Fran Zimmerman - English for Science - Student Book

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for saleonly in Bul8..i! Ihis;tdon is authorlzed This edition is publishedjn Bulgrda by Tb€ OFn Society FuDd' Sona, 1992.

rsBN9s4520-008-1

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Contenls DISCUSSIONPOINTS I7 WRITING SKILLS 17 Topic Sentences 17 wrhitV a Patallnphaf C|ltsifi.ation ii]

COMPARING:

The Elements

19

TNTRODUCTION I9 Shorl Reading The wonderMetals 20 USINC ENGLISH TO COMPARE 2I SenrcncePatterns 22 utiq d Tdbk 2) Uttlcttkltlihgcrhlparkahs22 cru.ltitv Convaita,lt 24 CradtintS'ftch.?s 24 Like aod As 25 UsiilgLlke afld Ar 2, READINC SKILLS 26 Vocabulary liuilding 26 vacdbulary itl Co text 26

skimming27 Cases28 Readingr TheLlfe-Supporting Uhdentandifl! tl1!Rcdditllt1a ' LISTENING SKILLS 30 vacdbuldry in Conkxl ll) Note-Taking 3l Uhdenladinqtlt Lceturu J2 DISCUSSIONPOINTS 32 WRITING SKILLS 33 Comparing 33 Transilion words l4 Writing a Paragraphof Comparison 34

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contents DISCUSSIONPOINTS 65 WRITING SKILLS 65 Writing Conclusions 65 Writing a Paragraphwith a Conclusion 65

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o""rr.,r*n,Enetw 67 INTRODUCTION 67 shon Reading TheMan! Forns oJEneryy 68' USING ENCLISH TO DEFINE 69 SentencePatterns 70 Ahalyzin!DeJinhionr71 CorrctthqDetrhitio,r.i71 Relative Clauses 72 Fotltulatinll Dqitliti'tlt 72 lJtikg ReldtivcClautas 72 CreatingDelinitiotls 7) . READING SKILLS 7] Vocabulary Bullding 73 cDdo',rnicro',rDacft)' z Adirsj ectdexo_, Vocabultlr!in Contcxt 75 Scannlng 75 ReadinS:E = mcr 76 tl1! Rcd.litv 78 Und?ntdl1.lit\1 LISTENINGSKILLS 7E vo1buldryfu contaxt 78 Nore-Taking 79 Uldc$tandilv tllt Ltcntre 79

DlscussloNPoINTS 80 WRITINGSKILLS 8I ExtendedDefinitions El Writing ad E,(tendedDefinitlon 8l EXEMPLIFYING: Ha4, 82 INTRODUCTION 82 of TatuperutureE3 Short Reading TheEfreets IJSING ENGLISH TO EXEMPLIFY 8] SentencePattems 85 Ra ltniznlll Erdntllls it6 Anallziq ExetnplitrMtia Ss

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scienceconceptsthal are coveredbut not know how to cxprcssLhcm in English. Thc locus of the book, however, is always on languagcfalher than scicucc,and thcrc is no altempl to cover any scientifictopic thoroughly. No prcviousscicncc knowledgeis neededby the teacheror student.

ORGANIZATION

OF THE TEXT

Thcrc arc lwclvc chaplcrs in thc book. Each chapter has six mair scclions: Introduction, usingEnglishto... (ctassify, conpare,and so on), RcadingSkills, ListenilgSkills,Discussion PoinN,and writing Skills.

Itltroduction Each chapter beginsby intrcducing rhe rhetoricalfunclion, rclating it o thc scientificmethod, aDd preseDtingit ir a short readiDg.

Usi g English to,., This sectionbeginswilh aDcxplanalionoflhc rhctoricalIunction,usitUcxamdcs from the shor! reading.In most chapicrsthc cxplanalionis folbwed by a cha11of scntcncepalternsthal show how the function may be cxprcsscd,This chafl is not meantto list all possiblcpatterns,and in somcchaptcNlbc chart is omitled because fie topics do not lcnd thcmsclvcs10 any parricularsynlaclicstructure.Thc Dcxl item in thc sectionis a group of praclicccxcraiscs,sequcnced1()cnablc studcnls Io progressfrcm idcntifying the funclion to usir)git, Grammalicalslrllclureslhat occur frequenllyin sciencelexls arc also includcd in this seclkD whcn they scrve a communicativcpurposcrclatcd to lhc rhclorical lilnction.

Reading skitls This secdonlirsr prcscnrssraLcgicslor srudenlsto use in expandinglhcir vocabularicson an ongoingbasis.word roots and affixesinlroduccdarc thosccommonly occurringin scientificterminology (for examplc,hjdro , dyna ). Next, rhe sectionpreviewsthe vocabularyfrom thc long rcading.Thc obiectis 1()developa basicvocabularylhat wolrld be assumeda! the college'eniry1cvcl.Accordingly, termsthat would bc known to a nativewords sclecredforstudy are scien.e-related spcakjng,firs!-yearcollegestudent (for example, fammable,dehydrate , transparent , combstion,dilute, ir?e/lia).No specializedor rare words arc used in any of the rcadingsor lectures.

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,rxii Preface ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My lhanks to Dr. Ann Johns of San Diego Slale U vers;ly for thc inspiralior to \t;i1e lhe book and to my daughterRaquelfor her imaginalivcilhstraliols And a specialtharks to Harry for his conslantsllppon aDdcncouragcmerl'and for alwayshaving mote faith in me than I had in mysclf

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Inrroduclionlo LheScienlilirMethod experiments. A procedure known as the scientific method was developed for gathering and testing information. Eachchapt€r in (his book is basedon some aspectof this method and how it is expressedin English.

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22 Comparing SentancePattefts

COMPARING SIMILARTTIES

frire u , n n . . i ui., I ' i - i r u ' ' 9 .

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hqll"'.} paralers |

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sr)\. aruminum in mdny

DIFFERENCES CONTRASTING

fis unlike I fromI aluminum. Iron 1is dtfferent from ) Ldiff€rs unlikeiron,

l

In contrastLoiron, I alumrnum 's l'8nr' lo iron. cornpared I In comparison to iron,J fheavierrhan l thanI aluminum, Iron is llessabundant Lnotas sofl as ) ,,on ', u {relarivelv . }"urr.nerar. l(omparauveiyl

UfiderstafiilingCompansors. Rcadthc passagcbclow () dc(crminclhc oftlcr ol the sevei ilalicizedmetalliaccordirg to thcir mcllir)g pojnts. Lisl thc nrclal wilh lhe rrrjre,I mching noinl /1,..r. The mehing poiDl ofplnrirrrr is high comparcdto nnsl melalsbut not as high as that of chrotfiium.The mehing point of zir. is lcsslharr half the mclling loint of grld and approximatclythrlc timcs lhe mehing poi of rrdirrr. Mr,Irry has thc a|1(luold havc similar meltirS poinls, lowestmclling poinr ofall the metals-clopper poinr ofcoppcrisslighllyhighcrlhaDgoldard lowerthanDlalinunr. b thc mclling

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