Tesla, Radiant Energy.1 February 19, 2008 “a mysterious radiation, which comes out of the aether”, “Radiant energy”
Tesla’s Discovery of Radiant / Dark Energy The electrical, Radiant, energy throughout the universe, which Tesla referred to and would use to provide power wirelessly at Wardenclyffe has recently been re-discovered and called Dark Energy (“because it cannot be seen”). Of all the great inventions and discoveries of Nikola Tesla, nothing stood out with greater potential benefit to the whole of humanity than his discovery of Radiant (“Dark”) Energy. Only after conducting exhaustive experimental trials for three years, did Tesla announce this stupendous discovery in a paper published in December, 1892, entitled”The Dissipation of Electricity”. Incredibly, most academicians of the day completely missed the mark in understanding the true significance of his paper. Noted scientists such as Sir Oliver Lodge, mistakenly thought that Tesla was referring to high frequency AC electricity in the operation of the Tesla Transformer, a huge blunder that remains to this day in the misnaming and misinterpretation of the Tesla Coil. The transformer that Tesla referred to in the 1892 paper did not operate on magnetic/electric field induction created by alternating currents. It operated in an entirely new domain of physics based on abrupt discharges of electrostatic potentials and the subsequent release of kinetic Radiant Energy from the omnipresent ether/cosmos. Tesla was now operating under entirely new rules which he referred to as “dynamic”electro-static forces and had, by now, completely abandoned any further interest in the AC waveform. The genesis of the Lodge misunderstanding, however, began a few years earlier with the publication of certain mathematical formulas by a brilliant Scotsman named James Clerk Maxwell.
The blue spike phenomena Tesla’s introduction to the phenomena of Radiant Energy began with early observations by linesmen working for Thomas Edison, Tesla’s former employer, in 1884. Before Tesla’s inventions of the Poly-phase AC motors and generators became the industry standard and overtook Thomas Edison’s use of DC generators, the DC electrical system was the only system available to deliver electricity to America’s homes and factories. Due to the resistance offered by long transmission lines, Edison had to produce very high DC voltages from his generators in order to deliver enough voltage and current to its final destination. He also had to provide additional “pumping” stations along the way to boost the sagging voltage which dwindled from line losses. A curious anomaly occurred in the very first instant of throwing the power switch at the generating station: Purple/blue colored spikes radiated in all directions along the axis of the power lines for just a moment. In addition, a stinging,ray-like shocking sensation was felt by those who stood near the transmission lines. In some cases, when very large DC voltages surged
from the generators, the “stinging” sensation was so great that occasionally a blue spike jumped from the line and grounded itself through a workman, killing him in the process. Tesla realized almost immediately that electrons were not responsible for such a phenomena because The blue spike phenomena ceased as soon as the current started flowing in the lines. Something else was happening just before the electrons had a chance to move along the wire. At the time, no one seemed to be very interested in discovering why these dramatic events of static electric discharge were taking place, but rather, engineering design efforts were focused on eliminating and quenching this strange anomaly which was considered by everyone to be a nuisance – except Tesla. Tesla saw it for what it was, a powerful, yet unknown form of energy which aroused his curiosity more and more, every time it happened. The phenomena only exhibited itself in the first moment of switch closure, before the electrons could begin moving. There seemed to be a “bunching” or “choking” effect at play, but only briefly. Once the electrons began their movement within the wire, all would return to normal. What was this strange energy that was trying to liberate itself so forcefully at the moment of switch closure?. a short Tesla biography
Maxwell’s Equations Using mathematical models, James Clerk Maxwell had earlier suggested that two different types of electrical disturbances could possibly exist in Nature. One type was a longitudinal electric wave which required alternating concentrations of densified and rarefied pulsations of electrostatic fields that moved along a single vector (today, we refer to these as standing waves or scalar waves). Maxwell ultimately rejected this idea because he was convinced that this type of wave propagation was impossible to achieve, but his assumption was erroneous and would later portend formidable consequences for Tesla and the world at large. Maxwell’s second wave postulation was that of a transverse electromagnetic wave that exhibited a rapid alternation of electric fields along a fixed axis that radiated away from its point of origin at the speed of light and was detectable at great distances. Maxwell had more faith in the existence of this type of wave and encouraged experimenters to look in this direction. It was the discovery of this type of wave that Hertz had laid claim to, but Tesla was meticulous and fastidious in replicating Hertz’s experimental parameters and he could not obtain the results claimed by Hertz. Tesla discovered a fundamental flaw in Hertz’s experiment: Hertz had failed to take into account the presence of air in his experiments. Hertz had mistakenly identified electrostatic inductions or electrified shock waves as true electromagnetic waves. Tesla was saddened to bring this news to the distinguished academician, but felt scientific honesty was paramount if progress was to be achieved. Tesla visited Hertz in Germany and personally demonstrated the experimental error to him. Hertz agreed with Tesla and had planned to withdraw his claim, but reputations, political agendas, national pride, and above all, powerful financial interests, intervened in that decision and set the stage for a major rift in the ‘accepted’ theories that soon became transformed into the fundamental “laws” of the electric sciences that have held sway in industry and the halls of academia to the present day.
Tesla’s Experiments: In 1889 Tesla began experimenting with capacitors charged to high voltages and discharged in very short time intervals. These very short pulses produced very sharp shockwaves which he felt across the front of his whole body. He was aware that closing a switch on a high-voltage dynamo often produced a stinging shock. This was believed to be static electricity and it occurred only at switch-on and only for a few milliseconds. However, in those few milliseconds, bluish needles of energy stand out from the electrical cables and they leak to ground, often through the bodies of any people standing nearby, causing immediate death if the installation is large. While the generators of that time were rated at some thousands of volts, these discharges were millions of volts in intensity. The generator problem was eliminated by the used of highly insulated switches which were provided with a very large ground connection. Tesla was intrigued by this phenomenon which appeared to match the effect of his capacitor discharges. He calculated that the voltages produced were hundreds of times greater than could be supplied by the capacitor or generator. It was clear that the power supplied was being amplified or augmented in some way, but the question was, from where was the extra energy coming? Tesla continued to investigate through experiments, taking precautions against the high voltages being produced. He was soon able to produce these shockwaves whenever he wanted to. The shockwaves produced a stinging sensation no matter where he stood in his laboratory, and hands and face were particularly sensitive to the wave. These waves radiated out and penetrated metal, glass and every other kind of material. This was clearly not an electromagnetic wave, so he called the new wave “Radiant Electricity”. Tesla searched the literature to find references to this radiant energy but he could not find much. In 1842, Dr. Joseph Henry had observed that steel needles were magnetised by a Leyden Jar spark discharge located on a different floor of the building. The magnetising wave had passed through brick walls, oak doors, heavy stone and iron flooring and tin ceilings to reach the needles located in a vault in the cellar. In 1872, Elihu Thomson took a large Ruhmkorrf Spark Coil, attached one pole of the coil to a cold-water pipe and the other pole to a metal table top. This resulted in a series of massive sparks which electrified the metal door knob of the room and produced the stinging shockwaves which Tesla was investigating. He found that any insulated metal object anywhere in the building would produce long continuous white sparks discharging to ground. This discovery was written up briefly in the Scientific American journal later that year. Tesla concluded that all of the phenomena which he had observed, implied the presence of a medium . . . consisting of independent carriers capable of free motion – besides the air, another medium is present. This invisible medium is capable of carrying waves of energy through all substances, which suggests that, if physical, its basic structure is much smaller than the atoms
which make up commonplace materials, allowing the stream of matter to pass freely through all solids. It appears that all of space is filled with this matter. Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated this energy flow passing through glass and lighting standard electric light bulbs. Harold Aspden performed an experiment known as the “Aspden Effect” which also indicates the presence of this medium. Aspden made this discovery when running tests not related to this subject. He started an electric motor which had a rotor mass of 800 grams and recorded the fact that it took an energy input of 300 joules to bring it up to its running speed of 3,250 revolutions per minute when it was driving no load. The rotor having a mass of 800 grams and spinning at that speed, its kinetic energy together with that of the drive motor is no more than 15 joules, contrasting with the excessive energy of 300 joules needed to get it rotating at that speed. If the motor is left running for five minutes or more, and then switched off, it comes to rest after a few seconds. But, the motor can then be started again (in the same or opposite direction) and brought up to speed with only 30 joules provided that the time lapse between stopping and restarting is no more than a minute or so. If there is a delay of several minutes, then an energy input of 300 joules is needed to get the rotor spinning again. This is not a transient heating phenomenon. At all times the bearing housings feel cool and any heating in the drive motor would imply an increase of resistance and a build-up of power to a higher steady state condition. The experimental evidence is that there is something unseen, which is put into motion by the machine rotor. That “something” has an effective mass density 20 times that of the rotor, but it is something that can move independently and take several minutes to decay , while the motor comes to rest in a few seconds. Two machines of different rotor size and composition reveal the phenomenon and tests indicate variations with time of day and compass orientation of the spin axis. One machine, the one incorporating weaker magnets, showed evidence of gaining strength magnetically during the tests which were repeated over a period of several days. This clearly shows that there is an unseen medium which interacts with everyday objects and actions, and confirms Tesla’s discovery. Tesla continued to experiment and determined that a very short uni-directional pulse is necessary to generate the radiant energy wave. In other words, an alternating voltage does not create the effect, it has to be a DC pulse. The shorter the pulse time and the higher the voltage, the greater the energy wave. He found that using a capacitor and an arc discharge mechanism with a very powerful permanent magnet placed at right angles to the spark, improved the performance of his equipment by a major factor. Additional experiments showed that the effects were altered by adjusting the duration of the electrical pulse. In each instance, the power of the radiated energy appeared to be constant irrespective of the distance from his apparatus. The energy was in the form of individual longitudinal waves. Objects placed near the equipment became powerfully electrified, retaining their charge for many minutes after the equipment was switched off.
Tesla was using a charging dynamo as a power source and he found that if he moved his magnetic discharger to one side of the dynamo, the radiant wave was positive. If he moved the magnetic discharger towards the other side of the dynamo, the radiant wave became negative in sign. This was clearly a new electrical force which travelled as light-like rays, showing them to be different in nature from the electromagnetic waves of Maxwell. Investigating the effects of adjusting the duration of the pulses, Tesla found that a pulse train which had individual pulses with durations exceeding 100 microseconds, produced pain and mechanical pressures. At this duration, objects in the field visibly vibrated and were even pushed along by the field. Thin wires subjected to sudden bursts of the radiant field, exploded into vapour. When the pulse duration was reduced to 100 microseconds or below, the painful effect was no longer felt and the waves are harmless. With a pulse duration of 1 microsecond, strong physiological heat was felt. With even shorter pulse durations, spontaneous illuminations capable of filling rooms with white light, were produced. Even shorter pulses produced cool room penetrating breezes with an accompanying uplift in mood and awareness. These effects have been verified by Eric Dollard who has written about them in some detail. In 1890, Tesla discovered that if he placed a two-foot long single-turn deep copper helix coil near his magnetic disrupter, the thin-walled coil developed a sheath of white sparks with long silvery white streamers rising from the top of the coil. These discharges appeared to have much higher voltages than the generating circuit. This effect was greatly increased if the coil was placed inside the disrupter wire circle. The discharge seemed to hug the surface of the coil with a strange affinity, and rode up its surface to the open end. The shockwave flowed over the coil at right angles to the windings and produced very long discharges from the top of the coil. With the disrupter charge jumping one inch in its magnetic housing, the coil streamers were more than two feet in length. This effect was generated at the moment when the magnetic field quenched the spark and it was wholly unknown at that time. This train of very short uni-directional pulses causes a very strange field to expand outwards. This field resembles a stuttering electrostatic field but has a far more powerful effect than would be expected from an electrostatic charge. Tesla was unable to account for the enormous voltage multiplication of his apparatus using any of the electrical formula of his day. He therefore presumed that the effect was entirely due to radiant transformation rules which would have to be determined through experimental measurements. This he proceeded to do. Tesla had discovered a new induction law where radiant shockwaves actually auto-intensified when encountering segmented objects. The segmentation was the key to releasing the action. Radiant shockwaves encountered a helix and “flashed over” the outer skin, from end to end. This shockwave did not pass through the windings of the coil but treated the surface of the coil as a transmission path. Measurements showed that the voltage increase along the surface of the coil was exactly proportional to the length travelled along the coil, with the voltage increase reaching values of 10,000 volts per inch of coil. The 10,000 volts which he was feeding to his 24 inch coil were being magnified to 240,000 volts at the end of his coil. This was unheard of for simple
equipment like that. Tesla also discovered that the voltage increase was mathematically linked to the resistance of the coil winding, with higher resistance windings producing higher voltages. Tesla then began to refer to his disrupter loop as his special “primary” and to the long helical coil as his special “secondary” but he never intended anyone to equate these terms to those referring to electromagnetic transformers which operate in a completely different way. There was an attribute which baffled Tesla for a time. His measurements showed that there was no current flowing in the long copper “secondary” coil. Voltage was rising with every inch of the coil, but there was no current flow in the coil itself. Tesla started to refer to his measured results as his “electrostatic induction laws”. He found that each coil had its own optimum pulse duration and that the circuit driving it needed to be “tuned” to the coil by adjusting the length of the pulses to give the best performance. Tesla then noticed that the results given by his experiments paralleled the equations for dynamic gas movements, so he began wondering if the white flame discharges might not be a gaseous manifestation of electrostatic force. He found that when a metal point was connected to the upper terminal of the “secondary” coil, the streamers were directed very much like water flowing through a pipe. When the stream was directed at distant metal plates, it produced electronic charges which could be measured as current at the receiving site but in transit, no current existed. The current only appeared when the stream was intercepted. Eric Dollard has stated that this intercepted current can reach several hundred or even thousands of amps. Tesla made another remarkable discovery. He connected a very heavy U-shaped copper bar directly across the primary of his disrupter, forming a dead short-circuit. He then connected several ordinary incandescent filament bulbs between the legs of the U-shaped bar. When the equipment was powered up, the lamps lit with a brilliant cold white light. This is quite impossible with conventional electricity, and it shows clearly that what Tesla was dealing with was something new. This new energy is sometimes called “cold electricity” and Edwin Gray sr. demonstrated how different it is by lighting incandescent-filament bulbs directly from his power tube, submerging them in water and putting his hand in the water. Cold electricity is generally considered to be harmless to humans. Ed Gray’s power tube operates by generating radiant electricity waves by using a spark gap, and collecting the energy using three encasing copper cylinders surrounding the spark gap. The cylinders are drilled with many holes as that enhances the pick-up and the load is driven directly from the current in the cylinders. When lighting bulbs, Ed used an air-cored transformer made of just a few turns of very heavy wire. I, personally, am aware of two people who have independently reproduced Ed’s power tube. Tesla viewed the streamers coming off his coils as being wasted energy so he tried to suppress them. He tried a conical coil but found that this accentuated the problem. He then tried placing a copper sphere at the top of his coil. This stopped the streamers but electrons were dislodged from the copper sphere, creating really dangerous conditions. This implied that metals generate electron flows when struck by the coil streamers (as had been seen when the streamers had been aimed at remote metal plates and current was generated as a result).
Tesla designed, built and used large globe lamps which required only a single external plate for receiving the radiant energy. No matter how far away these lamps were from the radiant source, they became brilliantly lit, almost to the level of an arc lamp and far, far brighter than any of the conventional Edison filament lamps. By adjusting the voltage and the pulse duration of his apparatus, Tesla could also heat or cool a room. Tesla’s experiments suggest that a method of extracting free-energy is to use a Tesla coil which has a metal spike instead of the more common metal sphere at the end of the “secondary” coil. If the Tesla coil is fed with sufficiently short uni-directional pulses and the “secondary” coil pointed at a metal plate, then it should be possible to draw off serious levels of power from the metal plate, just as Tesla discovered. This has been confirmed by Don Smith who uses two metal plates separated by a layer of plastic dielectric, forming a capacitor. He states that a well designed Tesla coil is capable of producing currents as high as the voltages and he demonstrates a hand-held 28 watt Tesla Coil played on the first plate producing a substantial continuous spark discharge between the second plate and ground. I estimate that the spark produced would have to be thousands of volts at a significant current, which puts it in the kilowatt range, like most of Don’s other devices. Don’s video Don’s patent is in Chapter 3 and here is Don’s pdf document in which he explains many of his high-power designs.
The following recital on Tesla’s work with Radiant Energy is an excerpt from the book, Secrets of Cold War Technology by Gerry Vassilatos, pages 86-93. The “fountain effects” which surrounded his station are not responsible for the ever-growing power observed by Tesla. This was the result of an incoming aetheric/cosmic supply for which his Transmitter gave low-resistance passage. The incoming electrical flow preferred the transmitter terminal to adjacent, more resistant rock. This gradual flow process soon evidenced itself in magnification effects, ever increasing volumes of flowing electricity being measured in his system. Some have argued that Tesla merely stored energy in the earth, extracting it for use later, but they cannot give an alternate explanation of where it came from. This is a basic error, the result of imagining the Colorado Springs experiment to be one consisting entirely of electrical effects (Grotz). It is in this light alone that we may comprehend the evident anomalous magnification of aetheric/cosmic phenomena in his Colorado Springs photographs. Once aetheric/cosmic energy had been obtained from space, it had to be put to use. Tesla had arranged for the automatic activation of cosmic-electric-rebroadcast circuits in the station. The down pouring cosmic-electricity was automatically shunted to side circuits through capacitors. In these side branches, the electricity pulsed through dielectrics and expanded over the surfaces of his smaller coils. Thus stimulated to more rapid pulsation rates, they were ready for “rebroadcast”. Being rebroadcast away from the station through large vacuum globes, poised on elevated platforms, these were the electric pulsations, which would be utilized in home and industry. Simple and compact receivers would be established in every home and factory, set to receive cosmic-electric current through the ground. Tests were thrilling. The distant
appliances, lamps and motors responded to the powerful pulsations, as if they were physically connected to the station by wire. A small house-like structure was established some 26 miles away from the station. In it, a cosmic power receiver was tuned to one of the rebroadcast rates. The 200 lamps housed within this structure, each of 50 watts rating, all remained brilliantly illuminated throughout the test runs. This apparently stimulated enough excitement and concern for word of this development to get back east. Engineers were enraged. Those who had missed his most early shift from alternations to impulses, failed to comprehend the vast distinction between “stationary waves” and ” standing waves”. The quizzical use of specific terms such as these was a Tesla trademark, one designed to puzzle the minds of those who criticized him the most. With the exception of a very few colleagues who continually made related discoveries in aetheric/cosmic physics, most academes had chosen to remain totally ignorant of the new study area. This for example was the case with the Teslian use of the term “frequency” and of “resonance” words which had completely different meanings for Tesla. Teslian “frequency” refers to the repetition of pulses per second. Teslian “resonance” refers to conditions in which aetheric-electricity flows with little or no resistance through systems, whether proximal or widely separated. Photographs, which Tesla sent to his “financiers”, were analyzed and re-examined repeatedly for their encrypted meaning. None could decipher the cunning puzzle which Tesla had set before them. Tesla stated that photographs of the aetheric/cosmic white fire streamers required several minutes’ exposure time before registering the faintest sort of impression. Most of the plates were therefore the results of more than 20 minutes’ exposure time – a building up of tuned pulses. There are a very few plates which, though stated to be the result of “one brief switch closure”, are covered with dense, thick white streamers. One fraction of a second closure on the system switch resulted in a twenty-minute or more aetheric/cosmic-electric avalanche. Magnifying Transformers continued discharging long after the initial impulse had been withdrawn.
AETHERIC/COSMIC POWER RECEIVERS Tesla returned to New York exultant. He was about to establish a new world precedent. Venture capitalists were everywhere, looking for their opportunity to enter the “new energy” market. Unknown to Tesla, his station, its tower, the large coils, the capacitors, and all the other marvelous apparatus, which demonstrated free aetheric power to the world, had been acquired for demolition. Tesla simply went forward, securing new funds from Morgan and others toward the development of a fully functional industry sized station in Long Island. Wardenclyffe would be his greatest achievement. Here he would broadcast power to the world, along with a communications network, which could span the globe with innumerable available channels. Aetheric/cosmic wave communications. Several stations would augment the power of this first station, from which he proposed to rebroadcast 10,000 horsepower. The Station, a wonderful visionary structure, which dominated the view of Shoreham, Long Island, was not quite complete before he admitted to J. Pierpoint Morgan its true purpose and Morgan cut his funding and it was eventually seized by court injunctions and torn down.
Tesla was summoned to appear in court. Mr. Leland Anderson who has since published a wonderful treatise with this transcript as the center-piece has secured the amazing transcript of this proceeding. Tesla said he wept when he saw the ruined tower at Wardenclyffe. The train ride back from Shoreham was filled with tears and the recounting of every tragedy, which marked his life. But the dreams did not die there. In the absence of financial means to construct his gigantic stations, Tesla found ways to build small systems, which accomplished the very same objectives. Tesla was then plunged into a hellish time, where all but one would neither help nor hear him. Dr. John Hammond requested Tesla to be the permanent guest on his family estate. There, amid the family life of Hammond Castle, Tesla shared his dreams and technology. Together, he and Dr. Hammond developed the science of robots and remote guidance. Tesla, impoverished by the inhuman treatment wrought on him by the financial establishment, was for a very long time, considered “out of circulation.” But later years turned a kindlier edge toward him. Long after his principle foe had died, other sought him out. Employed by the Rockefellers in their RCA venture, Tesla was given the task of restructuring the now failing Marconi System. David Sarnoff did not permit Tesla the dignity of working under his own name! Nevertheless it was Tesla, not Sarnoff, who redesigned the insufficient RCA radio systems to sufficiently turn a profit for the owners. It is significant that Tesla was not allowed to change the basic design from wave radio to radiant communications. What he achieved required certain strange conversions within the wave radio circuitry, intensifying radiant signals until the operation was much improved, and then converting the amplified signals back to waves once again. All of this was achieved within the chassis, certain of which are now being studied. These Tesla experimental models are typical of the Tesla style, containing no resistors or other such components. These models use simple transmitter tubes and employ a great number of symmetrically disposed conical air coils.
Dielectric energy While working for RCA under the name “Terbo”, Tesla maintained his two penthouse suites atop the Hotel New Yorker. One penthouse was his living quarters, the other a full-scale research laboratory. Tesla designed and built small compact and portable aether energy receivers, a developmental path, which he pursued to his passing. [see Tesla's Electric Car] Tesla had long investigated the use of pure dielectric field energy, a stream of aether whose individual pulsations were so very ultra short that science had never found a means to harness the energy impulses. Tesla later held the opinion that dielectric current was composed of radiant particles, aetheric in nature. He therefore sought natural sources in which native dielectric fields could be used as they were, without the need for mammoth voltage “shocks” to stigmata, excite, aetheric currents. Tesla knew that if dielectric aether streams could be directly engaged, a true world of the future would be in his grasp. Furthermore, the mass-production of thousands and ten of thousands of such power receivers would be an unstoppable army. An army of miniatures, which could never be torn down. The implications were fathomless. Tesla had found a truly new and wonderful approach to an old problem. Once because his technology had not yet grown to the level where this was possible, he
had to settle for impressing the naturally prolific aether streams with “extra” pulsations. The Transmitter method was costly, gargantuan, and an easy target for those who hated the notion of a future world where dreams rule humanity. Dielectric energy fascinated Tesla. It was everywhere, a natural emanation whose potentials far out proportioned conventional notions of power. Indeed, the early concept of natural radioactivity as an energy source was nothing in comparison to the potential power inherent in dielectric streams. The new technology would use ultra-short pulsing aetheric streams, energies that occupied most of his later press conferences in latter years. Study had convinced Tesla that the apparently smooth and native force characteristic of dielectric field energy was actually a particulate flux, a succession of ultra-short impulses. The derivation of such an impulse train would solve all energy needs for eternity with an elegance far out-reaching his own
Magnifier Transmitter Of a truth, dielectric energy was a cosmic energy source of incredible proportion and virtually eternal duration. Able to use such a kinetic source, one could dispense entirely with the Power Transmitters necessary in stimulating and impressing “extra pulsations” on the aether flow. Tesla often defined the dielectric field as a natural flow of aether particles, one that seemed impossible to utilize through lack of appropriate resistive materials. In order to obtain momentum from the flowing particles of a dielectric field, one required special matter poised in equally special symmetries. The otherwise continuous flow could be absorbed directly, being exchanged to utilities, appliances, and other applications. Tesla had already considered the condition of charged particles, each representing a tightly constricted whorl of aether. The force necessarily exerted at close distances by such aetheric constrictions was incalculably large. Aetheric ponderance maintained particulate stability. Crystalline lattices were therefore places within which one could expect to find unexpected voltages. Indeed, the high voltages inherent in certain metallic lattices, intra-atomic field energies, are enormous. The close Coulomb gradient between atomic centers are electrostatic potentials reaching humanly unattainable levels. By comparison, the voltages, which Tesla once succeeded in releasing, were quite insignificant. In these balanced lattices, Tesla sought the voltages needed to initiate directed aetheric-electric streams in matter. Once such a flow began, one could simply tap the stream for power. In certain materials, these aetheric-electric streams might automatically produce the contaminating electrons, a source of energy for existing appliances. One could theoretically then “tailor” the materials needed to produce unexpected aetheric power with or without the attendant detrital particles. Tesla did mention the latent aetheric power of charge forces, the explosive potentials of bound aether, and the aetheric Power inherent in matter.
In 1920, Einstein presented the idea of “dark” energy, throughout the universe, to explain why the Universe feels a force that counteracts gravity [no one realizing the connection to Tesla's "secret" discovery, proof, and intended use of "dynamic electro-static forces", in 1889-1903. Later, Tesla designed and built small compact and portable aether, radiant, energy receivers see below]. Einstein’s explanation was quickly abandoned as unnecessary, and subsequently
ignored for 70 years. Tesla’s work died without funding. Today we know that not only was Einstein correct, dark energy does exist, that Tesla was going to provide the world with free electric power from it, but also, that it is accelerating the Universe into darkness.
By Ken Adachi –
[email protected] http://educate-yourself.org/fe/radiantenergystory.shtml June 1, 2001 [The story you are about to read is derived from a carefully researched paper presented by Dr. Peter Lindemann before a private audience in Irvine, California on September 12, 2000. The lecture was titled "The Free Energy Secrets of Cold Electricity" . It detailed the story of Radiant Energy and its successful application by Edwin Gray in an over unity motor design which Gray debuted in 1973. The real detective work ( & credit) in uncovering Tesla's discovery of Radiant energy came from author Gerry Vassilatos in his recent book, "Secrets of Cold War Technology" without which Lindemann could not have solved the enigma of Ed Gray’s Radiant circuit design. This lecture delivered the goods. The secret of Tesla’s Radiant Energy has finally been revealed in manifold detail and only awaits the industry of those who care to study and understand it. Part1 presents a general overview of Tesla’s discovery and the political, intrigues that led to its subsequent suppression. Part 2 details the nuts and bolts of how Tesla produced Radiant Energy with block diagrams, schematics, and drawings from Tesla’s original patents to illustrate all of the necessary elements and parameters required. Additional details on Gray's modern adaptation of Tesla's Radiant circuitry and a brief look at Eric Dollard, the only man to successfully recreate Tesla’s Colorado Springs Magnifying transmitter and reproduce the pure steaming white rays of Radiant energy in 1986 exactly as described by Tesla in his Colorado journals. Ken Adachi]
Astrophysics, abstract: astro-ph/9811454
From: Mike Turner Date: Sun, 29 Nov 1998 Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe Authors: Michael S. Turner (U. Chicago and Fermi lab) Comments: 22 pages LaTeX with 7 eps figures. To be published in The Third Stromlo Symposium: The Galactic Halo, eds. B.K. Gibson, T.S. Axelrod, and M.E. Putnam (Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Series, Vol. 666, 1999) For the first time, we have a plausible, complete accounting of matter and energy in the Universe. Expressed a fraction of the critical density it goes like this: neutrinos, between 0.3% and 15%; stars, 0.5%; baryons (total), 5%; matter (total), 40%; smooth, dark energy, 60%; adding up to the critical density. This accounting is consistent with the inflationary prediction of
a flat Universe and defines three dark-matter problems: Where are the dark baryons? What is the nonbaryonic dark matter? What is the nature of the dark energy? “Dark Energy” Dominates The Universe Date: January 2, 2003 Science Daily HANOVER, NH – A Dartmouth researcher is building a case for a “dark energy”dominated universe. Dark energy, the mysterious energy with unusual anti-gravitational properties, has been the subject of great debate among cosmologists. Brian Chaboyer, Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Dartmouth, with his collaborator Lawrence Krauss, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Case Western Reserve University, have reported their finding in the January 3, 2003, issue of Science. Combining their calculations of the ages of the oldest stars with measurements of the expansion rate and geometry of the universe lead them to conclude that dark energy dominates the energy density of the universe. “This finding provides strong support for a universe which is dominated by a kind of energy we’ve never directly observed,” [except for the "blue spike phenomena" of electrical transmission lines] says Chaboyer. “Observations of distant supernova have suggested for a few years that dark energy dominates the universe, and our finding provides independent evidence that the universe is dominated by this type of energy we do not understand.” The researchers came to this conclusion as they were refining their calculations for the age of globular clusters, which are groups of about 100,000 or more stars found in the outskirts of the Milky Way, our galaxy. Because this age (about 12 billion years old) is inconsistent with the expansion age for a flat universe (only about 9 billion years old), Krauss and Chaboyer came to the conclusion that the universe is expanding more quickly now than it did in the past. The only explanation, according to Chaboyer and Krauss, for an accelerating universe is that the energy content of a vacuum is non-zero with a negative pressure, in other words, dark energy. This negative pressure of the vacuum grows in importance as the universe expands and causes the expansion to accelerate. also see www.as.utexas.edu/hetdex for a current in-depth article see The Universe’s Invisible Hand from Scientific American magazine. Feb. 2007 below
Next: Make a Radiant Energy Machine From BNE (Original article by Sol Millin, BNE coordinator, Byron Bay, Australia) The “radiant energy engine” is the creation of a very sudden and frequent interruption to a dc voltage. Various dc voltage sources and voltage interruption devices have been used by
researchers. Apparently, if you interrupt the dc voltage 10,000 times a second you have a potential “radiant energy engine”. Now 100 microseconds is a time interval of 1/10,000th of a second which with current electronic circuit design is considered trivial to produce. Using the most common oscillator chip in the world the NE555 this can be achieved easily. A simple circuit will output a variable frequency dc 12 volt square wave between 1kHz and 40kHz for experimentation. You can use this wave form to drive your radiant energy engine through a simple Mosfet circuit which allows this wave form to be delivered at a very high amperage (up to 20 amps). The output wave form can be designed to be “ON” for a very very short period of time, thus consuming very little current in the primary circuit. Back emf from the primary circuit and some of the radiant energy from the secondary circuit can be used to charge a potential source (eg. 12 volt battery) which can alternate with the primary current source (another 12 volt battery) to hopefully produce an OU (over unity) radiant energy machine. What we have to do then apparently is raise the primary voltage to some thousands of volts and apply this clean cut off (with no back emf) to our “radiant energy transceiver” which apparently creates a disturbance in Space itself that ‘moves’ electrons in the output (transmitter) aspect of the “radiant energy transceiver”. The input and output circuits of the transceiver are electrically isolated from each other. The load of the “radiant energy machine” is run off of the output of the radiant transmitter. So the potential interruptions in the primary circuit which by the way use very very little current, ‘move’ the radiant energy in the secondary circuit which supplies energy to the load. Sounds like the same concept of oscillation that Stanley Meyer was using to fracture water. From what I understand by watching a video about Meyer he used very high DC voltage and very low amperage (milliamps) to get water to split into Hydrogen and Oxygen. In the video it talks about the oscillation of the current and I believe he used some sort of dielectric to prevent emf, from what I have read. I am a novice at all of this so please forgive me if I have stated something technically incorrect. I am attempting to build his original fuel cell from the patent blueprints but am not sure of exactly how to deliver the DC current wave form. If any one knows what type of device I could use to vary the current and interrupt it at the correct rate please post here. Unfortunately I understand Meyer was murdered. The video alludes to the idea that he was offered a billion dollars for his invention and he turned it down. I’m not interested in the money either. I want free energy for everyone. Scientific American magazine. Feb. 2007 The Universe’s Invisible Hand
Dark energy does more than hurry along the expansion of the universe. It also has a stranglehold on the shape and spacing of galaxies By Christopher J. Conselice What took us so long? Only in 1998 did astronomers discover we had been missing nearly three quarters of the contents of the universe, the so-called dark energy–
an unknown form of energy that surrounds each of us, tugging at us ever so slightly, holding the fate of the cosmos in its grip, but to which we are almost totally blind. Some researchers, to be sure, had anticipated that such energy existed, but even they will tell you that its detection ranks among the most revolutionary discoveries in 20th-century cosmology. Not only does dark energy appear to make up the bulk of the universe, but its existence, if it stands the test of time, will probably require the development of new theories of physics. Scientists are just starting the long process of figuring out what dark energy is and what its implications are. One realization has already sunk in: although dark energy betrayed its existence through its effect on the universe as a whole, it may also shape the evolution of the universe’s inhabitants–stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters. Astronomers may have been staring at its handiwork for decades without realizing it. Ironically, the very pervasiveness of dark energy is what made it so hard to recognize. Dark energy, unlike matter, does not clump in some places more than others; by its very nature, it is spread smoothly everywhere. Whatever the location–be it in your kitchen or in intergalactic space–it has the same density, about 10-26 kilogram per cubic meter, equivalent to a handful of hydrogen atoms. All the dark energy in our solar system amounts to the mass of a small asteroid, making it an utterly inconsequential player in the dance of the planets. Its effects stand out only when viewed over vast distances and spans of time. Since the days of American astronomer Edwin Hubble, observers have known that all but the nearest galaxies are moving away from us at a rapid rate. This rate is proportional to distance: the more distant a galaxy is, the faster its recession. Such a pattern implied that galaxies are not moving through space in the conventional sense but are being carried along as the fabric of space itself stretches [see "Misconceptions about the Big Bang," by Charles H. Lineweaver and Tamara M. Davis; Scientific American, March 2005]. For decades, astronomers struggled to answer the obvious follow-up question: How does the expansion rate change over time? They reasoned that it should be slowing down, as the inward gravitational attraction exerted by galaxies on one another should have counteracted the outward expansion. The first clear observational evidence for changes in the expansion rate involved distant supernovae, massive exploding stars that can be used as markers of cosmic expansion, just as watching driftwood lets you measure the speed of a river. These observations made clear that the expansion was slower in the past than today and is therefore accelerating. More specifically, it had been slowing down but at some point underwent a transition and began speeding up [see "Surveying Space-time with Supernovae," by Craig J. Hogan, Robert P. Kirshner and Nicholas B. Suntzeff; Scientific American, January 1999, and "From Slowdown to Speedup," by Adam G. Riess and Michael S. Turner; Scientific American, February 2004]. This striking result has since been cross-checked by independent studies of the cosmic microwave background radiation by, for example, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). One possible conclusion is that different laws of gravity apply on supergalactic scales than on lesser ones, so that galaxies’ gravity does not, in fact, resist expansion. But the more generally accepted hypothesis is that the laws of gravity are universal and that some form of energy, previously unknown to science, opposes and overwhelms galaxies’ mutual attraction, pushing
them apart ever faster. Although dark energy is inconsequential within our galaxy (let alone your kitchen), it adds up to the most powerful force in the cosmos.
Tesla, Radiant Energy.2 March 5, 2010 Previous: Tesla, Radiant Energy.1
TESLA’S RADIANT (Dark) ENERGY SYSTEM Tesla received two patents for this radiant energy device; U.S. Patent No. 685,957 – Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy and U.S. Patent No. 685,958 – Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy. Both these patents were filed on March 21, 1901 and granted on November 5, 1901. Nikola Tesla powers his electric motors from electricity in the atmosphere Bruce A. Perreault; Brooklyn Eagle – July 10, 1932 Nikola Tesla states: “I have harnessed the cosmic rays and caused them to operate a motive device. … I have advanced a theory of the cosmic rays and at every step of my investigations I have found it completely justified. The attractive features of the cosmic rays is their constancy. They shower down on us throughout the whole 24 hours, and if a [power] plant is developed to use their power it will not require devices for storing energy as would be necessary with devices using wind, tide or sunlight. All of my investigations seem to point to the conclusion that they are small particles, each carrying so small a charge that we are justified in calling them neutrons. They move with great velocity, exceeding that of light. More than 25 years ago I began my efforts to harness the cosmic rays and I can now state that I have succeeded in operating a motive device by means of them. I will tell you in the most general way, the cosmic ray ionizes the air, setting free many charged ions and electrons. These charges are captured in a condenser [capacitor] which is made to discharge through the circuit of the motor. I have hopes of building my motor on a large scale, but circumstances have not been favorable to carrying out my plan.” [progress stopped by J. Pierpoint Morgan]
Device to Harness Cosmic Energy Claimed by Tesla: New York American – 11-01-1933 “This new power for the driving of the world’s machinery will be derived from the energy which operates the universe, the cosmic energy, whose central source for the earth is the sun and which is everywhere present in unlimited quantities.”
This is a diagram of Tesla’s first radiant energy receiver. It stored static electricity obtained from the air and converted it to a usable form. Stick an antenna up in the air, the higher the better, and wire it to one side of a capacitor, the other going to a good earth ground, and the potential difference will then charge the capacitor. Connect across the capacitor some sort of switching device so that it can be discharged at rhythmic intervals, and you have an oscillating electric output. T.H. Moray simply expanded on Tesla’s idea to use high-voltage to create ionic oscillation. Tesla’s generator 1901: an “Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy.” ( see below ) The patent refers to “the sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy, like cosmic rays,” that the device works at night is explained in terms of the night-time availability of cosmic rays. Tesla also refers to the ground as “a vast reservoir of negative electricity.” Tesla was fascinated by radiant energy and its free-energy possibilities. He called the Crooke’s radiometer, a device which has vanes that spin in a vacuum when exposed to radiant energy “a beautiful invention.” He believed that it would become possible to harness energy directly by ” connecting to the very wheel-work of nature.” On his 76th birthday at his yearly ritual press conference, Tesla announced a “cosmic-ray motor” when asked if it was more powerful than the Crooke’s radiometer, he answered, “thousands of times more powerful.” In 1901 Nikola Tesla was one the first to identify “radiant energy.” Tesla says that the source of this energy is our Sun. He concluded that the Sun emits small particles, each carrying so small of a charge, that they move with great velocity, exceeding that of light. Tesla further states that these particles are the neutron particles. Tesla believed that these neutron particles were responsible for all radioactive reactions. Radiant matter is in tune with these neutron particles. Radiant matter is simply a re-transmitter of energy from one state to another. How his radiant energy receiver worked
From the electric Potential that exists between the elevated plate (plus) and the ground (minus), energy builds up in the capacitor, and, after “a suitable time interval,” the accumulated energy will “manifest itself in a powerful discharge” that can do work. The capacitor, says Tesla, should be “of considerable electrostatic capacity, ” and its dielectric made of “the best quality mica, for it has to withstand potentials that could rupture a weaker dielectric.” Tesla gives various options for the switching device. One is a rotary switch that resembles a Tesla circuit controller, another is an electrostatic device consisting of two very light, membranous conductors suspended in a vacuum. These sense the energy build-up in the capacitor, one charging positive, the other negative, and, at a certain charge level, are attracted, touch, and thus fire the capacitor. Tesla also mentions another switching device consisting of a minute air gap or weak dielectric film that breaks down suddenly when a certain potential is reached. Tesla received two patents for this radiant energy device; U.S. Patent No. 685,957 – Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy and U.S. Patent No. 685,958 – Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy. Both these patents were filed on March 21, 1901 and granted on November 5, 1901. In these patents he explains: “The sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy throw off minute particles of matter positively electrified, which, impinging upon the upper plate, communicate continuously an electrical charge to the same. The opposite terminal of the condenser being connected to ground, which may be considered as a vast reservoir of negative electricity, a feeble current flows continuously into the condenser and inasmuch as the particles are …charged to a very high potential, this charging of the condenser may continue, as I have actually observed, almost indefinitely, even to the point of rupturing the dielectric.” The Earth’s Electrostatic Charge Tesla’s intent was to condense the energy trapped between the earth and its upper atmosphere and to transform it into an electric current. He pictured the sun as an immense ball of electricity, positively charged with a potential of some 200 billion volts. The earth, on the other hand, is charged with negative electricity. The tremendous electrical force between these two bodies
constituted, at least in part, what he called cosmic energy. It varied from night to day and from season to season but it is always present. The positive particles are stopped at the ionosphere and between it and the negative charges in the ground, a distance of 60 miles, there is a large difference of voltage – something on the order of 360,000 volts. With the gases of the atmosphere acting as an insulator between these two opposite stores of electrical charges, the region between the ground and the edge of space traps a great deal of energy. Despite the large size of the planet, it is electrically like a capacitor which keeps positive and negative charges apart by using the air as a non-conducting material as an insulator. The earth has a charge of 96,500 coulombs. With a potential of 360,000 volts, the earth constitutes a capacitor of .25 farads (farads = coulombs/volts). If the formula for calculating the energy stored in a capacitor (E =1/2CV2) is applied to the earth, it turns out that the ambient medium contains 1.6 x 1011 joules or 4.5 megawatt-hours of electrical energy. In order to utilize this high-voltage energy you must do two things — make an energy sink and then devise a way of making the “sink” oscillate. “Zero-Point Energy?” Such a “sink” has to be at a lower energy state than the surrounding medium and, for the energy to continually flow into it, the energy must be continually pumped out of it. Additionally, this ” sink” must maintain a lower energy state while meeting the power requirements of the load attached to it. Electrical energy, watt-seconds, is a product of volts x amps x seconds. Because the period of oscillation does not change, either voltage or current has to be the variable in this system’s energy equation. Bifilar wound coils are used in the system because a bifilar wound coil maximizes the voltage difference between its turns, the current is then minimized. A coil in our system, then, will be set into oscillation at its resonant frequency by an external power source. During the “zero-point” portion of its cycle the coil will appear as one plate of a capacitor. As the voltage across the coil increases, the amount of charge it can siphon will increase. The energy that is taken into the coil through the small energy window (zero-point), call it what you will, appears to be the key to the success of this system. It is at this zero-point where energy is condensed into positive and negative components of current. When energy escapes from the “sink” the magnetic field collapses and a strong magnetic quake is created in it’s wake. A properly tuned system can capture and convert radiant energy in such a prescribed arrangement. Energy Directly from the Atom The radiant energy system is a self-oscillating capacitive system. Once it is set into oscillation, very little power is expended in keeping it going. Because it is an electrostatic oscillating system, only a small amount of charge moves through the system per cycle, that is, the coulomb per seconds = amps are low. If the charge is used at a low rate, the energy stored in the system will be turned into heat at a slow rate enabling the oscillations to continue for a long period of time.
Tesla’s “COIL FOR ELECTRO MAGNETS,” patent #512,340 is a very special coil design because, unlike an ordinary coil made by turning wire on a tube form, this one uses two wires laid next to each other on a form but with the end of the first one connected to the beginning of the second one. In this patent Tesla explains that the double coil will store many times the energy of a conventional coil.[1] Measurements of two coils of the same size and with the same number of turns, one with a single, the other with a bifilar winding, show differences in voltage gain. These bifilar Tesla’s coils can be explained solely on the basis of their electrical activity. A bifilar coil is capable of holding more charge than a single wound coil. When operated at resonance, the distributed capacitance of the bifilar coil is able to overcome the counter – electromotive force (e.m.f.) normal to coils, inductive reactance. Because of the electrical activity, a bifilar coil does not work against itself in the form of a counter – e.m.f., the potential across the coil quickly builds to a high value. The difference between the turns becomes great enough that the energy is practically all potential, at this point, the system becomes an electrostatic oscillator. Minimal work is done in my radiant energy system due to the absence of wasted displacement currents. As small heat losses occur, oscillations are maintained by surplus charge generated by atomic catalytic reactions, energy is siphoned from the kinetic moments of these charges. Very low energy expenditure allows power delivery to an electrical load over an extended time period without an external fuel supply. After an initial input of energy from an outside source, the radiant energy electrical generator will operate as a very efficient device. By reviewing history it is understandable why some inventions are not commercialized. It is economics, not science, that is the main factor. It will be remembered that alternating current was opposed by powerful financiers in Tesla’s time. Michael Pupin, noted in his autobiography: “…captains of industry…who were afraid that they would have to scrap some of their direct current apparatus and the plants for manufacturing it, if the alternating current system received any support. A most un-American attitude…but ignorance and false notions prevailed in the early nineties, because the captains of electrical industries paid small attention to highly trained scientists.”[2] Philadelphia Public Ledger November 2, 1933 Tesla ‘Harnesses’ Cosmic Energy Inventor announces discovery to displace fuel in driving machinery. Calls Sun main source. A principle by which power for driving machinery of the world may be developed from the cosmic energy which operates the universe, has been discovered by Nikola Tesla, noted physicist and inventor of scientific devices, he announced today. This principle, which taps a source of power described as “everywhere present in unlimited quantities” and which may be transmitted by wire or wireless from central plants to any part of the globe, will eliminate the need of coal, oil, gas or any other of the common fuels, he said. Dr. Tesla in a statement today at his hotel indicated the time was not far distant when the principle would be ready for practical commercial development. Asked whether the sudden introduction of his principle would upset the present
economic system, Dr. Tesla replied, “It is badly upset already.” He added that now as never before was the time ripe for the development of new resources. While in its present form, the theory calls for the development of energy in central plants requiring vast machinery. Dr. Tesla said he might be able to work out a plan for its use by individuals. The central source of cosmic energy for the earth is the Sun, Dr. Tesla said, but “night will not interrupt the flow of new power supply.” Clearly Tesla is not talking about an atomic reactor. He is directly converting ionized particles generated by radiant matter. It is not nuclear energy as we know it today. Radiant Energy is directly converted to electrical power! Tesla believed that the Sun generates highly charged particles and that radiant matter is a re-transmitter of energy, it is this transfer of energy that could be used for practical purposes. References [1] Nikola Tesla, U.S. Patent #512,340, “COIL FOR ELECTRO MAGNETS, ” he explains that a standard coil of 1000 turns with a potential of 100 volts across it will have a difference of .1 volt between turns. A similar bifilar coil will have a potential of 50 volts between turns. In that the stored energy is a function of the square of the voltages the energy in the bifilar will be 502/.12 = 2500/.01 = 250,000 times greater than the standard coil. [2] Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, Charles Scribner’s Sons, N.Y., pages 285-286, 1923.
Article: Free Electric Energy in Theory and Practice Contents [hide]
1 About o 1.1 Mirror request o 1.2 Open source: work in progress o 1.3 PDF o 1.4 Contact 2 Foreword 3 The electric field as an energy source o 3.1 Conservation of energy o 3.2 Don't kill the dipole 3.2.1 Summary 4 Some literature o 4.1 Eric Dollard 4.1.1 Condensed Intro to Tesla Transformers 4.1.2 The Oscillating Current Transformer o 4.2 Kenneth L. Corum and James F. Corum, Ph.D. o 4.3 Walter Russell 5 Resonance o 5.1 Resonating a coil 5.1.1 The spark gap oscillator 5.1.2 Comparison with antennas 6 From theory to practice o 6.1 Dr. Andrija Puharich o 6.2 Edwin Gray 6.2.1 A new look at Gray's device o 6.3 Stanley Meyer 7 Conclusions 8 The Electret Effect 9 Latest developments, to be incorporated o 9.1 Switchable SEC circuit o 9.2 Slayers circuit o 9.3 Combining Slayer and Puharich o 9.4 Driving two identical transformers combining Slayer and Puharich o 9.5 Driving two identical WFCs combining Slayer and Puharich 9.5.1 Controlling the resonance mode of the driving coils o 9.6 Canaries saving the day o 9.7 Spice simulations 9.7.1 FETF version 6
9.7.2 FETF version 5 9.7.3 Stiffler/Slayer circuit o 9.8 About tuning of tubes of WFC o 9.9 Some more on coil resonance 10 Extracts of some relevant discussions 11 One more thing 12 The ruins of 106 years Einstein relativity 13 References 14 Related patents 15 See also
About This article describes some fundamental theory about a wonderful energy source that is available everywhere in the Universe: the electric field.
Mirror request This article appears to be gaining speed. Good! Now just in case someone might get some naughty ideas, please consider downloading and seeding this torrent:
http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/6776513/www_tuks_nl_archive_oktober_2011 http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/www_tuks_nl_archive_oktober_2011.6776513.TPB.torrent
This torrent is not only my insurance policy. It is most of all a way to vote with your computer. If you are willing to take a stand for truth, willing to help a hand to free humanity from the burdens associated with the burning of fossile fuel, the risk and long term effects of nuclear power and the ineffectiveness of currently applied renewable energy sources, willing to #occupy main stream science toghether, you can vote with your computer. Just download a torrent client (like this one: http://www.utorrent.com/ ), download the torrent file, which is subsequently used by the torrent program to download the whole archive from computers all over the world. And then keep your torrent client active as much as you can after finishing your download, because that way your computer helps to upload the archive to other computers. Just know that by the time we'll see 100 seeders at ThePirateBay, noone will be able to stop this information from spreading.
Open source: work in progress This is a work in progress! While I am fully convinced the basic principles and theory are correct, I am pretty sure there are still some mistakes in the details, which will be corrected over
time, either because I notice the errors myself, or because of feedback by others. It is because of this that I have chosen to do this the "open source" way, using Linus's law: Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow. - See: [Release Early, Release Often] So, if you notice any mistakes or have any feedback, please use the talk page or join the discussions on the forum. I have started a new thread dedicated for the discussion of this article. If you want to help spreading this information and structuring it, please don't hesitate to go away and edit this article. You can see here how the format of this wiki works. Any help is most appreciated. Even if you don't really understand the stuff, just copying and pasting the info from energeticforum to here (linking it back there) and structuring it would be marvelous! To be honest, I'm really not too good in doing that, so again: any help is most appreciated. I mean, this isn't supposed to be my property. This is what supposed to be Tesla's gift to humanity, so it belongs to all of us and it's up to all of us to share and nurture Tesla's magnificent gift, a gift that will finally become reality if we put our minds to it!
PDF Pdf versions of this article are available at my website: http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/ under the name "Free_Electric_Energy_{date}.pdf". The latest one (current one: October 27th, 2011) will always be: http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Free_Electric_Energy_latest.pdf
Contact If you want to contact me, the first place to go would be the energetic forum, because then all information exchanged can be shared. You can also post a message at my personal talk page using the "+" button on top next to "edit", and you can drop me a mail at lamare over at gmail at the dot com domain if ye can't use the forum for one reason or another. I also have an account at my own server which I hardly ever read: lamare over at tuks at the dot nl domain. For that one, I have pgp ( http://gpg-keyserver.de/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x6C1968A025E3DC8B ), so if you want to mail me confidential that would be the way to go. I really don't mind being contacted with serious questions or anything, and would even like to be contacted by serious peoplen with feedback, etc., especially in or around Twente, but if you only have questions, please do study the available documentation first to see if your question has not already been answered and, more importantly, please, please, please don't bother me with stuff in the direction that this is impossible and the like. I mean: been there, done that. And that is totally useless anyway, cause I'm proud to be a Tukker!
-- Arend --
Foreword This document is being submitted in memory of Stanley Meyer and Gerrit Stokreef. Stanley Meyer was a great tinkerer who dared to challenge the powers that were and paid for it with his life. Gerrit Stokreef was one of my neighbors in the place where I grew up. It was a very warm neighborhood filled with loving, honest people that all had to work hard to make a living. Gerrit was always there when you needed him, he just never said "No". He lent me his oscilloscope years ago. I hardly used it until after he passed away and he left it to me. Now I know he lost his fight to cancer because the powers that were didn't want us to use the cures invented by Royal Rife. But the rules of the game have changed now. The genie is out of the bottle folks and there is no way to put it back in there. May Stan's dream finally be realized and may there be peace on this planet, beacuse when there's no need for oil anymore, which will put the powers that were out of business, who in his right mind would ever fight a war again? While studying various articles and discussions about Free Energy, it struck me that there were some striking similarities between a number of systems, notably those made by John Bedini as well as Stan Meyer's Water Fuel Cell. At some point, it occurred to me that there might be a common explanation behind these different systems, which all appear to be some form of (electrolytic) capacitor. In various discussions at the Energetic Forum I have made an attempt to formulate a theory to explain a number of phenomena that have been reported in relation to these systems. Since the relevant information has been scattered all over the forum, it is my intention that all that information be brought together and assembled here. The first direction I investigated was the idea that the excess energy observed in all these systems concerned was being extracted from the vacuum or ZPE or whatever you want to call it by means of an electric field generated by a polarized dielectricum. I still think that this theory was correct and did explain what John Bedini was really doing with his batteries. But at the time, I could not explain what Stan Meyer was doing. Then I took a fresh look at Gray's system and I tried to envision how his spark gap oscillator worked. It occurred to me that this was basically generating HF, HV spikes just like the ones Bedini uses, with sharp rises, and soft drops. Since Bedini's pulses go through just about anything, I finally discovered the secret of Gray's system. He was driving an open coil from both sides, in phase. From that, I went back to Bearden's "don't kill the dipole" and compared what I got from Gray with what Meyer did. And as if by magic, someone also posted how Puharich did it. Then the pieces dropped into place one by one. They were all using the same principle. Of course, there were quite a few loose ends in the beginning but now I can finally explain the whole trick in just a few lines. I hope that this information is helpful to those people that are better experimenters than I am, so that this technology will be further developed in the spirit of open source. I hope other engineers
and scientists will study this article and the referenced material and make products that put this technology in the hands of the people of this planet, so disasters as in the Mexican Gulf will never have to happen again. I also hope that none of this will ever be patented, because this technology is worth the most when it is actually used, not when it is put behind bars because of greed and selfishness. Haven't we had enough of that by now? Power to the people! (pun intended)
-- Arend Lammertink, MSc. --
The electric field as an energy source Conservation of energy According to the law of conservation of energy it is impossible to create energy out of nothing: The law of conservation of energy is an empirical law of physics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time (is said to be conserved over time). A consequence of this law is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only be transformed from one state to another. The only thing that can happen to energy in a closed system is that it can change form: for instance chemical energy can become kinetic energy. The fundamental foundation for the law of conservation of energy lies in Newton's third law: To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts. In essence energy (work) is an integration (summation) of a force enacted between two bodies - or particles or even the fundamental 'God' particles or whatever the ether/medium may be composed of - over the effect of the force, the movement of the body over a certain distance or a displacement in/of the ether/medium. In other words, energy is in essence a measurement of the effect of the interaction between two bodies/particles and/or the medium. Fundamental point is that it is always a measurement of the effect of an interaction. And since action equals reaction, there can be no other way than that energy is always conserved. Because after all, as Tesla said, something cannot act upon nothing:
It might be inferred that I am alluding to the curvature of space supposed to exist according to the teachings of relativity, but nothing could be further from my mind. I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved, is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view. It is this law of conservation of energy that causes any machine that appears to produce "useful work" without the use of a visible or obvious energy source is considered to be "impossible" and done away with as perpetual motion: Perpetual motion describes hypothetical machines that once started operate or produce useful work indefinitely. This definition has been expanded to include any machine that produces more work or energy than it consumes, whether or not it can operate indefinitely. Despite that fact that such machines are not possible within the framework of our current formulation of physical law the pursuit of perpetual motion remains popular. However, even though the law of conservation is correct, this does not mean it is impossible to create "machines that once started operate or produce useful work indefinitely" at all, provided you do not take the word 'indefinitely' too literally. But what this is really about, is the second part: "any machine that produces more work or energy than it consumes". Yes, this is correct, you cannot build a machine that produces energy out of nothing, you can only make a machine that uses some (external) energy source to do useful work. In most cases, we can use the energy source of choice more or less directly, like burning fuel, and we don't count the energy we have to spend in order to get our energy source. But of course it also takes energy to drill a hole in the earth in order to extract oil for making fuel. So, in essence, the fuel supply chain ("a machine") as a whole provides more energy than it consumes, that is, the energy needed to make fuel is less than the energy released when burning the final product, the fuel. To continue in this line of thinking, the ground source heat pump is a perfect example of a machine that uses a certain amount of energy in order to extract energy from some other external energy source provided by nature, heat naturally stored in the ground: Ground source heat pumps, which are also referred to as Geothermal heat pumps, typically have higher efficiencies than air-source heat pumps. This is because they draw heat from the ground or groundwater which is at a relatively constant temperature all year round below a depth of about thirty feet (9 m). Of course, we can apply this same principle in various ways, if we can find an appropriate external energy source provided by nature, preferably free of charge. Fortunately, an energy source exists that is available everywhere in the universe for free. It's an energy source that can provide limitless energy without any pollution whatsoever. This energy source is the electric field emitted for free by each and every charge carrier in the universe, 24/7, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Indefinitely. These are like tiny little stars that emit a different kind of light. All we
need is a different kind of solar cell to utilize this and we can get all the energy we need whenever and where ever we want. Once we really understand the electric field and how it is "created" it will be just a matter of a bit of trickery to be able to utilize this wonderful energy source without paying for energy ever again. Stanley Meyer did it; John Bedini did it; Edwin Gray did it; and there is absolutely no reason why humanity should not have the luxury of cheap and clean energy.
Don't kill the dipole Tom Bearden has made a number of video's as well as an article [copy] in which he explains how electrical circuits are actually powered. Here's a simple explanation of what powers every electrical circuit. When we crank the shaft of the generator and rotate it, the rotation transforms the input "mechanical" energy into internal "magnetic field" energy. In that little part of the circuit that is between the terminals of the generator and inside it, the magnetic field energy is dissipated on the charges right there, to do work on them. This work (expending the magnetic energy) forces the negative charges in one direction, and the positive charges in the other direction. [...] That's all that rotating the shaft of the generator accomplishes. None of that input shaft energy was transformed into EM energy and sent out down the powerline, as electrical engineers assume. Not to worry, energy does get sent down the power line but not from the generator shaft energy or its transduction. Essentially then, all the energy we put into the shaft of the generator is dissipated inside the generator itself, to push the positive charges in one direction and the negative charges in the other. The separation of the charges forms what is called a "dipole" (opposite charges separated from each other a bit). That is all that the generator does. That is all that burning all that coal or oil or gas does. It heats a boiler to make steam, so that the steam runs a steam turbine attached to the shaft of the generator, and turns it -- and therefore forcing those charges apart and making that dipole between the terminals of the generator. This is a very important principle to understand, even though Bearden is a bit off, IMHO, and it is very hard to get this straight. It does take energy to separate the charges and that energy is used to change the configuration of the electric field. The field is not the same before and after a separation of charges has been done, so the applied energy is converted into a form of energy that can perhaps be described as a stress, a disturbance, of the overall electric field. And when the charges flow trough the circuit, one way or the other, the same amount of energy is released to the circuit as the amount of energy needed to separate the charges. If really "all the energy we put into the shaft of the generator" would be "dissipated inside the generator itself", big generators would heat up like hellfire. Imagine a room with a fan and a door. When the door is opened, the airflow, wind, generated by the fan pushes against the door and tries to shut it. While opening the door, you have to push it against the air flow, which costs you energy. You can get that same amount of energy back, when you use the pressure of the airflow pushing against the door to do work, like cracking a
peanut. However, the fan is not powered by the energy you have spent to open the door, it is a separate energy flow that is powered by something else. In this analogy, the door stands for the charges (mass) that move around and can be used to do work while the airflow (wind) stands for the electric field that causes the charges to move around. The only thing is that the door is the fan. So, we get all those little fandoors we can push around and as long as we keep using the same fandoors to create the airflow and to do the work, we will never ever be able to extract more energy from the airflow than we have spent ourselves to open the door. So, these fandoors (charges) are really wonderful things. You open the door and mother nature (the vacuum) spins the fan and gives you a flow of energy you can use. Now the good news is that you can not only use this free energy to get your door shut again to do work, you can also use it to push on your neighbour's door. The bad news is that your neighbour's door also has its own fan, which has the nasty habbit of blowing in the other direction, that is, it will oppoze your airflow, which makes it very hard and certainly not straightforward to get a foot between these doors and keep the air flowing without paying for it. So, if you may have had the idea of taking an electret, a piece of permanent polarized material that continuously emits an electric field (the airflow) for free, to induce a current in a nearby wire, you're in trouble. The charges inside the wire will oppoze this exteral field and neutralize it faster than you can blink your eye and then the party is over. So much for that one. So, are the engineers right and is Bearden wrong after all? Well, the engineers are right in that you do convert mechanical energy into potential electric energy by opening the door against the airflow. But, Bearden is right that the dipole that has been created is a energy source. That energy source puts out energy in the form of a electric field, real energy that is converted from ZPE or whatever into a "static" electric field, mostly to be sent into space without ever being used, except for that part that is needed to close the door again. To sum this up: besides the energies that are normally considered, there is a second energy flow that is totally being ignored. And that is interesting, because if the law of conservation practically holds for the first flow (the opening and closing of the door) it means we can use this second, hidden, energy flow (the fan) for free! This also means that electrical circuits can never ever be considered being "isolated systems", so if you want to throw "law of conservation" stuff into the equation, you have to make damn sure that whatever energy is being exchanged by the electric field with the environment can be neglected in the case at hand. In other words: electrical circuits are always interacting with the environment, even though you can often ignore that when doing energy conservation calculations. But let's read a littlebit further in Bearden: So we "see" the dipole as if it were just sitting there and pouring out real EM energy continuously, in all directions, like a spray nozzle or giant energy gusher. We don't see the input energy from the vacuum at all! But it's there, and it's well-known in particle physics. It's just that electrical engineers -- particularly those that have designed and built all our electrical power systems for more than a century -- do not know it. So, according to proven particle physics and a Nobel Prize, the easiest thing in all the world is to extract EM energy from the vacuum. All you wish. Anywhere in the universe. For free. Just pay a little bit once, to make a little dipole, and that silly thing is
like a great oil well you just successfully drilled that has turned into a mighty gusher of oil without you having to pump it. The dipole just sits there and does its thing, and it pours energy out forever, for free, as long as that dipole continues to exist. Well, it may be right that particle physics says it's easy to extract EM energy from the vacuum, but that does not tell us how we can use that, nor how we can engineer systems that are able to make use of this unknown, or better: overlooked, territory. Where is that energy? Where does it come from and where does it go? The answer to these questions can be found in the paper Conversion of the Vacuum-energy of electromagnetic zero point oscillations into Classical Mechanical Energy by the German Professor Claus Turtur. In the chapter "A circulation of energy of the electrostatic field" (pages 10-14) he makes a straightforward calculation of the energy density of the static electric field surrounding a point charge using nothing more than Coulombs law and the known propagation speed of the electric field, the speed of light, and shows that there must be some kind of energy circulation between the vacuum and charge carriers: If electrostatic fields propagate with the speed of light, they transport energy, because they have a certain energy density. It should be possible to trace this transport of energy if is really existing. That this is really the case can be seen even with a simple example regarding a point charge, as will be done on the following pages. When we trace this energy, we come to situation, which looks paradox at the very first glance, but the paradox can be dissolved, introducing a circulation of energy. This is also demonstrated on the following pages. The first aspect of the mentioned paradox regards the emission of energy at all. If a point charge (for instance an elementary charge) exists since a given moment in time, it emits electric field and field’s energy from the time of its birth without any alteration of its mass. The volume of the space filled with this field increases permanently during time and with it the total energy of the field. But from where does this “new energy” originate? For the charged particle does not alter its mass (and thus its energy), the “new energy” can not originate from the particle itself. This means: The charged particle has to be permanently supplied with energy from somewhere. The situation is also possible for particles, which are in contact with nothing else but only with the vacuum. The consequence is obvious: The particle can be supplied with energy only from the vacuum. This sounds paradox, so it can be regarded as the first aspect of the mentioned paradox. But it is logically consequent, and so we will have to solve it later. [...] Important is the conclusion, which can be found with logical consequence: On the one hand the vacuum (= the space) permanently supplies the charge with energy (first paradox aspect), which the charge (as the field source) converts into field energy and emits it in the shape of a field. On the other hand the vacuum (= the space) permanently takes energy away from the propagating field, this means, that space gets back its energy from field during the propagation of the field. This indicates that there
should be some energy inside the “empty” space, which we now can understand as a part of the vacuum-energy. In section 3, we will understand this energy more detailed. But even now, we can come to the statement: During time, the field of every electric charge (field source) increases. Nevertheless the space (in the present work the expressions “space” and “vacuum” are use as synonyms) causes a permanent circulation of energy, supplying charges with energy and taking back this energy during the propagation of the fields. This is the circulation of energy, which gave the title for present section 2.2. This leads us to a new aspect of vacuum-energy: The circulating energy (of the electric field) is at least a part of the vacuum-energy. We found its existence and its conversion as well as its flow. On the basis of this understanding it should be possible to extract at least a part of this circulating energy from the vacuum – in section 4 a description is given of a possible method how to extract such energy from the vacuum. So there we are. The electric field (the airflow in our fandoor analogy) is on the one hand powered by the vacuum and on the other hand it powers the vacuum. So, at least part of the energy in space / the vacuum, referred to with names as "Zero Point Energy" (ZPE), virtual particle flux, the Dirac sea, Orgone, etc. is not only fueled by the electric field, it is continuously converted back into an electric field by each and every charged particle in the universe, which makes the electric field a source of energy. The implications of that are staggering. It means that the law of conservation of energy does not apply to electrical systems, because they are not isolated. After all, Turtur shows without a shadow of a doubt that energy is being extracted from the active vacuum by each and every charged particle and thus every electrical system in existence in the Universe. Interestingly, Nikola Tesla already said the exact same thing in 1891: Nature has stored up in the universe infinite energy. The eternal recipient and transmitter of this infinite energy is the ether. The recognition of the existence of ether, and of the functions it performs, is one of the most important results of modern scientific research. The mere abandoning of the idea of action at a distance, the assumption of a medium pervading all space and connecting all gross matter, has freed the minds of thinkers of an ever present doubt, and, by opening a new horizon—new and unforeseen possibilities—has given fresh interest to phenomena with which we are familiar of old. Based on all this, it is clear that we need to look at electrical systems in a different way, we need a way of thinking that does account for the energy source that is really powering our systems. In a way, we need a similar change in our models as the change from Newton to quantum mechanics. While Newtonian mechanics can still be used in mechanical engineering most of the time, at some point they are no longer valid, for example in the calculation of satellite orbits. In the same way, the current electrical engineering model is fine for most applications where it suffices to consider only the door part of our fandoor analogy, that is, by considering electrical systems basically as an analogy of hydraulics, which is literally just a variation of Newtonian mechanics. However, if you want to be able to utilize the energy source the electric field provides, there just ain't no way to do that without taking the energy exchange between an
electrical system and the vacuum completely into account. And that means we have to go back to field theory instead of describing our systems in terms of concrete components, the so-called lumped element models, especially in the case we are dealing with resonating coils. This is explained by James and Kenneth Corum points in Tesla Coils and the Failure of LumpedElement Circuit Theory: In the following note, we will show why one needs transmission line analysis (or Maxwell's equations) to model these electrically distributed structures. Lumped circuit theory fails because it's a theory whose presuppositions are inadequate. Every EE in the world was warned of this in their first sophomore circuits course. All those handbook formulas that people use for inductance, L, inherently assume applications at frequencies so low that the current distribution along the coil is uniform. The real issue is that migrating voltage nodes and loops are not a property of lumpedcircuit elements - they are the directly observable consequence of velocity inhibited wave interference on the self-resonant coil. Lumped element representations for coils require that the current is uniformly distributed along the coil - no wave interference and no standing waves can be present on lumped elements. So, we need to consider the fields and that also means we need to realise that the nature of these fields is dynamic and not static. In the old Newtonian model, we consider the voltage across an impedance to be the cause for a current to occur, which in our fandoor anology would be the pressure that the door "feels" being enacted by the airflow on its surface, while in reality it is the airflow (the electric) field that acts upon the door and not the pressure itself. In other words it seems like the "pressure" the electric field enacts on our components is static, hence the name "static electric field", while in actual reality this force is a dynamic force, something flows along the surface that creates the pressure. Tesla already realised this in [1892]: There is no doubt that with the enormous potentials obtainable by the Use of high frequencies and oil insulation luminous discharges might be passed through many miles of rarefied air, and that, by thus directing the energy of many hundreds or thousands of horse-power, motors or lamps might be operated at considerable distances from stationary sources. But such schemes are mentioned merely as possibilities. We shall have no need to transmit power at all. Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. This idea is not novel. Men have been led to it long ago by instinct or reason; it has been expressed in many ways, and in many places, in the history of old and new. We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus [Antaeus], who derives power from the earth; we find it among the subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians and in many hints and statements of thinkers of the present time. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic! If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic — and this we know it is, for certain — then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature. It is nothing less than a shame that even more than a hundred years later, we still burn fossile fuel for our energy, basically because of arrogance, selfishness and ignorance. Still, the question remains the same. It is a mere question of time... Anyhow, there basically is a deeper cause we
have to account for: the electric field itself, which is present everywhere in the Universe. With that in mind, we continue with Bearden: The external (attached) circuits and power lines etc. catch some of that available EM energy flowing through space (generally flowing parallel to the wires but outside them). Some of the flowing energy is intercepted and diverted into the wires themselves, to power up the internal electrons and force them into currents, thus powering the entire power line and all its circuits. However, the power system engineers use just one kind of circuit. In the standard "closed current loop" circuit, all the "spent electrons" (spent after giving up their excess energy in the loads, losses, etc.) are then forcibly "rammed" back through that little internal section between the ends of the source dipole (between the terminals). These "rammed" electrons smash the charges in the dipole away, and destroy the dipole then and there. It can easily be shown that half the "caught" energy in the external circuit is used to destroy that source dipole, and nothing else. For more than a century, our misguided engineers have thus used a type of circuit that takes half of the energy it catches, and uses that half to destroy the source dipole that is actually extracting the EM energy from the vacuum and pouring it out of the terminals for that power line to "catch" in the first place! The other half of the "caught energy" in the powerline is used to power the external loads and losses. So half the caught energy in the power line is used to kill the source dipole (kill the free energy gusher), and less than half is used to power the loads. It follows that our electrical engineers are trained to use only those power circuits that kill themselves (kill their gushing free energy from the vacuum) faster than they can power their loads. Well, to get the energy gusher going again, the dipole has to be restored in order to extract the energy and pour it out again. So we have to pay to crank the shaft of that generator some more, to turn that generator some more, so that we can dissipate some more magnetic energy to re-make the dipole. We have to work on that shaft at least as much as the external circuit worked on that source dipole to destroy it. So we have to "input more shaft energy" to the generator than the external power system uses to power its loads. Since we pay for the input shaft energy, we have to keep on burning that coal, oil, and gas etc. to do so. All our electrical power systems are "suicidal" vacuum-powered systems, freely extracting their useful EM energy from the seething vacuum, but deliberately killing themselves faster than they power their loads. All that the burning of all that coal, oil, gas, etc. accomplishes is to continually remake the source dipole, which our engineers insure will then receive be killed by the system itself faster than the system gives us work in the load. " Now isn't that interesting, half the caught energy in the power line is used to kill the source dipole, and less than half is used to power the loads? Think about it, how can that be? There is an essential difference between the Newtonian analogy we use in electrical engineering (closed circuits) and the actual reality. The analogy of a capacitor in hydraulics (Newtonian analogy) is a piston moving back and forth in a closed cylinder wherein gas is pressurized. And here's the difference: Imagine moving the piston inwards, pressurizing the gas, and put the thing
on your workbench. The piston will immediately move back, because of the gas pressure. Now charge a capacitor and put it on your workbench. See the difference? The capacitor will just sit there, keeping it's charge. In other words: our hydraulic analogy is unstable, it 'wants' to release it's energy, while our actual electrical component is stable when 'pressurized'. It will only 'release' it's energy when something external is being done. It has to be disturbed, because the charges in a capacitor actually attract one another, which makes them like to stay where they are. So, when 'discharging' a capacitor, as a matter of fact, these attraction forces have to be overcome. And that does not release energy at all, it costs energy to do that. So, it actually takes the same amount of energy to charge a capacitor as the amount of energy it takes to discharge the capacitor.
It is undoubtedly because of this that Steinmetz wrote, already in the beginning of the twentieth century: "Unfortunately, to large extent in dealing with dielectric fields the prehistoric conception of the electrostatic charge (electron) on the conductor still exists, and by its use destroys the analogy between the two components of the electric field, the magnetic and the dielectric, and makes the consideration of dielectric fields unnecessarily complicated. There is obviously no more sense in thinking of the capacity current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricity, than there is of speaking of the inductance voltage as charging the conductor with a quantity of magnetism. But the latter conception, together with the notion of a quantity of magnetism, etc., has vanished since Faraday's representation of the magnetic field by lines of force." So, it may seem that the conservation law holds when considering electrical circuits in their 'prehistoric' analogy, in actual truth this is only the case because the interactions with the environment, the active vacuum, balance one another out. In reality twice the amount of work has been done than seems to having been done!
Summary Any charge continously emits an energy field, an electric field, spreading with the speed of light, which is the real energy source that makes our circuits run. This energy-field, generated by the charges in our wires, is not created out of thin-air. Since there is a continuous flow of energy out of every charge, there also is a continuous flow of energy going into every charge. And that is where the energy eventually comes from, right from the vacuum itself. For our purposes, it doesn't really matter how the energy that ends up in the electric field is being taken out of the vacuum. It may be ZPE, it may be a "virtual partical flux", it may be anything. It doesn't matter, because we don't need to know. All we need to know is that somehow, some form of energy flows into each and every charge in the universe and this energy flow is continuously converted into an outflowing electric energy field by each and every charge in the universe, 27/7, 365 days a year, for free.
And this is the basic concept to understand. The electric field comes for free, as long as you keep the charges separated and don't disturb them. So, where does all this leave us? We can spend the effort of turning the shaft of a generator, which will separate the charges in the system we want to power and creates a dipole. When we do this, we do not actually store energy in the dipole, we change the configuration of the electric field. When we subsequently send those same charges trough the system we want to power, it is the active vacuum, the environment, which is kind enough to provide us with the energy that is needed to kill the dipole we have created to be able to power our load and with the energy to actually power our load as well. As we have seen, this is an exercise with a closed wallet from our point of view. The load receives the exact same amount of energy that we have put in the system ourselves as mechanical energy, apart from the losses. So, all things considered, the Newtionian analogy we use in electrical engineering is perfectly valid and applicable. Except for one tiny little detail. We change the configuration of the electric field when we operate an electrical circuit and since we eventually get the same amount of energy back trough our load while doing this, this means we can actually manipulate the electric field for free, just by powering our circuits the way we always do. Get the point? While we are opening and closing our fandoor, we influence the airflow in our neighbourhood without having to pay a dime for that in terms of energy! That means we can manipulate our neigbors fandoor for free. So, all we need to do is figure out how to use our free manipulative power to put the fandoors in our neighborhood to work such that it is the environment that delivers the energy to power the neighbors load, just as it powers our load. In other words: we have to manipulate the electric field in such a way that charge carriers in the environment of our systems are moved around in such a way that they perform useful work, in such a wat that it isn't us that provides the energy, but someone else: the electric field itself. That means most of all that we have to make sure that those neighboring charges don't end up in our circuit, since then they will kill our dipole and we will have to pay the price, and secondly that we have to make sure that we don't disturb the charge carriers that make up our voltage source. Let's take a look at how three inventors managed to do just that by using the power of resonance. You can find that part after the intermezzo with some interesting references.
Some literature I collected quite some literature on the subject of ether science, free energy and electrical engineering, most of which is available here, as well as some audio files. You can not only find reference material there, but also a collection of various patents, which includes patents by well known researchers as Puharich, Meyer and Gray, but also some interesting stuff like the patents from ufohowto.com and some older patents by Benitez which show that free energy devices similar to the Tesla switch or Brandt-Tesla converter were already patented as early as 1914.
Eric Dollard
Eric Dollard is the only man known to be able to accurately reproduce many of Tesla's experiments with Radiant Energy and wireless transmission of power. This is because he understands that conventional electrical theory only includes half of the story. He published several books and papers, some of which are available on my site. There are also some audio recordings available with the master himself.
Condensed Intro to Tesla Transformers At page 3/4, Dollard gives a very interesting description of the kinds of signals the Tesla Transformer is supposed to produce: Contrary to popular belief, the Tesla transformer is not a steady state device but is a magnifier of transient phenomena. Also it does not behave like a L. C. network nor a transmission line, but more like a unique type of wave guide. If all parts of the system are designed properly the EMF and hence dielectric flux jumps from zero to an enourmous value almost instantaneously, thereby producing an almost inconceivable displacement current into space. The transformer is then basically a device for rapidly discharging the capacitor bank nearly instantly into free space, producing an enourmous dielectric shock wave similar to a sonic boom. This suggests that Edwin Gray's devices are supposed to utilize this principle, this sonic boom.
Page 13/14: Due to the immense difficulties surrounding the spark device, a simple method and one of much greater control is shunt feed of the primary network by an A.M. radio transmitter of special design such as the unit at building number one. Due to the high impedance offered by the primary resonator the impedance effective of the tubes must be high and therefore must operate at high anode voltages. The electron emission however, must also be high, necessitating large cathodes and temperaturs. High anode {something} and large electron emission are usually of inverse relation in available vacuum tubes. Special pulse modulator vacuum tubes must be used. Hydrogen thyratrons might operate satisfactorally at low frequencies where the 1 microsecond deionization time will not hinder commutation. The most effective device for shunt feed may be the multipactor tube due to its strong negative resitance effects, but it is not clear if it will operate beyond 1000KC with much efficiency.
The Oscillating Current Transformer In this article (Page 1-3, fully digital version), Dollard describes a.o. the existence of two destinct energy flows: The oscillating current transformer functions quite differently than a conventional transformer in that the law of dielectric induction is utilized as well as the familiar law of magnetic induction. The propagation of waves along the coil axis does not resemble
the propagation of waves along a conventional transmission line, but is complicated by inter-turn capacitance & mutual magnetic inductance. In this respect the O.C. transformer does not behave like a resonant transmission line, nor a R.C.L. circuit, but more like a special type of wave guide. Perhaps the most important feature of the O.C. transformer is that in the course of propagation along the coil axis the electric energy is dematerialized, that is, rendered mass free energy resembling Dr. Wilhelm Reich's Orgone Energy in its behavior. It is this feature that renders the O.C. transformer usefull for wireless power transmission and reception, and gives the O.C. transformer singular inportance in de study of Dr. Tesla's research. Fundamentals of coil induction Consider the elemental slice of a coil shown in fig. 1. Between the turns 1,2 & 3 of the coiled conductor exists a complex electric wave consisting of two basic components. In one component (fig. 2), the lines of magnetic and dielectric flux cross at right angles, producing a photon flux perpendicular to these crossings, hereby propagating energy along the gap, parallel to the conductors and around the coil. This is the transverse electro-magnetic wave. In the other component, shown in fig. 3, the lines of magnetic flux do not cross but unite along the same axis, perpendicular to the coil conductors, hereby energy is conveyed along the coil axis. This is the Longitudinal Magneto-Dielectric Wave. Hence, two distinct forms of energy flow are present in the coiled conductor, propagating at right angles with respect to each other, as shown in fig. 4. Herby a resultant wave is produced which propagates around the coil in a helical fashion, leading the transverse wave between the conductors. Thus the oscillating coil posses a complex wavelength which is shorter than the wavelength of the coiled conductor.
Kenneth L. Corum and James F. Corum, Ph.D. The Corums published some very interesting papers about Tesla coils and the modeling thereof. In RF Coils, Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes (also published here) they model a coil as a conducting surface. A surface with the special feature that it conducts in one direction only: At radio frequencies a wire-wound helix with many turns per free-space wavelength (e.g., a Tesla coil) may be modeled as an idealized anisotropically conducting cylindrical surface that conducts only in the helical direction. The conductivity normal to the helical path is taken to be zero. The abstract of the article: By modeling a wire-wound coil as an anisotropically conducting cylindrical boundary, one may start from Maxwell's equations and deduce the structure's resonant behavior. Not only can the propagation factor and characteristic impedance be determined for such a helically disposed surface waveguide, but also its resonances, "self-capacitance" (socalled), and its voltage magnification by standing waves. Further, the Tesla coil passes to a conventional lumped element inductor as the helix is electrically shortened.
A very interesting point of view. They also explain why the so-called "lumped elements" modelling of coils is not very suitable for the modelling of resonant behavior of coils, etc.: The behavior of distributed networks (such as wires, periodic physical structures, helices, corrugated wave guides, antennas, etc.) may be conveniently represented at a pair of terminals by lumped elements. Paris and Hurd have said, “It is customary in practice to speak of stray or distributed effects when the behavior of a circuit or device cannot be predicted on the basis of ordinary network theory.” The failure of any lumped element circuit model to describe the real world lies at its core inherent presupposition: the speed of light is assumed infinite in the wave equatiom (all regions of the universe can be communicated with instantaneously). Consequently, lumped element circuit theory does not (and cannot) accurately embody a world of second order partial differential equations in space and time. Lumped elements “have no physical dimensions and no preferred orientation in space; they can be moved around and rotated at will.” Not so for real world coils. They spent a complete article, Class Notes: Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory, on this subject: Can one model the physical operation of a Tesla coil appropriately with only lumpedelement circuits? If not, why not? It was pointed out long ago that, at its operating frequency, a Tesla coil is not a lumped-element induction coil. Forget the quest for "many turns of fine wire". In fact, a Tesla coil has more in common with a cavity resonator than it does with a conventional inductor. With a real Tesla coil, voltage rise is neither by lumped-element transformer action (E2 = NE1), nor by induction (E2 = M di/dt), nor by simple lumped-element coupled resonance [V2 = V1×(L2/L1)½]. In all of those circuit models the current is analytically presupposed to be uniformly distributed along the wire in the coil (it's in the Neumann integral definition of inductance - see any elementary electromagnetics text) and the voltage will rise proportional to N, the turns along the coil. There are no standing waves on a lumped element circuit component. (In fact, lumped-element circuit theory inherently employs the cosmological presupposition that the speed of light is infinite, as every EE sophomore should know. However, a true Tesla coil (circa 1894) is a velocity inhibited slow-wave helical transmission line resonator: Vmax = S×Vmin, where S is the standing wave ratio. Voltage magnification is by standing waves. Period. No such voltages, even in the remotest degree, can be obtained by either lumped element transformers or by lumped element LC resonating circuits.
Walter Russell Walter Russell is a very intriguing author for those who are interested in a/the bigger picture:
Walter Russell is known as the "Man Who Tapped the Secrets of The Universe," "The Modern Leonardo," and "The Most Versatile Man in America." Gifted as a poet, painter, sculptor, author, musician, architect, scientist and mystic, Walter Russell's impact on early 20th century spiritual and scientific thought was impressive. His original and unique Periodic Table of the elements accurately predicted the location and characteristics of four undiscovered elements. It wouldn't be until years later that these elements deuterium, tritium, neptunium and plutonium were detected by laboratory researchers. Tesla urged Russell, "Bury your ideas in a vault for a thousand years to await the unfolding of human consciousness to comprehend your vision." If Tesla said this, well, then he may be worth studying. His first book on his cosmology is "The Universal One": The Universal One is Walter Russell's first expression of his new Cosmogony explaining the Mind-centered electromagnetic universe. Russell later revised some of the content of The Universal One in The Secret of Light and A New Concept of the Universe. Students of the Russell science should be aware of the historic sequence of Walter Russell’s books of science, and note the various changes in details which Walter Russell himself made. Nikola Tesla told Walter Russell to hide his cosmogony from the world for a thousand years. Though a century or more ahead of its time, The Universal One, uniting spiritual Cause and scientifically observable Effect in a seamless whole, is now appealing to the many people—scientists and laymen alike—who are examining the nature of science and consciousness. In this 1926 historic volume, Walter Russell first reveals the possibility of transmutation of the elements. From the prelude of The Universal One: THE supreme service which man can render to evolving man is to answer for him, dynamically, the great heretofore unanswerable question concerning the One universal force which man calls God, or Mind, or by other names. For long ages man has impatiently awaited the knowledge which would tear away the veil from the invisible universe which lies beyond his perception and bring it within the range of both his perception and his exact comprehension. Mathematical and measurable proof of the existence of but One Mind, One force and One substance would give to man absolute control over matter, the power to create, even as God creates, and within the same limitations. Man is omnipotent when he but knows his omnipotence. Until that day he is but man. Voltaire said that man could never comprehend God for man must be God to comprehend Him. Man is God and therefore God is within the comprehension of man. Man is Mind. Man is matter. Mind and matter are One. God is Mind. This is a universe of Mind, a finite universe, limited as to cause, and to the effect of cause. A universe of limitations cannot be infinite. There is no infinite universe. A finite universe, in which the effects of cause are limited, must also be limited as to cause; so when that measureable cause is known then can man comprehend and measure all effects.
The effects of cause are complex and mystify man but cause itself is simple. The universe is a multiplicity of changing effects of but One unchanging cause. All things are universal. Nothing is which is not universal. Nothing is of itself alone. Man and Mind and all creating things are universal. No man can say: "I alone am I." There is but One universe, One Mind, One force, One substance. When man knows this in measurable exactness then will he have no limitations within those which are universal. He will then know that all knowledge exists within man and is subject to his desire to recall it from within his inner Mind. Knowledge is not acquired from without but merely recollected from within. The recollection of knowledge from within is an electro-magnetic process of thinking Mind which is as exactly under man's control as is the generation of the same power to turn a wheel.Man must "think in light"; his thinking must be in terms of the electromagnetic periodicities which measure all motion, for of such is he himself, and nothing else. To know how to think in light from within is to open the doors of all knowledge. Omnipotence lies in perfect thinking. There is no power in this universe other than the energy of thinking Mind. Thinking is the cause of motion and the periodicities, or states of motion, caused by thinking Mind are registered in light which man calls "matter." Matter is light. Nothing is which is not light.
Resonance
One of the most intriguing phenomenon in nature is resonance, a phenomenon that has been used in the construction of musical instruments for ages. In the picture above, you can see me blowing the horn of an ox, a tradition that dates back thousands of years and can be traced to Germanic mythology, where this instrument was used to call upon Woden or Odin, the God of death and storm, who would wake up and chase the Fenris wulf. The wulf that ate the sun from june 21st until december 21st. So, if this wulf would not be stopped, there would be darkness forever on Earth. So, my ancestors would take this horn and imitate the sounds Wodan would make with his army of the death, flying trough the skies, sitting on his six legged horse called Sleipnir, and do all they could to help him defeat darkness. At some point in history, the Roman Catholic Church
banned the tradition of the horn blowing and replaced Odin with a new figure, Sinterklaas, who in The Netherlands also rides a white horse, not trough the skies but on the roofs of the houses to deliver presents to the children at december 5th. It is this same fellow who became Santa Claus in most Western Countries. If you're interested in how this oxen horn sounds, you can take a look at our homepage, which is in Dutch, but there's a small YouTube video on there that shows us in action. Some time ago, just out of curiosity, I attached an earphone to my horn and drove that from the sound card of my computer, feeding it with sine waves with various frequencies. At the resonance frequency of the horn, the sound was really amplified by the horn. With the earphone out of the horn, I could hardly hear it, while in the horn, I could clearly hear it. This of course leads to the question: Is this a real gain, or just "impedance matching" such that all the power is actually coming from the driving circuitry in the computer? The textbooks say the latter, but are these right, or are they applying the law of conservation of energy incorrectly? After all, one of the most interesting details regarding a horn is that it is capable of amplyfing a signal, an effect used in early phonographs, such as this one:
The amplification effect of these kinds of resonators is mentioned here at Wikipedia: Early "mechanical" gramophones used the stylus to vibrate a diaphragm radiating through a horn. Several serious problems resulted from this: *The maximum sound level achievable was quite limited, being limited to the physical amplification effects of the horn, *The energy needed to generate such sound levels as were obtainable had to come directly from the stylus tracing the groove. This required very high tracking forces that rapidly wore out both the stylus and the record on lateral cut 78 rpm records. *Because bass sounds have a higher amplitude than high frequency sounds (for the same perceived loudness), the space taken in the groove by low frequency sounds needed to be
large (limiting playback time per side of the record) to accommodate the bass notes, yet the high frequencies required only tiny variations in the groove, which were easily affected by noise from irregularities (wear, contaminates, etc.) in the disk itself. They say the same thing in their article about loudspeakers: Horn loudspeakers are the oldest form of loudspeaker system. The use of horns as voiceamplifying megaphones dates at least to the 17th century, and horns were used in mechanical gramophones as early as 1857. Horn loudspeakers use a shaped waveguide in front of or behind the driver to increase the directivity of the loudspeaker and to transform a small diameter, high pressure condition at the driver cone surface to a large diameter, low pressure condition at the mouth of the horn. So, it is clear that there is more to the phenomenon of resonance than meets the eye, and even tough the textbooks do their best to explain the amplification effects associated with resonance away because they apply the law of conservation of energy incorrectly, we will see wether or not we can get real energy gains using resonance. Energy that is not created out of nothing, but tapped from the electric field, the ether, exactly as Nikila Tesla, Master of Resonance, has figured out years ago: It was an innocent experiment. Tesla had attached a small vibrator to an iron column in his New York City laboratory and started it vibrating. At certain frequencies specific pieces of equipment in the room would jiggle. Change the frequency and the jiggle would move to another part of the room. Unfortunately, he hadn't accounted for the fact that the column ran downward into the foundation beneath the building. His vibrations were being transmitted all over Manhattan. For Tesla, the first hint of trouble came when the walls and floor began to heave. He stopped the experiment just as the police crashed through the door. It seems he'd started a small earthquake in his neighborhood smashing windows, swayed buildings, and sending panicked neighbors rushing into the streets. The police had frequently responded to complaints about Tesla's unusual activities. Although Tesla was not the first to discover resonance he was obsessed with it and created some of the most incredible demonstrations of it ever seen. He studied both mechanical and electrical versions. In the process he created an artificial earthquake, numerous artificial lightning storms, knocked an entire power plant off line in Colorado, and nearly caused the steel frame of a sky scraper under construction in Manhattan to collapse. Tesla realized that the principles of resonance could be used to transmit and receive radio messages well before Marconi. In fact, many knowledgeable sources now credit Tesla as the inventor of radio rather than Marconi. This includes the Supreme Court which in 1943 ruled that Tesla's radio patents had preceded all others including Marconi's. I mean, a bit more sound out of a horn because of "impedance matching", all right. But explaining "an artificial earthquake", knocking out "an entire power plant" and nearly causing "the steel frame of a sky scraper" to collapse as "impedance matching"? Come on, give me a break.
Resonating a coil Normally, when you drive a half open coil at its natural resonance frequency, such as in a transmitter, you connect one side of the coil to ground and that is the side you drive. This is what Dr. Stiffler does in some of his circuits. With this technique, you make a tap in the coil somewhere at about 25% of the coil and at exactly the right time, you pull that tap trough a transistor up to the positive of your power supply. That way you basically steer a current trough the coil, you move the charge carriers around. On the other, open, side of the coil obviously no current flows and as you can see from Dr. Stifflers experiments, there is high voltage at that side of the coil. Dr. Stiffler has performed various experiments using resonating coils and he has shared a lot of his work here. Now let's get that straight. When you drive a half open coil at its natural resonance frequency, at one side of the coil you have zero voltage and high current, while at the other side you have zero current, but high voltage. Now this is obviously interesting, since we already know we can create high voltages almost for free. That is, we can create a strong electric field for free and as long as the charges outside our system that may be affected by this field cannot influence the charge carriers in our system, we can use that field for free.
The spark gap oscillator Some of the first devices in which coils were resonated where the spark-gap transmitters used in the first three decades of radio:
In its simplest form, a spark-gap transmitter consists of a spark gap connected across an oscillatory circuit consisting of a capacitor and an inductor in series or parallel. In a typical transmitter circuit, a high voltage source (shown in the schematic as a battery, but usually a high voltage transformer) charges a capacitor (C1 in figure) through a resistor until the spark gap discharges, then a pulse of current passes through the capacitor (C2 in figure). The inductor and capacitor after the gap form a resonant circuit. After being excited by the current pulse, the oscillation rapidly decays because
energy is radiated from the antenna. Because of the rapid onset and decay of the oscillation, the RF pulse occupies a large band of frequencies. The function of the spark gap is to present initially a high resistance to the circuit to allow the capacitor to charge. When the breakdown voltage of the gap is reached, it then presents a low resistance to the circuit causing the capacitor to discharge. The discharge through the conducting spark takes the form of a damped oscillation, at a frequency determined by the resonant frequency of the LC circuit. This damped oscillation is characteristic for these early spark gap transmitters and these transmitters could only transmit short bursts of electromagnetic energy. As you can see in the schematic, the spark gap itself is not part of the resonant tank circuit. A later development was the so-called Poulsen arc converter. Wikipedia: Spark gap transmitters generate fairly broad-band signals. As the more efficient transmission mode of continuous waves (CW) became easier to produce and band crowding and interference worsened, spark-gap transmitters and damped waves were legislated off the new shorter wavelengths by international treaty, and replaced by Poulsen arc converters and high frequency alternators which developed a sharply defined transmitter frequency. These approaches later yielded to vacuum tube technology and the 'electric age' of radio would end. The Poulsen arc converter is based on William Duddell discovery of the "singing arc" in 1900: Since radio discovery began, the methods used to generate high frequencies have often changed. There was first Heinrich Hertz's resonant circuit excited by sparks; this method, while applicable to telegraphy, creates only damped waves unsuitable for modulation. In 1900 while seeking a method of created undamped waves, William Duddell discovered the "singing arc". He demonstrated that an arc light is capable of exciting continuous oscillation in a parallel resonant circuit. In 1906 Valdemar Poulsen constructed the first practical arc transmitter for transmission work; but it was soon superseded by the vacuum-tube transmitter. This is the schematic of Duddell's Experiment:
Characteristic for this arc converter circuit is that the spark gap is part of the resonant tank circuit. It makes use of the negative resistance characteristics of a spark gap and that it emits a continuous wave: Unlike the spark-gap transmitter converter, the arc converter produces undamped or continuous waves (CW). This was an important feature as the use of damped waves resulted in lower transmitter efficiency and communications effectiveness, while covering the r.f. spectrum with interference. This more refined method for generating continuouswave radio signals was initially developed by Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen. The Poulsen arc converter can be likened to a continuous-duty-rated electric arc welder with a tuned circuit connected across the arc. The negative resistance characteristics of an electric arc permits the creation of a relaxation oscillator that converts direct current to radio frequency energy. The arc converter consisted of a water-cooled bronze chamber in which the arc burned in hydrogen gas between a carbon cathode and a water-cooled copper anode. Above and below this chamber there were two series field coils surrounding and energizing the two poles of the magnetic circuit. These poles projected into the chamber, one on each side of the arc to provide a magnetic field. This field helps to stabilize the arc and improve overall conversion efficiency. In today's world one can still find oscillators based on negative resistance devices; the tunnel diode is one of them. Another one is the so-called lambda diode, actually a circuit consisting of 2 FET transistors or 1 FET and a BJT. More on this circuit here, here and here. This negative resistance effect of a spark gap is also described in Wireless Telegraphy and High Frequency Electricity, H. LaVerne Twining, 1909, pages 180-196: If we take observations with a voltmeter and ammeter on a solid carbon direct current arc, for various constants of the arc, using the potential difference in volts as the ordinate, and the current in amperes as abscissa, we will find a curve that is concave upward and as the current increases it slopes downward; it is therefore a curve that slopes in the opposite direction to the curves that obey Ohm's law. All this phenomena
has been investigated by Messrs. Ayrton, Upson and others, and the conclusion is that in all cases, whether between carbon and carbon, or carbon and metal, or these with gases, the curves slope downward, showing that as we increase the current through the arc the potential difference decreases. The action of the capacity and inductance on the arc may be as follows: In shunting the capacity C and inductance L across an arc (see Fig. 2) that is burning steadily, the capacity instantly takes upon itself a charge and the current through the arcs is at the same time diminished, the potential difference therefore increases across the arc and this tends further to charge the condenser. This reacts on the arc and still further increases its current, which in turn lowers the potential difference. Since it discharges through an inductance L, it not only fully discharges but becomes charged in the opposite direction, just as a pendulum, when pulled to one side and let go, will not only go back to its original position, but go far beyond it in the opposite direction. When in this condition, it is ready to repeat the operation with more vigor than before, and so, persistent and undamped oscillations are set up by the condenser charging and discharging.
Also see The Usefulness of Negative Resistance: Long before Heinrich Hertz’s experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves (1886–1888), it had been noticed in arc discharges that the voltage temporarily fell as the amperage increased. The mathematician Hertha Ayrton, who continued the research work of her husband William Ayrton on the electric arc, set out the formula on the inverse proportionality between arc amperage and voltage known as “negative resistance.” She was the first woman to be made a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in recognition of her research. Her discoveries were taken over by the physicist George Francis Fitzgerald to support his thesis that the negative resistance of the arc could be used to produce unsuppressed continuous electromagnetic waves, since this resistance to some extent overcame the resistance of the second circuit. William Duddell, a colleague of Hertha and William Ayrton at the London Central Technical College, then discovered that the arc of a DC arc lamp begins to “sing” without any further conversion if an oscillating circuit is switched in parallel to it.
More on the Poulsen / Duddell "Singing Arc": [1] [2]
Comparison with antennas See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna Typically a dipole antenna is formed by two quarter wavelength conductors or elements placed back to back for a total length of . A standing wave on an element of a length ~ yields the greatest voltage differential, as one end of the element is at a node while the other is at an antinode of the wave. The larger the differential voltage, the greater the current between the elements.
Gain of dipole antennas length L in Gain Gain(dB) 0.1 1.50 1.76dB 0.5 1.64 2.15dB 1.0 1.80 2.55dB 1.5 2.00 3.01dB 2.0 2.30 3.62dB 3.0 2.80 4.47dB 4.0 3.50 5.44dB 8.0 7.10 8.51dB
From theory to practice Dr. Andrija Puharich Dr Andrija Puharich reportedly drove his motor home for hundreds of thousands of miles around North America in the 1970s using only water as fuel. At a mountain pass in Mexico, he collected snow for water. He wrote in a article:
It is hardly necessary to weigh the value of the World Energy bank account for any sophisticated person, these days. It is grim. The oil reserves will dwindle away in a score of years or so, and the coal reserves will be gone in some twelve score years. ( Ref. 1) This is not to say that the outlook is hopeless. There is an abundance of alternative energy sources, but the economics of development and exploitation present an enormous short term strain on the world political and banking resources. Visionary scientists tell us that the ideal fuel in the future will be as cheap as water, that it will be non toxic both in its short term, and in its long term, effects, that it will be renewable in that it can be used over and over again, that it will be safe to handle, and present minimal storage and transportation problems and costs. And finally that it will be universally available anywhere on earth. What is this magical fuel, and why is it not being used? The fuel is water. It can be used in its fresh water form. It can be used in its salt water form. It can be used in its brackish form. It can be used in its snow and ice form. When such water is decomposed by electrolytic fission into hydrogen and oxygen gases, it becomes a high energy fuel with three times the energy output which is available from an equivalent weight of high grade gasoline. There are some rare mp3's available of Puharich's appearance in "Open Mind" with Bill Jenkins. Anyway, let's take a look at what Puharich did, because this one is the easiest to understand. Figure 1 in his patents shows his signal generator block diagram (page 3): http://www.free-energy-info.com/PatE7.pdf http://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/32garys_files/Water_Decomposition/1puhar.htm
You see that L1 and L2 are driven from an open transformer and therefore no current flows in and out of the outer terminals of the whole train, which starts at the open end of the "insulating" TF and ends at the "resonance sensing" resistor. What is particulary interesting about Puharich is the wave form he used in figure 15 at page 17:
Here he shows a full-wave rectified waveform, there are no "silent" periods in between the pulses, even though he writes in the caption that the wave is half-rectified. What is important to realise is that he eventually used unipolar pulses in one direction, but matched to the resonance frequency of the load train. If you look carefully at the lower wave form, you'll see that you can easily draw a sine wave across the tops of the high frequency waves. That is the wave that matches the resonance frequency of the load train. And the he uses the "resonance sensing resistor" with some kind of feed back circuit to make sure his load train is always in resonance. Very clever and elegant! If you look at his block diagram, you don't see any rectifier. This suggests he did his rectification before his power amplifier, before his "insulation transformer", which would be a bad choice in terms of energy he has to spend himself in order to drive the transformer. After all, the primary of the transformer is an inductive load and at the zero crossings, you need to spend a considerable amount of power in order to get the current the other way around. So, it would be much more efficient to do the rectification after the insulation transformer and then drive the transformer with the signal shown in the upper half of the picture. If you want to do that and drive your load from one end of a half open coil (as shown in Puharich's figure), then you cannot use full wave rectification, but you would have to use a single diode (which would be half wave rectification) as also done by Meyer, which has the disadvantage of introducing imbalances in the system.
As shown in the figure, you can accomplish full wave rectification by using a sort of diode bridge, driven from two secondaries. And because you don't want any disturbances created by the load to end up in your driving coil, it would be best to also use couple capacitors which act as high pass filters as shown in the figure. Careful reading of Puharichs papers revealed quite a surprise: There is an `Open Circuit` reversible threshold effect that occurs in Component III due to water polarization effects that lead to half wave rectification and the appearance of positive unipolar pulses; A secondary effect of the change in the RC constant of water on the wave form shows up as a full half wave rectification of the carrier wave indicating a high level of polarization of the water molecule in tetrahedral form at the outer electrode. So, to my surprise, Puharichs rectifier is to be found inside his fuel cell and works very similar to how they made electrolytic rectifiers in the old days, rectifiers that produced a glow on the electrodes during operation, as described by Horace Heffner: A blue-green glow has been observed on electrodes of high voltage electrolytic cells and electrolytic rectifiers. Electrodes to create the blue-green glow can be made from metals like Ni, Zn, Ti, Al or Zr that form insulating oxides. The glow has been created in cells containing a weak electrolyte like Pickling Lime (CaO), Baking soda, sodium metasilicate, or acetic acid, by gradually increasing the AC voltage through them typically to 200 - 400 V AC. Zn can only be conditioned to about 76 volts. As the electrodes are “conditioned” using high voltage AC they begin to act like opposed diodes and the cell then acts like a capacitor with a low current bypass resistor. Nyle Steiner describes the same thing:
In the early days of amateur radio, the dc plate voltage power supply for the transmitter, was often made using homemade rectifiers. From what I have read, these rectifiers would usually consist of an aluminum and lead electrode in a jar of Twenty Mule Team Borax solution. Borax is another name for sodium tetraborate. The aluminum becomes the cathode after a forming process of applying some ac current through the rectifier. Often, many jars were used in order to accomodate high voltages. It has been reported from various sources, that these rectifiers would also emit a faint glow when in operation. Steiner also explains the difference between an electrolytic capacitor (2 aluminum electrodes) and an electrolytic rectifier: The "diode effect” can be seen by replacing a conditioned electrode with a fresh electrode which is not yet conditioned, or a metal that does not form a similar layer, like lead, magnesium, or carbon. In one half of the trace there is close to an ordinary linear ohm's law relation, while in the other half the conditioned electrode's rectification and breakdown voltage remains evident. Based on this, it is clear that at least Puharichs WFC should be regarded as being very similar to an electrolytic capacitor and/or an electrolytic rectifier, which means that there must have been a dielectric layer on at least one of his electrodes. This suggests he used a nickel alloy that forms a protective surface layer, as aluminum and stainless steel does. Since Puharich also talked about being able to use seawater in his WFC, he may have used Cupronickel: In seawater, the alloys have excellent corrosion rates which remain low as long as the maximum design flow velocity is not exceeded. This velocity depends on geometry and pipe diameter. They have high resistance to crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement that can be troublesome to other alloy systems. Coppernickels naturally form a thin protective surface layer over the first several weeks of exposure to seawater and this provides its on-going resistance.
http://www.tuks.nl/audio/Open_Mind_with_Bill_Jenkins/
Edwin Gray Now enter Gray's "Conversion Switching Element Tube" (CSET). This consist of two rods, "connected" trough a spark gap, and concentric with those two grids, both in the shape of a tube, as you can find in his patents:
Now obviously, if you would connect that grid to the open end of a resonating coil, the voltage of the grid would go up and down in the rythm of the coil resonance frequency. Note that: the coil resonance frequency. That's another frequency than the spark gap oscillator frequency, it is much, much lower. And that is essential. As you can see, there is a "resistive element" in there, which is shown as variable in the schematic. It appears that only the long, HV rod is capacitively coupled to the grid, while the other rod gives you sharp HF spikes once the tube is properly tuned, at very high frequencies. So, it seems like the action takes place at the long rod, which is at HV DC. How can that be? Well, the actual tubes were constructed a bit different than shown in the official documentation, as drawn up by John Bedini:
So, the action really takes place at the short rod, that tiny little thing on top of the "resistive element", which is also capacitively coupled to the grid and gives you those HF, HV spikes that go trough just about anything as is shown by John Bedini in his video's. So, these spikes not only go to the grid because of the capacitive coupling between the short rod and the grids, they will also go all the way trough the diode, commutator, batteries, etc. and end up on a second couple capacitor, component 38. So what we have here is that you have HV, HF spikes that end up in phase on both capacitors, which can both be considered to be shortcuts at high frequencies. With that in mind, we can reduce the essence of Gray's circuit to just three components:
In essense Gray is driving his coils with HV, zero current, in phase at both sides of the coil. That suggests the coil must be resonating in full wave resonance. Only then you have HV, zero current at the terminals in phase. But Gray also has his couple capacitors. These are such that the HF signal can go trough, but especially the capacitance between rod and grid is very small. I measured something in the order of 10 pF in my replication for the long rod. What this means, is that these can be considered to be high pass filters. And because the frequency of the oscillator is very high, these capacitors can be very small, so any disturbance signals created by the load inductor, cannot reach the HV source. That suggests that it could also be that the coils are not in resonance at all in Gray's system. Given that Gray also did some demonstrations where he "popped" magnets with his coils also points in the direction that with proper high pass filters you can pull this trick off without driving the coils into resonance. In other words: here we have the trick that prevents the charge carriers in our voltage source, our dipole, to be disturbed and therefore we don't kill our dipole and are able to use the energy provided by the electric field for free.
To be updated: Compare this with Gray's:
Grays CSET oscillator is not an LRC circuit. It's a nonlinear RC oscillator, which can only work because of the way a spark gap works:
In this picture you see the essential components involved with the oscillation. The oscillation frequency is very hard to determine or control, but is mainly determined by the RC time. The capacitance is dominated by capacitance between the LV rod and the Grid, while the resistance should be dominated by the (variable) resistor, the "resistive element", which is shown to be variable in Grays schematic shown above. When the spark gap breaks, the capacitor is charged within a very short period of time, something in the order of nano seconds. At that moment, there is no voltage difference between the HV and LV rods anymore, so the spark shuts off and the capacitor is discharged trough the resistor, until it reaches such a low voltage that the spark gap breaks again. The grid is connected to an inductive load, which also has some parasite capacitance, estimated somewhere between 100 pF and 1 nF for a power transformer, while the capacitance between the LV rod and the grid is estimated to be in the order of 1-10 pF. For simplicity, I have drawn the variable resistor and the load inductor as being connected to ground. In the actual device, this is not the case, which means this system is extremely difficult
to control and/or tune. The timing depends not only on the capacitance between the LV rod and the grid, but also on the parasite capacitance of the load, for example. It also depends on the discharge circuitry behind the variable resistor, which is also very complicated. So, to make a long story short: this is a nightmare to tune and/or control in the way this has been done. No wonder so far most people that studied this concluded that the CSET did not work. Well, it does work in theory, but getting this to work in practice is very challenging indeed.
A new look at Gray's device http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/8847-grays-secret-its-application-bedinismotors.html It struck me that the "spark gap protection device 42" is not a protection device at all. It looks like it's actually the main spark gap that forms a classic spark gap discharge circuit, very similar to what Tesla was using for driving the primary of his Tesla coil. It's discharge path goes from HV cap 16 trough spark gap 42 (which has been drawn a bit strangely, to say the least), induction coil 36, cap 38 and battery 18. With that in mind, we can find Gray's actual secret, the production of extreme pulses of magnetic foce using a negatice resistance device, in Eric Dollard's "Condensed Intro to Tesla Coils": The formation of the energy impulse involves the discharge of a capacitor with the highest practical stored energy into an impedance (inductive) of the lowest practical value, and the discharge path is coupled to an energy supply through a negative resistance device. This negative resistance is classically a spark discharge, but a superior plasma device needs to be developed to enhance efficiency. Under optimal conditions the exponent of oscillation amplitude will be positive over a sustained period of time. The net result of this system is the production of an extreme impulse of M.M.F. (magnetic force). What makes a negative resistance device so interesting for steering coils into resonance for applications in magnetic motors is that the current trough a practical negative resistance device, like a spark gap or lambda diode, is always positive! See for example the I-V curve of a typical lambda diode circuit:
That means you can get a coil into a resonance mode where you have a superposition of a DC current and a complex AC wave going trough it, such that the magnetic field is directed into one direction. In other words: there are no areas in the coil where a reverse direction of the magentic field occurs. So, this DC offset is very important for the application of resonating coils in attracting/repelling motors. What happens is that besides the normal DC current going trough the coil, generating a magnetic field, you get additional wave-like impulses going trough the coil, which travel at a much greater speed than electrons (DC current), and therefore generate an extremely powerful magnetic field inside the coil, which you can harnass using magnetic attraction/repelling in a motor as well as by capturing the BEMF when allowing the magnetic field to collapse. So far, so good. Now of course the question is: what is the purpose of the CSET? If you look at the older 1975 Gray patent, you won't find a CSET, nor do you find one in the "fuelless engine" documents circulating around the internet, which are basically a variation of Gray's earlier patent. Now the problem with spark-gaps is that this negative resistance effect is caused by the temperature variaton of the arc plasma due to the current going trough it, which is very sensitive and difficult to control. According to Mark McKay, in earlier versions Gray used "spark gaps placed around the periphery of the motor shaft and triggered by moving contacts that come into register. A novel speed control mechanism was provided that shuttled between different spark gap contacts to advance or retard the HV firing sequence." McKay also states that the first, even earlier, sixties prototypes only ran briefly. So, in earlier versions, Gray used very complex rotating spark gaps, which undoubtly gave him lots of (stability and scale-up) problems, given that Dollard already found a single spark device difficult to operate:
Due to the immense difficulties surrounding the spark device, a simple method and one of much greater control is shunt feed of the primary network by an A.M. radio transmitter of special design such as the unit at building number one. Like Dollard, Gray's associates apparantly also went looking for a more simple and controllable spark gap device. How about using a fixed spark gap, not unlike a standard automotive spark plug, and somehow trigger that one at the right moment? Still very difficult to keep under control, but a walk in the park compared to controlling and operating rotating spark gaps around a rotating motor shaft in their very sensitive negative resistance mode of operation. And that's where the CSET comes in. It also has a spark gap, but this one only fires very shortly, cause it's immediately shut off. All it needs to do is to emit one single pulse, which is capacatively coupled from the main rod to the grids and then fed to the main spark gap, in order to fire the main spark gap. And that's all it does, it's a triggering device. If the main spark gap is normally kept in a state whereby it almost fires, it apparantly can be fired pretty easily using a single pulse from the CSET. Since the spark gap in the CSET only has to switch once, it does not have to be operated in it's negatice resistance region, so it is easily controlled. It seems obvious that the principle of using a negative resistance device in order to energize a coil much more effectively can also be applied to Bedini's monopole motors, like the school-girl circuit. A modern implementation of a negative resistance device is a so-called lambda diode, actually a circuit consisting of two transistors.
Stanley Meyer Aaron Murakami posted the schematics Meyer used along with some comments. The schematics come from Meyer's Water Fuel Cell Technical Brief.
This is the basic schematic Meyer used. We immediately see the similarities with Puharichs schematics, both use two coils in series with their WFC. While Puharich had his rectifier inside his WFC, Meyer used a single rectifier diode, which makes it a half wave rectifier. An interesting detail is what Meyer calls "capacitance charging effect", shown in the above picture as the wave form in the upper right, and in the following figure he shows how to model this in electrical components:
From this, we can deduce that Meyer was using tubes with a dielectric layer just like in electrolytic capacitors, so his WFC can be considered to be an electrolytic capacitor indeed. Given that he observed this capacitor charging effect, it is hard to imagine he was driving his WFC using high currents, because if that were the case, the dielectric layers would have to breakdown and therefore you would not get this capacitor charging effect. Another interesting detail is how Stan configured his "resonant chokes":
Aaron's comment on this picture: choke #56 is drawn incorrectly - they are wrapped in the same direction. I'll get to that later. I don't think that is necessarily the case, though. Both are wrapped around a single core and in resonance, but the core shape in figure 3-23 is completely different then in the following figure:
So, you really can't compare the two cores. At first sight, the upper picture appears to be hard to control. At least, I don't really know how/if there are standing waves inside the core too, and if so, how the phase inside the core will be. Note that figure 10-3b is from his injector, which suggests in a later development Stan decided to use a separate core for the resonant chokes, which is much easier to control. Given the way Stan shows how he drives his chokes, out of phase, the fact that they are bifilar wound, and the very strong indication that he was driving his WFC with high voltage, low current one can hardly conclude anything other than that his resonant chokes must each have been resonating in half wave resonance. And since they are completely out of phase, you get zero current at the WFC side, while getting maximum voltage across your WFC. With this configuration, the dielectric layers on the tubes much be such that they can withstand the maximum voltage produced by the coils in resonance.
Update: there's an interesting overview of Meyer's history here: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/4411-stan-meyer-history-lesson-part-1-a.html
He then discovered that the performance of the VIC was (improved) by wiring all coils (primary, secondary, and the 2 "choke" coils) on the same core. What he did to "sense the resonance" was to add an additional pickup-coil on the core, and creating a closed loop PLL with it to drive the primary. This suggests that when you use one core, the secondary and the lower choke coil can be considered to be one coil, because of the place where the diode is placed. This suggests you may be better of without the "secondary" and use the chokes as secondaries. That way, you can place the diode in the middle and then both circuits are in balance, so you don't need to make the lower choke adjustable (wiper arm). This overview also mentions that Meyer referenced Puharich in one of his patents: Then he came suddenly on the idea to use rippling DC current, which gets additionally pulsed with a duty cycle, for electrolysis... Maybe he accidentally at one point just used the rippling rectified current from a transformer without using a capacitor to smooth it and he had just the idea that maybe by pulsing one can increase the efficiency or maybe he got inspired by the ideas of Henry Puharich (Patent US4394230), who patented a water electrolysis process which is 100% efficient (water doesn't get warm anymore). ...Also Stan states in the vids, that in this time he informed himself as much about water and hydrogen production as he could. Therefore it is very likely that he stumbled across Puharich's patent. Another point which indicates Stan knew the Puharich patent may be, that in a later Patent (US4798661) he even cites Puharich's patent as reference.
Update: Added (more or less) the following comment on the site of Alex Petty: http://www.alexpetty.com/2011/06/16/simple-wfc-energization-circuit-by-alex-petty/ I think you may want to use aluminum tubes instead of stainless steel. You always get a thin layer of dielectric material on your tubes, which not only insulates, but can also be polarized. With aluminum, you can control the thickness of this layer by means of applying the desired insulation voltage, while submerging the tubes in ordinary backing soda. See: http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/varelec-el.htm http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/boraxel.htm I did some experiments with aluminum some time ago: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swknDdT05-M In “figure 10-3B” Stan has his coils wound bifilar on a single core, which core makes a closed loop. I think that is an important detail. First of all, Leedskalnin’s “perpetual motion” holder shows that a magnetic field can be maintained within an iron core, without any current going trough the coil:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHkcJ0rCIXQ How can that be? I suspect that it is possible to enclose a propagating electro-static wave inside an iron core, which suggests it may be possible to use a CLOSED LOOP iron core in order to not only “trap” a magnetic field, but also an electro-static wave. All right. Now the choke coils, wound on a single core, are actually BOTH driven at the same time. One trough the diode, and the other one trough the “ground” connection, with opposite phase. By winding them on a single, closed loop iron core, you get the situation that the currents going trough the coils are ALWAYS out of phase (when in resonance), and therefore the magnetic fields generated by the coils in such a configuration CANCEL ONE ANOTHER OUT. That means this is a way to get coils into a longitudinal dielectric resonance mode, a mode whereby you get a pure dielectric/electrostatic oscillation in your coils, propagating capacitively between your coil windings and which is magnetic-field free and therefore CURRENT FREE oscillation mode. The properties of these longitudinal dielectric resonances are very interesting. These are the kind of resonances Tesla was using, and he did so for a reason. One of the most interesting properties of longitudinal electricity/waves is that they propagate along a conductor basically loss-free and do not generate EM radiation. So, what you want to do is create longitudinal impulses in your “choke” coils, at a resonance frequency of your coils, so you get high voltage, zero magentic, zero current impulses at the end of your coils. And since there is no magnetic field and no current, you essentially have electrostatic impulses, impulses of the electric field, propagating along the wires of your coils. Now it is possible to split water using an electric field alone. This is called “dielectric breakdown”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_strength According to wikipedia, destilled water breaks down at a field strength of about 70 MV/m. That is a lot, but it is the same as 70 kV/mm OR 70 V/um. All right. Now when you look up the theory about old-school electrolytic capacitors and rectifiers, you see that with aluminum you can create very thin layers of dielectric on your aluminum. That is still being done today with electrolytic capacitors, but the electrolytes are much better than what can be achieved with soda. Still, soda should work pretty well for our purposes. So, if you are able to make a dielectric layer in the order of 1 um on your aluminum tubes, which thickness you can control by means of the applied voltage when growing the layer, it is clear that the required field strengths are achievable by applying in the order of 70 V across your “electrolytic capacitor”.
What is essential for understanding an electrolytic capacitor is that it is NOT just two metal plates with a dielectric (water) in between. Actually, one of the plates is being formed by the liquid and the dielectric is that thin layer on your tubes, which is why you can get large capacitances. You see, the plates are very close to one another. Like in the order of 1 um…. So far, so good. In the stuff I wrote about the electret effect, as a.o. observed by John Bedini, I explained that the “cold boiling” effect he was observing (electrolysis) is happening because he also grows a thin layer of dielectric material on his battery plates, essentially creating an old school electrolytic capacitor. And by polarizing this layer with high voltage impulses out of a coil, applying a temporary strong electric field to his dielectric, apparantly it is possible to get this dielectric very strongly polarized. To such a degree that in the vicinity of the dielectric layer you get an electric field in your water strong enough to reach the dielectric breakdown requirements for water to “spontaneously” electrolyze. And IMHO, THAT is what you in essence want to do with Meyer’s and Puharichs water fuel cell… So, you want to get your “chokes” into a longitudinal, electrostatic “Tesla” resonance mode by killing the magnetic component, and apply that to an “electrolytic capacitor” with dielectric layers strong enough to withstand the voltages you torture them with, such that you DO keep these layer polarized. And because these layers grow automatigally to a thickness strong enough to withstand the voltages you apply across them while your tubes are submerged in soda, you now have a way to create dielectric layers with the optimal thickness very easily. :) And if you do this right, no current (except for a small leakage current) flows trough your WFC. And that is an essential element to achieve, because if you do drive a current trough aluminum tubes submerged in water, the tubes WILL deteriorate. And that is the reason people go for stainless steel instead of aluminum, but then you basically throw the baby out with the bathwater, because then you cannot control the thickness of your dielectric layer anymore.
Interestingly, Alex also has an article on Meyers "gas core transformer": http://www.alexpetty.com/2010/11/17/meyers-gas-core-transformer/ The patent for this invention can be downloaded from my site: http://www.singularics.com/docs/patents/meyer_ca1213671.pdf What Stan developed in the Electrical Particle Generator is quite incredible. It’s a highly efficient transformer whose primary can be powered with AC, pulsed DC and even pure Direct Current! The most important feature of this device is that it, once operating at speed, functions in a highly efficient manner. Stan always referred to this device in his subsequent patents as the “Unipolar Pulsing Core Transformer”, a name which anyone who has spent time on Meyer’s work will recognize. In conventional transformers, iron cores can only amplify the field of the primary coil to a limited degree. The flux flow communicated to the secondary windings through the flux
of the primary field alone is very low in comparison to what can be done with Meyer’s fluid core concept. Also, PVC or flexible vinyl tubing works far better for fluid core construction then copper or aluminum. The first core I made (shown above) was made out of copper, but in subsequent cores I have used PVC. The reason for this is that you don’t want the field emanated by the primary coil or the magnetized particles hindered or affected in any way. It is the case that both copper and aluminum have a dampening effect upon magnetic fields with relative velocity to these materials. In many of Meyer’s patents (such as seen below), he refers to a Unipolar Magnetic Field Coupling and uses his “Loop” symbol notation. Here Meyer refers to the gas filled “pulsing core”, and it’s “unipolar magnetic field coupling” action. He always used the cryptic circles on his block diagrams to indicate the effect. Of course, he never disclosed this notation explicitly. Through years of thinking about Meyer’s work through my own primary research effort, I have discovered that what his little circles actually represent are the magnetic fields of tiny magnetized gas ions which when accelerated by the primary coil on the gas core, move at tremendous speeds across the secondary windings inducing significant charge amplitudes.
What Alex is suggesting here is that the "pulsing core configuration" (figure 3-23 above) is not a normal iron-core transformer, but a water-core transformer. Since water is not magnetic, this suggests that we are actually looking at a transformer core for dielectric coupling, coupling and propagation of electrostatic energy, whereby you chose resonance modes in your coil at longitudinal resonance frequencies, whereby the magnetic component is supressed.
Conclusions Based on my analysis of the systems built and demonstrated by Gray, Meyer and Puharich, I came to the conclusion that the basic principle is that you decouple load circuitry from driving circuitry in an unusual way, using a rectified carrier wave. By making sure that any frequencies the load circuitry may create are much lower than the carrier frequency, you separate the frequency bands wherein driving circuit and load circuitry are operating. Once you have done that, you can use a simple high pass filter to completely decouple load circuitry from driving circuitry in that sense that virtually no current goes back and forth between driving circuitry and load circuitry. So it's in essence a separation in the frequency domain combined with a highpass filter trough which only the HF electric field from the carrier wave can pass. No charge carriers are actually exchanged between driving circuitry and load circuitry.
The basic theory for this is Tom Bearden's "don't kill the dipole" as described in this article. Basic conclusion of that: the electric field comes for free. Potential (voltage) comes for free as long as you don't influence the charge carriers that create your dipole, your voltage source. In the analysed systems, they all excite two inductive loads in series. Gray excited both terminals of the
load train in phase, while Puharich and Meyer did this out of phase. This explains why Gray most likely used bifilar wound coils. To understand the basic principle, it is perhaps best to think in the line I have been following towards the solution of this mistery, which is as follows. When you resonate an open coil in full wave resonance, you get high voltage, zero current at the terminals, in phase. So there you have the basic connection to using the voltage source for free, but you have to figure out a way to do that without disturbing the charge carriers that give you the voltage source. With a single coil, the current stays inside the coil, so you can't use that. So, when you split the coil into two, you get the current in the middle for free, provided you don't disturb your voltage source, your driving circuit. So normally, when you use the current, you will disturb the resonance, which will eventually also disturb your driving circuit (because it is somehow coupled with it), so you still have to provide current to keep the system in resonance and pay the price. And here's the trick: the driving signal is delivered to the coil on top of a half rectified carrier wave, which is fed into the circuit trough a high pass filter. Because the carrier is half rectified, you basically "touch" the coils into one direction, so you don't get any HF in there. That way, you get the current and the power, but the disturbances caused by using the power, cannot reach the driving circuit, because of the high pass filter! And then you finally got what you want. You can use your voltage source, without disturbing it, so then you don't have to pay the price. Once you have that clear, you can also imagine that you can drive this principle much further. As long as you make sure you have a proper decoupling between driving circuitry and load circuitry, you can most likely get by without driving the load train into resonance after all. At this moment, this still has to be experimentally verified. If you would want do go beyond what these three did, the final trick would be to drive two identical loads in opposite phase, so the whole system is perfectly in balance and in resonance.
The Electret Effect This is some of earlier work, describing what I called "the electret" effect, in which I give a possible explanation for the effects reported by a.o. John Bedini. Even though not in a swallowonce digestible format, still very interesting material to work with and improve upon: http://peswiki.com/index.php/Article:The_Electret_Effect
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behindnegative-energy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post76020 (11-28-2009) - "It is clear that at
least most of the charge -- and thus the energy -- is stored inside the dielectricum, but I have a very hard time believing no charge is actually stored on the metal plates at all. In proportion it is just a tiny little bit, but not zero. So, I think on that part, this MIT experiment is not really that shocking. However, what is interesting, is that the dielectricum apparantly is capable of keeping it's charge, even when the metal plates (and therefore: any polarizing external -- to the dielectricum -- electric fields) are removed. [...] If we then take a look back at Inquorate's standing capacitor, it is clear that something similar takes place in both cases. This suggests that once you have a polarized electret in between metal (capacitor) plates, that the electret will charge the plates. Apparantly, some electrons are drifting trough the electret from one plate to the other, such that the plates becomes charged, and we can measure a voltage on the outside. If we once again assume that "radiant" energy basically is the electric field, which can exist without current, without electrons moving around, it appears to be clear that "radiant charging" primarily polarizes the dielectricum and energizes that, while the capacitor plates themselves are charged later by the polarized dielectricum, the elektret. That would explain both effects, as far as I can tell...."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/4910-spontaneous-charging-radiantlycharged-capacitor-research-group-4.html#post76208 (11-30-2009) - "It may be that it is possible to form a (non-permanent?) electret inside (certain types?) of capacitors. The dielectric material inside a capacitor can be polarized using an electric field. When the capacitor discharges, this polarization normally gets lost pretty fast. However, there is a "memory" effect in that the polarization is not immediately gone when a cap is short circuited. This effect is also known as "dielectric relaxation" [...] Now, it appears logical that when the capacitor is charged with high voltage pulses, you perhaps somehow "super polarize" the dielectric. That would mean you can enhance this "dielectric relaxation" effect to such an extent that you practically create a non-permanent electret, that keeps alive much longer then a few microseconds, perhaps up to minutes or even hours."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behindnegative-energy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post76243 (11-30-2009) - "After some reading, it seems that the electret theory may very well be the key to understanding Bedini's systems as well as the Tesla switch. Especially this recipe for how to make electrets is so strikingly similar to Bedini's circuits, that it feels like this has to be the answer we have been looking for: http://ether.sciences.free.fr/acrobatfiles/electrets/makinganelectret.pdf - Both this circuit and the fact that some people reported spontaneous recharge of capacitors and/or continuation of the charging of batteries after the power has been switched off point in this direction."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5096-no-electrolysis-watersplit.html#post77866 (12-16-2009) - "It appears that when an insulating layer is formed/added that has the right dielectric features, that it is possible to create a nonpermanent electret inside a capacitor due to the so-called "dielectric relaxation" effect, which would mean that you have an electric field in between the capacitor plates which is provided for free by the dielectricum"
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5128-bedini-meyer-capacitorsbatteries-electret-effect.html#post78487 (12-22-2009) - "So, basically we have both with Meyer and Bedini technology: 1) forming of thin, polarizable dielectric layers on the plates of either capacitors or battery plates, the latter essentially becoming capacitors, because the dielectric is non-conducting. 2) the use of high voltage "spikes" to form/maintain the polarization of the dielectric, boosting the "dielectric relaxation" effect, essentially turning the dielectricum into a non-permanent electret. 3) COP > 1. 4) "boiling" effects, unwanted in Bedini's technology, while basically utilized by Meyer. All in all, I think both are using the same energy source: the super-polarized dielectricum and that is which is apparantly able to provide excess energy."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5590-basic-electrolysis13.html#post102858 (07-07-2010) - "Of course, this may not be the only phenomenon observed, but one thing is certain: Bedini's batteries do "cold boil" *after* the power has been shut of. In other words: there is at least one known way to split water into hydrogen and oxygen that can last long after any power has been fed into the system. The only way I see to explain that is that a (non permanent) elexctret layer has been formed on the plates inside the batteries, which is basically a polarised insulating layer. One example of such a layer is aluminum oxide, which is actually the dielectric used inside any aluminum based electrolytic capacitor which happens to show similar effects. I.e. "self charging" after having been "conditioned" with Bedini's "radiant" high voltage pulses."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-2.html#post107700 (08-19-2010) "There are two half reactions. One of them "eating" electrons, the other delivering electrons. So, in essence all it takes to form a complete reactions is a way to move the electron from where it is freed to where it is used in the other half reaction. Normally, you would do that using an electrical wire, so to speak. However, there also is an effect known as "dielectric breakdown". This means that when a sufficiently strong electric field is applied to a dielectric, it stops being an insulator and becomes an inductor. For water, this happens when field strengths in the order of 30 MV/m, or 30 kV/mm, or 3 kV/ 0.1mm are reached. I should add that the required field strength for dielectric breakdown to occur in water does not necessarily have to be a static field strength. Given the fact that the electric field propagates at the speed of light, one can at least theoretically reach the required field strength with lower voltages, provided one switches fast enough. In other words, one can create a elecrical shockwave where at the wave front you have a very steep change in the field strength. If that would be the case, I would expect that Bedini kind of pulses are more effective than harmonic (sine wave) oscillators, because of the rapid switching provided by the sudden interruption of a current trough a coil. Interestingly, some glowing has been reported by some WFC replicators. This does suggest it is possible to achieve electrolysis by having the electrons jump directly between the two half-reactions taking place *inside* the fluid. You basically get tiny sparks inside the fluid instead of a current going the long way trough the power supply. It may very well be that there are at least threo ways to induce the required field strength in the fluid: 1) You use really high voltages (> 30 kV/mm) across your capacitor plates. 2) You send a high voltage shock way trough the fluid, which travels trough the whole fluid between the plates. 3) You polarize a thin dielectric
layer to such a degree that in its vicinity the electric field is greater than what is required for the water nearby to reach dielectric breakdown. The results posted by different experimentors and/or some patents suggest that all three ways are possible and can be achieved practically."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-2.html#post107754 (08-20-2010) - "I know I posted the standard reactions for electrolysis and that was on purpose. Both half reactions are standard redox reactions which do not occur naturally, because it takes energy to take electrons from the negative ions and feed them to the positive ions to keep the reaction going. Normally, you do that using electrodes and a power supply, but there ain't no law of physics that forbids you to perform the exact same reaction more directly using a strong electric field."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-2.html#post107759 (08-20-2010) - "What you appear to misunderstand is the question *where* the current is flowing. Current is nothing more nor less than moving electrons around, which occurs when (free) electrons are subjected to an electric field. What is most common is to have electrons move around in a wire using a power supply, but there are other ways. For example in classic amplifier tubes, there is a heated wire which releases electrons into the vacuum, which are subsequently attracted to the metal shield surrounding the wire and that way you also get a current. Using the same principle, pushing electrons around using an electric field, it is clear that you can also move free electrons around in a fluid, which *is* a current. It's just that the current remains locally inside the fluid, so you don't provide a current into the fluid yourself trough the terminal contacts. In other words: if you somehow have been able to create free electrons inside your fluid, all it takes to make them flow trough the fluid is an electric field. And as it happens, you can create free electrons inside the fluid pretty easily. Just apply an electric field that is strong enough to rip electrons from the negative ions, a.k.a. "dielectric breakdown"."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-3.html#post107866 (08-21-2010) - "Putting these things together, I first of all concluded that in these "conditioned" capacitors the dielectric layer, where the energy is actually stored given the MIT leyden jar experiments, is somehow being super polarized. That means such a very thin dielectric film on the aluminum anode can apparantly be pushed into high gear, which means this super-polarized film you will generate a very strong electric field in its vicinity. Not because there is a high voltage across this dielectric film, but because the film is very thin. Normally, when a electrolytic capacitor is charged, this field is being nutralized, because charges are being drawn towards / pushed away from the surface of this thin film at both sides, until eventually the fields generated by these charges balances the field generated by the dielectric. It is because of these fields that oppoze one another that the capacity of a capacitor becomes bigger due to the presence of a dielectric. Apparantly, it is possible to disrupt this balance by shortcutting the capacitor, after which the capacitor will re-establish the balance by spontaneously recharging itself. The interesting thing, however, is that just after this shortcutting, the only field that is present in the vicinity of the electrolyte, the water, is
the field generated by the dielectric. And because this dielectric layer is very thin (a few micrometers) you will for some time have a very strong electric field in the vicinity of the dielectric, especially if you have polarized the dielectric using high voltage spikes/pulses, because the polarization of a dielectric depends on the applied field strength, not on the applied current or something. Given that Bedini's "cold boiling", i.e. H2 and O2 generating, batteries are being fed with the same kind of energy, HV spikes, and we also have similar "spontaneous" recharging, albeit with different metals and chemicals, I concluded that we are really looking at the same thing: a thin dielectric film is apparantly also formed inside batteries and that is apparantly also being super-polarized. Bringing this together, I concluded that this must be the key. The construction of dielectric capacitors and batteries is very similar, especially in the old days and we get similar effects, even though hydrogen production does not always occur. Given that the water contained in batteries is full of ions and the "cold boiling" effect observed by Bedini and others when the batteries are being charged with pretty powerfull Bedini chargers, I concluded that in this case the fields generated by the thin dielectric films on the plates is that strong that somehow electrolysis is being achieved, even after power is being fed to the battery. Based on that, I concluded that the presence of a strong static electric field inside the electrolyte is the sole requirement for this kind of electrolysis to occur and that that has nothing to do with any resonance effects in the water, as Meyer says. I mean, it just can't be if we can trust Bedini's observations and I do trust these are real accurate observations. Now this doesn't mean that it is impossible that you could also have interesting effects using resonance, but if that is the case, it has nothing this particular mechanism. So, in my view, it may be much more difficult to create strong polarized dielectric films when the anode/cathodes are submerged in water containing lots of ions, but eventually all that really means it that you need more muscles to polarize your dielectric, because you have to drag more ions around. So, it may take more energy to accomplish the effects we want, but the energy it takes to free electrons from the negative ions in the half reaction, and feed them to the other half reaction to get elecrolysis is exactly the same. So, the bad news is that you will have to spend considerably more effort to see these effects with non-pure water. The good news is that it is achievable anyway and when you succeed in creating self-healing dielectric films on aluminum tubes as is being done in electrolytic capacitors all the time, I am convinced you can really get to a point that such a super-polarized dielectric releases great amounts of hydrogen gas for which you only have to pay the energy needed to maintain the polarization field. However, even that energy does not have to be lost, since you can reuse this energy when "discharging" the capacitor, which will not only return most of the energy, but will also enhance the disbalance of the fields. That means you will actually get more hydrogen production if you reuse this energy!"
Also see this video with John Bedini explaining what happens with his batteries. And you may want to check out these documents by D.M. Rogers wherein he reports about his measurements with lab batteries charged with Bedini's method. Don't get confused about the "Plante cell". Gaston Planté was the inventor of the lead-acid battery..... And there ar three more interesting video's in the post by cody:
"This is an interesting effect, and obviously it is a real effect. I just wanted to start some discussion about what is actually going on to cause this effect. Im proposing that a physical change is occurring on the capacitor plates. [...] So what is it about this physical change that is so special. John B says that one plate forms a crystaline structure and the other is like an oxide, sounds like a semiconductor to me, a diode that is. We do have semiconductors that can harvest light waves(solor panels). Would it be so hard to believe that maybe we are making a semiconductor that is harvesting radiant energy waves?"
Latest developments, to be incorporated I have uploaded the pdfs with my sketches as well as the summaries of my posts kindly provided by Slovenia to: http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/ You can also find lots of reference material there, like patents and the excellent work of Eric Dollard. And there is an audio library I got my hands on some time ago, which contains a.o. interviews with Andrija Puharich, Royal Rife, John Bedini and Tom Bearden: http://www.tuks.nl/audio/Open_Mind_with_Bill_Jenkins/
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-5.html#post109013 So the key concept to understand here is that you get the energy for free using the trick with the rectified carrier wave and the high pass filter. Coming to think of it, I don't think that really puts any restrictions on the kinds of signals you can feed into the system on top of the carrier wave! (provided the frequency of your carrier wave is high enough.) So, you can basically tinker with the low frequency signal that is being modulated on top of the carrier wave all you like. I think that won't change a thing in terms of the price you have to pay for the energy, but I'm not 100% sure on that. Since we now really understand the trick, it seems that you can also get away with driving other inductive loads in various configurations this way. Your mileage may vary, but the basic trick definately has a lot of potential. (pun intended)
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/3235-gray-tube-replication69.html#post109152 So, the most basic trick is to use a HF half-wave rectified carrier wave (which can be HF spikes as Gray did) on top of which you have the signal that energizes the inductive load (as done by Puharich most elegantly, but can be a "block" wave as Meyer and Grey did), *trough* a high pass filter. The filter makes sure that any LF junk created by the load cannot disturb your voltage source. And then you don't have to pay the price.
Switchable SEC circuit http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-6.html I'm beginning to think that you don't have to drive the load train in resonance, but you need the zero current, so you do need an inductive load train.
As long as the frequency of the rectified carrier wave is high enough and you use a high pass filter, then you should be able to drive the load with any signal you like. But have to give this more thought. What would happen if you would take Doc's SEC circuit, switch that on/off at 50 Hz and drive the HV primary of a tf with that, trough a couple cap and an AV plug?
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6227-stan-meyers-secret-preventingelectrolysis-6.html#post109533 There are multiple versions [of Dr. Stifflers SEC circuit], this one needs an adjustable coil. IIRC, there is also one which does not need that and is tuned with a variable cap. So, based on this one, you find the schematic attached which I had in mind. I didn't draw all the decoupling caps, etc. but you get the idea. Just switch it on and off using a 555 timer or something like that. If this SEC circuit starts fast enough, I think this should work. I also drew a comparison with what Gray was more or less doing, so you can see the similarities. If I finally understand this right, with Gray's stuff, you would need a bifilar wound coil or two identical coils in series (as you see with Meyer and Puharich, but for different reasons), because he drives both terminals in phase. With an AV plug, you should not need a bifilar wound primary, so this should work. Gray used a spark gap oscillator and this is also an oscillator, but one that is much easier to build, tune and control. And because of the ultra wide bandwidth of Doc's circuit, this is about as close as you can get to a real spark gap oscillator with modern electronics. I have drawn the couple cap before the AV plug, but it may be that you need two couple caps and place them after the AV plug, more or less as I have shown with the Gray equivalent. So, it will be interesting to experiment with this circuit and make your own variations. It is very similar to what Gray did and with this we will at least get some answers to some of the questions that remain. And with a bit of luck, we hit the jackpot straight away.
Slayers circuit The following schematic has been posted by Slayer and shows a similar exciter circuit:
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/3235-gray-tube-replication69.html#post109690 When you talk about driving an ordinary power transformer as used in power supplies from an exciter circuit, you are talking about inductances that differ by orders of magnitude, because of the magnetic core used in power transformers. In your SEC circuit and similar devices, we are talking in micro Henries, where in power transformers you are talking in milli Henries. So, as far as I can tell, when you drive a power transformer from a SEC circuit trough a couple cap and an AV plug (half wave rectifier) you can neglect the inductance of the power transformer in the frequency range your exciter operates. But it *does* have its parasite self capacitance and that one we have to take into account. If I assume the power transformer has some kind of virtual ground, then the resonance frequency of your exciter will no longer be determined only by the parasite capacitance of your driving coil, but you get the combination of your couple cap and the parasite capacitance of the power transformer you're driving (which are in series to one another) more or less in parallel to the parasite capacitance of your driving coil. So, you get a bigger capacitance and therefore the resonance frequency of the whole will be lower than that of a naked exciter.
I hope you understand what I'm trying to say, because the details are not clear to me. I see you have to take the parasite capacitance of the transformer into account for determining the value of your couple capacitor, but I can't say how you should model the parasite capacitance of the power transformer, because I don't know how to account for the diodes and/or any virtual ground that I think comes into the equation somewhere. So what you want to do in essence is charge the parasite capacitance of the primary of your power transformer as efficiently as possible, keep it charged for a while and let the transformer do it's thing, then switch off the exciter and let the transformer do it's thing for a while again. And then start the whole exercise again....
Combining Slayer and Puharich The following schematic shows another possible combination of an exciter circuit with what Puharich was doing:
The question that remains is wether or not you have to drive the power transformer in resonance, or that you can get results without doing that. In the latter case, probably a high pass filter is needed.
If we compare this with Puharich's schematic from his AM modulator in his patent US3563246, we immediately see the similarities. The modulator at the right side of the schematic around transistor 71 is virtually the same as Slayer's circuit:
The values for the various components can be found in the patent. For completeness, the circuit described by Puharich in his patent US3629521 as "A circuit arrangement of a transdermal transmitter having a balanced output and 'automatic carrier frequency control'":
The following schematic shows yet another possible variation of some of the above circuits. A combination of a low frequency exciter circuit with what Gray was doing:
The idea is to take two identical power transformers. The first one you drive just like is done in Slayer's circuit. Then, you use one open side of the high voltage coil to drive the second one into resonance, trough a high pass filter. Then you should get the power at the secondary of the second transformer for free, if you have the right harmonic resonance frequency in your transformers. I have drawn the connection of the high voltage coil of the first transformer to ground. Slayer connected that one to the base of the transistor. I don't know the reason for that, but it may be necessary to get the transformer in the desired resonance mode. Update: Coming to think of it, you probably have to drive two identical transformers in series if you want to do this, so you need three identical transformers. You see, the driving transformer is in quarter wave resonance and the load should be in half wave resonance. So, you would need two of the same transformers in series as load.... Update 2: I am not so certain about the requirement to drive 2 transformers anymore. It depends on wether or not the driving transformer is in half or quarter wave resonance. And that probably depends on how/where you connect the negative terminal of the secondary of the driving coil. So, some experimentation will have to be done to determine the details. Update 3: A feedback loop is required in order to steer the transistor. See #Canaries_saving_the_day Update 4: You need to get the 220V coil into a such resonance mode that it is in half wave self resonance or a multiple thereof. So, if you would use a 220V transformer and you divide 220 by multiples of 2, the closest to 12V is by dividing by 16, which would give you 13.75. Since the
voltages are directly related to the number of turns, a 12V-220V transformer has a bit too few turns on the secondary in order to drive the 220V primary into self resonance. To correct for this, you can add a trimmer capacitor across the 12V secondary and tune the circuit into the optimal resonance point.
Driving two identical transformers combining Slayer and Puharich When we combine all the pieces, then we can come up with the following principal schematic:
As can be seen in Puharichs modulator schematic, his oscillator is virtually the same as Slayers. So, it should be a piece of cake to use Puharichs modulator schematic in combination with Slayers oscillator. So, then we have an exciter that produces a carrier wave in the MHz, which can be modulated. As can be seen in Puharichs block diagram, you can use this modulator to get a load into resonance at its own resonance frequency, which is independent of the carrier wave frequency. All we need for that is a feedback signal. This can be had easily using a "resonance
sensing resistor" as done by Puharich, but I think these can also be 2 sets of diodes, so you only loose 0.6 V across your sensor. If you want to achieve half wave resonance of the coils, you also may want to consider using capacitors instead of a resistor or diodes. This feedback signal has to be fed into to modulator, with the right phase. I have drawn an opamp for amplification, but of course this can also be a simple transistor amplifier circuit. Puharichs schematic suggests it already has the right phase, but it may be necessary to correct for that, also depending on your amplification circuitry and the desired resonance mode (see below). So, some more details have to be filled in, but as far as I can tell, this should work in principle. Note that I drew the opamp the wrong way around... Update: A feedback loop is required in order to steer the transistor. See #Canaries_saving_the_day
Driving two identical WFCs combining Slayer and Puharich If we apply the same line of thinking to the question of how to drive a WFC most effectively, we would get this:
Since the WFC should be considered as being a resonant cavity, in Meyers words, we should match the resonance frequency of the driving coils to the resonance frequency of the WFCs we want to drive. Since we want to drive the whole thing from the electric field, without having to provide current ourselves, we have to make sure everthing is in balance and therefore we have to drive two identical loads out of phase, such that we can tap a signal somewhere that we can use to maintain the resonance in the WFCs with trough a feedback circuit, basically as Puharich did.
With this principal schematic, you can choose what kind of signal you want to feed your WFCs with. If you want to drive them with current, then you have to make sure your driving coils are in quarter wave resonance. If you want to drive them with voltage, you have to make sure your driving coils are in half wave resonance. And if you want to go more advanced, you can tune the resonance of your driving coils using voltage controlled varicaps, like this: http://www.hobbyprojects.com/the_diode/varicap_diode.html
Controlling the resonance mode of the driving coils I have stated above that you can choose what kind of signal to feed your WFCs with by controlling the resonance mode of your driving coils. Quarter wave resonance (with respect to one coil) gives you low voltage, high current in the middle, half wave resonance gives you high voltage, low current in the middle. But how can you control this? The answer to that question lies in the phase difference between voltage and current going trough a coil. There is a 90 degree phase shift between the voltage and the current. And it is that difference you can use to control the resonance mode of the driving coils, simply by making sure the resonance mode you want has a 360 degree phase shift all around the feedback loop, as explained here: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/rc_oscillator.html For an oscillator to oscillate sufficient feedback of the correct phase, ie "Positive Feedback" must be provided with the amplifier being used as an inverting stage to achieve this. In a RC Oscillator the input is shifted 180o through the amplifier stage and 180o again through a second inverting stage giving us "180o + 180o = 360o" of phase shift which is the same as 0o thereby giving us the required positive feedback. In a Resistance-Capacitance Oscillator or simply an RC Oscillator, we make use of the fact that a phase shift occurs between the input to a RC network and the output from the same network. for example. RC Phase-Shift Network
The phase shift network can also be implemented active, as explained here: http://webpages.charter.net/wa1sov/technical/allpass/allpass.html
Canaries saving the day Over at YouTube, there is a very interesting video showing a schematic with similar characteristics as the circuits described here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtKjKSUhuOw
As I posted at EF, I found a very interesting circuit simulating a canary: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6521-dont-kill-dipole-8.html#post113646 http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/circ/canary.html
This actually comes very close to the schematic schown in the above YT video. Just remove C1 and you have the same circuit in principle, except for the secondary where the loudspeaker is connected to and the loads. The oscillation is determined by the transformer as well as C4, where C3 is just the feedback loop to steer your transistor with. The interesting detail with this circuit is that the power supply is attached to the central connection of the primary of the transformer and that it is very similar to Slayers circuit. While here you see external capacitors determining the resonance, Slayer uses the parasite capacitance of the coils to put them into self resonance. Since the upper and lower half of the primary are equal and magnetically coupled, the resonating current going trough the coil is equal in the upper and the lower half of the primary. In other words: the resonance current flows back and forth between the primaries and C4. This current does not reach the power supply and therefore no killing of the source dipole. So, IMHO this is a very interesting circuit to play with. If you leave C1 out, you should be able to grab more power out of the secondary then you need to put in in order to keep the oscillation going. What this circuit also shows is how to implement the feedback loop, which is what is missing in some of the circuits in other parts of this article.
Spice simulations I have done some simulations using LTSpice, available at no cost, works on Windows and under Wine on Linux as well. I simulated some variations of what I dubbed the Free Energy Transformer, or FETF for short. The first schematic is based on the canary circuit. If you want to play with these, you can find the LTSpice files here: http://www.tuks.nl/Spice/FETF/
FETF version 6 Version 6 of the Spice simulations revealed an interesting detail:
At the upper picture you see the schematic I used in the simulation. At the lower picture, you see the currents going trough the coils, capacitor C1 and the collector of the transistor. When you look a the schematic, you may think that when the transistor opens, you will see an increase of current going trough the upper coil, L2. At least, that is what I thought would happen. The simulation shows that instead of an increase of the current trough L2, the current trough L2 actually decreases. What actually happens is that the capacitor gets charged and the current for that can only come trough L3. So, you see the current trough L3 increasing.
FETF version 5 With this result, it is interesting to see the same behavior in version 5 of this circuit, where there are two separate capacitors in the resonating tank circuit:
When the transistor opens, the current trough L2 decreases, while the current trough L3 increases. The current trough both capacitors increases in strength, with almost the same curves for both capacitors. A major difference between version 5 and 6 is the amount of current flowing trough R1. With version 5 there is almost no current flowing trough R1, while with version 6 R1 has almost the same current as L3.
Stiffler/Slayer circuit I also made a Spice model for a circuit similar to what Dr. Stiffler and Slayer have shown. The LTSpice file for this is: http://www.tuks.nl/Spice/StifflerSlayer.asc This is the schematic used in the simulation. Most of the capacitors are estimated values to model the self capacitance values of the coils:
In the simulator, it is predicted that a 1 nF capacitor can be charged to about 180 V within 300 us:
Finally, you can also do an FFT:
This does show similar characteristics as the actual spectrum analyzer measurements performed by Dr. Stiffler.
About tuning of tubes of WFC http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell3.html#post110313 I'm not buying into this tuning stuff at all. The minute you glue the tubes into the vessel, any previously individual resonant frequencies become irrelevant as the tubes then become part of a larger whole. It makes little sense to me. Let's see what we can say about this. If you look at what Meyer and Puharich did, then from an EE point of view, they have their load in between two coils, which are most likely resonating. But resonating such that the overall resonance, which would be over the whole load train (coil 1 - WFC - coil 2), is such that you have high voltage, low current at the driving terminals of your coils. And that would be so called half or full wave resonance. Now if you can consider your WFC to be a nice linear capacitor, then you would basically have a simple LC oscillator with a single resonance frequency. But if your WFC is not a nice linear capacitor, like when you have ions moving back and forth, you get interference patterns between what we might call the "LC" resonances and the resonances in your electrolyte, whatever those may be. The problem is that these resonances in your electrolyte, insofar electrically relevant
(ions), also end up in your coils. Whenever you mix two waves of different frequencies, you end up with the so called "differential frequencies" or "beats" as the are called in acoustics. This principle is used all over in radio and signal processing and is called heterodyne: In radio and signal processing, heterodyning is the generation of new frequencies by mixing (multiplying), two oscillating waveforms. It is useful for placing information of interest into a useful frequency range following modulation or prior to demodulation. The two frequencies are mixed in a vacuum tube, transistor, diode, or other signal processing device. Mixing two frequencies creates two new frequencies, according to the properties of the sine function; one is the sum of the two frequencies mixed, the other is their difference. These new frequencies are called heterodynes. Typically only one of the new frequencies is desired—the higher one after modulation and the lower one after demodulation. The other signal is filtered out of the output of the mixer. So, if we can assume that whatever resonances are taking place in the WFC generate electrical signals, because there are ions in the electrolyte if the electrolysis is basically Faraday-like, then you get these differential frequencies in your coils as electrical disturbances. And it is these disturbances that eventually reach your driving circuit if you don't do anything to prevent that. And that means you don't have your nice "high voltage, zero current" situation at the terminals of your coils anymore and you will have to pay for that. As far as I can tell, there are two ways to prevent these unwanted and expensive disturbances to reach your driving circuit: 1. Use a high-pass filter, as I explain in my article. 2. Match the resonances in your WFC to the resonances in your driving coils, so they resonate all at one and the same frequency (or at least harmonic to one another). Then you don't get these "beat" frequencies and so you don't have to pay the price of having your dipole, your voltage source, killed by the beat.... IMHO, option 2 would be the hard way to do this....
--::-Turns out you have to consider a WFC also as an electrical component, capable of resonating. The dielectric layers on the tubes, which are always there, form non-linear capacitors between the tubes and the fluid, just as in an electrolytic capacitor. Depending on the voltage across these dielectric layers, you either get a short cut, so current going trough, or you get capacative coupling of the fluid with the metallic capacitor plates, the tubes.
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell4.html#post110368 I have done some analysis of resonating coils some time ago, which you can find in my article. Now if you manage to get a higher harmonic standing wave in between your tubes, which would be both electric and acoustic, then you get the same current at the hot spots, but you only have to pay for the current at the hot spots at your tube surfaces. So, that way you can get a real power gain, power which is tapped from the electric field by the charge carriers in your fluid. The ones that don't reach your tubes.... The only question then is: is electrolysis possible with "in fluid" currents? I guess the answer is yes, cause otherwise this won't work....
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell4.html#post110440 Farrah Day: Look Lamare, you can't have it both ways here, either the dielectric oxide coating on the ss is breaking down at very low voltages - basically the voltage required to initiate electrolysis in the first place - and so not doing anything or it plays a part as a dielectric at higher voltages. This is how I think the WFC should be modelled in terms of electrical components:
On either sides, you have the capacitors between the fluid and the tube, because of the dielectric layer on the tubes. Now the characteristics of these capacitors depends mostly on the thickness of the layer. And these are non-linear capacitors. Below a certain voltage, depending on the thickness of the layer, they act as capacitors. Above that voltage, the dielectric breaks down and you get a shortcut. I have modelled this as a zener limiter: Zener limiters are constructed with two opposing zener diodes. Each individual diode can limit one side of a sinusoidal waveform to Zener voltage while keeping the other side near zero. When the two opposing Zener diodes are paired, the waveform is limited to Zener voltage on both polarities. So, you can actually have it both ways! And, more importantly, you have to make sure you use the one you want!!! When you are talking about electric (or electromagnetic) resonance, electric standing waves, there is a very interesting relation between current and voltage, or field. At the hot spots in the current, the field or voltage has a dead point and vica versa.
You can see the difference when resonating a coil. When you drive a current trough the coil by making a tap somewhere, you drive the coil as if it were "closed" and you get a current hot spot at your terminal. When you drive the coil using high voltage taken of an *open* resonating coil, you get a voltage hot spot at your terminal. So, depending on how you drive your WFC, you either drive it with low voltage, high current to get the resonance such that you deliver the current, or you drive it with high voltage, low current and you get the same resonance, only with a different phase, so you don't deliver the current yourself.
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell4.html#post110465 Capacitors also act as high pass filters. So, at higher frequencies they act as shortcuts. That is the effect Gray was using, and Meyer as well. So, I was wrong in that Meyer and Puharich should have used couple capacitors. They did, they just were at a place where I didn't see them. Now things really start to make sense in this part, too. It appears that wat Fast Freddy is doing, is force a current trough his WFC because the dielectric on his tubes breaks. That explains why his tubes detoriorate, because the protection the dielectric provides works because no electrons can reach the metal inside, so the metal cannot oxidise. So, if you want to get the fluid into resonance and want the electric field to power your WFC, you do want to use capacitative coupling and you do want to make sure your dielectric layer does not break down. So, on the one hand you want large capacitance between your tube and your fluid, and on the other hand you want the layer to be thick enough so it can withstand the voltages you torture it with. In order to do that, aluminum would be a much better choice for your tubes as stainless steel, because with aluminum we know how to grow dielectric layers with just the right properties. You can grow them electrolytically in a bath with soda, just like when you make an electrolytic capacitor. Only in this case, you want a relatively thick layer on both tubes, so you would grow the layers using AC instead of DC. And if you use the circuitry you intend to use to drive your WFC with, the layer will automagically grow until the optimal thickness is reached... See the exercise with the soda rectifier over here: Borax or Baking Soda Rectifier and the glow.
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell6.html#post111121
Dave found the BEST gas production at the VERY SAME frequency that just so happens to be where his tubes resonate ACOUSTICALLY IN WATER ... HMMM... Maybe it is nothing at all but a coincidence, but maybe there is just something to it........................ OF COURSE!! The pipes are just like the pipes in an organ, for example. The walls are stiff, because of the metal, so you can't get accoustic resonance perpendicular with respect to the tube walls. The resonance has only one way to go and that is in the length of the pipes. And the way to keep it going is by exciting it electrically, meanwhile providing power extracted from the electric field.
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6235-future-energy-hydroxy-cell6.html#post111131 Hmm. This is not entirely correct. You can have resonance in both directions, but the resonance frequencies in the length direction of the pipes are much lower then the frequencies between the pipes, because of the difference in distance the sound has to travel. This is analog to the difference between closed versus open cylinders: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_resonance#Cylinders Note that in this example, the tube is open or half open.... Both stiff walls and open ends are possible.....
Some more on coil resonance http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behind-negativeenergy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post75837 Let's look a bit deeper into resonating coils. As I stated before, Stifflers circuit resonates a coil at a multiple of its natural ground resonance frequency. Since the coil windings have a parasite capacitance towards one another, part of the electric energy, which is a wave, travels across these capacitances. Usually, these parasite capacitors are only considered as a whole in order to calculate the natural ground resonance frequency of a coil. But they are very significant when we want to understand what happens with Stifflers circuit, the Joule Thief, Stanley Meyers stuff and all other resonating free energy coil systems. I have been thinking about this for quite a while, but up to yesterday, I never understood what is actually happening inside a coil and wondered wether or not you could get the same effect by putting a bunch of caps in series and put those in resonance.
Then I realised that a coil wire is round and that the current, the electrons, actually travel across the surface of a wire. If we only consider the longitudinal component of the resonating waves along a coil, we are looking into the electrical wave traveling along the coil, perpendicular to the coil wires. In other words: we consider an electrical component that travels perpendicular to what we usually consider the direction of the currents going trough the wire. I made some sketches which I have attached. The first page is just a rough sketch with some notes illustrating my line of thinking, but not much more. If you take a look at the second pge, you see at the top-left two parts of coil windings, with at the top-right a model made up of capacitors, which is how you would usually think about these kind of things. If we consider the wire in the model connecting the different capacitors, and consider a current going trough there, you will have a magnetic field H curling around the wire. However, the real parasite capacitors at the surface of coil wires are not at all connected to one another with straight wires. It’s a round surface, so the electrons will make curves, spirals, moving between the “capacitor plates”. So, you won’t get a H field curling around, but you will get an H field in parallel with the coil wires! When I made this second page, I assumed there would be a resulting current spiraling around the surface of the wire. Then I realised that there is actually no reason to assume this spiralling current to have any preference for a particular direction. In other words: half of the electrons traveling between the capacitor plates will go in one direction, the other half will go in the other direction. And that is very interesting, since we now have an electric field propagating between the coil windings, *without* a resulting magnetic field!!! And, if there’s no magnetic component, there’s no Poynting vector, and therefore no radiation of energy… Very interesting, because this might give us some hints on how to make signal guides for longitudinal electric waves. One tends to think in the direction of putting several isolated wires in a row. Then, you would have the capacitive coupling to propagate the energy, while the spiralling currents prevent any magnetic component to spring up and radiate our precious energy away into outer space…… The sketches, page 2:
Conclusion: The longitudinal component of the wave across coil windings has the magnetic field component H in parallel with the wire, while the current moves perpendicular to the coil wire, across the surface. In order words: when f goes to infinity, the external supplied current goes to zero.
Page 3:
There is no reason to assume there is a difference between I_l and I_r. Probably 50% of the electrons go left, 50% go richt. So, H_left == H_right. Or: H_result == 0. Conclusion: Because of the shape of the coil wires, a pure electrical wave is possible, without magnetic component and without et electrical current to feed in from the outsite.
Transversal component requires external current to keep going Longitudinal component powers itself, delivers "pure" potential.
Also see: http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/lmdtem.htm
Extracts of some relevant discussions
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behindnegative-energy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post75378 (11-24-2009) - "So, it is the electric field that causes the charges to move (do work), while this same movement of charges (current) kills the very reason of it's existence: the field, or the potential on your battery or generator. If you could somehow use the potential of any dipole without killing it, you could get an infinite energy source. In other words: you have to disconnect "current" from "potential" one way or another. [...] Probably the most important thing to realise is that there are two energy flows in any circuit or wire: 1. the electric (or EM) field(s) - or "radiant energy" as John likes to call it. 2. the current -- charge carriers moving along inside a conductor. The E(M) field comes for free, it's a continous stream of "vacuum energy" being converted by any charge carrier."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behindnegative-energy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post75700 (11/26/2009) - "Bearden absolutely has a point in not killing the dipole and that the Maxwell equations are incomplete as taught today. And I believe he is right that this has been done on purpose, even though that is not so relevant in the technical discussion. Anyway, Meyl re-derived the Maxwell equations directly from Faraday's experimental observations and comes to the same result, as far as I understood. So, Meyls work gives a solid foundation of the Maxwell equations as they should be. In essence a straight-forward mathematical exercise without any postulates, based on observed physical measurements. The most essential difference between the classical Maxwell equations and Meyl (and Bearden, I assume) is that Meyl no longer postulates the existence of charge carriers as the cause for the EM fields. In other words: Meyl basically proves that EM fields can exist without any need for matter to be present. EM fields are the cause matter exists and not the other way around. As a result of that, it is clear that both longitudinal and transversal EM waves can exist in vacuum, while in the classical view the former cannot exist, because it is assumed there are no charge-carriers present in the vacuum. So, essentially, with Meyls Maxwell equations we have a set of equations that describe the propagation of waves trough a medium, which at the same time reflect the characteristics of that medium. And these resemble the characteristics of a fluid/gas very nicely, hence we have basically a description of a fluid/gas like medium we used to call aether. And on its turn, the waves that flow trough this medium have the ability to form the localised waves we call matter. According to Meyl, matter actually is some kind of vortex and it appears logical to assume that these vortexes can "suck" up some kind of aether energy flow from the environment and convert that into a steady outflowing energy stream known as the electric field. In other words: a charge appears to be some kind of spherical (combination of) aether vortex(es) capable of continously converting some kind of incoming aether energy flow into a "static" electric field. This is an ever-lasting process, which can be considered as a monopole. However, that "static" field is not static at all. It's a continuous flow of energy. Interestingly, there are two kinds of charges. We call them positive and negative and it appears these generate two distinct kinds of energy flows. One from positive to negative, and one back from negative to positive. When superimposed on one another, these appear to (largely) cancel eachother out in terms of the ability to do work, that is, the ability to apply a resulting force onto free charges (electrons) in order to make them move. Of course, once charges are moving, they are moving in such a direction that these two energy flows eventually balance each other out."
http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/6258-resonating-tf-using-bedinicircuit.html#post108175 (08-24-2010) - "Then I realised that also when using a normal capacitor, no charge can actually flow trough the capacitor. So, Grays's tube is in essence nothing but a capacitor. The rods in the centre as capacatively coupled to the grid. However, because of the significant distance between the "plates" you have a very small capacitance. So, if you want to send anything like a signal over to the other side, you will need to use very high voltages and sharp pulses. But the basic principle for getting free energy is to avoid killing the dipole. As I explain in my article, it is possible to manipulate the electric field for free, so if you can find a way to couple the driving circuit to the circuit that you want to drive by means of only the electric field, you can use the
energy from the electric field for free. And that basically means that you don't want to have any charge carriers being exchanged between the driving circuit and the load circuit. And since no charge can flow trough a capacitor, you can do that in principle using a capacitor. Adding one and one together, it should be possible to drive a (almost) "half open" coil into resonance by driving it from the side where there is high voltage, but no current, by a simple (small) capacitor that should not be an electrolytic capacitor, and feed that with sharp pulses, since these are easily transmitted trough a capacitor. A Bedini kind of coil driving circuit should deliver you just the kind of driving signal you need: a spike, with a sharp rise at the front. However, at the other side of the coil, there is zero voltage, but high current. In other words: at the other side of the coil we need to have charge carriers available. That is why we have to connect that end of the coil to earth. Plenty of charge carriers there! And then suddenly it also becomes clear why Tesla's single wire transmission is so interesting. Because if you have the primaries of multiple transformers resonating at their natural resonance frequency, all it takes to extract free energy from the electric field is to connect the "cold" side of these resonators (there where no current flows) to one another...."
One more thing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Stanley_Meyer%27s_water_fuel_cell#Theoretical_explanation Let me add one more thing to the discussion about what this is all about, cause in the end this is not so much a scientific or technical issue. It's really the same thing as what we are doing for ages. At some point, somebody thought "hey, the wind is blowing and delivers energy. Can't we use that to get power?" Good idea, let's make a windmill. Next thing, hey, water is flowing in a river and delivers energy. Good idea, so we got the watermill. Hey, the sun is shining light to the earth, which delivers energy. So we got solar panels. Hey, there is heat in the earth, can't we use that? Good idea, so we got heat pumps. And now someone comes along and says: "Hey, the electric field spreads with the spead of light from every charge carrier in the universe and delivers energy. Can't we use that to get power?". And all of a sudden that is "fringe" science, "impossible" and the like, while it's really the same thing. The difference is not a so much technical issue, but a political issue, because this energy source is so cheap and readily available that it will put a whole lot of companies out of business and frees the people of the earth of the burden associated with the need for energy. And that is why the whole scientific community acts like a bunch of religious zealots, as if it were written "Thy shalt not use an energy source that is cheaper than oil". And that is also why this technology will not be introduced to the people of this planet trough the scientific community, but it will be introduced bottom up, it will be a grass roots movement which is unstoppable now the knowledge how to do it is out in the public.
And one final issue to finish my point: in the Maxwell equations the scientific community says that it is the matter that creates the electric and the magnetic fields, while in Quantum Mechanics they say it's the fields that create the matter. It is so obvious that one of the two is incomplete, that this issue should have been solved 50 years ago. The fact that it is not says enough about how independent the scientific community really is these days.
[...] It ain't no dead horse, my friend. It's a Phoenix rising from the ashes, and believe me, it is awesome to be a part of that. It is an honour and a privilege to finally be able to give Nikola Tesla the credit he deserves. There simply is no physicist neither alive nor dead that can come even close to standing in his shadow, but we have allowed him to be almost forgotten and allowed the oil companies to strip us naked. Now their days are numbered, so let me leave a message to whom it may concern: Sehr geehrte Herr Wissenschaftfuehrer, You can fool all of the people some of the time, You can fool some of the people all of the time, But you cannot fool all of the people all of the time. - Abraham Lincoln -
The ruins of 106 years Einstein relativity Last week the newspapers were filled with the discovery of "impossible" particles traveling faster than the speed of light. A month ago an "impossible" star was discovered and earlier the Pioneer space probes also refused to adhere to the law. This way, the scientific establishment will slowly but surely be forced to return to reality, the reality of the existence of a real, physical ether with fluid-like properties. The inevitable result of that will be that Einstein's relativity theory will go down in the history books as one of the biggest fallacies ever brought forth by science. In the future they will look back to relativity with equal disbelief as to the "Earth is flat" concept. The relativity theory not only goes against common sense, as Tesla already said in 1932, a fundamental thinking error has been made by Maxwell in his equations. This eventually lead to the erroneous relativity theory, as is proven in this article. It is therefore no exaggeration to state that the scientific establishment is going to have a religious experience. Read more at my site: http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/index.php/Main/Ruins96YearsEinsteinRelativity
References 1. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/bearden/bearden09.htm - How An Electrical Circuit is REALLY Powered - Bearden for Dummies - "Let me put it this way. Every electrical system we ever built, and every one today, is powered by EM energy extracted directly from the active vacuum by the source dipole in the system." - Further quoted here: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/5009-discussion-re-physics-behindnegative-energy-systems-radiant-spikes.html#post75558 2. http://www.wbabin.net/physics/turtur1e.pdf - In this paper, Prof. Klaus Turtur shows that the electric field emitted by any charge carrier not only is dynamic (spreading with the speed of light), but it also contains energy. That energy comes from somewhere, which you might call "the Dirac sea" or ZPE, or whatever. Bottomline is: any charge carrier continuously converts some of this "vacuum energy" into a constant stream of "static" electric field energy: "On the one hand the vacuum (= the space) permanently supplies
the charge with energy (first paradox aspect), which the charge (as the field source) converts into field energy and emits it in the shape of a field. On the other hand the vacuum (= the space) permanently takes energy away from the propagating field, this means, that space gets back its energy from field during the propagation of the field. This indicates that there should be some energy inside the “empty” space, which we now can understand as a part of the vacuum-energy."
Related patents See http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Patents/
See also
OS:Water Fuel Cell Directory:Stanley Meyer Directory:Electrolysis Directory:Hydrogen from Water PowerPedia:Water as fuel Directory:Water as Fuel Directory:_Hydrogen_Hog_by_Future_Energy_Concepts,_Inc.
- Articles - PESWiki home page
Radiant Energy - Unraveling Tesla's Greatest Secret By Ken Adachi http://educate-yourself.org/radiantenergystory.html 6-26-1 [The story you are about to read is derived from a carefully researched paper presented by Dr. Peter Lindemann before a private audience in Irvine, California on September 12, 2000. The lecture was titled "The Free Energy Secrets of Cold Electricity" . It detailed the story of Radiant Energy and its successful application by Edwin Gray in an over unity motor design which Gray debuted in 1973. The real detective work ( & credit) in uncovering Tesla's discovery of Radiant energy came from author Gerry Vassilatos in his recent book, "Secrets of Cold War Technology" without which Lindemann could not have solved the enigma of Gray's Radiant circuit design. This lecture delivered the goods. The secret of Tesla's Radiant Energy has finally been revealed in manifold detail and only awaits the industry of those who care to study and understand it. Part1 presents a general overview of Tesla's discovery and the political, intrigues that led to its subsequent suppression. Part 2 will detail the nuts and bolts of how Tesla produced Radiant Energy with block diagrams, schematics, and drawings from Tesla's original patents to illustrate all of the necessary elements and parameters required. Additional details on Gray's modern adaptation of Tesla's Radiant circuitry and a brief look at Eric Dollard, the only man to successfully recreate Tesla's Colorado Springs Magnifying transmitter and reproduce the pure steaming white rays of Radiant energy in 1986 exactly as described by Tesla in his Colorado journals. Ken Adachi]
Of all the great inventions and discoveries of Nikola Tesla, nothing stood out with greater potential benefit to the whole of humanity than his discovery of Radiant Energy in 1889. The series of observations that led to the discovery of Radiant energy initially grew out of experiments that Tesla had conducted in an attempt to duplicate the results that Heinrich Hertz had claimed to achieve in affirming the existence of electromagnetic waves, the discovery of which Hertz announced in 1887. While replicating Hertz's experiments, Tesla experimented with violently abrupt DC electrical discharges and discovered a new force in the process. Only after conducting exhaustive experimental trials for the next three years, did Tesla announce this stupendous discovery in a paper published in December, 1892, entitled "The Dissipation of Electricity". Incredibly, most academicians of the day completely missed the mark in understanding the true significance of his paper. Noted scientists such as Sir Oliver Lodge, mistakenly thought that Tesla was referring to high frequency AC electricity in the operation of the Tesla Transformer, a huge blunder that remains to this day in the misnaming and misinterpretation of the Tesla Coil. The
transformer that Tesla referred to in the 1892 paper did not operate on magnetic/electric field induction created by alternating currents. It operated in an entirely new domain of physics based on abrupt discharges of electrostatic potentials and the subsequent release of kinetic Radiant Energy from the omnipresent ether. Tesla was now operating under entirely new rules which he referred to as "dynamic" electro-static forces and had, by now, completely abandoned any further interest in the AC waveform. The genesis of the Lodge misunderstanding, however, began a few years earlier with the publication of certainmathematical formulas by a brilliant Scotsman named James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell's Equations Using mathematical models, James Clerk Maxwell had earlier suggested that two different types of electrical disturbances could possibly exist in Nature. One type was a longitudinal electric wave which required alternating concentrations of densified and rarefied pulsations of electrostaticfields that moved along a single vector (today, we refer to these as standing waves or scalar waves). Maxwell ultimately rejected this idea because he was convinced that this type of wave propagation was impossible to achieve, but his assumption was erroneous and would later portend formidable consequences for Tesla and the world at large. Maxwell's second wave postulation was that of a transverse electromagnetic wave that exhibited a rapid alternation of electric fields along a fixed axis that radiated away from its point of origin at the speed of light and was detectable at great distances. Maxwell had more faith in the existence of this type of wave and encouraged experimenters to look in this direction. It was the discovery of this type of wave that Hertz had laid claim to, but Tesla was meticulous and fastidious in replicating Hertz's experimental parameters and he could not obtain the results claimed by Hertz. Tesla discovered a fundamental flaw in Hertz's experiment: Hertz had failed to take into account he presence of air in his experiments. Hertz had mistakenly identified electrostatic inductions or electrified shockwaves as true electromagnetic waves. Tesla was saddened to bring this news to the distinguished academician, but felt scientific honesty was paramount if progress was to be achieved. Tesla visited Hertz in Germany and personally demonstrated the experimental error to him. Hertz agreed with Tesla and had planned to withdraw his claim, but reputations, political agendas, national pride, and above all, powerful financial interests, intervened in that decision and set the stage for a major rift in the 'accepted' theories that soon became transformed into the fundamental "laws" of the electric sciences that have held sway in industry and the halls of academia to the present day. Tesla's introduction to the phenomena of Radiant Energy began with early observations by linesmen working for Thomas Edison, Tesla's former employer
DC Anomalies Before Tesla's invention of the Polyphase AC generator became the industry standard and overtook Thomas Edison's use of DC generators, the DC electrical system was the only system available to deliver electricity to America's homes and factories. Due to the resistance offered by long transmission lines, Edison had to produce very high DC voltages from his generators in order to deliver enough voltage and current to its final destination. He also had to provide additional 'pumping' stations along the way to boost the sagging voltage which dwindled from line losses. A curious anomaly occurred in the very first instant of throwing the power switch at the generating station: Purple/blue colored spikes radiated in all directions along the axis of the power lines for just a moment. In addition, a stinging, ray-like shocking sensation was felt by those who stood near the transmission lines. In some cases, when very large DC voltages surged from the generators, the "stinging" sensation was so great that occasionally a blue spike jumped from the line and grounded itself through a workman, killing him in the process. Tesla realized almost immediately that electrons were not responsible for such a phenomena because The blue spike phenomena ceased as soon as the current stated flowing in the lines. Something else was happening just before the electrons had a chance to move along the wire. At the time, no one seemed to be very interested in discovering why these dramatic elevations in static electrical potential were taking place, but rather, engineering design efforts were focused on eliminating and quenching this strange anomaly which was considered by everyone to be a nuisanceexcept Tesla. Tesla viewed it as a powerful, yet unknown form of energy which needed to be understood and harnessed if possible. The phenomena only exhibited itself in the first moment of switch closure, before the electrons could begin moving. There seemed to be a "bunching" or "choking" effect at play, but only briefly. Once the electrons began their movement within the wire, all would return to normal. What was this strange energy that was trying to liberate itself so forcefully at the moment of switch closure? . Tesla, Genius Out of Time In the later quarter of the 19th century, Tesla was alone in his opposition to the fundamental views of the nature of electrical forces as described by three of the biggest names in electric science: James Clerk Maxwell, Herman Von Helmholtz, and Heinrich Hertz. Tesla possessed a broader vision of the cosmos because his keen sense of awareness and especially his natural intuitive insights gave him a deeper understanding of the role that the ether (or aether) played in the manifestations of all electrical phenomena while his contemporaries focused their attention exclusively on the electromagnetic component (assuming that no other component could be involved). This lack of etheric insight by his contemporaries (with the exception of Sir William Crookes) and the heated controversy that the mere mention of the ether had engendered was to cause Tesla ridicule and sarcasm from
men of inferior intellect for decades. The ether controversy largely dissipated in the academic arena after the publication of Eienstein's Theory of Relativity (1905) and the Michaelson-Morley Experiment which essentially declared that the ether 'theory' was dead, but Tesla's insights and deductions concerning the role of the ether were correct all along. The ether existed then and it exists now, despite the lock step denials by mainstream science, past or present. Rudolf Steiner, another man of genius, affirmed that the ether was composed of four fractions which he described as 1) the Light Ether, 2) the Warmth Ether, 3) the Chemical Ether, and 4) the Life Ether, a combination of the first three. Tesla's New York and Colorado experiments confirmed for him that Radiant energy was bound up within the elusive ether, but could be made manifest by the creation of an abrupt disruption in the equilibrium of the ether fractions using one way, high magnitude pulses of short duration. This was the key that unlocked Radiant Energy. "See the excitement coming!" These were the words that Tesla used at the end of his pivotal 1892 December lecture, "The Dissipation of Electricity". He was brimming over with buoyancy and optimism for the future In the 1890's, Tesla conducted a large number of experiments which confirmed his theory and refined his understanding of the special conditions required for Radiant energy to express itself. He later expanded his New York work with the large scale experimental trials conducted at Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1899. Tesla, the humanitarian, wanted more than anything to share this enormous discovery with his fellow man. Tesla spoke of practical applications of radiant energy that were so wide reaching that they could have created a profound and immense leap into the future for all of mankind in practically every sector of daily life: Unlimited electricity could be made available anywhere and at any time, by merely pushing a rod into the ground and turning on the electrical appliance. Homes, farms, offices, factories, villages, libraries, museums, street lights, etc., could have all their lighting needs met by merely hanging ordinary light bulbs or fluorescent tubes anywhere desired- without the need for wiring -and produce brilliant white light 24 hours a day. Motor energy for any imagined use such as industrial applications, transportation, tractors, trucks, trains, boats, automobiles, air ships or planes could be powered freely-anywhere on the planet from a single Magnifying Transmitter. This new form of energy even had the ability to elevate human consciousness to levels of vastly improved comprehension and mental clarity. Undreamed of therapeutic applications to improve human health and to eliminate disease conditions could have been achieved fully 100 years ago had Tesla been allowed to complete his commercial development of Radiant Energy. But powerful barons of industry, chiefly in the person of John Pierpont Morgan, colluded to deny him the financial backing he
needed and in doing so, effectively denied mankind one of Nature's most abundant and inexhaustible gifts of free energy. The Magnifying Transmitter The closest Tesla came to a world wide industrial application of his Radiant Energy dream was the construction of his huge Magnifying Transmitter at Shoreham, Long Island, a site which he named Wardenclyffe. Following his return to New York City from Colorado Springs in 1899, Tesla was jubilant and full of enthusiasm to implement his plan for the commercial application of Radiant energy. He turned to JP Morgan for a substantial portion of the funding to finance the huge project at Wardenclyffe. Morgan was chiefly concerned with turning a profit from overseas radio transmissions since Marconi was fast locking up the market and Morgan, ever the aggressor, wanted a share of the market. When Tesla told him that the transmitter could transmit "intelligence" to the world, Morgan assumed that he meant ordinary radio communications, but Tesla was not referring to ordinary radio transmissions. He was talking about something much bigger, but avoided revealing all to Morgan during this early phase of the Wardenclyffe project. Some considerable time later, Tesla eventually felt compelled to tell Morgan the larger possibilities offered by the Magnifying Transmitter when he needed more funding to complete the project. Tesla thought that Morgan would be overwhelmed by his expanded explanation of the true capacities of the transmitter and would be anxious to complete the work, but Tesla's assumption had backfired and Morgan refused to lay out any more money for the transmitter. Sadly, the enormous benefits that could have been made available to society by Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter project, died then and there. Morgan & Westinghouse Morgan had already orchestrated circumstances in Tesla's life in order to force Tesla to be dependent on him for financial backing. During an earlier period, when Tesla himself had millions from his Polyphase AC generator royalty payments and other earnings, Morgan wanted to woo Tesla with a deal that effectively gave Morgan majority control over his patent rights and projects, but Tesla turned him down, telling Morgan that he had enough money of his own to fund his projects. While returning to his hotel from that very meeting with Morgan, however, Tesla was told that his laboratory had been burned to the ground. It represented a tremendous loss to Tesla and it shook him deeply. Everyone, of course, felt convinced that Morgan was behind the arson. In order to save face, Morgan was embarrassed by Tesla into putting up the money to pay for the rebuilding of a new lab as an act of "philanthropy". From that time forward, however, other financial backers were not to be found. Morgan was powerful enough to black list Tesla among the Eastern Establishment elites that previously had hobnobbed and feted with Tesla as if he was one of their own. Black listing and ostracization by officialdom and financiers lifted somewhat after Morgan's death, but generally continued to haunt Tesla for the rest of
his life. Before the turn of the century, Tesla also willingly gave up millions, perhaps billions, in royalty earnings to George Westinghouse in an unprecedented act of friendship. Westinghouse had believed in the superiority of Tesla's AC system and provided the money to build Tesla's big AC generators at Niagra Falls, NY. Tesla was paid millions up front for his patents, but was also due to receive royalty earnings for every kilowatt of power produced. When Westinghouse ran into financial difficulties at a later date, Tesla tore up his royalty contract in order to save Westinghouse from financial ruin. Had he not done that, Tesla would have had enough money from royalties to keep him ensconced in great wealth for the rest of his life. The story is frequently told that when Morgan found out from Tesla that the true purpose of the Wardenclyffe transmitter was to provide free electricity to the world, he abruptly pulled the funding. That's not completely accurate. The economic conditions were recessionary at the time and the stock market had taken a considerable dip that year. Morgan wasn't interested in risking any more capital in perilous times on a project he couldn't fully fathom and wasn't completely convinced of. Tesla held land ownership of the Wardenclyffe site and tower, but no further work was done after 1910. In 1914, Tesla was deeply in debt and signed over the deed of Wardenclyffe Station to pay off years of back rent due to the owners of the New Yorker Hotel where he was living (he occupied two penthouse suites in the hotel). In 1917, the hotel owners had the tower demolished and its parts sold for salvage. Despite the loss of Wardenclyffe, Tesla continued to refine his understanding of Radiant Energy and miniaturize the equipment needed to produce it. He eventually was able to reduce the equipment down to the size of a suit case. ___
