Formas de Adquirir El Dominio

 

 

Kdmds mh jmqufrfr h` Mdkfbfd rhqufsftds y Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj. 

 

XBF^HQ_FMJM BJOFDBJ@ MH SJBJKÊ OHB]QD QHEFDBJ@ XBF^HQ_F]JQFD MH ADOJ_ MH@ ]DQD NJOX@]JM MH MHQHOGD V OFHBOFJ_ SD@Ë]FOJ_

J_FEBJ]XQJ MHQHOGD OF^F@ (AFHBH_ V QHEF_]QD SÜA@FOD)  SÜA@FOD) 

SQDNH_DQJ< OJQKHB _F@^J.

H@JADQJMD SDQ< JF@VB \JSJ]J

:-5=?-?5>.

OGJBEXFBD@J, 1313.

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Odbthbfmd SHB_JKFHB]D ........................ .................................................. .................................................... .................................................... .......................... = MHMFOJ]DQFJ ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... .............................. .... 8 FB]QDMXOOFßB ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................................... .......................... > Ojpëtu`d : .............................. ........................................................ .................................................... ................................................... .............................. ..... 7 _hoofÿb : ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... .................................. ......... 7 Odbohptd mh Kdmd mh Jmqufsfofÿb mh Mdkfbfd ..... .............................. ........................................... .................. 7 ]hdrëjs mh` Kdmd pjrj j jmqufrfr mqufrfr h` Mdkfbfd ........................ .................................................. ............................... ..... 7  J. ]hdrëj quh pdstu`j quh sh rhqufhrh mh ub tëtu`d y `uhed mh ub kdmd pjrj jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd ................................. .......................................................... ................................................... ............................... ..... 7 A. ]hdrëjs quh rhogjzjb `j `j mfstfbofÿb hbtrh tëtu`d y kdmd ...................... ........................... ..... 6 _hoofÿb 1. ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ................................................... ................................ ....... :3 O`jsfnfojofÿb mh `ds Kdmds mh Jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd ...................... .......................................... .................... :3  J. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d Drfefbjrfd y Mhrfvjtfvd ..... .............................. ............................ ... :3 A. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d tëtu`d _fbeu`jr d Sjrtfou`jr y Xbfvhrsj` .................. :3 O. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d Dbhrdsd y Erjtuftd ...................... ...................................... ................ :: M. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr pdr jotds Fbthr-vfvds y pdr Kdrtfs-ojusj .................. :1 _hoofÿb ? ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ................................................... ................................ ....... :? Mh `ds mfnhrhbths Kdmds mh Jmqufrfr h` Mdkfbfd .... ............................. ......................................... ................ :? F.

Joohsfÿb ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ............................................. .................... :? :.:. Bjturj`hzj Lurë Lurëmfoj mfoj mh `j Joohsfÿb ........................ ................................................ ........................ := :.:. O`jsfnfojofÿb ......................... .................................................. ................................................... ................................... ......... :

FF. Mhsouarfkfhbtd mh ]hsdrd ................................................ ...................................................................... ...................... 3 1.:. Qhqufsftds pjrj quh gjyj ]hsdrd ...................... ................................................ ............................... ..... 3 1.1. Ojrjothrëstfojs ................................................... ............................................................................ .............................. ..... : 1.?. Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj mh` ]hsdrd...................... ................................................ ................................... ......... : FFF.

H` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh Eujojs Fbmëehbjs ....................... ............................................. ...................... :

F^.

@j Doupjofÿb........................... Doupjofÿb.................................................... ................................................... ................................... ......... 1

=.:. Ojrjothrëstfojs ................................................... ............................................................................ .............................. ..... 1 =.1. Qhqufsftds......................... .................................................. ................................................... ....................................... ............. ? =.?. Afhbhs Dalhtd mh Do Doupjofÿb upjofÿb ......................... ................................................... ................................... ......... ? 1

 

=.=. Kdmj`fmjmhs mh Doupjofÿb ....................... ................................................. ....................................... ............. =  =.8. Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .......................... = ^. Srhsorfpofÿb odkd kdmd kdmd Drfefbjrfd mh` Mdkfbfd ....................... .................................... ............. = 8.:. Mfnhrhbofjs hbtrh prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj y prhsorfpofÿb hxtfbtj ...... 8 8.1. Ojrjothrëstfojs mh `j Srhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj mh` mdkfbfd y mhkês mhrhogds rhj`hs ..... .............................. .................................................. ................................................... ................................... ......... > 8.?. Qhqufsftds quh mhah rhubfr `j Srhsorfpofÿb Jmqufsftfvj .................... 5 8.=. Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .......................... 7 ^F.

]rjmfofÿb ......................... ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... .................. 7

>.:. Lurëmfoj mh ``j j ]rjmfofÿb< ........................ ................................................. ........................................... .................. 7 >.1. Ojrjothrëstfojs mh `j ]rjmfofÿb. ......................... ................................................... ............................... ..... 6 >.?. Qhqufsftds mh `j ]rjmfofÿb. ........................ .................................................. ....................................... ............. 6 >.=. O`jshs mh ]rjmfofÿb. .......................... ................................................... ............................................. .................... :3 ^FF. _uohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth ......................... ................................................... ................................. ....... :3 5.:. Qhqufsftds......................... .................................................. ................................................... ..................................... ........... :: 5.1. Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj ...................... ................................................ .................................................. ........................ :: ODBO@X_FßB ................................................ .......................................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. :1 AFA@FDEQJNËJ ................................................... ............................................................................. .................................................. ........................ :?

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SHB_JKFHB]D.

‐_fb `j `fahrtjm mh phbsjkfhbtd, `j `fahrtjm mh hxprhsfÿb bd sfrvh mh bjmj‛.  

Ldsæ @ufs _jkphmrd. (Hsorftdr)

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MHMFOJ]DQFJ.

Mhmfod hsth trjajld j` Orhjmdr mh tdmjs `js odsjs, Mfds, h` quh kh gj mjmd `j ndrtj`hzj pjrj odbtfbujr oujbmd hstuvh j pubtd mh ojhr. Mh feuj` kjbhrj j kfs njkf`fjrhs quh odbnëjb hb kfs ojpjofmjmhs pjrj ``hejr j shr ubj nuturj prdnhsfdbj` mh` Mhrhogd, j `ds odkpjúhrds, quh sd`d bds quhmj hbnrhbtjr `ds mhsjnëds quh bds mhpjrj h` tfhkpd pjrj ``hejr j `j khtj.

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FB]QDMXOOFßB. @j bhohsfmjm mh kfbfkfzjr `j odkphthbofj y od`fsfÿb hbtrh `ds kfhkards mh `j sdofhmjm pdr `ds h`hkhbtds kjthrfj`hs (d mh orhjofÿb fbth`hotuj`) prdvhogdsjs pjrj `ds gukjbds, khmfjbth nÿrku`js lurëmfojs quh phrkftjb fmhbtfnfojr qufæb tfhbh `j njou`tjm mh jprdvhogjrsh mh h``ds y odbsjerjr khmfmjs pjrj ejrjbtfzjr quh `ds mhkês bd fbthrnfhrjb, odbmuld j `j fbstftuofÿb mh` mhrhogd rhj` mh mdkfbfd d prdpfhmjm. Hsth mhrhogd, pdr hstjr jodrmh odb `j odbohpofÿb bjturj` quh `ds shrhs rjofdbj`hs tfhbhb sdarh h` jsubtd mh `js vhbtjljs fbmfvfmuj`hs, nubofdbj tjb afhb quh tdmjs `js ou`turjs `d gjb jmdptjmd mh kjbhrj shkhljbth, odb `d ouj` prêotfojkhbth tdmd `d quh hxfsth y ahbhnfofj j `j gukjbfmjm gj g j quhmjmd jsfebjmd j` pjtrfkdbfd pjtrfkdbf d mh j`eüb sulhtd mh Mhrhogd, shj püa`fod d prfvjmd, fbmfvfmuj` d od`hotfvd. Shrd h` mdkfbfd d prdpfhmjm hs sfhkprh ub hnhotd y pdr h``d hs fkprhsofbmfa`h hstumfjr h` pdrquæ y h` oÿkd sh prdmuoh hsh hnhotd, d shj, mh quæ kjbhrj sh ``hej j shr muhúd mh ub afhb, thkj quh puhmh jadrmjrsh mhsmh `j thdrëj pd`ëtfoj d mhsmh `js odbohpofdbhs hodbÿkfojs, quh ofhrtjkhbth sdb `js nuhbths khmfjtjs d rhkdtjs mh` mdkfbfd quh pdr jgdrj bd bds fbthrhsjb, d mh `js nuhbths fbkhmfjtjs d ojusjs prÿxfkjs mh dathbhr h` mdkfbfd, hs mhofr, jquh``ds kdmds lurëmfods mh jmqufrfr `j prdpfhmjm, thkj mh hstj shoofÿb. H` khldr mh `ds sfsthkjs pjrj jprdpfjrsh mh j`ed vhbtjldsd hs ausojr`d, tdkjr`d y mhnhbmhr`d mh dtrds quh puhmjb fbthrhsjrsh pdr `d kfskd, odkd `d gj ghogd ub sfebfnfojtfvd erupd mh hsphofhs jbfkj`hs, fbo`ufmj `j gukjbj. Hb Mhrhogd, pjrj quh hstj prhkfsj nubofdbh hs bhohsjrfd quh hsds afhbhs puhmjb shr jprdpfjmds, hs mhofr, quh hstæb hb h` odkhrofd, phrd jmhkês hs bhohsjrfd quh sh hbouhbtrhb `farhs pjrj su jprdpfjofÿb pdrquh bjmfh sh gjyj jmh`jbtjmd y bd thbejb ub mhstfbjtjrfd hsphofj` hstja`hofmd hb `j `hy. H` sfsthkj lurëmfod tjkafæb prhvæ `j pdsfaf`fmjm mh quh h` muhúd trjbsnfhrj su prdpfhmjm j dtrd, yj shj mh kjbhrj vd`ubtjrfj d pdrquh `j `hy d `j jutdrfmjm jsë `d gjb mfspuhstd.

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@ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd, hbtdbohs, hbtdboh s, puhmhb shr drfefbjrfds, sf sh trjtj trj tj mh `j jmqufsfofÿb mfrhotj mh afhbhs quh bd tfhbhb muhúd jotuj`, shj pdrquh buboj `d tuvfhrdb d, mh gjahr`d thbfmd, yj sh gjaëj hxtfbeufmd su mhrhogd, y mhrfvjmds, oujbmd h` mhrhogd mh mdkfbfd quh mh j`eufhb sh trjspjsj j dtrd pdr kjbmjtd mh` sfsthkj lurëmfod d pdr `j vd`ubtjm mh su tftu`jr. @j hxpdsfofÿb odkfhbzj odb `ds kdmds drfefbjrfds y `uhed `ds mhrfvjmds, sfb mhljr mh bdtjr quh j`eubds kdmds doupjb hsjs pd`ækfojs zdbjs fbthrkhmfjs quh sdb thkj mh odbvhrsjofÿb hb `ds rhohsds mh ndrds mh lurfstjs, phrd odb hsojsj odbbdtjofÿb prêotfoj. @j suohsfÿb (ub kdmd mhrfvjmd) tfhbh trjtjkfhbtd jutÿbdkd y pdr hsd bd sh fbo`uyh hb hstjs `hoofdbhs.

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Ojpëtu`d : _hoofÿb : Odbohptd mh Kdmd mh Jmqufsfofÿb mh Mdkfbfd. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd sdb ghogds lurëmfods j `ds quh `j `hy jtrfauyh `j njou`tjm mh gjohr bjohr d trjspjsjr h` mdkfbfd mh j`eubj prdpfhmjm. Hb `j mdotrfbj y h` Mhrhogd odkpjrjmd, sh mfstfbeuhb mds thdrëjs sdarh hstj kjthrfj< ubj hxfeh ub tëtu`d y ub kdmd pjrj `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd y `ds mhkês mhrhogds rhj`hs9 dtrjs, rhogjzjb `j mfstfbofÿb hbtrh h` tëtu`d y h` kdmd mh jmqufrfr.

]hdrëjs mh` Kdmd pjrj jmqufrfr jmq ufrfr h` Mdkfbfd< J. 

]hdrëj quh pdstu`j q quh uh sh rhqufhrh mh ub tëtu`d y `uhed mh ub kdmd pjrj jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd.

Sdr rhe`j ehbhrj`, pjrj jmqufrfr ub mhrhogd phrsdbj` ajstj h` sd`d odbtrjtd d jotd odbstftutfvd. Jsë, pdr hlhkp`d, phrnhoofdbjmd h` odbtrjtd mh odkprjvhbtj, bjoh pjrj h` odkprjmdr h` mhrhogd j hxfefr j` vhbmhmdr `j trjmfofÿb mh `j odsj. Shrd trjtêbmdsh mh `j jmqufsfofÿb y trjbskfsfÿb mh `ds mhrhogds rhj`hs, jmhkês mh` odbtrjtd d jotd odbstftutfvd hs bhohsjrfd, sheüb `j mdotrfbj trjmfofdbj`, ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr9 hb h` hlhkp`d, hs bhohsjrfd quh h` vhbmhmdr rhj`foh `j trjmfofÿb hb njvdr mh` odkprjmdr. Fbo`usd pjrj trjbsnhrfr ub mhrhogd phrsdbj`, tjkafæb sh rhqufhrh mh ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr< `j trjmfofÿb, j trjvæs mh `j hbtrhej mh` tëtu`d. Hstj thdrëj, ``jkjmj trjmfofdbj`, tfhbh sus drëehbhs hb h` Mhrhogd Qdkjbd. Mfstfbeuh hbtrh ub tëtu`d d ojusj rhkdtj mh jmqufsfofÿb y ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr d ojusj prÿxfkj mh `j kfskj. V mhsmh hsth pubtd mh vfstj, tëtu`d hs h` ghogd d jotd  lurëmfod quh sfrvh mh jbthohmhbth pjrj `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd u dtrd mhrhogd rhj`, y h` kdmd mh jmqufrfr hs h` ghogd d jotd lurëmfod quh prdmuoh hnhotfvjkhbth `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd u dtrd mhrhogd rhj`. Mh jgë quh suh`h hxprhsjrsh quh `ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr sdb `js nuhbths mh mdbmh hkjbjb `ds mhrhogds rhj`hs.

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Hb `j prêotfoj, `j muj`fmjm tëtu`d-kdmd mh jmqufrfr bd sfhkprh sh vfsuj`fzj odb bftfmhz. ]rjtêbmdsh mh `j odkprjvhbtj mh odsj o dsj kuha`h, quh hs odbshbsuj`, h` kdmd sfeuh tjb fbkhmfjtjkhbth j` tëtu`d, quh ojsf sh odbnubmhb. @j muj`fmjm sh mfstfbeuh së o`jrjkhbth hb `j odkprjvhbtj mh fbkuha`hs< hsorfturj püa`foj hb `j quh mhah odbstjr h` odbtrjtd (tëtu`d) h fbsorfpofÿb hb h` Odbshrvjmdr pjrj vhrfnfojr `j trjmfofÿb (kdmd mh jmqufrfr). @ds tëtu`ds quh gjaf`ftjb pjrj `j pdsthrfdr trjbsnhrhbofj mh` mdkfbfd sdb ``jkjmds tëtu`ds trjs`jtfofds mh mdkfbfd. _db fbbukhrja`hs, bd sdb tjxjtfvds y puhmhb rhvhstfr `j ndrkj y ojrjothrëstfojs quh jouhrmhb `ds pjrtfou`jrhs. Ehbhrj`khbth, jmdptjb `j ndrkj mh odbtrjtds< odkprjvhbtj, phrkutj, mdbjofÿb, jpdrth hb prdpfhmjm j ubj sdofhmjm, hto. ]jkafæb pdmrëj trjtjrsh mh ubj odbvhbofÿb quh bd shj odbtrjtd, odkd jodbthoh odb `j mjofÿb hb pjed (jubquh vhrhkds hb ‐@j trjmfofÿb‛, quh

j`eubds rhogjzjb `j mjofÿb hb pjed odkd tëtu`d trjs`jtfofd mh mdkfbfd). A. 

]hdrëjs quh rh rhogjzjb ogjzjb `j mfstfbofÿb hbtrh tëtu`d tëtu`d y kdmd.

Xbj thdrëj sdstfhbh quh pjrj jmqufrfr `ds mhrhogds rhj`hs ajstj odb h` tëtu`d9 h` kdmd hs fbbhohsjrfd d sh `h odbsfmhrj fkp`ëoftd hb jquæ`. H` Oÿmfed Ofvf` nrjboæs sfeuh hstj thbmhbofj y hstja`hoh quh `j prdpfhmjm sh trjbsnfhrh y jmqufhrh pdr h` sd`d hnhotd mh` odbtrjtd. @j trjmfofÿb pfhrmh su oj`fmjm mh kdmd mh jmqufrfr, rhprhshbtj sÿ`d `j hlhouofÿb mh `j da`fejofÿb mh` vhbmhmdr mh pdbhr `j odsj j mfspdsfofÿb mh` odkprjmdr (mh jgë quh sh gja`h mh ‐hnhotd rhj` mh` odbtrjtd‛).  

Dtrj thdrëj, hkjbjmj mh` mhrhogd j`hkêb, hstfkj quh gjy quh odrtjr h` `jzd hbtrh h` kdmd mh jmqufrfr y h` tëtu`d9 gjy quh fbmhphbmfzjr, pjrj `ds hnhotds mh `j trjbsnhrhbofj mh `ds mhrhogds rhj`hs, h` kdmd mh jmqufrfr mh` tëtu`d. @d quh fbthrhsj pjrj `j trjbsnhrhbofj y jmqufsfofÿb mh hsds mhrhogds hs sÿ`d h` kdmd, quh j su vhz sh mhsmda`j hb mds kdkhbtds< h` jouhrmd rhj` y `j prdpfj trjmfofÿb (d fbsorfpofÿb, sf sh trjtj mh fbkuha`hs).

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_hoofÿb 1. O`jsfnfojofÿb mh `ds Kdmds mh Jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd.  J. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu` tëtu`d d Drfefbjrfd y Mhrfvjtfv Mhrfvjtfvd d. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d drfefbjrfd sdb jquh``ds hb quh h` bjofkfhbtd mh` mdkfbfd tfhbh `uejr sfb quh khmfh ubj rh`jofÿb mh ojusj ojus j j hnhotd hbtrh h` prdpfhtjrfd d tftu`jr jbthrfdr y h` jmqufrhbth. @j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd d mhrhogd rhj` tfhbh `uejr hb vfrtum mh ub ghogd fbmhphbmfhbth, jlhbd j tdmd vëbou`d d bhxd odb h` jbthrfdr muhúd, sf hs quh `j odsj thbëj muhúd. _h ojrjothrfzj pdrquh h` jmqufrhbth vfhbh j shr `j phrsdbj quh jmqufhrh h` mhrhogd mh mdkfbfd sdarh `j odsj hb vfrtum mh ubj rh`jofÿb bhxd, vëbou`d mfrhotd odb `j kfskj, h``d bd sfebfnfoj quh odb jbthrfdrfmjm `j odsj bd guafhsh thbfmd muhúd. _h prhshbtj hsth supuhstd hb `j doupjofÿb, h` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh thsdrd dou`td, hb `j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj mh mdkfbfd y hb `j joohsfÿb odbtfbuj. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d mhrfvjtfvd vfhbhb j shr jquh``ds quh j mfnhrhbofj mh `ds drfefbjrfds rhqufhrhb ubj rh`jofÿb mh ojusj j hnhotd, hbtrh h` jmqufrhbth y h` jbthrfdr prdpfhtjrfd, prhofsjb mh ub tëtu`d quh `d lustfnfquh d sfrvj mh susthbtd. _h prdmuoh ubj suohsfÿb lurëmfoj hbtrh h` trjmhbth y h` jmqufrhbth. @j trjmfofÿb (odkprjvhbtj, phrkutj, mdbjofÿb) y `j suohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth odbstftuyhb hlhkp`ds mh hsth kdmd mh jmqufrfr. Hb `j trjmfofÿb gjy mds phrsdbjs quh rhsu`tjb vfbou`jmjs pdr h` jotd lurëmfod quh sfrvh mh ojusj j `j jmqufsfofÿb y hb `j suohsfÿb kdrtfs ojusj hs bhohsjrfd quh sh mæ h` ghogd mh `j kuhrth d mho`jrjofÿb lumfofj` mh prhsubofÿb mh` nj``hofmd, gjyj ghrhmhrds, yj shjb shj b thstjmds d ja fbthstjtd y johpthb `j ghrhbofj.

A. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu` tëtu`d d _fbeu`jr d Sjrtfou`jr y Xbfvhrsj` . @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d sfbeu`jr d pjrtfou`jr pj rtfou`jr sdb jquh``ds hb quh sh jmqufhrhb jm qufhrhb odsjs sfbeu`jrhs, mh hsphofh d ouhrpd ofhrtd, pdr hlhkp`d< ub vhgëou`d, ubj kdtdbjvh, hstd hs, ouj`qufhr odsj susohptfa`h mh fbmfvfmuj`fzjofÿb, hb tjbtd quh sh

:3

 

gja`j mh kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d ubfvhrsj` pjrj gjohr rhnhrhbofj jquh` quh phrkfth `j jmqufsfofÿb mh ubj ubfvhrsj`fmjm odkd hs ub pjtrfkdbfd. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d ubfvhrsj` sh prhshbtjb hb `j jmqufsfofÿb mh ub pjtrfkdbfd d mh pjrth mh` kfskd. Hbtrh `ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d sfbeu`jr, hbodbtrjkds `j doupjofÿb, h` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh thsdrd, `j joohsfÿb odbtfbuj y `j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj mh` mdkfbfd. Odkd kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d ubfvhrsj` thbhkds< `j suohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth y `j trjmfofÿb oujbmd tfhbh pdr dalhtd ubj ubfvhrsj`fmjm (ub pjtrfkdbfd nfmhfodkftfmd), hstj sd`d sh mj hb hsth ojsd tj` odkd `d jutdrfzj h` jrtëou`d ? mh `j @hy : mh 8 mh hbhrd m :67= quh rheu`j h` nfmhfodkfsd, kjs bd sh prhvæ hb dtrjs sftujofdbhs lurëmfojs pdr h` drmhbjkfhbtd lurëmfod pjtrfd.

O. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d Dbhrdsd y Erjtuftd. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d erjtuftd sdb s db jquh``ds hb quh `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mh ` mdkfbfd bd sfebfnfoj pjrj h` jmqufrhbth sjorfnfofd hodbÿkfod, bd gjy odbtrjprhstjofÿb, hs prdmuotd mh ub jotd mh khrj `fahrj`fmjm, odkd dourrh hb `j suohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth shj `j trjbskfsfÿb j tëtu`d mh ghrhbofj, ghr hbofj, afhb mh `hejmd d hb `j mdbjofÿb. m dbjofÿb. Jub oujbmd bd fkp`fquh ojusj mh khrj `fahrj`fmjm, æ` tfhbh `uejr sfb quh odb``hvh hrdejofÿb d odbtrjprhstjofÿb pjrj h` jmqufrhbth, gjy fborhkhbtd y bd mfskfbuofÿb pjtrfkdbfj`. Hbtrh `ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d erjtuftd, thbhkds h` ojsd mh `j doupjofÿb, h` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh thsdrd, `j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj mh mdkfbfd, `j joohsfÿb odbtfbuj, `j suohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth y `j trjmfofÿb erjtuftj (mdbjofÿb). @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d dbhrdsd vfhbhb j shr jquh``ds quh fkp`fojb ub sjorfnfofd phoubfjrfd d hodbÿkfod pjrj h` jmqufrhbth, odb``hvj ubj odbtrjprhstjofÿb, ubj hrdejofÿb hodbÿkfoj. Odb rh`jofÿb j hsth kdmd mh jmqufrfr, h` hlhkp`d tëpfod sh mj hb `j trjmfofÿb, oujbmd mh `j bjturj`hzj mh` odbtrjtd d tëtu`d quh `h sfrvh mh jbthohmhbth sh mhsprhbmh `j dbhrdsfmjm mh` kfskd. Mh j``ë quh hb `j odkprjvhbtj, phrkutj, pdr hlhkp`d, hsthkds nrhbth j ubj jmqufsfofÿb j tëtu`d dbhrdsd hb vfstj mh quh h` jmqufrhbth mhah pjejr h` prhofd d mjr dtrj odsj pjrj jmqufrfr `j odsj dalhtd mh trjmftfd, `d quh mhbdtj ::

 

ub sjorfnfofd phoubfjrfd (Jrtëou`d :1:8 mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf`). Hxfsth ubj odbtrjprhstjofÿb hbtrh h` trjmhbth y h` jmqufrhbth, `d quh odb``hvj da`fejofdbhs rhoëprdojs mh mjr odsj ofhrtj y mhthrkfbjmj j ojkafd mh` pjed mh ubj sukj hb mfbhrd d hbtrhej mh ubj odsj (prhofd).

M. Kdmds mh jmqufrfr pd pdrr jotds Fbthr-vfvds Fbthr-vfvds y pdr Kdrtfs-ojusj. @ds kdmds mh jmqufrfr pdr jotds Fbthr ^fvds vfhbhb j shr jquh``ds, hb quh `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd d mhrhogd rhj` tfhbhb `uejr hb vfmj mh `js phrsdbjs quh fbthrvfhbhb hb `j rh`jofÿb lurëmfoj jmqufsftfvj, hb tjbtd quh kdmd mh jmqufrfr kdrtfs ojusj hs jquh` hb quh `j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd tfhbh `uejr odb h` nj``hofkfhbtd, mhohsd mh ubj phrsdbj (mh` trjbskfthbth), puhs æsth trjbskfth odb su mhohsd j `ds ghrhmhrds thstjkhbtjrfds d fbthstjmds `ds jotfvds y pjsfvds (pjtrfkdbfd ghrhmftjrfd) hxfsthbths j` tfhkpd mh `j dourrhbofj mh` nj``hofkfhbtd y `ds quh guafhshb pdmfmd jmqufrfr mh hxfstfr j` tfhkpd quh nj``hoh su ojusjbth y quh gjb mh ghrhmjr sus pjrfhbths pdr mhrhogd mh rhprhshbtjofÿb (jrtëou`d >17 mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf`).

:1

 

_hoofÿb ?. Mh `ds mfnhrhbths Kdmds mh Jmqufrfr h` Mdkfbfd. F.

Joohsfÿb.

Hb oujbtd j` odbohptd mh joohsfÿb, h` jrtëou`d j rtëou`d ?>= mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf` hxprhsj quh<

‐@j prdpfhmjm mh `ds afhbhs mj mhrhogd pdr joohsfÿb j tdmd `d quh h``ds prdmuohb, d sh `hs ubh d fbodrpdrj mh kjbhrj bjturj` d jrtfnfofj`‛. :  H` jbthprdyhotd mh Oÿmfed Ofvf` mh :653 mh` prdnhsdr Bjrofsd Ejrjy, hb ojkafd, fbmfoj hb h` jrtëou`d :85? quh<

‐@j joohsfÿb hs kdmd mh jmqufrfr pdr h` ouj` h` muhúd mh ubj odsj pjsj j shr`d mh `d quh h``j prdmuoh d mh `d quh sh lubtj j h``j. @ds prdmuotds mh `js odsjs sdb nrutds bjturj`hs d ofvf`hs‛.   ofvf`hs‛. H` jbthprdyhotd mh Oÿmfed Ofvf` mh kjbhrj hxprhsj, o`jrj y ojtheÿrfoj odbthkp`j `j joohsfÿb odkd ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd. _ftujofÿb mfstfbtj sh prhshbtj odb rh`jofÿb j `d bdrkjmd hb h` Oÿmfed Ofvf` quh, hsphoënfojkhbth hb h` jrtëou`d ?>=, gjoh mhsprhbmhr mds sftujofdbhs< Xbj hb rh`jofÿb j `ds nrutds d prdmuotds y dtrj rhsphotd mh `js odsjs quh sh ubhb d fbodrpdrjb j ubj odsj prfbofpj`. H` mdkfbfd mh ubj odsj sh hxtfhbmh sheüb æ`, prhohptd oftjmd, j `ds nrutds d prdmuotds quh `j kfskj prdmuoh d ehbhrj9 j `js odsjs quh sh `h ubhb d fbodrpdrjb, ndrkjbmd ub tdmd, ubj ubfmjm odb hstj ü`tfkj, sfb quh sh puhmj mhsprhbmhr mh `j odsj j `j ouj` sh ubhb d fbodrpdrjb, sfb pdbhr hb luhed `j sustjbofj mh `j kfskj. @js sftujofdbhs quh odbthkp`j h` jrtëou`d ?>= gj mjmd `uejr j quh `j mdotrfbj ``jkh j` prfkhr supuhstd, (`ds nrutds y prdmuotds quh ubj odsj prdpdrofdbj), ‐joohsfÿb pdr prdmuoofÿb d mfsorhtj‛9 hb tjbtd quh hb h` sheubmd supuhstd, hs td hs `js odsjs quh

 Oÿmfed Ofvf` mh @j Qhpüa`foj mh Sjbjkê, ]ëtu`d F^, Mh `j Joohsfÿb, Jrtëou`d ?>=.  

:

:?

 

sh fbodrpdrjb d ubhb j ubj prfbofpj`, `js mfstfbeuh odb h` bdkarh mh ‐joohsfÿb pdr fbodrpdrjofÿb d ubfÿb‛. 

Hb rh`jofÿb j hstjs mds ojthedrëjs mh joohsfÿb, h` prdnhsdr Kjbuh` J`aj`jmhld Ejroëj fbmfoj rhsphotd j` Mhrhogd Hspjúd` quh ‐Hb h ` prfkhr ojsd gjy ub mhsmda`h mh prdpfhmjmhs hb oujbtd quh h` muhúd mh `j odsj kjmrh odbshrvj h` mhrhogd mh prdpfhmjm sdarh æstj, y jmqufhrh ubd buhvd sdarh dtrd dalhtd quh hs h` nrutd quh, j` shpjrjrsh mh jquh`, mhvfbd hb dtrj odsj, d shj, sh odbvfhrth hb ubj odsj jpjrth‛.  Jerhej quh ‐hb ‐hb h` sheubmd sheubmd ojsd ojsd gjy gjy ubj sëbthsfs mh prdpfhmjm prdpfhmjmhs hs hb hb ubj ubj sd`j sd`j odsj. odsj.

@js odsjs fbodrpdrjmjs pjsjb j odbndrkjr ubj ubfmjm, ub sd`d dalhtd sdarh h` quh hb `d suohsfvd rhojh ub sd`d mhrhogd quh hs h` mhrhogd mh prdpfhmjm mh `j odsj kês fkpdrtjbth, sh hxtfhbmh sdarh `j tdtj`fmjm mh `js odsjs‛ .1  .

:.:.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj mh `j Joohsfÿb  

H` prda`hkj odbsfsth hb mhthrkfbjr sf `j joohsfÿb hs vhrmjmhrjkhbth ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr y orhj ubj rh`jofÿb lurëmfoj buhvj, d sf pdr h` odbtrjrfd, sh trjtj mh ubj sfkp`h njou`tjm d hxthbsfÿb mh` mdkfbfd, quh bjmj buhvd orhj, sfbd sfkp`hkhbth prd`dbej `j kfskj rh`jofÿb lurëmfoj mh `j prdpfhmjm. _heüb h` prdnhsdr Qdehrfd mh Kjrëj Ojrrf``d, qufhb nuh Kjefstrjmd mh` ]rfaubj` _uphrfdr y Mhojbd mh `j Njou`tjm mh Mhrhogd y Ofhbofjs Sd`ëtfojs mh `j Xbfvhrsfmjm mh Sjbjkê, sh hstfkj quh `j joohsfÿb hs ubj odbshouhbofj mh` mdkfbfd y bd ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr sfeufhbmd `j odrrfhbth Kdmhrbj sheüb `j mdotrfbj. _h nubmj hb `js sfeufhbths rjzdbhs< :. Zuh hb kjthrfj mh joohsfÿb, buhstrd `hefs`jmdr sh fbspfrÿ hb h` ``hefs`jmdr hefs`jmdr hspjúd`, qufhb hstfkj j `j joohsfÿb odkd ubj njou`tjm mhrfvjmj mh` mdkfbfd.  1. Zuh j phsjr mh `j hnfojofj quh tfhbh hstj fbstftuofÿb hb h` Oÿmfed (j odbtfbujofÿb mh `j doupjofÿb, quh sf odbstftuyh ub vhrmjmhrd kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd), h``d dahmhoh j ub hrrdr fbvd`ubtjrfd mh pjrth mh`  J@AJ@JMHLD EJQOFJ, Kjbuh`. Dp. Oft.  

1

:=

 

odmfnfojmdr yj quh, hb `j sfsthkêtfoj sheufmj, sh fbspfrÿ hb h` `hefs`jmdr ogf`hbd, mdbmh sh odbsfmhrj j `j joohsfÿb ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr ?. Sjrj mhthrkfbjr ouê` hs `j vhrmjmhrj bjturj`hzj lurëmfoj mh `j joohsfÿb sh gjoh bhohsjrfd mfstfbeufr sf sh trjtj mh ubj joohsfÿb prdmuotfvj prdmuo tfvj d mfsorhtj d mh ubj joohsfÿb pdr fbodrpdrjofÿb d odbtfbüj.   Fbmumja`hkhbth oujbmd sh trjtj mh `ds nrutds y prdmuotds quh ubj odsj prdmuoh hstjkds nrhbth j ubj odbshouhbofj, ubj njou`tjm, ub hnhotd mhrfvjmd mh` mdkfbfd y rfeh h` prfbofpfd mh quh h` muhúd mh `d prfbofpj` hs muhúd tjkafæb mh `d joohsdrfd, sj`vd pruhaj d hstfpu`jofÿb hb odbtrjrfd. @ds nrutds quh ubj odsj prdmuoh odrrhspdbmhb hb prfbofpfd j` muhúd, sj`vd quh æ` `ds gjyj hbjlhbjmd d mjmd hb usunruotd, puhs ubd mh `ds jtrfautds mh` mhrhogd mh prdpfhmjm hs h` mhrhogd mh mfsnruth, sh prhsukh quh phrthbhoh j` muhúd mh `d prfbofpj`. _ftujofÿb mfstfbtj sh mj hb h` ojsd mh odsjs quh sh fbodrpdrjb d sh ubhb j dtrj ndrkjbmd odb h``j ubj sd`j ubfmjm. @d ojrjothrëstfod hb `j joohsfÿb pdr fbodrpdrjofÿb hs quh sh odbsfmhrj j `j kfskj ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr. Hs bhohsjrfd quh `j odsj prfbofpj` j `j ouj` `j dtrj odsj sh ubh d fbodrpdrj phrthbhzojb j mfstfbtds muhúds y h` prdpfhtjrfd mh `j odsj prfbofpj` gjoh suyj `j odsj ubfmj d fbodrpdrjmj hb `j khmfmj quh bd shj rho`jkjmj mhbtrd mh` tærkfbd mh `hy pdr pjrth mh `j phrsdbj j qufhb odrrhspdbmj (jrtëou`d ?73 y ?7: mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf`). @j joohsfÿb pdr fbodrpdrjofÿb sf vfhbh j odbstftufr ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd pdr `js rjzdbhs hxpuhstjs.

? OJQQF@@D,

Qdehrfd mh Kjrëj. Jpubths mh Mhrhogd mh Afhbhs. Xbfvhrsfmjm mh Sjbjkê. Njou`tjm mh Mhrhogd y Ofhbofjs Sd`ëtfojs. :65:.  :8

   

:.:.

O`jsfnfojofÿb. @j Joohsfÿb

Joohsfÿb Mfsorhtj d mh Nrutds y Srdmuotds

Nrutds Bjturj`hs 

Nrutds Ofvf`hs

@ds nrutds bjturj`hs sdb jquh``ds quh `j odsj prdmuoh, pdr su prdpfj bjturj`hzj afhb pdr od`jadrjofÿb d pjrtfofpjofÿb mh` gdkarh.

@ds nrutds ofvf`hs sdb nrutds ofvf`hs h` j`quf`hr mh `ds hmfnfofds, h` prhofd mh jrrhbmjkfhbtd mh tfhrrj y h` fkpdrth mh `js rhbtjs.

Shbmfhbths

Shbmfhbths

_db jquh``ds quh hstêb jmghrfmds j `j odsj quh `ds prdmuld

_db nrutds phbmfhbths `ds quh sh mhajb.

Shrofafmds

Shrofafmds

_db jquh``ds quh vhrmjmhrjkhbth gjb sfmd

_db nrutds phrofafmds mhsmh h`

shpjrjmds `j odsj quh prdmuoh y puhmhbmh odbvhrtfrsh hb `ds kuha`hs.

kdkhbtdgjohb hb quh sh odarjb d sh hnhotfvds

Odbsukfmds urëmfojkhbth

Odbsukfmds nësfoj y Lurëmfojkhbth

_db nrutds hbjlhbja`hs y pdr hbmh hstêb hb h` odkhrofd y sdb shouhstrja`hs y hkajreja`hs.

:

   

@j Joohsfÿb

Joohsfÿb Odbtfbuj, Srdpfjkhbth tj` d pdr Fbodrpdrjofÿb.  

 

Jrtfnfofj`

Bjturj`

Mh kuha`h j kuha`h

Mh kuha`h j fbkuha`hs Mh Kuha`h j fbkuha`hs

*Zuh sh hkp`hh d jp`fquh kjthrfj`hs, p`jbtjs p` jbtjs d shkf``js prdpfjs hb suh`d jlhbd, * Zuh sh hkp`hh kjthrfj`hs, p`jbtjs d shkf``js jlhbjs hb suh`d prdpfd9 y *Zuh tjbtd `js p`jbtjs odkd `ds kjthrfj`hs y `js shkf``js hkp`hjmjs shjb jlhbjs j` feuj` quh thrrhbd.

_h prdmuoh hb vfrtum mh ub ghogd prdmuofmd pdr `j prdpfj bjturj`hzj

J`uvfÿb

Jvu`sfÿb Hs h` jorhofkfhbtd mh ub prhmfd, pdr `j joofÿb mh ubj nuhrzj bjturj` vfd`hbtj, quh trjbspdrtj ubj pdrofÿb mh` suh`d mh ub prhmfd j` mh dtrj phrsdbj.

_h ndrkj pdr `ds shmfkhbtds quh h` jeuj vj mhpdsftjbmd y gjoh quh æstj vjyj pdod j pdod j`hlêbmdsh mh su prfkftfvj rfahrj.

Ndrkjofÿb mh Fs`js @js fs`js quh sh ndrkjb hb `ds kjrhs jmyjohbths j `js odstjs y hb `ds rëds bjvheja`hs d n`dtja`hs odb, sdb mh` Hstjmd y sf sh ndrkj hb ub rëd bd bjvheja`h phrthbhohrê j `ds prdpfhtjrfds mh `js kêrehbhs u drf``js kês prÿxfkjs.

Kutjofÿb d ojushs mh Qëds. H` ojuoh hs h` `hogd pdr h` ouj` odrrhb `js jeujs y quh puhmh quhmjr j` mhsouafhrtd pdr vjrfjr su oursd h` rëd, `d quh prhofsj mhthrkfbjr `j phrthbhbofj mh` kfskd V `j kutjofÿb hs `j vjrfjofÿb mh` oursd mh` jeuj.

_h prhshbtj oujbmd mds d kês odsjs kuha`hs phrthbhofhbths j mfstfbtds muhúds sh ubhb y ndrkjb mh kjbhrj fbshpjrja`h ubj odsj y, tj`hs odsjs kuha`hs bd puhmhb mhsprhbmhrsh, shpjrjrsh sfb khbdsojad mh `js kfskjs.

Hkp`hd mh kjthrfj`hs, p`jbtjs d shkf``js prdpfjs hb suh`d jlhbd

Jmlubofÿb d ubfÿb

Hkp`hd mh kjthrfj`hs,

Khzo`j d odbkfxtfÿb

p`jbtjs d shkf``js jlhbjs hb suh`d prdpfd.

Hkp`hd mh kjthrfj`hs, p`jbtjs d shkf``js jlhbjs hb suh`d jlhbd.

Hsphofnfojofÿb

 

FF.

Mhsouarfkfhbtd mh ]hsdrd.

Buhstrd Drmhbjkfhbtd Lurëmfod hb h` jrtëou`d ?=? mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf` mhsorfah h` odbohptd mdbmh fbmfoj quh sh hbtfhbmh pdr thsdrd j<

‐H` mhpÿsftd dou`td h febdrjmd mh mfbhrd, j`gjljs u dtrds dalhtds prhofdsds ouyj `heëtfkj phrthbhbofj bd odbstj‛=  1.:. Qhqufsftds pjrj quh gjyj ]hsdrd. Hs ub kdmd jutÿbdkd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd. 1.?.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj mh` ]hsdrd<

Hb oujbtd j `j rheu`jofÿb quh mh hstj nfeurj sh tfhbh hb h` Oÿmfed, sh hvfmhbofj `j jnfrkjofÿb mh quh hs ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr jutÿbdkd h fbmhphbmfhbth, puhs j` mhsouarfkfhbtd sh gjoh rhnhrhbofj hb h` ]ëtu`d FF mh` @fard FF quh ``hvj pdr rüarfoj ‐MH @J SQDSFHMJM‛, sfb hkajred, bd hxfsth hb h` Oÿmfed mfspdsfofÿb quh shúj`h

h` mhsouarfkfhbtd odkd ubj hsphofh mh doupjofÿb.

FFF.

H` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh Eujojs Fbmëehbjs<

Hb oujbtd j` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh eujojs fbmëehbjs bd sd`d buhstrd oÿmfed hbkjroj h` thkj sfbd tjkafæb sh rhnfhrhb r hnfhrhb h` jrtëou`d 185 bukhrj` 7 mh `j Odbstftuofÿb Sd`ëtfoj, oujbmd mfspdbh `d sfeufhbth<

‐Shrthbhohb j` Hstjmd< … bukhrj` 7< @ds sftfds y dalhtds jrquhd`ÿefods ouyj hxp`dtjofÿb, hstumfd y rhsojth shrêb rheu`jmds pdr `j @hy‛ > 

>

 Odbstftuofÿb Sd`ëtfoj mh `j Qhpüa`foj mh Sjbjkê, :651, ]ëtu`d FW @j Gjofhbmj Süa`foj, Ojpëtu`d F Afhbhs y mhrhogds mh` hstjmd, jrtëou`d 185, bukhrj` 7.  

:

 

H` Oÿmfed Ofvf` pdr su pjrth mfspdbh hb h` jrtëou`d ?=1<

‐H` mhsouarfkfhbtd y hxp`dtjofÿb mh eujojs d shpu`turjs y pjtfds mh fbmfds, sh rhefrêb pdr `js mfspdsfofdbhs mh` Oÿmfed mh Kfbjs. Shrd oujbmd h` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh ubj eujoj d shpu`turj nuhrh ojsuj`

d

ndrtuftd,

sh

odbsfmhrjb

odkd

mhsouarfkfhbtd mh thsdrd‛.5  @j bdrkj hb rhnhrhbofj fbmfoj quh j` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh eujojs d shpu`turjs, s hpu`turjs, yj shj ojsuj` d ndrtuftd sh `h mhah jp`fojr `j rhe`j odbthbfmj odbthb fmj hb h` jrtëou`d ?=3 mh `j kfskj hxohrtj, j prdpÿsftd mh` mhsouarfkfhbtd mh thsdrd d shj quh h` mhsouarfmdr edzj mh`

mhrhogd j ubj pjrtfofpjofÿb hb `j odsj mhsouafhrtj.

F^.

@j Doupjofÿb<

H` jrtëou`d ?=8 mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf` mfspdbh quh<

‐pdr `j doupjofÿb sh jmqufhrh h` mdkfbfd mh `js odsjs quh bd phrthbhohb j bjmfh, y ouyj jmqufsfofÿb bd hstê prdgfafmj pdr `js `hyhs d pdr h` mhrhogd fbthrbjofdbj`‛.  fbthrbjofdbj`‛.  @j bdrkj prhoftjmj phrkfth mhmuofr quh `j ‐doupjofÿb‛ hs ub kd md mh jmqufhrh h`

mdkfbfd j tëtu`d drfefbjrfd, erjtuftd, fbthrvfvd mh odsj sfbeu`jr, odrpdrj`, jbfkjmj, ouyj jmqufsfofÿb bd hstê prdgfafmj pdr h` mhrhogd bjofdbj`, bf h` mhrhogd fbthrbjofdbj` y mfogds afhbhs ojrhohb mh muhúd-jotuj` d odbdofmd, y `j jmqufsfofÿb tfhbh `uejr khmfjbth `j jprhghbsfÿb kjthrfj` mh `j odsj odb êbfkd mh muhúd.

=.:. Ojrjothrëstfojs< Kdmd drfefbjrfd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd, sh mj khmfjbth `j odbhxfÿb d vëbou`d mfrhotd odb h` afhb dalhtd mh jmqufsfofÿb.

5

 Oÿmfed

Ofvf` mh @j Qhpüa`foj mh Sjbjkê, @fard _heubmd mh `ds Afhbhs y su mdkfbfd, pdshsfÿb, usd y edoh, ]ëtu`d FF Mh `j Srdpfhmjm, jrtëou`d ?=1.  1

 

 J tëtu`d erjtuftd y pdr jotd fbthrvfvd, bd odb``hvj hrdejofÿb d odbtrjprhstjofÿb hodbÿkfoj y tfhbh `uejr hb vfmj mh` doupjbth.  J tëtu`d sfbeu`jr, rhojh hb odsj hsphoënfoj, mhthrkfbjmj. ]fhbh pdr dalhtd odsjs odrpdrj`hs kuha`hs jbfkjmjs ouyj jmqufsfofÿb bd `j prdgëah bf thkpdrj` bf mhnfbftfvjkhbth `j `hefs`jofÿb bjofdbj` d Mhrhogd Fbthrbjofdbj`.

=.1.

Qhqufsftds<

@j doupjofÿb odkd kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd rhqufhrh mh ofhrtds rhqufsftds sfhbmd hstds `ds sfeufhbths<

j) @j doupjofÿb tfhbh pdr dalhtd odsjs odrpdrj`hs, kuha`hs jbfkjmjs. a) @ds afhbhs sdarh `ds ouj`hs rhojh `j jmqufsfofÿb khmfjbth doupjofÿb, tfhbhb quh shr ‐Odsjs Qhs Bu``fus‛, hs mhofr, quh bd thbejb ub muhúd jotuj` d

odbdofmd y quh `ds gjoh suyd qufhb prfkhrd `ds jprhghbmj u douph. j prhghbsfÿb kjthrfj` d nësfoj mh `j o) Zuh `j doupjofÿb thbej `uejr khmfjbth `j jprhghbsfÿb odsj dalhtd mh jmqufsfofÿb. m) Zuh h` doupjbth thbej `j fbthbofÿb mh gjohrsh muhúd mh `j odsj quh jprhbmh kjthrfj` d nësfojkhbth, hs mhofr, mhah gjahr ubj vd`ubtjm shrfj, ubj fbthbofÿb sjbj mh jmqufrfr `j odsj, mhah khmfjr h` êbfkd mh muhúd.

h) Zuh `ds afhbhs dalhtd mh doupjofÿb bd hstæ prdgfafmj su jmqufsfofÿb bf pdr `j @hefs`jofÿb Bjofdbj`, d h` Mhrhogd Fbthrbjofdbj`. ]dmj prdgfafofÿb thkpdrj` d fbmhnfbfmj, mh jmqufsfofÿb pdr doupjofÿb d oupjofÿb mh afhbhs gjohb h` dalhtd da lhtd f`ëoftd y pdr shr h` dalhtd f`ëoftd `j doupjofÿb bd pdmrê thbhr `uejr.

=.?.

Afhbhs Dalhtd mh Doupjofÿb<

@ds afhbhs quh puhmhb shr dalhtd mh doupjofÿb puhmhb shr `ds afhbhs odrpdrj`hs, kuha`hs, jbfkjmds, ouyj jmqufsfofÿb bd hstæ prdgfafmj, thkpdrj` d fbmhnfbfmjkhbth pdr h` Mhrhogd Bjofdbj` d h` Mhrhogd Fbthrbjofdbj` y mfogds afhbhs bd thbejb ub muhúd jotuj` d odbdofmd. @ds jbfkj`hs mdkæstfods sdb kuha`hs, odrpdrj`hs,

?

 

jbfkjmds, h``ds phrthbhohb j su muhúd y pdr hbmh bd sh puhmhb jmqufrfr pdr doupjofÿb, phrd sf pdr prhsorfpofÿb.

=.=.

Kdmj`fmjmhs mh Doupjofÿb<

@js kdmj`fmjmhs mh doupjofÿb quh rheu`j buhstrd drmhbjkfhbtd, sdb<

j. @j Ojzj. a. @j Shsoj. @j `hy gja`j mh mfnhrhbths tfpds mh ojzj< j) Ojzj Ofhbtënfoj< tfhbh nfbhs mh hbshújbzj h fbvhstfejofÿb ofhbtënfoj.

a) Ojzj Mhpdrtfvj< tfhbh nfbhs rhorhjtfvds y sfb fbthræs mh ``uord. uord. o) Ojzj Odkhrofj`< pjrj dathbhr a ahbhnfofd hbhnfofd mh `uord odb h` prdmuotd dathbfmd. m) Ojzj mh Odbtrd`< Hs pjrj rheu`jr `js pda`jofdbhs mh jbfkj`hs sf`vhstrhs quh dojsfdbjb mjúds mh kjbhrj hvhbtuj` d phrkjbhbth. (sd`d pdr `j jutdrfmjm odkphthbth) h) Ojzj mh _uasfsthbofj< pjrj sjtfsnjohr bhohsfmjmhs j`fkhbtfofjs mh phrsdbjs mh hsojsds rhoursds hodbÿkfods hb êrhjs rurj`hs, pjrj h` odbsukd mfrhotd, sfb quh khmfh odbtrjprhstjofÿb hodbÿkfoj.

=.8.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj<

Mhahb odbourrfr, odpu`jtfvjkhbth, ub ghogd lurëmfod, odbsfsthbth hb `j jprhbsfÿb kjthrfj` mh ubj odsj odrpdrj` kuha`h, y ub jotd lurëmfod ubf`jthrj`, puhs tj` jprhbsfÿb mhah fr jodkpjújmj mh `j fbthbofÿb mh jmqufrfr `j odsj odrpdrj` kuha`h, fbthbofÿb quh supdbh hbtdbohs ubj mho`jrjofÿb d kjbfnhstjofÿb mh vd`ubtjm mhstfbjmj j prdmuofr hnhotds lurëmfods, `d quh kjthrfj`fzj pdr hbmh ub jotd lurëmfod.

^.

Srhsorfpofÿb odkd kdmd Drfefbjrfd mh` Mdkfbfd.

@j prhsorfpofÿb odkd kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd sh hbouhbtrj rheu`jmj hb ]ëtu`d W^FF mh` @fard F^ mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf`, ajld `j mhbdkfbjofÿb ‐Mh `j Srhsorfpofÿb‛ 

=

 

H` Oÿmfed Ofvf` hb h` jrtëou`d :>>7 mhsorfah mds tfpds mh prhsorfpofÿb< jmqufsftfvj d usuojpfÿb y mh prhsorfpofÿb hxtfbtj d `fahrjtdrfj oujbmd mfoh<

‐Sdr `j prhsorfpofÿb sh jmqufhrh, mh kjbhrj y odb `js odbmfofdbhs mhthrkfbjmjs pdr `j `hy, h` mdkfbfd y mhkês mhrhogds rhj`hs. ]jkafæb sh hxtfbeuhb mh` prdpfd kdmd pdr `j prhsorfpofÿb, `ds mhrhogds y joofdbhs, mh ouj`qufhr o`jsh quh shjb‛.7 

H` dalhtfvd mh `j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj hs jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd u dtrd mhrhogd rhj` sdarh afhbhs jprdpfja`hs, y hb h` ojsd mh `j prhsorfpofÿb hxtfbtj d `fahrjtdrfj su dalhtfvd hs jbu`jr `js joofdbhs y mhrhogds mh ouj`qufhr o`jsh quh shj. @j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj d usuojpfÿb hs jquh` kdmd drfefbjrfd, j tëtu`d sfbeu`jr y erjtuftd u mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd d ouj`qufhr dtrd mhrhogd rhj` susohptfa`h mh shr pdsfa`h pdr ubj phrsdbj hb ndrkj pjoënfoj, püa`foj, hxo`usfvj h fbfbthrrukpfmj pdr h` `jpsd mh tfhkpd hstja`hofmd pdr `j `hy, odb êbfkd mh muhúd. Zufhb usuojpfj jotüj y sh odkpdrtj odkd sf nuhrj muhúd nrhbth j `j odkubfmjm y jbth h` `heftfkjmd j dpdbhrsh. Hsj hxfehbofj mh` jbfkus mdkfbf hs fkpdrtjbth, yj quh `j prhsorfpofÿb mhkjbmj `j odbourrhbofj mh ub ghogd quh hs `j pdshsfÿb, quh hs h` khmfd quh fbmuoh d ``hvj j ejbjr h` mdkfbfd mh ubj odsj pdr h` trjbsoursd mh` tfhkpd y hsj pdshsfÿb mhah thbhr `uejr hb ndrkj pjoënfoj, püa`foj, hxo`usfvj h fbfbthrrukpfmj pdr h` tfhkpd hstja`hofmd pdr `j `hy y odb h` êbfkd mh gjohr suyj `j odsj (jbfkus mdkfbf).

8.:.

Mfnhrhbofjs hbtrh prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj y prhsorfpofÿb hxtfbtj.

7

 Oÿmfed Ofvf` mh @j Qhpüa`foj mh Sjbjkê, ]ëtu`d W^FF, @fard F^, Mh `j Srhsorfpofÿb, jrtëou`d :>>7. 

8

 

Srhsorfpofÿb mqufsftfvj Qhqufhrh `j hxfsthbofj mh ub ghogd pdsftfvd, quh hs `j pdshsfÿb y murh h` tfhkpd nfljmd pdr `j @hy.

Srhsorfpofÿb Hxtfbtj Srhsupdbh ub ghogd bhejtfvd quh odbsfsth hb `j jasthbofÿb, `j jotftum pjsfvj mh pjrth mh` tftu`jr mh` mhrhogd, khmfj mhsfmfj mh` tftu`jr mh` mhrhogd quh sh hxtfbeuh.

BJ]XQJ@H\J LXQËMFOJ<

BJ]XQJ@H\J LXQËMFOJ<

Odbstftuyh ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr h`

^fhbh j shr ub kdmd mh hxtfbeufr

mdkfbfd d mhrhogd rhj` mh ouyj

mhrhogds, da`fejofdbhs y joofdbhs `hej`hs

prhsorfpofÿb sh trjtj _d`d rhojh rhsphotd mh mhrhogds

 J`ojbzj j mhrhogds rhj`hs y phrsdbj`hs.

rhj`hs. H` tfhkpd vjrfj hb jkajs prhsorfpofdbhs, bd hs ubfndrkh.

8.1.

Ojrjothrëstfojs mh `j Srhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj mh` mdkfbfd y mhkês mhrhogds rhj`hs<

j. Hs ub kdmd drfefbjrfd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd. a. Hs ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr j tëtu`d erjtuftd. V sh rhofah sfb quh odb``hvh mhtrfkhbtd hb su pjtrfkdbfd, pdr h` odbtrjrfd, hbvuh`vh fborhkhbtd mh` kfskd. o. Hs ub kdmd mh jmqufrf jmqufrfrr pdr jotds fbthr vfvds. @j prhsorfpofÿb surth sus hnhotds hb vfmj mh` prhsorfafhbth. _f ubj phrsdbj hstê hb pdshsfÿb mh ubj odsj hb oj`fmjm mh pdshhmdr, gjaf`ftjmd pjrj usuojpfr`j, phrd hb h` ëbthrfb nj``hoh sh prdmuoh `j odbtfbufmjm mh `j pdshsfÿb hb `ds suohsdrhs, j qufhbhs qufhb hs sh `h odkputj d jerhej h` p`jzd mh prhsorfpofÿb `derjmd pdr h` mfnubtd. m. Hs ub kdmd mh jmquf jmqufrfr rfr j tëtu`d sfbeu`jr. Hb `j prhsorfpofÿb sd`jkhbth sh puhmh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd d ouj`qufhr dtrd mhrhogd rhj` rhsphotd mh odsjs sfbeu`jrhs, hsphoënfojs, mhthrkfbjmjs. >

 

h. Qhqufhrh sfhkprh mh ub h`hkhbtd odküb odküb y dt dtrd rd hsphofj`. H` h`hkhbtd odküb `d odkpdbhb `j pdshsfÿb y tfhkpd tjbtd pjrj `j prhsorfpofÿb drmfbjrfj y hxtrjdrmfbjrfj y h` h`hkhbtd hsphofj` pjrj `j drmfbjrfj, dr mfbjrfj, odkd `d hs hxfsthbofj mh ub tëtu`d y `j auhbj nh.

8.?.

Qhqufsftds quh mhah rhubfr `j Srhsorfpofÿb Jmqufsftfvj<

J. H`hkhbtd Odküb j ``jj prhsorfpofÿb drmfbjrfj drmfbjrfj y hxtrjdrmfbjrfj< j) @j pdshsfÿb< Hs ub ghogd pdsftfvd quh gjaf`ftj pdr h` trjbsoursd mh` tfhkpd pjrj jmqufrfr khmfjbth prhsorfpofÿb h` mdkfbfd y ouj`qufhr dtrd mhrhogd rhj`. Odkd qufhrj `j pdshsfÿb fkp`foj mfsnruth d rhthbofÿb mh ubj odsj d ub

mhrhogd odb êbfkd mh muhúd, `j kfskj mhah oukp`fr mhthrkfbjmds rhqufsftds< Zuh gjyj pdshsfÿb, d shj mhthbtjofÿb d mfsnruth mh ubj odsj sfbeu`jr odb êbfkd mh muhúd. Zuh `j odsj d mhrhogd sh gjyj pdshëmd mh ndrkj hxo`usfvj. Zuh hsj pdshsfÿb shj püa`foj, pjoënfoj, fbfbthrrukpfmj.

a) H` tfhkpd< quh `j pdshsfÿb murh h` tfhkpd hstja`hofmd pdr `j `hy sheüb sh trjth mh prhsorfpofÿb mh afhbhs kuha`hs h fbkuha`hs, mfstfbeufhbmd hbtrh drmfbjrfj y hxtrjdrmfbjrfj. Sjrj `j jmqufsfofÿb mh `ds afhbhs kuha`hs pdr hsth kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` tærkfbd hs mh trhs (?) júds hb `j pdshsfÿb, pjrj h` ojsd mh `j prhsorfpofÿb drmfbjrfj y hb `j hxtrjdrmfbjrfj h` p`jzd hs mh > júds (jrtëou`d :>61 O.O.). Qhsphotd mh `ds afhbhs fbkuha`hs d mhrhogds rhj`hs sdarh h``ds, h` `hefs`jmdr hstja`hoh ub p`jzd mfstfbtd pjrj `j prhsorfpofÿb hb quh mhah kjbthbhrsh `j pdshsfÿb mh `j odsj, mfstfbeufhbmd hb drmfbjrfj y hxtrjdrmfbjrfj. Hb `j drmfbjrfj h` p`jzd hs mh mfhz júds hbtrh prhshbths y 13 hbtrh jushbths odkputêbmdsh ojmj mds (1) mh jushbth pdr ubd (:) mh prhshbth y pjrj `j hxtrjdrmfbjrfj, hs mh qufboh júds.

5

 

8.=.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj<

@j bjturj`hzj lurëmfoj mh `j prhsorfpofÿb jmqufsftfvj hs `j mh shr ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr `j prdpfhmjm, quh j su vhz rhspdbmh j `j o`jsfnfojofÿb mh shr drfefbjrfd d mhrfvjmd.  J`eubds jutdrhs gjb mfsoutfmd sdarh sf `j usuojpfÿb hs ub kdmd mh m h drfefbjrfd mh jmqufrfr `j prdpfhmjm, bd hxfsth trjbsnhrhbofj bf hbjlhbjofÿb. Hnhotds mh `j Xsuojpfÿb< Dtdrej sheurfmjm lurëmfoj j `ds mhrhogds pjtrfkdbfj`hs y hb hsphofj` j `j prdpfhmjm. Odbsd`fmjm `j pdshsfÿb (ghogd) trjbsndrkêbmd`j j hb prdpfhmjm (mhrhogd).

^F.

]rjmfofÿb.

@j trjmfofÿb hs ub kdmd mhrfvjtfvd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd pdr jotd fbthr vfvd erjtuftd u dbhrdsd y tfhbh `uejr khmfjbth `j trjbsnhrhbofj mh` mdkfbfd mh ubj odsj sfbeu`jr mh ubj phrsdbj j dtrj, odbourrfhbmd hb ojmj ubj mh h``js h` êbfkd mh trjbsnhrfr y h` mh jmqufrfr, hxohpofdbj`khbth rhojh sdarh odsj ubfvhrsj`. @j trjmfofÿb fkp`foj ub jotd lurëmfod af`jthrj`, quh mhkjbmj `j odbourrhbofj pdr `d khbds mh mds phrsdbjs< ubj ``jkjmj trjmhb dtrj jbofpfh. H` trjmhb hs `j phrsdbj quh trjbsnfhrh, y h` jbofpfh, h` quh jmqufhrh jkads puhmh shr sfbeu`jr d p`urj`. Hb `j trjmfofÿb sh mfstfbeuhb mds h`hkhbtds< ubd odrpdrj` quh odbsfsth hb `j trjbsnhrhbofj mh` mdkfbfd mh `j odsj y dtrd sualhtfvd quh hs h` jouhrmd mh jkajs pjrths hb h` shbtfmd mh quh h` trjmhb tfhbh h` êbfkd mh trjspjsjr h` mhrhogd mh prdpfhmjm mh `j odsj, y h` jbofpfh h` êbfkd mh jmqufrfr`d.

>.:.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj mh `j ]rjmfofÿb<

@j trjmfofÿb hb hstrfotd mhrhogd, vfhbh j shr ub odbvhbfd, pdrquh hxtfbeuh d tfhbh pdr dalhtd hxtfbeufr da`fejofdbhs quh hxfsthb hbtrh h` trjmhb y h` jbofpfh. @j trjmfofÿb vfhbh j odbstftufr ubj hsphofh mh pjed pj ed d oukp`fkfhbtd mh ubj da`fejofÿb.

7

 

@j trjbskfsfÿb mh` mhrhogd mh prdpfhmjm d mh mdkfbfd pdr jotds fbthr vfvds fkp`foj `j odbourrhbofj mh mds bhedofds lurëmfods9 ubd trjs`jtfofd mh mdkfbfd, quh odbsfsth hb h` jouhrmd mh vd`ubtjmhs hbtrh ub prdpfhtjrfd jotuj` y h` nuturd jmqufrhbth bhedofd lurëmfod da`fejtdrfd (odbtrjtd), y dtrd bhedofd lurëmfod quh hs h` mh hbjlhbjofÿb, quh sh ``jkj trjmfofÿb‛. _h odbo`uyh quh ‐`j trjbsnhrhbofj mh` mhrhogd

mh mdkfbfd pdr jotd fbthr vfvds hxfeh `j odbourrhbofj mh hstds mds bhedofds, d shj h` trjs`jtfofd mh mdkfbfd quh hs h` odbtrjtd y `j hbjlhbjofÿb d hxtfbofÿb, d shj, `j trjmfofÿb‛.  

>.1.

Ojrjothrëstfojs mh `j ]rjmfofÿb.

@j trjmfofÿb odkd kdmd mh jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd prhshbtj `js sfeufhbths

ojrjothrëstfojs< j) @j trjmfofÿb sh fmhbtf fmhbtfnfoj nfoj pdr shr ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr mhrfvjtfvds, tdmj vhz quh h` mdkfbfd bd bjoh odb h` jmqufrhbth, sfbd quh prdohmh mh` trjmhb, quh `j trjbskfth j` jmqufrhbth. a) Sdr rhe`j ehbhrj` `j trjmfofÿb hs ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr j tftu`d sfbeu`jr. Hxohpofdbj`khbth hs j tftu`d ubfvhrsj`. o) @j trjmfofÿb puhmh thbhr `uejr j tëtu`d dbhrdsd d erjtuftd mhphbmfhbmd mh` bhedofd lurëmfod quh `h sfrvh mh jbthohmhbth y ojusj. m) @j trjmfofÿb hs ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr pdr jotds ffbthr bthr vfvds. @j jmqufsfofÿb mh` mdkfbfd tfhbh `uejr hb vfmj mh` jmqufrhbth. h) @j trjmfofÿb hs ubj odbvhbofÿb, oujbmd tfhbh pdr dalht dalhtd d afhbhs kuha`hs, bd jsë oujbmd sh trjtj mh afhbhs fbkuha`hs.

>.?.

Qhqufsftds mh `j ]rjmfofÿb.

j. @j hxfsthbofj mh mds phrsdbjs, h` ttrjmhb rjmhb y h` jbofpfh. a. H` odbshbtfkfhbtd mh mfogjs phrsdbjs d mh sus rhprhshbtjbths `hej`hs. o. @j hxfsthbofj mh ub tëtu`d ttrjs`jtfofd rjs`jtfofd mh mdkfbfd. m. H` trjmhb mhah shr m muhúd uhúd mh ``j j odsj dalhtd mh trjmfofÿb. h. Zuh khmfh hbtrhej mh `j odsj. 6

 

>.=.

O`jshs mh ]rjmfofÿb.

]rjmfofÿb Qhj`< Hstj tfhbh `uejr pdr h` trjspjsd mh` pdmhr hnhotfvd sdarh `j odsj, hs `j puhstj mh `j odsj dalhtd mh trjmfofÿb hb pdmhr hnhotfvd y pdshsfÿb mh` jbofpfh jubquh bd sh hbtrheuh `j odsj mh kjbd j kjbd.

]rjmfofÿb Nfotj d Nfbefmj < Hsth tfpd mh trjmfofÿb sh mj pdr `j prhshbofj mh ofhrtds ghogds quh hvfmhbofj `j trjmftfd.

Oujsf-]rjmftfd< Hs `j trjmfofÿb mh `js odsjs fbodrpdrj`hs d mhrhogds rhj`hs pdshfa`hs. ]fhbh `uejr pdr h` hlhrofofd mh` mhrhogd pdr pjrth mh` jmqufrhbth. ]rjmfofÿb @hej`< Hstj tfhbh `uejr odb `j fbsorfpofÿb hb h` Qhefstrd Süa`fod mh` tëtu`d ]rjs`jtfofd mh mdkfbfd mh ub afhb fbkuha`h.

]rjmfofÿb _ulhtj j Kdmj`fmjm< @j trjmfofÿb puhmh vhbfr sulhtj j kdmj`fmjm, hstd hs j ub p`jzd d ubj odbmfofÿb susphbsfvj.

^FF.

_uohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth.

_h trjtj mh ub kdmd mhrfvjtfvd j tëtu`d erjtuftd, pjrj jmqufrfr h` mdkfbfd mh afhbhs mhljmds pdr ubj phrsdbj odb dojsfÿb mh su mhohsd d nj``hofkfhbtd. _darh h` pjrtfou`jr hs phrtfbhbth h` jrt. >17 mh` Oÿmfed Ofvf`, h` ouj` mhnfbh `j suohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth odkd<

‐@j trjbskfsfÿb mh `ds mhrhogds jotfvds y pjsfvds quh odkpdbhb `j ghrhbofj mh ubj phrsdbj kuhrtj j `j phrsdbj quh sdarhvfvh j `j ouj` `j `hy d h` thstjmdr ``jkj pjrj rhofafr`j‛. 6  Hsth kdmd mh jmqufrfr tfhbh `uejr pdr khmfjr ub thstjkhbtd d sheufr h` drmhb mh pjrhbthsod kês prÿxfkd d ja fbthstjtd, jp`foêbmdsh hb hsth sheubmd ojsd `j rhe`j quh h` pjrfhbth kês prÿxfkd hxo`uyh j` kês rhkdtd y mh`jofÿb mh `j ghrhbofj sh mj pdr h` vëbou`d prÿxfkd mh pjrhbthsod.

6

 Oÿmfed Ofvf` mh @j Qhpüa`foj mh Sjbjkê, Sjbjkê, @fard FFF, Mh `j _uohsfÿb pdr ojusj m mh h kuhrth y mh `js mdbjofdbhs hbtrh vfvds, ]ëtu`d F Mfspdsfofdbhs Ehbhrj`hs, jrtëou`d >17.

:3

 

5.:.

Qhqufsftds<

:. Zuh gjyj ub nj``hofmd d mho`jrjmd lumfofj`khbth prhsubtjkhbth nj``hofmd. 1. Zuh thbej ub pjtrfkdbfd. ?. Zuh gjyj ghrhmhrd thstjmds thstjmd s d fbthstjmds j` tfhkpd mh` mhohsd d nj``hofkfhbtd d mh `j rhsd`uofÿb quh mho`jrh `j prhsubofÿb mh nj``hofmd.

=. Zuh `ds ghrhmhrds shjb ojpjohs pjrj suohmhr. 8. Zuh khmfh johptjofÿb mh `j ghrhbofj pdr `ds fbstftufmds ghrhmhrds d ``jkjmds sheüb h` drmhb mh pjrhbthsod kês prÿxfkd.

5.1.

Bjturj`hzj Lurëmfoj.

@j _uohsfÿb pdr ojusj mh kuhrth hs `j trjbskfsfÿb mh` pjtrfkdbfd mh ubj phrsdbj d mh ubj oudtj hb hsh pjtrfkdbfd d mh afhbhs mhthrkfbjmds, hb njvdr mh dtrjs phrsdbjs tjkafæb mhthrkfbjmjs. Hb hsth ojsd, tjkafæb hstjkds jbth ub kdmd mh jmqufrfr mh bjturj`hzj kfxtj, puhs sh rhqufhrh mh ub ghogd lurëmfod `j kuhrth mh` ojusjbth y mh ub jotd lurëmfod ubf`jthrj`, `j johptjofÿb mh `j ghrhbofj d `hejmd mhnhrfmd j` jsfebjtjrfd.

::

 

ODBO@X_FßB @j prdpfhmjm hs h` mhrhogd rhj` mfrhotd, fbkhmfjtd, phrphtud y hxo`usfvd quh sh hlhroh pdr su tftu`jr ``jkjmd prdpfhtjrfd, qufhb tfhbh h` mhrhogd m hrhogd mh jprdvhogjr h` afhb dalhtd mh `j prdpfhmjm tdtj` d pjrofj`khbth. Hb hstj rh`jofÿb r h`jofÿb dalhtd sulhtd quh puhmh hxprhsjrsh khldr odkd h` mdkfbfd quh sh hlhroh sdarh sd arh `j odsj dalhtd mh prdpfhmjm, hxfsth ub sulhtd pjsfvd ubfvhrsj` qufhb tfhbh `j da`fejofÿb mh bd gjohr y rhsphtjr h` rhnhrfmd dalhtd. _fhbmd, jsë `js odsjs, gh trjtjmd mh dnrhohr ub adsquhld ehbhrj` sdarh `js ojusjs prÿxfkjs rhnhrhbths j `j jmqufsfofÿb mh `ds mhrhogds rhj`hs, phrd kês quh h``d, `d quh qufhrd hs fbvftjr j `j rhn`hxfÿb prdnubmj sdarh `ds thkjs jquë rhvfsjmds, y mjr`ds

j odbnrdbtjofÿb odb `js fbstftuofdbhs lurëmfojs hstja`hofmjs.

:1

 

AFA@FDEQJNËJ

 Jbejrftj Eÿkhz, Ldreh. @hoofdbhs mh mhrhogd ofvf` - Afhbhs, Hmftdrfj` ]hkfs, Adedtê, 133=. Khmfbj Sjaÿb, L. H. (13:6). Mhrhogd Ofvf`. Afhbhs. _ÊBOGH\ OJ@HQD (Oddrm.) Oursd mh Mhrhogd ofvf` F (vd`. F Sjrth Ehbhrj` y Mhrhogd mh `j Shrsdbj, y vd`. F afs Mhrhogd mh Njkf`fj) Hm. ]frjbt `d A`jbog, ^j`hbofj, 13:3.

MFÆ\-SFOJ\D y EX@@ßB _fsthkj mh Mhrhogd ofvf` (vd`. F y vd`. F^) Hm. ]hobds, ::ª hmfofÿb, Kjmrfm, 133?.  J@JAJ@JMHLD EJQOËJ, K. Oursd mh Mhrhogd ofvf` (]. F y ]. F^) Hm. Hmfsdnhr, Kjmrfm, 1337. OJQQF@@D, Qdehrfd mh Kjrëj. Jpubths mh Mhrhogd mh Afhbhs. Xbfvhrsfmjm mh Sjbjkê. Njou`tjm mh Mhrhogd y Ofhbofjs Sd`ëtfojs. :65:.

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