject,le sujet
Present, le present
Number,
genre
le nombre
Singular, singulier
FRENCH
MADE
le
27
CLEAR
Punctuation,
I'imparfait
Imperfect, Perfect,
GRAMMAR
La
passe
ponctuation
virgiile
,
Pluperfect,
le
plus-que-
parfait Future,
les
:
le
Participle, Adverb,
Preposition,
Conjunction,
le
futiir ?
participe
le
le
Vadverhe
poini deux
virgule points
point
point
d'interro-
gation
la
la
conjonc-
"
"
tes
point
d' exclamation
guillemets
-^
[]
-
V
le
!
tion preposi-
tion
Exclamation,
le
]
interjection.
la
parenthese
le
tiret
le
trait
"
~
-
d'nnion
ARTICLES
1.
How
do
In
translate
you
English
the
woman,
LE
is used
before
ex.
:
le
is
gar
We
the?
is used
in
every
feminine, the
say
without
houses,
:
ex.
the
the
boy
or
the
man,
change
any
:
follows
as
:
nouns
in
the
singular:
nouns
in
the
singular:
;
feminine girl;
before
used
varies
m.asculine
before
Me,
is
plural
the
article
masculine,
be
article
g on,
used
la
LEs
the
plural.
house,
the
ex.:
article
noun
or
French
LA
definite
article.
the
In
the
singular
neuter,
in
definite
the
whether
case,
the
les
of
nouns
les
gargons,
either
in
gender
filles, the
boys,
the the
GIRLS.
2.
What
is
meant
of
the
the
article?
Elision
Before h, tree, the
le
beginning
nouns
and Vecole grass.
la
become
(fem.),
and
elision
by
iJ, the
by
the
traction con-
a
silent
:
with ex.:
a
vowel
Varhre
school,
or
(masc), Vherhe
the
(fern.),
FRENCH
30
masculine
and
in French
while
also 2".
In be
a)
GRAMMAR
inferred
CLEAR
in Latin
nouns
feminine
most
masculine
arc
in Latin
nouns
are
French.
in
great many from
cases
the
its
ending.
of the word
gender
can
Masculine
1. Nouns rot,
in a_, i, o, eau, zero,
un
2. Nouns
3. Most
those
u^ un
beta,
un
un
ncvcu.
in
nouns
ex.:
te
Ic
ex.:
tie,
or
conge.
in
nouns
age_,
aire,
ege,
le le vestiaire, college,
le
menage, 4. Most
and
chapeau,
un
in e, except
hie, le
b)
neuter
feminine a
MADE
ending
nouns
hereafter
in
stated
otre,
:
le
lab oral oire.
than
other
consonants
feminine.
be
to
ex.
Feminine 1. Nouns
in te,
tie,
2. Nouns
in ee,
ex.
3. Nouns
in
4. Nouns
ending in
sign
two
5. Most
charite,Vamitie.
la
ex.:
la matinee.
:
and. tion,
mute
ex.
nouns, abstract
tension, V applicati
preceded by
e
consonants,
la
:
ex.
:
la gare,
la
ex.:
or
one
la
pecially es-
bagarre.
gloire,la justice,
la vertu.
Note. 1. One THE
to
2.
denoting
noun
SENTRY,
it is
Gens,
and
a
is feminine:
man
the
used
pronoun
la with
sentinclle, reference
ELLE.
people, is feminine.
cooD
people,
ex.:
des
gens
except
when
maladroUs,
the
Ex.
:
de
bonnes
gens,
adjective is placed after,
awkward
people.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
4. Does
the
French
MADE
language
le, la, les wherever No,
LE,
LA,
LES
in
the is left out
the
use
there used
are
CLEAR
definite
is the
in many
English:
31
in
English? in whicli
cases
abstract
article
nouns,
nouns
of countries,the relatingto substances, the names of colors, plural nouns names denoting the whole designatingtitles,which in English species,nouns not preceded by the, take the article in French are ; LA ex.: gourmandise (greediness), la confiture
Connecticut
(Connecticut), (blue), les paresseux (lazy boys), le Wilson (^President Wilson).
(jam),
le
bleu
le
President
Note. Medieval
French
left
out
the article in practicallyevery
it. As proverbs are from down generation to generagenerally handed tion in their original form it is not surprising that French not preceded proverbs include nouns many varie ; Us sont femme by the article. Ex.: souvent chien et chat; often (woman changes; comme AND LIKE ARE DOG.) CAT THEY in
case
5. How
English omits
which
article
indefinite
is the
a,
an
translated
into
French?
By
feminine
V
0,
y^"'^
ex.
nouns,
heure, an 6. What
masculine
before
UN
:
im
nouns,
couteau,
by a
before
une
knife,
une
hour.
is meant
by the "partitive"article?
indicatinga "part" of the object called partitive denoted are by the following noim articles : they correspondto some or any in English.
^y,
DE
but
are
M^
DES,
also used
these w^ords in
in sentences
English. For
too
general
instance
: nous
to
admit
hoirons
FRENCH
32
du
hit
GRAMMAR
shall
we
means:
MADE
given occasion),but it also MILK (habitually).
CLEAR
drink
some
means
: we
(on
milk
shall
a
drink
Note.
infrequentlymade
by ing English-speakof du lait, people: nous of of genders (one thinks is caused by a confusion hoirons de the feminine I'eau). partitive:nous mistake
The
L
not
hoirons
2. However,
a)
after
pas
de
preceded
forets en
instead
de
pas,
plus,
livres, I by
of du,
de
books
no
adjective. Ex. there
are
; :
large
is necessary, Ex.: je n'ai
des
la,
peu,
beaucoup,
have
an
France,
lait,instead
de
trop.
b) before il y forests
a
de in
a
noun
grandes France.
Resume
What
or
The
exemplified in the phrases?
rules
are
following words
le monsieur
The
gentleman lady gentlemen
les messieurs
The
ladies
les dames
The
pupil
V eleve
The
clock
V
The
la dame
je vais au college envoyez-lesaux piscines
school
I go
to
Send
thern to the
horloge
swimming
pools The
teacher's desk
The
badges collegegirls'
The
wall
pupitredu professeur les insignes des etudiantes
le
le
"! or
The
breeze
la muraille la brise
-j or
le vent la paresse
Laziness
Maple
mur
syrup
'ic jus d'erable
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
Canada
le
Red
le
Stupid
A
le
Foch
Marshal A
les
people
pencil
un
slate
des
slates
pie,
Walks,
too
de
cakes
many
des
walks
33
Canada
rouge betes
gens
marechal
Foch
crayon ardoise
une
Pencils, Some
CLEAR
la
tarte,
ardoises
des
crayons,
des
gateaux
promenades, promenades
des
Expensive
fountain-pens
stylos
couteux,
" or
de
couteux
stylos.
trop
dc
II
NOUNS
1. How
does of
French
the
nouns?
The
feminine
different
of
English
in queen;
the
form
The
French
the
first
ESSE
to
b)
these
of
two
the
masculine,
feminine
masculine, oncle
;
(bull), but
from
is
femme language the
to
the
we
can
language masculine; fem.
noun
of
feminine
participles (see
present
lay forms ex.:
down the
Nouns
ending
word
into
French
in
e
which became
adjectives
or
39).
page
rule
feminine
by
fem.
in
feminine
Latin
a
e
French
letter
ending
word
the
the
the
that
fem. masc.
the
adding
havarde;
bourgeois, in
a
the
adds
as
havard,
commevQante;
taureau
;
which
peintre),
prefixing
transformation
the
ther) (mo-
mere
(aunt)
in
cases
femme
of
masculine
from
;
(une
instead
adding
a)
different
(father), taHte
few
a
used
distinctly
So,
(cow)
to
prince, princesse;
entirely
pere,
ex.:
i.e.
ways
:
forms
(uncle),
vache
apart
ex.
she-wolf.
a
corresponding
forms
three
masculine,
the
to
she
uses
prefixing
c) by
coiv;
ferent dif-
king,
:
ex.
female cousin,
a
language
using
the
bull,
painter^
totally
masculine,
female,
woman,
woman
: a
the
daughter;
son,
words
ex.
from
word
a
mascuhne,
the
to
ess
by using
b)
in three
is formed
nouns
a) by addling
ways,
lion, lioness;
ex.:
in
feminine
the
form
language
French e
to
the
commerganf,
bourgeoise. do
not
change.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
2. Are
there
MADE
CLEAR
of the
noun
nc^ modifications
of
addition
35
beyond the
e?
an
Yes.
a)
Some 1.
Some
1.
2.
nouns
in
the
fern,
in
hergere; in
masculine
the
feminine
have
the
R
(liar), fem. However, in
ICE.
Ex.:
in se^
Spouse, (masc. in old
have
their feminine
that
in
cJmmelle
(the in the
the French at
elle.
time
that
the
:
not
in euse,
their feminine
have
eur
fem.
from
el)
was
sounded.
Ex.
:
menteiir
menteuse.
some
Ex.:
(hunter)
their fem.
shows
in
original
fem.
borrowed
ended
their
show
to
came
:
eau
century
tirne
of
course
(camel),
ending in
because
their feminine
(dog), fem. chienne;
in
English word
nouns
Men
in the
chameau
masculine
have
on
v^hich
ending in
eleventh
otte.
lionne.
ending in x (husband), epoux French=ESP0us) ; nouns
:
ere.
chatte. modi'fication,
same
or
Ex.
nouns
Ex.:
3.
ien
ONNE.
modified
form
in
ending
nouns
the
shows
(cat)
lion, fem.
be
their feminine
ending in ot have their feminine Ex.:linot (linnet), fem. linotte.
in lENNE,
b)
syllable:
nouns
Chat
3.
have
er
hcrger (shepherd),
Ex.:
2.
in
ending
nouns
last
the
slightlymodify
nouas
has
nouns
acteur,
in
eur
fem.
chasseresse
have
their feminine
actrice,and in the
chasseur
feminme.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
36
3. What
changes plural? In
addmg^ deux
In
as
the
to
s
French
do
French
is
s
CLEAR
in
the
formed
by
undergo
nouns
the
English
plural is
sinifular.Ex.:
livrcSj two
This
MADE
livre,
im
book;
A
books.
always silent.
Note.
ending in
1. Nouns ^
Ex.:
/
/
les
^
les
(the
nes
2. Nouns
endings
cheval
3. Nouns
ending
j "
not
les
al
the plural in aux plural chevaux, except
in
(1), ex.:
have
have au,
eau,
'bal
festival (a plurals in s.
and
their
eu,
voices),
(the
voix
and
plural.
in the
change
oeu
(a
musical
their
have
bateau
Ex.:
plural in
!
in
which
festivity) \
do
z,
(horse), chacal (a jackal)
dance),
^
s, x,
(the arms), noses).
bras
x. joyau (jewel), pi. joyaux ; lieu (place), pi. lieux; v("u (boat), pi. bateaux; (vow), pi. VQtUX. The words bijou (jewel), caillou (pebble), chou hibou (cabbage), (knee), (owl), joujou genou (toy), and pou (louse) also add x in the plural.
4. The
bail words (lease), corail (coral), email travail soupirail (enamel), (cellar-window), vitrail and form (stained glass window) (work), their plural in aux : baux, soupiraux, emaux, coraux,
\
vitraux.
travaux,
4. How
compound
do Most
compound used hardly ever be
is
written to
treat
reveille-matin as
it is
or
it
their plural?
mentioned
nouns
in
in two
them
form
nouns
the
ways,
plural; and
the
ordinary nouns. (alarm-clock) can
can
as
written
be
had French tendency (1) Old a in the Hence cheval plural was of shorthand those days abbreviated and s. X
to
change
spelt us
in grammars others
many
are can
present tendency For be
instance, either
left
reveille-matins.
L
chevaus. and as x
into before consonants. u the S became because x scribes gradually confused
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
38
(Alsatian)
Alsacien
(master)
Patron
(wretch)
Malheiireux
CLEAR
MADE
fem.
Alsacienne
fem.
patronne
fem.
malheureuse
Jumeau
(twin)
fem".
jumelle
Buveur
(drunkard)
fem.
buveuse
fem.
ambassadrice
(ambassador)
Afnbassadeiir
une
line
(a
noix
rail
le
cerf
les
nut)
(the -volant
Bourbons
plumes
deux
noix
les
kernel)
rail) (the
deux
les
arsenal)
(the
noyau
k
pen)
(the
r arsenal
le
(a
plume
kite)
(dynasty
J
arscnaux
noyaux
les
rails
les
cerfs-volants
the
Bourbons,
Ill
ADJECTIVES
Note
Introductory
French
"
first
treat
grammars
to
A.
1.
What
of
what,
this,
chief
the
quality
grand
gender
de
ex.
c)
2.
How
by prefixing :
the
bigger, plus grand,
they
the
noun
old
house,
is the
placed,
are
by
as
rule E,
:
ex.
:
neuve,
the
feminine
the
feminine
either
because
of of the
a
new
formed
;
after an
house.
in French?
page
adjectives
mascuHne
most)
maison,
(see
nouns
all
the
often
vieille
une
English,
plus grand;
le as
prose,
of adjectives
feminine
Practically General
maison
une
in
even
it,
before
as
biggest,
big
show
in
(more,
plus,
utt
iille;
never
as
cording ac-
bov,
big
they
(er, est) le
plus,
modified
are
grande
b)
;
able invari-
not
are
(a
une
gargons)
inflexion
by
a)
number girl,
adjectives
English?
in
English, they
big
grands
comparison
between
French
and
a
gargon,
boys,
in
are
etc.
every,
QUALITY
and in
ing correspond-
many,
differences
quality
they to
but
OF
French
in of
Adjectives as
Pronominal
of
some,
my,
ADJECTIVES
are
(handsome),
{adjectifs pronominaux)
Adjectives
quality
of
heau
afterwards
and
(plain),
English
as
Adjectives
of
{adjectifs qualUlcatifs),ex.: laid
well
as
grammars
is
34).
ed is end-
already
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
40
thus
ended,
added
livre
un
bleu;
of the
feminine
of
stated
feminine
of
etoffebleue. 35
page
nouns
in the
tion formain the
also found
are
is
book,
blue
a
e
an
adjectives:
adjectivesin
have
er
adjectivesin ETTE,
on
:
une
stuff,
leger (light),fem. 2.
because
feminine, ex.
blue
a
modifications
The
1.
the
denote
to
CLEAR
aveugle,blind, or
:
ex,
MADE
et
ex.
OTTE,
ex.:
legere;
vioUt,
vioUtte
PURPLE,
in
feminine
their
have
ot
or :
in ere,
their feminine
;
vieillot
(oldish), vieillotte; complet, concret, secret, discret,inquiet,
However,
replet(complete,concrete, secretive,discreet, plump) have their feminine in ete, and uneasy, and
and (idiotic)
IDIOT
and
3.
idiote
become
in the feminine;
devote
adjectivesin in ANNE,
(devout)
"evot
an,
ENNE,
fem.
en,
and
and
have
on
onne,
ex.:
ancien
paysanne;
their feminine
(peasant), (old), ancienne; paysan
poltron (cowardly), poltronne; 4.
have their feminine in adjectivesin eau heau ex.: (handsome), helle; (soft) also become fou (mad) and mou and
;
folle
molle.
Besides
these
modifications
and
adjectivesthere : adjectives 1.
elle
are
Adjectivesending in
a
c
to
common
few
have
others
both
nouns
peculiarto
the feminine
in che,
public (public), fem. publique,and grec Ex.: blanc (greek), fem. grecque. (white),
except
fem.
blanche;
(long)
becomes
sec,
(dry),
longue.
fem.
seche.
Long,
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
Adjectivesin
2.
niais
ex.:
s
MADE
have
CLEAR
their
41
feminine,some
(stupid), niaise,some
in se,
in sse,
ex.:
epais (thick), epaisse. 3. The
of
large group
feminine;
adjectivesin
EUSETex.
in
their
(timid), pen-
peureux
:
have
eux
reuse.
Adjectivesin meilleur
4.
(better)
and
exterieur
ex.:
erieur,
add
(thievish),
voleur
ex.:
also have their feminine in
eur
fem.
euse
;
voleuse, except
adjectivesending in (exterior), which only
becoming meilleure,exterieure.
E,
Adjectivesending in neuf (new),
ex.:
5. Adjectivesin
el
change
f
fem.
have
this letter into ve,
neiive.
their feminine
in
elle
and
adjectivesin eil have it in eille : ex. : cruel (cruel), cruelle; par eil (similar), pareille; vieux (old), becomes meille. 6. Favori
becomes
in
(Hebrew)
hebrcu
feminine
the
favoriteand
hehraique; grand
stays
changed, un-
although feminine, in the compound nouns grand'mere (grandmother), grand'messe (high mass), grand'rue (high street), and grand'route (h igh w a y ) .
Note.
adjectives end in e or in the simplest manner,
Most
is
3. How
more
an
French
does
form
brumes
the
form
that
the
an
actuality.
complication
plural of adjectives?
adjectivesall ending in e naturallyform culty, plural in s and consequentlyoffer no diffibrume fog), des epaisse(a thick une ex.:
a) Feminine their
than
appearance
inine their fem-
and
so
eux
epaisses.
42
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
Masculine
b)
adjectivesas
their plural in s,
boy),
MADE
ex.
des gargons
However
dogs);
LARGE
3. beau
ex.
and
the adjective be Yes, and
even
any not
rate
has
in the
American
man;
des
woman;
blind
man;
une
you
girls.
in French? in
"
in French : un
AmSricaine,
aveugle, a le the
un
blind
people;
un
une
petite
aveugle,
a
les
woman;
plus riche, the oldest
an
American
an
boy;
girl;
it does
Americain,
American
American
an
ex.:
Sieves,
Ics
the
noun
American
an
aveugles,the blind; les plus vieux, one; do
a
addition,ex. une
nou-
English,for at accompanied by a noun
AmSricains,
petit AmSricain, AmSricaine,
Steves,all
as
and
tous
"
such
homnias
(in the masc),
singular whereas
requireany
un
ex.:
des
beaux
school;
les
be
to
except
Aux,
;
naturallythan
more
English it
man),
the
used
(two
(naval),
tous
; toutes
boys
chiens
(lazy boys);
become
becomes
in the
gros
naval
men)
change
pluralin
their
brutal
all college,
the
do not
x
deux
:
nouveau
tout
le
tout
(a
(brutal
veaux;
5. Where
or
les paresseux
brutal
brutaux
in
s
adjectivesin al have frugal (frugal) and homme
4. Can
nimble
:
plural masculine,
ALL
agile(a
gargon
agiles.
1. adjectivesending in
2.
have
general rule also
a
un
:
CLEAR
richer
ones.
place the adjectiveof quality?
Generally after the vissante,a lovely
noun,
walk;
ex.
:
une
une
promenade grammaire
ra-
fran-
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
French
gaise,a AN
MADE
CLEAR
grammar;
INTELLIGENT
43
fille
une
intelligente,
GIRL.
Note. result which
1. The
writers aiming at or prose in English by placing the is obtained in French by
poets
effect
obtain
a poetic adjective after the noun But the noun ought to placing it before the noun. than unless the be of more one syllaWe adjective ends in E or ES, ex, : un resplendissanthorizon^ a glowing
HORIZON
la
;
vaste
modern
2. The
the
mer,
tendency
ocean.
and
exaggerate,
diffusion
the
degree
to
wide
of
to
English
the
tain cer-
a
language
French
the habit of emphasizing people, encourage it before the adjective by placing noun, in conversation : even une nobody ever fransays because the not adjective would gaise grammaire ravissante bear but une stressing, promenade, any tres intelligente fille,are une unfortunately often among
the
heard.
certain number
3. A
placed
this
for
given
know, why
to
before), legere, a
The
we
the
soon
it is
while
trunk,
a
neuve,
accustomed
grows
instance,
malle
new
an
old
but
house,
these
to
(adj. malle
une
say
we
be
can
vieille maison,
une
maison
reason
lourde
une
ways al-
are
impossible, for
say
trunk;
une
No
noun.
should
light
HOUSE,
adjectives in daily use the
usage:
heavy
a
and
ear
of
before
peculiarities.
are adjectives to be placed before the noun the to same generally applying following, usage their antonyms or opposites:
chief
the
ancien, "
ex.:
ant.
beau,
laid
or
laid visage, an
bon
devoir,
gros
une
house,
haut, jeune
a ex.
vieille LONG
ant.
fly,
vieux
ant. A
LONG
court,
a
good
or
good
fellow,
ex.
fine
tin
picture,
un
exercise,
a
a :
bad une
bon poor un
gargon, man;
son, mai-
grande
petit oiseau,
a
large
bird;
ex.
:
young
speech,
ex.
un
tour, :
tableau,
ex.:
brave
un
petit,
little
haute
histoire,a
and
recti,
une
a
a
mechant,
garcon
ant.
beau
un
or
mouclie,
grosse big :
and
and
soldier;
physiognomy;
devoir, a
old
physionomie,
mauvais
bon
homme,
or
ex.:
ugly
mauvais un
;
mechant grand
an
ant.
un
exercise
vilain,
une
brave,
soldat, an
vilaine
face,
ugly or
ancien
un
high
a
a
un
;
jeune professeur,
un
professor, :
tower
an
old
long discours, short
account;
une
story; court
un
44
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
LOURD,
ex.
RiCHE
and
:
lourd
un
ant.
and
ant.
How
do
you
parcel
heavy
:
banicer,
ex.:
un
real
aristocrat,
form
the
denoted
by
poor
a
vrai
;
banquier,
riche
un
rich
faux, A
CLEAR
a
ex.
a
faiissecomtesse,
6.
paquet,
pauvre,
commis,
pauvr: VRAi
MADE
un
clerk;
gentilhomme,
tess. coun-
sham
a
une
in
degree
comparative
French?
a)
Equality is :
AS
HE
ex.
:
aussi
HIGH
so
THAT
than), than
I
I
NOT
CAN
denoted
il est
ex.:
.
by
REACH
tall
as
am si.
.
as),
.
.
.
que,
si haut
IT,
atteindre.
y
Superiorityis
(as.
que
.
.
peux
ne
.
is translated
THAT .
.
grand que lui (est),I
So.
IS.
je
que
b)
je suis
ex.
aussi.
by
plus...
vieux
plus
(more...
que
moi, he is older
que
am.
Note. More
followed
than
PLUS
DE
and
Inferiorityis
e)
than), SHE
IS
is the
7. How
not
plus dc
TIMES,
ex.: less
denoted
is translated
number
a
plus
dix
elle est
by
que,
ex.
:
more
by ten
than
fois.
by
moins...
moins
CHARMING
charmante
THAN
superlative formed
HER
(less...
que
sa
que
sceur,
SISTER.
in French?
By prefixingle plus, (masc.) la plus, (fem.) les le match le plus ex.: (plur.)to the adjective, PLUS, la partiela plus captivante, the most interessant, MATCH,
INTERESTING
les chevaux
les
MOST
THE
plus sauvages,
EXCITING
the
GAME; horses.
wildest
Note.
Both
much
BEAUTIFUL.
and MUCH
very
are ADMIRED,
translated tvcs
by
tres,
bcaii^
ex,
tvcs
:
very
admire.
46
FRENCH
B.
The
GRAMMAR
MADE
PRONOMINAL
ADJECTIVES
adjectivesthus
demonstrative,
CLEAR
3.
1.
possessive,2.
inter rog^ative,4.
indefinite, 5.
called
are,
numeral.
/.
1. What
POSSESSIVE
possessive adjectives in French?
the
are
ADJECTIVES
Masc.
Plur
Fern.
Note. 1. For
sake
the
of
euphony
feminine, beginning with MY mon dme, your SOUL, ma dmCf ta histoire. 2.
Ton,
mon,
ton,
placed before
are
masc.,
a
though
son,
nouns,
vowel
or
mute
a
h
;
ex.
histoire,
ton
story,
clusively ex-
though
even
:
not
in friendly conare constantly heard lan(tutoieinent); this is a habit of the guage idiom and not with as a special Quakers. tes
ta,
vers.ation
3. one's
does
shortcoming: HIS
money
mon,
in
dear
a
ma,
merci,
to
both
perdu mes
friends,
it is
and
money
by:
frequently used
oticle ; mes
and
translated
addressing people; mon
French
he
great
a
has
pcrdrc
lost
son
gent; ar-
argent.
son
.are
in one's
lose
are
il 4.
exist
not
yes,
ex.:
sister,
cliers amis.
where
thank
my
you,
oui,
ma
is dropped uncle,
soeur;
is the
2. What
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
in
sa,
noun
following, whereas
always HE
and
governs
SOLD
ais (his
of
father
a
The
out
to
and
THAT, ; BIG
book,
little
yonder dictiofifiaire-ld;
QTos
ce
Id-has,or
a
contraction
ponding corres-
corresponding to der Correspondingto yonthat ce petitlivre-ci;
LA-BAs,
clocher
ci
LA
CE
ce
because
companied generallyac-
are
ce
are
CE
THIS,
DICTIONARY,
steeple,
equallywel:
called
object and
gesture,
a
: this
ex.
maison;
sa
adjectives?
adjectives,so
some
by
said
arC
ADJECTIVES
demonstrative
they point
HOUSE
HER
be
can
the demonstrative
are
SOLD
so
mother.
a
DEMONSTRATIVE
//.
1. What
or
object possessed;
SHE
son)
the
the possessor
maison, elle vendit
sa
her
or
with
number
English
the
and
translated il vendit son
in
not
HOUSE
HIS
and
gender
Son,
47
sa?
of son,
agreement agree
CLEAR
clocher-ld Id-bas.
ce
Note.
1.
is
CI
2.
CE...CI,
the
3.
ci
and
la
livre, 2. What
ceci;
ce
write
ex.: that
correspond
cela, remember
this,
meaning
do the demonstrative
to
rap-
cela;
notes
down,
the
when
left out clocher. are
modifications
and
CECi
that;
this,
vous
ici;
spelt
CE...LA,
pronouns
peles
of
is clear
ce
:
adjectives
undergo? Ce, masc, ex.:
THIS
cette
fence,
becomes atlas,
cet
cct
is the feminine cette
before
a
atlas,,that of
ce
and
vieille bar Here;
vowel
or
cet
man, cet
;
a
ex.
mute
H
homme:
: that
old
;
FRENCH
48
GRAMMAR
is the
CEs
HORSES
COWS,
fem. ;
and
masc.
: those
ex.
(masc.)
chevaux
ces
I
CLEAR
et
ces
(fem). INTERROGATIVE
///.
What
pluralboth
AND
vaches
MADE
ADIECTIVES
the interrogative adjectives?
are
English there
In
and
WHAT
Which.
WHICH
has
^
no
pity.What?
is
Sing.
QUEL
Plur.
QUELS
Ex.
(masc), (masc),
quelles
WHAT
YOU
DO
SCHOOLS
MEAN?
de
READ.'
YOU
DO
BOOKS
livre,quels Uvres lisez-vousf
quel
(fem.) (fem.).
quelle
WHAT
BOOKj
WHAT
:
adjectives^ interrogative (more definite than What), and it is in French equivalent translated by two
are
school;
what
quclleecole,di
quellesecoles parlez-vousf Note.
homme!
IV.
They aucun,
exclamative;
is also
Quel
a
man
I
quel
a
few,
quels soldats!
are:
divers,sundry quelconque,whatever
no -
chaque,every,
quelque,some, a few quel que, whatever
each
same
maint, many
what
ex.:
ADJECTIVES
INDEFINITE
autre, other
meme,
soldiers!
what
tel,such tout, all,the whole.
a
several plusieurs,
certain,some certain, Note.
does not
Plusieurs ex.:
BOYS,
mean
plusieurs acves OR
a
few
boys,
many, sont BROKE
but
sortis des BOUNDS.
several
or"
linUtes^several
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
are
the
1 un,
une
2
CLEAR
49
NUMERALS
V.
1. What
MADE
cardinal
numerals? 17
dix-sept
18 diix-huit
deux
3 trois
19
dix-neuf
4
qiiatre
20
vingt
5
cinq
21
vingt-et-un
6 six
30
trente
7 sept
40
quarante
8 huit
50
cinquante
neuf
60
soixante
10 dix
70
soixante-dix
11
onze
80
quatre-vingts
12
douze
90
13
treize
14
quatorze
1000
quatre-vingt-dix cent (not un cent) milfe (not un mille)
15
quinze
a
million,un
million
a
billion, un
milliard.
9
100
16 seize
What
18
noticed in the formation
be
to
of cardinal
numerals?
a)
From of
b)
un
up
to
they
seize
are
latin numerals.
the
Dix-sept,dix-huit, dix-neuf to
which
SEPT,
NEUF
HUIT,
consist
numbers
dix
(ten)
et
between
the
two
trente-et un, vingt-etun, quarante-etcinquante-et-un,soixante-et-un,soixante-et^
onze;
:
the other nunjbers
neuf; vingt,
another
are
vingt-deux;
twenty-two,
d)
of
added.
are
c) 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71 insert
un,
contractions
mere
eighty-five, cent
take
number;
formed
as
in
sixty-nine,
English: soixante-
quatre vingt-cinq; an ex.:
only
when
preceded by quatre-vingts (80), trois
s
50
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
(300),
cents
another
but
number
when
they
vingt-neuf (89), c)
/)
CENT
and
cent
deux,
ONE
thousand
the
vowel
or
h eurcs
joups
JOURS
a
do
mute
two;
mille
you
et;
ex.:
dix-sept,
SEVENTEEN;
in
deux,
DTx.
h
;
but
ex.
:
cino,
trots,
viNGT,
not
are
are
is
trots
six.
sounded before
sounded
trois heures
three)
past
minutes
pronounced
trois-
:
simply
means
a
week,
and
quinze
fortni.ijht. form
By adding-ieme to
by
troi-minn tes
HUIT
3. How
followed
consonant,
(three minutes g)
not
NEUF,
a
(304);
are
and
by
quatre-
:
ex.
quatre
and
another
followed
also
are
invariable ;
are
hundred
HuiT,
before
they cent
mille a
CLEAR
trots
final consonants
SEPT,
a
MADE
the cardinal
ordinal
numerals?
(correspondingto form
; ex.
:
the Latin
imus)
trois-ieme,third.
17th.
dix-septieme
deuxieme
18th
dix-huitieme
3rd
troisieme
19th
dix-neuvieme
4th
20th
5th
quatrieme cinquieme
6th
sixieme
22nd
vingtieme vingt-et-unieme vingt-deuxieme
7th
septieme
30th
trentieme
8th
huitieme
31st
trente-et-unieme
9th
neuvieme
40th
10th
dixieme
50th
quarantieme cinquantieme
11th
onzieme
60th
soixantieme
12th
douzieme
70th
soixante-dixieme
13th
treizieme
80th
quatre-vingtieme
14th
90th
15th
quatorziemfe quinzieme
100th
16th
seizieme
1000th
1st
premier
2nd
21st
quatre-vingt-dixieme centieme
millieme.
51
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Note.
Fractions the
"
"
THIRD "
"
FOURTH
4. Does
the
French
in all
tiers
le
quart.
or
in
English by exceptions: as
demi.
number
ordinal
an
use
English
in which
No, the French
these
by moitie
le
language
cases
French
with
number,
is translated
HALF
in
indicated
are
ordinal
it?
uses
the cardinal number
language uses
instead of the ordinal;
a)
in
speaking of days November
ex.:
h)
in
order
first;
the
ex.
George
Quatorse;
of
succession
of
Louis
:"
nov-embre;
le quatre
fourth,
giving the
except the first;
of the month
Louis
Fourteenth,
the
Third
the
kings, except America,
lost
Georges Trois perditVAmerique; c) in speaking of the
5. How
work,
except
deux;
chapter
read It
is
quart, The
time follows
:
It
is
ten
past
It
is
a
minuit
un
the hour
is
six, il est six heures
that o'clock in
(noon),
It
is
moins
il est midi
a
le
quart. the half
nine,
il est
neuf
past
twelve
quart.
is left out
French).
and
quarter et
and
hour
between
as
time?
hour
to
minutes
twelve
moins
or
the
minutes
and
to
quarter
Uvre
second,
:
inngt-cinq(observe
Enolish
the
literary
a
chapitre dix.
half
the
five
twenty
moins in
express
follows
as
book
:
tenth,
the
between
time
The
the first, ex.
French
the
do
chaptersof
and
books
the
heures
is read
dix.
(midnight), il
est
52
FRENCH
It
half
is
Idioms. de
past
It
"
has
two
de
deux
How
heure
one,
une
on
the a
a
demic. vient
heure
quelle heure?
stroke
of
heures
deux
ct
sur
two,
sonnant,
le coup deux
a
juste. old
you?
are
Quel J'ai
seventeen,
am
une
time?
what
heures,
CLEAR
// est
struck
just
sharp,
heures
MADE
one^
At
sonner.
At
I
GRAMMAR
avez-vousf
age
dix-septans.
Resume
rules
What
or
Your Her
exemplified
are
in the
following phrases
words?
cousin
is cheerful,
is expressioii
never
vere. se-
Votre Son
gaie. mais expressionn'est jacousine
est
severe.
Your
daughter
Votre
is mute,
A
trulyChristian woman. The magpie is both timid and
La
boys are punished, My friendlyrebukes, the
trees
often
vraie chretienne.
pie
est
peureuse
eleves indociles sont
punis. reprochesamicaux.
Mes Tons
les arbres
fat, lazy fellow!
Gros
You
littlebraggart (fem.) !
Petite vantarde!
gray Two
White
mare
and
the
La
one.
white
et toutes
les fleurs.
You
white
et
souvent
all the
and
Les
flowers.
The
muette.
voleuse.
thievish,
Disobedient
All
Une
fille est
houses,
wreaths,
jument grise.
Deux
De
paresseux! blanche
maisons blanches
et
la
blanches.
guirlandes.
54
FRENCH
She
lost
husband
her
and
MADE
perdit
sa
his
lost
CLEAR
Elle
sister,
her He
GRAMMAR
his
and
wife
perdit
baby,
This
this
Ce
angel.
splendid
this
man,
This
good
What
woman,
monk
"Romeo
and
"What
nun
"Measure
in
appears
Juliet"
for
cet
admirable,
heros.
Cette
femme
Quel
moine
dans
Juliette?
parait
religieuse
dans
Measure"?
parait et
Quelle
bien.
de
Romeo in
et
ange.
homme ce
?
appears
bebe,
Get
hero.
femme
sa
fils.
son
This
et
sceur.
11
son,
mari
son
Mesure
Me-
pour
suref
What
charming
a
hundred
Two
and
Eighty
men
dred hun-
two
or
fifty and
Quel
part!
charmant!
role
Deux
cents
cinquante
men,
eighty-two
Qu^tvG-vingts quatre
women,
deux
a
-
cent
hommes. hommes
vingt
et
deux -
femmes. The
Tenth
History Second,
chapter of
James
of
the the
Le
chapitre toire
de
dix
Jacques
de
I'hisDeux.
A.
1. Give
a
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
list of
personal
the
the
in
pronouns
native? nomi-
Note. 1. These
It
pronouns.
the no
CRIED
be
however
of
the
English
that, while
neuter
nouns,
French
two
pronoun,
ex.
s'Scricrent-Us, is
THEY,
Tu, THOU,
no
are
the
to
noticed
has forms
they;
inversion
English, 3.
should
French having language, equivalent for it, there
translating 2. The
exactly
correspond
pronouns
but
is
in
constant
is in constant
use
use
in
:
said
only
not
he,
possible
dit-il, as
;
friendly conversation.
in
56
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
2. Give
list of the
a
MADE
same
CLEAR
accusative?
in the
pronouns
Note. 1. These and
(I
tends
you
le donnerai follows
2. Le the
3, Are
there The
of
part vous
I hear
the
any
:
if you
other
French
these
they are are
ex.
venir
they
Besides
;
lists above
tw^o
because
so
pouvcs
grammarians
They
English,
:
ex.
imperative, as in English ; ex. heiire. early, appelez-le de bonne often whole a represents proposition, and
him
si
in modern
as
do
us
call are
there
can
call
plays early, do so,
come
personal pronouns?
correspond
to
wTiat English
conjunctive personal intimatelyjoined to are
:
tot, faites-le.
others
separatedfrom
called
pronouns, the
verb.
cause disjunctwe, be-
the verb.
(1)
:
call the conjunctive pronouns grammarians if they were as a pronounced they are part because (emphasized) disjunctive pronouns toniques more clearly. (1) because
verb
the
(old English: enje vous part) ; you, it I shall to you, give je vous hear) ; it shall give) ; however, the pro(I you noun
after,
not
till death
always placed before
are
pronouns
I'^rench
of
atones
(unstressed)
the
the verb, and are i)ronounced
they
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
These
MADE
have
pronouns
than
the
They
are
a) exclamatively ;
used
faire
inoi!
RUNG
JUST
Qui lAent
de
prepositions (
we
parlionsd'eux;
in
b)
ex.
w^ho
:
(did).
c)
tives geni-
as
generally after
with,
out, with-
sans, of
with
come
such
THEY
speaking
were
do "
"
and
(to)
for, avec,
pour,
etc.). Ex.:
I, HE,
moi, lui,eux;
datives
or
I!
ex.:
question;
a
BELL?
THE
sonnerf
(of)
nous
closely
more
telle chose!
tine
answering
sentences elliptical HAS
examined
others.
thing!
A
be
to
57
equivalentin English and
no
consequently ought
CLEAR
me,
them, avec
venez
moi.
Note.
emphasis of the by its repetition,ex.
1. The
DID
we
AWAY,
2. When
there
SISTER
AND
is the
SHALL
the
nominative
only
to
masc.
nouns;
FALL
WAIT
BACK
!
and and
!
NEVER
accusative
the
HIM
to
a
say,
I
SEE
I
SPEAK
serious for HIM, TO
mistake
to
lui
instance,je lui vois instead or
HER.
je
la
parlc instead
HIM.
TO
i
writing
confuse
;
g-enders: je lui
both
f am
refers
jamais!
lui, WITH
aveC
to
reculer!
t
It is
a
Ct HOUS,
SOeur
'
J-rr ^1 T I indifferently
means
is your
of lui?
use
Luif
ex.:
but, in the dative, it refers "
VOtre
HERE,
meaning
exact
in
'
somfttes
ftous
ue
non;
ici.
Lui
ecns
fious
of which subjects, one is also repeated ; ex. :
pronoun
WE
attcndrons
nous
!
moi, j'ai dit
no,
fious,
two
are
the
pronoun,
HE
said
enfuis.
pas
4. What
RUN
NOT
/
in French
is marked
pronoun :
of
and of
je
HER.
TO
le,
la,
je le vois, lui
parte,
58
FRENCH
GRAMxMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Note. After
the
LUi
is
verbs
two
entendre, to
and
hear,
frequently used instead of object following entendre
found
be
to
admiration
accompanied
but is always
adjective indicating je lui ai vu faire des
by
contempt;
or
voir
or
an
ex.:
perform exploits extraordinaires, i saw him dire des lui ai entendu je feats; things. heard absurd him say absurdes, i
5. What
is the Leur ex.
is
they;
meaning
(Latin
but
it is
ex.:
more
to
it is also
habit
of
been
English
do
not
avons
pas
is the
m'en
using en not
any
to
include
responding coren
nous
re-
;
responding partitivecor-
a
as
have
some
you
left,
en
sentences
some
of "
and
has
many
(dictionary)
meaning
there;
again
it
:
:
as
use
pronoun
in this connexion
achetez-en
"
ex.
;
ex.
have
a
as
of
;
from
come
it
its
any avez-
reste;
extended
HAVE
7. What
Yes, I
"
oui, il
still preserves
any
Us,
pronoun
of en?
use
speak
some,
their
them.
to
about
iT^
their;
book,
personal
frequentlyused
very
(tobacco)?
and
shall
to
the
the
their
I fen mens, frequentlyused OF
parlerons,we
vousf
of
thence)
inde,
adverb;
an
dative
parley leur, speak
is the En
possessiveadjectivemeaning
a
a
ex.:
derful won-
choses
of leur?
use
livre, leurs livres,
b)
books;
6. What
a)
leur
:
and
meaning
see,
in this
la,
le,
the
case
voir, to
buy
any
which ;
one;
ally gradu-
ex. nous
:
in we
n'en
un.
of y?
use
Y
(Latin ibi, there) has also an adverbial use; ex.: j'y hahite, I live going there; j'y vais, I am THERE, was
and thinking
a
pronominal of
it.
use
;
ex.
:
j'y pensais, I
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
REFLEXIVE
B.
1. What
CLEAR
59
PRONOUNS
reflexive
the
are
They
MADE
in French?
pronouns
are:
me
myself
te
thyself,yourself himself herself
se
itself one's
Ex. SHE
nous
ourselves
vous
yourselves
se
themselves
je
:
brosse, I
me
WASHES
brush
HERSELF;
one's
BLAME
TO
self
se
IS
SELF
myself
c'est
hlamev
TO
elle
;
se
ONE's
IMPROVE
se
lave,
corriger, SELF.
Note. 1. These
pronouns in the pronouns
(Latin
se
2. Being
2.
What
is
or
are
exactly the
accusative
same
with
the
sese).
objects they
are
placed before
and use meaning etc.? Im-meme^
the
toumeme,
the personal as exception of sk
of
the
moi-meme,
Toi-meme
myself thyself,yourself
Lui-meme
himself, itself
Elle-meme
herself,
Soi-meme
one's
Nous-memes
ourselves
Vous-memes
yourselves
Moi-meme
Eux-memes Elle s-m
ernes
{
itself
self
themselves
verb.
60
FRENCH
These
o)
GRAMMAR
differ
inasmuch
as
etc., in which
CONTRE,
omitted
vaille pour OF
a
b)
soi
Us think
to
I, EVEN
even even
ex.:
I
I
write
shall
2. in he
myself,
he,
WAS
I
penser
self,
as
ceci moi-meme; j'ecrirai
correspond
eux-
subjectsin apposition, they correspond to myself,
which
etc.;
thyself,
qu'a
;
in
cases
one's
of
tra-
think
they
pensent
fie
je
myself,
moi;
pour
or
to
eiix;
a
for
w^ork
frequentlyused
are
1. in
I
:
themselves^
(-meme)
they
ex.
;
quently is fre-
hemes
meme,
case
moi-meme
or
memes,
CLEAR
entirelyfrom the reflexive pronouns used as objects except they are never after prepositionslike a, de, pour,
and dtirectly
ONLY
MADE
etc. ; ex.
myself,
this
in which
cases
etc.,
himself,
:
moi-meme
FRIGHTENED,
Or
they to
or
feus peur,
I
WAS
MYSELF
FRIGHTENED.
The
meaning
C.
POSSESSIVE
the
are
only They IN
be the
same
if
should
one
say:
moi, feus peur.
meme
1. What
would
English
one
PRONOUNS
possessive person?
pronouns
refer
to
are:
in
:
mine
le
thine
miens, les
les one's
le
:
(sing) miennes (pi.)
tien,la tienne (sing.)
le
own,
French
mien, lamienne
les
his, hers, its
that
Hens, les tiennes (pi.)
sien, la siemie
(sing.)
lessiens,les sienncs (pi.)
62
FRENCH
IT
Js
cette
GRAMMAR
NOT
I
MINE,
hallef
MADE
THINK
IT
n'est pas
ce
CLEAR
a
Tom's
IS
moi, je
crois
stamps, rather
than
est
qui
ii
;
c'est
que
a
Tom.
Note. In
plural, speaking
the should
4. What
is the
These
and
(or
celui
and
a
of
Tom,
it
the
to that
is
c'est
;
and
use
of
celle-ci
(fern.)
PI.
Ceux-ci
(masc),
cellcs-ci
(fern.)
(masc),
cellc-la
(fern.)
(masc),
celles-la
(fern.)
These
demonstratives
THOSE
and (speaking of thing*s) or
to
THE
people); ex.: faime mieux KNOW
Grant THE
that
and latter
correspond
THE
FORMER,
to
to
je connais
one,
a
the
former
grand soldat,celui-ci
un
that,
one,
that
(speakingof
LATTER,
prefer
these,
soldiers)I celui-la; (speaking of was
STRATEGIST,
deep
this,
this
(speaking of pens) I celles-ci;(speaking
Lee)
c'est
celui-ci,celui-la?
(masc),
ONE,
by
is
Tom.
Celui-ci
Ceux-la
it
:
ex.
Sing.
PI.
of,
PRONOUNS
meaning
Sing. Celui-la
we
Tom.
a
that
is translated
Tom)
DEMONSTRATIVE
is the
instance,
both
to
possessivecase
of
c'est celle de
or
for
de, celle de, etc.?
celui
of
meaning
OF,
Tom's
1. What
sont
possessives correspond
THOSE
D.
Us
say:
a
of
great
Celui-Ul
pro fond stratege.
soldier,
fut
UH
FR'ENCH
is the
2. What
and
meaning
63
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
qui, celle
celui
of
use
qui, etc.? Sing. Celid qui (masc.)
celle
qui (fern.)
Ceux
qui (masc.)
celles
qui (fern.)
said both
of persons
PJ. are
to
HE
and
WHICH^
ONE
THE
THE
WHO,
(speaking generally) He who ccliii qui couvt CAN ing peut lire: (speakREAD, in particular)I know of certain persons the STAND WHO qui sont je cofinais ccux THERE,
ONE
which;
RUNS
ONES
la
THAT
WHO^
thingsand correspond
and
ex.:
dehout;
qui
who
celui
est
who
one
the
is
running?
is
court?
qui
Note.
Celui
qui
:
is the
3. What
dort
as
he
dine,
in
qui
proverbial sentences,
sleeps needs
who
correspond
celui-la,
to
this,
rappelcz-vous ccci;
Tiiis^
THAT,
ne
dinner.
no
of ceci, cela?
meaning
demonstratives, abbreviated
These
OF
is abbreviated
qui
ex.
dites
de
mot
from
celui-ci,
that;
ex.:
never
say
ber remema
word
cela.
Note.
^A
is
colloquial contraction
a
dites-nous
THAT,
4.
is the
What Ce IT
c'
or
IS
(it is)
and
NOT
c'esf
son
ches
Shazv.
his
ce esprif,
us
of ce?
use
(before vowels) true,
tell
ex.:
cela;
ca.
meaning
NOT
of
corresponds to
n'est pas
ce
ideas ne
THAT
sont
vrai; I
pas
ses
it
his
is
ENJOY idees
it;
IN
que
ex.:
wit,
ShAW, faime
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
64
CLEAR
Note. 1. Ce
replaced by
is
il est
ex.:
2. c'est
vrai
is used to
jeune 3. SuR
she
c'est
means
sur
CE
whereupon
5. What
is the Ce
ce
WHICH
; ex.
croyez
pas
WHICH
E.
1. What
: sur
of
use
EXCESS,
you
vous
in
D.
to
A.
whom
says,
ne
le
tout
monde,
whom
which
to
which
two
are
are:
which
the relative pronouns
qui, who,
Gen.
de
whom,
to
(with
que
;
.
.
is used
singular. Ex.
qui
me
whom,
of
which.
A\rhich.
to
1 .
.
.
...
whom,
r
which,.
preposit.)J
a
in
: the
of
verb)
a
,
(with
qui
in French.
which.
qui, whose,
qui,
in French?
relative pronouns
of
sets
Nom.
le medecin
and
what
everybody,
English
of
set
:
PRONOUNS
whose
This
ex.
que?
ce
he
croyez
G.
Ace
;
adieux.
exagere.
RELATIVE
a
both
believe
which
Dat.
is
cette
est
scs
qui,
ce
what
who
are
il Ht
ce
to
believe
N.
There
a)
good-bye
relative pronouns
The
qui
this,whereupon
upon
qu'il dit;
AN
est
cela,
not
do
ce
IS
qui
:
;
who
:
ex.
;
ferring re-
is.
she
is,
GIRL
correspond
que
that;
frangaise.
une
and
meaning
true
French
A
said
he
qui,
Ce
IS
Ullef
is
follows;
de
or
que
English has he already mentioned
person
GIRL?
THIS
it
que:
where
a
when
il
the
doctor
plural as who
soignait; A
well
looked play
as after which
in the mf, df.-
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
LIGHTED
ME,
les chauteurs
HEARD,
WE
THE
TEACHER
(tvec
qui foi
WHOM
WITH
65
CLEAR
picccqiiim'a
uiie
WHOM
MADE
ram;
singers
entendions
nous
que I
the
;
le llimtre
STUDIED,
travaille.
Note. De
frequently replaced by
is
qui
whose
to
but
robust
by BODY,
POWERFUL
WHOSE
LETE
followed
N.
uu
corresponding,'
dont,
article;
an
ex.:
att-
athlete dofit le covins
e...
Singular
b)
the
:
laquelle(fern.) who,
lequel (masc),
G. duqucl (masc),
de
D.
auquel (masc),
a
A.
lequel (masc), laquelle(fem.) whom, Plural
laquelle(fem.)-"
which
-
,
laquelle(fem.) "i
,
.
,
.
,
which
:
N. les quels(masc), les quelles(fem.) who, which G.
des
D.
aiix
A.
les
quels (masc.) des quelles(iem.) '{
quels(masc)
aux
:
TO
WHICH
I
WE
referring; venus,
sommes
nous WHICH
AM
DUbVE
.
,
quelles(fem.) i
(i^m..)whom, quels(masc) les quelles le diner auquel je fais allusion,the
Ex.
-
,
la voiture the
which dinner
dans
carriage
quelle lain
HERE.
Note.
hardly used except in the genitive, auquel), and the accusative after a preposition (/a voiture dans laquelle,)but it should in these when referring to always be used cases animals or things.
Lequel, the
lesquels
dative
is
(le diner
66
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
the relative pronouns inferred from the two
be
their usage can above. declensions
2. Decline
as
Singular
Nom.
CLEAR
:
Qui
(persons and things) Dont, de qui (persons); dont, duquel (things) A qui,auquel (persons); auquel, (things) Que (persons and things) with a verb. Qui (persons); lequel, laquelle(things)with a preposition.
Gen. Dat Ace.
Plural
Nom.
:
Qui (persons and
things) De qui,dont (personsand things); dont, desquels (things). A qui,auxquels (pers.and things^; auxquels (things).
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
(pers.and things) with verb. Qui (persons); les quels (things) preposition. Que
with
a
Note.
After I
CE WAS
WAS
avait
F.
1
What .
and
OF,
NOTHING
rien
I
relative
the
rien,
THINKING
ce
COULD
Qui? De
Dat.
A
Ace.
Quif
;
ex.
:
MAKE
A
FIRE
WITH,
what there
il
tl'y
feu.
PRONOUNS
interrogative pronouns of persons?
Gen.
is quoi
quoi je pensais;
quoi je pouvais faire du
avec
INTERROGATIVE
Nom.
0,
are
who?
qidf quif
of to
whom?
whom? whom?
used
in
speaking
FRENCH
MADE
GRAMMAR
Ex.:
Qui
est
VOUSf
TO
WHOM
VOUSf
WHOM
la?
who
qui
SOUfieS
UP?
RINGING
YOU
qui ecrivez-
a
WRITING?
YOU
ARE ARE
there?
is
67
CLEAR
Note. Instead QUI
nom.
QUI?
EST-CE
WHO
2. What
in the
of qui
:
cx.
often uses colloquialFrench appellef est-cc qui vous QUI
YOU?
CALLS
Quoif
Gen.
quoi? of what? A quoi? to what? Que? qu'estce que?
que?
cases?
qu'est-cequi? what?
Nom.
De
Dat. Ace.
WHAT?
Ex.:
WHAT
dites-vous?
VOuleZ?
what?
HAS
WHAT
diies?
vous
voulez-vous
que
quoi?
SAYING?
YOU
ARE
qu'est-ceque
or
WANT?
YOU
in other
the interrogativepronouns
are
qu'est-ceque
or
HAPPENED
what
YOU?
TO
que
que do
vous VOUS
est-il arrive?
3. What
what ?
by itself is translated, by
it is preposition qui? Ex.: what? a
translated what
qu* {que) arrive-t-il? 4. Is it possible
of
?, Followed
by
or
QUOi
by QUE.^ is
translate
to
translation
nominative?
in the
What
the
about
noticed
be
is to
by qu'est-ce quoi?
or
happening?
qu'est-cequi
arrive?
into
accurately
which?
French?
RiDE.^
Followed a
(speaking
ex.:
QUELs; YOU
of
lequel voulcz-vous
by
a
noun
circumlocution:
deux
by lequel? horses) which
by itself is translated
Which?
juments?)
it which
can
leswill
monter?
only mare?
be
translated
by
laquelle {des
68
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
G.
1. What
They on,
INDEFINITE
the
are
MADE
CLEAR
PRONOUNS
indefinite
in French?
pronouns
are:
each
chacun, every,
one
quelqu'un,somebody
plusieurs,several, some certains,certain, some
nobody
personne,
quelque chose, something
tel,such
rUn, nothing
tout, all,the whole
aucun, un,
nul, no
quiconque, quoi
one
whoever
whatever
que,
autre, other
2. Which
indefinite used
is the
pronoun
frequently
most
in French?
It is
ON
only
to
(Lat. homo,
(ex.:
ONE,
man) one
which
often
corresponds not thinks,
croit
on
souvent) but also corresponds to:
a)
A
MAN,
ex.
b)
:
PEOPLE,
WE,
WE
SOMEBODY,
people
or
c)
you;
ex.: on
d)
say
they;
frappc; they au Capitole; you
somebody
ex.:
work
in
ne
notice
remarquent
rien.
on
dit
on
is
a
tort;
knocking,
Capitol,
on
on
travaille
Pennsylvania
de
la garc
nothing,
the
from
passive constructions; to
(said, related, etc.);
IS
wrongly,
start
de
part
IT
tion, sta-
Pensylvanic ;
ex.:
boys
imagine
are
que
supposed
les gargons
70
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Resume
What
rules
Personal lis
exemplified
are
Pronouns
:
chantent,
{
Ellcs chantent, Tu
They sing. speak too much. "Right!" he will say. You
paries trop,
"Bien!"
dira-t-il,
Maman
nous
Je
te le
rappellerai,
Si
vous
Mother
appelle,
If you
faites le
do
pensez-y
think
souvenez-vous
"Qui
viendra
es
brave!
un
moi?"
avec
et
toi,vous
Ltd
est
un
sot,
Je
lui
ai
dit
"
are
Who
is I
lui
Je
You
He
j'irais
que
I
ai
dit
j'irais
que
I
elle^
avec
Qui
resterez
leur
a
chien?
prisleur
of
you
it.
me
it.
it.
of
You
lui,
avec
do
so,
"
Charles
us.
help
can
it.
remember
en
tu
calls
I /shall remind
m'aider
pouvez
Toi!
following?
in the
a
man!
brave
coming w^ith
me?
am.
and
Charles will stay.
is
fool.
a
told
him
with
him.
told
her
with
her.
Who
I
would
go
I
would
go
stole their
dog
from
them?
J'y
reflechirai
et
vous
en
bon
sens
will write
ecrirai.
Du
I
! II n'en
a
pas !
Sense!
think you He
it
and
over
about
it.
has none!
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
!
Boston
arrive !
J' en
etais il y
/' y
MADE
CLEAR
Boston
! I have
six heures!
a
Va
te
Elle II est
there
Go
is
She
brosse, de
temps
and
brosser,
se
Nov^
I
hours
ago.
Tu
travailles
is the
Ta
mere
You
toi,
pour
elle-meme
le
sait,
herself.
time
brush
to
self.
yourself. for
v^ork
Even
yourself.
brushing
that
Do
toi-meme,
cela
six
brush
one's
Fais
there!
:
brosser,
se-
rived just ar-
from was
Reflexive
71
yourself.
mother
your
knows
it.
Possessive: II
a
Elle
fini le sien a
fini le
(devoir), sien (de'voir),
has finished his
He She
finished
has
(task). hers
(task). Have
fini les votresf
Avez-vous
bains
salle de
I'armoire
vous,
N'etait elle pas
Non, dans
celle
a
moi,
Louise
est
chambre,
celui-ci
bath
the
yours,
No,
it
closet
be
mine.
Louise's?
not
Louise's
other
will
room
is in
the
room.
:
(rasoir),
Celui-ci (Jackson) etait democrate,
The
Was
Louise?
Demonstrative
Essayez
sera
()
a
de
I'autre
?
(tasks).
(devoirs), La
finished yours
you
celui-la
ton) (Hamil-
federaliste,
Try The a
this latter
one
(razor).
(Jackson
Democrat,
(Hamilton)
"i was
the former a
Federal-
72
FRENCH
Ceux
GRAMMAR
qui arriveront vois
je
que
tard re-
CLEAR
Those
punis,
seront
Celui
en
MADE
who
be
le
dans
punished.
The
I
one
in the
gymnase,
Qui m'aime
gymnasium.
follow
Montrez
moi
cela,
Let
Regardez (moi) gd! Ce
qu'ilaime
sont
ce
ses
II
Cetait
dit que
ne
ce
qu'ilveut
dire.
that!
at
he loves is his
own
was
He
She
Rachel?
was
famous
a
only wants
Relative Le
look
Who
actrice celebre,
une
me
comfort.
etait Rachel?
Qui
loves
that.
see
What
aises,
who
me.
me
Just
there
over
see
(Let him)
suive,
me
late will
come
what
says
to
actress.
he
say.
:
Frangais
qui je
avec
The
whom
correspondaisr La
laquelle plume avec j'ecrivais, Les lettres que jegardais,
The
used
I
pen
used The
with
Frenchman
with
to
to
respond. cor-
I
which
write.
letters
I
used
to
keep. Les choses dont
nous
par-
lions, Ce
sur
The we
quoi je vous
con-
What
which
subjectsabout used I want
to
talk. your
advice
about.
suite, Interrogative:
Qui
va
vous?
la?
Qui cherchez-
Who are
goes you
there?
Whom
seeking?
FRENCH
Qu'cst-ce
lisez-vous?
Que
qui
do
What
? What
read
you
do
take
you
terest in-
an
in?
?
vous
73
pleases you?
interessez-
vous
CLEAR
What
plait?
vous
quoi
A
MADE
GRAMMAR
"Ah!
"Johnson
m'a
ecrit*'"
Lequel
des
Johnson?"
"Johnson
has
""Oh!
written Which
me"
son?" John-
Indefinite:
On
parle toujours
On
Sonne,
On
chante
On
prend
On
always
Someone en
a
haut,
gauche,
(lira
vous
Est-ce
One
trop,
que.
.
qu'il n'est
venu
personne
est
too
says
is
much.
ringing.
They
are
singing upstairs.
You
turn
You
will
Has
no
Yes,
somebody
the
to
left.
told
be
that...
.
per-
come?
one
sonnef
Si,
une
Elle
dit
a
qu'elle
venue,
revien-
He
drait, 11
n'y
a
said
did would
he
call. call
again. personne
de
plus
is
Nobody
stupid.
more
bete,
Je
ne
Je
ne
Ne
rappelle
me
me
vous
(/'autre
suis
rien
rien,
I
remember
rappele,
I
remembered
rappelez-vous ?
rien
Don't
you
nothing. nothing. remember
else ?
thing any-
V
VERBS
Plan
A.
of
chapter
this
Introductory
B.
French
C.
Differences in
D.
:
remarks
verbs.
conjugations. in
Enghsh
Classes
the
Interrogation
"
in
tenses
INTRODUCTORY
and
French
Negation.
"
(passive, intransitive,
Verbs
of
the
of
use
reciprocal, impersonal,
A.
French
on
reflexive,
defective.)
FRENCH
ON
REMARKS
VERBS
Are
1
verbs
French
difficult
more
English verbs?
than
.
The
infinitive
simplicity,the five
changes he
walkest,
is other
2.
What
are
the
Each
the
is
thou
French,
whereas
only by
the
to
sure
its
pronoun.
form
is of
alleled unpar-
undergoing
only thou
walking, walked, and
of
conjugation
verbs
the
sequence con-
in
any
complicated.
appear
the
between
French
verb?
English
in
verb
walkedst),
differences
has
i)erson
walk,
to
the
that
chief
and
:
walks,
language
verb
a)
(ex.
English
the
of
conjugation
own
particular ending
English
the
For
instance
person the
is indicated word
walk
in
has
definite
no
YOU,
WE,
endings
Ex.
vary.
walk
You
French
they
there
march
cz
the
in
Latin:
all
because
there
the
language
more
accuracy,
French,
(to
aimer
English, but
in
there
as
love),
finir
were
(to
(to render)
(to receive), rendre
conjugated according to different models their endings (er, ir, oir, re) are different; the tenses slightdifferences also between and in English,the advantage being in
are
French
favor
bequeathed to Latin conjugation;
been
conjugation
four
in
ent
;
one
finish),RECEvoiR are
to
harmony
are
march
have
lend
only
is
four
in
vous
by
doubt
no
there
c)
ons
language
variety,and
h)
march
personal endings
These
e
nous
Us
walk
They
the
je march
walk
We
French
prefixedby I, the personal
:
walk
I
in
whereas
THEY,
it is
unless
meaning
75
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
sometimes
of
one,
of
sometimes
the
other
language: L
The
present progressive(I
the emphatic present (I in is the
2. I
English,do
not
do
walking) and walk), so expressive am
exist in French
:
je marchc
only form;
WALKED
or
I
WAS
WALKING
cau
be translated
(imperfect), je je marchais marchai, (simple past), or j'ai marche pound (compast); that is to say, the Englishlanguage employs only two forms for the imperfect and into
French
by:
Id
FRENCH
the
GRAMMAR
simple past, translate
to
MADE
and
the
CLEAR
frequentlyuses
compound
past
pluperfect{f avals marche) that 3. The
French
is
French
; the
of them
one
clearer;
language
possesses
by the pluperfectbut mentioned
HAD
I
EATEN
I
a
convenient
very
came
before
SLEPT^
aprcs
language
future
(I
lacks
shall
another
6. the
offers
Division
which
or
the
the
I
French
;
only three persons
has
let
me
four
only
not
walk)
will
walk
tenses,
in every
;
stead incase
in
additional clarityand
FRENCH
elegance
CONJUGATIONS
Section
this
Preliminary.
B)
Conjugation of
C)
Conjugation on
has
expressive
very
result.
A)
remarks
: after
English but in many others the past Eng'lishlanguage uses
future:
the
our
equivalent for
is used
it is used
in
of
and
one,
in which
B.
real
no
subjunctivein of
are
; ex.
quifeusjuonge,je
walk,
5. the imperative in French and
the
^('"^. |5t"A
French
double
glish En-
into
indicating that
dormis; 4. the
is
consequence
tense, viz.,the past anterior, translated
action
the
even
or
of
Avoir verbs
:
(to have) in
er,
irregularverbs
ir,
in
and
Eire
oir,
and
(to be). re,
frequent use.
with
FRENCH
2. What
GRAMMAR
the
is
best
CLEAR:
MADE
method
for
French
learning
verbs? French
verbs
quickly learned,
are
but repetition, their
by
examination
careful
of
personal and
merous temporal endings, (noticingnuresemblances and occasional differences),
and
2.
of
verbs
hour's
by
easy
but
frequent exercises
suggested by attention
real
which
3. What
1.
by parrotlike
not
seem
the
are
at
another the
marvelous
personal
half
person; will
outset
endings
secure
the
in
an sults re-
thoughtless.
the
only to
variety
a
on
present
indicative?
There 1. Verbs
four
are
conjugations:
the infinitive of which
ends
in er;
2
IR
3
oiR
4
RE
Present
Aimer
II aim
aim
Nous
Vons Us
U
e
aim
aim
ent
ons
ez
:
ex.
:
finir recevoir rendre
:
iin is fin is
Tu
es
:
:
ex.
Finir Je
aim
Tu
; ex. ;
aimer
:
Indicative
:
J 'aim. e
ex.
fin it
Nous
fin issons
Vous
fin issez
Us
fin issent
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Recevoir Je
CLEAR
Je
ois
rcg
rend
Tu
s
rend
s
Nous
recev
ons
Nous
rend
Vous
recev
ez
Vous
rend
lis
lis rend
regoivent aim, fin,reg, syllables
The
:
II rend
oit
II reg
79
Rendre
:
ois
reg
Tu
MADE
of
the
verbs is
REND
RE,
that
does
not
change
added
fin
er,
to
in the
ez
ent
called the radical
are
rec
ir,
the
say
radical
the
to
aim
rend
ons
syllable which
root
conjugation.The called
are
and
evoir,
syllables
terminations
or
endings. If
examine
we
in
1. that
the
the
are
ENT,
the
of
indicative
four
2. that
in the
person
is
s
second
is
s
in the
after
all
need
aime
in
Now
it is all
we
t
or
d
only
j'aimeand
shall find
we
ons,
:
ez,
conjugations:
il
the
except in aimer; that
observe
one
aime, differs from
important to
remember
found
in the
plural of
each
that
so
form, viz. the
rest.
:
above, that the endings ons,
stated
are
four
present
ending of the first except in aimer; b) the ending of the in all four conjugations; c) the ending
third is
as
above
the
terminations
singular,a)
of the
1.
verbs
plural the
same
in
terminations
the
tense
ez,
ent
in every
conljugation; 2. that
s
tense
every
3. that in
in the second
T
all
future
or
D
of
each
singularis conjugation; person
in the third person
found
singularis
in
found
conjugationsbut the first,except in the and the imperativeand subjunctive.
80
FRENCH
What
4.
GRAMMAR
the
are
CLEAR
MADE
in each
(or tense) endings
temporal
conjugation? The
by
observing
compound the
verb
this
to
answer
the
tenses
question should
distinction
simple
:
consists of
only
j'aimais, simple past,
imp.
consist
tenses
etre,
ex.
;
:
:
ex.
pres.
by
the
have
or
part, of
past
past, j'ai aime,
compound
faime,
j'aimai; compound
auxiliary {avoir, to
an
followed
be)
to
verb
of
;
and
in which
those
are
word
preceded
simple
between
tenses
one
be
future
the terior, an-
j'aurai aime; it
clear
being
end
with to
a
past part,
simple
Terminations
that
then
of
need
we
in
tenses
simple
1.
compound the
tenses
only give
following
aim
ant
iiniss ant
Past.
Part.
aim
e
fin i
"
"
Pres.
j'aim
e
je
fin is
Imperfect
faim
ais
je
finiss ais
faim
ai
je
fin is
je
Uni
fini rais
Simple "
Past
Future
rai
faime
Conditional
j'aime rais
je
Imperative
Aim
'Fin is
Subj. "
table:
ir.
er.
Part.
"
Present
In^erfect
tion atten-
2. Finir,
Pres.
Indie.
our
always
in
Aimer,
Infinitive
tenses
e^
que
j'aim
que
j'aimass e
e
rai
que
je finiss
e
que
je
finiss
e
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
CLEAR
4.
3. Recevoir, oir.
Infinitive Part.
Pres.
Past. Part.
u
reg
ois
Pres.
je reg
Imperfect
je
recev
Past
je
reg
Future
je
recev
Conditional
je
recev
Imperative
Reg ois
Indie. "
"
Simple "
Subj. "
rend
ant
rend
u
je
rend
s
je
rend
ais
je
rend
is
rat
je
rend
rai
rats
je
rend
rais
ais lis
Rend
s
que
je regoiv e
que
je rend
que
je
que
je rendiss
Present
Imperfect
Rendre, re.
ant
recev
81
e
regiiss
e
e
Note.
of the
termination
1. The
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
past, and The
of the
conclusion
tenses, except the in
a
same
"
conditional
ant." ais
"
"
"
RAI
"
"
rats
subj. pres. subj. imperf.
e...-
"
"
se
"
indie, of the simple present in aimer: is imperative s, except of the
termination
2. The
part, is always
future
^
"
pres.
imperfect
"
"
the
is that the
past
conjugation
in every
of
terminations
infinitive and
part., and
can
all are
be
simple cally practilearnt
moment.
Exercise
1. To
what
[ parler,to
^ courir,to ^
conjugation do the followingverbs belong? speak
venir^ to
run.
to lire,
pourvoir,to provide
to l\tendre,
stretch
come
read
croire, to
believe
decev.oir, to
disappoin;
82
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
2. What
be
should
the
CLEAR
MADE
personal
the
with
pronoun
following verbs?
3. In what decev
tense
are
ant
tend
ant
je pari ais ais
je je
decev
je
di rai
tend
je croi
ais
rai
je tend rai What
is
following verbs?
je parle rais je viend rais je li rats que je vienn e que je lis e e que je tend se que je inns que je lus se
ant
pari
the
je
que
the
formation
criis
ai
li sais
je
que
lus
se
croir ais
je
rai
je je je je je
decev
ais
viend
rai
derivation
of
se
or
lir
je je
cour
ais
ven
viend
rais
tenses
in
French? The
1. The add
present
(1) Medieval ecrire) which
habeo,
I have
French
wrote
corresponded to
love
I
have
French
infinitive; ex.:
(1), you
AI
AIS, you
d
in
principaltenses
have
have
j'aimer to to
are:
aimer;
the future;
the conditional
an
the low write.
(i.e.j'ai Latin
a
;
ex.
aimer)
future
j'aimerai;
ex.:
amare
:
j'aimerais;
j'ecrire ai (i.e. j'ai habeo,
scribere
substitute
substitute
:
for
e
similar
ant;
5. the past
ant;
the
TO
verbs shall
DONE
; ex.
have
it,
I
LOSING
French
anterior, conditional
subjunctivepluperfect.
and
etre,
to
I
:
have
T
IT,
avoir, to and
intransitive
and
I
WAS
then,
; to
WAS
aries auxili-
be,
:
I
SHOULD
walked, HAVE
I
as
SHALL
in
auxiliary
the
I
j'ai parle,
is used
reflexive
had
transiti in-
and
QUESTIONED;
is used ex.
I
WAITING,
BEING
have,
verbs
etre,
come,
it
GOING,
am
be.
conjugation?
in
finished
transitive
SPOKEN, of
terminates
compound past, pluperfect,
have,
used
are
aim as;
tu
:
ex.
noticed ought to be particularly irregularverbs.
studying the
avoir,
aime;
:
used as and to be are English to have in the conjugationboth of transitive
In
of
subj. pres.;
aime, which
:
tenses, viz.
principaltenses
ex.
pers. ;
anterior, future
auxiliaries
BE
the
subj.imp., que j'aimas"se;
past, subjunctivepast, and
I
imperfect;
faime;
in the second
have
compound
Auxiliaries:
have
you
participle ; ex.
past
1. What
the
have
you
imperat.sing.;
the
to
SE_, you
in
aim ons;
indicative; ex.:
simplepast
These
indie, pres.
j'aime;
que
3. the present
add
the
have
you
faim ais;
:
ex.
ant
for
ais
substitute
all
aim ant;
imperat. plural;ex.:
the
plural and ex.
for
ons
S3
CLEAR
ex.: present participle;
2. the
4. the
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
as
verbs ;
have
the auxiliary ex.
:
je
suis
84
FRENCH
I
venu, GONE
GRAMMAR
HAVE
GROWN
CLEAR
elle etait montee,
COME,
UPSTAIRS,
HAVE
MADE
HOus
iious
had
she
fdches,
sommes
we
ANGRY.
important,therefore,to give the conjugatioti of verbs these two at pointing out their once, irregularities. It is
2. What
the
are
in the conjugation of irregularities
avoir? Avoir
is
irregularin
the pres.
part. :
ayantf
past. part.:
eu,
sing,of
feus,
simple past: future
faurai ( 1 )
:
,
conditional
faurais,
:
subjunctive: All
these habere
verb
B.
or
OF
CONJUGATION
Conjugate Infinitive
the
traced
que
to
the
j'aie, Latin
its transformations.
to
TO
AVOIR, TO
3.
be
can irregularities
j'ai,
indie, pres.:
verb
AND
HAVE,
"TRE,
BE
avoir.
:
Present.
Avoir,
to
have.
Past. Avoir (1.) The rrmembei
i'aurai and
eu,
to
have
had.
the conditional future and French used indifferently u and word. the same
disappears when
irregularity in the that
medieval
j'avrai
were
v
in
writing,
so
wc
that
86
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
Past.
Compound J'ai eu, Tu
II
I have
had
cu
as a
CLEAR
eu
Nous
avons
Vous
avez
Us
ont
eu eu
eu
Pluperfect. ravais
avals
Tu II
I had
eu,
avait
eu eu
Nous
avions
Vous
aviez
lis avaient
eus
eu
had
eu
II eut
eu
Nous
eumes
Vous
eutes
lis
eu
I had
eu,
Tu
eu
Anterior.
Past reus
had, I had
eurent
eu eu eu
Future.
raurai, Tu II
I shall have
auras aura
Nous
aurons
Vous
aurez
lis auront
been
having
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Tu II
I shall
eu,
auras
have
had
eu eu
aura
Nons Vous
S7
Anterior.
Future Paurai
CLEAR
aurons
eu eu
aurez
lis auront
eu
Conditional
Present. have
J'aurais,I should Tu
aura-is
II aurait
aurions
Nous Vous
auries
lis auraient
Past. Faurais Tu
I should
eu,
aurais
II aurait
eu eu
Nous
aurions
Vous
auries
lis auraient
Imperative
have
eu eu
eu
:
let Que j'aie,
me
have
Ate, have Qu'il ait, let him
Ayons, Ayes,
let
us
have
have
have
Qu'ilsaient,let them
have
had
88
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Subjunctive: Present.
Que
faie,
Que
tu
that
I
may
have
aies
Qu'il ait Que
nous
ayons
Que
vous
ayes
Qu'ils aient
Imperfect. that Que j'eusse, Que tu eusses
I
might
have
Qu*il eut Que
nous
eussions
Que
vous
eussiez
Qu'ilseussent Past.
Que j'aieeu, Que
aies
tu
Qu'U ait Que
nous
Que
vous
I may
that
have
had
eu
eu eu
ayons ayes
Qu'ilsaient
eu
eu
Pluperfect. Que j'eusseeu, that Que
tu
eusses
Qu'il exit
eu
eu
Que
nous
eussions
Que
vous
eussiez
Qu'ils
eussent
eu
eu eu
I
might
have
had
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
89
Note.
always seem Compounrl tenses puzzling at first, yet they similar in and in are English exactly French, as appears translates clearly when one separately, very Ex.
:
I
faurais -J- had,
4.
Conjugate
the
had
have
should
verb
cu
divide
:
i
should
have,
j'aurais cu.
=.
to
etre,
;
be.
Infinitive:
-^.
Present.
Etre,
be
to
Past. Avow
ete, to
Pres.
have
been
Part.
"tant, being Part.
Past.
"te,
been
Part.
Compound Ay
ant
etc,
having
Indicative: Present. Je suis^ I Tit
es
II est Nous
sommes
Vous
etes
lis sont
am
been
90
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
CLEAR
MADE
Imperfect. J'
etais^ I
was
etais
Tu
II etait Nous
etions
Vous
eties
lis etaient
Simple Je fus, I Tu
Past.
was
fus
fut
II
Nous
fumes
Vous
futes
lis
furent Past.
Compound
I have
J'ai ete^ Tu II
ete
as
ete
a
Nous
avons
Vous
avez
lis
been
ont
ete ete
ete
Pluperfect. J'avais Tu
ete, I had
avals
etc
II avait ete Nous
aiAons
Vous
avies
lis avaient
ete
ete ete
been
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
Past
Pens 7
II
I had
ete,
eut
been
ete
ete
Nous
Climes
Vons
elites
lis
91
Anterior.
ens
u
CLEAR
eurent
ete ete
ete
Future. Je
serai, I shall be
Til II
seras sera
Nous
serons
Vous
serez
lis
seront
Future
Paurai Tu II
I
e^e,
shall have
et^i
auras
ete
aura
Nous
aurons
Vous
aures
lis
Conditional
Anterior.
auront
ete
He ete
:
Present. le
serais,I
Tu
should
serais
II serait Nous
serions
Vous
series
lis seraient
be
been
FRENCH
92
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Past. ete, I should
raurais Tu
aurais
II aurait
been
have
ete ete-.
Nous
aurions
Vous
auries
ete ete
lis auraient
ete
Imperative
Que je sots, let Sois, be
me
be
Qu'il soit, let him
be
Soyons, let Soyes, be
us
be
Qu'ils soient, let Subjunctive
them
be
:
Present.
Que
je sois, that
Que
tu
I may
be
sois
Qu'il soit
Que
nous
Que
vous
soyons soyes
Qu'ilssoient
1
Imperfect. Que
je fusse, that
Que
tu
fusses
Qu'il flit Que Que
nous vous
fussions fussies
Qu'ils fussent
1
might
be
FRENCH
94
GRAMMAR
3i00 in iR, and in
end
all the
other
the
invent
French
they conjugate it on aimer ir), and for this reason or
verbs
(about 4,000)
er.
Whenever
ER
CLEAR
MADE
IR
are
called
adopt
or
(in the
a
few
a
verb,
new on
cases
fiu-
conjugationsin the less important
two
"living"while
conjugationsin oir and re are termed "dead." The conjugation in er is the easiest of the four and has only two irregularverbs in daily use.
First
3.
Conjugate
4000
Conjugation (er)
a
verb
in
Verbs.
(1)
er,
Infinitive: Present.
Aim
(2).
er
love
to
Past. Avoir
Participle
aim
e, to
have
loved
:
Present. Aim
ant,
loving
Past. Aim
e,
loved
Compound
'
Past.
Ayant aime, having (1) other
(2)
Tlie verbs The
the
moment
in
er,
student
kr
aimer
he
will do
varying the order of the corresponds to latin verbs in
constantly
termination
knows
loved well
always
to
practise
tenses.
are,
ex.:
aimer.
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
CLEAR
95
Indicative:
Present. J'aim
I love
e,
aim
Tu
es
II aim
e
Nous
aim
Vous
aim
lis aim
ons es
ent
Imperfect. J'aim
ais, I loved, ait
aim
II
Nous
aim
ions
Vous
aim
iez
lis aim
event
Simple
Past.
ai,
I loved
J'aim
aim
Tu
as
II aim
a
Nous
aim
dmes
Vous
aim
cites
lis aim
erent^
Past.
Compound aim
Fai Tu II
as
aim
avons
Vous
avez
ont
have
e
e
Nous
lis
I
e,
aim
a
was
ais
aim
Tu
I
aim
aim
aim e
e e
loved
loving
96
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Pluperfect. aim
J' avals
aim
avais
Tu
aim
// avail
e
aim
e e
aim
lis avaient
e
I^astAnterior. aim
reus Tu
aim
eus
II eut
aim
Nous
eumes
Vous
elites
lis
I had
e,
loved
e
e
aim aim aim
eurent
e e
e
Future.
aimer
Tu
I
ai,
Maimer
1 1 aimer
a
aimer
ons
Vous
aimer
ez
lis aimer
out
Anterior.
Future
II
aim
auras
aim
aura
Nous
aurons
Vous
aures
lis
auront
shall have
e, I
J'aurai aim Tu
shall love
as
Nous
e
e
aim
e
aim aim
been
[loving
aviez aim
Vous
loved, 1 had
e
avians
Nous
I had
e,
e e
loved
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Conditional
MADE
97
CLEAR
:
Present.
ais,
J'aimer Tu
aimer
should
I
love
ais
aUt
II aimer Nous
aimer
ions
Vons
aimer
iez
lis aimer
aient
Past. J'aurais aim Tu
T sliould have
e,
aim
aurais
e
II aitrait aim
e
aim
Nous
aurions
Vous
auriez aim
lis auraient
e e
aim
e
Imperative
Que faime, let me Aim
e, love
Qu'il aim
e,
Aim
ons,
let
Aim
ez,
let him us
love
love
love
Qu'ils aim Subjunctive
love
ent,
let them
love.
:
Present.
Que faim Que
tu
aim
Qu'il aim
that
e, es
e
Que
nous
aim
ions
Que
vous
aim
iez
Qu'ils aim
ent
I may
love
loved
98
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Imperfect. Que
faim
Que
tu
aim
Qu'il aim
might
I
that
as^e,
love
asses
at
Que
nous
aim
assions
Que
vous
aim
assies
Qu'ils aim
assent
Past.
Que faie aim Que
that I may
e,
aies aim
tu
Qu'il ait Que
nous
Que
vous
Qu'ils
aim
e
e
aim
ayons
aim
ayes
aim
aienf
loved
have
e e
e
Pluperfect. Que
j'eusseaim
Que
tu
Qu'il Que
vous
eussiez
the
radical
b)
That
the
simple past is
5. Are
a)
past part
in
before
like K,
is in
e
e
not
in
ai,
change. second
person
as,
e.
in the first conjugation? irregularities
there any Verbs
does
aim
e
conjugation?
in this
That
the
aim
aim.
eussent
a)
and
e
eussions aim
noticed
mii^ht have [loved
nous
be
is to
aim
I
e
Que
Qu'ils 4. What
aim
eusses
eut
that
e,
cer a
ex.:
(ex.: percer, and
o,
as
it perga,
to
pierce)
otherwise he
pierced;
the
c
take
would
a
la cedilsound
b)
in
verbs
like GH,
mute
o,
last
(ex. :
E
repeter,
ate
syllablebut
one
in e, es, ent,
terminations
G
of
e
ex.
fore be-
would
sound
which
has
or e
or :
e
an
;
walk)
to
change
repeat)
to
the
he
promener,
se
eat) taV.c
otherwise
as
99
CLEAR
to
manger*
il mangea,
:
ex.
the
verbs
(ex.:
ger
and
A
c)
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Je
into
(ex. :
e
an e
before
promene,
me
a
Us
repetent; the
however
to
call
chanceler,
to
reel
epeler,
to
spell
etinceler,
to
sparkle
renoiiveler,
to
renew
cachcter,
to
seal
epousseter,
to
dust
feuilleter,
to
thread
jetcr,
to
throw
souffleter*
to
cuff
ending e
ex.
: tu
verbs
\.
ler
in ayer,
are
AUer,
the
Us
the to
radicals
:
l
or
uyer,
oyer, :
which .
of
changing e
of their termination
t
they jettent,
throw
:
:
change y into i before ejmpay ; U gmploie,HE
irregular verbs go,
instead
Us
call;
je paie,I m'ennuient,they
e_, ex. ;
ter_,
or
you appelles,
mute
PLOYs
6. What
in
into e, double
or
a
:
appeler,
all
d)
verbs
bore
me.
in er?
borrows
in
its tenses
three
100
FRENCH
a)
GRAMMAR
MADE
Inf.
Aller, allant,alle
ind
pres.
allons,
: nous
CLEAR
voiis
allez
imp. : j'allais simple past. : j'allai subj.pres. : que j'aille subj.imp. : que j'allasse ,
b)
Va, indie, pres.
imperat.: C)
:
cond.
Envoyer, The
il va,
Us vont
firai :
firais
to
send.
future
Second
Conjugate
7.
va
vas,
IR,
fut.
2.
je vais, tu (vas-y)
:
Infinitive
a
j'enverraiis
the
Conjugation (ir) verb
in
ir,
only irrcg.tense.
300
V^erhs.
(1)
:
Present. Fin
ir^
to
finish
Past. Avoir
(1) other
These verbs
finished
correspond (a) to the Latin verbs in ire and (b) to in isco or gradually changed their infinitiveg to a form indicating a beginning and consequemtly called inchoative.
verbs which
(Ex.: FLORESCO)
fin i, to have
many esco
:
; '
V
,
...
"'".'.^'''.
.
Past.
'Compound
}'aifin .
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
102
I have
u
finished
,
.
.n\
.'fM^us II
fin i
iin i
a
Nous
avons
Vous
avez
fin i i
Hn
fin i
lis ont
Pluperfect. finished
fin i
avais
Tu
i, I had
Hn
J'avais
II avait fin i fin i
Nous
avions
Vous
aviez fin i fin i
lis avaient
Anterior.
Past
I had
J'eus fin i, Tu
fin
eus
II eut
fin i
Nous
eumes
Vous
eutes
lis eurent
finished
%
fin i fin i fin i
Future. le fin irai Tu
I shall finish
fin iras
II fin ira
Nous
fin irons
Vous
fin ires
lis fin iront
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
Tu
II
fin
finished
i
iin i
aura
Nous
fin i
aurons
fin i
aurez
fin i
lis auront
Conditional
I shall have
i, Hn
auras
Vous
103
Anterior.
Future
J'aurai
CLEAR
:
Present. Je fin Tu
irais, I
should
finish
fin irais
II fin irait Nous
fin irions
Vous
fin tries
lis fin iraient
Past. fin
Paurais
i,
I should
have
finished
.
Tu
aurais
II aurait
fin i fin i
fin i
Nous
aurions
Vous
aurie:^ fin i
lis auraient
fin i
Imperative:
Que je finisse,let Fin is, finish Qu'il fin isse,
me
let him
Fin
issons, let
Fin
issc:, finish
us
Qu'ils fin isscnt.
finish
finish
finish
let them
finish
104
FRENCH
Subjunctive
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
:
Present.
Que je Hn isse, Que
isses
Hn
tu
finish
I may
that
Qu^il iin isse Que
nous
fin issions
Que
vous
fin issiez
Qu'ils fin issent
Imperfect. Que je fin isse,that Que tu fin isses Qu'il fin
I
might
finish
it
Que
nous
fin issions
Que
vous
fin issies
Quails fin
issent
Past.
Que j'aiefin i, that Que
tu
I may
have
finished
aies fin i
Qu'il ait fin i
Que
nous
ayons
Que
vous
ayez
fin i fin i
Quails aient fin i
Pluperfect. Que feusse fin i, that I might have Que
tu
eusses
fin i
[ished
Qu'il eut
fin i
Que
nous
eussions
Que
vous
eussies fin i
Qu'ils eussent
fin i
fin-
fin i
8. What
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
noticed
be
is to
in this
(fin) does
o)
The
b)
the
simple past
and
tlie past part, ends
the
syllableiss,
in
isco,
c)
radical
is
the termination
(je iinis,I finished) i {Uni,finished) ;
is
in
in
the
betwen
Latin
the
from
borrowed
inserted
conjugation? change;
not
in
ends
105
CLEAR
radical
verbs and
{nous iinimperfect (je fin-iss-
indie, present
1. the
iss-ons,\VF. finish), 2. the ais, I finished), 3. the imperative (Hn-iss-ons, LET us finish), 4. the subj.present (que je Hn-isse, 5. the present
FINISH), and (Hn-iss-an t, finishing).
THAT
I
MAY
participle
distinguishbetween the in this way, in ir adding the syllableiss verbs (about 300), and the verbs in ir not doing so, used
Grammarians
(about 20), as
9. What
dorm-ir, dormant,
ex.:
but it is
sleeping,
to
more
rational to treat
irregularverbs.
the
are
irregularverbs
in ir?
Indie,
Infinitive.
Assaillir,to
pres.
j'assaille
assault
je
tressaille
je
couvre
Ciieillir,to gather
je
cueille
Offrir,
j'offre
to give Tressaillir,
Couvrir,
Ouvrir,
to
to to
a
cover
offer open
Souffrir, to
suffer
start
j'ouvre je souffre
to
sleep,
the latter
lOf)
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
Simp. past.
Compound
je tressaillis couvris
je cueiltis
foffris j'ouvris je souffris (The
verbs
above
Moreover
aimer).
in cueillirai)
the
conjugate their indie, pres. on cucillir has je cueillerai (not future.
Indie, pres.
Infinit.
Bouillir, to boil
bo
je
us
houillofis
nous
Courir,
to
Dormir,
run
sleep
to
je
cours
je
dors
je fuis
Fuir, to flee
fuyons
nous
Mentir, Partir, Se
to to
lie go
repentir, to repent
Sentir,
Sortir,
feel
to
Servir,
to to
Ve1;ir, to
Simple je
bouilHs
je
conrus
past.
j^aiassaiUi j'aitressailli j'aiconvert j'aicueilli j'aioffcrt j'aiouvert j'aisonffcrt
j'assaillis je
CLEAR
serve
go
out
clothe
Past.
je
mens
je pars je me repens
je je
sers
je
sors
je
vets
sens
Past
Participle.
j'aihouilli j'aicouru
je dormis
j'aidor
mi
je fuis
j'aifui
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
j^aim^nti je suis parti je me suis repenti j'aisenti j'aiservi je suis sorti j'aivctu
je mentis je partis je me repentis je sentis je serms je sortis je vetis (The the
future of is
others
107
CLEAR
courir
is
je courrai;the
future
of
regular).
Note.
Hair, to hate, in the present indicative is conjugated: je hais, tu hods, il hait. The imperat. sing, is also hais. Only these four forms lose the dieresis (") over
Benir,
i. to
phrases blessed
bless, is like
box.
eau
in regular except benite, holy water,
ecclesiastical buis
bcnit,
FRENCH
108
GRAMMAR
Conjugation (oir). 25
Third
10.
Conjugate
CLEAR
MADE
a
verb
Verbs.
(1)
in oir,
Infinitive: Present. Recev
oir,
receive
to
Past. Avoir
reg
received
have
to
u,
Participle Present. Recev
receiving
ant,
Past.
Reg
received
u,
Compound. Ayant Indicative
reg
having
u,
received
:
Present.
ois, I
Je reg Tu
reg
II reg
(1) These
verbs
are
ois oit
Nous
recev
ons
Voiis
recev
ez
Us
reg
derived
receive
"
oivent from
Latin
verbs
in
ere
or
ere.
110
Anterior.
Past J'eus Tu
I had
u,
reg
reg
ens
received
u
II eut
reg
Nous
eumes
Vous
elites
lis
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
u
u
reg
eurent
u
reg u
reg
Future. Je
recev
Tu
recev
II
ras
ra
recev
Nous
recev
rons
Vous
recev
res
lis
ront
recev
Anterior.
Future Paurai Tu
II
reg
reg
aura
Nous
I shall have
u,
u
aurons
reg
lis auront
reg
u
u
reg
aurez
received
u
reg
auras
Vous
shall receive
I
rax,
u
Conditional Present. Je Tu II
rait
recev
Vous
I should
rais
recev
Nous
lis
rais,
recev
recev recev recev
rions
ries raient
receive
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
111
Past.
Faiirais Tu
reg
aurais
II aurait
I should
u,
Nous
aurions
Vous
auriez
received
u
reg reg
have
u
u
reg reg
lis auraient
u
u
reg
Imperative:
Que je regoive,let Reg ois, receive Qu'il reg oive,let let
me
him
receive
receive
receive
Recev
ons,
Recev
ez,
receive
QWils
reg
oivent,let them
us
receive
Subjunctive Present.
Que je regoiv e, that Que tu regoiv es
I may
receive
Qu'il regoiv e Que
nous
recev
ions
Que
vous
recev
iez
Qu'ilsregoiv ent
Imperfect. Que je Que tu Qu'il
reg
usse,
reg
usses
reg
ut
Que
nous
reg
Que
vous
reg
Qu'ils
reg
that
ussions us
ussent
sie 2
I
might
receive
112
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Past.
Que j'aiereg Que
aies reg
tu
Qu'il
That
u,
ait reg
have
re-
[ceived
u
u
Que
nous
ay
Que
vous
ayes
Qu'ils aient
I may
u
reg
oris
u
reg u
reg
Pluperfect. Que
j'eussereg
Que
tu
Qu'il
eusses
eut
reg
reg
a)
b)
is to
There
nous
eussions
Que
vous
eussiez
in
most
of
noticed
not
are
verbs
them
conjugated
c)
the
these
and
have SAW.
called
:
foresee
their
reg
ex.
u;
conceive,
reg' in
reg
however
(but not
simple past
of, are
is
riable va-
je regois)
regular; je
:
glimpse
their radical
as
becoming
is in us, ex.
a
concevoir, to oir
recev
u,
to prevoir,
catch
recevoir,and
simple past
past part, in
twenty-five
to
twenty
irregular. Only percevoir,to
hardly be
can
conjugation?
frequent use;
deceive_,
(recev in even
than
are
like
u
u
reg
apercevoir,to
decevoir, to
u
reg reg
in this
more
in
oir
PERCEIVE,
u
Que
be
might have [received
I
u
Qu'ils eussent
11. What
that
u,
in
us,
and
voir, to
pourvoir,to is,
ex.:
je
the see, vide) pro-
iMs, I
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
12.
What The
off
dechois
je
dechoyons
nous
to
Falloir, to Pleuvoir,
fall due
il echoit
be
il
faut
il
pleut
necessary
rain
to
Prevoir,
to
foresee
je prevois
Sursoir,
to
put off
je je
Valoir,
be
to
worth
sursois vaux
valons
nous
Simple je
radical
their
Indie. Pres.
choir, to fall
Echoir,
je
dechus
decherrai
j'aidechu
il echut
il echerra
il est
il
fallut
il
il
a
il
plut
il
a
faudra il pleuvra je prevoirai
je previs je sursis je valus
je je
manner
vaudrai their
j'assieds
seat
to
or
asseyons
j'assois
nous
to
owe,
must
je
assoyons dots devons
nous
Mouvoir,
radical
Indie. Pres.
nous
Devoir,
fallu plu
:
Infinitive.
Asseoir,
echu
j*aiprevu j'aisursis j'aivalu
sursoirai
following change
to
move
Part.
Past
Ftiture.
Past.
The
113
in oir?
followinghardly change
Infinitive. De
CLEAR
irregular verbs
the
are
MADE
je nous
meus mouvons
in
a
marked
114
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Conjugation (re), 80
Fourth
13.
Conjugate
Infinitive
CLEAR
MADE
a
verb
in
115
Verbs.
(1)
re.
:
Prese Rend
ut.
render
re, to
Past. Avoir
Participle
rend
u,
to
have
rendered
:
Present. Rend
rendering
ant,
Past.
Rend
rendered
u,
Compound. Ayant
rend
u,
having
rendered
Indicative:
Present. Je
rend
Tu
rend
s, I render s
II .rend
Nous
rend
ons
Vous
rend
ez
lis rend
(1) These
verbs
are
derived
ent
mostly
from
Latin
verbs
in
ere.
116
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Imperfect. Je
ais, I rendered
rend
Tu
ais
rend
ait
II rend
Nous
rend
ions
Vous
rend
iez
aient
lis rend
Past.
Simple Je
is,
rend
Tu
I
rendered
is
rend
II rend
it
Nous
rend
imes
Vous
rend
ites
lis rend
irent-
Past.
Compound rai
rend
Tu II
rend
as
rend
a
avons
Vous
avez
u
rend
u
rend
rend
ont
rendered
u
Nous
lis
I have
u,
u
u
Pluperfect. ravais Tu
rend
avais
II avait
rend rend
Nous
avians
Vous
aviez
lis avaient
I had
u, u u
rend
u
rend
u
rend
u
rendered
118
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Past. Paurais 7\
rend
aurais
II aurait
I should
u,
rend
aurions
Vous
auries
u
rend
u
rend
lis auraient
rendered
u
rend
Nous
have
u
rend
u
Imperative
Que Rend
render
me
render
s,
Qu'il rend
e,
let him
Rend
ons,
let
us
Rend
es,
render
Quails rend
Subjunctive
let
je rende,
render
render
ent, let them
render
:
Present.
Que je
rend
Que
rend
tu
Qu'il rend
that I may
e,
render
es
e
Que
nous
rend
ions
Que
vous
rend
ies
Quails rend
ent
Imperfect. Que
je
rend
isse, that I might render
Que
tu
rend
isses
Qu'il rend
it
Que
nous
rend
issions
Que
vous
rend
issiez
Qu'ils rend
issent
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
119
CLEAR
Past. that I may
Que fate rend u, Que tu aies rend Qu'il ait
rend
have
ren-
[dered
u
u
Que
nous
ayons
Que
vous
aye
rend rend
2
Qu'ils aient rend
u
u
u
Pluperfect. Que feusse rend u, rend Que tu ettsses Qu'il
rend
eut
What
is to
Que
nous
eussions
Que
vous
eussiez
a)
It numbers
b)
these
80
1. Verbs TO
be
noticed about
verbs
Verbs
u
conjugation?
classified
;
in
repondre,
also rompre, rdre
to
follows:
as
to
sell).
to
melt,
answer,
pondre, to tondre,
to
break.
(perdre,to
lose,
mordre,
to
bite,
wring)
conjugated in
vendre,
(fondre, to
ondre
EGGS,
tordre,to
2. Verbs
u
verbs;
stretch^
in
shear)
are
u
(descendre,to go down, fendre, defendre,to forbid, pendre, to hang,
tendre, to
Verbs
might have [rendered
in endre,
SPLIT,
LAY
rend
rend
be
can
rend
in this
80
u
I
u
Qu'ils eussent
14.
that
like
rendre.
{craindre,to fear, plaindre, TO contraindre,to force). PITY, in eindre Verbs {ceindre,to gird, feindre,to a FEIGN, enfreindre,to break geindre. rule, aindre
FRENCH
120
GRAMMAR
peindre, to
GROAN,
TO
teindre,to
IMPRINT,
eteindre,to in
verbs
dre, have
poindre,to the
of craindre 01 N
EiN,
;
a
AIN,
their present their
indie, je
imperat. are
tenses, except the future
(crain-
conditional
and
oiN,
EIN,
their real radical
d;
in all the other
drai)
join(sun),
stead euphony (crainre in-
cradns, je peins,j'oins.and without
restrict),and out
harsh) and
hence
compel,
anoint,
to
break
for
d
is
reach,
astreindre,to
(oindre,
oindre
all added
is AiN,
atteindre,to
dye,
restreindre,to
hug,
join,
TO
empreindre, to
paint,
extinguish,
etreindre,to
CLEAR
MADE
(craindrais)they change (je craignis, AiGN, EiGN, oiGN
into
je peignis,j'oignis) ; in
3. Vei'bs
paraitre,
BROWSE,
TO
croitre,
decroitre,
the
paitre,
know,
appear,)
to
increase,
to
added
have
(connaitre,to
aitre
in
or
oitre
decrease)
to
for
euphony and this T in the pres. indie, {je connais) imperfect {je connaissais)and the tenses t
appears disthe.
,
from
the
them;
simple past,
past part, in u, 4. Verbs shine,
in
is in
{nuire,
uire
instruire, to
{je connus)
us,
and
the
(connu).
construire,to
enduire,to
rived de-
to
build,
instruct,
coat,
induire,to reduire, to
luire,
hurt,
detruire,to conduire, induce,
to
destroy, to
lead,
infroduire,
reduce) have their radical in uis, (je nuis, je nuisais,je nuisis), but their future is in uirai (je nuirai),and their conditional in uirais (je miirais),the past part, to
introduce,
is in ui,
(j'aimti).
FRENCH
5.
GRAMMAR
Irregular verbs
15. What
are
the
absolve
dissolve
to
resolve
je
to
je je
sew
diss oho
grind
to
je
beat
to
je
Mettre,
put
to
je
Boire,
drink
to
je
none ns
je
resolus
je
cousis
je
moulus
cousons
mouds moulons
je boit^tis
bats battons
je
mets
je bus (Part.Present
hois huvons
nous
huvant)
lis boivent
Conclure, Exclure,
to to
Confire,to
conclude
y^
mis
mettons
nous 1/
none
couds
nous /
conclus
exclude
j'exclus
preserve
y^ conHs Pres. (Participle
je
conclus
je
coniis
je
maudis
je
crus
je
dis
:
coniisant) Maudire,
to
curse
je nrnudis nous
Croire, to believe
je
maudissons crois
croyons
nous
Dire,
to
say
je dis nous
Past,
resolvons
nous
Battre,
re:
Simple
resouds
nous
Moudre,
Pres.
dissous
nous
Coudre,
in
ahsolvons
nous
Resoudrc,
:
f ah sous nous
to
121
CLEAR
irregular verbs Indie.
to
Dissoudre,
below
as
Infinitive.
Absoudrc,
MADE
disons
122
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
FRENCH
%
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
123
124
FRENCH
Vaincre,
to
Vivre,
live
Braire,
to
to
GRAMMAR
CLEAR
MADE
j'aivaincu j'aivecu
jc vainer ai je vivrai
conquer
il braira
bray
Us braironi
Clore, to close Rclore, to hatch
j'aiclos j'aieclos j'aifrit j'aitrait
je clorai
j'eclorai je frirai je trairai
Frire, to fry Traire, to milk
C.
USE
THE
TENSES
OF
INFINITIVE
1. Is
not
infinitive frequently used
the
of the
instead
a)
The
constantlyused in French, as the is constantlyused in English, as present participle oner's couna subjector for an try object,ex. : dying THE
NOBLEST
(fest le sort LITTLE
the
instead
sans),
ex.:
de
present
(meaning
w^hile,
in,
mangeant,
this connection
patrie
called
of
the present
a
ciple parti-
do
before
think
participleis by,
not
or read
on), while
arriving.
gerund
au
speaking,
parler:
how^ever, the
arrivant,on
In
sa
prepositions(avant de, apres,
after
avant reflechissez
(1)
pour
punishing plus beau; I dislike je deteste punir un petitgargon;
infinitive is used
lieu de, de,
en
mouriv
LOT^
le
BOY,
(1)
-
participlein English?
present
infinitive is
IS
h)
French
in
by
grammarians.
used
ex.:
ne
after
en
Uses
pas
eating;
cu
126
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
jective (ex.:
my
MADE
CLEAR
convincing
speech
persuaded
him). In the first case ex.
voit
: on
YOU
see
those
in the
:
THE
2. What
a)
highest
is the
les
with
agrees
show
me
the
participle?
past
the past
is accompanied by participle the subject; ex. : les Presidents
with
elus
novemhre.
en
when
sont
elected
in
reveillee,the
baby
is accompanied by participle the
with
not
object when
if it
so
des
bevues, I
que
j'aifaites,the
made
ex.
:
cette
this
many
i
once a
comes
fai fait bien
ex.:
les bevues
made;
intransitive
house
avoir
object
blunders;
blunders
maison
the
after;
comes
participleof
past
mother,
are
etre
awakened;
it agrees
agrees,
Presidents
petite s'est
la
the past
before,
is
word
the noun,
points dominants,
of
agreement
it agrees
the
the
points.
(girl) has
c)
dominating
adjectiveand
an
montrez-moi
When
VHudson,
tout
{verbal adjective) the
case
as
agreement,
no
;
November;
b)
mountains
second
regarded
is
dominant
montagnes
ccs
Hudson
whole
ex.
there (participle)
verbs
never
belonged
appartenii
a
my
to
ma
mere.
Note.
1. When ex.:
the
ACTRESSES
WHOM
in favor 2. The ex.:
past participleis followed
les actrices
past il a :
of
que I
the
SAW
participles
fait tous faire); he
modern
usage
participleremaining les took
pu,
du,
voulu,
infinitive,
an
(or vues)
j'ai vu ACT,
by
jouer,
is strongly
unchanged. never
voyages qu'ila voulu all
the
journeys
the
he
change; stood (underwished.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
PRESENT
1 .
Is not
Yes, in four 1.
in
a
cases
:
vivid narration;
very
il quittcVAmerique, vole
I'or, Lafayette
de
America, WITH
:
over
Lafayette comprend,
France,
en
the
avec
situation,
France,
to
revient
et
and
came
viens
de*
left back
money;
in the
2.
ex.
realized
flew
instead
English?
in
as
in French
used
sometimes
past,
127
INDICATIVE
the present
of the
CLEAR
JUST
frequent phrase; je
very ex.
;
:
il vient
de
sortir,he
has
I
have gone
just
out;
3.
in the sentence
ai ecrit,it
vous
4.
phrases c'est moi, c'est lui,etc., beginning a referringto the past ; ex. : c'est moi qui
in sentences
I
was
like:
I
je suis ici depuis une je suis ici.
who
wrote
have
been
heure
il y
or
fifth,
a
; an
ex.
:
hour,
heure
une
in French
in English ; as Yes, colloquially, THE
you
here
the present frequently used of the future?
2. Is not
to
que
instead
I
sail
on
je nt'embarque le cinq. IMPERFECT
Does
the
English language to
The
the which
French
the
word
imperfect
language is not,
referred
to.
of or
possess
a
ing correspond-
imperfect? means
grammarians was
form
not,
incomplete,and denotes
entirelypast
an
at
in
action the
time
FRENCH
128
We
GRAMMAR
the word
past TO
sentence
a
SILENT
BE
is
smoked
in
"
English. For instance, certainlyan imperfect not a like the following: he used in
this tense
possess
"
HE
WHEN
qiiand il fumait.
But
must
notice
action
following
language
he
:
smoked
would
the past:
il
fume jusqu'a se should
In
(when
(quand il
last
imperfect hier soir;
The
sion conclu-
of
meaning denoted frequent in French than
more
English. dered realitythe French imperfect is generallyrenin English by the progressive was ; ex. : he
SMOKING
ex.
two
the French
the
not
malade.
that the shade
be
in the
cigars
qiiatre cigares
rendre
denote
to
ill, which
fume
a
by the imperfect is in
four
translate,using il
word,
same
very
smoked
himself
but a
the
more
sentences
he
night;
that
taisait gem-
se
frequentlyused completelypast, for example,
is much
SMOKED, an
U
SMOKED,
ralement we
CLEAR
MADE
:
he
FATHER
HIS
pere entra), or
son used
smoke
to
IN), H fumait
WENT
by
more
the words than
he
used
to;
does
now,
fumait plus qu'd present.
Note. In
like
sentences
which
be
can
HE
WAS uses
de
fumer
SIMPLE
1. When
PAST
does
il
fumait
SMOKING
etre
quand AND
the
French
in the
South
quand
in
translated
EngHsh
the
"
by the
French
en
train
de,
son
pere
entra.
"
ive progress-
language il etait
ex.:
COMPOUND
entra
pere
son
en
quently fre-
train
PAST
language
use
the
simple
past? Except West
of
partis) is
and
in
few
regions in the France, the. simple past {j'ecrivis, je seldom and no longer used colloquially a
private letter: it is confined to speechesin formal style. The French by the compound past (fai ecrit, je in
even
appears books
or
replace it
a
is
parti) which language; ex.: I suis
a
wrote
sentence,
should
run
e.
loss
week,
[But
in
to
wrote
the
to
last
him
dernier
she :
considerable to
lui ai ecrit la semaine
stylethe
129
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
je
formal
ingly, beseech-
me
suppliant.]
elle m'ecrivit d'un ton
Note. of
tendency
The
to
word
one
(j'ai ecrit)
to
English-speaking people
many
hears Frequently one to plusieurs fois, i wrote of je lui ai ecrit. We
past.
is to
customed ac-
two
imperfect instea I of the compound them je lui ecrivais say:
past
speaking: French
when
instead
(i wrote) the
denote
of
the
use
should
stead in-
times,
several
him
that
remember
imperfect, unless can mentally retranslate in the progressive, for we as instance, in such a sentence je lui ecrivais quand it entra, (i w^as to when in). writing him he came are
we
on
account
no
to
the
use
PLUPERFECT
Does
French
1.
French
in every tried
in ex. VAULT
:
frequently
more
times
circonstances
we
OCCASIONS THE
oil
j'avaiscchoue.
FENCE
last
at
IN I
WHICH
FAILED,
j'avaisessaye
I
the
use
en
I
ex.:
had
SUCCEEDED,
eniin
fois quand
in which
MANY OVER
English does;
when
hien des
cases
ON
pluperfect:
in which
case
essaye
many
the
uses
many
favais 2.
pluperfect
English?
than Yes.
the
use
je
reussis.
simple past; I
TRIED
TO
de nombreuscs
de sauter
la
palissadc
130
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
Note.
Pluperfect called before
than
it denotes
another, also past
back
than
like:
only
"more
means
because
i
the
past
one
mere
failed
or
i
:
and
complete" past
action
it takes
our
a
is
which
ther far-
memory
past, for
instance, in
tried
which
to,
so
came
a
tence sen-
conjures
up
occurrence.
FUTURE
1. Does
French
after when, the
as
soon
the
as,
ever, when-
moment,
first who, etc.?
No, the meaning here verb
is in the
future
THE
MOMENT
THE
sitot que
instead of the future
the present
use
in French
DOCTOR
le medecin
;
call
:
ex.
the
and
future
implied is
me
up
teUphoneZ-moi
ARRIVES,
arrivera;
imperfectinstead of the conditional in similar sentences referringto the past, but here the conditional, again the French language uses
we
the
use
ex.
:
YOU
WERE
DOCTOR
2. How
le medecin
the
does
going By
vais
ROOM,
THE
telephonersitot
me
has
ex.
acheter
I
:
aller
sort
a
going
a
of
buy
to
I hicyclette,
une
am
infinitive?
an
become
am
/
translate
language
/ will with
which
je vais
moment
arriverait.
or
future,
the
up
devies
French
vAis"
jE
of the
je
to
me
vous
arrived,
que
call
to
a
auxiliary bicycle,
go
will
to
his
chambre.
sa
Note.
1. Partly because
it is the
not
je
and
vais
rare
mistake:
je vais.
of
account
on
to
je
hear veux
meaning
will
je
sound
veux
voulolr, partly somewhat
alike,
English-speaking people make aller
a
sa
chambre
instead
of
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
notice
However, his
to
that ?"
room
MADE
translated
you
go
aller
voules-vous
:
a
chambref
sa
is also
2. Devoir
used
we
are
the
future
move
to
;
:
ex.
nous
out.
ANTERIOR
FUTURE
is the
denote
to
dcmcnager^
devons
1. What
interrogation "will
the
is
131
CLEAR
"future
of the term
meaning
anterior"?
English grammarians generally call this tense future perfect (i.e.future past) v^hich no doubt French is a puzzling expression. The is clearer. Anterior means previous. So the future anterior action which will have already taken an announces another action happens ; ex. : by the place when YOU
TIME
THERE
GET
HE
WILL
FOUND
arr'iverez il
qiiaud vous
INTERPRETER,
HAVE
AN
trouve
aura
interprete.
un
Note. The
French tense
il
than
Yes,
it is
which
the
I
AFRAID,
For not
their HAD BABY
have.
anterior
THERE
FOUND.
frequent
more
IS
up
and
NO
"'it
must
IS
en
ILL."" In a
une
malade, je
future
NO
in French
DOUBt""
le crains."
probably,
with
DOUBT,
the paSt.
expecting do
were
for
the
rained"" Or
''I'u
""they
or AFRAID
sentences
''il aura
plu";
;
of
causes
all these
doute"
in
sentences
must_,
uses
have
anterior: sans
ih
about
French
panne,
with
you
cast
you
BREAKDOWN,
A
English
trouve.
/constantlymet English language
delay:
include ront
will
instance, people whom turn
the
to
English?
in
AM
+ -f-
aura
future
the
exactly similar
:
''he
2. Is not
is
tense
le bebe
THE
would "Us aura
au-
etc
132
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
CONDITIONAL
1. Cannot
the
conditional
be
replaced
by
another
tense?
Yes, the past conditional
frequentlyreplacedby would it have subjunctive pluperfect; ex.:
the
U
BEEN
EASY,
eut
He
This
substitution
is
there
not
a
French
Yes, French be
se
3. What
ex.
is the
:
le
in
same
the conditional
is
supposed
to
presidentdemissionnerait, le
reunirait le 18; probably
French
which
event
an
Senate
RESIGN,
by the
translated
frequentlyuse
newspapers
announce
probable ;
Senat
be
never
conditional
the
English?
in
to
which
in
case
can
tense
facile. of euphony largelya matter can always be used.
conditional
the
and
Is
is
President to
expected
meet
translation
on
"if
of
to
18th.
the
you
should
come"? The
same
YOU
came''^ viz.,si
as
that of
"^if vous
you
came''
or
'"in
cAsii
venies.
Note. If
I HAVE
si
SHOULD BEEN
HAVE A
MOVED DEAD
MAN
(or is
MOVED) I SHOULD frequently translated by: HAD
1
als je bougeais, j'etaisun homme niort, both conditiontranslated the This being by imperfect.. usage recalls the narrative present {see page 120).
134
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
ra,therthan out
fact
a
dicare, to when
we
form
of
things exterior naturallyuse
we
at);
point
not
are
so
speech ;
:
to
I
know
point (Latin inwe
I
as
he
the
use
we
if,
When
us.
the indicative
ex.:
sure,
ex.
CLEAR
MADE
am
is
dead,
subjective
more
were
he
afraid
DEAD.
2. What
the
are
that
a)
the
which
In
cases
subjunctive
there
doubt
no
in French?
used
be
must
is
subjunctiveis found in either classical or modern English, remembering that the subjunctivein English is denoted not only by the subjunctive proper {though I he, though I In
were)
the
also by the
but
THOUGH
1.
in which
case
every
HE
SHOULD;
forms
moins
WHETHER
THAT
Homme
suggest
WOULD
His
ne
son
OR
pent, re-
repente;
se
NOT,
i hough
non;
he
Get
que be
sole
heritier;
seul
THAT
and
may
your
CONSENT
ou
qu'ilsoit
hien
HEIR, 1
MAN
cofisente
unless
voire
que
i
:
ex.
{Subjunctiveproper) : a
that
HE
WRITE
:
je coHsaillerais
qu'ilecrive; I
THEREFORE
.
.
PROPOSE
Done,
.,
CoNGRESS
THAT
je propose
le
que
NIZE. RECOG-
Congres
re-
connaisse. .
2.
{May)
:
I
.
.
say
je dis
that
this
cela pour
you
que
may
fully
alize, re-
compreniez par-
vous
faitement; May
his
name
be
blessed!
que
son
nom
soit
beni! 3. {Should) suis
:
I
am
sorry
fdche qu'ellecroie ;
she
should
think;
.je
/
What music!
up
la
ahandonne
qu'ilait
quel dommage
given
have
should
he
that
pity
a
135
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
musique!
HIS
FATHER
pere
vent
It
is
WANTS
a
:
SOU
DOCTOR,
A
BE
TO
qu'ilsoil medecin;
too
late
trop tard 3. In
ex.
HIM
includes
sentence
a
(1 ) ;
in the infinitive
verb
of
final clause
the
When
h)
him
for
learn
to
la
qu'ilapprenne
pour
music,
il est
musique. .
the
subjunctive though the verb is in the indicative (present, past or future) in English?
what
We
who
mind I
GLAD
heureux He
is
I
that
venies
state
own
etc.);
of
ex.:
TOO,
je
Suis
aussi;
YOUR
AT
SURPRISED
his
COMING
ARE
YOU
vous
que
U
s'etonm
HEARING
MF.
REFUSING,
refusiez;
vous
que
will,
said above,
we
as
expresses
the reverse,
(joy or AM
speaks
stead subjunctivein-
the
uses
indicative wherever,
our
the person
a)
use
French
that
say
may
of
French
does
cases
FURIOUS
WAS
AT
j'staisfurieiixde
YOUR ce
que
NOT vous
ne
m'entendiez
pas; when especially
and
b)
is felt in the
a
uncertainty happens chieflywith of
certain amount This
sentence.
indicating:
verbs
1.
a
2.
je doute qu'elleguerissejamais; il may ex.: get she a possibility; well, possiblequ'elle guerisse;
doubt;
I
ex.:
doubt
that
she
will
ever
RECOVER,
(1) WISH,
This
is the
etc.,
case
with
noting the action
such of
English verbs the
will.
as
to
want,
TO
ORDER,
est
TO
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
136
Note. It
3.
hypothesis;
an
ACCIDENT
is translated
well
get
bility probaprobable qu'elle guerira, because if it actually existed. the fact as us
il est shows
by:
will
she
that
probable
is
ex.
Let
:
suppose
us
supposoHs
OCCURS,
that
an
qu^ufiaccidefit
se
is
so
produise; 4.
negation;
a
SAW
5.
vois
that
rien
IS
concession
a
;
:
Is
un
bienf
ex.
:
French
a
is
Yes,
Though
5. Are
que
je parte;
the
'^
is
; ex.
there
shall
not
verb
be
to
que
tisse;i
i
had
to
have
is
leave,
U
is
king,
or
not,
the
junctive sub-
pour
that, way
or
followed
to
by
il faut
leave,
fallwtque je paril faudra que je parte.
phrases
always used
{aiin que
purpose
a
a
which
after
always used?
denoting:
finalityor
me
adverbial
many
sentences
such
which
when
for
leave,
to
subjunctive
in
parfois
comes
he
after
necessary
subjunctive
ORDER
was
he
necessary,
Yes, the
1.
war
always used?
FALLoiR, : it
much,
that
true
it
qu'ilfut roi; Whether qu'ilvienne ou non.
not
very
me
bien
4. Is there
si brave,
est-H vvai que
BENEFIT?
A
soit
la guerre
he
qu'ilsoit
pas
impressed
interrogation ; ex.
an
that
see
qui m'ait beaucoup frappe;
vii
SOMETIMES
6.
not
do
He
nothing
je n'ai
I
:
je
BRAVE,
VERY
I
ex.
que, so
that
that, ;
short
or
adverbial
que,
manicre
de ex.
in
:
in
que,
GRAMM/TR
FRENCH
SOFTLY
SPEAK
THAT
SO
paries bas pour
MADE
YOURSELF
EXPRESS WILL
IN
maniere
SLEEP,
s'endorme; WAY
A
THAT
BODY EVERY-
exprimez
UNDERSTAND,
TO
soit
le monde
tout
que
TO
GO
MAY
SUCH
SURE
BE
de
vous
BABY
bebe
que
137
CLEAR
de
sur
comprendre; 2.
sans
by not
by
loin que,
unless,
de peur participle,
a
that
le
followed
without,
que,
uioins que,
a
I
OF
afraid
AM
not
lowed fol-
from,
lest)
que,
HIM,
participle,
a
far
that,
;
ex.
pas que
nofi
:
je
craigne; OUT
crept
HE
il 3.
restriction {non pas que,
negation or
glissadehors
se
ANYBODY
WITHOUT sans
que,
UNTIL,
by
present
a
NOT
DO
attendant
en
BEFORE
bougez pas
avant
WAIT
TILL
jusqu'd ce
followed
while,
que,
ce
ex.: participle),
MOVE
HERE
jusqu'd
before,
que,
HIM,
Ventendit;
personne
que
previousness (avant
HEARING
LIGHT
THE
la lumiere
que
COMES
SHE
paraisse, attendez
BACK,
qu'ellerevienne, or
fie
APPEARS,
attendez
tCt
qu'elle
revienne.
Note. The
subjunctive is always is restrictive ;
EVER
tortured
jamais 9. What
tense
It
seems
sentence
it h
the
used
superlative because
a
ME,
ex.
Ic
:
most
the
a
clause
meaning
of
cruel
le plus cruel
raseur
ing containthe
bore
tence senthat
qui m'ait
torture.
is used if it
after si, if?
ought to denotes inevitably as
after
the
the as subjunctive, condition,but in reality
be the
indicative,because
a
the
condition
is ima-
FRENCH
138
gined
GRAMMAR
subordinate a
CLEAR
already realized. However,
as
the condition
If
MADE
implied in
the
should
man
sentence
is in the
clause, which appear
the
and
effect
of
in the
appears
subjunctive,ex.:
mock
si
you....,
quelqu'unparaissait(indie.)qui se moqudt (subj.) de
vous.
Note. The
elaborate
form
s'il fut vcnu, by the s'il etait
7. What
is the
HAD
i
had
consented,
placed always be repluperfect si favais voulu,
TURNED
Can
UP,
venu.
of tenses
verb
in
the
subjunctive?
in the
principalclause
(g-enerally
first half of the sentence) is in the present the
the
in
verb
the
subordinate
subjunctivepresent; payer, I
b)
j'eusse voulu,
HE
indicative
concord
the
When
a)
si
when
past
doubt
the
verb
in
je
ex.: he
can
the
conditional
the
or
if
clause
should
doute pay
be
qu'ilpiiissevous you;
principalclause the
the
in
the
is in
in the subordinate
verb
clause is in the
subjunctiveimperfect,if the person who speaks refers to something having happened I did not think ex.: he was ing lysimultaneously; TO
jc
ME,
it is in
the
made
an
ex.
of I
:
croyaispas qu'ilme subjunctive pluperfectif action previous to the time not
did
mcntit;
ne
suspect
he
had
told
is
mention
alluded a
lie,
je
to ; ne
menti.
soupgonnais pas qu'ileut Note.
subjunctive imperfect is gradually being replaced
The
by the
on present like de peur
forms que
vous
in the avant
account que
nous
n'oubliassie:^,etc. third pers. sing, (dc
qu'iln'ouhliat),which
of nous
the
comical
sound
moquassions,
However,
of
avant
it is retained
se moqudt, peur qu'ilne is perfectly euphonious.
FRENCH
should
method
8. What
follow
we
139
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
the
master
to
rules given above?
thoroughly when we begin to apply stinct. it instinctively. Only practisewill develop an inbe the of practiseshould The best kind gin invention of sentences exemplifying the rules. Beknow
We
rule
a
where with
ex.:
Though
he
LEST
adverbial
to
a
be
SHOULD
HE
subjunctive;ex.: etc. ce que je menne, subjunctive will, in to
will be in
and
you,
ready to
a on
go
use
say
English language a; of the subjunctive;
King,
that
may
i
ceed, suc-
etc. ; then
FORGET,
on
go
in
automaticallybringing
sentences
the
natural
the
makes
French
the
as
which
in
sentences
well
is to
will find it easiest,that
you
qu'ilne
avant
will
You
such
quite
seem
being thus created,you (likethose
cases
little
question3) requiringa
find that the
soon
sentences,
habit to
parte, jusqu'a
INTERROGATION"
described
attention.
more
NEGATION
INTERROGATION
1.
is there
difference
What
The
verb
French do
TO
as
verb
I?
do
an
is
Did
YOU?
CAN
May she
our
faire),and
to ex.:
we
from
mode
the
in French?
has
HAVE
in interrogate
mind
think
of
French
we
(unless of
course
simpler forms
THEY?
NEED
I?
write?
puis-jef
Does
ecrivait-ellef
he
come?
like
French
always limit themselves, like after simply placingthe pronoun I?
of
nothing comparable to the sentences. auxiliaryin interrogative
language
So whenever dismiss
English and
in
interrogation
between
the
must
the may
terrogat ingoing, fore-
the verb ;
vient-il?
140
2.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Conjugate
interrogatively in the the past?
verb
a
indicative
CLEAR
MADE
and
Chanter,
to
sing.
Present
Chante-jef Do chant es-tuf
Simple
I
Dost
Chant
sing? \\\o\\smg}
present
at-
je?
chantas-tuf
Past
Did
I
sing?
Didst
thou
sing? chante-t-il?
Does
chantons-nousf
chanta-t-ilf Did
sing? Tiov^Qsmg} he
he
chantames-nousf
sing?
Did
we
sing? chantez-vons?
chantates-voiis?
Doyousing?
Did
you
sing? chantent'ilsf
Do
chant erent-ilsf
theysing?
Did
they
sing? Note. 1.
Chante-jef is an
2. In
is
Chante-je? No,
it is
The
only
in
mere
inversion
of
je chcinfe:
gives clarityto the sound.
te
on
chante-t-ilf and
3. Chantent-ilsf
3. Is
the
not
accent
acute
chanta-t-ilf
pronounced
frequent
use
is inserted
t
for
phony. eu-
like chante-t-ilf
in modern
French?
archaism.
an practically
dicativ conjugated in the first person inin that way are: ai-jef(qu'ai-je fait?) le dire?) dis-je?{que dis-jef) dois-jef(dois-je puis-jef {oil puis-je alter f) suis-jef{qui suis-jepour oser,..?) vois-je?{que vois-jef). verbs
"
"
"
"
"
Note.
Puisse-je!
is
a
subjunctive and
means
may
I!
142
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
NEGATION
What
1
difference
.
is there
English
in
(I French
nai
The
w^hich I
pas;
French
NOT,
the
verb
You
WRITE,
is
do
dare
tences negative sen-
is that
two,
uses
instead of
ne
in
sentences have
not,
I
pas;
;
French
in
I
ex.:
n'ose
je
REAd)
NOT
DID
absent;
not,
je ne sais pas. only difference
NOT,
in
do
Negative sentences nearly those negative
very
ces senten-
in French?
not.
English from je
negative
auxiliary to
NOT
DO
does
resemble
and
the
Eng-lishuses
between
know
negation,
one
pas,
between
which
used
in
speec!i
is inserted.
Note.
t. Je n'ose for 2. The Si
,/Vn'ose
3. The
pas
is the
OF
etre,
Hen"
(and
were
tiring
to
not
or
nothing'' not
the French
formal
is
frequent ; if
i
:
ex.
were
not
to
ne
by
''vous
do
etre
.ex.:
ou
nc
be.
do
nothing"? by ''vous
fakes rien") : would
sentence
pas;
not
ne
that
faiies is to
correspond exactly do
if pas
nothing,
eliminated.
jamais, never, ni,..ni, neither. de,
si
fatiguer,
is translated
the illiterate "you not
after
for "You
Every negative sentence
pas
are
sais pci^.
YOU.
be
French
DO
to
ne
infinitive is placed after
**You
say
sais
ne
je
pas, je
suppression of pas je ne craignais de vous
AFRAID
2. What
and
aucun,
ne.
.
.
no,
includingthe .
plus, no
.nor,
nulle
personne,
words
more,
part, nobody,
no
ne
.
.
,
longer,
nowhere,
and
rien.
";*" ;"
*;v"i GRAMMAR
FRENCH
out
CLEAR
is translated in the
NOTHING^
pas
MADE
ex.
;
:
I
know
same
nobody
143
leaving
manner,
here^
jc ne
connais
ici.
perSonne Note.
Personne, are
followed
Rien
came;
difference
3. What
pas is
is
an
ex.
:
by ne
ne
Hen,
; ex.
vous
:
used
nothing,
plait,nothing
nobody
pleases
between
is there
subjects,
as
n'est venu,
Personne
ne
you.
and
pas
de?
pas
Ne
and
norody,
adverb
meaning adjective meaning no; an
not^
argent, I
have
not
I
have
no
Je n'ai pas
mon
Je n'ai pas
d'argent,
while
my
pas de
money.
money.
Resume
rules
What
are
exemplified in the followingsentences?
J'aime nager, Avant de plonger,
I
En
While
swimming. diving. diving.
What
could
Before
plongeant,
Que penserf le renard
Et
de
love
courir,
Whereupon ran
Fermer
Des Ces
livres amusant
fils
,
mon
As
these my
fox
close the door.
Amusing
livres amusants,
master
away.
Please
la porte,
I think?
son
books. books
amuse
144
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Est-i\ venu? mais
Non,
CLEAR
come?
Did
he
No,
but
est
soeur
sa
MADE
venue,
his sister did.
J'aifaitde grandes promenades, long walks.
I took Les
promenades
grandes
qu'ila faites, Sa
m'a
%ure
semble
in-
long
walks
His
face
seemed
to
telligente, ballons
Les
j'ai
que
vii
took.
he
The
gent intelli-
me.
The
balloons
I
The
balloons I
saw
flated in-
saw
gonfler, Les
ballons
j'ai i^us
que
s'elever.
Je glisse,je tomhe, je
me
I
le
de
viens
Cest
frere
votre
gronder, qui tenait
I have
just scolded
It
your
part
en
was
held the
I'eponge, On
slipped,fell,and
hurt
myself.
b Iesse,
Je
rising.
vacances
de-
The
him. who
brother sponge. breaks
school
up
morrow. to-
main.
regardaw tandis qu'il grimpa"7, Comme il grimpait !a
Je
le
branche
Je
As
he
was
branch
I
Un
him
watched
spoiledyou.
A
prophet
I
thought
Rentrez
Come
sonnera,
le clairon
he
climbing the snapped.
prophete s'eleva, J'avaiscm vous entendre, sitot que
as
climbed.
cassa,
ai gate,
vous
I
the
arose.
I heard
home
the
bugle
blows.
you.
moment
FRENCH
II
GRAMMAR
de
promis
m'a
I
penser,
y
devez-vous
come
soon
the
as
Are
les voit pas
n^
ils
:
going to
think
not
buy
you do
They
se
perdus,
seronf
am
of it.
acheter
pas
terrain?
On
as
to
bugle blew.
Je vais
un
145
promised home
sonne-
rait.
Ne
CLEAR
Me
rentrer
le clairon
quand
MADE
to
not
; they
appear
have
must
lot ?
a
losit their
way.
mieux
11 eut
"
II aurait
La
valu
Bourse
rester,J
"
t
"
le
fermerait
to
Had
vous
venu,
mille dollars,
gagmes
wiser
henceforth
market close
to
etiez
voiis
been
stay.
Stock
samedi, Si
have
It would
come
you
have
Saturdays. would
you
made
a
thousand
dollars. Bien
que
suis
Je
la loi soit muette,
d'avis
I suggest
cela
puisseme Vive
Que
afin
que
je
soient
May
! paisibles 11 est bon
que
go. I may
remember.
Long
destinees
that you
Say it again that
rappeler,
la France! ses
say
vous
que
alUez, Redites
Act
the Though nothing.
live France! her
future be peaceful
! vous
sachiez,
It
is
good
should
you
know.
Je voulais n
est
que
vous
utile que
sachies, vous
preniez a souffrir,
ap~
I It
wanted
is useful learn how
ferinsf.
to
you
for to
know. you
bear
to
suf-
146
II
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
s'impatlente de
que
He
differiez,
voiis
II
ce
MADE
douteux
est
passiez
que
bien
votre
CLEAR
is
growing impatient puttingoff your
at vous
It
is doubtful will pass
exa-
that
you
ation. examin-
your
.men,
Est-il possible qu'elle epoiise homme?
cet
En
que
vous
Granted
ne
suppose
qu'ilsoit
pas
I do not
is
millionnaire, n'ai
Je
que
that
are
you
right.
raison,
ayes
man?
that
marry
admettant
Je
Is it possible that she may
jamais vu de boxeur be! j'aie trouve
I
that he
suppose
millionaire.
a
pugilistI some. really thought hand-
never
a
saw
homme,
Espere-t-ilque
Je
revienne
fois?
cent
he
Does
expect back
come
to
me
hundred
a
times ? Eaudra-t-il
vingt
Parlez
que
je lui ecriz'c
Shall him
fois ?
qu*on vous
pour
en-
le
sans
que
personne
He
to
times ?
that you
be
may
went
le soleil fut leve,
le
plus brave
S'il entrait
portaf des
in without
body any-
noticing him.
que
Before
The
the
bravest
sun man
rose.
I
ever
knew.
j'aicconnu,
ne
write
heard.
que
L'homme
Je
so
remarqudt,
Avant
to
twenty
Speak
tendCj II entra
I have
homrne
un
qui
armes,
crois pas
vienne, qu'il
If
a
man
should
in
come
carrying arms. I do
not
think he is
ing. com-
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Je
MADE
did
I
croyaispas qu'ilvlnt,
ne
CLEAR
147
think
not
he
was
coming. Je n'aurais
pas
I
qu'ilfut
cru
Where
coiirent-ellesf
have
not
posed
venu,
Oil
could
he
would
supcome.
they running
are
to?
moi?
moque-t-ilde
Se
qu'il se
Est-ce
Is he
making
fun
of me?
Is he
making
fun
of me?
de
moque
moi? La
partie commence?
The
La
partie commence-t-elle?
Is
Elles Si
ne
courent
je n'esperaisvous
the
They
pas,
If
plaire,
do
I
pas
oser
c'est
ne
Not
pas
Pas
to
not
run.
hope
I heard
rien,
^'effort, pas de
D.
No
succes,
CLASSES
OF
dare
is
not
Passive Intransitive Reflexive
Reciprocal Impersonal
nothing.
effort, no
VERBS
to
you.
succeed.
reussir,
Je n'cntendis
not
did
beginning? beginning?
game
please Ne
is
game
success.
to
148
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
PASSIVE
How
Exactly
is
However, by
in
as
It
ex.:
written
which
verbs
the a
THE
qu'on
1. What
has
subject;
in
am
spoken
WERE
to,
to,
auxiliary used
in the
on
parle; faiitCS
les
past
tenses
it used
century
in
English, (and people frequentlysay fai venu, as
I
have
present etre, Us
be
; ex.
etaient avant
even
I
:
they
fai
come, but
is at
it
walked
before
qu'ilsne
avoir,
be
country
have
had
monies,
to now
upstairs)
walked to
of
in French?
verbs
seventeenth
downstairs,
with me
on
ally; liter-
WITH,
REPROACHED
VERBS
HAVE,
monte,
proached re-
be
transitive
INTRANSITIVE
intransitive
TO
to
translated
be
not
become
accompanied
reprocha.
vous
Till the
spoken
be
be;
ecrit que...
English are
to
I
ex.:
YOU
is the
il est
etc.) can
verb
ERRORS
the auxiliaryto
that...
preposition(to
a
conjugated?
English, with
WITH,
as
VERBS
passive verbs
French
are
CLEAR
stairs. up-
they
went
fussent descendus.
Note. The
following verbs:
sleep;
demeurer,
grandir, to vieillir,to
2. Is the
intransitive
conveniently
grow grow
Cesser, to
verb
paraitre,
take
used
in French
French
people who know of enough the flexibility
appear
;
in
frequently English?
English our
to
to
fail;
to
and
avoir.
as as
coucher,
cease;
echouer,
dwell; ;
up
old,
to
can
not
and
admire
intransitive verbs.
An
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
150
MADE
REFLEXIVE
1. Are
there in
VERBS
French
than
all the verbs
which
verbs
reflexive
more
CLEAR
in
English?
Yes.
a)
French
are
language possesses reflexive in English,that is
the
subject does
the
verb;
The
THAT
h)
//
knife^
hlcssc soiivcnt
se
other
verbs,
in
French
reflexive pronoun; U
REMEMBERS,
ex.
:
verbs
conjugated with
a
reflexive
in
me
coUteau.
called
are
repens;
hlesser,
Part.
Pres.,
Se
blessanf,
Past.
Part.,
S^etre hlesse,
II
te se
hlesse, blesses, hlesse
Nous
nous
hlessons,
Vous
vous
hlesseB,
lis
se
he
pronominajl,i.e.
Se
Tu
a
elle s'in-
verb.
me
transit in-
with
pronoun.
Je
a
possesses
WORRIES,
Infinitive,
Indie. Pres.,
ce
English
je
SHE
;
with
conjugated
I repent,
by
action of v^^hich
language
are
are
indicated
avec
which
souvient
sc
quiete. These
a
French
that
express
himself
hurts
verbs, the boomerang
but
Conjugate
say,
action
the
often
truly reflexive,the
great many
2.
himself
he
ex.:
Besides- these is
to
to
bless ent,
Imp., Simple Past, Compound Past,
Je
me
blessais.
Je
me
blessai,
Je
me
suis hlesse.
Pluperfect,
Je m*etais hlesse.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Je
me
Je
me
fus hlesse, blesserai,
Je
me
serai hlesse,
Pres.,
Je
me
Past,
Je
me
Anterior,
Past
Future, Anterior,
Future Cond. '*
151
CLEAR
MADE
Que
Imperative,
hlesserais, serais hlesse,
je
hlesse,
me
Blesse-toi, Qu'il
se
hlesse,
Blessons-nous,
Blesses-vous, Qu'ils se hlessenf, Que je
Subj. Pres.,
3. What
**
Imp.,
"
Past,
"
Pluperf.,
a)
Que
particulars this The
hlesse,
me
je me Que je me Que je me especially
are
hlessasse, sois hlesse,
fusse hlesse,
to
be
noticed
in
conjugation? reflexive verb
like the transitive
sc
hlcsscr
verb
is
conjugated exactly
hlesser,but preceded by the
reflexive pronouns.
h)
c)
The
auxiliaryin
but
ctre.
and
not
In
the
after
4.
Conjugate
I
the
have
compound
hurt
je m'ai
myself,
se
je
the
hlesser
interrogatively.
hlesse-jef
Te
hlesses-tiif
Se
hlesse-t-ilf
Nous
hlessons-nousf
Vous
hlessez-vous?
hlessent-ilsf
are
pronouns
foi is substituted
Se
avoir
suis hlcssr
me
verb, and
Me
is not
hlesse.
imperative proper
the
tenses
for
te.
placed
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
152
Note. Me
there
conjugated
are
intransitive,that
the
verbs, beside
other
placed re-
Est-ce
by:
5. Are
is constantly colloquial French blesse? me je que
hlesse-jef in
verbs?
like reflexive
Yes.
a)
A
few
passiveverbs
est
hien vendu,
la
maison
HOUSE
idioms,
this
REVILE
other; les
hdissent,the
balkan
1.
Conjugate
an
ex.
indicatingthat :
Us
is
two
they s'injurient,
one
hate
another.
VERBS
impersonal verb. to
Pres.
Pleuvant,
raining.
rain.
Past
Part.
Phi,
rained.
Ind.
Pres.,
//
it rains.
it rained.
Imp., Simple Past, Comp. Past, Plup.,
//
pleut, pleuvait,
//
pint,
//
a
Past
Jl eut
Ant,
English
house
the
Pleuvoir,
"
hdtie,the
est
[The
Infinitive, Part.,
deal;
iiafions halkaniqiiesse
nations
IMPERSONAL
great
a
for
hien for
similar.]
very
OTHER;
EACH
sold
well;
i.e. verbs
each
on
vend
se
QUICKLY.
are
Reciprocal verbs, subjectsact
is
sells
QUICKLY^
BUILDING
h)
BUILT
book
livre
ce
rapidement
bdtit
BEING
:
book
this
se
IS
; ex.
plu,
// avait
plu, plu,
Put,
//
pleuvra,
Fut. Ant,
//
aura
plu,
it rained.
it
has
rained.
it had
rained.
it had
rained, it rained.
it will rain.
it will have
rained.
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
153
Note. is
1. There
in
verbs 2. A
English
number il
ex.:
difference
no
French
of
fait froid, it
il fera beau,
whatever between French.
it
will
impersonal
in
and
verbs is
cold,
re
fine
formed
are
il
with
fait noir, it
correspond to English verbs formed conjugated only in the third nearly akin to impersonal verbs.
and, being
3. Phrases APPEAR
like A
man,
conjugated temps,
2. Which
They 3.
Conjugate
y
comes
etc., are if they un
verbs
y
avoir
avoir.
and
a
translated were
time,
dark, ally gener-
with
it
there
by ordinary
is, are
person,
will
verbs
impersonal: il vient
un
homme.
are
in French?
with are
there
il paraitra
impersonal met
as
:
is
They
weather.
faire;
falloir.
the
most
frequently
154
FRENCH
1. II y
GRAMMAR
both
IS
a
it y 2.
singularand
il y
MATCH,
There
MADE
a
de
a
being
There
is
by n'y
4. Does
on
il y
not
Yes, il y a)
h)
in
de
do
on
II y
New
York
FROM
New
in
IS
a
a
a
York
month
sailed un
lated etc., is trans-
which
in sentences
there
il
dire.
de
moyen
is?
Ya-t-il loin?
cinq heures {de chemin et Washington, it is five
qu'ila pris he
avail
constantlyappears;
a
mois.
a
Washington
to
speaking of time; IT
n'y
pent dire, or
ne
savoir, pas
include
not
il
saying,
speaking of distances; ex.:
FAR?
letes, ath-
temps.
frequently occur
English
in
no
pent savoir,
ne
a
fine
a
lated etc., is trans-
comme
de
asses
knowing,
no
is
are
time,
ponderously by
pas moyen
a
no
doctor,
pas de medecin, pas 3.
there
there
superhes lutteurs.
no
rather
plural;ex.:
match;
un
CLEAR
fer)
hours'
it
entrc ride
;
ex.:
since
le bateau month
de
Is
he
sailed,
il y
a
un
inois
;
ago,
il
a
pris le
bateau
il y
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
155
Note. When
HAVE
WAITED
THAT
MAN,
void
tends
A
homme
il
va
MONTH
BEEN
dcputs avoir
y
qu'y
SINCE,
i FOR
MONTPI
A
f attends
homme,
cet
homme,
ret.
use
ex.:
j'at-
or
mois.
un
mois
un
English;
WATTING
U y a UH mois que mois que fatfends
un
cet
Idioms:
HAVE
I
Or
in
past
French
the
progress,
translate the
to
present
or
is still in
action
an
the
IS
WHAT
be
soon
will
it
que,
Q-t-llf
MATTER?
THE
Conjugate falloir.
5.
Inf., Ind.
Pres.,
"
Imp., P^" Simple Past, Comp., "
Cond. "
it is necessary
II
it
was
necessary
II
fallut,
it
was
necessary
II
fallu, avail fallu, cut fallu,
it has
been
necessary
it had
been
necessary
it had
been
necessary
a
faudra, aura fallu,
II
Ant., Pres., Past,
"
be necessary
faut, fallait,
Il
Subj. Pres., Imp., "
II
II
Ant.,
Fut., "
to
il
Plup., Past.
Falloir,
it will be
it will have
been
Il fand rait,
it would
necessary
II aurait
it would
fallu,
be
have
sary neces-
been
cessary ne-
Qu'il faille,
that it may
Qu'il falliif,
that it might be necessary
Qu'il ait fallu, that
Past,
necessary
be necessary
it may
have
been
have
been
necessary ''
Qu'il
Plup.,
exit
fallu, that
it
might
necessary Note. 1. Not
only
to
TO,
and
HAVE
in
ex.:
quitfe; to
are
is i
must tell
necessary,
ought
consequence
verb; HAD
be
must
probably the
the
verbs
must,
to
by falloir,which most
used
French
// faut que je vous you, faut-ilque vous partiesf il fallutque je lui dise. leave
go?
you him
but
translated
;
i
156
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MADE
CLEAR
like the foregoing, Devoir, it is true, is also used in sentences but it only indicates a probability; ex.: we ARE
TO
aller
GO
TO
a
2. Remember AM
6. What I
I dictionnaire,
want^
is the It
IS
necessary
;
necessary
le
;
we fallait,
Analyse the
il
fell
word
for
va
=
partir il
:
il
or
I
need
:
faut
me a
meilleur
uji
better
ary. diction-
partes
Vinstant* il le
a
it
once^
hicn
r'lmrs
il
falloir partir.
va
word
falloirpartir
TO
GO,
=
YOU
found
cessary. ne-
was
it
qiCil
:
it is
"
faut
absolutely
we
=
I, WE,
is
back^
va
or
indic. ;
=:
faut?
me
reculCnnes, iwus
falloir
je parte,
que
(;V pars
LEAVING.
cx.
at
sentence:
Translate
So
ex.
leave nous
is invariably
fallotr
of il le fautl
meaning
ahsolument,
following
BE
dcvOHS
flOUS
d'aout.
mots
of il
meaning or
AUGUST,
subj.)
=
NEED,
7. What
8.
MUST
I
WANT
au
the verb I
je parte
is the
IN
subjunctive: je pars, il faut
LEAVING,
que
HARBOR
Harbor
that
in the I
SEAL
Seal
going
to
be
to
go
it
is WILL
necessary
going SOON
to HAVE
be
sary necesTO
GO.
I
must
1
ought
I
have
//
-{hurry
to
fauf
to
not
you
me
wanted
deviez-vous
Ne
to
go
camp?
au
a
II
kit
me
^'
the
Sell
je
que
depeche
to
Were
I
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
158
Vendez
horses
aller
pas
camp? fallait
le
un
cheval,
trousseau
il
le
fauf ^
tyou
It
is
to
going pay.
to
be
must
necessary
//
va
falloir
payer
VI
ADVERBS
adverbs
French
1. What
There
as
are
there
French
many
correspond; manner),
adverbs
our
adverbs
in
English adverbs
are
to
ly?
in
ending
correspond
as
they generally poliment (in a polite
gravement,
gravely,
ment
and
ly
politely^
ex.:
in
gaiemcnt.
gaily,
Note.
(Latin
Ment
French
as
before
ment
In
few
a
ment,
2. Can
was
Latin, in adverbs
adverbs
like
this
e
BON,
NET,
RAs,
CHER, and
DROIT,
viTE,
are
that these words
etc.)used
is the
in
ending
feminine
fort-e-mcnt,
becomes
French
e;
old
inserted
e
strongly.
obscur-e-
ex.:
adverbs?
HAUT,
LONG,
JUSTE,
frequentlyused adverbially. are
monosyllableslike
most
high,
straight,
dear,
adverbially.
for
better
MiEUx
(and
not
better,
il
hcaucoup mieux.
va
as
FAUX,
English adjectives(right,
3. What
the
adjectives be used
Yes,
LONG,
feminine
a
Hence
obscurely.
French
Notice
mente) in
meilleur)
used ;
ex.:
adverbially? he
is
much
160
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
4. What
difference
MADE
there
is
CLEAR
between
and
comme
comment? Comme
is YOU?
ARE
are!
5. What
allez-vous?
comment
in
used
never
comme
ex.: interrogatively;
used
never
exclamation
an
and
is the position of adverbs adverbs
and
ought
we
I
have
you
remember
to
in French?
always placed
are
that
placed as in English between past participle ; ex. : I see ment,
well
allez bien!
vous
French
is
comment Hov^
:
ex.
;
how
repeatedly
after the
they can never auxiliaryand
the
je vols
clearly,
told
verb,
the
claireai dit
je vous
you,
be
frequemment. BiEN_,
and
souvENT, in the
compound
j'aibien dormi; AssEz
is
ENOUGH,
the
A.
autant,
de
ex.
before
the
I
slept
noun
;
ex.
ceptions ex-
well,
j'aisoiivent
noticed,
serve. ob-
bread
:
pain.
used
ADVERBS
OF
adverbs
in the
QUALITY:
moins, less
much,
as
many
pen,
not little,
beaucoup,
1
much
plus,
bien,
J
many
tant,
so
trop^
too
combien,
:
only
list:
enough as
past ;
often
the
are
commonly
most
following
asses,
I
placed assez
6. Underline
rarement
how
many?
davantage, more
much,
how
un
much, few
more
pen,
much,
as
much
much a
few little, a
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
ADVERBS
B.
a
la
fois,at
the
time
same
TIME:
last
enfin,at
cnsuite, next
alors, then
apres-dcmain,the day
after
hier, yesterday
jadis, formerly
to-morrow a
OF
present,
jamais,
now
aujourd'hui,to-day
autrefois,formerly
naguere,
avant-hier, the day before
onques
lately
(archaic) ever
cependant, meanwhile
heure,
betimes,
ly plus tot, sooner
deja,already
puis, then,
demain,
quand,
to-morrow
depuis,since depuis quand, des lors,from
how
temps
a
long?
that time
autre, from
time
dorenavant, henceforth still, again
next
when
quelquefois,sometimes
then
ward for-
desormais, henceforth
encore,
forth, hence-
not
plus tard, later,subsequent-
early
to
then
longer
no
at first d'ahord, first,
de
and
plus (with ne),
hientot,soon
long time
a
now.
now parfois,,
yesterday
bonne
for
longtemps, maintenant,
immediately
aussitot.
(with ne*)
ever
never
auparavnnt, previously
de
161
CLEAR
MADE
sur-le-champ, at
tantot, time
often
souvent,
once,
mediatel im-
by and by, just now
tantot, .
time,
.
at
.
tantot,
at
another
toujours,always tout-a-coup, suddenly
one
FRENCH
162
GRAMMAR
ADVERBS
C.
OF
elsewhere ailleurs,
autre ceans
ga
et
PLACE:
en
arriere,behind
id, here
autoiir, around
alentour,
CLEAR
MADE
part, elsewhere
la, there
(archaic)within
loin, far
la, here
there
and
part, nowhere
nulle
dedans, within
oil, where?
dehors, outside
partout, everywhere
derriere,behind
par
dessus, above
pres,
dessous, below
quelque part,
d'ou, whence, where D.
from
?
ADVERBS
OF
ainsi,so
which
autant, as,
MANNER:
on
(ne), in
beaucoup,
how
comme,
much? ! as,
how?
it were
as
quelque peu, somewhat "
si, so,
.que,
surtout, above
(with
still,even
tant, so,
so
tellem,ent,so
fort,very
trh, very
(with w^), hardly
mal, mis meme,
tout,
in
"
,
even
moins, less
"
un
"
however
as
comparative.) ensemble, together giiere
"
,
quelque,about quelque-
likewise
encore,
un
"
presquc, almost
davantage,more meme,
in
very,
pourquoiywhy?
how?
comment,
not
plutof,rather
very
combien, how
way
plus,more
much
bien, much,
no
pent plus, extremely
ne
peu,
much
as
somewhere
there.
*
peine,hardly asses, sufficiently aussi, (also) as
way?
near
nullement
a
de
y,
OH,
all,especially much
quite,however
trop, too, too much un peu, somewhat, extent
trop peu,
too
little
{que)
to
some
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
ainsi,
]
accordingly
so,
j
ausst, car,
nonobstafit,notwiihsisind'mg
,
,.
I .
CLAUSES:
CONNECTING
ADVERBS
E.
163
CLEAR
MADE
now
or,
for
consequent,
par
conse-
quently.
cependant,however, yet besides d'ailleurs,
partant, therefore, hence
done, then, therefore
pourtanf, still, yet
du
the
reste, at
mais,
time
same
all the toutefois, tou jours,still
but
same
neanmoins, nevertheless is the
7. What
of done?
meaning
reallymeans
DoNc used
that
in
in this connection
and ex.
so,
:
so,
IF
he
i
ici; it often
reste
is
is
therefore
ex.:
sense;
done, je
HERE,
and
therefore
frequently will
means
so,
stay
so,
if
easilyreplacedby alors; il est done fou or alors, crazy, is
il est
fou. Finallyit is constantlyheard in
just
done!
English; hold
just
Allans
ing expletiverecall-
an come
just
the
here,
taisez-vous
tongue,
vencs
done!
done!
is the
done!
dites done!
your
ecoutes
listen,
JUST
:
ex.
as
equivalentof equivalentof I say.
nonsense
is sounded
the
and
Note.
The
final
c
in
THEREFORE
the
8. What
word
Of
or
si, si,
less
"
SO
IS
mutc
little more
is there mais
or
when in other
between
si
are
used
sharply contradictinga to oh
ill''
; it
becomes
difference
Si,'or
donc
'Vhy,
yes
yes,
''Si,il Vest; mais
! he
or
why,
yes
than
si
cases,
because
exclamation.
an
and
ouil
in sentences denial ! Ex.
and :
''he
more
ponding corresis
is'',''iln'est pas maladef
si,il Vest!
is
meaning
not "
VII
PREPOSITIONS
1.
Give
a,
to,
list of
a
prepositions.
at
after
apres,
(time, order)
before
avant,
with
avec,
chejs, at,
house
the
to
or
des,
as
devant,
from
behind
early
a
except
outre,
besides in
as
among
for
according
upon
towards
vers,
and
words
to
under
sur,
other
spite of
without
sous,
list of
among
by, through
selon,
before
Give
hors,
sans,
in, into
en,
towards
pour,
depuis, since, derriere,
envers,
parmi,
of, from
de,
between,
par,
in, into
dans,
entre,
malgre,
of
against
contre,
2.
French
used
phrases
as
prepositions. d
has
a
cause
d
coti
a
{an)
de, down
from
de,
beside
defaut de,
a
force de, by
a
moins
d
trovers,
au
of
de, because
travers
de,
dint
short ^
de, J
failing of of
en
arriere
en
avant
en
has
en
depit de,
en
rats
behind
de, de,
de,
at
in
the in
de,
on
excepts,
of
front
oF
bottom
spite
of
according
except
through
faute de,
across
hormis,
for
except
want
of
to
VIII
CONJUNCTIONS
1.
How
Conjunctions clauses
BUT
connecting
IS
the
without MIGHT
BE
But
is
a
in
these
Give
a
list of
coordinative
3.
Give
a
list of
the
real
only que
-
v
other
coordinative,
2.
are
which
of ;
ex:
he
subordinativc,
b)
one
connecting
ex.
:
would wrote
he
is
i.e,
be
complete in-
that
informed.
conjunction
There
separate;
STUPID;
clauses
two
left
be
might HE
i.e.
coordinative,
a)
are
which
RICH,
I
classified?
conjunctions
are
and
that
subordinativc
a
sentences.
conjunctions.
subordinative
four: that
si
if
comme
as
quand
when
conjunctions.
4. Give
a
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
167
CLEAR
conjunctions including que,
list of the
a) Governing the indicative. 1.
Temporal
\ when '"""^^f '
or
J
quand,
after
apres que, avant
before
que,
aussitot que,
the
1 from ,
as
soon
as
moment
,
des
que, ^
"
.
J when,
since
depuis que, a peine. .
que,
.
tandis que,
^
pendant
j
tant
que,
attendant
en
ce
jusqua
scarcely. .
when .
long as
as
que,
as
soon
as
"'^' que.
que,
1
until
j
Note. En
and
que
attendant
jusqu'a
ce
que,
until,
subjunctive.
the
2. Causal
parce
puisque, attendii vu
since
que,
I seeing that
que,
comme,
3.
because
que,
as,
inasmuch
as
Comparative a
mesure
) y
que, .
a
proportion
ainsi que,
as
que,
J
,
m
proportion
as
govern
selon
from
far
loin que,
1
que,
..
"
suivant de
meme
as
que,
just as
as
Governing 1.
according
J
que,
comme,
h)
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
168
the
subjunctive.
Final
that
in order
aiin que, de
crainte que,
de
peur
lest lest
que,
in order
pour que,
that
2. Consecutive
de maniere de
sorte
de
fagon
sans
so
que,
that
so
que,
that
so
que,
that
without
que,
3. Concessive.
"
I though ^'!''1"'' bien que, encore
j
que,
malar
e
que ^
^
I
nonohsfant
soit que.
que, .
sott .
quand, quand even
though
even
i
^
though
J que,
meme,
though
.i.
even
whether.
...
or
(with conditional)
4.
169
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
Conditional.
si
or
if
si
que
subj
plup.
(takes
cru) pourvu
provided
que,
suppose
^
que,
^
^^
admettont
a
que,]
moins
pour
unless
que,
peu
if..
que,
at .
en
cas
que,
:}' ^
au
cas
que
m
case
all
;
ex.
:
s'il
m'eut
IX
EXCLAMATIONS
Most
exclamations
They
be
can
their
but
the
with
learned
be
not
can
greatest
by
ease
divined
is
use
literally.
translated
versation, con-
rather
than
explained. In
French,
become
obsolete
hleu!
heard
CALL
replaced by
are
but
they
are
constantly others.
mordieu!
Mor-
etc.,
are
heard.
never
exclamations
the
are
frequently
most
:
SOMEBODY
Oh!
!
ho!
"
holloa!
ohe!
Eh!
alio!
(at the
Dites
To
exclamations
palsambleuf
following
The
English,
and
tudieu!
still read,
To
in
as
telephone)
sur!
Certes!
there!
over
you
certainly!
"
oui
certes
foi!
ma
parole
undoubtedly!
^-
upon
"
I
"
Naturellement!
"
Ecoutez!
of
"
(to one's
Dame!
yes,
"
indeed
faith upon
"
!
! word
my
it, absolutely !
mean
course!
self) "
yes
my
d'honneur!
Parfaitementf
Tones
hello!
"
I say,
"
there!
over
certainly!
" ""
Assurement,
Ma
you
:
Surement,
Sur
holloa,
"
la has!
done,
AFFIRM
Bien
Id has!
"
Look
of
course!
here!
Listen!
of
honor!
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
To
hien, fort bien!
Soit! A
la bonne
A
merveille!
heure!
Juste!
Ma Va
pour
Je Je
"
"
I
fullyagree after all (you are right.) the theatre, (le theatre,le cercle,etc.) the club, by all means! "
SATISFACTION:
sur!
of
"
crois bien!
CONTRADICT
I should
say
so!
rather!
"
of
"
course!
"
crois!
vous
course!
:
Pardon!
I
"
beg
tout, pas du
pas le moins
jamais! Allons!
"
mum!
taises-vous!
silence
"
not
"
come,
"
"
never
"
all in the
come! in the
indeed!
no,
"
done! "
at
nonsense!
la vie!
de
Pensez
not
never!
"
non!
certes
"
monde,
"
allons!
jamais
pardon
your
tout,
du
allons done!
chut!
right.
agreed, all right
WITH
Dame!
du
good
right.
"
fait! foi!
all
I agree,
all
Convenu!
Pour
and
naturally
"
"
"
ADMIT
right! well
right!
"
Entendu!
Par
that's
"
quite right
"
doute!
Bon!
granted!
"
granted!
"
Sans
To
171
CLEAR
admit:
Tres
To
MADE
just think! hush! hold
silence!
your
tongue!
world
least
172
To
FRENCH
DENOTE
GRAMMAR
SURPRISE
MADE
CLEAR
: .
Bah!
bah!
"
Vraiment! Tiens!
really!
"
really!
"
Sapristi!
by Jove! possible! impossible,you "
Pas
"
Quel
quellehisioire!
conte!
don't
so!
say
Tell it to the marines
"
Diantre !
^
Fichtre!
the
deuce!
Bigre! To
DENOTE
embarrassment:
Diahle!
the
"
Mais!
why!.
"
.
.
d^uce!
.
Hum!...
H'm!
"
Voyons, voyons! Attendez
When
wait
"
see!
me a
minute!
shocked:
Mon
Dieu!
Que
dites-vous
C'eSi
Dear
"
me!
la?
don't
you
"
mean
it!
shocking!
"
affreux!
horrible!
"
warn:
Attention! Gare! To
Let
"
pen!
un
Horreur!
To
.
.
careful!
"
look
"
out!
encourage:
Va
(ex.: ga ira,va)
Vive. .
Allons Marche!
.
/
hurrah
"
it will be all
"
for. .
y! "
"
go
ahead!
go
ahead!
.
!
Long
right!you'llsee live.
! .
.
!
i
c
1
GALLICISMS
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
176
CLEAR
MADE
GALLICISMS The
French
language the
are
the
only way
to
is to
parts of make
examine
imitate them
in short
He
his
broke
// s'est
the
ing followin
arranged
speech. familiar
oneself
with
these
examples carefully and of one's own. simple sentences the
DEFINITE
1.
The
frequent Gallicisms
the
idioms
called Gallicisms.
are
most
of
order
The
speakingor phrasing peculiarto
of
ways
ARTICLE
arm,
le bras.
casse
Possessive
adjectivesare
article before
replace'd by the indicatingthe parts
nouns
definite of
the
replaced by
the
body. 2.
He //
has
small
a
la tete
a
The
head,
petite.
indefinite article is also
definite in the 3.
We
paid
ten
same
cents
a
case.
dozen
payait les oeufs dix
On
definite
in
from
come
J'arrive
replaced by indicatingprices or
sentences
de
France,
of
the
I
going
am
should
say
an :
to
in
the
quency fre-
Canada,
Canada.
j'arrivede
definite article is left out
countries
the
jots la semaine).
deux
France, je vais
logicallywe but
la douzaine
sous
(twice a week, I
eggs,
indefinite article is also
The
4.
for
feminine.
la France,
before
names
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
Before The
the
MADE
same
French
names
say:
CLEAR
is translated
in
Amerique,
en
177
by en. Angleterre,
en
Amerique and Angleterre are feminine, they say: aux Etats-Unis,au Japon, because
because but
these
masculine.
are
names
INDEFINITE
1.
He
is
//
est
doctor,
a
medecin.
The
indefinite
attributes 2.
This
Ce
or
devil of diable
The
Was
article a, in
nouns
a
man,
suppression denotes
noun
there
The
ever
a
the
takes same
gargon MORE
ne
there is
place
the first.
as
person
the
when
terrible war?
more
jamais guerre plus same suppression is
when
even
before
out
apposition.
eut-il
Y
is left
an,
d'homme.
same
second 3.
ARTICLE
cruelle? usual
after
interrogation ; ex.
no
fut plus heureux,
never
jamais, *.
jamais a
was
boy
DELIGHTED.
PARTITIVE
Robust Des
children,
enfants rohustes*
The
partitiveshould
is after
the
noun;
adjectiveprecedes
rohusfes enfants.
de be
des
it should the
noun.
when be
the de
adjective when
the
178
2.
drink
To
Boire
good coffee;
de
The
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
cafe;
bon
is partitive
it becomes
bu
avons
the
when
de
the
du
drank
we
nous
CLEAR
moment
good coffee, du
bon
meaning
cafe.
is
general; action
individual
an
is recorded. 3.
tedious,
Nothing
more
Ricn
plus
ennuyeux.
is added
before
de
De
a
comparative.
NOUN
1.
Les
the
singular where
seeing the little
You Petit
Mr.
heads,
la tete.
the individual,often
English-speakingpeople, the
use collectivity,
plural.
silly!
sot!
You
3.
baisser
French, bearing in mind
use
their
lower
to
pries de
sont
voyageurs
The
2.
requested
Passengers are
preceding
Monsieur
est
Servants
vocative
this
is away;
X.
used
a
is left out
gentleman
of
their
by other people it
French.
says...
dit.
absent; monsieur
speak
in
.
master
is
more
.
as
monsieur
politethan
; ce
monsieur.
ADJECTIVE
A
navy
Une
robe
blue
gown,
blcu-marine.
Compound
adjectivesindicatingcolory (bleu
instead
of
bleue).
are
variable in-
2.
scanty dinner,
A
maigre diner,
Un In
3.
few
a
place of
the
//
d'lin
est
tl est
nouns
d'une
frequent.
tante.
voire
possessiveadjectiveby to
a
of
person
he
more
il
Plus
softening the title when speak you of his family.
politenessstill insists
French
The
however
of
aunt.
Mademoiselle
5.
instead
frequentlyused
exclamations;
familiar
Your
varies
words
bete!
betise! is also 4.
easily,the according to the
teaches
usage
adjective.
Adjectivesare in
maigre.
remarkably stupid!
is
He
which
the
of
dinner,
diner
un
cases,
meaning
fish
a
179
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
member
a
the less I believe him,
says,
parle,moins
je
definite article
The
a
on
le crois.
in
is omitted
double
the
comparative. 6.
The
same
Les
memes
words, the
Ics mots
mots,
Meme
meaning
meaning
words,
very
memes.
always precedes the
same
it.
it follows
very
noun;
Note.
Meme,
an an
MEME,
himself;
7.
Such Un
a
ex.
MY
EVEN ne
adjective, ought adverb meaning
me
:
DOG
reconnut
Meme DID
ME;
very
my
ne
dog
confused with
or
even,
KNOW
NOT
be
to
chien
mon
pas,
not
me
lui-meme,
reconnut
pas,
chieti mime
moit did
with
not
know
me.
swimmer,
tel nageur. Tel
in
French
takes
(comp. un adjective
the ban
place
of
nageur).
an
ordinary
Idiom
Tel
"
SHE,
quelle,I 8.
The
other
L'autre
IS
IT
only
jour
ete
Every
on
man,
Tout
homme,
The
whole
of
Rome
y
Tout
every
occasion.
When
every
Rome
last
in
(as
occasion. all
or
other
like any
before
summer
year).
toute
en
tre date, l'au-
recent
a
other
meaning
Tout
means
the
means
English EVERY 9.
is.
last,
before
summer
it
as
house
the
he,
telle
je prendrai la maison
take
the
as
means
quelle,
I'autre ete.
jour,
L'autre
:
; ex.
will
day,
telle
or
quel or
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
180
take
can
the
inine fem-
adjective. there.
was
etait.
TOUT
the
means
of
whole
a
city it
is
invariable. Elles
etaient toutes
They
were
honteuses,
quite ashamed.
Singularlyenough quite, by tout, adjective,which
adverb, is translated
an
is variable.
PRONOUNS
a) Personal
pronouns.
1. I love Je
and
Vaime The
him,
revere
et
le
revere.
personal pronoun verb
second
when
its
is not
repeated before
meaning
is somewhat
the
ilar sim-
that of the first.
to
Note. The
suppression is frequent in legal formulas; and je donne et Icgue, I will bequeath.
same ex.:
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
182
Your
He
his stick and
took
// te prend Vous
of
Seeing Voyani
Use
of
looks
1. He //
re
me
The
lui
at
.
.
.
.
.
in pleonastically thinks
American
ing noth-
trip). it,
on
il s'assii dessus.
frequentlyleft
and
MOi
sat
tambour
un
is
It
mile
he
drum
a
it
use
s'en seri.
ei
(cf. your
thousand
a
to
frequentlyused
are
narrations
vivid
7.
TE
or
began
bdion
son
Highness;
Grace.
Your
Grandeur,
CLEAR
Altesse, Your
Voire
Majesty;
Voire 6.
MADE
untranslated
after
a
osition. prep-
:
me,
look
at
me.
garde, regardez-moi.
English
is
me
pronoun
always
translated
by
preceding the verb, except in the imperative, where it is translated by moi followingthe verb.
ME
Note. in
Even
there
the is
a
imperative me negation ; ex.
is translated :
do
not
by
look
at
me
me,
when ne
me
regardes pas.
2.
He
//
speaks me
To
is
to
speak
me,
to
me,
park, parlez-moi. is translated
by me, except in the unaccompanied by a negation,where translated by moi (not a moi). me
perative imit
Note. To
ME
is translated
motion;
ex.:
he
by came
a
moi to
only after verbs me^
il vint
a
moi.
denoting
3.
that book
Bring
lui
Apportez
4. Let
do
Laisses Him
livre, reprenez-lelui.
ce
and
him
to
the faire) when completed by a clause. him
saw
Je lui ai
Idioms
"
instead of
admiration
lui,
chez des
idees
1.
to
the Notre 2.
in
in
him.
in
in
French
ex.:
the
(better than
others) knew
Americans
donne
nous
le chemin.
:
a
the
nous
rightto
say.
Americains
le
.
.
droit
dire. .
explanation; ex. : War had impoverished both La
of
PRONOUNS
qui,elle,connaissait
bonne
.
3.
own,
road,
qui de
sentence
:
who
emphasis ; ex. What gives us Ce
the
is wfong
frequently repeated
distinction; maid
when
le
home,
lui, it
a
following cases
Our
followinghim
verb
lui, ideas of his
OF
are
show
his
at
REPETITION
the
(ex.;
contempt.
or
a
c'est mal
Pronouns
le,
fairedes merveilles,
im
denotes
of
wonders,
do
is also used
Lui
him.
from
he
as
laissez le
5. I
him,
from
pleases, lui fairece qui lui plait. instead is translated by lui
him
is
183
him, take it away
to
translates both
Lui
CLEAR
MADE
GRAAIMAR
FRENCH
guerre
nous
avait
of
us.
appauvris,lui
ef
moi.
FRENCH
184
Le,
la,
les,
1. Are
GRAMMAR
the
"tes-vous
the
suis.
Yes,
are,
doctors?
used
Are
^tes-vous
reinef
Are
doctors?
you
"tes-vous
3.
Pleonastic
of
use
Jealous she Jalouse As
Autant
que
Le
in the
the
second
Idioms
I
can
je
le
Le
'
This
usage THINK
TO
in the
sums
ceder,
answer.
will be,
sera.
repeats aider
up to
give to
better
use
of
does
not
il n'en
a
TO,
and
jalouse
les
in
conquer
in which
IT
escape
rough
is also
najstic.
1. Rich Richef En
he
en:
seem
to
be,
pas Voir.
in this sentence
in
malheureux.
chapper belle,to have a narrow disputer a, to vie with. recalls Englishphrases like to IT
Pleonastic
in
(do so"),T help the poor puis, j'aideles malheureux.
Uemporter, Ue
le
first sentence it
Le
"
qualityis emphasized
she
and
was
as
sommes.
le:
elle I'etait et
much
le
nous
is used
le
number,
are,
Oui,
question,only
les
(one),
am
we
the contrary,
on
la,
le suis.
Oui, je Yes
points more
qualityle, gender and
the
to
sommes.
his
to
Yes, I
medecinsf
When, the
than
queen?
les
nous
the sentence
of
according
a
you
we
Oui,
meaning
individual
an
are
2.
the
(she).
am
Out, je h
j^tes-vous les medecinsf When
I
qiie^n? Yes,
la reinef
you
to
CLEAR
pronouns:
as
you
Are
MADE
stands
for
etre
riche.
it,
pleo-
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
2.
He
had
//
en
passe
a
Take
dreadful
a
f
Croyez
m'en.
I have
enough
J'en
asses.
ai
In these
in
have
Ou
phrases
pleonasticthan
English.
which
(of this)
idiomatic
very
less
nor
it
for
word
my
But
there
// s'en
of
far have
It Ce
:
got?
it.
PRONOUNS
me
semble.
me
Ce
2.
to
seems
this
in French
you
it is from
Far
faut hien,
more
of
or
it,
others
many
How
DEMONSTRATIVE
1.
for
it,
are
is neither
en
equivalentin English,ex.
no
etes-vousf
en
it!
of
time
185
CLEAR
MADE
is sometimes
used
instead
of
il
neuter.
Seeing this, whereupon. Ce
voyant^
Ce
is also used
sur
ce.
for
cela.
.
3.
It is Ce
The
not
fCest pas word
feat,
great
a
la
is
cela
parts
grand exploit.
un
decomposed Id
ce
grand exploit. This "
4.
admiration He
is great
Celui-ld
In but
or,
tlie celui
est same
on
who
to
becomes
celui
in
the
two
tuent consti-
words
sentences
un
showing
contrary, contempt. himself
conquers
grand qui way
emphasize
is done
the
into its
se
vainc. qui
celui-la.
can
be
splitin
two,
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
186
5.
What Ce
his loss
caused
qui Ce
le
in
perdit
is
beginning with 6.
That
class has
Cela
CLEAR
his avarice,
was
fut
ce
FUT
CE
MADE
avarice.
son
pleonastic ; frequent in qui,
ce
ce
sentences
que.
respect for anybody
no
respecte personne.
ne
Cela
is often
people
one
in speaking colloquially
used
where
even
scorns,
only
of
person
one
is meant.
PRONOUNS
RELATIVE
1. He
breaks
who
Qui
paie.
casse
Celui
2.
the
usual
what
is
worse.
:
They the Us
time
a
Voila
flocked
Le
when
was
this
...
into qui,
terse
a
usage.
qui est parler is speaking the North, others
from
in, some
from
South.
arriverent
The
into
speaking.
en
foule, qui
Nord, qui
du
of les Qui.... qui mstead imparts charming vivacity to
4.
shortened
est.
That 3.
at
is also abbreviated
qui
Idiom
of
way
qui pis Ce
frequently found
proverbs coined
in
Et
is
qui
QUI
And
pays
tutor
of
that
precepteur
de
boy
who
uns
les autres .
.
the
used
.
.
sentence.
bore
to
gargon,
of
qui
leaves
the
boy,
us.
ennuyait
lequel nous
ce
Midi.
du
souvent,
Lequel
boring be
instead person
ambiguous.
was
no
doubt
whereas
qui
that
the
would
which
difficulties with
5. The
on difjicultes
Les
terse
a
of
instead
ou,
avec
debattions
alors. .
lequel
the
.
.
is
lequel,
dans
or
frequent in
usage
struggled
then
we
nous
nous
187
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
writers.
best
PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE
On What
1.
also be
clearlycan
conceive
you
expressed
clearly. Ce
UoN
is
also used
2.
y
is
Once On
On
salt pas
On
encore
sa
instead of
is used
could
for
know
don't
you
Nobody
4.
a
used colloquially
more ne
avoid
to
dignifiedthan on, and is harsh hiatus, (ex.: on on).
va!
On 3.
more
!
Coming On
shade
a
clairement.
bien s'enonce
concoit
Von
que
nous.
or
je
lesson, be careful !
your
legon, qu'on fasseattention in
vous
reproach or
'
menace.
wittier
be
n'a pas
plus d' esprit. of this kind always
Idioms
admiration
bete,
one
or
irritation ; not
could
ex. more
be
:
denote on
superlative
n'est pas
plus
stupid.
Tel:
Many
a
man
dull in
seems
Tel
brille
Tel
shines
in
au
a
second
in
a
subordinate
higher rang
positionwho
one au qui s'eclipse
proverbialsentences English would use he who,
is often many
premier.
used a
man,
where etc.
FRENCH
188
Chacun
GRAMMAR
:
knows
Every body Chacun
salt.
Chacun
AuTRUi
translates It is
ONE.
both,
every
always used as adjectivebeing
and
one,
the
pronoun,
a
each responding cor-
chaque.
:
We //
CLEAR
MADE
think
must
faiitpenser
of
neighbor,
our
autrui.
a
(lat.alterum) is
AuTRUi
only found
is
and
used
never
in
general
as
ject sub-
a
sentences.
VERB
Inversion The
1.
French
language inverts English in two cases :
do
in
In
indirect
MIGHT
BE
In
questions, ex.:
YOUR
SITUATION,
etre pourretit
que 2.
of Subject:
seulement,
not
forte raison,even when
these
hardly
were
we
hors
du
The
French
out
we
what
demandes-vous
ce
si. .
peine, hardly;
a
vain,
en
with
HENCE_,
._,
situation
voire
only;
.
subject as
yourself
ask IF.
beginningby
sentences
the
better
words at
in
cause;
be^in sea^
vain;
a
non a
and
sentence,
a
plus de
la,
ex.
:
peine fumes-nous
port.
language also the following cases where English:
inverts we
do
the not
subject in invert
it in
190
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
MANY,
ex.
part 4.
:" MOST
After
collective
action
of
soldafs
The
is in the
is in the
qui, ex.
ce
EPICS,
pees du After
band
a
the
is
seen
:
une
singular,ex. of
soldiers
rived. ar-
the
singularalthough
qui
ce
the action
:
subject
following cases: are
est
known
connu
as
le
sous
the
dieval me-
d'cpo-
nom
Moyen-Age. le peu
de,
ex.
le peu
htm,
Indicative:
If
he
:
de
The
two
were
the but
makes
verbs
people
few
quHl
and
comes
if he
qu'ilvous
would
You see
Vous
use
sees
TENSES
be
the introduction the
he
voit Vennuient,
in
should
of
the
of
tell you,
dise. the
indicative
used (s'il vient only preposition
the second
Conditional:
what
gens
OF
S'il vient et
with
wheu
what
:
USE
que
separately,ex. of nageaient, a band
arrwa,
plural in
the
seen
is in the
verb
troupe de
verb
is
SWIMMING;
the collectively
dit) ;
plu-
singular when
the
nymphes
WERE
BORE
la
SURRENDERED,
in
nouns
de
troupe
1. After
THEM
individuals
the
NYMPHS
2.
OF
CLEAR
rcndirent.
se
une
MADE
if
sr
et s'il vous
meaning suppose subjunctivea necessity que
verb.
might look twenty times, you nothing. regarderiezvingt fois,vous
rie.z rien.
would
ne
ver-
FRENCH
GRAMMAR
Probabilities
Present to
the
French The
The
and
they
ex.
:
Many
it
Sur
much
as
ditional. con-
they
as
English is, on
the
trary, con-
frequently used.
feeling
sure
often
so
that
placed at
disappear i i
you
v^ould
ceed suc-
reussiries farrivai.
vous
que
the
ponderous
very
English sentence
an
Feeling
I CAME^
seems
and or
191
logically by
avoid
in
convenient
beginning of
French,
2.
tense
being participles
CLEAR
very
tense
same
very
the
marked
are
Participle:This
can.
1.
MADE
English present
translated are by participles in French past participles (lying,sitting, standing, mouth the kneeling,etc.),ex.: Lying at the of
Loire, Saint Situe
ought
Vemhouchure
a
devrait
Nazaire
etre
un
One
Infinitive:1.
to
la
de
be
a
large
port,
Loire, Saint-Nazaire
grand port. the characteristics of the French
of
of the infinitive. In use language is the constant the follow^ing sentence : fcspere pouvoir venir ap-
porter
mon
concours
and
COME
there
give
my
three
are
votre
a
I
oeitvre,
ASSISTANCE
hope
i
YOUR
TO
can
W^ORK,
infinitives in succession, almost
an
in English, impossibility
2.
On
other
the
from
hand
the
Latin
SAILOR"*'
is
and
translation
the
no
the :
longer
English ''he
in
runs
w^ anted
use
in
me
to
modern
il voulait
:
tated imi-
construction
que
be
a
French,
je
sois
marin. 3.
In
the
instances
numerous
follows
TO
see
and
in which to
hear
a
in
present participle
English the
substitutes
French ex.
:
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
192
I
the
infinitive for
an
HIM
HEARD
CLEAR
participle, je Vefitendis siffler.
WHISTLING,
Note. When
je le voyais
Id sautillant.
infinitives
hopes
3. He
asks shall
4. I
to
for
Venez
will try to
You
// demande
best
Je
to
2
the
in
is not
venir
(d)
possiblepour ferai mon venir (pour)
Now
in
second
the
verb
(de)
1
:
left out,
translated
by
sentences
by
a^
pour,
any
tences sen-
preposition,
3, 4, and
5,
for
when and
the
de.
corresponding English sentences is almost always preceded by to,
questionis know,
preceded by
French
infinitive is preceded
be
(no prep.)
will find that the infinitive in the French
whereas
to
a
(no prep.)
'// essaiera de venir
come,
1 and
the
raconter
// espere venir
come,
my
INFINITIVE
following sentences:
come,
5. He
son
condensation,
AN
BEFORE
come,
do
round,
Ic talent d'OT-
ORGANIZATION,
carefullythe
to
participle
hopping
frequentlyreplace English nouns,
tell me,
and
present
condemer.
PREPOSITIONS
Examine
the him
see
could
capacity
his
aptitudea
2. He
:
FOR
TALENT
: THE
ganiser;
1. Come
I
ex.
4. French ex.
graphic effect is intended
a
is retained,
the and
English-speakingperson how the French prepositionought to 2: in what to case ought to be
a, de,
an
pour.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
left
prepositionis
The
a)
1. after TO
COME
also
courir,to
;
cases:
like aller,to
motion
of
verbs
in two
out
193
CLEAR
MADE
run
;
after
conduire, to
COME
AND
HAVE
DONE,
retourner, and
lead^
venir,
go; to
back
go
; to
envoyer,
SEND, ex.
:
Venez
TELL
raconter
voire
a
WHAT
FATHER
YOUR
pere
ce
YOU
vous
que
fait.
avez
Note. that
il
GONE,
HE
Remember HAS
HE
Idiom
Je
:
2. After
I
By
by any voir, I
de
to
alter,
of
I
THOUGHT
in which
Cases
reallybelonging preposition. have just seen.
ex. thinking,hoping and stating, croyaispartiraujourd'hui,
verbs Je
b)
viens
and
WENT
followed
not
are
ete, il s'en fut, frequently meaning
a
SHOULD
the verb
is
LEAVE
:
TO-DAY.
preceded by
a,
pour,
de.
A: To
is translated
by
the verb
1. When
a
in the
begins
followingcases sentence
a
:
indicatingan
inference. To
hear
A
entendre
vous
2. When
the
sentence
before WHAT.?
Ex.
Americans;
what?) Les
would
one
you
the
on
can
verb
diately interruptedimmeby the question: to do be
:
have to
grown
help
Americains
se
aider
tout
faire?) a
imagine s'imaginerait.
every sont
accustomed
(to
do
body habitues
le. monde.
(a quoi
FRENCH
194
I
ready (to
am
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
do
what?)
their
follow
to
example. Je
suis ex
3. After
IN,
followed
by
:
dire que that.
tell you
to
.
in
which
nouns
.
English
are
:
ex.
I take
J'ai
By
ex.
vous
a
I have
4. After
leiir
pie.
em
avoir,
J'ai
suivre
(a quoi faire?) a
pret
pleasure
plaisira
in
informing
you
ap prendre.
vous
Pour: The
infinitive is
1. When
the
contain He
for,
He
ex.
puni pour for
passes
// passe pour
2. When
is indicated,
Ouvrez
3. After Too
English
ex.
and
proud
Trop
Her
tie trop sage. man
sentence a
in
means
der or-
definite purpose
:
to
cool
the
room
fenetre pour rafraichirla chambre.
la
trop
wise
too
sava"nt.
the window
Open
avoir
generallywhen
and
TO,
being
for
learned
a
in the
to
would
:
punished
ete
a
pour:
correspondingEnglish sentence
was
//
preceded by
assez, to
ex.
:
fight
pour
se
battre.
ByDe: The
French
preceded by
infinitive is, nine de
which
in most
times cases
is
out a
of mere
ten, link
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
has
and
it is advisable
However,
chieflyin
found
1. Wherever noun
of
or
The
devoir
Le I
the
following
would
be used
of
duty
Je
d'instruire
of
suis pas
ne
in
EngHsh.
that
de
will be
cases
in
:
English after
a
:
educating the nation,
doubtful
am
has
to
state
to
adjective,ex.
an
195
CLEAR
than
meaning
more
no
MADE
la nation.
succeeding. .
reussir.
de
siir
.
Note.
There
few
great
a
there of
but
-are
are
are
many
adjectives governing of, in English which nouns in French.
more
even
ending by de,. ex. : faute de,
afin de,
UNLESS, THE
EXTENT
2. When
OF,
and
a
(decompose: //
He
and
noun
a
mains
de,
point de,
to
into
a
be
decomposed
on
a
can
ex.
:
live
to
the
me
gave
conseilla de
me
3. After
me
number
a
to, au
of,
and
so
CtC.
noun,
advised
He
from
order
default
first verb
the
verb
in
in
the
Hence,
prepositions derived
compound
there
but do
vivre
impersonal verbs
ranch,
advice)
dans
ferme.
une
beginning by
il, neuter,
ex.:
//
importe
de
comprendre
It is
important
// est
dur
It is 4. De
understand.
d'etre exile
It is hard C'est
to
to
live in exile.
heaucoup de savoir a fine thing to know
is
frequentlyused instead precede de musiciens,preceded amuse
de
ses
re
amused parties,
metier
un a
trade. of
par by
by
his
:
ex.
:
musicians; repartees.
196
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
CLEAR
Note. In
numerous
cases
the
use
the
student
be
but
de;
place KIND
WERE
can
is
soon
instinct
an
is the
de
was
when
for
given
developed in
A
Vous to
wrong
be
would
pour
or
Ex.:
right preposition.
ME,
WRITE
TO
m'ecrire; I
definite rule
feels that
who
of
out
You de
of
no
ttvcs
J'at
stay,
etc eu
Gtmable tort
de
rester.
A
FEW
VERBS
REMARKS
ON
is the most
frequent French (to make make,
Faire.
1. Faire
only to
not un
discours) and
faire) but to
order,
to
bid,
TO
let,
also the ex.
ex.
:
:
ex.
I
do
a
him
he ordered me
to run,
repeat, il
shall let you
it translates
me
faire
speech,
nothing,
following verbs
he bade
:
(to
do
to
verb:
rien
ne
:
it Ic fit courir, fit repeter,
know, je
vous
feral
savoir, to
cause,
ex.
:
he
him
caused
to
be
removed,
il lo
fiteloigner, TO
GET,
TO
HAVE,
ex.
: ex.
he got him :
he
damner,
had
appointed,il le fitnommer, him
sentenced, il le fit
coiw
5.
I
going
am
Je
vais
combination
follows
TO
HAVE_,
the
takes
place
AM
GOING
verbs
faire is
ex: participle,
je vais
CUT,
me
placed re-
I
fairc
les cheveuX'
couper
1. //
Idioms.
second
that
HAIR
MY
HAVE
TO
made
participle
if another
the
made,
infinitive of
the
by
of
of the
one
so
CAUSE.
saying that
without
It goes
when
is constant
ears
TO
GET,
sounds
which
object governed by
an
for me,
pardessus.
autre
faire faire
EngHsh
to
strange
made
coat
faire faire un
me
The
TO
another
have
to
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
198
faitque
ne
2. Je
only just arrived.
3. Vous
beau
avez
what
Do
4. A^^ Do
you
faitespas le
faire,
will. le modestc"
the modest
act
not
5. Fais
smoke.
d'arrivcr,
fats que
ne
have
I
nothing except
does
He
ftimer,
man.
beau, toutou,
Doggie.
Beg,
Aller. 1.
I will Je
on
you,
vais bicntot aller Aller
2.
call
soon
is
I have
J'y at
Aller suis
there
fy
or
has alle
voir-
frequentlyused
been ete
vous
to
(note
the
future.
twice,
suis alle deux
two
denote
compound the
different
fois. pasts : j'aieie auxiliary).
and
/-."
3,
You
MADE
GRAATMAR
FRENCH
round
go
saying. .
199
.
disant
allcz partout
Vous
CLEAR
.
.
.
.
in
charmingly vivacious construction both colloquialand literary.
A
4.
wood
The
allait
hois
Le
thicker,
and
s'epaississant.
en
Progress is the
thicker
became
French,
often
marked
by
followed
allf.r,
by
present participle.
VOULOIR. 1.
VouLOiR
only
NOT
WILL
What
do
live abroad,
to
vivre
// vent
?
wish
lez-vo us?
intends
He
mean,
intend,
want,
wish,
not
pas y allcr. you
"jou
He
it translates
as
there,
go
veux
ne
Que
French
:
ex.
Je
also
but
wiLL^
TRY,
I
frequent in
is
to
tried
// vouhit
a
Vetrangcr. his escape,
make
s'echapper.
Note. The
phrase je and
French as
of
best
WISH.
I
WANT
the YOU
Je
translated
future,
Please Vcuillez
be
deux
a
remember mc
heures,
me
mppeler
even
to au
your
BE
TO
desire
by speaking simply by the imperative: Soyez which is perfectly polite. ici
2.
I
or
will
to
not
translation
mere
a
WANT -
careful
be
must
unpleasantly dictatorial in people. So we by well-bred acquire the habit of using it
sounds
veux
is avoided
or
vous
que an
ici
AT
HERE
to
a
of
even
TWO, soyez
inferior,or deux heures,
father,
souvenir
dc
1
votre
pere.
the
at
like you
I should
I
SHOULD
Je
the
I
4.
WISH
Will
is also the
have
Voiiles-vous
[itveut Proverb
translation
T
for
would
you
wish
or
de
tasse
camomillef
frequentlyused V argent, il veut
Vouloir
c'est
Where
tea?
of camomile
cup
une
de "
I
phrases as
a
is
VouLOiR
proper
WERE.
YOU
you
voiis
by je voudrais.
is translated
in such
/"/
comprenies.
vous
LIKE
voiidrais
WISH
by principalverb.) or
(placed
understand,
to
Je voiidrais que
veuillez
by
the sentence)
beginning of
plait (placed after 3.
either
is translated
Please
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
200
transitive verb
as
a
du
plaisir].
pouvoir.
there's
a
will there's
a
way.
ADVERB
A
SI
PEINE
He
is
no
scholar,he is hardly educated,
peine s'ila quelque instruction. c'est a peine si has the meaning of
// n'est pas savant,
peine si
A
or
a
HARDLY.
A
is tout
after which
au
plus,at
most,
the subject is inverted
{tout au
plus a-t-il quelque
synonym
instruction). COMBIEN
:
CoMBiEN 1. How
much?
translates Ex.:
several How
much
Combien
English is it? est-ce?
words:
2.
How
Ex.:
many?
How
3.
How
Ex.
!
WELL
How
:
have
many
Combien
you?
avez-vous?
en
I realised !
well
Combien
201
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
j'aicompris!
D'ou? 1. Where
do
venez-vousf
D'oii
Where.
2.
D'oii
je
2.
I infer
whence
or
conclus
que.
"
by literally
d'ou?
that
"
.
d'ou correspondsto metaphorically,
Used
1.
is translated
-FROM
..
which
From
Encore
from?
come
you
whence.
:
Encore
means
there,
il est
encore
revenu.
It also
means
du
cafe?
,
la;
encore
more, .
.
yet"
still,
again,
is
again,
coffee?...,
: more
ex.
come
has
he
: he
ex.
stilt,
il
est
encor-:
.
Pas: Pas
is left
1. After stir;
Ex.
oser,
in the
out
dare;
to
savoir^to :
I did
After Ex.
qui :
//
cesser,
to
:
stop;
bouger, to
know.
dare
not
Je n'osais 2.
followingcases
stir,
to
bouger.
ne.
n'y
awiit
Nobody
who
personne did
not
que
ne
le crut,
believe him.
202
FRENCH
3.
After
GRAMMAR
que
Ex.:
m'appelait-il!
fie
did he
Why
CLEAR
in exclamations.
ne,
Que
MADE
call
not
!
me
Note. After
pas
Ex.
:
the
davantage, neither, ne davantage pas
NEITHER
DID
THINK
HE
subject
songea-t-il
OF
CALLING
is inverted.
a
m'appeler,
ME.
Peu: Peu,
adverb,
an
Peu
hardly
means
prepare
a
officier,
etre
Hardly qualifiedto Par
:
be
officer.
an
ou? Par
ou?
Which
Ex.:
way?
which
means
did
way
he
out?
go
oil cst-il sorti?
Par
Pres: Pres a
means
heaucoup' ,
tant
or
near_,
pas
^
L
mean
far
from
not
nearly.
it,
,
faiit j heacoup pres means
s a
pres
en
PREPOSITIONS
preposition(Lat. ad, Eng. at) but is also of places, prefixedto names
A
This
of
names
A 1.
and
before at
at
generally
is
found
before
time.
exactlycorrespond in
names
Marseilles,
of
towns, a
ex.:
Marseille:
at
the
followingcases
Exeter,
a
Exeter;
:
FRENCH
2.
before or
GRAMMAR
of
places,not ex. : habitually,
names
goes
school,
at
MADE
at
church,
at
the
Vecole,
a
CLEAR
203
where
towns,
stay^
one
college,
au
Veglise,
a
office,
bureau.
au
Note.
A
is also used in
before
English
we
of
say
IN
THE
of
because
writer: THE
In
4.
generally preceded by in suggested : for instance,
works
: at
the
writer
work,
at
attention,au
before
names
hours,
and
temps,
SPRING
of
garde
occasion
or
{ete,summer,
at
night, au
at
ten
working
works
dentally acci-
or
a
state,
dc,
voiis.
automne,
a
other
before festivals, and
autumn, and
prin-
hiver, winter,
are
Ex.:
preceded by en).
in the
la pensee
a
church
before
Easter,
is
he
only
but
travail,
an
at
works
he
habitually;
wood.
thought of, a
at
hois,
au
there le hois,
dans the
phrases statingan
many ex.
he
because
WOOD,
is
il travaille
il travaille
in the
3.
nouns
habit
a
forester:
a
wooD^
a
IN
when
Paqiies, soir,
o'clock,
dix
a
heures,
fall,a Vautomne.
Note. Names
of
Names
of
all feminine, with European countries are two and Portugal. exceptions, Danemark (Denmark) All of them, including these masculine two nouns, are preceded by en, ex. : in Russia, en Russie ; in Portugal, en Portugal.
countries
Avhen
they are Californie; they
en
masculine, we
should
ex.
say,
:
outside
Europe are preceded by feminine, ex. : in California, en are preceded by au when they are in Canada. Canada, au However,
dans
le Connecticut,
dans
le Massachusetts.
Dans,
En
:
obtains
transient, to
drive, alley
to
go
in I
Je Vai I met
2.
the
For
this
Parliament
Within
In
meaning
Dans uses
is OUT
That Ce
in
1898,
of
1898.
sa
trots
the
defined, ex.
well
:
are
within
translated
play
pibceen
robin
ex.
of
is translated
by
to
trois
jours.
where
the
eat
out
en,
ex
:.
days,
Englishlanguage
:
used
rouge-gorge
jours.
in three
used frequently OF,
days,
space
the
his
wrote
// ecrivit
4.
de
in three
partiraidans
He
place are
time
every
ex.:
I shall leave
Je
a
meaning
in
or
by dans,
is used
assembly.
the
In
that
assemblee,
le Parlement
Dans
3.
people in
cette
shows
these sentences-
dans
reasons
same
Dans In
of
accidental.
was
the
fer,
train,
le
dans
meaning
place or
de
chemin
en
train,
rencontre
action
the
:
voiture,
une
in the
the
because
ex.
a
carriage,
a
dans
him
Vai
Je
in
vu
suggests
Paradis,
en
him
saw
dans
voiture,
en
by rail, aller
Heaven,
action,
and
a
dans
en:
permanent
a
en
and
dans
between
between
above
distinction made
1. The
but
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
204
of
mangeait dans
my
hand,
ma
main.
5.
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
206
CLEAR
indicatinga passive state
De
sometimes
from
by
or
:
ex.
:
long marches, fatigue (i.e.having enough) tired from long marches, fatigue (worn out) in many
is used
De BY
ex.
:
tongues
cases
longucs marches. marches.
where
English employs
by everybody,
Estime
de
Taller
by
Plus
tous.
foot,
a
grand d'un
sometimes
De
de
de
:
Esteemed
7.
of,
of
tired
6.
sometimes
means
pied.
appliesto time,
ex.
:
nuit,
De
By night (cf. o'nights). De In
huit
For
is
De
frequent where
English uses
ex.
with,
:
tranquilair, air tranquille. a
D*un
:
Jusqu'a AS
jours,
week.
a
With
Jusqu'a
life time.
my
De
8.
invant,
moil
FAR
Till
jusque corresponds
or
ex.
AS,
:
Easter,
Jusqu'a Paques. As
far
as
Irvington,
Jusqu'a Irvington.
to
both
till
and
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
207
CLEAR
Par The
meaning
usual
Painted
also
par
shall
In
such
Par
:
in,
:
ex.
Orleans,
par
through Orleans;
back
come
sometimes
and
through,
means
rcviendrons
Nous
We
ex.
by me, par moi;
Peint but
of par is by^
ex.
:
weather, temps pareil.
un
CONJUNCTIONS
Ne: is
Ne
frequentlymet
which
it has
a
mean
DOES
the
Ne
no
reverse
:
unless
is thus
2.
After
de
Avant Before
without
peur
and
stance, in-
exactly
means
is there
Ic
de
ex
negative sense
peur
que_,
vienne,
come.
:
Congres ne Congress meets.
only
its presence.
a
qu'ilne
should
que,
que
A^^
comes.
demands
que
lest he
avant
realityit
:
MOINS
Restez
que
used
following cases
Stay
he
moins
a
in
but
COME,
A
lead mis-
at first sight qu'ilne vienne seems moins he qu'ilne vienne pas, unless
NOT
1. After
in
moins a
because
sentences
is apt to and negative sense English-speakingreader entirely.For
the
to
in French
with
se
reunisse.
ex.:
in the
208
3.
After
meaning
que
CLEAR
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
ex.:
since,
days since I saw trois jours que je ne
It is three Voila 4.
After
5. After
indicatingfear, doubt, despair,denial,
verbs
hindering, ex. I
afraid
am
Je
crains
After nit
:
imagine.
you
.
.
.
n'imaginiez.
vous
que
the second
ex.
...
in
ni
sentence
a
includingni.
.,
:
He //
mi.
comparative,ex. : is taller than I thought, est plus grand que je ne croyais.
//
6.
ai
vous
the
He
or
you,
neither ne
spoke
parla ni
smiled,
nor
sourit.
ne
Que: Let
it be
HOW
HOW
MUCH,
How
also
bruit!
de
it
language Come The the 1.
Que
que
what
means
How
Que
how
gens! handed
down
in
old
ex.:
que,
may.
meanings following: the
people!
many
pourra,
chief
at
means
:
proverbs ce
means
AdiAenne
de
que
in French
that
how
sometimes
que
CX.
MANY,
noise!
much
Que
that
remembered
of
beginning of !
ex.
beautiful c'est beau!
:
it is!
que,
an
a
conjunction,arc
exclamative
sentence
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
2.
Que
why.
means
Que
Re
pond ez
4.
dites que
say
without
it :
the
ex.
is clear
come,
beginning by si, though English after if" ex. :
sentences
used
sky
leave
we
viendriez.
in
Si le ciel s'assomhrit If the
of the sentence
would
vous
in
is not
THAT
in which
:
croyais que appears
oui,
cases
meaning
thought (that) you
Que
:
yes;
in numberless
because
like
sentences
non;
no;
that out
Je
:
call me?
not
que
is used
I
ex.
pleonasticin
Answer and
not,
"
sentence interrogative
an
wi'appelies-vous?
ne
is
Que
" .
did you
Why
3.
beginning of
the
at
209
CLEAR
MADE
should
(ind.)et qu'ilpleuve (subj.), darken
it rained.
and
Note.
Que
(lat.quod si) begins a supposition. Ex. vous tell somebody dit, suppose should
si
si I'on
5.
Que is also pleonasticin exclamative Quel homme What Voila
ce
That's
6.
que
what
Malheur You
man
a
eux
means
C^est que cet It is because
que you.
ex.
Washington! Washington was!
que
c'est que
que
it
de
of
comes
tu
unfortunate
C*est que
sentences,
:
faineanterf
loafing!
es!
man!
is
because,
homme that
the
or
m'ennuie, man
bores
me.
fact
is,
ex.
7.
Que
after
THAT,
ex.
Venez
Que.
QUELQUE 1.
dise,
je vous
tell you.
that I may whether.
means
.ou
Whether
Que
afiii que,
:
here
.
.
CLEAR
imperativefrequentlymeans
an
que
Come 8.
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
210
approuviez
vous
.or,
:
ex.
disapprove,
or
approve
you
.
.
ou
que
bldmiez.
vous
:
Quelque generallymeans wise
However
Quelque
you
sage
think
may vous
que
ex.:
however,
yourself, croyiez (subj.).
vous
Note.
a)
Si
pour
or
sage
or
tout
be
accurate
followed
sage
CLAIMS
WHATEVER
in which
twenty
MAY
YOU
droits
vous
que
Quelque, before a number Quelque vingt ans, Some
would
indefinite adjective,means
an
Quelques 2.
subjunctive also
translations.
b) Quelques, ex.:
followed by the by the indicative
sage
also
whatever,
HAVE, ayez.
means
ex.:
about:
years,
it is invariable.
case
Note.
It is of
highest importance to observe that the French junctions conlanguage has a tendency to suppress is the meaning of the sentence whenever It is this habit that imparts to them. clear without French a great deal of its lightness and vivacity as with its parent, compared Latin, or with English. Ex. : Though he tired he was went Fatigue, on. the
il continua AND EITHER nous
YOU
Even
pourtant.
SHOVED
HIM, I
OR
devrons. ...
WILL
though
people
insulted
tl
IflSUltS,hoUSCuU,
HE
HAVE
TO
VoUS
OU
mOt,
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
TO
MISTAKES
FREQUENT
211
CLEAR
CAREFULLY
BE
AVOIDED
say:
say:
NOT
DO
Angleterre est
pays
iin
U
riche Nous
lis softt Deux
du
grandes forets
la
chevals
beaux
un
vieiix maison
tin
sage
un
ho
Je
lait
de
hiivons
suis
plus
que
beaucoup admiree
est
J'ai travaille II
vendre
va
Descender
J'ai
President
americain
sage
fois
plus de
dix
tres
fort
sa
or
admiree
peu
maison
quelques marches J*ai cent francs
Madison
Le
Madison
President
Georges Cinq
venir,fmtes
cela
Moil
un
maison
francs ici
pouvez
voiis
ev3iU^
vieille maison
enfant
un
Georges cinquieme Si
ch
beaux
un
petit
son
grandes forets
ches plusieurs mar-
cent
un
un
de
a.
dix
fois Elle
II y
une
americain
venu
lait
deux
enfant
mine
Angleterre
le
Faites
faire telle
chose!
Faire
Je pensais de cela
telle chose!
une
J'irai la, j'allais \a
pensaisa cela J'irai, fy allais
Paries
Paries
encore
a
Je lui ai
vu
J'ai ecrit
a
elle
est
cette
De
qui
Elle
est
Je
eux
hier
celle du
maison maire
t
leur
encore
Je
Vai
Je
lui ai ecrit
A
qui
.C'est
vu
au
,f
est. .
.
maire
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
212
Vun
say:
NOT
DO
fat
que
(book")
lis crient dans
Id, il m'a
est
dit
qu'ildisait alle* j'allerai rien
cru
Je n'ai rien
J'ai
II envoira
a
vous
//
Je
a
piinir
Je
deteste
Cest.moi J'ai
qui
ecrit
a
de
le mois
pleuvaittout
Avertissez-moi
Si
acheter
de la laine
tout
monter
voiidriez
vous
de suite venir
est
vous
Je
plu.
le
frangais
trop tard
pour
trop tard
pour
.
content
que
guerira
.
il arrivera
Je vais acheter II
monter
va
vouliez
vous
Pour
que
/'apprenne
Pour
que
/'apprenne
Pour
que
vous
que
appreniez
vous
Que
venez
Il n*est pas
,
que
apprenne
serai
lettre de lui
une
moi
j'apprends II est
II
Si
trop tard pour
apprendre II
regu
je
resterais II est
qui ai d'apprendre
J'ai
Quand
veux
II veut
moi
il
quand
arrive Je
qu'il
punir
deteste
a.
ce
enverra
vous
Je viens
lux
de
cru
He, /'irai
Cest
juste entendu
J'ai entendu II
dit
elle m'a
n'ai
J'ai
crie
On
cour
aiiquel
disiez-vous?
Que
la
per Sonne
j'ailu
monsieur
Le
Quoi disiez-vous?
Je
celui que
quel je par-
a
lais
Une
CLEAR
say:
In
monsieur
Le
MADE
vous
veniez
possiblequ'il Qu'il guerisse
FRENCH
214
NOT
DO
lui
Tachcz
venir
Tachez
pour
suis
J'ai
MADE
say:
partir
pour de
de
venir
Tdches
de
venir
partir
J'ai
plaisir
relies
livres
deux
a .
J'ai
or
eu
chanter
Tdchez
a
ap prendre
vous
Vcntendais
Je
cJuintant
venir
pret
plaisir
J'ai
CLEAR
say:
rentendais
Je
GRAMMAR
J*ai
le
fait
.
.
.
plaisir
relier. .
Je
fcrai
Je
veux
5
regretter ici
etes
vous
que
en
Paris
chante
rossignol
a
Estime dit
Elle Nous
en
hois
hrulait
par
tout
le monde
avec
une
sommes
vers
dam*)
coimne
voix
venus
calme
a
Albany
feu
de
tout
une
oui
Je
retourner
monde
Albany
pense
encore
le
par
Je
faiidra
bois
calme
tra-
par
II
de
voix
d'une
tempete
vient
dame
un
telle
qu'il
soyes.
printemps
en
en
Attendee
vous
que
Paris
au
feu
un
.
prin-
en
temps
n'agit pas
.
ferai
desire
Je
etions
Elle
lui
a
heures
A^ous Le
lui
Je
de
pense
Attendee //
faudra
telle
tempete oui
que
qu'il encore
vienne. reveiiir
(come
again
.
CURRENT
CENTURY
TWENTIETH
PHRASES
216
FRENCH
CURRENT
GRAMMAR
TWENTIETH
1. The
World
2. The
final drive
3.
5. At 6.
repulsed with
was
face
8. Shell-shock
put
9. He
was
gfassed and
10. He
was
kept
11. He
was
adored
12. He
rose
from
13. He
took
14. His
16. He
became
17. He
was
18. The
They
20. He 21. His
by the
for
as
was
26.
He
flier.
its base
a
nose
after
the
dive.
the air-raid.
aces-
loop.
his
high-powered
he
was
went
by
a
into
roadster.
blowout.
high.
fined for
speeding.
suddenly recalled by wireless. him
rang was
other into
went
hour
an
23.
25. She
ability.
ditch.
spin in
a
pleaded guiltyand
24. I sent
to
any
looping
22. He He
than
into the
stalled
motor
sheer
of the leading^allied
one
delayed for
was
file.
through
returned
skidded
went
firing--line. and
rank
the ranks chances
home.
the
on
killed while
car
of action.
out
invalided
all week
squadron
land.
man's
no
men
and plane side-slipped
15. The
19.
in
top.
in dispatches.
many
more
the
over
face
mentioned
was
hour.
zero
went
to
heavy loss.
bombing-planespassed overhead
the
as
they
came
PHRASES
sailles. by the Treaty of Ver-
concluded
chill of the
cockcrow
CLEAR
CENTURY
was
cover
felt the
They
7. He
War
took
They
4. He
MADE
a
wire
him
unable
up to
declining the offer. but
was
cut
off
put through the
while call.
talking.
.
217
PHRASES
par le Traite
s'est terminee
mondiale
guerre
CLEAR
CENTURY
TWENTIETH
CURRENT
1. La
MADE
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
sailles. de Ver-
de grosses pertes. avec poussee finale fut repoussee 3. lis se mirent a I'abri quand les avions de bombarde-
2. La
arriverent.
ment
5. Au
chant
6. Ils
du
7. II fut porte
face
la
dans
face
a
le billard.
sur
neutre.
zone
I'ordre du
jour. mqttait beaucoup
a
commotion
8. La
glaciale.
ils sauterent
coq
trouverent
se
I'heure
de
4. II sentit le frisson
hors
d'hommea
de
combat. 9. II fut
pris des
gaz
la semaine
10. Toute
mis
et
en
le tint
on
conge.
lignede
la
sur
feu.
simples soldats I'adoraient. II ne dut ses galons qu'a son intelligence. aviateur. II s'exposaitplus qu'aucun autre I'aile et piqua du nez. Son avion glissasur
11. Les
12. 13. 14.
15. Apres le raid I'escadrille revint 16. H 17. II
devint se
I'un des
tua
18. L'auto
20.
Une
bouclant
en
dierapaet
19. Ils firent
tour
un
crevaison
21. Comme
il
premiers
as
a
base.
sa
allies.
la boucle.
tomba dans
dans sa
le retarda
montait, son
le fosse-
puissanteauto d'une
moteur
de tourisme.
heure. eut
une
panne
momen-
tanee.
22. II 23. 24.
25.
et
avoua
II fut tout
paya
I'amende
pour
exces
de vitesse.
coup^rappelepar sans-fil. Je lui envoyai un telegramme pour refuser Elle Tappela a I'appareil mais fut coupee.
26. II
ne
a
put obtenir la communication.
son
off
re.
GRAiAlMAR
FRENCH
218
CENTURY
TWENTIETH
CURRENT
MADE
(Continued)
PHRASES
Answer"
**Don't
CLEAR
the invariable
reply.
27.
"Busy"
28.
He
29.
They foug^htfor
the
30.
The
31.
They
at stakepeoples was covenants openly arrived at. open League of Nations a supergovernment.
or
hung^
34. The
mandates
35. The
balance
36. The
divine
buffer
state
the world
43. A
without
in the
determine
to
the
longs for to
agreement
an an
increased
fluctuated
45.
Currency inflation
had
European bond exchange rates. States.
of
hinged
area
on
the
indemnity.
rivalryleads
balance
ences. prefer-
safeguard.
devastated
Foreign exchange
47. The
the discard.
on
trade
issues
was
now
favors
enormously
reached
a
are
disarmament.
budget.
high protectivetariff apparently
Many
macy. diplo-
protectiveguarantees.
44.
46.
Powers.
the old
their national
a
|
points.
the Great
keynote of
as su^jg^ested
was
disarm
size of
42. Trade
the
was
held
40. Reconstruction
All
fourteen
famous
right of kings passed into
38. A
4L
the
of power
was plebiscite
cannot
seas.
apportionedamong
were
37. A
We
the
of
of
treaty embodied
33. The
39.
in the
considered
32. He
freedom
self-determination believed
booth.
left the
and
up
was
home
after the
dustries. in-
istice. arm-
maximum.
^
ajgoodbuy in favor
of
at
presenlM^^^
the United
*J
GRAMMAR
FRENCEI
CENTURY
TWENTIETH
CURRENT
27. ''Pas libre"
"on
ou
CLEAR
MADE
PHRASES
(Continued) fut
repond pas"
ne
2i9
in
la reponse
variable. 28. II raccrocha 29. lis 30.
se
les recepteurs et
battirent pour
cabine.
quittala des
la liberte
mers.
peuplesa disposerd'eux-memes croyaienta la diplomaticouverteLigue des Nations lui paraissaitun
etait
Le droit des
31. lis 32. La
en
jc..
sur-gouverne-
ment.
33. Le
Traite
engloba
34. Les mandats 35.
les fameux
f itrent partages entre
L'equilibredes puissancesetait cienne
36. Le
droit
divin des
etat-tampon fut suggere
40. La
4L
de
I'an-
des
protection.
comme
garanties.
sans
devastes
pays
dependait du
mon-
de Tindemnite-
Le monde
42. La
desarmer
pouvons
reconstitution tant
d'ordre
rejete. leurs preferencesnationales.
38.
ne
le mot
rois fut
determina plebiscite
39. Nous
les
diplomatic.
37. Un
Un
points. grandes puissances.
quatorze
entier souhaite
rivalite commerciale
un
accord
conduit
le desarmement.
pour
grossissementdes
au
budgets. 43. Un
fort tarif
semble protectionniste
favoriser
les industries
du pays. 44.
Apres I'armistice les changes etrangers
varierent
extra-
ordinairement. 45. L'inflation fiduciaire avait atteint le maximum. A6.
Beaucoup avec
47. La
balance Unis-
de
valeurs
Europeennes
sont
un
bon
achat
des
Etats
le change actuel. commerciale
etait alors
en
faveur
220
TWENTIETH
CURRENT
48.
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
world
CLEAR
(Continued)
PHRASES
CENTURY
in
Supremacy
MADE
trade
depends
shipping
upon
power. 49.
Many
vessels
50.
Light
cruisers
51.
Fast
farmers
Ragtime
airs
55.
He
a
56.
It
57.
Woman
58.
Prohibition
was
constant
suffrage
60-
Many
61.
Capital
of
The
unions
the
drys
to
movies. of
season.
enraged
the
direct
action.
economically dependent
are
wets.
strike.
on
advocated
the
victorious-
and
go
time.
that
at
photoplay
voted
workers labor
and
of
the
camouflage.
daylight saving.
to
everywhere
was
delighted
the
upon
other.
each
63.
best
of
way
fashion
patron the
probably
was
59. Nearly all the
He
all the
were
defence.
coast
by
opposed
were
54.
62.
smoke-screens
employed
53. The
replace capital ships. for
needed
are
oil-burners.
into
over
to
come
may
destroyers
52. They
being made
are
made
his
labor
appeal
party
the
to
radical
extreme
definitelyin
was
favor
of
wing. government
control. 64.
The
65.
The
66.
High
67.
Unemployment
surtax tax
on
on
large
incomes
necessaries
prices brought
was
increased about
forced
many
a
especiallyheavy. the high cost of living.
large
reduction
deserving
men
in onto
streets.
68-
Government
69.
Several
works
were
ex-kings sought
started domicile
as
a
relief
measure.
in Switzerland.
sales. the
APPENDICES
APPENDIX
IV
Weights, Coins
Measures,
The
Measures
decimal
"
French
system
measures
standard
The
of
subdivided
1
"
hectare acres
centimetres
grammes "
1,000
kilos
The The
sou
but
half-kilo
=
kilogramme
=
ton
sou
half
since
the
gramme
pound kilo
or
19
100
=
centimes.
American
cents,
money.
centimes.
50
=
gold war
them.
centimes.
silver
be
to
for
or
franc
the =
10
=
and
frs.
water=l
centimes.
franc
used
5
is
franc 5
=
gros
There and
the
distilled
=
unit
monetary
(quart)
stcre
hectogramme
=
"
Normally
is
divided sub-
each
hectares
litre or
of
centimetre
500
The
cube
metre
=
cubic
1,000
It
decilitre
=
"
litres
1
The
2
"="
=
100
"
=
5
"
"
one
or
earth.
carre
are
"
cubic
100
inches), the
themselves
metre
=
=
"
1000
Coins..
and based
"
counting;
1000
3 of
centimetres,
metre
"
Roughly
Weights
France
naturally
millimetres.
"
10,000
ft.
(3
metre
100
10
square
100
measures
in
are
circumference
the
into into
measures
the
is
milHonth
ten
Cubic
weights
it.
upon
Square
invented
was
and
coins
coins
paper
or
1
worth
worth
aluminum
10
frs. have
fr., 2 and
20 been
frs., frs., stituted sub-
APPENDIX
V
Polite Formulas The
French
the
use
married
(to
dame unmarried
of
and
where
clientele
the
call
employed
are
Monsieur
French
The It
Mademoiselle
voire
of
rants restau-
waitress
the
Mademoiselle
pere,
often used le Docteur, aile. Monsieur are simply say "your father", "your daughter",
we
or
and
Madame;
women
Mademoiselle.
is
not to
name
and
So
their
attract
unless
tor." "Doc-
Madame
never
has
one
add
to
the
family
Mademoiselle to
do
so
in
in
dressing ad-
order
to
attention.
added
not
are
in
princessess, who ; also, they are
except Madame
mari,
mon
ire vo-
where
so.
form in French good Monsieur, Madame, or
people Titles
femme,
ma
say
Monsieur
Ma-
(to men),
(to with is done freely than the in English. For instance terms call the concierge (janitor) and his
house
a
Monsieur
wife
Monsieur
words
more
corresponding
the
Writing
women),
women)
tenants
Letter
-
speaking be
can
titled
to
called
women,
"princesse" or added in speaking
generally simply called Monsieur except is addressed duke by their inferiors. However, as a Priests Monsieur and le Due "Prince." prince as a called called MonMonsieur are I'Ahhe, Bishops are to
titled
seigneur, Officers when
nuns
called
does
not
chore
ma
their
it
sceur
without
Monsieur
know well
men
army
not
are
called
are
be
can
one
knows
who
men,
is
ma
or
any
When
rank.
to
customary
sceur.
offence one
address
capitaine, colonel, general, etc., although their subordinates colonel, etc. capitaine. mon mon say, them
as
* *
Letter-writing in
Full
French titles
Monsieur
is, generally
than are
*
in used
le
Monsieur
le
Monsieur
le
speaking,
English. superscriptions: on
Docteur
Marquis General
Recamier
d'Argentan de
Castelnau,
more
formal
GRAMMAR
FRENCH
MADE
do
Professors
like
not
which
Professeur, Monsieur. called
being
sounds
German:
So
Professeur
Monsieur
called
they
professors
However,
239
CLEAR
and
So
called
are
medicine
of
le
often
are
cher
maitre
letters
with
or
in
conversation. is
There
coldness
no
Monsieur
and
Madame,
or
beginning
in
it
requires
just
intimacy
to
say
Madame.
chere
following
The
will
safely
be
in
used
signing
one's
self. To
people
regards
one
Veuillez
respect,
with
a
or
a
equals:
one's
To
friends
Bien a
a
inferiors
person,
ex.
:
les
or,
sentiments
mes
s
tueux respec-
a
tion considera-
ma
Monsieur,
I'assurance
high, mes
letters.
affectueusement
vous,
often
are
prie
qu'il whose
etc..
exceptionally
Monsieur,
Lebrun
M.
papier
officials,
business
respectueux,
a
vous,
vous.
to
Monsieur,
pro-
mon
sentiments.
Letters
To
a
Receves,
or
:
cordialement
voyer
sentiments
mes
Croyez,
meilleurs
mes
a
devoues.
distinguee, de
superiors: Madame,
or
affection,
of
nuance
et
To
Monsieur
croire,
fond
one's
as
a
a
civilites.
M.
Durand
laisses
lundi.
position
is
convenient
This
in
written
de
known
not
formula form
is
is
thircj
the
:
also
lui
ren-
to
be
Receve^:, used
in
APPENDIX
VI
Advice In
English
translating from Do
write
not
are
sure
Do
not
single word
a
re-reading
and
reading
French:
into
of
the
write
meaning
mentally dictionary only word
is
Read
the
to
the
are
for
ted transla-
having referring that
sure
carefully, which
the
to
French
the
confining likely to
not
seem
sense", but reading legibly, leaving plenty
"making
you
you.
two
or
before
passage,
you
to
dictionary
line
Write lines
when
wnknown
till
word.
every
word
whole
before
copy-book text English
of
single
a
the
in your the
of
article.
whole
the
yourself help in
between
space
your
corrections.
neat
Re-read. In
translating
French
from Read
and
into
English: five
re-read
six
or
times
before
dictionary. write before single word a viva voce correctly and
sulting con-
even
the Do
not
translate
Avoid
literalness
translate
pushed
{/
mis
fut
into
it
of
the
is
Do
not
was by "he "he was by corresponding
mur
wall",
to
elegantly.
even
barbarous. du
which
corner",
a
is
pied
au
foot
the
to
driven
when
feeling ready
but the
idiom.
Always
think
of
harmony,
especially when
late trans-
you
poetry. In
composing
essays:
Do
not
thought
write
treat
it
your
whole
English the
To
sum
viva
only
When
voce.
at
essay
the
words
a
up,
write
never
teach
has
before
correctly, conscienciousness
teach in
has
that
have
when
your
anything made of
you
to
blank
look
sure.
coiilcl
done,
in
sult Conis
which This
writing coherently foresight in planning you seeking after truth. art
write or
up.
first draft
about
having
you
been
stretch, leaving
not
the
you
it will
this
would
you
dictionary only
preparation not
line, save notes, subject so carefully
one
the
out
plete. com-
tal men-
will and
and
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