Formatos Fotograficos en Medicina Legal

 

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PKIH PKIHQ] Q]PL PL X MLA MLA[D [DKJ KJ]F ]FAH AHÑJ ÑJ MK CLQ CLQ NFCC NFCCF_ F_IL ILQ Q KJ KJ KC KC K^ÆDK K^ÆDKJ J

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CLQ CLQ GLPD GLPDF] F]LQ LQ GL]L GL]LIP IPFG FGHA HALQ LQ DFQ DFQ []HCH ]HCH_F _FML MLQ Q...........................7

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GLPD GLPDF] F]LQ LQ GL]L GL]LIP IPFG FGHA HALQ LQ []HC []HCH_ H_FM FMLQ LQ KJ DKMH DKMHAH AHJF JF GLPK GLPKJQ JQKK

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GHANF ]ÈAJHAF......... .................... ..................... .................... .................... ................................................. ....................................... 61

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FQKI FQKI[P [PFD FDHK HKJ] J]L L X A[Q A[Q]L ]LMH MHF F MK CFQ CFQ HDÆ HDÆIK IKJK JKQ Q MHI MHIH] H]FC FCKQ KQ......6=

ALJAC[QHÑJ.......... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..........................6; ................6; PKALDKJMFAHÑJ.......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ............................67 ..................67

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

HJ]PLM[AAHLJ

Kc mk mkrk rkan anll ks uj ujff ahkj ahkjah ahff qu qukk jk jkak aksh shtf tf skr skr rk rksp spfc fcmf mfml ml plr plr fp fplr lrtk tkss ahkjtäghals pfrf cf slcuahñj mk aljgchatls slahfcks, kj kstk skjthml cf ahkjahf  y kj kspkaäghal cf dkmhahjf ckifc ks ujf ahkjahf fuxhchfr quk tldf irfj prltfiljhsdl kj kc fplrtk mk dftkrhfc ahkjtäghal kj cf slcuahñj mk kstls aljgchatls. Kj kstk lrmkj mk hmkfs ujl mk cls hjstrudkjtls dkmhfjtk kc aufc sk pukmf farkmhtfr cf aldhshñj mk uj nkanl aljtrfrhl f mkrkanl ks kc rkihstrl gltliræghal mhihtfc mk cls nfccfzils sl`rk tlml kj dftkrhf pkjfc5 plr kokdpcl, kj cls afsls mk firkshljks skxufcks y ckshljks pkrsljfcks, yf quk kstfs aljsthtuykj uj fplyl hdplrtfjtk kj cf mlaudkjtfahñj pfrf cf gujmfdkjtfahñj gujmfdkjtf ahñj mk cf fatufahñj glrkjsk. Rlr kccl, cf Mlaudkjtfahñj Gltliræghaf Mhihtfc kj cf Hjvksthifahñj, shijhghaf uj fvfjak skjsh`ck pfrf cf ifrfjtäf mk cf afchmfm tèajhal ahkjtäghaf kj kstfs kxpkrthahfs, fsä aldl pfrf cf ifrfjtäf mk cls mkrkanls mk cfs pkrsljfs kxfdhjfmfs y plr supukstl pfrf cf rkatf fmdhjhstrfah fmdhjhstrfahñj ñj mk ousthahf. Aljskaukjtkdkjtk, kj kc prkskjtk trf`fol sk fjfchzfræ cf gltlirfgäf mhihtfc aldl dkmhl mk pruk`f y cls thpls mk kstf quk slj hjfctkrf`cks l quk jl slj gf gfat ath` h`ck ckss mk dl dlmh mhgh ghaf afah ahñj ñj.. Ks Kstk tk fjæc fjæchs hshs hs sk nf nfræ ræ alj alj cf ghjf ghjfchchmf mfmm mk mktkrdhjfr quk tfj skiurl slj cls mhgkrkjtks glrdftls gltliræghals quk sk uthchzfræj kj ouhahl l aufcquhkr ktfpf prlaksfc pfrf farkmhtfr uj nkanl aljtrfrhl f mkrkanl.

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   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

]KDF? –]HRLQ MK GL]LIPFGHF MHIH]FC V[K JL QK FC]KPFJ— 6. GL]LIP GL]LIPFGÄ FGÄF F MH MHIH] IH]FC FC Cf gltlirfgäf mhihtfc kdpckf uj kquhpl kckatrñjhal pfrf arkfr y fcdfakjfr

cfs hdæikjks quk sk afptfj plr dkmhl mk uj l`okthvl l shstkdf mk ckjtks. Kc usl mk cf aædfrf mhihtfc kj cf tldf mk gltls nfak quk kc prlaksl y cf rkprlmuaahñj mk cfs hdæikjks skfj tltfcdkjtk mhihtfcks. Cfs aædfrfs mhihtfcks jl uthchzfj pkcäaucf, shjl quk fcdfakjfj cfs hdæikjks mk gl glrd rdff kc kcka katr trñj ñjha haf5 f5 pk pkrd rdht hthk hkjm jmll mk kstf kstf gl glrd rdff l`sk l`skrv rvfr fr cfs cfs gl gltl tlss hjdkmhftfdkjtk f trfvès mk cf pfjtfccf mk arhstfc cäquhml (CAM) y vkrhghafr cf af afpf pfah ahmf mfmm mk fcdf fcdfak akjf jfdh dhkj kjtl tl kj kc dl dldk dkjt jtll mk tldf tldfrr cf hd hdfi fikj kj.. Cf mhgkrkjahf kjtrk cf aædfrf aljvkjahljfc y cf mhihtfc rfmhaf kj cf skjsh`hchmfm mkc slplrtk5 kj cfs aædfrfs mhihtfcks cf afpfahmfm pfrf afptfr cf cuz y, plr aljshiuhkjtk, pfrf glrdfr cf hdfikj, sk prlmuak plr ujf skrhk mk skjslrks kckatrñjhals quk sk kjafrifj mk aljvkrthr cf cuz kj mksafrifs kcèatrhafs, cfs aufcks slj dkmhmfs plr uj ahrauhtl kckatrñjhal quk cfs almhghaf pfrf skr ckämfs plr uj lrmkjfmlr. 0. PK PKIH IHQ] Q]PL PL X ML MLA[ A[D DKJ] J]F FAH AHÑ ÑJ MK CL CLQ Q NF NFCC CCF_ F_IL ILQ Q KJ KC K^ÆDKJ DÈMHAL CKIFC ¼Vuè rkihstrfr ggltliræghafdkjtk< ltliræghafdkjtk<

Qk mk`kj rkihstrfr cls nfccfzils plshthvls l jkifthvls quk f arhtkrhl mkc pkrhtl rksuctkj hdplrtfjtks mkjtrl mkc aljtkxtl mk kstumhl mkc afsl y grkjtk f cfs mhgkrkjtks nhpñtkshs mk trf`fol. 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

Rfrf prl rltk tkik ikrr cf mhij hijhm hmffm mk cf pk pkrs rslljf kxf xfdh dhjf jfmmf, kj cfs cfs tl tld dfs gltliræghafs mk`k fpfrkakr cf hmkjthghafahñj mkc afsl, kj cuifr mk su jld`rk. Qk mk`kj tldfr gltls mk pcfjls ikjkrfcks, pkrl f dkjls quk cls nfccfzils cl ousthghqukj jl sk hjacuhræ kc rlstrl mkc kxfdhjfml, y mk mktfcck (fakrafdhkjtl f cf ckshñj l nfccfzil quk sk quhkrk mlaudkjtfr). ¼Vuhèj tldf cfs gltlirfgäfs<

Rlr cl ikjkrfc cf gltlirfgäf cl tldf uj prlgkshljfc kspkahfchzfml kj tkdfs gltlirfghals mkshijfml plr kc quk hjvksthif kc afsl5 shj kd`fril, kj tkdfs mk vhlckjahf skxufc u ltrl mkchtl quk fgkatf cf hjthdhmfm y fc aukrpl, ks kc pkrhtl quk rkfchzf kc kxfdkj acäjhal-glrkjsk, dhsdl quk mk`k tldfr cfs gltlirfgäfs kj kc aljsuctlrhl, murfjtk kc mksfrrlccl mk cf dhsdf. Kj cls afsls kj quk sk rkquhkrf ujf tldf kspkahfchzfmf mk gltlirfgäfs (plr kokdpcl, kj nukccfs mk dlrmkmurf) y sk aukjtk alj kc rkaursl mk gltlirfgäf glrkjsk, sk `usafræ mhanl fplyl.  

¼Vuhèj pukmk tkjkr faaksl f cfs gltlirfgäfs<

Kj kc kvkjtl mk quk sk rkfchak cf tldf mkc rkihstrl gltliræghal sk mk`k ifrfjthzfr fc kxfdhjfml y fc prlaksl oumhahfc, kc dfjkol hmñjkl mkc dhsdl, su uthchzfahñj pfrf cf afusf mkc prlaksl y jl pfrf ltrl l`okthvl y, kj tlml afsl, cf afmkjf mk austlmhf. Rlr kccl, sk mk`k rkstrhjihr kc faaksl f kstk dftkrhfc, shkjml pfrf usl kxacushvl mk cls pkrhtls mkshijfmls pfrf cf hjvksthifahñj alrrkspljmhkjtk, alrrkspljmhkj tk, cls allrmhjfmlrks allrmhjfmlrks,, okgks y fumhtlrks mkc skrvhahl mk acäjhaf glrkjsk, cf futlrhmfm aldpktkjtk y kc pkrsljfc mk sfcum mkshijfml plr cls suoktls prlaksfcks, mk`hmfdkjtk futlrhzfml. 1. CLQ GLP GLPDF]L DF]LQ Q GL]LIP GL]LIPÆGHAL ÆGHALQ Q DÆQ []H []HCH_FM CH_FMLQ LQ

Rfrf kdpkzfr nfakr gltlirfgäf, cl prhdkrl ks aljlakr cls glrdftls mk hdfi hd fikj kj dæs dæs hd hdpl plrt rtfj fjtk tks. s. Xf qu qukk kx kxhs hstk tkjj fciu fciujf jfss y sk mhgk mhgkrk rkja jahf hfjj kj 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

mhgk mhgkrk rkjt jtks ks afrf afrfat atkr kräs ästh thaf afss al aldl dl?? cf al aldp dprk rksh shñj ñj y kc al alcl clrr kj afmf afmf gltlirfgäf, y kj kstk afsl kc tkdf quk jls f`lrmf ks su hjfctkrf`hchmfm. hjfctkrf`hchmfm. Qhj kd`fril, trftfrkdls mk glrdf ikjkrhaf cls thpls mk glrdftls dfs hdplrtfjtks pfrf cukil pfsfr f mktfccfr aufcks slj cls quk sk uthchzfj kj cf dkmhahjf ckifc aldl ghj prl`ftlrhl f ghj mk tkrdhjfr cf aldhshlj mk uj nkanl quk ks aljtrfrhl f mkrkanl l kj tlml afsl pfrf farkmhtfr uj nkanl yf skf plr aufcquhkr pfrtk prlaksfc quk pfrthahpf mkjtrl mk uj prlaksl ourämhal. Glrdftl ORI (Olhjt Rnltlirfpnha Kxpkrts Irlup)

Ks uj fc fcil ilrh rhtd tdll mh mhsk sköf öfml ml pf pfrf rf al aldp dprh rhdh dhrr hd hdæi æikj kjks ks al aljj 0= `hts `hts mk prlgujmhmfm l kj ksafcf mk irhsks. Jlrdfcdkjtk sk ck ccfdf franhvls ORI mk`hml f cf kxtkjshñj quk thkjk kj shstkdfs lpkrfthvls quk sñcl fakptfj trks cktrfs mk kxtkjshñj. Kc franhvl ORKI (ORI) ks uj fcilrhtdl mk aldprkshñj alj pèrmhmf, kstl sh shij ijhg hgha haff qu qukk fc uthc uthchz hzfr fr cf hd hdfi fikj kj trfs trfs cf al aldp dprk rksh shñj ñj jl l` l`tk tkjk jkdl dlss kxfatfdkjtk cf dhsdf hdfikj quk tkjäfdls fjtks mk cf aldprkshñj. [jf mk cfs afrfatkrästhafs quk nfakj duy gckxh`ck kc franhvl ORKI (ORI) ks kc plmkr foustfr kc irfml mk aldprkshñj. Qh kspkahghafdls ujf aldprkshñj duy fctf sk pkrmkræ ujf afjthmfm shijhghafthvf mk afchmfm, pkrl l`tkjmrkdls ghankrls kxtrkdfmfdkjtk pkquköls. Alj ujf afjthmfm mk aldprkshñj `fof l`tkjkdls ujf afchmfm duy pfrkahmf f cf mkc lrhihjfc, y uj ghankrl pkquköl. Qh aldprhdks ujf hdfikj y sl`rk èstf vukcvks f aldprhdhr l`tkjmræs ujf pèrmhmf dfylr, afmf vkz quk aldprhdfs y mksaldprhdfs cf hdfikj, kstf pkrmkræ fcil mk afchmfm.

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   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

Glrdftl PFY

Ks uj glrdftl mk franhvl mhihtfc mk hdæikjks quk aljthkjk cf tltfchmfm mk cls mftls mk cf hdfikj tfc aldl nf shml afptfmf plr kc skjslr mhihtfc mk cf aædfrf gltliræghaf. Cls franhvls kj glrdftl PFY jl sukck cckvfr fpchafmf aldprkshñj (skf alj l shj pèrmhmfs) aldl laurrk alj kc plpucfr glrdftl ORKI, fujquk kj fciujls afsls sä sk kdpckf. Mk`hml f quk cls franhvls PFY aljthkjk cf tltfchmfm mk cls mftls mk cf hdfikj afptfmf plr cf aædfrf y ujf dfylr prlgujmhmfm mk alclr (plr cl ikjkrfc 12 l 17 `hts/päxkc), sus ghankrls thkjkj uj tfdföl mk franhvl duy irfjmk, sfcvl aufjml hjalrplrfj aldprkshñj, kj auyl afsl jl fudkjtf tfjtl. Cls franhvls PFY sk usf kj fqukccls afsls kj cls quk hjtkrksf franhvfr ujf gltlirfgäf tfc aldl nf shml afptfmf plr kc skjslr mhihtfc, shj jhjiÿj thpl mk dfjhpucfahñj plr cf aædfrf, pfrf plmkr prlaksfrcf plstkrhlrdkjtk kj kc lrmkjfmlr dkmhfjtk uj prlirfdf mk trftfdhkjtl mk hdæikjks. Kc irfj hjaljvkjhkjtk mk cls franhvls PFY ks cf gfctf mk kstfjmfrhzfahñj, afmf gf`rhafjtk usf su glrdftl, cl quk pukmk prlmuahr hjaldpfth`hchmfmks l quk kc glrdftl jl sk pukmf usfr kj kc guturl, plr kccl sk phmk quk kxhstf uj glrdftl PFY f`hkrtl5 ks cl quk nfakj kj lpkjrfw.lri. [jf fctkrjfthvf f`hkrtf plmräf skr kc Mhihtfc Jkifthvk Glrdft l MJI mk Fml`k. Kstk glrdftl ks hmkfc y ks kc glrdftl alj kc quk tlmls cls gltñirfgls prlgkshljfcks prlgkshljf cks trf`fofj l mk`kräfj mk trf`fofr. 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

Glrdftl ]HGG (]fiikm Hdfik Ghck Glrdft )

Glrdftl mk ghankrl pfrf fcdfakjfr hdæikjks mk fctf rkslcuahñj uthchzfjml kthquktfs, fujquk fnlrf pkrtkjkakj f Fml`k, mksmk 688=. Cl hdplrtfjtk mk kstls franhvls ]hgg ks quk ks uj glrdftl shj pèrmhmf. Ks mkahr, quk plmkdls f`rhr y akrrfr kc mlaudkjtl, iufrmfrcl tfjtfs vkaks aldl qukrfdls quk pkrdfjkakræ hjfctkrf`ck. ]fd`hèj pukmkj aldprhdhrsk kdpckfjml vfrhls fcilrhtdls mhsthjtls shj pkrmkr afchmfm. Ltrf vkjtfof mk kstls franhvls ]hgg ks su hdpcfjtfahñj. X ks quk cls gh ghan ankr krls ls ]H ]HGG GG pu pukm kmkj kj sk skrr df dfjh jhpu pucf cfml mlss præa præath thaf afdk dkjt jtkk plr plr aufc aufcqu quhk hkrr fpchafahñj mk kmhahñj gltliræghaf l mhsköl mkc dkrafml. Kstk glrdftl ]hgg nf vkjhml mksfpfrkahkjml mk fciujfs aædfrfs rkgckx yf quk fc prlaksfr ujf hdfikj alj tfjtf hjglrdfahñj rksuctf mhgäahc mk dlvkrcf l vhsufchzfrcf, fmkdfs quk ks uj glrdftl quk laupf mkdfshfml kspfahl kj cfs tfroktfs QM.

 

Glrdftl MJI

Cls franhvls MJI l jkifthvl mhihtfc ks uj glrdftl mk ghankrl PFY fc quk 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

plmkdls aljvkrthr jukstrfs hdæikjks. Cf prhjahpfc afrfatkrästhaf ks quk ks uj glrdftl f`hkrtl y tltfcdkjtk mlaudkjtfml f mhgkrkjahf mk cls glrdftls prlphktfrhls mk cfs dfrafs (AP0, JKG, LPG). Cf rkfchmfm ks quk cls irfjmks gf`rhafjtks aldl Jhelj, Afjlj l Qljy aljthjÿfj alj sus glrdftls prlphktfrhls quk kj duanls afsls trfscfmfj cf tkajlcliäf mk sus skjslrks f cls ghankrls PFY. Wfrhls gf`rhafjtks sh nfj lptfml plr hjacuhr kc MJI aldl glrdftl jfthvl ks sus aædfrfs kstk ks kc afsl mk Rkjtfx, Qfdsuji l Ckhaf. Qhj kd`fril, slj judkrlsls cls gf`rhafjtks mk slgtwfrk quk slplrtfj kc glrd gl rdft ftll y if ifrf rfjt jthz hzfj fj qu qukk sh al aljv jvkr krth thdl dlss ju juks kstr trfs fs hd hdæi æikj kjks ks f MJ MJII plmrkdls f`rhrcfs alj ujf irfj vfrhkmfm mk prlirfdfs. Aldl jl plmäf skr mk ltrf glrdf, Chintrlld y Rnltlsnlp trf`fofj pkrgkatfdkjtk alj MJI y tkjkdls mkjtrl mk Chintrlld vfrhfs glrdfs mk aljvkrthr jukstrfs gltls.

 

Glrdftl RJI

Cls franhvls RJI (Rlrtf`ck Jktwlre Irfpnhas ) slj uj glrdftl mk franhvls iræghals mk dfpf mk `hts (ujf trfdf). Cls franhvls RJI, tfd`hèj aljlahmls aldl phji, fcdfakjfj hdæikjks mk dfpf mk `hts, guk arkfml pfrf susthtuhr kc franhvl thpl IHG, yf quk thkjk cf afpfahmfm mk dlstrfr gljmls 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

trfjspfrkjtks. Rkrdhtk fcdfakjfr hdæikjks kj `cfjal y jkirl (ujf prlgujmhmfm mk alclr mk 67 `hts plr päxkc) y kj alclr rkfc (ujf prlgujmhmfm mk alclr mk => `hts plr päxkc), fsä aldl tfd`hèj hdæikjks hjmkxfmfs, uthchzfjml ujf pfcktf mk 0;7 alclrks. Fmkdæs, slplrtf cf trfjspfrkjahf mk afjfc fcgf, ks mkahr, cf plsh`hchmfm mk mkghjhr 0;7 jhvkcks mk trfjspfrkjahf, dhkjtrfs quk kc glrdftl IHG pkrdhtk quk sk mkghjf aldl trfjspfrkjtk slcl uj alclr mk cf pfcktf. ]fd`hèj plskk ujf gujahñj mk kjtrkcfzfml quk pkrdhtk dlstrfr cf hdfikj mk glrdf irfmufc. Cf aldprkshñj quk lgrkak kstk glrdftl ks (aldprkshñj shj pèrmhmf) mk ; f 0; % dkolr quk cf aldprkshñj IHG. Rlr ÿcthdl, cls franhvls kj RJI fcdfakjf hjglrdfahñj ifdf mk cf hdfikj, quk plsh`hchtf ujf alrrkaahñj mk ifdf y pkrdhtk quk skf hjmkpkjmhkjtk mkc mhsplshthvl mk vhsufchzfahñj.

=. GLPDF]LQ GL]LIPFGHALQ GLPKJQK (quk jl sk fctkrfj). 

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DKMHAHJF

]HGG ]fiikm Hdfik Ghck Glrdft?  ks ujl mk cls glrdftls dæs

vkrsæthcks y plpucfrks pfrf dfjtkjkr cfs hdæikjks kj su kstfml lrhihjfc, shj pèrmhmf mk afchmfm. Qhj kd`fril, aldl jl fctkrf cf afchmfm 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

mk cf hdfikj, kstk glrdftl dfjthkjk kc pksl mk èstf, plr cl aufc uthchzf duanf afpfahmfm mk dkdlrhf. Rlr kccl, fc skr pksfml kstk thpl mk gltlirfgäf ks mhgäahc mk skr dlmhghafml, kxhsthkjml slcl fciujls prlirfdfs dkmhfjtk cfs aufcks pukmk skr dlmhghafml, pkrl sk sf`k aufjml kstf nf shml dlmhghafmf, yf quk ks uj franhvl duy pksfml y fc

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iufrmfrsk cukil mk skr dlmhghafml yf jl pukmk vlcvkr f su kstfml lrhihjfc, cl quk supljmräf ujf plsh`ck fctkrfahñj y quk kstf yf jl skf usfmf plr kc pkrhtl glrkjsk. ORKI Olhjt Rnltlirfpnha Kxpkrts Irlup? ks kc glrdftl kstæjmfr mk cfs gltls k hdæikjks quk fpfrkakj kj Hjtkrjkt. Kdpckf hdæikjks aldprhdhmfs, mksafrtfjml pfrtk mk cf hjglrdfahñj (phxkcks)5 kstf hjglrdfahñj mksafrtfmf sk phkrmk y jl pukmk vlcvkr f skr rkaupkrfmf fc mksaldprhdhr kc franhvl. Rlr kccl thkjk ujf skiurhmfm fc skr prkskjtfmfs kj ouhahls y sukck skr duy uthchzfml plr cls pkrhtls kj cfs tldfs mk gltlirfgäf kj cf ksakjf mkc arhdkj. Glrdft dftll PFY? Ks uj glrdftl mk franhvl mhihtfc mk hdæikjks quk Glr aljthkjk cf tltfchmfm mk cls mftls mk cf hdfikj tfc aldl nf shml afptfmf plr kc skjslr mhihtfc mk cf aædfrf gltliræghaf. Cls franhvls PFY sk usf kj fqukccls afsls kj cls quk hjtkrksf franhvfr ujf gltlirfgäf tfc aldl nf shml afptfmf plr kc skjslr mhihtfc, shj jhjiÿj thpl mk dfjhpucfahñj plr cf aædfrf, pfrf plmkr prlaksfrcf pls lstk tkrh rhllrd rdkj kjtk tk kj kc lr lrmmkj kjffmlr dkm dkmhfjt hfjtkk uj prlir rlirffdf mk trftfdhkjtl mk hdæikjks. Cls franhvls kj glrdftl PFY jl sukck cckvfr fpchafmf aldprkshñj (skf alj l shj pèrmhmfs) aldl laurrk alj kc plpucfr glrdftl ORKI, fujquk kj fciujls afsls sä sk kdpckf, plr kccl aufjml sk prktkjmk dlmhghafr kstf gltlirfgäf cf rkslcuahñj rkslcuahñj jl ks cf dhsdf, fmkdæs mk quk 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

jl sk iufrmf kj kc dhsdl glrdftl arkfml, alj cl aufc sk supljmräf quk nf`räf shml fctkrfmf y plr kccl sh sk kjaukjtrf kstk krrlr supljk quk jl ks ujf pruk`f vkrämhaf quk sk pukmf uthchzfr kj uj prlaksl. Kc fs fspk pkat atll kj quk quk al alja jauk ukrm rmfj fj ks kstf tfss trks trks gl glrd rdft ftls ls ks qu qukk au aufm fmll sk dlmhghafj sk pukmk fgkatfr cf afchmfm y jhthmkz mk cf hdfikj, fsä aldl ikjkrfr fctkrfahljks kj cf dhsdf5 plr kokdpcl, sh alj kstk glrdftl sk ks ksal alik ik uj ujff al aldp dprk rksh shñj ñj fctf fctf pu pukm kmkj kj pk pkrm rmkr krsk sk mk mktf tfccccks ks hd hdpl plrt rtfj fjtk tkss y fpfrkakr `clquks `hjfrhls aldl frthghahls vhsh`cks ('hdfikj phxkcfmf'). Qhj kd`fril, fujquk duanfs pèrmhmfs skfj hjkvhtf`cks, kc irfml mk aldprkshñj pukm pu kmkk sk skrr al alcl claf afml ml cl sugh sughah ahkj kjtk tkdk dkjt jtkk `f `fol ol pfrf pfrf qu qukk kc al aljt jtkj kjhm hmll hdplrtfjtk mk cf hdfikj jl sk phkrmf, lsaurkzaf l fctkrk plr cls frthghahls ikjkrfmls (fujquk kc tfdföl mkc franhvl skf uj plal dfylr). Kj aljacushlj pukmkj skr plsh`cks mk fctkrfahlj pkrl uthchzfjml prlirfdfs pksfmls quk plals lrmkjfmlrks slplrtfj y cf afchmfm fc dlmhghafrcfs y kj fciujls afsls jl sk iurmfj kj kc dhsdl glrdftl cukil mk skr dlmhghafmfs. ;. GHAN GHANF F ]È ]ÈAJH AJHAF AF

Cfs gltlirfgäfs tldfmfs mk cfs ckshljks kjaljtrfmfs hcustrfj cls nfccfzils mkc kxfdkj dèmhal glrkjsk y plr tfjtl sk mk`k mkdlstrfr su lrhihjfchmfm y rfstrkf`hchmfm, cl aufc sk clirf dkmhfjtk kc rkihstrl mk cfs aljmhahljks tèajhafs mk cf tldf gltliræghaf kgkatufmf, aldl slplrtk mlaudkjtfc mk cf austlmhf y mkc fskiurfdhkjtl mk cf afchmfm. Kc glrdftl mk rkihstrl gltliræghal l "Ghanf ]èajhaf Gltliræghaf", mk`k mhch mhchik ikja jahf hfrs rskk uj ujff vk vkzz kg kgka katu tufm fmfs fs cfs cfs tldf tldfss y ks hjmh hjmhsp spkj kjsf sf`c `ckk pf pfrf rf mlaudkjtfr tfjtl cfs gltlirfgäfs tldfmfs kj rlccls mk pkcäaucf mk aædfrfs règckx, aldl kj aædfrfs mhihtfcks. Kstk rkihstrl, fmkdæs sk aljsthtuyk kj ujf iuäf pfrf cf skckaahñj mk cfs gltls f trfjsgkrhr trfjsgkrhr y franhvfr aldl `fae-up, 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

pfrf ifrfjthzfr su prkskrvfahñj y skiurhmfm. Cf ghanf tèajhaf gltliræghaf hjacuyk? 

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Hjglrd Hjgl rdfa fahñ hñjj tèaj tèajha haff mk cf aædf aædfrf rf gltl gltlir iræg ægha haf? f? acfs acfskk (m (mhi hiht htfc fc l fjæclif), lrmkj mk cfs tldfs (fsakjmkjtk l mksakjmkjtk), dfraf, acfsk mk ckjtk, dkmhl mk slplrtk (pkcäaucf, tfroktf mk dkdlrhf, AM, mhsquktk, kta), HQL. Hjglrdfahñj sl`rk kc afsl? cuifr y gkanf mk cf tldf, jÿdkrl mk rfmhafahñj mkc afsl, jld`rk mkc kxfdhjfml, mkchtl quk sk hjvksthif, aljmhahljks fd`hkjtfcks fd`hkjtfcks mkc cuifr, jld`rk y afril mkc gujahljfrhl. Pkihstrl tèajhal mk cfs tldfs? jÿdkrl skaukjahfc mk afmf tldf gltliræghaf5 ckjtk, kxplshahñj (vkclahmfm mk l`turfahñj y fpkrturf mkc mhfg mhfgrf rfid idf) f),, HQ HQL, L, thpl thpl mk hcud hcudhj hjfa fahñ hñj, j, mk mksa sarh rhpa pahñ hñjj mk cf tldf tldf,, faakslrhls y thpl mk franhvl (glrdftl mhihtfc), alrrkspljmhkjtks f afmf tldf.

7. FQKI FQKI[PFDH [PFDHKJ]L KJ]L X A[Q]LM A[Q]LMHF HF MK CFQ HDÆIK HDÆIKJKQ JKQ MHIH] MHIH]FCKQ FCKQ

Cf gl gltl tlir irfg fgäf äf mhih mhihtf tfcc nf if ifjf jfml ml fd fdpc pchf hf fakp fakptf tfah ahñj ñj kj kjtr trkk cls cls du duan anls ls prlgkshljfcks quk trf`fofj mkjtrl mk cfs ahkjahfs glrkjsks y kj kc æd`htl  ourämhal5 kstl ks kc rksuctfml mk cf fpchafahñj mk prlakmhdhkjtls quk prlplrahljfj cf akrtkzf mk futkjthahmfm mk cls mlaudkjtls hjglrdæthals y mk su aljglrdhmfm alj cfs rkicfs kstf`ckahmfs pfrf cf kvhmkjahf. [jf mk cfs rkic rk icfs fs dæ dæss hd hdpl plrt rtfj fjtk tkss qu qukk mk mk`k `k skr skr al aljs jshm hmkr krfm fmff au aufj fjml ml sk usf usf cf tkajlcliäf mk hdfikj mhihtfc ks su fskiurfdhkjtl y austlmhf. Kstk aljsthtuyk ujl mk cls fspkatls dæs mhgäahcks f cls quk sk kjgrkjtf kc prlgkshljfc glrkjsk, aufjml sk trftf mk hjtrlmuahr ujf hdfikj mhihtfc aldl kckdkjtl dftkrhfc prl`ftlrhl kj uj prlaksl oumhahfc, shkjml mk afphtfc hdplrtfjahf kstfr kj afpfahmfm mk ifrfjthzfr y mkdlstrfr, cf hmkjthmfm, 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

hjtkirhmfm y skiurhmfm mkc rkihstrl gltliræghal kj tlmfs cfs ktfpfs mkc prlaksl? afpturf, trfjsgkrkjahf l mksafrif, fcdfakjfdhkjtl, prlaksfdhkjtl k hdprkshñj5 hiufcdkjtk, ks gujmfdkjtfc quk sk pukmf rfstrkfr aufcquhkr dlmhghafa dlmhgh afahñj hñj rkf rkfchz chzfmf fmf,, ksp kspkah kahfcd fcdkjt kjtkk mu murfj rfjtk tk kc prl prlaks aksfd fdhkj hkjtl tl (plr (plr kokdpcl, dkolrfdhkjtl mkc `rhccl y aljtrfstk, fdpchfahñj, kta.) Aldl yf sk dkjahljñ, kj gltlirfgäf mhihtfc ujf hdfikj lrhihjfc ks cf rèpchaf kxfa kx fatf tf y al aldp dpck cktf tf mk cf hd hdfi fikj kj prhd prhdfr frhf hf afpt afptur urfm fmff al aljj cf aædf aædfrf rf,, hjmkpkjmhkjtkdkjtk mkc dkmhl5 kstf hdfikj lrhihjfc mk`k skr prkskrvfmf hiufc quk uj jkifthvl gltliræghal. Aufcquhkr foustk l dlmhghafahñj fpchafmf f ujff hd uj hdfi fikj kj mk mk`k `k rk rkfc fchz hzfr frsk sk sl`r sl`rkk uj mu mupc pcha hafm fmll mk cf hd hdfi fikj kj lrhi lrhihj hjfc fc (tfd`hèj aljlahmf aldl "hdfikj mk trf`fol"). Qh cf hdfikj lrhihjfc sk dlmhghaf, jl nf`ræ plsh`hchmfm mk kokrakr cf gujahñj mk aljtrlc (fc hiufc quk alj aufcquhkr ltrl aljtrlc usfml kj kc fjæchshs ahkjtäghal), jh mk rkprlmuahr cls rks rksuct uctfm fmls. ls. Qhj Qhj alj aljtrl trlcks cks kgk kgkath athvl vls, s, aufcqu aufcquhkr hkr alj aljacu acushñ shñjj sl` sl`rk rk kc dftkrhfc prl`ftlrhl phkrmk rkspfcml. Cf pl plsh sh`h `hchchmf mfmm mk df dfjh jhpu pucf cfrr cfs cfs hd hdæi æikj kjks ks mhih mhihtf tfck ckss ks fctf fctf,, pl plrr tf tfjt jtll hjdkmhftfdkjtk mkspuès mk su trfjsgkrkjahf l mksafrif fc aldputfmlr, cf hdfikj lrhihjfc mk`k skr fcdfakjfmf kj uj franhvl dfijèthal mk rkspfcml @fae-up (prkgkrh`ckdkjtk kj uj AM jl rkirf`f`ck l, kj su mkgkatl, kj uj mhsquktk mk 1´ fc aufc sk ck mk`k cukil rkthrfr cf pkstföf mk skiurhmfm)5 kstk franhvl dfijèthal mk rkspfcml mk`k skr mk`hmfdkjtk hmkjthghafml, kd`fcfml y dfjkofml mk faukrml alj cf rkicfdkjtfahñj vhikjtk sl`rk afmkjf mk

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ALJAC[QHÑJ

Kj aljacushñj, mksmk dh pujtl mk vhstf, sh `hkj ks ahkrtl kxhstkj glrdftls gltliræghals quk slj kj cl plsh`ck hjfctkrf`cks, shj kd`fril aljshmkrl quk kstfdls kj uj dujml icl`fchzfml mljmk cf tkajlcliäf y cls nfaekrs fvfjzfj f pfsls fihifjtfmls, plr cl quk aufcquhkr alsf ks plsh`ck alj kc usl alrrkatl mk cf tkajlcliäf y kj kstk afsl kj aljarktl cls glrdftls gltliræghals jl kstæj fokjls f skr dlmhghafmls l fctkrfmls plr ujf pkrsljf kspkahfchzfmf kj kstk afdpl mk faahñj5 kj säjtkshs sly mk cf hmkf mk quk jl kxhstk glrdftl gltliræghal fciujl fciujl quk jl sk pukmf fctkrfr, shdkp shdkprk rk kxhstk ujf fctkrfahñj fujquk skf kj cl dæs däjhdl.

PKALDKJMFAHÑJ

]ldfjml aldl pujtl mk pfrthmf cf plsturf quk slstkjil kj cf aljacushñj mkc prkskjtk trf`fol, ujf rkaldkjmfahñj f arhtkrhl pkrsljfc skrhf quk, cfs gltlirfgäfs quk sk rkfchzfj kj ujf ksakjf mkc arhdkj l aufcquhkr ltrf ærkf quk shrvf pfrf farkmhtfr uj nkanl hcäahtl, kstfs mk`kj skr `hkj prltkihmfs plr kc pkrsljfc kjafrifml y kj tlml afsl, yf quk sk nf vhstl quk ks plsh`ck quk uj pkrhtl l uj ghsafc pukmf aldktkr alrrupahñj y fctkrfr cf gltlirfgäf, kj kstk afsl arkl yl quk ks hdplrtfjtk fpchafr mk glrdf alrrkatf cf ghanf tèajhaf fc dldkjtl mk rkfchzfr cfs afpturfs y kj prkskjahf mk tlmls, y alj cf ghjfchmfm mk austlmhfr y vfchmfr cf vkrfahmfm mk kstfs, irfvfr tlml kc prlakmhdhkjtl f mktfcck pfrf quk jl pukmf skr fctkrfmf plr aufcquhkrf mk cfs pfrtks mkjtrl mk uj prlaksl. Fshdhsdl, mk`kdls `usafr jukvfs glrdfs mk prltkikr cfs tldfs gltlirfghafs plr cf hdplrtfjahf quk kstf thkjk quk uj prlaksl fc dldkjtl mk farkmhtfr uj nkanl. 68

 

   DKMHAHJF CKIFC

@H@CHLIPFGHF

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Fc`kr c`krtl tl M. Dfx fxhd hdll (0 (0222=).

Hjstruath Hjstru athvl vl pfrf pfrf cf mla mlaudk udkjtf jtfahñ ahñj  j  gltliræghaf mhihtfc kj cf hjvksthifahñj mk mkchtls.  Chdf? © Gljml mk

Rl`cfahñj mk cfs Jfahljks [jhmfs -[JGRF. nttps?//rkplshtlrhl.safcfn nttps?//rkpl shtlrhl.safcfnkm.ald/rkaurs km.ald/rkaursls/ghcks/r69 ls/ghcks/r696r/w0;>>9w/ 6r/w0;>>9w/Gl Gl tlirfghfGlrkjsk\Fjt\@=\A.pmg nttps?//www.kstumhlarhd nttps?//ww w.kstumhlarhdhjfc.ku/`cli/q hjfc.ku/`cli/quk-ks-cf-gltlirfg uk-ks-cf-gltlirfghf-glrkjsk/ hf-glrkjsk/ nttps?//www.anfdfjkxpkr nttps?//ww w.anfdfjkxpkrhkjak.ald/gltlirfg hkjak.ald/gltlirfghf/thpls-mk-g hf/thpls-mk-gltlirfghfltlirfghfglrkjsk/ nttps?//shtks.illick.ald/shtk/ nttps?//s htks.illick.ald/shtk/ckifcyarhdhjfchs ckifcyarhdhjfchsthaf/gltlirfghf thaf/gltlirfghf-glrkjsk

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