Formulacion Del Problema

 

@BM\G[BK KL COILOCLQÄB] XQJIQBDB BMBKÃDCMJ COILOCLQÄB KL MCPCG

M\Q]J DL[JKJGJICB KL GB COPL][CIBMCJO [LDB @JQD\GBMCJO KLG XQJAGLDB KJMLO[L QB\G BOKQL] [LQQB^B] QBDJ]

 

LG XQJSLM[J KL COPL][CIBMCÝO ‗\o prjylmtj kl covlstcibmcýo ls lg pgbo kl`cockj y mjomrltj kl uob cokbibmcýo b rlbgczbr, kjokl sl lomulotrbo lsplmc`cmbkbs tjkbs sus

mbrbmtlrästcmbs aâscmbs‗. Kl dbolrb ilolrbg sl pulkl klmcr qul uo prjylmtj ls uo kjmudlotj dâs bdpgcj qul lg botlprjylmtj y mjoscstl lo gb klsmrcpmcýo klg lstukcj qul sl prjpjol rlbgczbr lg covlstcibkjr, ls klmcr, lxprlsb gj qul sl vb b covlstcibr y mjdj sl covlstcibrb.

 

GB @JQD\GBMCJO KLG XQJAGLDB KL COPL][CIBMCÝO XGBO[LBDCLO[J S @JQD\GBMCJO KLG XQJAGLDB  ºR\L L] \O XQJAGLDB: \o prjagldb ls tjkj bqulggj qul bdlrctb slr rlsulgtj. Ls uob prliuotb j cotlrrjibotl cotlrrj sjarl bgij oj sl sbal j sl klsmjojml, muyb sjgumcýo lsibotl gb rlspulstb j lgqul oulvj mjojmcdclotj jatlockj y dlkcbotl lg prjmlsj covlstcibtcvj. ]l pulkl b`crdbr qul uo prjagldb ls> - [jk [jkb b sctubm sctubmcýo cýo lo gb mubg lxcstbo lxcstbo kc`cmug kc`cmugtbkls tbkls pbrb pbrb rlsjgvlr rlsjgvlr - Mbus Mbusb b qul ls prlmcsj prlmcsj kltlrdco kltlrdcobr br - Mubgquclr prliuotb qul qul rlquclrb uob rlspulstb - \ob prliuotb pjr rlsjgvlr bpgcmbokj lg Dãtjkj Mclotä`cmj - [jkj tldb oj lxpgjrbkj pjr lg mubg mubg sl tclol djtcvbmcýo djtcvbmcýo

 

XGBO[LBDCLO[ XGBO[LBDCLO[J J KL \O XQJAGLDB Gb prcdlrb `bsl klg pgbotlbdclotj klg prjagldb mjdclozb mjo lg klsmuarcdclotj l cklotc`cmbmcýo kl gb sctubmcýo janltj kl lstukcj, uacmâokjgb lo uo mjotlxtj qul plrdctb mjdprloklr su jrcilo, rlgbmcjols l comýioctbs pjr rlspjoklr. B gjs `cols kl gb rlkbmmcýo lo lg Co`jrdl lsmrctj sl klal comgucr> uob cotrjkummcýo bg ârlb tldâtcmb, klsmrcab gb rlbgckbk janltj kl lstukcj pbrtclokj kl gj ilolrbg b gj lsplmc`cmj (kl gj dbmrj b gj dcmrj), lxpgcqul gb sctubmcýo bmtubg, lgldlotjs qul sustlotbo lg prjagldb, klsmrcpmcýo klsmrcpmcýo mjomrltb klg prjagldb y gb rlglvbomcb klg dcsdj.

 

@JQD\GBMCJO KLG XQJAGLDB  Bgiuojs butjrls ldpglbo cokcstcotbdlotl gjs tãrdcojs pgbotlbdclotj y `jrdugbmcýo, plrj ls olmlsbrcj kc`lrlomcbrgjs. B tbgls l`lmtj gb `jrdugbmcýo kl uo prjagldb mjoscstl lo gb prlslotbmcýo jrbmcjobg klg

dcsdj, ls klmcr, ‗rlkummcýo klg prjagldb b tãrdcojs mjomrltjs, lxpgämctjs, mgbrjs y

prlmcsjs.—([bdbyj, 233=, p. 203).

Mjdj prjkumtj kl lsb rlkummcýo, sl suiclrl gb lgbajrbmcýo kl uob j vbrcbs  prliuotbs qul rl`glnlo mjo mgbrckbk gjs bsplmtjs klsmjojmckjs qul dbrmbrbo lg cocmcj kl gb covlstcibmcýo. Bkldâs kl gb  `jrdb cotlrrjibtcvb cotlrrjibtcvb,, gb `jrdugbmcýo `jrdugbmcýo klg  prjagldb pulkl pulkl bkjptbr bkjptbr tbdacão tbdacão gb `jrdb klmgbrbtcvb.

‗Ls gb mjomrlmcýo klg pgbotlbdclotj lo uob prliuotb prlmcsb y klgcdctbkb lo mubotj b lspbmcj, tcldpj y pjagbmcýo (sc `ulrl lg mbsj)—. (@ckcbs I. Brcbs, 1880, p. ;2)

 

LNLDXGJ>  Lo `jrdb cotlrrjibtcvb> ºMuâgls sjo gjs `bmtjrls qul comcklo lo lg rlokcdclotj bmbkãdcmj kl gjs lstukcbotls klg prcdlr mubtrcdlstrl kl gb Gcm. Lo mclomcbs kl gb \ocvlrsckbk klg Xbmc`cmj ]ur:

Lo `jrdb klmgbrbtcvb> Kltlrdcobmcýo kl gjs `bmtjrls qul comcklo lo lg rlokcdclotj bmbkãdcmj kl gjs lstukcbotls klg prcdlr mubtrcdlstrl kl gb Gcm.Lo Mclomcbs kl gb \ocvlrsckbk klg Xbmc`cmj ]ur .

 

Lo gjs kjs lnldpgjs botlrcjrls sl pulkl bprlmcbr qul gjs dcsdjs mudpglo mjo gbs sciuclotls mjokcmcjols cokcsplosbagls lo tjkb `jrdugbmcýo> Mbrlmlo kl lxprlscjols qul cdpgcmbo  nucmcjs kl vbgjr> auloj, auloj, dbgj, dlnjr, lotrl jtrjs. Oj jrcicobo rlspulstbs tbgls mjdj ]C j OJ. Lstâo klgcdctbkjs lo mubotj b tcldpj, lspbmcj y pjagbmcýo.

 

 Bg pgbotlbr lg prjagldb, sl rlmjdclokb kbr rlspulstbs b gbs sciuclotls cotlrrjibotls> ºMuâgls sjo gjs lgldlotjs klg prjagldb> kbtjs, sctubmcjols y mjomlptjs rlgbmcjobkjs mjo lg dcsdj: ºMuâgls sjo gjs elmejs botlrcjrls qul iubrkbo rlgbmcýo mjo lg prjagldb: ºMuâg ls gb sctubmcýo bmtubg: ºMuâg ls gb rlglvbomcb klg prjagldb:

 

@\LO[L] S MQC[LQCJ] KL ]LGLMMCÝO KLG DC]DJ @\LO[L]  Gbs `ulotls kl co`jrdbmcýo sjo tjkjs gjs rlmursjs qul gb mjotclolo, slbo lstjs `jrdbgls, co`jrdbgls, lsmrctjs, jrbgls j dugtcdlkcbgls. ]l kcvcklo lo trls tcpjs>

@\LO[L] XQCDBQCB]> J`rlmlo co`jrdbmcýo kl prcdlrb dboj, qul prjvclol kcrlmtbdlotl klg butjr, qul sl puagcmb pjr prcdlrb vlz, oj eb sckj `cgtrbkb, cotlrprltbkb j lvbgubkb pjr obkcl dâs. Ln.> gcarjs, brtämugjs kl rlvcstb(s) j plrcýkcmj(s), rlpjrtls kl covlstcibmcýo(ls), Bmtbs kl mjo`lrlomcb, dldjrcbs kl mjoirlsjs, lotrl jtrbs.

 

@\LO[L] ]LM\OKBQCB]> J`rlmlo co`jrdbmcýo kl bgiuob dbolrb prjmlsbkb u jriboczbkb kl bmulrkj mjo uo mrctlrcj lsplmä`cmj, mjdlotbrcjs, cotlrprltbmcjols j mrätcmbs sjarl uob j dâs `ulotls ` ulotls prcdbrcbs. Ln.> rlsþdlols l äokcmls, mbtâgjijs, kcmmcjobrcjs, kcmmcjobrcjs, lomcmgjplkcbs, `ulotls acagcjirâ`cmbs, acagcjirb`äbs, acagcjirâ`cmbs, acagcjirb`äbs, lotrl jtrbs.

 

@\LO[L] [LQMCBQCB]> aâscmbdlotl sjo iuäbs pbrb lomjotrbr j gjmbgczbr `ulotls prcdbrcbs y slmuokbrcbs. Ln.> äokcml kl brtämugjs ilolrbgls kl puagcmbmcjols kl plrcýkcmj, mbtbgjij kl uob acagcjtlmb j kl acagcjirb`äbs, ltm.

 

MQC[LQCJ]  2.

Lg tldb slglmmcjobkj klal slr uo prjagldb prcjrctbrcj, cdpjrtbotl, scioc`cmbtcvj pbrb lg ârlb lo lg qul lstâ uacmbkj (plrtcolomcb).

1. Botls kl cocmcbr uo lstukcj, ls cdpjrtbotl cokbibr sc lg tldb prjpulstj eb sckj yb janltj kl Covlstcibmcýo, lo gb zjob kl lstukcj j lo jtrbs mjokcmcjols scdcgbrls. =. Klal lxbdcobr lg prjylmtj qul prjpjol y mjoscklrbr gb mjdpglnckbk klg prjagldb y gjs rlmursjs olmlsbrcjs pbrb gglvbr b mbaj lg lstukcj (vcbacgckbk). ;. Ls bmjoslnbagl covlstcibr uo tldb lo qul gbs butjrckbkls lstão cotlrlsbkbs y bg qul lstâo kcspulstbs kcspulstbs b bpjybr6 comrldlot comrldlotbokj bokj gb pjscacgckbk kl bpgcmbr gjs rlsugtbkjs klg lstukcj. pâi. 52), b`crdb> ‗\o prjagldb kl Covlstcibmcýo sl mjoscklrb bklmubkbdlotl pgbotlbkj mubokj prlslotb gjs sciuclotls rlqucsctjs j mbrbmtlrästcmbs> JANL[CPCKBK>  [jkj prjagldb kl kl covlstcibmcýo klal rlspjoklr b prjagldbs rlbgls kl gb sjmclkbk, kl gb obturbglzb j klg plosbdclotj. Gb sjgumcýo klg prjagldb klal trblr mjdj rlsugtbkj gb bpbrcmcýo kl uo mjojmcdclotj oulvj (lo lg mbsj klg prjagldb mclotä`cmj) j oulvbs tlmojgjiäbs, prjmlkcdclotjs, prjkumtjs, lotrl jtrjs.

XQLMC]CJO> lg prjagldb oj pulkl slr vbij j kc`usj. Klal kl`cocr mgbrbdlotl su bsplmtj mlotrbg. ºRuã ls gj qul sl prltlokl: ºb quã rlsugtbkj mjomrltj sl bspcrb gglibr:.

 

ILOLQBGCKBK> klal rl`lrcrsl b uo mjonuotj kl janltjs  y `loýdlojs b gjs mubgls sl gls kb uob lxpgcmbmcýo vbgckb.

MJO[QB][BACGCKBK LDXCQCMB> gjs tãrdcojs prlslotbkjs lo lg pgbotlbdclotj klg prjagldb klalo prlslotbr uo ocvlg tbg kl lgbajrbmcýo tbg, qul plrdctb klrcvbr kl gjs dcsdjs gbs ecpýtlscs y vbrcbagls bklmubkbs.

 

@JQD\GBMCJO BKLM\BKB> lg prjagldb mclotä`cmj klal slr `jrdugbkj mjo mgbrckbk utcgczbokj lg scstldb kl mbtlijräbs y mjomlptjs kl gb mclomcb lo mulstcýo.

]JG\AGL, BM\LQKJ BG IQBKJ KL KL]BQQJGGJ KL GB MCLOMCB S GJ] QLM\Q]J] R\L ]L KC]XJOL> klal lxcstcr mjokcmcjols däocdbs pbrb gb sjgumcýo klg prjagldb, botls kl mjdlozbr gb covlstcibmcýo.

 

A\]R\LKB KL CO@JQDBMCJO XQLGCDCOBQ Gb jatlomcýo kl co`jrdbmcýo ls gb ltbpb dâs cdpjrtbotl lo lg prjmlsj kl covlstcibmcýo mclotä`cmb, yb qul ls lg `uokbdlotj pbrb gb kl`cocmcýo klg prjagldb, pgbotlbdclotj, mjdprjabmcýo kl ecpýtlscs, lgbajrbmcýo klg Dbrmj [lýrcmj y klg Co`jrdl kl rlsugtbkjs. Klotrj kl lstl mjotlxtj gb jaslrvbmcýo mjdj tãmocmb nulib uo pbplg cdpjrtbotl lo mubgquclr âdactj> gbajrbg, lstukcbotcg, mjduoctbrcj, mjduoctbrcj, ltm. Gb mclomcb obml, sl klsbrrjggb y mugdcob mjo gb jaslrvbmcýo. Ls cdpjrtbotl tbdacão rlbgczbr uob rlvcscýo prj`uokb kl gb acagcjirb`äb l covlstcibmcjols sjarl lg tldb. Mjosugtbr b lxplrtjs lo lg ârlb y sliucr gbs gäolbs kl covlstcibmcýo lstbaglmckbs pjr costctumcjols. costctumcjols.

 

]l klalo kbr gjs sciuclotls pbsjs>

2-Lgcnb su tldb 1-Lomulotrl Co`jrdbmcýo =- Ql`col Ql`col su tldb tldb ;-]lglmmcjol lg dbtlrcbg lg lspbmcj (âdactj j guibr kl lstukcj), lg tcldpj j plrcjkj qul slrâ mjoscklrbkj lo gb covlstcibmcýo, y gb pjagbmcýo covjgumrbkb (sunltjs qul slrâo jaslrvbkjs, lomulstbkjs j dlkckjs). Lo`jmbr lo tãrdcojs mjomrltjs oulstrbs ârlbs kl cotlrãs, lsplmc`cmbr sus bgmbomls.

 

JANL[CPJ] KL GB COPL][CIBMCJO Mjdprloklo ãg pbrb qul kl gb covlstcibmcýo y rlprlslotb gj qul sl quclrl gjirbr, gj qul lstbaglml sus kc`lrlomcbs mjo gbs bmtcvckbkls. Cokcmbo, kl dbolrb mjomrltb y prlmcsb, lo pbgbarbs slomcggbs, gj qul sl prltlokl jatlolr mjo lg lstukcj b rlbgczbr. Lstjs klgcdctbo lg âdactj kl lstukcj y klalo slr `bmtcagls kl gjirbr. Bg `jrdugbrgjs, ls prlmcsj mudpgcr gbs sciuclotls mjokcmcjols> Cocmcbr gb jrbmcýo mjo uo vlraj vl raj lxprlsbkj lo co`coctcvj (br, lr, cr)6 prjpjolr bmmcjols mjomrltbs y bgmbozbagls6 rlkbmtbrgjs lo `jrdb mgbrb, prlmcsb, prlmcsb, klgcdctbokj lg âdactj kl bmmcýo.

Lnldpgj> Bobgczbr gjs `bmtjrls qul comcklo lo lg rlokcdclotj kl gjs lstukcbotls klg prcdlr sldlstrl kl Dlkcmcob (BKC) KL GB

\ocvlrsckbk Obmcjobg Lxplrcdlotbg ‗@rbomcsmj kl Dcrbokb—.

 

Lo uob covlstcibmcýo sl pulkl kcstcoiucr kjs tcpjs kl janltcvjs> ilolrbg(ls) y lsplmä`cmj(s). Lg prcdlrj lxprlsb lg `co klg þgtcdj qul sl prltlokl bgmbozbr mjo lg lstukcj, pjr gj mubg lstâ ggbdbkj b prjpjrmcjobr rlspulstbs b gbs sciuclotls cotlrrjibotls> ºRuã sl quclrl ebmlr: ºRuã sl prltlokl

jatlolr: 

Lg ja janl nltc tcvj vj il ilol olrb rbg  g ls lg louomcbkj mgbrj kl gbs dltbs qul sl plrsciul lo gb   covlstcibmcýo b rlbgczbr y gjs janltcvjs lsplmä` cm cmjs sl pgbotl bo lo rlgbmcýo   kcrlmtb mjo lg janl tcvj ilolrbg. Ls cdpjrtbotl klstbmbr qul lg gjirj kl gjs    plmä`cmjs  ib janl ja nltc tcvj vjss ls  ibrb rbot otcz czb b lg bgm gmb boml kl klgg jan anlt ltccvj ilo lol lrb rbgg y gb rl rls sjgu gumc mcýo  ýo  klg prjagl db pgbotlbkj. Lo uo lstukcj oj eby uo oulrj kltlrdcobkj kl   jan anlt ltccvj vjs s ls lsp plmä mä`c `cm mjs js.. Gj cdpjrt rtb bot otl l ls `j `jrd rdug ugb br tb tbot otjs js mjd jdj j slbo lbo olm lml lsb sbrc rcj js 

 pbrb ibrbotczbr lg gjirj klg janltcvj ilolrbg y gbs rlspulstbs b gbs mbusbs  mgbvls.  

N\][C@CMBMCJO KL GB COPL][CIBMCJO Gb nustc`cmbmcýo klg lstukcj cokcmb quclrl ebmlr uob lg pjr quã slLxprlsb covlstcibmcýo. gbs rbzjols tbotj plrsjobgls mjdj ilolrbgls klg covlstcibkjr, gjs bpjrtls klg lstukcj b kltlrdcobkbs kcsmcpgcobs, b gb sjgumcýo kl prjagldbs prâmtcmjs kl tcpj jriboczbmcjobg, sjmcbg, lkumbtcvj, lmjoýdcmj, mugturbg lotrl jtrjs. Lstb pjscacgctb gb gcarl lxprlscýo klg covlstcibkjr pbrb kbr b mjojmlr gjs `uokbdlotjs qul gj dulvlo b rlbgczbr lg trbabnj. Xbrb prlslotbr uob nustc`cmbmcýo bklmubkb, lg covlstcibkjr covlstcibk jr klal prliuotbrsl ºXjr quã ls cdpjrtbotl covlstcibr gb sctubmcýo qul mjoscklrj prjagldb.

Gb nustc`cmbmcýo slòbgb b quclols alol`cmcbrb lg trbabnj, lo quã mjoscstl lsl alol`cmcj y pjr qul ls cdpjrtbotl bgmbozbrgj. Ls vlotbnjsj y rlmjdlokbagl comgucr jpcocjols kl kcvlrsjs butjrls qul, lo tãrdcojs pjsctcvjs, sl ebybo rl`lrckj b gb tldâtcmb lxpulstb y muyjs pgbotlbdclotjs bpjylo gb rlbgczbmcýo klg lstukcj.

Lo rlsudlo , gb nustc`cmbmcýo prlmcsb pjr qul sl covlstcib, lxpgcmb mýdj y pjr quã sl ebml. Cokcmb sc lg rlsugtbkj kl gb covlstcibmcýo tclol uob bpgcmbmcýo mjomrltb y pulkl plrdctcr prlsupjolr mubgls slrâo lsjs rlsugtbkjs y sc lg

prjkumtj kl gb covlstcibmcýo byukbrb b dlnjrbr scstldbs y prjmlkcdclotjs.  

XGBOC@CMBMCJO KL GB COPL][CIBMCJO

Gb pgboc`cmbmcýo mjdclozb mjo cklbs, prliuotbs l ecpýtlscs. ºMuâgls sjo gbs mbusbs kl lstl `loýdloj pbrtcmugbr:. Xrcdlrj gjs covlstcibkjrls pclosbo lo gjs prjagldbs, gulij lo gbs dbolrbs kl sjgumcjobrgjs y `cobgdlotl lo gjs rlmursjs qul olmlsctbrbo pbrb gglvbr b mbaj gb covlstcibmcýo.

 

L[BXB] KLG XQJML]J KL COPL][CIBMCJO Gb covlstcibmcýo ls uo prjmlsj kcrcickj b gb sjgumcýo kl prjagldbs klg sbalr, dlkcbotl gb jatlomcýo y prjkummcýo kl oulvjs mjojmcdclotjs. Kcmej prjmlsj mjdprlokl gbs sciuclotls ltbpbs>

XGBOC@CMBMCJO> mjoscstl lo trbzbr lg pgbo j prjylmtj kl gb covlstcibmcýo b rlbgczbr. Lstb ltbpb sl kcvckl lo gjs sciuclotls pbsjs>

2- ]LGLM ]LGLMMCÝO MCÝO KLG [LDB 1- CKLO[ CKLO[C@CMB C@CMBMCJO MCJO KL \O XQJAGLDB =- LGB LGBAJQ AJQBMC BMCJO JO KLG BO[LXQJSLM[J ;- @JQD\GBMC @JQD\GBMCJO JO KLG XQJSLM[J

LNLM\MCJO> scioc`cmb pjolr lo dbrmeb lg prjylmtj trbzbkj, ls klmcr, gglvbr b mbaj gb covlstcibmcýo.

KCP\GIBMCJO> uob vlz tlrdcobkb gb Covlstcibmcýo y lgbajrbkj lg co`jrdl `cobg, gjs rlsugtbkjs y mjomguscjols klalo kbrsl b mjojmlr pjr kcvlrsbs väbs> puagcmbmcjols mclotä`cmbs, pjolomcbs lo lvlotjs mclotä`cmjs j pbicobs lo cotlrolt.

 

L]R\LDB XBQB LG XQJSLM[J KL COPL][CIBMCJO L]R\LDB ]\ILQCKJ  [C[\GJ [LO[B[CPJ COKCML CO[QJK\MMCJO MBXC[\GJ 2> LG XQJAGLDB KL COPL][CIBMCJO 2.2. Xgbotlbdclotj klg Xrjagldb 2.1. @jrdugbmcýo klg Xrjagldb 2.=. Janltcvjs 2.;. Nustc`cmbmcýo kl gb Covlstcibmcýo 2. Dbrmj [lýrcmj 1.2. Botlmlklotls kl gb Covlstcibmcýo 1.1. Absls [lýrcmbs 1.=. Kl`cocmcýo kl [ãrdcojs Aâscmjs 1.;. Ecpýtlscs (kl slr olmlsbrcb) 1. Dbrmj Dltjkjgýicmj =.2. Ocvlg kl Covlstcibmcýo =.1. Kcslòj kl yCovlstcibmcýo =.=. Xjagbmcýo Dulstrb =.;. [ãmocmbs l Costrudlotjs kl Qlmjglmmcýo kl Kbtjs. =. B]XLM[J] BKDCOC][QB[CPJ] ;.2. Qlmursjs> eudbojs, dbtlrcbgls y `cobomclrjs ;.1. Mrjojirbdb kl bmtcvckbkls j Kcbirbdb kl Irbott ACAGCJIQB@CB BOLUJ]