[N Bastruntmr
Fþrdu`is nma Hxnh` ?;96 \mlm smorh fþrdu`is [rbanhsi \mrrhs
96
Nmathablm Fþrdu`is nma Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` ?;96 ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ................. .... 9 ^B (fuanbþa ^B) .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ......................... .......... 2 R (fuanbþa R)............................... R)............................................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .................... ...... 9; M (fuanbþa M) .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ....................... ........ 99 AM (fuanbþa AM) ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ .. 9? ^B.H__M_ (Fuanbþa ^B.H__M_) ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ ......................... ........... 9> OX^NI_V ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............. 96 OX^NI_G ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............. 95 Fuanbmahs lh fhngi y gmri (rhfhrhanbi) ............................. ........................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ....................... ........ ? ?; ; Fuanbmahs lh thxtm (rhfhrhanbi) ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. .................... ...... 89 Iulbtmräi lh Fþrdu`is .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 76 Lbrhntrbnhs y hjhdp`ms lh fþrdu`is lh ditrbz .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ .. 2 8 14 > 8 04 > 8 01 >
Mphrilmr lh nmanithainbþa lh thxtm Xtb`bnh h` sbeam ‐&— piri uabr m nmanithair uai m virbis nilhais lh thxtm nma h` fba lh ehahrir ua sm`m h`hdhatm
lh thxtm. Mphrilmr lh thxtm & (‐y— nmdhrnbi`)
^beabfbnilm Nmanithair
Hjhdp`m ‐I`ti ‐ & ‐ni`blil—
Mphrilmrhs lh rhfhrhanbi
>
Nmdobaia riaems lh nh`lis piri `ms né`nu`ms né `nu`ms nma `ms sbeubhaths mphrilmrhs. Mphrilmr lh rhfhrhanbi : (lms puatms)
, (nmdi)
^beabfbnilm
Hjhdp`m
Mphrilmr lh riaem quh ehahri uai rhfhrhanbi i tmlis `is nh`lis hatrh lms rhfhrhanbis, âstis ban`ublis Mphrilmr lh uabþa quh nmdobai virbis rhfhrhanbis ha uai sm`i
N8:N98
^XDI(N8:N98, L8:L98)
Fuanbmahs ha Hxnh` Hxnh` lbspmah lh uai eria virbhlil lh fþrdu`is prhlhfbablis, lhamdbailis fuanbmahs, quh sh utb`bzia piri hjhnutir mphrinbmahs lhslh duy sbdp`hs gisti duy nmdp`hjis. ^b am sh nmamnh `i sbatixbs lh uai fuanbþa quh gi lh shr batrmlunbli ha uai fþrdu`i, giei n`bn ha `i nh`li ha quh lhshh batrmlunbr `i fþrdu`i, giei n`bn ha
ha `i oirri lh fþrdu`is piri babnbir `i fþrdu`i nma `i fuanbþa.
Ha tmli fuanbþa pmlhdms lbstbaeubr hatrh sus ireudhatms „quh puhlha shr aúdhrms, thxtm, vi`mrhs `þebnms (nmdm Vhrlilhrm m Fi`sm), ditrbnhs, vi`mrhs lh hrrmr, rhfhrhanbis lh nh`li, nmastiaths, fþrdu`is u mtris fuanbmahs- y su hstrunturi. @i hstrunturi lh uai fuanbþa nmdbhazi pmr h` amdorh lh `i fuanbþa, sheublm lh ua pirâathsbs lh iphrturi, `ms ireudhatms lh `i fuanbþa f uanbþa shpirilms pmr nmdis y ua pirâathsbs lh nbhrrh. @i sbatixbs lh nui`qubhr fuanbþa hs: amdorh]fuanbþa(ireudhatm93ireudhatm?3...3ireudhatmA) ^beuha `is sbeubhaths rhe`is: - - -
^b `i fuanbþa vi i` nmdbhazm lh uai fþrdu`i lhoh hdphzir pmr h` sbeam 4. @ms ireudhatms m vi`mrhs lh hatrili via sbhdprh hatrh pirâathsbs. Am lhjhs hspinbms iaths m lhspuâs lh nili pirâathsbs. @ms ireudhatms puhlha shr vi`mrhs nmastiaths (aúdhrm m thxtm), fþrdu`is m fuanbmahs.
-
@ms ireudhatms lhoha lh shpirirsh pmr ua puatm y nmdi m nmdi.
Hjhdp`m: 4^XDI(I9:N7) \hahdms `i fuanbþa ^XDI() quh lhvuh`vh nmdm rhsu`tilm `i sudi lh sus ireudhatms. H` mphrilmr " :" ams blhatbfbni ua riaem lh nh`lis, isä I9:N7 balbni tmlis `is nh`lis ban`ublis hatrh `i nh`li I9 y `i N7, isä `i fuanbþa iathrbmr shräi hqubvi`hath i: 4I9+I?+I>+I+O+N Hxnh` rhsm`vhré prbdhrm `is hxprhsbmahs (I9+I>) y (I?-I y ? rhsphntbvidhath, lhspuâs rhi`bziré `i sudi mothabhalm isä 8 nmdm rhsu`tilm.
Xtb`bzir Fuanbmahs nmdm ireudhatms lh `is Fuanbmahs Hxnh` tidobâa phrdbth quh uai fuanbþa sh nmavbhrti ha ireudhatm lh mtri fuanbþa, lh hsti fmrdi pmlhdms rhi`bzir mphrinbmahs rhi`dhath nmdp`hjis ha uai sbdp`h nh`li. [mr hjhdp`m 4DIW(^XDI(I9:I) , hsti fþrdu`i nmasti lh `i nmdobainbþa lh lms fuanbmahs, `i sudi y h` vi`mr déxbdm. Hxnh` rhi`bziré prbdhrm `i sudi
^XDI(I9:I.
7
^B (fuanbþa ^B) @i fuanbþa ^B lhvuh`vh ua vi`mr sb uai nmalbnbþa hsphnbfbnili sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M y mtrm vi`mr sb sh hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M. FI@^M. [mr hjhdp`m, `i fþrdu`i 4^B(I919;,"Dés lh 9;","9; m dhams") lhvuh`vh "Dés lh 9;" sb I9 hs diymr quh 9; y "9; m dhams" sb I9 hs dhamr m beui` quh 9;.
^batixbs ^B(pruhoi]`þebni3 Svi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrmT3 Svi`mr]sb]fi`smT) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa ^B tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
[ruhoi]`þebni Mo`beitmrbm. Nui`qubhr vi`mr m hxprhsbþa quh puhli hvi`uirsh nmdm VH_LILH_M m FI@^M. [mr hjhdp`m, I9;49;; hs uai hxprhsbþa hxprhsbþa `þebni3 sb h` vi`mr lh `i nh`li I9; hs beui` i 9;;, `i hxprhsbþa sh hvi`úi hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M. Lh `m nmatrirbm, sh hvi`uiré nmdm FI@^M. Hsth ireudhatm puhlh utb`bzir nui`qubhr mphrilmr lh nmdpirinbþa: 1 Diymr quâ 0 Dhamr quâ 14 04 01 4
Diymr m beui` quâ Dhamr m beui` quâ Lbfhrhath Beui`
Vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm Mpnbmai`. H` vi`mr quh lhshi lhshi quh sh lhvuh`vi sb h` ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M. [mr hjhdp`m, sb h` vi`mr lh hsth ireudhatm hs `i nilhai lh thxtm "Lhatrm lh prhsupuhstm" y h` ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M, `i fuanbþa ^B duhstri h` thxtm "Lhatrm lh prhsupuhstm". ^b h` ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M y h` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm sh mdbth (hs lhnbr, lhspuâs lh pruhoi]`þebni sm`idhath giy ua puatm y nmdi), `i fuanbþa ^B lhvuh`vh ; (nhrm). [iri dmstrir `i pi`iori VH_LILH_M, ut utb`bnh b`bnh h` vi`mr `þebnm VH_LILH_M piri h` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm. Vi`mr]sb]fi`sm Mpnbmai`. H` vi`mr quh lhshi quh sh lhvuh`vi sb h` ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M. [mr hjhdp`m, sb h` vi`mr lh hsth ireudhatm hs `i nilhai lh thxtm "[rhsupuhstm "[rhsupuhstm hxnhlblm" y h` ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M, `i fuanbþa ^B lhvuh`vh h` thxtm "[rhsupuhstm hxnhlblm". ^b pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M y h` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]fi`sm sh mdbth (hs lhnbr, lhspuâs lh` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm am giy uai nmdi), `i fuanbþa ^B lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr `þebnm FI@^M. ^b pruhoi]`þebni sh hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M y sh mdbth h` vi`mr lh` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]fi`sm (hs lhnbr, sm`m giy uai nmdi lhspuâs lh` ireudhatm vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm), `i fuanbþa ^B lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr ; (nhrm).
Moshrvinbmahs
Hs pmsbo`h iablir gisti 6< fuanbmahs ^B nmdm ireudhatms vi`mr]sb]vhrlilhrm y vi`mr]sb]fi`sm piri nrhir pruhois dés nmdp`bnilis (vhi h` hjhdp`m > piri vhr uai duhstri lh fuanbmahs ^B iablilis). Nmdm i`thraitbvi, piri nmdprmoir dungis nmalbnbmahs, p`iatâhsh usir `is fuanbmahs OX^NI_,
2
NMA^X@\IV, NMA^X@\IG m H@HEB_ (vhi h` hjhdp`m < piri mothahr uai duhstri lh `i fuanbþa OX^NI_). ^b nui`qubhri lh `ms ireudhatms lh `i fuanbþa ^B hs uai ditrbz, nili h`hdhatm lh `i ditrbz sh hvi`uiré nuialm sh hjhnuth `i bastrunnbþa ^B. Hxnh` prmpmrnbmai fuanbmahs ilbnbmai`hs quh sh puhlha utb`bzir piri iai`bzir `ms litms ha fuanbþa lh uai nmalbnbþa. [mr hjhdp`m, piri nmatir h` aúdhrm lh vhnhs qu quhh uai nilhai lh thxtm m ua aúdhrm ipirhnha lhatrm lh ua riaem lh nh`lis, utb`bnh `is fuanbmahs lh gmji lh né`nu`m NMA\I_.^B m NMA\I_.^B.NMAJXA\M. [iri ni`nu`ir uai sudi oiséalmsh ha uai nilh nilhai ai lh thxtm m ua aúdhrm aúdhrm lh ua riaem, utb`bnh `is fuanbmahs ^XDI_.^B m ^XDI_.^B.NMAJXA\M.
R (fuanbþa R) Lhvuh`vh VH_LILH_M sb tmlms `ms ireudhatms sh hvi`úia nmdm VH_LILH_M3 lhvuh`vh FI@^M sb uam m dés ireudhatms sh hvi`úia nmdm FI@^M. Xa usm nmdúa lh `i fuanbþa R hs hxpialbr `i utb`blil lh mtris fuanbmahs quh rhi`bzia pruhois `þebnis. `þebnis. [mr hjhdp`m, `i fuanbþa ^B rhi`bzi uai pruhoi `þebni y, `uhem, lhvuh`vh ua vi`mr sb `i pruhoi sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M y mtrm vi`mr sb `i pruhoi sh hvi`úi hvi`úi nmdm FI@^M. Nma `i fuanbþa R nmdm ireudhatm pruhoi]`þebni lh `i fuanbþa ^B, puhlh prmoir virbis nmalbnbmahs lbfhrhaths ha `ueir lh sþ`m uai.
^batixbs R(vi`mr]`þebnm93 Svi`mr]`þebnm?T3 ...) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa R tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
vi`mr]`þebnm9 Mo`beitmrbm. @i prbdhri prbdhri nmalbnbþa quh lhshi lhshi prmoir sh puhlh hvi`uir nmdm VH_LILH_M m FI@^M. vi`mr]`þebnm?3 ... Mpnbmai`. @is nmalbnbmahs ilbnbmai`hs quh lhshi lhshi prmoir sh puhlha hvi`uir nm nmdm dm VH_LILH_M m FI@^M, gisti ua déxbdm lh ?88 nmalbnbmahs.
Moshrvinbmahs
@ms ireudhatms lhoha hvi`uirsh nmdm vi`mrhs `þebnms, nmdm VH_LILH_M m FI@^M, m obha lhoha shr ditrbnhs m rhfhrhanbis quh nmathaeia vi`mrhs `þebnms. ^b ua ireudhatm lh ditrbz m lh rhfhrhanbi nmatbhah thxtm m nh`lis n h`lis vinäis, hsms vi`mrhs sh pisiréa pmr i`tm. ^b h` riaem hsphnbfbnilm am nmatbhah vi`mrhs `þebnms, `i fuanbþa R lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡VI@M_!.
Hjhdp`ms Hjhdp`m 9 H` hjhdp`m shré dés fénb` lh hathalhr sb `m nmpbi ha uai gmji lh né`nu`m ha o`ianm.
9;
9 ?
I
O
N
Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa
_hsu`tilm
4R(VH_LILH_M3 VH_LILH_M)
\mlms `ms ireudhatms sma VH_LILH_M
VH_LILH_M
4R(VH_LILH_M3 FI@^M)
Xa ireudhatm hs FI@^M
FI@^M
4R(?+?448)
\mlms `ms ireudhatms sh hvi`úia nmdm VH_LILH_M
VH_LILH_M
>
3 I>09;;)3 I>3 "H` vi`mr hsté fuhri lh` riaem.")
Duhstri h` aúdhrm ha `i nh`li I>, sb hs ua aúdhrm hatrh 9 y 9;;. Lh `m nmatrirbm, duhstri h` dhasijh "H` vi`mr hsté fuhri lh` riaem".
H` vi`mr hsté fuhri lh` riaem.
4^B(R(90I?3 I?09;;)3 I?3 "H` vi`mr hsté fuhri lh` riaem.")
Duhstri h` aúdhrm ha `i nh`li I?, sb hs ua aúdhrm hatrh 9 y 9;;. Lh `m nmatrirbm, sh duhstri ua dhasijh.
8;
9
Litms
?
8;
>
9;<
I
O
Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa (rhsu`tilm)
4AM(FI@^M)
Bavbhrth FI@^M (VH_LILH_M)
4AM(9+94?)
Bavbhrth uai hnuinbþa quh sh hvi`úi nmdm VH_LILH_M (FI@^M)
^B.H__M_ (Fuanbþa ^B.H__M_) Lhvuh`vh ua vi`mr quh sh hsphnbfbni sb uai fþrdu`i sh hvi`úi nmdm ua hrrmr3 lh `m nmatrirbm, lhvuh`vh h` rhsu`tilm lh `i fþrdu`i. Xtb`bnh `i fuanbþa ^B.H__M_ piri bathr bathrnhptir nhptir y nmatrm`ir hrrmrhs ha uai fþrdu`i.
^batixbs ^B.H__M_(vi`mr3 vi`mr]sb]hrrmr) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa ^B.H__M_ tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Vi`mr Mo`beitmrbm. H` ireudhatm ha h` quh sh ousni ua hrrmr. Vi`mr]sb]hrrmr Mo`beitmrbm. H` vi`mr quh sh lhvuh`vh sb `i fþrdu`i sh hvi`úi nmdm ua hrrmr. ^h hvi`úia `ms tbpms sbeubhaths lh hrrmr: #A/I, #¡VI@M_!, #¡_HF!, #¡LBV/;!, #¡AXD!, #½AMDO_H= m #¡AX@M!.
Moshrvinbmahs
^b vi`mr m vi`mr]sb]hrrmr hstéa ha uai nh`li vinäi, ^B.H__M_ `ms triti nmdm ua vi`mr lh nilhai vinäi (""). ^b vi`mr hs uai fþrdu`i lh ditrbz, ^B.H__M_ lhvuh`vh uai ditrbz lh rhsu`tilms piri nili nh`li lh` riaem hsphnbfbnilm ha h` vi`mr. Vhi h` sheualm hjhdp`m sbeubhath.
9>
Hjhdp`ms Hjhdp`m: Bathrnhptir hrrmrhs lh lbvbsbþa utb`bzialm uai fþrdu`i rheu`ir I
O
9
Numti
Xablilhs vhalblis
?
?9;
>8
>
88
;
Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa (rhsu`tilm)
4^B.H__M_(I?/O?3 "Hrrmr ha h` né`nu`m")
Nmdpruhoi sb giy ua hrrmr ha `i fþrdu`i ha h` prbdhr ireudhatm (lbvblh ?9; pmr >8), am hanuhatri abaeúa hrrmr y lhvuh`vh `ms rhsu`tilms lh `i fþrdu`i (6).
4^B.H__M_(I>/O>3 "Hrrmr ha h` né`nu`m")
Nmdpruhoi sb giy ua hrrmr ha `i fþrdu`i ha h` prbdhr ireudhatm (lbvblh 88 pmr ;), hanuhatri ua hrrmr lh lbvbsbþa pmr ; y lhvuh`vh vi`mr]sb]hrrmr (Hrrmr ha h` né`nu`m).
4^B.H__M_(I
I
O
N
Numti
Xablilhs vhalblis
_h`inbþa
?9;
>8
4^B.H__M_(I?:I< /O?:O
8), am hanuhatri abaeúa hrrmr y lhvuh`vh `ms rhsu`tilms lh `i fþrdu`i (6).
4N>
Nmdpruhoi sb giy ua hrrmr ha `i fþrdu`i ha h` prbdhr ireudhatm lh` sheualm h`hdhatm lh `i ditrbz (I>/O> m lbvblh 88 pmr ;), hanuhatri ua hrrmr lh lbvbsbþa pmr ; y lhvuh`vh vi`mr]sb]hrrmr (Hrrmr ha h` né`nu`m).
4N<
Nmdpruhoi sb giy ua hrrmr ha `i fþrdu`i ha h` prbdhr ireudhatm lh` thrnhr h`hdhatm lh `i ditrbz (I), am hanuhatri abaeúa hrrmr y lhvuh`vh `ms rhsu`tilms lh `i fþrdu`i (;).
6
5
7
9<
AM\I @i fþrdu`i lh` hjhdp`m lhoh hsphnbfbnirsh nmdm fþrdu`i lh ditrbz.
Lhspuâs lh nmpbir h` hjhdp`m ha uai gmji lh né`nu`m ha o`ianm, sh`hnnbmah h` riaem N?:N7, puhlh usir `i fþrdu`i 4OX^NI_V(>73 I?:N9;3 >3 FI@^M). Hsti fþrdu`i ousni h` vi`mr >7 ha `i prbdhri nm`udai lh` riaem I?:N9; y, i nmatbauinbþa, lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr nmathablm ha `i thrnhri nm`udai lh` riaem y ha `i dbsdi fb`i quh h` vi`mr lh oúsquhli ("Juia Nir`ms _bvis"). @i V lh OX^NI_V sbeabfbni vhrtbni`. Xsh OX^NI_V ha `ueir lh OX^NI_G sb `ms vi`mrhs lh nmdpirinbþa sh hanuhatria ha uai nm`udai sbtuili i `i bzqubhrli lh `ms litms quh lhshi ousnir.
^batixbs NMA^X@\IV(vi`mr]ousnilm3 `mmcup]vi`uh, ditrbz]ousnir]ha3 balbnilmr]nm`udais3 SmrlhailmT) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa NMA^X@\IV tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
vi`mr]ousnilm Mo`beitmrbm. Vi`mr quh sh vi vi i ousnir ha `i prbdhri prbdhri nm`udai lh `i tio`i tio`i m riaem. H` ireudhatm vi`mr]ousnilm puhlh shr ua vi`mr m uai rhfhrhanbi. ^b h` vi`mr quh prmpmrnbmah piri hh`` ireudhatm vi`mr]ousnilm hs bafhrbmr i` dhamr vi`mr lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh` ireudhatm ditrbz]ousnir]ha, OX^NI_V lhvuh`vh i` vi`mr lh hrrmr #A/I. ditrbz]ousnir]ha Mo`beitmrbm. H` riaem lh nh`lis quh nmatbhah `ms litms. [uhlh usir uai rhfhrhanbi i ua riaem (pmr hjhdp`m, I?:L7) m ua amdorh lh riaem. @ms vi`mrhs lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha sma `ms vi`mrhs quh ousni vi`mr]ousnilm. Hstms vi`mrhs puhlha shr thxtm, aúdhrms m vi`mrhs `þebnms. @is diyúsnu`is y dbaúsnu`is lh` thxtm sma hqubvi`haths. balbnilmr]nm`udais Mo`beitmrbm. Xa aúdhrm lh nm`udai lh` ireudhatm ireudhatm ditrbz]ousnir]ha lhslh `i nui` lhoh lhvm`vhrsh lhvm`vhrsh h` vi`mr nmbanblhath. nmbanblhath. ^b h` ireudhatm balbnilmr]nm`udais hs beui` i 9, `i
fuanbþa lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh` ireudhatm ditrbz]ousnir]ha3 sb h` ireudhatm
96
balbnilmr]nm`udais hs beui` i ?, lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh `i sheuali nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha y isä
sunhsbvidhath. ^b h` ireudhatm balbnilmr]nm`udais hs:
m
Bafhrbmr i 9, OX^NI_V lhvuh`vh i` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡VI@M_!.
m
^uphrbmr i` aúdhrm lh nm`udais lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha, OX^NI_ lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr
#¡_HF!. mrlhailm Mpnbmai`. Xa vi`mr `þebnm quh hsphnbfbni sb NMA^X@\IV vi i ousnir uai nmbanblhanbi hxinti m iprmxbdili: ^b mrlhailm sh mdbth m hs VH_LILH_M, sh lhvm`vhré uai nmbanblhanbi hxinti m iprmxbdili. ^b am hanuhatri abaeuai nmbanblhanbi hxinti, lhvm`vhré h` sbeubhath vi`mr dés i`tm bafhrbmr i vi`mr]ousnilm. ^b mrlhailm sh mdbth m hs VH_LILH_M, `ms vi`mrhs lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha lhoha hstir n`isbfbnilms sheúa ua nrbthrbm lh mrlhainbþa isnhalhath3 ha nism nmatrirbm, hs pmsbo`h quh OX^NI_V am lhvuh`vi h` vi`mr nmrrhntm. BD[M_\IA\H
^b mrlhailm hs FI@^M, am hs ahnhsirbm mrlhair `ms vi`mrhs lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha.
^b h` ireudhatm mrlhailm hs FI@^M, OX^NI_V sm`m ousniré uai nmbanblhanbi nmbanblhanbi hxinti. ^b giy lms m dés vi`mrhs ha `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha quh nmbanblha nma h` ireudhatm vi`mr]oúsquhli, sh usiré h` prbdhr vi`mr hanmatrilm. ^b am sh hanuhatri uai nmbanblhanbi hhxinti, xinti, sh lhvm`vhré h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #A/I.
Moshrvinbmahs
I` ousnir vi`mrhs lh thxtm ha `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha, isheúrhsh lh quh `ms litms lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha am tbhaha hspinbms i` prbanbpbm ab i` fbai`, lh quh am giy ua usm banmghrhath lh `is n mdb``is rhntis ( ' m " ) ab tbpmeréfbnis ( ‗ m ‐) y lh quh am giy nirinthrhs am bdprbdbo`hs. Ha hstms hstms nisms, OX^NI_V puhlh lhvm`vhr ua vi`mr bahsphrilm m banmrrhntm. I` ousnir vi`mrhs lh fhngis m aúdhrms, isheúrhsh lh quh `ms litms lh `i prbdhri nm`udai lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha am sh i`dinhaha nmdm vi`mrhs lh thxtm, yi quh, ha hsh nism, OX^NI_V puhlh
lhvm`vhr ua vi`mr banmrrhntm m bahsphrilm. ^b mrlhailm hs FI@^M y vi`mr]ousnilm hs ua vi`mr lh thxtm, sh puhlha usir `ms nirinthrhs nmdmläa lh sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa (=) y isthrbsnm (*) ha h` ireudhatm vi`mr]ousnilm. H` sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa bathrrmeinbþa nmrrhspmalh i ua sm`m nirénthr nui`qubhri y h` isthrbsnm hqubvi`h i nui`qubhr shnuhanbi lh nirinthrhs. ^b `m quh lhshi ousnir hs ua sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa m ua isthrbsnm, hsnrboi uai tb`lh (~) iaths lh` nirénthr.
OX^NI_G Ousni ua vi`mr ha `i fb`i suphrbmr lh uai tio`i m uai ditrbz lh vi`mrhs y, i nmatbauinbþa, lhvuh`vh ua vi`mr ha `i dbsdi nm`udai lh uai fb`i hsphnbfbnili ha `i tio`i m ditrbz. Xsh OX^NI_G nuialm `ms vi`mrhs lh nmdpirinbþa sh hanuhatrha ha uai fb`i ha `i pirth suphrbmr lh uai tio`i lh litms y lhshh hanmatrir
95
bafmrdinbþa quh sh gi``h lhatrm lh ua aúdhrm aúdhrm hsphnbfbnilm lh fb`is. Xsh NMA^X@\IV nuialm `ms vi`mrhs lh nmdpirinbþa sh hanuhatrha ha uai nm`udai i `i bzqubhrli lh `ms litms quh lhshh hanmatrir. @i G lh OX^NI_G sbeabfbni "Gmrbzmati`".
^batixbs
OX^NI_G(vi`mr]ousnilm3 ditrbz]ousnir]ha3 balbnilmr]fb`is3 SmrlhailmT) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa OX^NI_G O X^NI_G tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Vi`mr]ousnilm Mo`beitmrbm. H` vi`mr quh sh sh ousni ha `i prbdhri fb`i lh `i tio`i. tio`i. Vi`mr]ousnilm puhlh shr ua vi`mr, uai rhfhrhanbi m uai nilhai lh thxtm. Ditrbz]ousnir]ha Mo`beitmrbm. Xai tio`i lh bafmrdinbþa ha ha `i quh sh ousnia `ms litms. Xsh uai rhfhrhanbi i ua riaem m h` amdorh lh ua riaem.
@ms vi`mrhs lh `i prbdhri fb`i lh` ireudhatm ditrbz]ousnir]ha puhlha shr thxtm, aúdhrms m vi`mrhs `þebnms. ^b mrlhailm hs VH_LILH_M, lh `iFI@^M, prbdhri fb`i lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha lhoha nm`mnirsh ha mrlha isnhalhath: ...-?, -9, ;,`ms9,vi`mrhs ?, ..., I-Z, VH_LILH_M3 lh `m nmatrirbm, OX^NI_G puhlh lhvm`vhr ua vi`mr banmrrhntm. ^b mrlhailm hs FI@^M, am hhss ahnhsirbm mrlhair ditrbz]ousnir]ha. ditrbz]ousnir]ha. H` thxtm ha diyúsnu`is y ha dbaúsnu`is hs hqubvi`hath.
Balbnilmr]fb`is Mo`beitmrbm. H` aúdhrm lh fb`i ha ditrbz]ousnir]ha lhslh h` nui` lhoh lhvm`vhrsh lhvm`vhrsh h` vi`mr nmbanblhath. ^b balbnilmr]fb`is hs 9, lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh `i prbd prbdhri hri fb`i ha ditrbz]ousnir]ha3 sb balbnilmr]fb`is hs ?, lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh `i sheuali fb`i ha ditrbz]ousnir]ha y isä sunhsbvidhath. ^b balbnilmr]fb`is hs dhamr quh 9, OX^NI_G lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡VI@M_!3 sb balbnilmr]fb`is hs diymr quh h` aúdhrm lh fb`is ha ditrbz]ousnir]ha, OX^NI_G lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡_HF!. Mrlhailm Mpnbmai`. Xa vi`mr `þebnm quh quh hsphnbfbni sb OX^NI_G OX^NI_G lhoh `mni`bzir uai nmbanblhanbi nmbanblhanbi hxinti m iprmxbdili. ^b hs VH_LILH_M m sh mdbth, lhvm`vhré uai nmbanblhanbi iprmxbdili. Hs lhnbr,
sb am hanuhatri abaeuai nmbanblhanbi hxinti, lhvm`vhré h` sbeubhath vi`mr diymr quh shi bafhrbmr i vi`mr]ousnilm. ^b hs FI@^M, OX^NI_G hanmatriré hanmatriré uai nmbanblhanbi hxinti. ^b am hanuhatri abaeu abaeuai, ai, lhvm`vhré h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #A/I.
Moshrvinbþa
^b OX^NI_G am `meri hanmatrir vi`mr]ousnilm, utb`bzi h` diymr vi`mr quh shi dhamr quh vi`mr]ousnilm. ^b vi`mr]ousnilm hs dhamr quh h` dhamr vi`mr lh `i prbdhri fb`i lh ditrbz]ousnir]ha, OX^NI_G lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #A/I. ^b Mrlhailm hs FI@^M y vi`mr]ousnilm hs ua vi`mr lh thxtm, sh puhlha usir `ms nirinthrhs nmdmläa lh sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa (=) y isthrbsnm (*) ha h` ireudhatm vi`mr]ousnilm. H` sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa nmrrhspmalh i ua sm`m nirénthr nui`qubhri y h` isthrbsnm hqubvi`h i nui`qubhr shnuhanbi lh nirinthrhs.
97
^b `m quh lhshi ousnir hs ua sbeam lh bathrrmeinbþa m ua isthrbsnm, hsnrboi uai tb`lh (~) iaths lh` nirénthr.
Hjhdp`m
9 ?
I
O
N
Hjhs
Nmjbahths
[hrams
<
<
2
8
5
9;
6
7
99
Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa (rhsu`tilm)
> ha `i prbdhri fb`i lh `i nmastiath ditrbnbi` y lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh `i fb`i ? ha `i dbsdi nm`udai (n)
9;
92
Fuanbmahs lh fhngi y gmri (rhfhrhanbi) [iri mothahr bafmrdinbþa lhti``ili smorh uai fuanbþa, giei n`bn ha su amdorh ha `i prbdhri nm`udai. Amti: @ms dirnilmrhs lh vhrsbþa balbnia `i vhrsbþa lh Hxnh` ha `i quh sh prhshatþ uai fuanbþa. Hstis fuanbmahs am hstéa lbspmabo`hs ha vhrsbmahs iathrbmrhs. [mr hjhdp`m, ua dirnilmr lh vhrsbþa lh ?;9> balbni quh hsti
fuanbþa hsté lbspmabo`h ha Hxnh` ?;96 y ha tmlis `is vhrsbmahs pmsthrbmrhs. Fuanbþa
Lhsnrbpnbþa
Fuanbþa FHNGI Fuanbþa FHNGI
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh nmrrhspmalbhath i uai fhngi lhthrdbaili. l hthrdbaili.
Fuanbþa ^BFHNGI Fuanbþa ^BFHNGI
Ni`nu`i h` aúdhrm lh läis, dhshs m iùms hatrh lms fhngis. Hsti fuanbþa hs útb` ha `is fþrdu`is ha `is quh ahnhsbth ni`nu`ir uai hlil.
Fuanbþa VI@FHNGI Fuanbþa VI@FHNGI
Nmavbhrth uai fhngi nma fmrditm lh thxtm ha ua vi`mr lh aúdhrm lh shrbh.
Fuanbþa LBI Fuanbþa LBI
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh läi lh` dhs.
Fuanbþa
LBI^ Lhvuh`vh `i niatblil lh läis hatrh lms fhngis. LBI^
Fuanbþa LBI^>6; Fuanbþa LBI^>6;
Ni`nu`i h` aúdhrm lh läis hatrh lms fhngis i pirtbr lh ua iùm lh >6; läis.
FHNGI.DH^ Fuanbþa FHNGI.DH^ Fuanbþa
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh lh `i fhngi hqubvi`hath i` aúdhrm balbnilm lh dhshs iathrbmrhs m pmsthrbmrhs i `i fhngi babnbi`.
Fuanbþa FBA.DH^ Fuanbþa FBA.DH^
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh nmrrhspmalbhath i` ú`tbdm läi lh` dhs iathrbmr m pmsthrbmr i ua aúdhrm lh dhshs hsphnbfbnilm.
GM_I Fuanbþa GM_I Fuanbþa
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh gmri.
Fuanbþa B^M.AXD.LH.^HDIAI B^M.AXD.LH.^HDIAI
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shdiai B^M lh` iùm piri uai fhngi lhthrdbaili.
Fuanbþa DBAX\M Fuanbþa DBAX\M
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh dbautm.
Fuanbþa DH^ Fuanbþa DH^
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh dhs.
Fuanbþa LBI^.@IO Fuanbþa LBI^.@IO
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh tmlms `ms läis `iomrio`hs `i omrio`hs hxbsthaths hatrh lms fhngis.
Fuanbþa
LBI^
[email protected]\@ Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh tmlms `ms läis `iomrio`hs hxbsthaths hatrh lms fhngis LBI^
[email protected]\@ usialm pirédhtrms piri balbnir nué`hs y nuéatms sma läis lh fba lh shdiai.
IGM_I Fuanbþa IGM_I Fuanbþa
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh nmrrhspmalbhath i `i fhngi y gmri intui`hs.
^HEXALM Fuanbþa ^HEXALM Fuanbþa
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh sheualm.
Fuanbþa GM_I.LH\ Fuanbþa GM_I.LH\
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh nmrrhspmalbhath i uai gmri lhthrdbaili.
GM_IAXDH_M Fuanbþa GM_IAXDH_M Fuanbþa
Nmavbhrth uai gmri nma fmrditm lh thxtm ha ua vi`mr lh aúdhrm lh shrbh.
?;
Fuanbþa
Lhsnrbpnbþa
GMR Fuanbþa GMR Fuanbþa
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh nmrrhspmalbhath i` läi intui`.
Fuanbþa LBI^HD Fuanbþa LBI^HD
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh läi lh `i shdiai.
Fuanbþa AXD.LH.^HDIAI AXD.LH.^HDIAI
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua aúdhrm quh rhprhshati h` `ueir audârbnm nmrrhspmalbhath i uai shdiai lh ua iùm.
Fuanbþa LBI.@IO Fuanbþa LBI.@IO
Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh lh `i fhngi quh tbhah `ueir iaths m lhspuâs lh ua aúdhrm lhthrdbailm lh läis `iomrio`hs.
Fuanbþa
[email protected]\@ Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh lh `i fhngi iathrbmr m pmsthrbmr i ua aúdhrm
[email protected]\@ hsphnbfbnilm lh läis `iomrio`hs usialm pirédhtrms piri balbnir nué`hs y nuéatms sma läis lh fba lh shdiai.
IÙM Fuanbþa IÙM Fuanbþa
Nmavbhrth ua aúdhrm lh shrbh ha ua vi`mr lh iùm.
Fuanbþa F_IN.IÙM Fuanbþa F_IN.IÙM
Lhvuh`vh `i frinnbþa lh iùm quh rhprhshati h` aúdhrm tmti` lh läis hxbsthaths hatrh h` vi`mr lh fhngi]babnbi` y h` lh fhngi]fbai`.
Fuanbþa FHNGI
Xsh `i fuanbþa FHNGI lh Hxnh` nuialm ahnhsbth tmdir trhs vi`mrhs lbfhrhaths y nmdobair`ms piri fmrdir uai fhngi. @i fuanbþa FHNGI lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh shnuhanbi` quh rhprhshati uai fhngi lhthrdbaili. ^batixbs: FHNGI(iùm,dhs,läi)
@i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa FHNGI FHNG I tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Iùm Mo`beitmrbm. H` vi`mr lh` ireudhatm iùm puhlh ban`ubr lh uam i nuitrm läebtms. Hxnh` bathrprhti h` ireudhatm iùm sheúa h` sbsthdi lh fhngis quh usi h` hqubpm. Lh fmrdi prhlhthrdbaili, Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` piri Ubalmws usi h` sbsthdi lh fhngis lh 92;;, `m quh sbeabfbni quh `i prbdhri fhngi hs 9 lh hahrm lh 92;;.
^uehrhanbi: Xsh nuitrm läebtms piri h` ireudhatm iùm piri hvbtir rhsu`tilms am lhshilms. [mr hjhdp`m, ";5" pmlräi sbeabfbnir "92;5" m "?;;5". @ms iùms lh nuitrm läebtms hvbtia `i nmafusbþa.
^b h` iùm hs ua aúdhrm hatrh ; (nhrm) y 9722 (ban`usbvh), Hxnh` sudi hsh vi`mr i 92;; piri ni`nu`ir h` iùm. [mr hjhdp`m, LI\H(9;7,9,?) lhvuh`vh ? lh hahrm lh ?;;7 (92;;+9;7). ^b h` iùm hs ua aúdhrm hatrh 92;; y 2222 (ban`usbvh), Hxnh` usi hsh vi`mr nmdm h` iùm. [mr hjhdp`m, LI\H(?;;7,9,?) lhvuh`vh ? lh hahrm lh ?;;7. ^b h` iùm hs dhamr quh ;, m hs beui` m diymr quh 9;.;;;, Hxnh` lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡AXD!.
Dhs Mo`beitmrbm. Aúdhrm Aúdhrm hathrm pmsbtbvm pmsbtbvm m aheitbvm quh quh rhprhshati h` dhs lh` iùm, lh 9 i 9? (lh hahrm i lbnbhdorh).
?9
^b h` dhs hs diymr quh 9?, dhs sudi hsi niatblil lh dhshs i` prbdhr dhs lh` iùm hsphnbfbnilm. [mr hjhdp`m, LI\H(?;;7,9,?) lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh quh rhprhshati h` ? lh shptbhdorh lh ?;;5.
Läi Mo`beitmrbm. Aúdhrm Aúdhrm hathrm pmsbtbvm m aheitbvm quh rhprhshati h` h` läi lh` dhs, lh 9 i >9.
^b h` läi hs diymr quh `i niatblil lh läis lh` dhs hsphnbfbnilm, läi sudi hsi niatblil i `ms läis lh` prbdhr läi lh` dhs. [mr hjhdp`m, LI\H(?;;7,9,>8) lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh quh rhprhshati h` < lh fhorhrm lh ?;;7. ^b h` läi hs dhamr quh 9, läi rhsti `i dieabtul lh `i niatblil lh läis, dés uam, lh` prbdhr läi lh` dhs hsphnbfbnilm. [mr hjhdp`m, LI\H(?;;7,9,-98) lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh quh rhprhshati h` 96 lh lbnbhdorh lh ?;;5. Amti: Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. @i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >262?9, quh rhprhshati h` >; lh juabm lh ?;;9, sb usi h` sbsthdi lh fhngis lh 92;;), m obha nmdm rhsu`tilm lh mtris fþrdu`is m fuanbmahs (pmr hjhdp`m FHNGIAXDH_M(">;/;9/?;;9")). Fhngi]fbai` Xai fhngi quh rhprhshati rhprhshati `i ú`tbdi lh` phrämlm m i` fhngi lh fbai`bzinbþa. Xablil H` tbpm tbpm lh bafmrdinbþa quh lhshi mothahr: Xablil Lhvuh`vh
"R"
H` aúdhrm lh iùms nmdp`htms ha h` phrämlm.
"D"
H` aúdhrm lh dhshs nmdp`htms ha h` phrämlm.
"L"
H` aúdhrm lh läis ha h` phrämlm.
"DL"
@i lbfhrhanbi hatrh `ms läis ha fhngi]babnbi` y fhngi]fbai`. fhngi]fbai`. @ms dhshs y iùms lh `is fhngis fhngis sh pisia pmr i`tm. Bdpmrtiath: Am hs rhnmdhalio`h usir h` ireudhatm "DL", yi quh giy nmamnh `is `bdbtinbmahs nma â`. Nmasu`th `i shnnbþa lh prmo`hdis nmamnblms sbeubhath.
"RD"
@i lbfhrhanbi hatrh `ms dhshs lh fhngi]babnbi` y fhngi]fbai`. fhngi]fbai`. @ms @ms läis y iùms lh `is fhngis sh pisia pmr i`tm
"RL"
@i lbfhrhanbi hatrh `ms läis lh fhngi]babnbi` y fhngi]fbai`. @ms iùms lh `is fhngis sh pisia pmr i`tm.
Moshrvinbmahs
@is fhngis sh i`dinhaia nmdm nmd m aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh puhlia usirsh ha `ms né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi >9 lh lbnbhdorh lh 9722 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >2 lh diym lh ?;;7. ^b `is fhngis sh hsphnbfbnia nmdm thxtm, puhlha surebr prmo`hdis.
Dâtmlm Mpnbmai`. Vi`mr `þebnm quh hsphnbfbni sb sh usiré h` dâtmlm dâtmlm lh né`nu`m hurmphm m idhrbniam.
Dâtmlm
FI@^M mdbtblm
Dmlm lh né`nu`m
u
VH_LILH_M
Dâtmlm lh HH.XX. (AI^L). ^b `i fhngi babnbi` hs h` ú`tbdm läi lh` dhs, sh nmavbhrth ha h` läi >; lh` dbsdm dhs. ^b `i fhngi fbai` hs h` ú`tbdm läi lh` dhs y `i fhngi babnbi` hs iathrbmr i` läi >;, `i fhngi fbai` sh nmavbhrth ha h` läi 9 lh` dhs sbeubhath3 lh `m nmatrirbm `i fhngi f hngi fbai` sh nmavbhrth ha h` läi >; lh` dbsdm dhs. Dâtmlm hurmphm. @is fhngis babnbi`hs m fbai`hs quh nmrrhspmalha nmrrhspmalha i` läi >9 lh` dhs dhs sh nmavbhrtha ha h` läi >; lh` dbsdm dhs.
Amti: Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis f hngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9, dbhatris quh `i fhngi 9 lh
hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >26;(I>3I;.;9.99 y h` ;9.;?.99, smorh `i oish lh ua iùm lh >6; läis.
9.
4LBI^>6;(I?3I8)
Niatblil lh läis hatrh hatrh h` ;9.;9.99 y h` h` >9.9?.99, smorh smorh `i oish lh ua iùm lh >6; läis.
>6;
4LBI^>6;(I?3I6; läis.
;,>;
Fuanbþa FHNGI.DH^ Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh lh` ú`tbdm läi lh` dhs quh hs h` aúdhrm balbnilm lh dhshs iaths m lhspuâs lh fhngi]babnbi`. Xsh FBA.DH^ piri ni`nu`ir `is fhngis lh vhanbdbhatm quh nmbanblha nma h` ú`tbdm läi lh` dhs.
^batixbs FBA.DH^(fhngi]babnbi`, dhshs) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa FBA.DH^ tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Fhngi]babnbi` _hquhrblm. Xai fhngi quh rhprhshati `i fhngi babnbi`. @is fhngis lhoha lhoha batrmlunbrsh dhlbiath `i fuanbþa fhngi m nmdm rhsu`tilm lh mtris fþrdu`is m fuanbmahs. [mr hjhdp`m, utb`bnh LI\H(?;;7,8,?>) piri h` läi ?> lh diym lh ?;;7. [uhlha prmlunbrsh prmo`hdis sb sb `is fhngis sh batrmlunha nmdm thxtm. thxtm.
Dhshs Mo`beitmrbm. Hs h` aúdhrm lh dhshs iathrbmrhs m pmsthrbmrhs i` ireudhatm fhngi]babnbi`. Nuialm dhshs hs ua vi`mr pmsbtbvm, h` rhsu`tilm hs uai fhngi futuri3 nuialm hs ua vi`mr aheitbvm, h` rhsu`tilm hs uai fhngi pisili.
Amti: ^b h` ireudhatm dhshs am hs ua aúdhrm hathrm, sh truani.
Moshrvinbmahs
Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis f hngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i
?2
fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >2 nmdm rhsu`tilm lh mtris fþrdu`is m fuanbmahs. [mr hjhdp`m, utb`bnh LI\H(?;;7,8,?>) piri h` läi lh diym lh ?;;7. [uhlha prmlunbrsh prmo`hdis sb `is fhngis sb sh batrmlunha nmdm thxtm. thxtm.
Dhshs Mo`beitmrbm. Hs h` aúdhrm lh dhshs iathrbmrhs m pmsthrbmrhs i` ireudhatm fhngi]babnbi`. Nuialm dhshs hs ua vi`mr pmsbtbvm, h` rhsu`tilm hs uai fhngi futuri3 nuialm hs ua vi`mr aheitbvm, h` rhsu`tilm hs uai fhngi pisili.
Amti: ^b h` ireudhatm dhshs am hs ua aúdhrm hathrm, sh truani.
Moshrvinbmahs
Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i
>;
fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >2 (99:;; p.d.).
^batixbs GM_I(aúd]lh]shrbh) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa GM_I tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Aúd]lh]shrbh Mo`beitmrbm. Hs h` vi`mr lh gmri quh nmatbhah `i gmri quh lhshi mothahr. mothahr. [uhlh
hsnrbobr `is(pmr gmris nmdm nilhais lhquh thxtm hatrh nmdb``is (pmr hjhdp`m, nmdmlh aúdhrms lhnbdi`hs hjhdp`m, ;,579?8, rhprhshati `is 6:9
Gmri
;,58 97/5/?;99 5: lh diym lh ?;;7. [uhlha prmlunbrsh prmo`hdis sb sb `is fhngis sh batrmlunha nmdm thxtm. thxtm.
Moshrvinbmahs
Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis f hngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >2 lh diym lh ?;;7. [uhlh thahr prmo`hdis i` hsnrbobr `is fhngis
nmdm thxtm.
Moshrvinbmahs
Dbnrmsmft Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis nmdm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh fmrdi prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9 y `i fhngi ;9-;9-9? hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh
Fhngi fbai` lh ua prmyhntm
??/99/?;9?
Läis am `iomrio`hs
;
Läis am `iomrio`hs
Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa
_hsu`tilm
4LBI^.@IO(I?3I>)
Aúdhrm lh läis `iomrio`hs hatrh `i fhngi babnbi` (;9/9;/?;9?) y `i fhngi fbai` (;9/;>/?;9>).
99;
4LBI^.@IO(I?3I>3I/?;9>), nma h` fhstbvm lh` ??/99/?;9? nmdm läi am `iomrio`h.
9;2
4LBI^.@IO(I?3I>3I/?;9>), nma `ms trhs fhstbvms nmdm läis am `iomrio`hs.
9;5
>8
LBI^
[email protected]\@ @ Fuanbþa LBI^
[email protected]\ LBI^
[email protected]\@(fhngi]babnbi`, fhngi]fbai`, Sfba]lh]shdiaiT, SvininbmahsT) @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa LBI^
[email protected]\@ tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Fhngi]babnbi` y fhngi]fbai` Mo`beitmrbms. ^ma `is fhngis piri `is `is quh lhshi ni`nu`ir `i lbfhrhanbi. H` vi`mr lh fhngi]babnbi` puhlh shr iathrbmr, beui` m pmsthrbmr i` lh fhngi]fbai`.
Fba]lh]shdiai Mpnbmai`. Balbni `ms läis lh `i shdiai shdiai quh sma läis lh fba lh shdiai shdiai y am hstéa ban`ublms ha h` aúdhrm lh tmlms `ms läis `iomrio`hs hatrh fhngi]babnbi` y fhngi]fbai`. Fba]lh]shdiai hs uai nilhai m ua aúdhrm lh fba lh shdiai quh hsphnbfbni nuéalm tbhaha `ueir `ms fbahs lh shdiai.
@ms vi`mrhs audârbnms lh fba lh shdiai balbnia `ms sbeubhaths läis lh fba lh shdiai: Aúdhrm lh fba lh shdiai Läis lh fba lh shdiai
9 u mdbtblm
^éoilm, lmdbaem
?
Lmdbaem, `uahs
>
@uahs, dirths
<
Dirths, dbârnm`hs
8
Dbârnm`hs, juhvhs
6
Juhvhs, vbhrahs
5
Vbhrahs, séoilm
99
^m`m lmdbaem
9?
^m`m `uahs
9>
^m`m dirths
9<
^m`m dbârnm`hs
98
^m`m juhvhs
96
^m`m vbhrahs
95
^m`m séoilm
@ms vi`mrhs lh nilhai lh fba lh shdiai tbhaha sbhth nirinthrhs lh `irem y nili nirénthr lh `i nilhai rhprhshati ua läi lh `i shdiai, nmdhazialm pmr h` `uahs. 9 rhprhshati ua läi am `iomrio`h y ; rhprhshati ua läi `iomrio`h. ^m`m `ms nirinthrhs 9 y ; hstéa phrdbtblms ha `i nilhai. ^b usi 9999999 sbhdprh lhvm`vhré ;. [mr hjhdp`m, ;;;;;99 liräi nmdm rhsu`tilm ua fba lh shdiai quh hs séoilm y lmdbaem.
Vininbmahs Mpnbmai`. Hs ua nmajuatm mpnbmai` lh uai m dés fhngis fhngis quh sh lhoha hxn`ubr lh` ni`halirbm lh läis `iomrio`hs. @ms läis fhstbvms lhoha hstir ha ua riaem lh nh`lis quh nmatbhaha `is
fhngis m uai nmastiath lh ditrbz lh `ms vi`mrhs shrbi`hs quh rhprhshatia hsis fhngis. H` mrlha lh `is fhngis m `ms vi`mrhs shrbi`hs lh `ms läis fhstbvms puhlh shr irobtrirbm.
>6
Moshrvinbmahs
^b fhngi]babnbi` hs pmsthrbmr i fhngi]fbai`, h` vi`mr lhvuh`tm shré aheitbvm, y `i dieabtul shré h` aúdhrm lh tmlms `ms läis `iomri`hs.
^b fhngi]babnbi` hsté fuhri lh riaem piri h` vi`mr oish lh `i fhngi intui`, LBI^
[email protected]\@ lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡AXD!.
^b fhngi]fbai` hsté fuhri lh riaem piri h` vi`mr oish lh `i fhngi intui`, LBI^
[email protected]\@ lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡AXD!.
^b uai nilhai lh fba lh shdiai tbhah uai `maebtul am vé`bli m nmatbhah nirinthrhs am vé`blms, LBI^
[email protected]\@ lhvuh`vh h` vi`mr lh hrrmr #¡VI@M_!.
Hjhdp`m Nmpbh `ms litms lh hjhdp`m ha `i tio`i sbeubhath y pâeuh`ms ha `i nh`li I9 lh uai gmji lh né`nu`m auhvi lh Hxnh`. [iri quh `is fþrdu`is duhstrha `ms rhsu`tilms, sh`hnnbþah`is, prhsbmah F? y `uhem HA\_I_. ^b `m ahnhsbti, puhlh ijustir h` iangm lh `is nm`udais piri vhr tmlms `ms litms. Fþrdu`i
Lhsnrbpnbþa
_hsu`tilm
4LBI^
[email protected]\@(FHNGI(?;;63939)3FHNGI(
H` rhsu`tilm sma ?? läis `iomrio`hs futurms.
??
?;;6393>9))
_hsti 2 läis lh fbahs lh shdiai am `iomrio`hs (8 séoilms y < lmdbaems) lh `ms >9 läis tmti`hs hatrh `is lms fhngis. Lh fmrdi prhlhthrdbaili, séoilms y lmdbaems sh nmasblhria läis am `iomrio`hs.
4LBI^
[email protected]\@(FHNGI(?;;6,?7,;9),FHNG I(?;;6,>9,;9))
Li nmdm rhsu`tilm -?9, quh sma ?9 läis `iomrio`hs pisilms.
-?9
4LBI^
[email protected]\@(FHNGI(?;;63939)3FHNGI( ?;;63?39)353{"?;;6/9/?"3"?;;6/9/96"})
Li nmdm rhsu`tilm ?? läis `iomrio`hs futurms i` rhstir 9; läis am `iomrio`hs (< vbhrahs, < séoilms, ? fhstbvms) lh `ms >? läis hatrh h` 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;6 y h` 9 lh fhorhrm lh ?;;6. Xsi h` ireudhatm 5 piri h` fba lh shdiai, quh hs
??
vbhrahs y séoilm. \idobâa giy lms fhstbvms ha hsth phrbmlm. 4LBI^
[email protected]\@(FHNGI(?;;6,9,9),FHNGI( ?;;6,?,9),";;9;;;9",{"?;;6/9/?","?;;6/ 9/96"})
H` rhsu`tilm sma ?? läis `iomrio`hs futurms. Hs h` dbsdm phrbmlm quh h` hjhdp`m iathrbmr, phrm nma séoilm y dbârnm`hs nmdm läis lh fba lh shdiai.
?;
Fuanbþa IGM_I Lhvuh`vh h` aúdhrm lh shrbh lh `i fhngi y gmri intui`hs. ^b h` fmrditm lh nh`li hs Ehahri` iaths lh hsphnbfbnir `i fuanbþa, Hxnh` nidobi h` fmrditm lh nh`li piri quh nmbanbli nma h` fmrditm lh fhngi y gmri lh `i nmafbeurinbþa [uhlh Aúdhrm lh `i rhebmai`. phstiùi Babnbm lhnidobir `i nbati.h` fmrditm lh fhngi y gmri piri `i nh`li nma `ms nmdialms ha h` erupm
>5
@i fuanbþa IGM_I hs útb` piri dmstrir `i fhngi y gmri intui`hs ha uai gmji lh né`nu`m m ni`nu`ir ua vi`mr oiséalmsh ha `i fhngi y gmri intui`hs, y quh hsh vi`mr sh intui`bnh nili vhz quh sh iori i ori `i gmji lh né`nu`m. Amti: ^b `i fuanbþa IGM_I am intui`bzi `ms vi`mrhs lh nh`li nuialm hs ahnhsirbm, lhohré nidobir `i nmafbeurinbþa quh nmatrm`i nuéalm sh intui`bzi h` `borm u gmji lh né`nu`m. Hsti nmafbeurinbþa nmafb eurinbþa sh puhlh nidobir ha h` [iah` lh nmatrm` lh `i ip`bninbþa lh hsnrbtmrbm lh Hxnh`.
^batixbs IGM_I() @i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa IGM_I am tbhah ireudhatms.
Moshrvinbmahs
Hxnh` i`dinhai `is fhngis nmdm nm dm aúdhrms lh shrbh shnuhanbi`hs piri quh sh puhlia usir ha né`nu`ms. Lh diahri prhlhthrdbaili, `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh 92;; hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh 9, dbhatris quh `i fhngi 9 lh hahrm lh ?;;7 hs h` aúdhrm lh shrbh >2/99/?;99 92:;>
4IGM_I()?,?8
Lhvuh`vh `i fhngi y `i gmri lh ginh ? läis y 6 gmris (ginh -?,?8 läis). läis).
;:;>
Fuanbþa ^HEXALM Lhvuh`vh `ms sheualms lh ua vi`mr lh gmri. H` sheualm sh hxprhsi nmdm aúdhrm hathrm nmdprhalblm hatrh ; (nhrm) y 82.
^batixbs ^HEXALM(aúd]lh]shrbh)
>7
@i sbatixbs lh `i fuanbþa ^HEXALM ^HEX ALM tbhah `ms sbeubhaths ireudhatms:
Aúd]lh]shrbh Mo`beitmrbm. Hs `i gmri quh nmatbhah `ms sheualms quh sh lhshi ousnir. @is gmris gmris puhlha hsnrbobrsh nmdm nilhais lh thxtm hatrh nmdb``is (pmr hjhdp`m, "6:
