Egypt Exploration Society
The Good Shepherd Antef (Stela BM EA 1628) Author(s): Detlef Franke Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 93 (2007), pp. 149-174 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40345835 . Accessed: 01/03/2013 08:48 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
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THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF (STELA BM EA 1628)* By DETLEF FRANKE+ of theautobiographical of theOverseerof a Troop andinterpretation Translation self-presentation fordating of Herdsmenof SmallCattleAntefon stelaBritishMuseumEA 1628.Variouscriteria thatthestelawasproducedintheThebanareaduringthereignof anditis suggested areexamined, I. Amenemhat
Metaphorand realityseldomcoincide.When,forexample,a manin theEleventh no one labourers',1 Dynastyclaimsto have been a 'shepherdof his subordinate herdsman. We knowthatrhetorical wouldassumethathe had beena professional theownerof BritishMuseum andreallifearedistinct. However, Antef, comparison whocaredfor stelaEA 1628(figs1-3,pl. VI),2wasa chief-herdsman byprofession, hisfamily and servedthecommongoodin thecouncilof his village.He was a top in one. anda goodshepherd herdsman (tpi) stelaconsistsof colouredtallround-topped The upperpartoftheoncebeautifully to theright.Belowit,on theleft,a couple linesof text,orientated horizontal fifteen lotus;the sits,facingright.The womanholdsin herrighthand a long-stemmed her arm is stretched forward and hand restson flower pointsto hernose.3Her rear * I thankRichardParkinson thenew MarcelMareeforhiscomments andproviding forcorrecting myEnglish, them of and © The his to Trustees Davies for and Vivian excellent publish (courtesy permission photographs, oftheBritish Museum). 1 inkmniwn mr(y)t:f on CairoCG 20503,whichprobably belongedwithCG 20502to an Abydenetomb • Theben:Die epigraphischen fromthereignof kingAntefIII, see W. Schenkel,Memphis•Herakleopolis Zeugnisse
der7 -11. Dynastie Schenkel, MHT). A further example, (AA 12; Wiesbaden,1965),§80 (hereafter Agyptens to O. D. Berlev,Trudovoe occursin thetombof Khety,BeniHasanno. 17,according in cryptographic writing, tsarstva(Moscow, 1972), 115-17. naselenieEgiptav epochusrednego 2
Registration no. 1913.5.24.1; height: 125.5 cm, width: 51.5 cm. A drawing by E. J. Lambert was published
TextsfromEgyptianStelae, &c, in theBritishMuseum,V (London, 1914), in E. A. W. Budge (ed.), Hieroglyphic HTBM), whichhas some errors.It is reproducedhereas fig.1. The stelawas seen earlieron the pis i-ii (hereafter antiquitiesmarketat Luxor and copied thereforthe BerlinWorterbuchby Ludwig Borchardton 23 May 1906 (see below). Photograph:W. V. Davies, Catalogueof EgyptianAntiquitiesin theBritishMuseum,VII: Toolsand Weapons,I: Axes (London, 1987), pl. xxxvii(fig.1). 3 The wholeareahas been restoredwith(modern)plaster,probablyconcealingcracks.The stalkof thewoman's armat a rightangle,and as thedamagedpartsof thatarmwereneverrestored, lotusflowermeetsheroutstretched one mightbe led to believethatthestalkmakesa sharpbend,whichof courseit does not. The singleseat shows two backrestswitha smallerbackrestbehindAntef's back; it is certainlypartof the originalcarving.I knowof no parallelfora couple representedso close togetheron two separatechairs,whicheach have only one visible leg; stela CambridgeE.9.1922 representstwo couples nextto each otheron chairswithtwo backrestsand only two legs depicted,G. T. Martin,Stelae fromEgyptand Nubia in theFitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge, c.3000 bc -ad 1150 (Cambridge,2005), 20-2 (no. 16). Usually,comparablechairsfora couple witha singleelongatedseat show onlyone backrest.There are examplesfora man and a woman seated on two separatechairsrepresented one behindthe other:Turin Cat. no. 1447 fromthe reignof NebhepetraMontuhotepI; Cairo CG 20518 from thereignof SenwosretI. TheJournalofEgyptian 93 (2007), 149-74 Archaeology ISSN 0307-5133
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her husband's rear shoulder. Opposite them is an offering-tableon a low stand, and on the rightstands the littlefigureof a son who presents a bird to the couple. There follows a second registerwith the figuresof fourstanding men, Antef on the left,and facinghim threesons. These registersare cut in flatraised relief.Below a raised ridge border follows a thirdregisterwith the incised figuresof eight daughters,facingleft. The main inscriptionreads (figs 1-2): wsirinb d[d]w (1) htp di \n\sw\t\ hntiimntiw(2) nb ibdw wp-wiwtnb tl-dsr inpw tpi-dw:f (3) imi-wtnb tl-dsr prt-hrwhi m ihw ipdw ghs n mnt ht nbtnfr(t)(4) wrb(t) n imihyhr ntr-rinbpt imi-n t(i)stamntw-htpsi in-it:f(5) iqr mir-hrw ink imi-n t(i)st tpi si imi-n t{i)st tpi hr-hitimi-n nb n t(i)st hl(6).kwi m iwrwdiw ink imi-n t(i)st tpi n mniwnb rwyt (7) ink nb bdt (r)di.n:i bdt n hqr iw grts:rnh.n:i (8) [space] s nb n h{i)w{i) :i m hqrwn rdi:i mit qrs.n:(g)i m(w)t m qrsw:i iw hbs.n.i sw m hbsw.i ink (10) rsiihw si rsiihw hl.kwi m diw iwrw ink (1 1) nb riwnb hbswhtyw sid.wn(:i)hr-ir(i) inkgrt tpi n nwt:f ( 12) wp hi m hrwn sh ink tsiwhrwqnbt{t} (13) rrqhrw rrq iw wn rmtnt it{:i) mntw-htp m msw(14) npr m ht it:fm ht mwt:f iw wn rmt:im mitt m ht it:i m ht mwt:i mht (15) ds:i irt.n(:i) mgbi:i prt-hrwhi m ss mnht ht nbtnfr(t)wrb(t) n imihyin-it:fiq mir-hrw
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whichthe [K]in[g] has givenand Osiris,Lord of Busiris, (1) An offering Foremost-of-the-Westerners, (2) Lord of Abydos, Wepwawet,Lord of the Sacred Land, and Anubis,Who-Is-Upon-His-Mountain, (3) The-One-In-The-Wrapping,Lord of the Sacred Land: an invocation-offering (of) a thousandof beef and fowl, gazelle,goose,swallow,4 and everything good and (4) pure fortheveneratedbeforethe GreatGod, Lord of the Sky, theOverseerof a Troopa Montuhotep'sson Antef,(5) theexcellent13 (and) vindicated. I was thefirstOverseerof a Troop, theson of a firstOverseerof a Troop, superiorto everyOverseerof a Troop, heir.c havingdescen(6)dedas thefifth I was thefirstOverseerof a Troop of all Herdsmenof smallcattle.d (7) I was a possessorof emmer;(even) to thehungryI gave emmer.e Now, I keptalive (8) everybodyof myrelativesin periodsof hunger (and) I did notlet (anyone)die/ (and) I buried(9) thedead in mycoffin,g (and) I clothedhimwithmy(mummy-)clothes.h I was (10) richin cattle,theson of one richin cattle,1 heir.c havingdescendedas thefifth I was (1 1) a possessorof donkeys,a possessorof ploughlandsand threshing-floors, whichweredug forme in them.j Now, I was theleading(lit. 'first')man of his town,k (12) who opened theofficeat the day of council;1 at theday (of the session)of theofficials, I was a decision-maker (13) who tooktheoathat theday of takingtheoath.m There werepeople of (my) fatherMontuhotepn as descendants(14) of thehouse(hold), fromhis father'spossessionand fromhis mother'spossession, (and) therewerelikewisemypeople frommyfather'spossession,frommymother'spossession; (and) as my(15) own possessions,whichI had acquiredby my(own) arm. 4 The offerings fromOld Kingdom ofgazelle,goose,andswallowarepartofthedetailedlistofmeatofferings
Formen(SDAIK 21; desAltenReichesunterBeriicksichtigung einigerspdterer times;see G. Lapp, Die Opferformel
Mainz,1986),§§218-19(gazelle),§215 (gooseand swallow).On an EighthDynastyslab-stelafromthetomb see G. P. Gilbert,'Three carriesa gazelleas meatoffering, an offering-bearer of Shemaiat Komel-Momanien, StelaefromtheEighthDynastyTomb of Shemaiat Kom el-Momanien, ExcavatedFunerary Qift', Recently of Heqaib,offerings of forSarenputI in thesanctuary formulae JEA 90 (2004),76 (figs4-5). In theoffering desHeqaibauf Das Heiligtum severaltimes:Heqaibno.9, 1.(x+20),no. 1,1.5; D. Franke, gazellearementioned imMittlerenReich(SAGA 9; Heidelberg,1994), 156-7, 216. For einesProvinzheiligtums Elephantine:Geschichte
inLA I, 319-23. see L. Stork,'Antilope', as partoflivestock, Antilopinae
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res?vili^^t Tnu^&r?w^% ftf« i
f '
I I
ViCm. i. E. J.Lambert'sdrawingof the upperpartof stela BM KA 1628 (copy fromHTBM V,pl. i).
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2007
THE GOOD SHEPHERD
ANTEF
Fig. 2. The autobiographicalself-representation of Antefon stela BM EA 1628 (courtesyof theTrusteesof the BritishMuseum).
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Fig. 3. Stela BM EA 1628 of the Overseerof a Troop of HerdsmenAntef (courtesyof theTrusteesof the BritishMuseum).
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An invocation-offering (of) a thousandof (oil in) alabaster(-vessels)and linen, (and) everything good and pure fortheveneratedAntef,theexcellent(and) vindicated. Textualnotes (a) Three examplesof thetitleare citedand translatedby H. G. Fischer,Egyptian Titlesof theMiddle Kingdom:A Supplementto Wm. Ward'sIndex (2nd edn; New York,1997),8 (nos 4i9a-c), whoalso pointsouton p. 47 (on no. 298) thatW. A. Ward, and ReligiousTitlesof theMiddle Kingdom(Beirut, Indexof EgyptianAdministrative 1982),no. 298 has to be deleted.t(;)st,'troop,crewof workmen'(Wb. V, 402-403.9;5 Ward,Index,nos 418-19), derivesprobablyfromthe rootUzy'to tie,knot',compare semanticallyEnglish 'band' and 'bond', German 'Bande', 'Bund', and 'Band', or sometimeswrittenwith 'leash' and 'Koppel'. It is a femininecollective,and therefore thepluralstrokes,as in 11.4 (omittedin Lambert'sdrawing),5. The different writings The titleimi-nt{i)stoccursseveral of thetitlein 11.4-6 aresemantically insignificant. in connection with and t())stin the Old in the Old times cattle-breeding,6 Kingdom Ei), not a crew of men. Kingdom usuallymeans a herd of animals (with sign *yR} With the seated man determinative (^ Ai) added to t(i)styit designatescrews in general(e.g. Urk.I, 102.7), supervisedin thereignof SenwosretI by Overseersand Leaders (tsw),see, e.g.,W. K. Simpson,PapyrusReisnerIV (Boston,1986),pis ix-xii (sectionB). In EA 1628,t(?)stmeansclearlygroupsof herdsmen,drovers,and cattlehands. In 1. 5 it is statedthatAntefand his fatherwerethe firstand best of several otherOverseersof a Troop. indicatingthatitis thecomplete (b) 'Antefendswiththeseatedmandeterminative, and 'vindicated'(as in 1. two the m;r-hrwy epithetsiqr,'excellent', name,followedby 15). This readingof the name, suggestedby Berlev,Trudovoe,259-60, is superior to that of H. R. Hall, in HTBM V, 5 as 'Antefiqer',followed(for example) by im MittlerenReich (HAS 3; D. Franke,Altdgyptische Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen Hamburg, 1983), 215 (2), 265. For iqr as an epithet,see H. J. Polotsky,Zu den der 11. Dynastie(UGAA 11; Leipzig, 1929), §81; J.J. Clere, 'Une stele Inschriften de la IrePeriode Intermediatecomportantun hieroglyphenouveau', in Miscellanea Gregoriana:Raccolta di scrittipubblicatinel I Centenariodalla Fondazionedel Pont. MuseoEgizio (1839-1939) (MVAA 6; Rome, 1941),455, fig.1, 1.6 (Schenkel,MHT, Studien(BOS 13; Bonn, 1962), §28a; stela §96); W. Schenkel,Fruhmitteldgyptische Chatsworth720/12,H. W. Miiller,'Die Totendenksteinedes MittlerenReiches', MDAIK 4 (1933), 187 (fig. 11); M. Lichtheim,AncientEgyptianAutobiographies 5 The occurrences as 'SteleimHandel' onEA 1628,11.5-7arecitedinWb.V,403.8-9(Belegstellen) fortheBerlin and*'; thisis now'Varia182-183'.The stelawascopiedin 1906byLudwigBorchardt Nr. with note a and 'Verschiedenes im Nr. 'mR Stele Handel as labelled 40', 'z[ur] Z[eit]in 40' Worterbuch, numbered as 'Varia181-188'.Wb.V,403.9 arecurrently Luksor(23/5.06)'onthefirst slip;theWorterbuchzettel whoreadtswinsteadofsiimi-nin1.5. My byBorchardt, (old, now) wascopiedincorrectly fortheirkindhelp. Berlin Worterbuch of the Hafemann and I. to S. thanks Seidlmayer go 6 See H. G. Fischer, AnIndexofAncient Studies3; NewYork,1996),33 (n.g); D. Jones, VariaNova(Egyptian
EgyptianTitles,Epithetsand Phrasesof theOld Kingdom(BAR IS 866; Oxford,2000), I, nos 992-7; R. Hannig, I: AltesReichundErsteZwischenzeit (KAW 98 = HL 4; Mainz, 2003), 127-8; compare Worterbuch, Agyptisches
PeriodstelaCairoCG 20504(withdeterminative alsotheFirstIntermediate ^ Ai).
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Chieflyof theMiddle Kingdom:A Studyand an Anthology(OBO 84; Freiburgand in D. Boschunget Altertiimer', Gottingen,1988),67-8 (no. 26); C. Eder,'Agyptische al. (eds), Die antikenSkulpturen inChatsworth sowieinDunhamMasseyundWithington Hall (MonArtRom26; Mainz, 1997), 128-30 (no. 166), fig.13,pl. cxv.i. event,see E. Doret, The (c) The stativeis used hereto describea pastcircumstantial NarrativeVerbalSystemof Old and MiddleEgyptian(COr 12; Geneva, 1986), 151n. 1801, 167 n. 2025, 179 n. 3. Berlev,Trudovoe,259-607read tsw,'leader,commander', and translated'as I came fromfivecommanders':therewere five 'commanders' in the family,and Antefinheritedhis officefromfiveancestors.8A readingof the to follow termas tsw(»~« S24 and withthe forearm- 0 D36!) is howeverdifficult (althoughsuggestedby Lambert'sdrawing),and Antefwas nota subordinatetswbut an imi-n. Schenkelproposed the readingiwrw'heir'.9From an examinationof the original,the two signsin 11.6, 1010are clearlynot a variantversionof the f(i)s-knot (*~pi-vl> unporte-parole 'Ameny, 25The reading inkrsw,Vetaitmoiun heureux(?)', byMorenoGarcia,EtudessurVadministration, 54 n. 193, 74 n. 260,97 n. 307,is incorrect. 26As showninEighteenth und-vermessung , inLA II, 150-1. tombs;seeW.Helck,Feldereinteilung Dynasty RIDA 42 (1995)*44 n-7°>49 n-80 enEgyptepharaonique', autonome etadministration S. Allam,'"Quenebete"
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have been rightsof pasture.For the meaningof the termqnbt,see Moreno Garcia, EtudessurVadministration, ofEgyptin the 73-4 n. 260, S. Quirke,TheAdministration Late Middle Kingdom:The HieraticDocuments(New Maiden, 1990), 54-7 ('a group of officialsto deal with a varietyof miscellaneousaffairs' ), and Allam, RID A 42, 11-69 ('un groupementgeneralementformed'une pluralitede personnageshaut places dans leursociete'). There wereno formalcourtsof justiceand no professional judges or magistratesin the Old and Middle Kingdoms.27Antef's professionis that in of a chief-herdsman, and he became a respectedcouncillorand judge or arbitrator the councilmeetingsin his townor village,or of his lord,onlythroughhis abilities and reputationas an influential memberof a distinguishedfamily. The meaning translatedpartof the inscription.28 (n) This is the mostfrequently is best conveyedby translating'My fatherMontuhotephad people ...' and 'and likewiseI had people' (cf.Gardiner,Eg, Gr.3,§ 115). Possessionof these'people' was inheritedfromAntef's parents,29 probablyin connectionwiththe inheritanceof his father'soffice.The servantswere part of the householdover the course of several and theirchildrenwerebornthenas 'childrenof thehousehold'.30The generations, themeof 'actingwithhis own arm'31(gbr>usuallyhps)and theacquisitionof wealth, including'people', has been muchdiscussed.32 General commentsand date Antefwas a proud chief-herdsman of small livestock,who had inheritedhis office, rank, and status, which were demonstratedby his economic wealth, from his and his fatherMontuhotep.He certainlydid not belongto the paternalgrandfather fromthePharaonic and 51 n. 84 notesa long-termcontinuity in theroleplayedbyeldervillage-menin local affairs to theGraeco-Romanperiod(irpeafivTepoL). 27 See J.-M. Kruchten,'Law', in Redford(ed.), OxfordEncyclopediaofAncientEgypt,II, 277-82, esp. 280-1; S. Allam, 'Richter',in LA V, 254-5; Quirke,Administration, 54-7; Allam, RIDA 42, 13; J.C. Moreno Garcia, 'Elites provinciates,transformations sociales et ideologic a la finde l'Ancien Empire et a la PremierePeriode Intermediaire',in L. Pantalacciand C. Berger-el-Naggar (eds), Des Neferkareaux Montouhotep:Travaux en courssur la finde la Vie dynastieet la premiere actesdu colloqueCNRSarcheologiques periodeintermediaire; Universite 2, tenule 5-j juillet2001 (TMO 40; Lyon, 2005), 216. For some epithetswiththeterm Lumiere-Lyon qnbt,see also D. M. Doxey,EgyptianNon-RoyalEpithetsin theMiddleKingdom:A Social andHistoricalAnalysis (PdA 12; Leiden, 1998), 165-6. H. G. Fischer,'Nubian Mercenariesof Gebelein duringthe First IntermediatePeriod', Kush 9 (1961), 54 (the translationby id., 'Notes on the Moralla Inscriptionsand Some ContemporaneousTexts', WZKM 57 desAlien (1961), 72 withn. 34 is fromBM EA 1372); Berlev,Trudovoe,259ff.;W. Helck, Wirtschaftsgeschichte v. Chr.(HdO I/1/5;Leiden, 1975), 162; Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, Agyptenim3. und2 . Jahrtausend iw wn,oc265; Moreno Garcia,EtudessurVadministration, 37 n. 105; id., RdE 51, 129 (13). For theconstruction curingtwice,see Gardiner,Eg. Gr?,§ 107.2. 29 See thestudyof thetermrmtby Berlev,Obcestvennye otnosenija, 35-48. Montuwosergaveall his possessions, to his son by an imyt-pr'inventorytransfer includinghis mr(j;)£-labourers, document',stela Florence6365, 1. 7: H. G. Fischer,'Shi.sn (Florence 1774)', RdE 24 (1972), 69; Berlev,Trudovoe,101-2. 30 Berlev,Trudovoe,259ff.(and id., Obcestvennye 304; otnosenija,40); Franke,Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen, Moreno Garcia,RdE 51, 131n. 50, 135n. 70. 31 Wb.V, 163.12 ('Var 185' is presently'Varia 186'); Janssen,Autobiografie, I, II F176 and II, 76; Polotsky, Zu denInschriften, §73e; see also D. Franke,',,Schopfer,Schiitzer,GuterHirte": Zum Konigsbilddes Mittleren zur dgypundRealitdt:Aktendes Symposiums Reiches', in R. Gundlach and C. Raedler (eds), Selbstverstdndnis tischen inMainz, i5.-ij.6.igg5 (AAT 36/1= BAK 1; Wiesbaden,1997),207-9. CompareNeferti, Konigsideologie 1. 10: ndspwqn [n]gb;:f(reignof AmenemhatI or SenwosretI). 32 Berlev,Obcestvennye otnosenija, 36-7 n. 105; id., RdE 51, 39-41, Moreno Garcia,EtudessurVadministration,
SAK 34, 162-5. 123-39;Franke,
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and scribalelite of Egypt;he was more likelya memberof the oldadministrative establishedpeasantrywho transmittedtheirpracticalknowledgein cattle-herding and herdingwas an importantpartof fromgenerationto generation.Cattle-breeding forthecountry'seconomy next to cattle were fundamental and life, grain, agricultural The King and thehighmembersof theeliteownedlargeherdsof cattle, and wealth.33 supervisedby overseers(imi-n ihw)3*and the templeshad large herds of cattle.35 as Sheep and goats (and also pigs) were of similarimportanceforfood-production, from small benefited the of the these care quadrupeds donkeyswere fortransport; While cattlewerea preciousand valuablepossessionof highprestige,small officials. cattlecould also be ownedby people of lesserrankand wealth. Several autobiographies,from the late Sixth Dynasty36to the early Twelfth Dynasty,focuson theacquisitionof (small) cattleand theappointmentof herdsmen fortheherdsof sheep and goatstogether(rwt> rwyt)or goatsalone (rnht,wrty),and and Rehui, donkeys.'I acquiredcattle,goats,and herdsmen...' said Ninebshemau,37 the Overseerof Priestsof the Theban templeof Amun,declared:'I appointed(iri) a herdsmanin chargeof the cattleand a herdsmanin chargeof the goats ...\38'I ten herdsof goatsand herdsmenin chargeof each herd. I acquired grouped(nhb)39 two herds of cattleand one herd of donkeys,and I acquired everykind of small cattle' said Iti fromRizeiqat (Cairo CG 20001, 11.5-6).4° Heqaib fromGebelein likewisestated:'I placed a herdsmanto a hundredhead of cattle,and herdsmento 33See thefundamental de vachestachetees ... Betail, lespdturages studybyJ.C. MorenoGarcia,'J'ai rempli de l'Ancienau MoyenEmpire',RdE 50 (1999),241-57. enEgypte, economie royaleetideologic 34Or 'Overseer andScale {imi-nrbwhmt ofHorn,Hoof,Feather, ofHornedAnimals'(imi-nrb)and'Overseer inDer ManueandScale,andShips:On TitlesintheMiddleKingdom', seeS. Quirke,'Horn,Feather swtnsmt); ownedstelae,e.g.:Chatsworth lian(ed.),StudiesSimpson, Eder,inD. 720/12, II, 668-70.Severaloftheseofficials inChatsworth, etal. (eds),Die antiken 128-30(no. 166),fig.13,pl. cxv.i;GlasgowHunteSkulpturen Boschung andOxyrhynkhos rianMuseumD. 1922.13,W.M. F. Petrie,Tombs (BSAE 37; London,1925),pl. oftheCourtiers in S. Meyer 'MiddleKingdomHymnsandOtherSundryReligiousTexts- An Inventory', xxiv,seeD. Franke, (ed.), Egypt- Templeof theWholeWorld:StudiesinHonourofJanAssmann(SHR 97; Leiden and Boston,2003),
Z9-497,D. CraigPatch, quality:e.g.LouvreC 15;Pittsburgh 103-4(§8); someof thesestelaeareof first-rate
of Greatness:AncientEgyptat The CarnegieMuseumof NaturalHistory(Pittsburgh,1990), 22-3 (no. Reflections
MontuII, year12);alsothesteward 14);TurinCat.no. 1534;HannoverKestnerMuseum2927(Amenemhat on of Cattlewasexcavated I (NewYorkMMA 12.184).A statueofan Overseer woserinthereignof Senwosret see Franke, Heqaib,58 n. 181. Elephantine; 35See ingeneralD. Kessler,'Tempelbesitz', of forexample, thetitles'Overseer LA VI, 365-76,andcompare, Herdsof SacredCattle'at Old KingdomElkab,'Overseerof theGoodlyBlackCattleof Thoth,Lordof Herthegod'soffering, seeS. Aufrere, mopolis'(CairoCG 20025),or'CattleHerder'(hriihw)ofthegodHerishef/of = BIFAO Inv. de Seine-Maritime 'Aproposd'unbasde steledu MuseedesAntiquites 1857.4)', (RouenAeg.348 85 (1985),37-4On. w. 3 Probably states recordis fromthereignof Pepi I. QerenintombQ15 at el-Hawawish theearliest proudly N. Kanawati,TheRockTombsof Elwhonourished 200 donkeys, femaledonkeys, of fertile his acquisition 108ex. 198. VI (Sydney, Hawawish:TheCemetery 1986),47,fig.2ob-c;Doret,Narrative, ofAkhmim, 37Clere,Miscellanea arecitedby statements MHT, §96. Further comparable 455-66;Schenkel, Gregoriana, 161; J.C. Moreno Garcia,Hwt etle milieurural 462-4; Helck, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Clere,MiscellaneaGregoriana, territoriale etorganisation administration du Hie millenaire:Economie, (BEHE SHP 337; Paris,1999), 102 egyptien
n. 129;id.,RdE 50 (1999),244~538Manchester Museum5052,11.4-5: W.M. F. Petrie,Qurneh (BSAE 16;London,1909),pl. x; J.J.Clereand
PeriodeIntermediateet de la XIimeDynastie(BAe 10; Brussels,1948), §7 (hereJ.Vandier,Textesde la Premiere
afterTPPI); Schenkel, belongedtothetempleofAmun. MHT, § 18.The cattleprobably 39A key-word seeJ.C. MorenoGarcia, is thetermnhb,'toappoint, ofthesestatements assign,equip,provide', avantJ.-C.(V): gs-pr\ millenaire de l'espaceen Egypteau troisieme et organisation territoriale 'Administration citedbyid.,RdE 51,126-7n. f. ZAS 126(1999),129-30,andcomparetheexamples 40Lichtheim, Dynasty. 31-2(no. 10);Ninth/Tenth Autobiographies,
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goatsand to donkeys'(BM EA 1671,11.7-8).4I 'I equipped a herdsmanof myown with(my) goats' said anotherman at Dendera.42Also the low-ranking hm-ntr-priest who lived in cattle: the of Senwosret owned 'Now,thoughI had I, Montuhotep, reign become an orphan,I directed(hrp) cattleand acquired cattle,and I developedmy business(ssm:i)withmy(male?) goats(wrti)...\43 In the late EleventhDynasty,Henenu even organizedcattle-herding in all Upper 'I cattle and small the of with horned Egypt: equipped provinces Upper Egypt cattle...\44In thereignof SenwosretI, thenomarchand mayorAmenemhat(Ameny) of Beni Hasan managedcattle-breeding in his provinceforthebenefitof the 'King's house' (pr-nswt), theroyaleconomy:'Then theTroop-overseer(imi-nt(})st)of (n) the royalestatesections(gs.w-pr)of (nw) herdsmenof the Oryx-nomegave me (rdin:i) three-thousand head of cattleas theirtaxablecattle(nhbw:sn)y so thatI was praised forit in the King's house in everyyearof the cattle-census(zrzu)'.45 This is almost a descriptionof the scene in Amenemhat' s tomb (Beni Hasan I, pl. xiii bottom), wherehe is shownwatchingthe countingof the cattle,goats (includingantelopes), and donkeys.46 An unnamedimi-nt(})stmakesa bow in frontof his lord. He is the chiefof the herdsmenand droverswho lead the animalsto a groupof accountantscribeswho registerthe numbers.47 The royalscribeBaqet presentsto Amenemhat 41H. J.Polotsky, 'The StelaofHeka-yeb', JEA 16(1930),194-9;NinthDynasty. 42G. Daressy, 'Une stelede l'AncienEmpiremaintenant ASAE 15(1915),207,1.4; MorenoGarcia, detruite', RdE 51 (2000),124. Daressy'scopyhas n ki n in themaintextto introduce a of theofferings, therecipient feature in contradiction to a pre-Twelfth Dynastydate.H. G. Fischer,'MarginaliaIV, GM 210(2006),28-33 a photograph thatclearly a correct withthestela'sFirst published w,a phraseinconcord suggests reading prt-hrw Intermediate Periodstyle. 43Stelaof Montuhotep, E.9.1922,1.4: Martin,Stelaefrom Cambridge EgyptandNubia, 20-2(no.16);Doret, 128ex.218. Narrative, 44NewYorkMMA 26.3.2177,1.4: W. C. Hayes,'Careerof theGreatStewardHenenuunderNebhepetre' Mentuhotpe', JEA 35(1949),43-9; Schenkel, MHT, §389;MorenoGarcia,RdE 50,254-5. 45BeniHasanI, pl.viii,11.16-17;Urk.VII, 15.15-18.Mytranslation C. Obsomer, follows Breasted; Newberry; SesostrisIer:Etudechronologique et historique du regne(Brussels,1995), 591-2 (no. 50); W. Grajetzki,Die hbchsten Beamtender dgyptischen zur Zeit des MittlerenReiches:Prosoprographie, Titelund Titelreihen Zentralverwaltung
Le nomarque sousle regne de Sesostris Ier(IEA 1; Paris,2004),242, (AchetA2; Berlin,2000),201;andN. Favry, 350. It was translated differently by A. H. Gardiner, Egyptof thePharaohs(Oxford,1961),129; Lichtheim, PeriodeIntermediate: Autobiographies, 139(no. 60); J.C. MorenoGarcia,'De l'AncienEmpirea la Premiere L' autobiographic de Qn d'Edfou,entretradition etinnovation', RdE49 (1998),156;andS. M. Rabehl,'Das Grab desAmenemhet in BeniHassan,oderDer VersucheinerSymbiose', PhD thesis,Ludwig-Maximilian(Jmnjf) Universitat, Miinchen, 2006,346,availableon-lineat < i (FmdS, § i4d: rwt> rwy,also in Anthes,Hatnub,no. 22, 1. 18; FmdS, §§ 16b, i8d: imihw> imihy).
(9)
The formula imihyhr ntr- 165 (fig.101); PM I, 387). Severalof the stelaeare includedin R. Freed's workshopsnos 1 and 2 (in Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies Simpson,I, 299-307). EarlyTwelfthDynastyexamplesare probablyBM EA 1201 (HTBM II, pl. xiii),Berkeley in the collection 5-351,Cairo JE 45625, ClandeboyeHall no. 1, Vienna AS 202, Berlin 19582,a stela-fragment of A. Brundagein Santa Barbara,and others.An earliervariant,holdingthestickwitha curvedend is shownon stelaCairo CG 1651(S. Kubisch, 'Die Stelender I. Zwischenzeitaus Gebelein',MDAIK 56 (2000), 256-60, pl. xxxiii)and BM EA 1203. 79 See Davies, Axes, 37, pl. xxxvn(fig.2). Khetyankh/Heni wearsthegarmentor a warriorand carriesbattleaxe and bow,W. K. Simpson,'Studies in theTwelfthDynasty,IV: The EarlyTwelfthDynastyFalse-Door/Stela Shams (Heliopolis)',JARCE 38 (2001), 11-15 (figs2, 3b right),usurped fromMatariya/Ain of Khety-ankh/Heni in the earlyTwelfthDynasty?;also Henenu on a stela fromthe Wadi el-Hudi quarryarea fromthe reignof SenwosretI (Cairo JE 71899), A. Rowe, 'Three New Stelae fromthe South-EasternDesert', ASAE 39 (i939)> pl. xxvib.This featureis of coursecomparableto themorefrequentearlierdepictionsof warriorswithbow and arrowson stelaefrom,e.g., Naqada and Gebelein,or on thestelaof Nakhty(Chatsworth720/12). 80 See, forexample,PittsburghZ9-497, Berlin1197, Turin Cat. no. 1513, Louvre C 15, 1unn Cat. no. 1447, BM EA 152; held by males: Copenhagen^)IN 963, New YorkMMA 57.95, Cairo CG 20514,20507; cf.C. Obcommecriteresde datationdans les textesdu Moyen Empire',in somer,'Di.fprt-hrwet la filiationms(t).n/ir(t).n dansVEgypte C. Cannuyerand J.-M.Kruchten(eds), Individu,societeetspiritualite pharaoniqueetcopte:Melanges From the Theodorides Aristide au earlyTwelfthDynastyare: 186-9. (Ath, 1993), offerts Professeur egyptologiques stela Cairo CG 20516; 20559; 20756; Durham N.1932; Leiden EG-ZM10, cf. Freed, in Der Manuelian (ed.), StudiesSimpson,I, 319 (fig.7d), 320; Louvre C 32; C 166; Chatsworthstela720/13,Eder,in Boschunget al. (eds), in Chatsworth, Die antikenSkulpturen 131 (no. 167), pl. cxv.2.Stelae Cairo CG 20291 and 20408, withstanding men smellinglong-stemmedlotus,are probablyalso fromthe TwelfthDynasty,as is Cairo CG 20552, showing papyrus(also on theslightlyearlierstelaCairo CG 20012). standingfigureswithlong-stemmed 81 fromthe firsthalf of the reignof MontuhotepI, and also on Cairo CLr stela Z-9497 Pittsburgh Compare 20014,20664, Berlin22820, and Florence6378 fromtheearlyTwelfthDynasty.
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of Hapi, thefatherof SarenputI, and on stela Louvre C 34 fromthereignof SenwosretI.82 (21) The spellingof theterms?t,'daughter',in an abbreviatedvariantas ^ 'zt*(O34 + Xi) in the name 'Satmontu'of the sixthdaughterin the bottomregister, is a writingtypicalin thereignof SenwosretI.83 (22) The themeof provisioningin periods of famineis typicalforthe so-called First IntermediatePeriod (Ninth/Tenthand early Eleventh Dynasty); the are,howkey-wordsof theseearliertexts,such as tswor rnpt(qsnt)ntsnb-iby no There are as i28ff. ever,missing(Schenkel,FrndS, yet securelydated §52). reportsabout faminefromthereignof MontuhotepI.84The accountsof proat Hatnub fromthe time of viding forthe hungryin the rock-inscriptions NeheriI date probablyfromtheearlyTwelfthDynasty,and thetermtswalso occurshere(Anthes,Hatnub,nos 20, 11.8-9, 11; 23, 11.5-6; 24, 11.9-10). In the tombof Amenemhatat Beni Hasan, thereis mentionof a faminein the reign of SenwosretI, and contemporaneousoccurrencesof the themeincludethe stelaof Montuhotep(London UC 14333) and in theHeqanakhtPapyri.85 A possibleaid to datingEA 1628 mightbe themethoddevelopedby JohnBennett and laterrefinedby Helmut Satzinger.86 It is, however,based only on variablesof the offering formula.Accordingto this method,and re-checkedwithmy enhanced EA 1628 datesunequivocallyto theEleventhDynasty,possiblyevento the database, of Upper and LowerEgyptinthereignof MontuhotepI. periodbeforetheunification Relevantfeaturesare: (23) The writingof the god's name Osiris withdeterminative (Bennett'scriterion no. 2). hnti-imntiw withdeterminative (24) The writingof the god's name/epithet (Bennett'sno. 3). (25) The occurrenceof Osiris' epithetnbddw(Bennett'sno. 4). 82Alsoattested on theundatedsandstone stelaMiinchenAS 34. Thereareoccurrences on coffins, e.g.from
Beni Hasan, G. Lapp, Typologieder Sdrgeund Sargkammern von der 6. bis 13. Dynastie(SAGA 7; Heidelberg,
fromtheTwelfth 1993),Blatt8: BH8, BH14,andAsyut,Blatt18:S22, S29, S76,probably Dynasty. 83See D. Franke, datedexamples areon: LouvreC 3, Simpson,Terrace, 'Tochter',inLA VI, 611; theearliest I year9; CairoCG 20542,Simpson,Terrace, I year24. pl. xv(ANOC 6), Senwosret pl. xi (ANOC 4), Senwosret Otheroccurrences fromtheearlyTwelfth areon CairoCG 20314,20592.A probably earlier occurrence Dynasty is onstelaCairoCG 20012,b intheowner'swife'snamez(i)t-sbk. 84As notedalreadybyH. Willems, 'The Nomarchs of theHareNomeandEarlyMiddleKingdomHistory', fromDendera,whosesteladatesprobably tothelaterreignof MontuJEOL 28 (1983-4),99 n. 138.Hornakht hiscityduring timesofwaras a pastevent:CairoJE46048,seeFranke, SAK 34, hotepI, speaksofprovisioning 167-72,pl. iv. 85ForthedateofLondonUC 14333,seeW.Schenkel, 'EineneueWeisheitslehre?',^^50(1964),6-12;Berlev, Obcestvennye 96-100;Willems, otno&nija, JEOL 28,99 n. 138;W.K. Simpson,'StudiesintheTwelfth Egyptian III: Year25 in theEra of theOryxNomeand theFamineYearsin EarlyDynasty12',JARCE 38 Dynasty, (2001),8. Forthedateof theHeqanakht Papyri,seeJ.P. Allen,TheHeqanakht Papyri(PMMA 27; NewYork, 2002),
127-33.
See J.Bennett, 'Growthof thehtp-di-nsw Formulain theMiddleKingdom', JEA 27 (1941),77-82;id., 'Motifsand Phraseson Funerary Stelaeof theLaterMiddleKingdom', JEA 44 (1958),120-1;H. Satzinger, 'Die Abydos-Stele desJpwyaus demMittleren zurOpReich',MDAIK 25 (1969),125-6;id.,'Beobachtungen ferformel: TheorieundPraxis',LingAeg5 (1997),184-8,andmyreview:Franke, JEA 89,56-7.
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nb-ibdw(abbreviationdka; Bennett'sno. (26) Osiris' epithetsnb-ddwhnti-imntiw 11).87
(27) The 'bare' prt-hrw(Bennett'sno. i).88 of the deceased withn irmhy (Bennett'sno. 6). (28) The introduction The mostobvious indicationof an earlydate is the peculiarsequence of epithets of Osiris (dka, criterionno. 26), whichis as yet attestedonly once on a dated stela fromthereignof SenwosretI.89Since thereis a lackof explicitlydatedsourcesfrom theveryend of the EleventhDynastyand the reignof AmenemhatI, it is uncertain whetherthe'earlier'sequenceof Osiris' epithetswas reallyabsentduringthisperiod, and whichsequence was preferred.There were probablymanyfeatureson stelae90 and otherinscribedobjectsthatwerecongruousand overlappingwithlate Eleventh Dynastyproducts,especiallyduringAmenemhat'searlierreignwhen the kingstill residedat Thebes; onlyduringthereignof SenwosretI does a radicalchangebecome observable.91 The sequence dka occurs also on the coffinof Heqata fromQubbet el-Hawa, Aswan.This coffinoffersa good parallelto EA 1628 withregardto datingproblems. Althoughthe models forthe decorationof the coffinare clearlyfromthe Eleventh and stela(whichshowsthesame Dvnasty(coffins T^C, GiT), Heqata's burial,coffin, sequence dka) can be dated to the earlyTwelfthDynasty,probablybeforethe reign 87 EleventhDynastyoccurrences,in chronologicalorder,are stelae Cairo JE 41437, TPPI, §18; Clandeboye Hall no. 2, I. E. S. Edwards,'Lord Dufferin'sExcavationsat Deir el-Bahri',JEA 51 (1965), 22-3, pl. xi.i; Cairo CG 20543; BM EA 614; New YorkMMA 14.2.6, TPPI, §22; Moskau I.i.a.5603; and BM EA 1164, TPPI, §33; Louvre C 14; BM EA 159; Cairo CG 20514.The abbreviationsused fortheepithetsare d: nb-ddw,k: hnti-imntiw, a: nb-ibdw. n: ntr-ri, 88 The earliestdated stelae withdi:f/snprt-hrw... are Los Angeles 50.33.31 (old no. A.5141.50-876), R. O. Faulkner,'The Stela of the Master-SculptorShen',JEA 38 (1952), 3-5, pl. i; and Cairo CG 20515,20516. 89 W. K. Simpson,InscribedMaterialfromthePennsylvania-Yale Excavationsat Abydos(PPYE 6; New Haven and Philadelphia,1995), 42-3 (fig.70, C13). It occurs also in the earlyTwelfthDynastyon the stela (Cairo JE 36420) and thecoffin(Cairo CG 28127; sigleAiC) of Heqaib-aa/Heqata(see below); on Cairo CG 20374,20408, 20410,20488,20552; Chatsworth720/13;on Louvre C 169 (E 3107), A. H. Gardiner,'Notes on Some Stelae',RT tableCairo JE 91220, Simpson,InscribedMaterial,43, 45, (fig.72, C15); and only 19 (1897), 85 (II); on offering once later,in thereignof AmenemhatII on stelaBM EA 567, Simpson,Terrace,pl. xxii(ANOC 13). In thereign ntr-r? and a usual sequence is nb-ddwhnti-imntiw was oftenintroducedafterhnti-imntiw, of SenwosretI ntr-r? nb-ibdw(dkna): e.g. Louvre C 1, C 3, C 34, Turin Cat. no. 1534,and alreadyon the late EleventhDynastystela Cairo JE 45058; or dna: Cairo CG 20024, 20515; also alreadyon BM EA 1203, TPPI, §23; E. R. Russmann(ed.), EternalEgypt:Masterworks of AncientArtfromtheBritishMuseum(London, 2001), 81 (no. 12); also Cairo JE (and nb-ibdw):e.g. Cairo CG 20518, Leiden AP.67, Louvre C 2; already 45057 and BM EA 1724; or hnti-imntiw on Turin Cat. no. 1447. 90 A good exampleis stela Cairo CG 20003, see Freed,in Der Manuelian (ed.), StudiesSimpson,I, 302 n. 17, and Spanel, in Der Manuelian(ed.), StudiesSimpson,II, 773 n. 25. The ratherrepellentslab-stelaBM EA 1724 mixtureof 'early' (James,BMQ 20, pl. xxx.b) has an unusual 'biographical'inscriptionand showsa fascinating inkwithdeterminative Ai, dna) features.For nt,imihw,m swt:fnbt)and 'late' (horizontalriin ntr-rs, (prt-hrw its formulaprt-hrw... nfrtnt ..., whichhas a parallelonly on Cairo CG 20480, see Spanel, in Der Manuelian de la formuled'offrandeinvocatoire (ed.), StudiesSimpson,II, 768 n. 11; L. Postel,'Une varianteseptentrionale a la PremierePeriode Intermediate:prt-hrwnt\ in Pantalacciand Berger-el-Naggar (eds), Des Neferkareaux Inscribed from of Dedu the stela Also Material, 43 fig.70) combines Abydos(C13: Simpson, 255-78. Montouhotep, formula'old' (Geb Osiris dka) with'new' (di:fprt-hrw)elements;if it had no cartouche,it would in its offering hardlybe datedto thereignof SenwosretI. 91 See Spanel, in Der Manuelian(ed.), StudiesSimpson,II, 771-2, 767; he attributesthesechangesto thereign of AmenemhatI. Most of thesourcesSpanel adduceson pp. 779-86 date,however,fromthereignof SenwosretI, assumingthattherewas no coregencywithhis father.There are no single-datednon-royalstelaefromthe reign of AmenemhatI; stelaesuchas Cairo JE 45625,45626, BM EA 52881 (PM I, 650), BrooklynMuseum 37.1346E, or Berlin22820 mightdate to his reign.
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of SenwosretI.92The sequence dka of Osiris' epithetsoccurs,forexample,also on thestelaof Renu at Chatsworth(no. 720/13)and on theapparently'early'stelaCairo CG 20408, which,however,has the'late' featuredi:fprt-hrw.Bothmightdatealso to thereignof AmenemhatI. Certainlyseveralotherstelaefromthisperiodexistwhich haveonlyresistedattemptsto datethemmorepreciselyin thisshortintervalof about fortyyearsbetweenthe late reignof MontuhotepI (c.2053-2002 bc) and the early reignof AmenemhatI (c.1983-1954 bc). The rockinscriptionsat Hatnub fromthe timeof NeheriI are also datedby Willemsto theearlyreignof AmenemhatI.93 All otherfeaturesof the offering formulaon EA 1628 notedabove stilloccuralso On theotherhand,certaintypicalfeaturesof Eleventh duringSenwosretFs reign.94 Dynastystelaeare missing,such as the phrasem swt:fnbt>'in all his places (of worship)',95or theformulamrrtihwwnmimy'whichthespiritslove to eat'.96 Consideringthese argumentsand the criterialistedabove, EA 1628 seems to be of a date laterthansome inscriptionsfromtheend of the EleventhDynasty,such as thetwo stelaeof Khety97and the finestelaof Meru (Turin Cat. no. 1447),and perhaps olderthanstela London UC 14333 and manyof thestelaefromtheworkshops presentedby Freed,in Der Manuelian(ed.), StudiesSimpson,I, 297-336. There are, however,also severalsimilaritieswithseeminglyslightlyearlierstelae,such as Cairo CG 20012 and BM EA 1724. Earlyfeatures,such as the sequence of the epithetsof Osiris(no. 26) and theepithetsiqrm?-hrw(no. 13),are outweighedby latefeatures,98 such as the writingof ddw>'Busiris', and s?t,'daughter'(nos 20-1). As yetthereis no 'hard' evidencefora date of EA 1628 in theearlyTwelfthDynasty,no admittedly laterthantheend of thefirstdecade of the reignof SenwosretI. 92Forcoffin FunerTheCoffin AiC, seeH. Willems, ofHeqata (CairoJdE36418): A CaseStudyofEgyptian derSdrge,§600. For aryCulture of theEarlyMiddleKingdom (OLA 70; Leuven,1996);also Lapp, Typologie thestelaof Heqaib-aa(sonof Mesenu)> Heqata(CairoJE36420),see Freed,in Der Manuelian(ed.),Studies date tonoteinviewofthe'oscillating' 2. It is interesting I, 312-3,fig.5c,andWillems, Simpson, Heqata,chapter in ofEA 1628,between thesameproblems andearlyTwelfth thatWillemsencountered (late)Eleventh Dynasty, I ('Ein bemerkenswerter ofHeqata.Initially, hedatedittothereignofMontuhotep datingtheburialequipment aus demfriihen Mittleren Reich',GM 67 (1983),83,85-6),butlater,inhisHeqata,21-5,heconcluded Sargtyp 'thatHeqatalivedintothereignofAmenemhat areall oferrorsincethedatingcriteria I', witha certain margin rather indirect. See alsoPostel,in Pantalacci auxMontouhotep, and Berger-el-Naggar 269, (eds),Des Neferkare oftheso-called'NeheriI -texts' aboutthedateandsetting 274-5.A further comparable exampleis thediscussion atHatnub(seenextnote). 93Anthes, of Kay,thesonof NeheriI, Hatnub,nos 14-30;seeWillems, JEOL 28,80-102.The offering-table hasthesequencedknabutno di:f(CairoCG 23069);in Neheri'stombat Deir el-Bersha, no.4, onlydk[...]reandP. E. Newberry, El Bersheh, II (ASE 4; London,1895),pl. xi.6. mained,F. LI. Griffith 94Formanysitesthechartsof Lapp,Typologie on formulae derSdrge,Blatt1-35,withcopiesoftheoffering theeastern sideofa largenumber intheuseoftheepithets ofOsiris ofcoffins, showa cleardevelopment (front) from'older'dkatodknato 'younger' dna(oftencombined withdi:fprt-hrw ...),e.g.at BeniHasan,Meir,Asyut thetypicalsequence (Tomb IV fromtheTenthDynasty'already'showsdna),andThebes.At Deir el-Bersha, is invariably dkna.Thesevariations fora moreprecisedating;notethatLapp'stypes provideno clearindication coincidechronologically withtheperiodindicated intheirtypenames,seealsoH. Willems'review onlyroughly of Lapp,Typologie derSdrge,BiOr 54 (1997),112-22. 95mswt:fnbt stilloccursinthereignof Senwosret I: CairoCG 20756,Freed,in Der Manuelian(ed.),Studies I, 308 (fig.3c); BM EA 162; CairoCG 20546and LouvreC 35 of ANOC 2; GlasgowHunterian Simpson, MuseumD. 1922.13,Petrie,Tombs oftheCourtiers, pl. xxiv;LeidenAP.67.See alsoG. Rosati,'Notee proposte dellesteledelMedioRegno',OrAnt19(1980),271. perla datazione 96Replacedbyrnht ntrim,'onwhicha godlives',duringthereignof Senwosret I. 97Gardiner, 114, Studien, JEA 4, 33-6.(CairoJE45057and45058;PM I, 617;Schenkel, Fruhmitteldgyptische aux Des Montou§42g;Schenkel, MHT, §§476-7);Postel,in Pantalacciand Berger-el-Naggar (eds), Neferkare hotep, 272-3. 98Comparethestatements of Fischer, citedbyFranke, JEA 89,56.
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The layoutof EA 1628 is remarkable;it shows featuresof both rectangularstelae and round-toppedstelae.Althoughit is round-topped,it was obviouslycarvedfrom limestoneblockwhoseupperrightcornerwas notcut away,and it a highrectangular was intendedto be fixedto a wall." It has onlya narrowundecoratedlunette,and the The second and restof the top is coveredby the horizontallines of inscriptions.100 thirdregistersforma complete'rectangular'sceneof theirown: on theleftstandsthe ownerof the stela,Antef,carryinga long stickand a battle-axe(he is thus depicted twice);in frontof himstandhis sons and (in thebottomregister)his daughters.Rows of standingpeople are a typicalfeatureof rectangularstelaefromthe late Eleventh The figuresof thefirstand secondregisterare in raised and earlyTwelfthDynasty.101 relief,and are divided fromthe thirdregisterby a raised borderline(like a torusmoulding),while the thirdregisteris carvedin sunk relief.The bottomregisteras the stela's base looks like an additionto the 'complete' (i.e. surroundedby a broad divisionline) round-toppedstelaabove.102 The styleof writingwiththemanyhieraticintrusions, togetherwiththesomewhat may be explainedby the provincialqualityand the styleof carvingthe figures103 stelae the to produced by royal craftsmen many hypothesisthat in comparison at Thebes and Abydos (forwhichcompareFreed, in Der Manuelian (ed.), Studies Simpson,I, 297-336)- thestelawas notproducedby a royalworkshopor residenceI havetheimpressionthatthestela'imitates',in a kindof 'afterglow', trainedartist.104 thestyleof earlierEleventhDynastystelae,suchas Pittsburgh Z9-497;105itis certainly deeply rootedin this tradition.Antef's stela is not touchedby northern'canonic' influences.Antef himselfexplicitlystands in a traditionthat reaches backwards thatis to the reignof MontuhotepI. at least to the generationof his grandfather, Because of the 'Theban' curvedstickfeature(no. 15) and the factthatthe stelawas seen in 1906 at Luxor,the stela was perhapsproducedat Thebes, or at least in the Theban area,forAntef's tomb,and in theverylastyearsof theEleventhDynastyor, moreprobably,duringthereignof AmenemhatI. These factorswouldalso explainwhyAntefdid notdrawon thestockof otherwise he employsseveral themes well-knownphrases,althoughin his self-presentation thatwerein vogue duringthe FirstIntermediatePeriod,Eleventhand earlyTwelfth and caretheme. Dynasty,suchas hisoutstandingrankand status,and theprovisioning 99ComparestelaeCairoCG 20458and20033,Simpson,Terrace, pl. xxxvi(ANOC 24). 100Thisis typical Manuel11,477rig.293),andsomeearly stelae(Vandier, forEleventh round-topped Dynasty I, 325(fig.o.d) Twelfth Dynastystelae,e.g.:CairoCG 20033,Freed,in Der Manuelian(ed.),StudiesSimpson, pl. xi (ANOC 4). (ANOC 24); andCG 20542,Simpson,Terrace, 101Compare,e.g.,stelaeLeidenAP.70and AP.71fromtheearlyTwelfthDynasty, pl. lv Simpson,Terrace, not this from is York MMA stela New the Also period, from 193-33 probably paintedrectangular (ANOC 55). W.C. Hayes,TheScepter theSeventeenth 1959),II, 18-19(fig.7); PM I, 625.On ofEgypt(Cambridge, Dynasty, inthebottomregister(s). stelaetherowsofstanding peopleareusuallyrepresented round-topped 102See alsoVandier, ot raisedand ManuelII, 476. StelaCairoCG 20012showsa comparable juxtaposition sunkrelief. 103Especially bodiesofthewomeninthebottomregister. slenderhigh-waisted theelongated 104Schenkel, 112alreadynotedthatso-calledbad orprovincial qualityis 21-2, Studien, Fruhmitteldgyptische fordating. nota validcriterion 105The raisedreliefof thefigures, bylabelsin raisedbandsor banderol, recallsoldermodels, accompanied Antef(New YorkMMA 13.182.3)and BM EA 1203(Russmann(ed.), suchas theThebanstelaof Wahankh is CairoCG 20555. 81 no. 12);a later,Twelfth EternalEgypt, example, Dynasty
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He adds new phrasings,forexamplein the sectionconcerningthe local counciland councillors,and he sounds a new accent in the sectionabout 'his people'. He thus seemsto be narratinghis achievementspartlyin his own words.The unique variant irt.n(:i)m gbl:iyused to describehis own acquisitions,has a noteworthy parallelin theearlyTwelfthDynastyliterarytextknownas the WordsofNeferti, wherethewise Lector-priestNefertiwas characterizedas: a strongarmed'littleman' (ndspw qn [n]gb;:f)> a scribewithcleverfingers; he is a richman,who has greaterpossessionsthananyof his equals' (Neferti,11.10-n).106 The chief-herdsman Antefwas no priest,and we do notknowhow 'clever'he was in writing,but he would almostcertainlyhave welcomedsuch a flattering description.
106See W. 'Die Qualitaten desWeisenNeferti Westendorf, (zu Neferti io-ii)', GM 4 (1973),41-4.
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Plate VI
JEA 93
Stela of the Overseerof a Troop of HerdsmenAntefon stela BM EA 1628 (courtesyof the Trustees of the BritishMuseum).
THE GOOD SHEPHERD ANTEF
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