Form 4 ICT Notes Ls 1-13.doc

Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON ONE: INTRODUCTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) How our ancestor used to disperse information to others?

o In the early year of Tanah Melayu, when there was no television or radio. The ‘Beduk’ play an important role.

o The Headman of the village was the one who announced any news, be it birth, death, time of prayers or even when the village was in danger. o Different rhythms signified different events. The rhythm of the ‘Beduk’ to announce death was different from the rhythm used to announce prayers. What is ICT?

o ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. A.) Information

o Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.

o The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.

o We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas. o Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example, forecasting the stock exchange market. B.) Communication

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

o Is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. o Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols, performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’ forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of the internet, e-mail or video conferencing. C.) Technology

o Is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and product that fulfill human needs. o Aiding Communication - telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending communication o Spreading Information – To broadcast information such as news or weather reports effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used. Timeline For The Development Of Technology Year 3500 BC 1500 BC 105 BC 1454 1793 1876 1925 1941 1958 1963 1969

Creation Sumerians developed cuneiform writing The Phoenicians developed the alphabet Tsai Lun of China invented paper The first printing began with the creation of printing machine. Telegraph line was invented The first telephone was introduced Television was made known to public Computer was created Photocopier machine was introduced Communication satellite was introduced The first internet known as ARPANET started.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON TWO: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER Before the era of computer begins, counting machine was invented to help people with business industry. The usage of counting machine, begin as early as 200 B.C. Evolution of computers can be traced at 7 stages: a) The early years b) First generation c) Second generation d) Third generation e) Fourth generation f) Fifth generation g) New era generation A. The early years Timelines of Counting Machine Year 200 BC 500 BC 1620 1653 1673 1801 1823 1941

Invention Chinese Abacus (First counting machine) Egyptian Abacus John Napier invented Napier’s Bone (Multiplication table carves on bones) Blaise Pascal invented Pascaline Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented Leibniz’s Rechner (which use first binary mathemathic calculating machine) Joseph Marie Jacquard invented weaving loom (using punch card technology) Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculator machine. Mark 1 was invented in Harvard University. The first computer which is slow, expensive and unreliable. It uses mechanical switches

B. First Generation (1940 – 1956) 1. Presper Eckert and William Mauchly built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946. 2. ENIAC use vacuum tubes rather than mechanical switches in Mark 1.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

3. In 1951, Eckert and Machly build UNIVAC (Universal automatic computer) which can calculate at the rate of 10 thousand additions per second. 4. New technology was needed in the invention of technology. These technologies are a) Vacuum tube – an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs. It was used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were used. b) Punched card – used to store data c) Magnetic tape – introduced in 1957. It is used to store data. A faster and more compact method of storing data. 5. Problems: a) The vacuum tubes generated great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control. b) The tubes burnt out frequently. c) People operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine. C. Second Generation (1956 – 1963) 1. The second generation computer scientists invented something new due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes. 2. The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were: a) John Bardeen b) Walter Houser Brattain c) William Shockley 3. The creation of transistor sparks the production of second generation computers. Transistor is a small devices use to transfer electronic signal across a resistor. 4. The advantages of transistor: a) Smaller than vacuum tubes b) Need no warm up time c) Consumed less energy d) Generated much less heat e) Faster f) More reliable D. Third Generation (1964 - 1971) Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

1. IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and sizes. It is used for business and scientific programs. 2. Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600, BZ 500. 3. New hardware technology: a) Silicone chip were manufactured in 1961 at the silicone valley. b) Integrated circuit technology, which had reduced the size and cost of computers. It is a complete electronic circuit or a small chip of silicone which is also known as semiconductor. c) The magnetic core memory was replaced by microchip. (The first 253 bit Ram, basis for the development of the 1K bit Ram). 4. Advantages: a) Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper. b) Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry. c) Customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks) 5. Software technology: a) More sophisticated b) Several programs run at the same time c) Sharing computer resources d) Support interactive processing E. Fourth Generation (1971 – Present) 1. It took only 55 years for the 4th generations to evolve. 2. The growth of the computer industry developed technologies of computer inventions. 3. There are many types of computer models such as a) Apple Macintosh b) IBM c) DELL d) ACER 4. In 1971, Intel created first microprocessor 5. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer 6. In 1981, IBM introduced its first personal computer 7. Among the famous inventors in fourth generations were: a) Bill Gates who invented Microsoft b) Michael Dell who invented Dell Computer 8. Hardware technology invented in fourth generation were a) Silicone chip Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

b) Microprocessor - a specialised chip developed for computer memory and logic - it is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistors. - the transistors on this one chip are capable of performing all of the functions of a computer’s central processing unit. c) Storage devices 9. Advantages: a) 100 times smaller than ENIAC (the first computer) b) Faster c) Reliable d) Greater storage capacity e) Personal and software industry boomed F. Fifth generation (present and beyond) 1. New hardware technology: a) Silicone chips b) Processor c) Robotics d) Virtual reality e) Intelligent system f) Programs which translate languages G. New Era Computer 1. Super Computers - Fastest, most powerful, most expensive. - Used in applications such as sending astronauts into space, testing safety and aerodynamic features on cars and aircraft, controlling missile guidance systems, and weather forecasting which required extreme accuracy and immense speed to perform the complex calculation. 2. Mainframe computers - Large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected user simultaneously. - used in large organization to handle high volume processing of business transactions and routine paperwork. 3. Mini computer - Medium sized computer Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

- Usually used as servers, with several PCs or other devices networked to access the midrange computer’s resources. 4. Personal computers - Small computer system, designed to be used by one person at a time. - Widely used in small and large bussineses. Examples: tracking merchandise, billing customer, manage company accounts. 5. Mobile computers – personal computer that you can carry from place to place 6. Expert system – teleconferencing, speech recognition system.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON THREE: USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE Computer plays major roles in our daily lives. We need computers to assists us in completing various tasks and jobs. Among the sector where ICT is used widely are: a.) education b.) banking c.) industry d.) business A.) Education 1. Today, most schools and higher education institution have computer in the classroom for teachers and students. 2. Computer is used in the sector of education because they can offer a) enhanced learning b) cognitive development c) interactive experiences 3. User who benefits are a) Teacher – Teacher uses computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online forums and online conferences as well as to aid their teaching. b) Students – Students use the computers as a reference tool. They use computers to browse the internet to look for information c) Researchers – Researchers use computers to collect and process data. d) School administrators – They use computers for administrative purposes to make sure that the entire operation runs smoothly. B.) Banking 1. The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world. It functions to control the entire banking system that also includes ‘Electronic Banking Services’. 2. Electronic Banking Services provide 24 hour services. The services include a) ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

b) cash deposit c) electronic fund transfer d) direct deposit e) pay by phone system f) personal computer banking g) internet banking 3. User who benefits are a) Customers – Customers can make any transactions at the 24 hour service centres or via online. These services allowed them to do transaction at anytime they want. b) Businessmen – Businessmen can save their time by using the online services offered by banks. They can access company accounts for loan applications, business transactions and update on their cash flow at anytime c.) Bank administrators – Bank administrators can oversee the entire banking activities such as reconciliations, inter-branch transaction (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the banking system C.) Industry 1. Computers are used to a) facilitate production planning and control systems, b) to support chain management c) to help in product design in the industrial sector 2. User who benefits are a) Workers – Workers use computers to analyze and collect research data for future reference. b) Researchers – Researchers use computers to analyze and collect research data for future reference. c.) Administrators – Administrators use computers to oversee the entire operations in the plant or factory to detect specific errors or defects that occurred in the process. D.) E-commerce Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

a. E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier, more efficient and faster. For this application, computers, internet and shared software are needed. 2. User who benefits are a) Customers – Customers use computers to be connected online with suppliers to purchase products. This method can save time and cost as they do not have to go any outlet. b) Suppliers – Suppliers use computers to keep track of their transactions. All products are bar coded and can be read by the computer scanner to help in determining prices and managing inventory. c) Employees – Employees use computers and telephones to communicate with their customers for any enquiries. The system helps employees to get the latest updates on inventory to be informed to the customers. E.) Other sector that benefits from the usage of ICT Sector Architecture Arts Career

Government Healthcare

Home Law Enforcement

Benefit Use computer graphic to experience with possible interiors to give client a visual image. Modern artists use computers to express their creativity Job opportunities that are related to ICT such as computer engineers, graphic designer, software engineers and programmer offer more technical skill and knowledge To forecast weather, process immigrant Computers are use to promote telemedicine. Researchers found it useful in information sharing. Doctors and medical practical are able to apply modern treatment such as laser treatment. Computer are use for record keeping, writing letters, preparing budget and communicating with others In maintaining national fingerprints floes, modeling DNA and others information. Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Sector Benefit Transportation In rapid transit system and tracking railway system Travel Computers are use to do room reservation. It helps tourists to plan their holiday well

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON FOUR: COMPUTERIZED AND NON-COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS Evolution of man and machine

o The evolution of man and machine happened hundreds of years ago but the evolution of the computerized system happened only less than a century ago. o Many tasks can now be accomplished easily via the computerized system. Computer System

o A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it becomes an organized and established procedure. (In Latin-Greek, the term “system” means to combine, to set up, to place together) o A system typically consists of components connected together in order to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy. o A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software which processes data in a meaningful way. A.) Education 1. Education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills. 2. It also imparts knowledge, good judgment and wisdom. B.) Banking System Banking before ICT

Banking after ICT

Banking was done manually by taking deposits directly

All transactions computers

are

done

by

Transactions can only be made Transaction can be done at anytime during working hour and place. Takes time to approve any loan applications

Online services, phone banking system, credit cards are available

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C.) Industry Industry before ICT

Industry after ICT

Industry was slow because Computers and telecommunications everything was done manually and industry became very popular and totally depended on human labor. profitable since production can be increased through an all day operator. D.) Commerce 1. Commerce is an activity of exchanging and buying and selling of commodities in large scale involving transportation from place to place. Commerce before ICT

Commerce after ICT

Trading was made using the barter system and it was then later developed into currency.

E-commerce plays an important role in the economic scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and servicing products that are done electronically.

Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth, billboards and printed flyers. Trading globally was extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find ways to market global products in the global market.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON FIVE: IMPACT OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY ICT development has changed every aspect of the human society. It has affected our life in many ways. A.) Faster communication speed 1. In the past, it took a long time for any news or messages to be sent. Now with the internet, news or messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business partners or to anyone efficiently. 2. With the capability of bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the internet, any information can travel fast and at an instant. It saves time and is inexpensive. B.) Lower communication cost 1. Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other mode of communication such as telephone, mailing or Korea Service. It allows people to have access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. 2. With the internet we do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet. Furthermore, the cost of connection to the internet is relatively cheap. C.) Reliable mode of communication 1. Computers are reliable. With the Internet we can access and retrieved information from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode of communication. 2. However, the input to the computer is contributed by the human. If the data pass through the computer is faulty, the result will be faulty as well. This is related to the form GIGO. GIGO is a short form for Garbage In Garbage Out. It refers to the quality of output produced according to the input. Normally bad input produces bad output. D.) Effective sharing of information 1. With the advancement of ICT, information can be shared by people all around the world. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups, mailing lists and forums on the Internet. This enables knowledge sharing which will contribute to the development of a knowledge-based society. 2. Some examples of popular discussion groups on the Internet are: a) Google Groups (www.googlegroups.com) Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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b) Yahoo! Groups (www.yahoogroups.com) c.) Classic discussion group E.) Paperless environment 1. ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium instead of paper. Online communication via email, online chat and instant messages also helps in creating the paperless environment. F.) Borderless communication 1. Through the internet, information and communication can be borderless. 2. Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and versatility. It has become a borderless source for services and information. G.) Social problems 1. There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the society. 2. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real time conversations. 3. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert theft, hacking, pornography and online gambling. This will result in moral decadent and generate threat to the society. H.) Health problems 1. A computer may harm user if they use it for long hours frequently. 2. Computers users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. 3. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic chair can reduced back strain and a screen filter is to minimize eyestrain. Summary 1. The advantages of ICT in the society: a. faster speed of communication b. lower communication cost c. reliable mode of communication d. effective sharing of information e. paperless environment f. borderless communication g. urging for research and development of new products Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

h.

good competition among the producers

2. The disadvantages of ICT in the society: a. social problems b. health problems c. changing peoples attitude and demand

LESSON SIX: COMPUTER ETHICS A.) Ethics in general

1. We often see pirated CDs, software and VCD being sold at the night market. Buying pirated software is an example of unethical activity in computer ethic. 2. A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being exploited, for example by replicating originals CDs and selling them as pirated software. This unethical behavior can be controlled by the code of conducts. 3. Under the Malaysia Copyright act 1987, any individual charge with piracy will be fine up to 10,000 for each copy or up to 5 years imprisonment or both. 4. Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline for computer users. B.) The ten commandments of computer ethics 1. The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 2. These principles consider the effective code of conducts for the proper use of information technology. 3. The ten commandments of computer ethics i. You shall not use a computer to harm other people. ii. You shall not interfere with other people’s computer work. iii. You shall not snoop around in other people’s computer files. iv. You shall not use a computer to steal. v. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness. vi. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

vii. You shall not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. viii. You shall not appropriate other people’s intellectual output. ix. You shall think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. x. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. C.) Guidelines on the e-mail and Internet usage 1. The Department of Public Services of Malaysia has provided guidelines on the e-mail and Internet usage as reference to the staff. 2. This guidance covers the usage of e-mail account, mailbox maintenance, e-mail preparation and delivery, mailing list and the Internet. 3. Some guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia: a) Use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinion. b) Keep the identity name and password a secret to avoid the misuse of your e-mail without your knowledge. c) E-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actions needed for any matters. d) Ensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computer storage capacity. e) Scan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from one computer to another. f) Do not send e-mails that contain classified information which can be used to tarnish other people or country. g) Choose a suitable time to search Internet to save access time and cost. h) Beware of prohibited sites which could affect one’s moral, organization or nation. i) Print only relevant documents that you think can be used in future to save cost. D.) Unethical computer code of conducts Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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1. Have you copied materials from the internet and claims that it is your own and submit them as an assignment? If you have, you are reaching the computer code of conducts. In other word, you are breaking the law of intellectual property by stealing someone else’s idea. Intellectual property refers to any products of human intellect that is unique and has a value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique names, computer program codes and many more. 2. Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include: a) modifying certain information on the internet, affecting the accuracy of the information b) selling information to other parties without the owner’s permission c) use information without authorization. d) involvement in stealing software e) invasion of privacy 3. With the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your information from the Internet. You may release that when you fill a form on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen. 4. Kevin David Mitnick was a famous hacker. He accessed computers without authorization. He deprived the privacy of many individuals by hacking into network of a few companies. He also managed to get valuable data unethically for his own usage. E.) Ethical computer code of conducts 1. Have you ever ask for permission to download materials from the internet such as music, articles, graphic and other material. If you have, you are following the computer code of conducts. There are many web sites with restriction where the public is allowed to use their material. Users may have to pay royalty to the owner or quote the website in their assignment or project, in order to be able to use this material. 2. Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include: a) sending warning about viruses to other computer users Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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b) asking permission before sending any business advertisements to others c) using information with authorization Summary 1. Ethics refers to a standard of moral guideline that is used to determine proper behavior. 2. There are two codes of conducts that can be referred to which are the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics by the United States Institute of Computer Ethics and the e-mails and Internet guidelines by the Department of Public Services of Malaysia. 3. Unethical computer code of conducts include modifying the accuracy of the information, selling information to other parties without the owner’s permission, using information without authorization, involvement in stealing software and invasion privacy. 4. Ethical computer code of conducts include sending warning about viruses to other computer users, asking permission before sending any business advertisements to others and using information with authorization.

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LESSON SEVEN: THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS A.) Definition of Ethics 1. In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to it. 2. On the other hand, ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the computer and computer networks. This includes the Internet. B.) Definition of Law 1. Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the affairs of a community and controlled by a political authority. 2. Law differs from one country to another. In the era of technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or actions that fall under the computer law. Computer law refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding of computer technology such as hardware, software and Internet. 3. Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Act, the computer Crime Act 1997 and the Telemedicine Act 1997. C.) Why do we need ethics and law in computing? 1. Respecting Ownership We must respect ownership by not stealing other people’s work either by duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and authorization from the individual or company that created the program are immoral and illegal. 2. Respecting privacy and confidentiality We should respect other people’s privacy and confidentiality by refraining ourselves from reading their mails or files without their Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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permission. If we do so, it is considered as violating an individual’s right to privacy and confidentiality. 3. Respecting property Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other people’s property. D.) Similarities between Ethics and Law 1. Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made a. to guide user from misusing computers b. to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are used to contribute to a better life. c to prevent any crime. E.) Differences between ethics and laws Ethics 1. Guideline As a guideline to computer users 2. Moral standard Ethical behavior is judged by moral standard. 3. Free to follow Computer users are free to follow or ignore the code of ethics 4. No punishments No punishments for anyone who violates ethics

5. Universal Universal, can be applied anywhere,

Law 1. Control As a rule to control computer users. 2. Judicial standard Law is judged by judicial standards 3. Must follow Computer users must follow the regulations and law 4. Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments for those who break the law. 5. Depends on country Depends on country and state

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Ethics Law all over the world where the crime is committed. 6. Produce ethical computer user 6. Prevent misusing of computers To produce ethical computer users To prevent misuse of computers 7. Immoral 7. Crime Not honoring computer ethics Not honoring the law means means ignoring the moral elements committing a crime (immoral). F.) Unethical vs. law breaking conducts

1. 2.

3.

Unethical Using the office computer to do personal thing Reading your friend’s e-mail without his or her permission. Plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class assignments without giving credits to the original author.

Law breaking 1. Sending a computer virus via e-mail 2. Hacking into your school database to change your examination results. 3. Selling pirated software in a night market.

Summary 1. 2.

3.

Ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the computer, computer networks and the Internet. Computer law is a concept from existing law, which is applied to the relatively new technologies of computer hardware and software, e-mail and Internet. Ethical behavior is judged by moral standards while law is judged by judicial standards.

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LESSON EIGHT: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS It is important to have your creation patented to protect your rights. Reproducing other people’s inventions without their permission or piracy is illegal. We must respect the rights of others. A.) Definition of Intellectual Property 1. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to works created by inventors, authors and artists. Those works are unique and have value in the market value. 2. In our daily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP. Your school bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by Intellectual Property Rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all protected by a group of legal rights. B.) Intellectual Property Law 1. Intellectual property and intellectual property right can be protected under the Intellectual Property Law. 2. Intellectual Property Laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and more. C.) Inventions Protected By Intellectual Property Laws 1. As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realize the importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard their intellectual property rights. 2. This includes Trademarks, Service marks, Trade/Company names, Domain names, Geographical indications, Copyrights, Patents. 3. Example of creation that are covered under the Intellectual Property Law include architectural, audio visual, sound recording, Literary, musical and sculptural. D.) Intellectual Property Protection There are four types of Intellectual Property Protection. They are: Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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1. patents for invention o Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements to the existing inventions. o It is a grant of a property right to the inventor. For example. Centrino is a processor which introduce efficient power management. The design of the processor is patented by Intel. 2. trademarks for brand identity o Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goods or services o Trademarks for brands, identity of goods and services allowed the distinction to be made between different traders. For example: Intel and AMD. 3. designs for product appearance o The features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or material of the product itself or its ornaments. o The design for product appearance covered the whole or a part of a product resulting from the feature such as the lines, contours, colours, shape, texture or material. For example: Apple IMAC. 4. copyright for material o Literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and broadcast, including software and multimedia. o Copyrights protect the expression of idea in literary, artistic and musical works. For example, you can copyrights the web content you have just designed. o Copyrights give the holder some exclusive rights to control the reproduction of works of authorship, such as books and music for a certain period of time. Summary 1. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to work created by investors, authors and artists. 2. Intellectual Property Rights are rights to which creators are entitled to for their inventions, writings and works of art.

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3. Intellectual Property Laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique names, business models, industrial processes and computer program codes from being manipulated by people other than the owner. 4. Why do we need intellectual property law? o To appreciate other hard works and energy o To safeguard one property o To protect human relationship

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LESSON NINE: PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGE We should respect other people’s privacy by not invading their personal lives. People treasure privacy as there are some things that they do not wish to disclose to others. The same goes for privacy in ICT. A.) What is privacy? 1. Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy. 2. Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols. Then, computer is used to process data into information. In general, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video. 3. Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them. B.) Ways computer technology threaten our privacy 1. How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data? It is done through: a. Cookies o are used to identify users by web casting, e-commerce and other web applications. o contain user information and are saved in the computer hard disk. o are used by some websites to store passwords and track how regularly we visit a website, that’s how we become potential targets for web advertisers. o enable web sites to collect information about your online activities and store them for future use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that requests for it. b. Electronic profile o electronic profile is the combining of data in a database that can be sold to the Internet by the company to the interested parties. o this database is in a form such as magazine subscription or product warranty cards that had been filled by online subscribers. o the information in electronic profile includes personal details such as your age, address and marital status. c. Spyware Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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o refers to a program that collects user information without user’s knowledge.

o can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus. o is a result of installing new programs. o Communicates information it collects to some outside source while we are online. 2. Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. For example, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription, purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other personal details. 3. Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product online, your information is entered into a database. 4. Computer technology can also threaten privacy through spam. Spam is unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sent to many recipients at once. C.) Why do we need privacy? 1. We need privacy for anonymity. 2. For example, the internet creates an elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the web because all information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected. 3. We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for a variety of other purposes without the individual’s knowledge or consent. 4. We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties. D.) Can privacy be protected? Privacy can be protected by 1. Privacy law The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasizes on the following: a. Security services to review the security policy b. Security Management to protect the resources c. Security Mechanism to implement the required security services d. Security objects, the important entities within the system environment. Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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2. Utilities software Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and anti-virus Summary 1. Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy and the right of individuals and companies to restrict the collection and use of information to others. 2. There are three ways computes technology can threaten our privacy: a. Cookies b. electronic profile c. spyware 3. Privacy can be protected by privacy law and utilities software.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON TEN: AUTHENTICATIONS A.) What is authentication? 1. Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact the user who is authorized to do so. 2. For example, when you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the validation of the card. Then, the machine will request for a pin number. This is where the authentication takes place. Identification - present what the user has (e.g. smart card)

Verification - verify the validity of the ID Valid (T)

Not valid (F)

Identification - present what the user is (e.g. biometric)

Authentication - authenticate who the user is

Access denied

False

True Access granted

B.) Methods of Authentication 3. There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric device and callback system.

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4. Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database. 5. Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user. C.) Biometric devices The examples of biometric devices are a.) Fingerprint recognition

o A dedicated fingerprint reader is attached to a computer and takes the image data from the scanner and sends it to the database. The user is usually required to leave his finger on the reader for less than 5 seconds during which time the identification or verification takes place. The data received is compared to the information stored within the database. o In order to prevent fake fingers from being used, many biometrics fingerprint systems also measure blood flow, or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of the fingers. o This authentication method is accurate and cost effective. b.) Facial Recognition

o Facial recognition analyses the recorded information of distance between eyes, nose, mouth and jaw edges of an individual's face images captured through a digital video camera. o Facial recognition is widely used, touted as a fantastic system for recognizing potential threats (whether terrorists, scam artists, or known criminals). o But so far, it has been unproven in high level usage. It is currently used in the verification only system with a good deal of success. o The accuracy is fair and the cost involve for this method is reasonable. c.) Hand Geometry Scanning

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

o Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis of the shape of one's hand.

o It is a fairly straight forward procedure and it is surprisingly accurate.

o Although it requires special hardware to use, it can be easily integrated into other devices or system.

o Unlike fingerprints, the human hand is not unique. Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for identification.

o It is possible to revise a method by combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification purposes. d.) Iris Scanning

o Iris scanning analyses the features that exist in the coloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has more than 200 points that can be used for comparison, including rings, furrows and freckles. o The scans use a regular video camera and can be done from further away than a retina scan. o It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has the ability to create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used for identification purposes. o The accuracy of this method is excellent while the cost involved is high. e.) Retina Scanning

o Retina biometrics involves the scanning of retina and analyzing the layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye.

o Retina scanning involves using a low intensity light source and an optical coupler and can read the patterns at a great level of accuracy. o Retina scanning requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye close to the device and focus on a certain point. o Whether the accuracy can overweight the public discomfort is yet to be seen.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

o The accuracy in retina scanning is very good and the cost involves is fair. f.) Voice Recognition

o Voice recognition system compares a person's live speech with their stored voice pattern. o Voice recognition biometrics requires users to speak into a microphone. What he speaks can be his password or an access phrase. o Verification time is approximately 5 seconds. To prevent recorded voice use, most voice recognition devices require the high and low frequencies of the sound to match, which is difficult for many recording instruments to recreate well. Also, some devices generate random number of sequences for verification. o The accuracy in voice recognition is fair and the cost involved is very reasonable. g.) Signature Verification System

o Signature Verification System recognizes the shape of your o o o o o

handwritten signature, as well as measuring the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the signature. Signature Verification System uses special pen and tablet. After pre-processing the signature, several features are extracted. The authenticity of a writer is determine by comparing an input signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three signatures. The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is computed using string matching and the similarity value is compared to a threshold. The accuracy in Signature Verification System is fair and the cost involved is excellent.

D.) Callback System

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

o The callback system is commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.

o For example, when you book for the taxi services, the operator will ask you to hang up and she will call you back to confirm for the service required. E.) Why is authentication important? Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorized access and use. Summary 1. Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say they are. 2. There are 2 commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric device and callback system. 3. Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database. 4. Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user. 5. Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorized access and use.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON ELEVEN: VERIFICATION A.) What is verification? Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification Identification - present what the user has (e.g. smart card)

Verification - verify the validity of the ID Valid (T)

Not valid (F)

Access granted

Access denied

Identification - present what the user is (e.g. pin number)

B.) Methods of verification 1. There are two methods, commonly used in verification, which are user identification and processed object. 2. User identification refers to the process of validating the user. 3. Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card, security token and cell phone. C.) User identification The examples of validating process using the user identification are: 1. Key in the user name to log-in to a system and the system will verify whether the user is valid or invalid user. Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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2. Show exam slip to verify that you are the valid candidate for the exam. 3. Show a passport before departure. D.) Processed object The examples of validating process using the processed object are: 1. The policeman will check on the driver’s license to identify the valid driver. 2. Employees have to swipe their security card to enter the building 3. Buy blouses at the mall using a credit card Summary 1. Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specifications. 2. Two methods commonly used in verification are user identification and processed object. 3. User identification refers to the process of validating the user. Processed objects refer to something the user has such as identification card, security token, key, badge and cell phone.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON TWELVE: CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT A.) Controversial content A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture will have different views about the contents B.) Issues on controversial contents

o The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on pornography and slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander as illegal. o Pornographic and slanderous activities can be in the forms of plots and actions displayed on video games, controversial rhythm or lyrics of music, controversial contents of books and controversial issues on religion and philosophy. C.) Pornography

o Cute pictures of innocent babies can’t be considered as pornography by normal standards. However these pictures may attract paedophiles. Paedophiles are people who are sexually arouse by young children. They exploit children for sexual pleasure. Sexual acts against children are a crime everywhere and must be curbed. These pictures are pornography to paedophiles. o The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like books or photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement. o Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful manner D.) Slander

o Slander is a legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning knowing that it is false or “reckless disregard” that it was false) about someone. Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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o Example: i.

You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having an affair with a teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five other friends. ii. Ahmad is a Muslim. One day, he received a “spam” e-mail stating that his favourite soda drink “Soda Moda” uses nonhalal food colouring, but he does not know if the source of the content is credible or true. He decides to forward the email to 50 of his friends. iii. Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is receiving bribes from an enemy government. E.) Impacts On Malaysian Society 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pornography Can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children Can lead to sexual addiction or perversion. Can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children. Can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour.

Slander 1. Can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth. 2.

Can develop bad habit of spreading untruths and rumours. 3. Can lead to unnecessary argument. 4.

Can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person.

Summary 1. Controversial content is the information that causes dispute among people with different beliefs and values. 2. Controversial contents such as slander and pornography can give effect to the society in the following manner. a) Causes arguments and quarrels b) Can harm reputation of people. c) Lowers moral behaviour d) May exploit men, women and children e) Can lead to sexual addiction and crimes Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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f) Erodes good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour.

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Form 4 Lesson Notes Part 1 ICT & Society

LESSON THIRTEEN: THE PROCESS OF INTERNET FILTERING A.) Internet filtering

o Internet pornography politically incorrect sites, hatred sites and many other misleading and controversial contents are at large in the information super highway. Internet has become more accessible to anyone. o It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet. o Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain materials on the Internet. o Filtering is most commonly used to prevent children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees productive on the Internet. B.) Control access to the Internet 1. The current preferred method of choice to limit access on the Internet is to filter content either by a. Keyword blocking i. Uses a list of banned words or objectionable terms such as the word “sex” and “penis”. ii. As the page is downloading, the filter searches for any of these words. If found, it will block the page completely, stop downloading the page, block the banned words and even shut down the browser. iii. ‘Keyword blocking Process’

Type keywords (in browser) False

Keyword = Blocked database

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iv.

Examples of keyword that can be blocked are ‘Sex’, ‘Penis’, ‘Breast’. However blocking these keywords will also block searchers for information on places like Essex and Penistone. The word breast will also block searches for recipes using chicken breast.

b. Site blocking i. This software is more sophisticated than word blocking as it involve people visiting the site and evaluating them. ii. This method compiles a list a ‘dubious Internet sites’ which the software then can prevent people from accessing it. iii. ‘Denial list’ regularly updated and can be automatically downloaded to the software purchaser. iv. Some example of ‘dubious Internet sites’ are www.xxx.xom, www.poker.com, www.porn.com v. ‘Site blocking process’

Type URL Falseee

URL checks for blocked

Access vi. vii. viii.

True Access

The lists are often organized into categories of information. For example: activist group, sexuality and lifestyle. Users then can have control on what they blocked and don’t block. However, there are concerns on what goes on the ‘denial list’. These lists are sensitive commercial information and companies are consequently often not willing to make them available. It is unrealistic Copyright@ ICT SMK Hamid Khan

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ix. x.

that a software company is able to keep track of the whole of the Internet. Filters can use both site blocking and word blocking. This could catch the sites that are on the blocked list

c. Web Rating System i. Web sites are rated in terms of nudity, sex, violence and language. ii. The Recreational Software Advisory Council or RSACI is responsible for the rating of the Internet. iii. ‘Web Rating System’

Software companies rate websites False

Content to be accessed > allowed websites

Access granted

True

Access denied

o The pages are rated according to their content either by the web page author or by the independent bureau. o The rating is either embedded in the web page itself or access to the web is managed through the bureau. o Browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of ratings. For example: partial nudity, mild expletives, innocent kissing and romance and sports violence. o Any page with rating above this level will not be accepted or viewable. Ratings like this have been taken out at a high level by politician but obviously very few pages have been rated and so its value is still being decided.

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o Again, there are issue, who decided the ratings and how they judge the criteria. For example: How do you decide what mild expletives or moderate expletives are? Or how do you take into account the cultural differences? 2. Controlling access to the Internet by means of filtering software has become a growing industry in Malaysia and elsewhere. 3. Its use has become as the mandatory response to the current place of society mainly internet pornography, politically incorrect sites, hatred, violent, hate and in general anything due to be threatening or unpleasant. 4. These method required software to be install at a client or server level. Summary The process of internet filtering through several ways which are 1. Referred to by the URLs 2. By using a large set of keywords to prevent accessing sites that contain one or more of the words. 3. Rate specific websites o Rating either done by web page author or by independent bureau. o Browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of ratings.

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