FQZM LAPORAN KOROSI Proteksi Katodik

 

Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  KFTPVKH 

Hnrn Hn rnsc sc go goru rupk pkhk hka a pr prns nsos os ktk ktku u ro rokh khsc sc om omoh ohtr trnh nhcg cgck ck yk ykal al fo fors rscik ciktt km kmkg kgckb ckb `k `ka a  formkalsual `oalka soa`crcayk ykal goayofkhka `olrk`ksc gutu `krc mnlkg ykal torhoak hnrnsc. hnrn sc. Hnrnsc k`kmkb horuskhka horuskhka ktku `olrk`ksc `olrk`ksc mnlkg mnlkg   khcfkt khcfkt rokhsc rokhsc ro`uhsc `ka nhsc`ksc (ro`nhs) kat (ro`nhs) katkrk krk suk suktu tu mnl mnlkg kg `oa `oalka lka for forfkl fklkc kc zkt `c mca mcalhu lhual alkaa kaayk yk yka ykal l goa goalbk lbkscmh scmhka ka soaykw soa ykwk-so k-soay aykwk kwk yka ykal l tc` tc`kh kh `ch `chobo oboa`k a`khc. hc. @km @kmkg kg fkb fkbksk ksk sob sobkrckrc-bkr bkrc, c, hnr hnrnsc nsc `cs `csofu ofutt  porhkrktka. Dnatnb hnrnsc ykal pkmcal mkzcg k`kmkb porhkrktka fosc. Hnrnsc Hnrnsc pk`k  pk`k `kskrayk gorupk gor upkhka hka scik sciktt kmk kmkgck gckb b `kr `krcc mnl mnlkg, kg, nmo nmob b hkr hkroak oak ctu hnr hnrnsc nsc tc` tc`kh kh `kp `kpkt kt `cd `cdolk olkb b ktk ktku u `cboatchka skgk sohkmc. Hnrnsc bkayk fcsk `choa`kmchka ktku `cpormkgfkt mkjuayk sobcallk gogpormkgf gogp ormkgfkt kt prnsos poruskhkaayk poruskhkaayk.. .. Tkmkb sktu gotn`o poaloa`km poaloa`kmcka cka hnrnsc

prntohsc prntoh sc

hktn`ch (Dktbn`cd (Dktbn`cd Urntodtcna). Urntodtcna). Por`kpkt `uk joacs prntohsc hktn`ch, hktn`ch, ykctu gotn` gotn`oo cgpros cgprosso` so` durroatt (krus pkhsk) `ka skdrcic durroa skdrcicdckm dckm kan` kan`oo (kan` (kan`kk hnrfk hnrfka). a). Gotn` Gotn`oo kan`k hnrf hnrfka ka k`kmkb gotn`o `oalka goalbufualhka foa`k horjk `oalka mnlkg mkca ykal gogcmchc pntoasckm ro`uhsc ykal mofcb hodcm (kan`k). Bkm cac khka goayofkfhka torjk`cayk suktu som lkmvkach `ka goajk` goa jk`chka chka foa foa`k `k hor horjk jk sof sofklk klkcc suk suktu tu hkt hktn`k n`k.. K`k K`kpua pua tuj tujuka uka `kr `krcc prk prkhch hchug ug cac k`k k`kmkb mkb goauajuhhk goaua juhhka a prcasc prcascp p prnto prntohsc hsc hktn`ch `oalka kan`k hnrfka. K`kpu K`kpua a kmkt `ka fkbka ykal `cluakhka `kmkg prkhtchug cac k`kmkb Kan`k Hnrfka Za, Mnlkg Io/Fkjk, Omohtrn`k Ttka`kr  hnmngom, hnmn gom, Mkrut Mkrutka ka AkDm 4% `oal `oalka ka prnso` prnso`ur ur prkhtc prkhtchug hug ;. Goayu Goayusua sua Vkalhkcka pordnfkka Toportc lkgfkr 9 6. Goaluhur pntoasckm akturkm/kwkm 4. Goalbufualhka fkjk `oalka kan`k hnrfka Za 0. Goaluhur pntoasckm prntohsc pk`k fkjk. Hogu`cka `krc pordnfkka kan`k hnrfka `c`kpkthka bkscm forupk pntoasckm som `krc kan`k Km `ka kan`k Za torbk`kp hktn`k Io, ykctu  pk`k kan`k Km sofoskr -?6? Y `ka pk`k kan`k Za sofoskr -3;; Y. Bkscm cac sosukc `oalka tonrc fkbwk pntoasckm som `oalka kan`k Km mofcb foskr acmkcayk `krcpk`k pntoasckm som `oalka kan`k Za.

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  FKF C UOA@KB_M_KA C.; Mktkr Fomkhkal

Hnrn Hn rnsc sc go goru rupk pkhk hka a pr prns nsos os ktk ktku u ro rokh khsc sc om omoh ohtr trnh nhcg cgck ck yk ykal al fo fors rscik ciktt km kmkg kgckb ckb `k `ka a  formkalsual `oalka soa`crcayk ykal goayofkhka `olrk`ksc gutu `krc mnlkg ykal torhoak hnrnsc. Hnrnsc k`kmkb horusk hnrnsc. horuskhka hka ktku `olrk`ks `olrk`kscc mnlkg mnlkg   khcfkt khcfkt rokhsc rokhsc ro`uhsc `ka nhsc`ksc (ro`nhs)) kat (ro`nhs katkrk krk suk suktu tu mnl mnlkg kg `oa `oalka lka for forfkl fklkc kc zkt `c mca mcalhu lhual alkaa kaayk yk yka ykal l goa goalbk lbkscmh scmhka ka soaykw soa ykwk-so k-soay aykwk kwk yka ykal l tc` tc`kh kh `ch `chobo oboa`k a`khc. hc. @km @kmkg kg fkb fkbksk ksk sob sobkrckrc-bkr bkrc, c, hnr hnrnsc nsc `cs `csofu ofutt  porhkrktka. Hnrnsc Hnrnsc pk`k  pk`k `kskrayk gorupkhka scikt kmkgckb `krc mnlkg, nmob hkroak ctu hnrnsc tc`kh tc` kh `kp `kpkt kt `cd `cdolk olkb b ktku `cb `cboat oatchk chka a skg skgkk sohk sohkmc. mc. Hn Hnrns rnscc bka bkayk yk fcs fcskk `ch `choa` oa`kmc kmchka hka ktk ktku u `cporm `cp ormkgf kgfkt kt mkju mkjuayk ayk sob sobcal callk lk gog gogpor pormkg mkgfkt fkt prn prnsos sos por porusk uskhka hkaayk ayk.. Tkm Tkmkb kb sktu got gotn`o n`o  poaloa`kmcka hnrnsc k`kmkb prntohsc hktn`ch (Dktbn`cd Urntodtcna). Urntodtcna). @kmkg suktu som hnrnsc  fkskb kan`k mkb ykal torhnrnsc, so`kalhka fklcka ykal tc`kh torhnrnsc k`kmkb hktn`k. For`kskrhka lojkmk torsofut klkr mnlkg `kpkt torprntohsc bkrus gogpormkhuhka mnlkg sodkrk hosomurubka sofklkc hktn`k, sobcallk mnlkg torprntohsc `krc sorkalka hnrnsc `oalka dkrk goakgfkbhka kan`k fkru. For`kskrhka `orot lkmvkach, soguk mnlkg ykal pntoasckmayk mofcb aolktci `kpkt forporka sofklkc kan`k. skmkb sktuayk `oalka scstog prntohsc hktn`ch ykal `kpkt `cmkhuhka `oalka gorufkb pntoasckm mnlkg katkr guhk mnlkg `oalka cnaayk ho `korkb cgguao `oalka gogforchka krus hktn`ch  C.6 Pujuka Uordnfkka

Goauajuhhka prcascp prntohsc hktn`ch `oalka kan`k hnrfka C.4 Tcstogktchk Uoaumcska

Uk`k mkpnrka prkhtchug hkmc cac gogcmchc scstogktchk poaumcska sofklkc forchut: KFTPVKH  FKF C. Uoa`kbumuka tor`crc `krc mktkr fomkhkal, tujuka pordnfkka `ka scstogktchk poaumcska FKF CC. Pcajkuka Uustkhk FKF CCC. Got Gotn`n n`nmnl mnlcc Uor Uordnf dnfkka kka yka ykal l tor` tor`crc crc `kr `krcc Kmk Kmktt `ka Fkb Fkbka ka Uor Uordnf dnfkka kka,, Urn Urnso` so`ur  ur   pordnfkka `ka lkgfkr shogk pordnfkka FKF CY. Kakmcsk `ktk `ka Uogfkbkska 8 `ka FKF Y. Hoscgpumka @KIPKV U_TPKHK MKGUCVKA

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  FKF CC PCAJK_KA U_TPKHK CC.; Hnrnsc

Hnrnsc Hnr nsc k`kmkb horuskhk horuskhka a ktk ktku u `ol `olrk` rk`ksc ksc mnlkg mnlkg   kh khcf cfkt kt rokhs rokhscc ro`nhs ro`nhs   katkrk suktu mnlkg `oalka forfklkc zkt `c mcalhualkaayk ykal goalbkscmhka soaykwk-soaykwk ykal tc`kh `choboa`khc. @kmkg fkbksk sobkrc-bkrc, hnrnsc `csofut porhkrktka. Dnatnb hnrnsc ykal  pkmcal mkzcg k`kmkb porhkrktka fosc. Uk`k porcstcwk hnrnsc, mnlkg goalkmkgc nhsc`ksc nhsc`ksc,, so`kalhka nhscloa (u`krk) goalkmkgc ro`uhsc ro`uhsc.. Hkrkt mnlkg ugugayk k`kmkb forupk nhsc`k ktku hkrfnakt. Vugus hcgck hkrkt fosc k`kmkb Io 6N4.aB6N, suktu zkt pk`kt ykal forwkrak dnhmkt-gorkb dnhmk t-gorkb.Hnrn .Hnrnsc sc gorup gorupkhka khka prnsos omohtrnhcgck omohtrnhcgck.. Uk`k hnrnsc fosc, fklcka tortoatu `krc  fosc ctu formkhu sofklkc kan`o kan`o,, `c gkak fosc goalkmkgc nhsc`ksc. Io(s) Io (s) =--1  =--1 Io6+(kq) (kq) +  + 6o Omohtrna ykal `cfofkshka `c kan`o goalkmcr ho fklcka mkca `krc fosc ctu ykal fortca`kh  sofklkc hktn`o hktn`o,, `c gkak nhscloa toro`uhsc. N6(l) (l) +  + 0B+(kq) (kq) +  + 0o =--1 6B 6N(m) ktku N6(l) (l) +  + 6B6N(m) (m) +  + 0o =--1 0NB -(kq) Cna fos fosc(C c(CC) C) yka ykal l tor torfoa foatuh tuh pk` pk`kk kan kan`o `o som somkaj kajuta utayk yk torn tornhsc hsc`ks `kscc gog gogfoa foatuh tuh cna  fosc(CCC) ykal hogu`cka gogfoatuh soaykwk nhsc`k torbc`rksc, ykctu hkrkt fosc. Goaloakc  fklcka gkak `krc fosc ctu ykal fortca`kh sofklkc kan`o `ka fklcka gkak ykal fortca`kh  sofklkc hktn`o, forlkatual pk`k forfklkc ikhtnr, gcskmayk zkt poalntnr, ktku porfo`kka rkpktka mnlkg ctu. Hnrnsc `kpkt julk `ckrtchka sofklkc sorkalka ykal goruskh mnlkg hkroak mnlkg mnl kg for forokh okhsc sc sodk sodkrk rk hcgck hcgck   ktku ktku omohtrnhcgck omohtrnhcgck `oalka  `oalka mcalhualka. K`k `oicacsc mkca ykal goalktkhka fkbwk hnrnsc k`kmkb hofkmchka `krc prnsos ohstrkhsc ohstrkhsc mnlkg  mnlkg `krc fcjcb gcaorkmayk gcaorkmayk.. Dnatnbayk, fcjcb gcaorkm mnlkg fosc mnlkg  fosc `c  `c kmkg fofks k`k `kmkg foatuh soaykwk soaykwk   fosc nhsc`k ktku fosc ktku  fosc sumic`k sumic`k,, sotomkb `cohstrkhsc `ka `cnmkb, khka `cbkscmhka fosc ykal `cluakhka uatuh   pogfuktka  fkjk  fkjk   ktku ktku  fkjk pk`uka pk`uka.. Tomkgk pogkhkcka, fkjk torsofut khka forokhsc `oalka mcalhualka ykal goayofkfhka hnrnsc (hogfkmc goajk`c soaykwk fosc nhsc`k). @orot Ynmtk  Ynmtk  `k `ka buhu buhug g Aorast Aorast   khka gogfkatu uatuh `kpkt goalo goalotkbuc tkbuc hogualhcaka hogualhcaka torjk`cayk hnrnsc. Hodopktka hnrnsc skalkt torlkatual pk`k fkaykh ikhtnr, soportc k`k ktku

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  tc`khayk tc`kh ayk mkpcska nhsc`k, hkroak mkpcska nhsc`k `kpkt goal goalbkmkal bkmkalcc fo`k  pntoasckm  pntoasckm   torbk`kp omohtrn`o mkcaayk omohtrn`o  mkcaayk ykal khka skalkt forfo`k fcmk gkscb forscb `krc nhsc`k.

CC.6 Tcstog Kan`k Hnrfka (Tkdrcicdckm Kan`o)

Tcstog cac `choakm `choakm julk `oalka  lkmvkacd kan`o kan`o,, `c gkak dkrk horjk `ka sugfor krus ykal `cluakhka forkskm bkayk `krc rokhsc lkmvkacs kan`k ctu soa`crc. Urcascp `kskr `krc scstog kan`k hnrfka k`kmkb bkayk `oalka dkrk goadcptkhka som omohtrnhcgck lkmvkach `c gkak `uk mnlkg ykal forfo`k `cbufualhka sodkrk omohtrcs `ka `ctkakg `kmkg omohtrnmct kmkg (tkakb ktku ktk u kcr kcr). ). @km @kmkg kg som mnl mnlkg kg yka ykal l for forfo` fo`kk tors torsofu ofut, t, mnl mnlkg kg yka ykal l mof mofcb cb tca tcallc llc `kmkg sorc omohtrngctcvo-Ogi sorcos (mofcb khtci) khka goajk`c kan`ch torbk`kp mnlkg ykal hurkal khtci  `ka torhnasugsc somkgk rokhsc omohtrnhcgck. Mnlkg ykal hurkal khtci goaorcgk prntohsc hktn`ch pk`k porguhkkaayk hkroak k`kayk kmcrka krus gomkmuc omohtrnmct `krc mnlkg ykal kan`ch. kan` ch. Lkgfkr scstog prnto prntohsc hsc hktn`ch `oalka kan`k hnrfka `kpkt `cmcb `cmcbkt kt pk`k Lkgfkr 4.

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch 

Tcstog kan`k hnrfka sodkrk ugug `cluakhka uatuh gomca`ualc struhtur `c gkak hofutubka krus prntohscayk hodcm `ka roscstcvctks tkakb roa`kb. @c skgpcal ctu scstog cac julk `cluakhka uatuh hopormuka `ka hna`csc ykal mofcb sposcich soportc: 

_atuh gogprntohsc struhtur `c gkak sugfor mcstrch tc`kh torso`ck.

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Gogprntohsc struhtur ykal hofutubka krusayk romktcvo hodcm, ykal jchk `ctcajku `krc solc ohnangc khka mofcb goaluatualhka `cfka`calhka `oalka scstog krus tka`cal.

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Gogprntohsc Gogpr ntohsc pk`k `korkb bnt spnt ykal tc`kh `cdnktcal, gcskmayk gcskmayk pk`k `korkb `c gkak k`k ca`chksc khtcictks hnrnsc ykal duhup tcallc.

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_atuh goasupmogoa systog krus tka`cal, jchk `cpka`kal krus prntohsc ykal k`k hurkal gogk`kc. Cac fckskayk torjk`c pk`k `korkb ykal roscstcvctks tkakbayk roa`kb soportc `korkb rkwk.

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_atuh _at uh goa goalur lurkal kalcc oio oioh h cat catorio orioroa roasc sc yka ykal l `cs `csofk ofkfhk fhka a nmo nmob b scstog kru kruss tka tka`ca `cal l ktk ktku u sugfor krus sokrkb mkcaayk.

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_atuh gogprntohsc pcpk ykal `cdnktcal `oalka fkch, sobcallk hofutubka krus prntohsc romktci hodcm.

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_atuh _at uh gog gogpor pornto ntohsc hsc sog sogoat oatkrk krk som somkgk kgk hna hnatru truhsc hsc pcp pcpkk bca bcallk llk scsto scstog g kru kruss tka tka`ca `cal l torpkskal.

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  

_atuh _at uh gog gogpor pornto ntohsc hsc pcp pcpkk fkw fkwkb kb mku mkut, t, yka ykal l fck fckska skayk yk goa goallu lluakh akhka ka frk frkdom domot ot kan kan`o `o `oalka dkrk `ctogpomhka pk`k pcpk ykal `cdnktcal.

K`kk fo K` fofo forkp rkpkk ho houa uatu tual alka ka yk ykal al `c `cpo porn rnmk mkb b jc jchk hk go goal allu luak akhk hka a scst scstog og ka kan` n`kk hn hnrf rfka ka `ckatkrkayk: 

Pc`kh gogormuhka gogormuhka krus tkgfk tkgfkbka bka `krc mukr, hkroak krus prnto prntohsc hsc forkskm `krc kan`kayk ctu soa`crc.

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Uogkskalka `cmkpkalka romktci mofcb so`orbkak

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Uorkwktkaayk gu`kb

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@ctcajku `krc solc fckyk, scstog cac mofcb gurkb `cfka`cal scstog krus tka`cal

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Hogualhcaka goacgfumhka oioh catorioroasc hodcm

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Hofutubka gktorckm uatuh scstog kan`k hnrfka romktci so`chct ykctu kan`k, hkfom `ka tost  fnx

Homogkbka prntohsc hktn`ch `oalka kan`k hnrfka `cfka`calhka `oalka scstog krus tka`cal k`kmkb: 

@rcvcal vnmtklo `krc systog cac romktci roa`kb hkroak krus prntohsc bkayk torjk`c `krc rokhsc lkmvkacs gktorckm ctu soa`crc sobcallk systog cac bkayk `kpkt `cluakhka uatuh  gogprntohsc gogpr ntohsc struhtur ykal krus prnto prntohscay hscaykk romktci hodcm `ka roscstc roscstcvctks vctks mcalhualka mcalhualka roa`kb. Hkroak hna`csc ykal `ogchcka ctu, scstog cac khka goajk`c hurkal ohnangcs jchk `cpkhkc uatuh hopormuka gogprntohsc struhtur ykal romktci foskr.

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Hogkgpuka uatuh goalnatrnm vkrckfom oioh krus soskt torbk`kp struhtur ykal `cprntohsc romktci hodcm.

CC.4 Mcalhualka Hnrnsci 

Pcalhktka hnrnsc torlkatual pk`k hoklroscika `krc mcalhualkaayk. Uk`k ugugayk mnlkg `oalka hotkbkaka hnrnsc ykal mofcb roa`kb `kmkg suktu mcalhualka foriualsc sofklkc kan` ka n`k. k. Fc Fcksk kskay aykk fk fkjk jk `k `ka a soa soal l ho ho`u `uka kayk yk kh khka ka to torh rhnr nrns nscc kh khka ka tot totkp kpcc jc jchk hk ho ho`u `uka kayk yk `cbufualhka gkhk Za khka torhnrnsc so`kalhka fkjk khka tormca`ualc. Uk`k hna`csc hbusus, sofklkc dnatnb `kmkg mcalhualka kcr `oalka togporkturo ;25 nI, torjk`c bkm sofkmchayk ykctu  fkjk goalkmkgc hnrnsc so`kalhka Za tormca`ualc. Vupkayk `kmkg hksus cac prn`uh hnrnsc  pk`k Za fortca`kh sofklkc porguhkka ykal mofcb gumck torbk`kp fkjk. Goaurut Bkaoy, Za

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  goajk`c hurkal khtci `ka pntoasckmayk goajk`c hofkmchkaayk jchk k`k cna-cna poalbkmkal soportc actrkt, fchkrfnakt ktku hkrfnakt `kmkg kcr. For`kskrhka tkfom `cktks `ka goaurut poaomctcka `cfoforkpk gkdkg hna`csc mcalhualka, `kpkt `ctkrch hoscgpumka fkbwk : ;. Za forscikt kan`ch torbk`kp fkjk pk`k soguk hna`csc 6. Km sciktayk forvkrcksc 4. Ta somkmu forscikt sofklkc hktn`ch  0. Ac somkmu forscikt sofklkc hktn`ch  Lkrkg-lkrkg gogcmchc hogkgpuka ykal duhup fkch uatuh goalbkatkrhka mcstrch  `ka `kpkt goayofkfhka torjk`cayk hnrnsuc lkmvkach `ka drovcddo dnrrnscna. Kcr mkut fckskayk gogcmchc hka`ualka lkrkg 4,0 % (AkDm). Hnrnsc cac `cpoalkrubc nmob nhscloa (hka`ualkaayk), hodopktka hnrnsc, togporktur `ka nrlkacsgo fcnmnlc. Jchk J chk sofukb mnlkg `cdomup `kmkg mkrutka lkrkg AkDm 4%, gkhk khka torjk`c poaloa`kpka ykal `kpkt goacalhkthka hnrnsc `ka ro`uhsc hktn`ch. Hna`csc drovcdo, kskg `ka sumic` `csofkfhka nmob khtcictks fcnmnlc `kmkg kcr mkut ykal goalkaa`ual lkrkg-lkrkg `ka `kpkt goacalhkthka hnrnscictks. Hotkbkaka hnrnsc mnlkg `ka pk`uka torbk`kp mkrutka lkrkg forfo`k-fo`k. Uk`k dkrfna stoom, hodopktka mkju hnrnsc por tkbuaayk k`kmkb hurkal mofcb ? gpy, pk`k kustoact hurkal mofcb mo fcb 6 gpy `ka pk`k  pk`uka Ac-Km-Frnazo sohctkr ; gpy. @krc mkju hnrnsc hnrnsc cac hctk khka `kpkt `ktk forupk pntoasckm mnlkg sobcallk pk`k khbcrayk hctk `kpkt goayusua `orot pntoasckm mnlkg. (65;4, @chtkt  pka`uka prkhtchug hnrsc `ka pormca`ualka mnlkg) Hnrnsc lkmvkach tc`kh torjk`c jchk ho`uk mnlkg foakr-foakr horcal hkroak tc`kh k`k omohtrnmct ykal gogca`kbhka krus `catkrk kan`k `ka hktn`k. Mkju hnrnsc ykal torjk`c `kmkg suktu mcalhualka tortoatu skalkt `ctoatuhkg nmob gohkacsgo hnrnsc. Hodoa`orualka mnlkg uatuh gomopkshka omohtrna pk`k skkt torjk`cayk omohtrnhcgck `kmkg prnsos hnrnsc goauajuhhka horokhtcika mnlkg ykal forskalhutka. Tomcscb pntoasckm forbufualka `oalka horokhtcika mnlkg torbk`kp hnrnsc. Tomcscb pntoasckm ykal mofcb foskr gogpuaykc hogualhcaka torjk`cayk hnrnsc ykal mofcb foskr. Tomcscb pntoasckm cac `kpkt `ctcgfumhka nmob bkm-bkm forchut : ;. K`kayk fo`k iksk 6. Uorfo`kka togporktur `ka tolkalka 4. Uorfo`kka foskr futcr 

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  0. Uoalkrub porfo`kka hnasoatrksc ?. Mnhksc katkrk fktks `ka fklcka toalkb futcr  9. K`kayk porfo`kka korksc

CC. 0 Kvngotor Kvngotor forkskm `krc hktk ‗KYN‗ `ka ‗gotor‗. ‒K– krtcayk kgporo, uatuh goaluhur 

krus mcstrch. ‒Y– krtcayk vnmtkso, uatuh goaluhur vnmtkso ktku tolkalka. ‒N– krtcayk nbg, uatuh goaluhur nbg ktku bkgfktka. Porkhbcr, ykctu gotor ktku sktuka `krc uhurka. KYN Gotor sorcal `csofut `oalka Gumtcgotor ktku Gumtctostor. Todkrk ugug, poalortcka `krc KYN gotor k`kmkb suktu kmkt uatuh goaluhur krus, tolkalka, fkch tolkalka fnmkh-fkmch (KD) gkupua tolkalka sokrkb (@D) `ka bkgfktka mcstrch. KYN got gotor or ska skalkt lkt poa poatca tcal l iua iualsc lscayk ayk `km `kmkg kg sotc sotckp kp poh pohorj orjkka kka omo omohtr htrnac nachk hk hkr hkroak oak `kp `kpkt kt gog ogf fka katu tu

goa oay yom omos oskc kchk hka a

poh ohor orjk jkka ka

`oa oal lka

gu`k gu `kb b

`ka `k a

dopk do pkt, t,

Potk Po tkp pc

sofo so fomu mug g

gogporluakhkaayk, pkrk pogkhkc bkrus goaloakm tormofcb `kbumu joacs-joacs KYN gotor  `ka fklkcgkak dkrk goalluakhkaayk klkr tc`kh torjk`c hoskmkbka `kmkg pogkhkckaayk `ka khka goayofkfhka ruskhayk KYN gotor torsofut. For`kskrhka prcascp horjkayk, k`k `uk  joacs KYN gotor, ykctu KYN gotor kakmnl (goalluakhka jkrug putkr / gnvcal dncm) `ka KYN gotor `clctkm (goalluakhka `cspmky `clctkm). Ho`uk joacs cac toatu skjk forfo`k sktu `oalka `oa lka mkca mkcaayk ayk,, totk totkpc pc k`k fof foforkp orkpkk hos hoskgk kgkka ka `km `kmkg kg bkm npo nporksc rkscnak nakmay mayk. k. Gcs Gcskm km sug sugfor  for  toaklk ykal `cfutubhka forupk fktorkc @D `ka prnfo / hkfom poayc`ch wkrak gorkb `ka bctkg. Uk`k KYN gotor `clctkm, bkscm poaluhurka `kpkt torfkdk mkalsual forupk kalhk-kalhk (`clct), so`kalhka KYN gotor kakmnl tkgpcmkaayk goalluakhka porlorkhka jkrug uatuh  goauajuhhka shkmk. Tobcallk uatuh gogpornmob bkscm uhur, bkrus `cfkdk for`kskrhka rkalo ktku `cvcsc. KYN gotor kakmnl mofcb ugug `cluakhka hkroak bkrlkayk mofcb gurkb `krc pk`k  joacs KYN gotor `clctkm.

CC.? Km (Kmuguacug)

Kmugcacug Kmugc acug ckmkb uasur hcgck. Mkgfkal kmugcacug kmugcacug ckmkb  Km , `ka angnr ktngayk ;4. Kmugcacug Kmug cacug ckmkb mnlkg pkmcal formcgpkb. formcgpkb. Kmugcacug fuhka gorupkhka joacs mnlkg forkt, akgua akg ua gor gorupk upkhka hka omo omogoa goa yka ykal l for forjug jugmkb mkb sohc sohctkr tkr 2% `kr `krcc por porguh guhkka kka  fugc  fugc   `ka pkmcal  formcgpkb hotclk. Kmugcacug tor`kpkt `kmkg poalluakka k`ctci gkhkaka, katksc`k katksc`k,,  fuiioro` kspcrca,, kstrcaloats kspcrca kstrcaloats,, so sogp gprn rntk tka a bc bc`u `ual al,, katcporspcrkat katcporspcrkat,, kcr   gca gcaug ug,, hakmpnt hakmpnt   gnfcm gnfcm,, kskp

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  togfkhku,, poalluakka kmugcacug incm, togfkhku incm, porkmktka gkskh, hkmoal hkmoal,, horkgch  ,  , `ka hogfkal kpc. kpc. Kmugcacug gorupkhka hna`uhtnr mcstrch  ykal   ykal fkch. Porkal `ka hukt. Gorupkhka hna`uhtnr  ykal fkch julk fukt pkaks. @kpkt `ctogpk goajk`c mogfkrka, `ctkrch goajk`c hkwkt `ka `cohstrusc `c ohstrusc goajk`c  goajk`c fktkalka `oalka forgkdkg-gkdkg poakgpkal. Pkbka hnrnsc hnrnsc..    

Pctch mofur : 995,4 µD Hnaiclurksc omohtrna: omohtrna: XAoW 4s6 4p;  Angnr ktng: ktng: ;4 Gkssk ktng: ktng: 69,32;?43 » 5,5555552 u

CC.? Du (Pogfklk)

hcgck `kmkg tkfom porcn`ch  ykal   ykal gogcmchc mkgfkal Du Pogfklk k`kmkb suktu uasur hcgck `kmkg `ka angnr ktng  ktng  63. Mkgfkalayk Mkgfkalayk forkskm forkskm `krc  fkbksk Mktca Mktca   Duprug Duprug.Pogfklk .Pogfklk gorupkhka hna`uhtnr   pkaks `ka pkaks `ka mcstrch  ykal  ykal fkch. Tomkca ctu uasur  cac   cac gogcmchc hnrnsc hnrnsc ykal  ykal dopkt sohkmc. Pogfklk gurac sciktayk bkmus `ka muakh, `oalka porguhkka forwkrak jcallk hogorkbka. Pogfklk Pogf klk `cdkgpurhka `cdkgpurhka `oalka tcgkb tcgkb   ua uatuh tuh gogfu gogfukt kt  poruallu  poruallu.. Mnlkg Mnlkg cac `ka `ka kmmn kmmny y ayk (dkgpurka) tomkb `cluakhka somkgk ogpkt bkrc. @c ork Vngk, togfklk ugugayk `ctkgfkal `c Tcprus Tcprus,, ykal julk kskm `krc akgk mnlkg cac (ыyprcug ( ыyprcug,, mnlkg Tcprus), akatcayk `cscalhkt  jk`c ыuprug ыuprug). ). Chktka `krc mnlkg cac fckskayk `cakgkc `oalka togfklk(CC). Cna Pogfklk(CC) `kpkt formkrut ho `kmkg kcr, `cgkak iualsc gorohk `kmkg hnasoatrksc tcallc k`kmkb sofklkc kloa katc fkhtorc, fkhtorc, iualcsc iualcsc,, `ka fkbka tkgfkbka hkyu.

CC.9 Io (Fosc) Fosc k`kmkb mnlkg mnlkg   ykal forkskm `krc fcjcb fosc (tkgfkal) (tkgfkal) ykal fkaykh `cluakhka `cluakhka uatuh 

hobc`upka gkausck sobkrc-bkrc. @kmkg tkfom porcn`ch , fosc gogpuaykc scgfnm Io `ka angnr  ktng 69. Fosc julk gogpuaykc acmkc ohnangcs ykal tcallc. Fosc k`kmkb mnlkg ykal pkmcal ktng 69.  fkaykh `ka pkmcal forklkg poalluakkaayk. poalluakkaayk. Bkm ctu hkroak foforkpk bkm, `ckatkrkayk: 

Homcgpkbka fosc `c humct fugc duhup foskr 



Uoalnmkbkaayk romktci gu`kb `ka gurkb, `ka



Fosc gogpuaykc scikt-scikt scikt-scik t ykal goaluatualhka `ka gu`kb `cgn`cichksc

Tkmkb sktu homogkbka homogkbka fosc k`kmkb gu`kb gu`kb goalkmkgc goalkmkgc hnrnsc hnrnsc.. Hnrnsc goacgfumhka fkaykh  horulcka hkroak goalurkalc ugur pkhkc forfklkc fkrkal ktku fkaluaka ykal goalluakhka  fosc ktku fkjk. Tofoakrayk hnrnsc `kpkt `cdolkb `oalka goalufkb fosc goajk`c fkjk tkbka

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  hkrkt ( stkcamoss  stkcamoss stoom ), ), khka totkpc prnsos cac tormkmu gkbkm uatuh hofkaykhka poalluakka fosc Hnrn Hn rnsc sc fo fosc sc go gogo gorm rmuh uhka ka nhscloa  `k `ka kcr. Fo Forf rfkl klkc kc jo joac acss mn mnlk lkg g dn dnat atnb nbay aykk Zcah   `ka Gklaoscug   `kpkt gomca`ualc Gklaoscug gomca`ualc fosc `krc hnrnsc. Dkrk-dkrk poadolkbka poadolkbka hnrn hnrnsc sc fosc ykal khka `cfkbks forchut cac `c`kskrhka pk`k `uk scikt torsofut. ;.  Uoalodktka. Jogfktka, pklkr, `ka rkcmcal fckskayk `cdkt. Dkt goalbca`krhka hnatkh  `oalka u`krk `ka kcr. Dkt ykal goalka`ual tcgfom `ka zcah (soal) khka mofcb fkch, hkroak ho`ukayk gomca`ualc fosc torbk`kp hnrnsc. 6.  Uomugurka `oalka Nmc   ktku Loguh . Dkrk cac `ctorkphka uatuh forfklkc porhkhks `ka gosca. Nmc `ka loguh goadolkb hnatkh `oalka kcr. 4.  Uogfkmutka `oalka Umkstch . Fo Forf rfkl klkc kc gk gkdk dkg g fk fkrk rkal al,, gc gcskm skmay aykk rkh pc pcrc rcal al `k `ka a horkajkal sopo`k `cfkmut `oalka pmkstch. Umkstch goadolkb hnatkh `oalka u`krk `ka kcr. 0. Pca Umktcal  (pomkpcska   (pomkpcska `oalka tcgkb tcgkb). ). Hkmoal-hkmoal hogkska torfukt `krc fosc ykal `cmkpc `cm kpcsc sc `oa `oalka lka tcg tcgkb. kb. Uom Uomkpc kpcska ska `cm `cmkhu khuhka hka sodk sodkrk rk omoh omohtrn trnmcs mcscs, cs, yka ykal l `cs `csofu ofutt tca  pmktcal . Pcgkb torlnmnal mnlkg ykal tkbka hkrkt. Khka totkpc, mkpcska tcgkb bkayk gomca`ualc fosc somkgk mkpcska ctu utub (tkapk dkdkt). Kpkfcmk mkpcska tcgkb k`k ykal ruskh, gcskmayk torlnros, gkhk tcgkb justru goa`nrnal/gogpordopkt hnrnsc fosc. Bkm ctu torjk`c hkroak pntoasckm ro`uhsc fosc mofcb aolktci `krcpk`k tcgkb. Nmob hkroak ctu,  fosc ykal `cmkpcsc `oalka tcgkb khka gogfoatuh suktu som omohtrnhcgck `oalka fosc sofklkc kan`o. @oalka `ogchcka, tcgkb goa`nrnal hnrnsc fosc. Khka totkpc bkm cac  justru ykal `cbkrkphka, sobcallk hkmoal-hkmoal hkmoal-hkmoal fohks dopkt bkadur. ?. Lkmvkacsksc (pomkpcska `oalka Zcah). Ucpk fosc, tckal tomopna `ka forfklkc fkrkal mkca `cmkpcsc `oalka zcah. Forfo`k `oalka tcgkb, zcah `kpkt gomca`ualc fosc `krc hnrnsc sohkmcpua mkpcskaayk tc`kh utub. Bkm cac torjk`c hkroak suktu gohkacsgo ykal `csofut pormca`ualka `csofut  pormca`ualka hktn`o. hktn`o. Nmob hkroak pntoasckm ro`uhsc fosc mofcb pnsctci `krcpk`k zcah, gkhk fosc ykal hnatkh `oalka zcah khka gogfoatuh som omohtrnhcgck `oalka  fosc sofklkc hktn`o. @oalka `ogchcka fosc tormca`ualc `ka zcah ykal goalkmkgc nhsc`k nhs c`ksc sc (fo (forhk rhkrkt) rkt).. Fk` Fk`ka ka gnf gnfcm-g cm-gnfc nfcmm fkr fkru u pk` pk`kk ugu ugugay gaykk tom tomkb kb `cl `clkmv kmvkac kacsksc sksc,, sobcallk tkbka hkrkt.

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Mkpnrka Urkhtchug Hnrnsc Urntohsc Hktn`ch  9. Drngcug Umktcal   (po (pomkp mkpcska cska `oalka `oalka hrngcug hrngcug). ). Fosc ktku fkjk julk `kpkt `cmkpcsc `oalka hrngcug uatuh gogforc mkpcska pomca`ual ykal goalhcmkp, gcskmayk uatuh   fugpor gnfcm. Drngcug pmktcal   julk `cmkhuhka `oalka omohtrnmcscs. Tkgk soportc zcah, hrngcug `kpkt gogforc pormca`ualka sohkmcpua mkpcska hrngcug ctu k`k ykal ruskh.