Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation - Research Paper

 

C@TGM[LK [KLGMKG LM KTLJLMBF LMSG[XLIBXL@M? BHJL[[LDLFLX\ LM LMHLBM FGIBF [\[XGJ BMH CWXWTG UGT[UGKXLSG [bmobmb Jbaabr2

BD[XTBKX Xng k`mkgpt `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg sklg mkg ls m`t b mgw `mg lm Lmhlb , tn`uin lt„s tng bppflkbtl`m wbs m`t  am`wm dy us. Xng usg `c clmigrprlmt wnlkn wbs bfs` am`wm bs ‖Xrlob‚ dy tng lffltgrbtgs, wbs lmhukgh kgmturlgs bi`. Dut lts hgtblfgh rgcgrgmkg kbm dggm sggm cr`j `ur fltgrbturg wrlttgm 4;55 ygbrs bi` flag tng Abutlfyb“s Brtnbsnbstrb.  Bt prgsgmt tljg sklgmkg ls gxpbmhlmi bt bm gvgr lmkrgbslmi rbtg bmh c`rgmslk sklgmkg- tng bppflkbtl` bppf lkbtl`m m `c sklgmtlclk tgknmlqugs tgknmlqugs t` `dtblm `dtblm gvlhgmkggvlhgmkg- snbrgs lm tnls pr`kgss. Bs b rgsuft  j`rg bmh j`rg sklgmtlclk gvlhgmkg ls dglmi ilvgm, ls dgk`jlmi j`rg bmh j`rg tgknmlkbf bmh  ls bff t`` `ctgm fgss bmh fgss k`jprgngmsldfg t` tng m`m-sklgmtlst. C`rgmslk sklgmkg ls m`t bm lmhlvlhubf sudogkt dut lt ls bm ujdrgffb tgrj tnbt k`mslsts `c `tngr hlsklpflmgs `c sklgmkg bmh  t`ukng t`u kngss bfj`st bfj`st gvgry gvgry d`umh d`umhbry bry `c jghlkb jghlkbff sudogkt sudogkts. s. Lt ls bm gxgrkls gxgrklsgg `c k`jj`m k`jj`m sgmsg k`upfg k`u pfgh h wltn wltn tng gxpgrlg gxpgrlgmkg mkg bmh am`wfg am`wfghig hig bfrgbh bfrgbhyy bkqulr bkqulrgh gh cr`j cr`j `tngr `tngr drbmkn drbmkngs gs `c  jghlklmg, `dstgtrlks, bmh surigry. Xng gv`futl`m `c tng c`rgmslk sklgmkg clgfh `vgr tng pbst  twgmty twg mty-clv -clvgg ygbrs ygbrs nbs jbhg jbhg hrbjbt hrbjbtlk lk sklgmt sklgmtlclk lclk drgbatn drgbatnr`u r`uins ins (HMB (HMB typlmi typlmi,, pnyslk pnyslkbf  bf  gvlhgmkg hbtbdbsgs, rgfbtgh sklgmtlclk lmstrujgmtbtl`m). Hug t` fljltgh rgs`urkgs c`rgmslk tgknmlqugs brg m`t utlflzgh lt lm j`st krljlmbf lmvgstlibtl`ms. Xngrg nbvg dggm j`rg tbrigtgh   stuhlgs `c HMB tgstlmi bmh lts k`sts bmh gccgkts up`m tng s`futl`m `c k`fh kbsgs bmh pr`pgrty krljgs, dut m` stuhlgs gxbjlmlmi tng cuff brrby `c pnyslkbf gvlhgmkg bmh tng pr`kgsslmi `c  kb kbsgs sgs tn tn`u `uin in tng tng krljl krljlmb mbff ou oust stlkg lkg pr pr`k `kgss gss.. Gxbj Gxbjlm lmbt btl` l`m m `c gv gvlh lhgm gmkg kg jby jby bs bssl slst st tn tngg lmvgstlibt` lmvgst libt`rr lm hgtgrjlmlmi hgtgrjlmlmi n`w b krljg nbs dggm k`jjlttgh. k`jjlttgh. Xng prgsgmt pbpgr bljs bt t` gxpf`rg tng bppflkbdlflty `c C`rgmslk sklgmkg lm krljlmbf lmvgstlibtl`m bmh wnbt r`fg lt pfbys lm aggplmi fbw bmh `rhgr lm b s`klgty. Xnls pbpgr bfs` tnr`ws flint `m n`w c`rgmslk sklgmkg ls bktlmi bs b drlhig dgtwggm tng jghlkbf sklgmtlsts bmh fgibf sklgmtlsts.  Agy Y`rhs? Hgvgf`pjgmt, Krljlmbf Lmvgstlibtl`m, C`rgmslk [klgmkg, Oustlkg, Jghlkbf   Ourlspruhgmkg. 2

 Clmbf \gbr [tuhgmt, Wmlvgrslty Lmstutg `c Fgibf [tuhlgs, Ubmobd Wmlvgrslty, Knbmhlibrn

 

L.

LMXT@HWKXL@M

Oustlkg h`gs m`t k`jg wltn b slmifg kflka `r b dflma t` bmyd`hy. Lt tbags lmkrghldfg sgvgrbf j`vgs. F`ts `c tljg, pbtlgmkg, gmgriy, bmh jbmy stgps brg lmv`fvgh lm sgrvlmi oustlkg t` bm lmhlvl lmh lvlhub hubf. f. [tbrtl [tbrtlmi mi cr`j cr`j tng k`jjls k`jjlssl` sl`m m `c tng krljg krljg t` p`flkg p`flkg lmvgstl lmvgstlibt ibtl`m l`m,, t` k`urt k`urt  pr`kgghlmis, bmh clmbffy t` ouhijgmts bmh k`mvlktl`ms. Lm b pr`irgsslvg bmh hgj`krbtlk s`klgty, fgiltljbky nbs bfwbys dggm k`mslhgrgh bs b nbffjbra lm tng oustlkg systgj. Yltn tng bhvbmkgjgmt `c tljg, tngrg nbs dggm k`mslhgrbdfg hgvgf`pjgmt lm tng pr`kgss `c tng ouhlklbry systgj.. Hug t` tnls, tngrg nbs dggm rgjbrabdfg systgj rgjbrabdfg pgmgtrbtl`m pgmgtrbtl`m `c tgknm`f`iy tgknm`f`iy bmh tgknmlqugs tgknmlqugs lm tng pr`kgss `c s`fvlmi krljg. Lm tnls, c`rgmslk sklgmkg pr`vgs t` dg `c j`st ngfp. 4

C`rgmslk sklgmkg ls wngrg sklgmkg jggts tng fbw. Lt nbs b irgbt slimlclkbmkg lm tng krljlmbf bs wgff bs klvlf jbttgrs. C`rgmslk gvlhgmkg ls tng pnyslkbf gvlhgmkg c`umh bt tng krljg skgmg. C`r  tng ljpgtus / sbag `c cblr ouhijgmt, tng snrghs `c gvlhgmkg c`umh `m tng pfbkg `c krljg pfby b  pbrbj`umt r`fg. Xngy brg k`mslhgrgh bs tng sgk`mhbry gvlhgmkg, tng h`kujgmts dglmi tng  prljbry gvlhgmkg. Xng prljbry gvlhgmkg bjbfibjbtgh wltn sgk`mhbry gvlhgmkg brg prgsgmtgh lm tng k`urt `c fbw, wnlkn ngfps tng k`urt t` umhgrstbmh tng cbkts bmh hgflvgr tng ouhijgmt.

Bctgr tng k`jjlssl`m `c tng krljg, tng lmvgstlibtlmi `cclkgr trlgs t` k`ffgkt tng jbxljuj gvlhgmkg c`umh bt tng sltg `c tng krljg. Xnglr r`fg ls t` lmvgstlibtg jlmutgfy dgkbusg b jlmusk jlm uskufg ufg pr``c pr``c kbm rgvgrt rgvgrt tng kbsg. C`rgms C`rgmslk lk sklgmkg sklgmkg nbs b rgjbra rgjbrabdf bdfgg k`mtrl k`mtrldut dutl`m l`m lm s`fvlmi krljlmbf lmvgstlibtl`m bmh `tngr nglm`us vl`fgmkg.

X` umhgrstbmh tng k`mkgpt wgff, fgt“s tbag tng gxbjpfg `c tng k`fflsl`m `c dulfhlmis. Lm tnls kbsg, tng c`rgmslk klvlf gmilmggrlmi gxpgrts wlff lmvgstlibtg c`r dulfhlmi k`ffbpsg bmh tng rgbs`m c`r tng k`ffbpsg, bmh tng sbjg wlff dg sudjlttgh lm tng k`urt. Xng k`urt wlff gstbdflsn b flma dgtwggm tng plgkgs `c gvlhgmkg, rgbkn up`m b k`mkfusl`m bmh hgklhg up`m tng cbkt tnbt wn` ls rgsp`msldfg c`r tng lmklhgmt.

C`rgmslk C`rgm slk sklgmkg lmv`fvgs lmv`fvgs tng jgtn`h jgtn`h bmh tgknm`f`iy tgknm`f`iy cr`j vbrl`us vbrl`us drbmkngs drbmkngs `c sklgmkg flag jghlklmgs, dl`f`iy, pnbrjbky, kngjlstry, gtk. C`r gxbjpfg, tng df``h c`umh bt tng sltg,

4

  TA Xgwbr Xgwbrl, l, AS Tbvl Tbvlau aujb jbr, r, Nlst O@WTMB MBFF @C Nlst`r `ry y bm bmh h hg hgvg vgf` f`pj pjgm gmtt `c c` c`rg rgms mslk lk sk sklg lgmk mkg g lm Lm Lmhl hlb, b, 83 O@WT U@[XITBHWBXG JGHLKLMG (OUIJ) ;5;, ;5;-;5> (4555).

 

 dfugprlmtlmi `c tng df``h ls wltn tng bppflkbtl`m `c pnyslks. Dl`f`iy ngfps lm rgk`imlzlmi tng hg hgbh bh d` d`hy hy,, wngr wngrgb gbss kn kngj gjlst lstry ry kb kbm m ng ngfp fp lm hg hgtg tgrj rjlm lmlm lmi i tn tngg rgbs` rgbs`m m c` c`rr tn tngg hg hgbt btn n `r  k`jdlmbtl`m `c hruis lm tng d`hy. ;

LL.

HGCLMLXL@M B[UGKX

Ugtgr Ynltg nbs hgclmgh tng tgrj c`rgmslk sklgmkg lm tw` hlccgrgmt sgmsgs. @mg ls mbrr`wgr  sgmsg bmh bm`tngr ls wlhgr sgmsg. Xnls wlhg jgbmlmi k`vgrs krljlmbf pr`sgkutl`ms lm tng wlhgst sgmsg, t`igtngr wltn pbtr`ms bmh gk`f`ilkbf sbcgiubrh bmh pnyslkbf k`mhltl`m bmh  pr`tgktl`m bt w`ra, bs wgff bs klvlf pr`kgghlmi sukn bs vl`fbtg `c birggjgmt birgg jgmt bmh mgifligmkg. @m tng `tngr nbmh, lm umlvgrsbf prbktlkg tng tgrj ls bppflgh j`rg mbrr`wfy t` usg `c sklgmkg lm tng lm tng lmvgstlibtl`m `c krljg dy tng p`flkg bmh dy tng k`urts bs gvlhgmkg lm rgs`fvlmi tng lssug lm bmy sudsgqugmt trlbf. Jlhwgst C`rgmslks Tgs`urkg Kgmtrg bt tng W.[. Hgpt. `c Gmgriy nbs hgclmgh C`rgmslk [klgmkg bs ‖C`rgmslk sklgmkg ls tng bppflkbtl`m `c mbturbf sklgmkgs t` tng pr`kghurgs `c fbw. Lm prbktlkg tng sudogk sudogktt `c c`rgms c`rgmslk lk sklgmkg sklgmkg hrbws hrbws lts Urlmkl Urlmklpfg pfgss bmh Jgtn`hs Jgtn`hs cr`j cr`j tng sudogkts sudogkts flag flag  pnyslks, kngjlstry, dl`f`iy bmh `tngr `tngr sklgmkg sudogkts‚ Kbflc`rmlb Krljlmbflstlks Lmstltutg nbs hgclmgh c`rgmslk sklgmkg bs? ‖C`rgmslk [klgmkg ls tng bppflkbtl`m `c tng jgtn`hs bmh tgknmlqugs `c tng dbslk sklgmkgs t` fgibf lssugs. C`rgmslk [klgmkg ls b vgry dr`bh clgfh `c stuhy. Lt lmkfuhgs Krljg Fbd`rbt`ry [klgmtlsts, s`jgtljgs kbffgh C`rgmslk [klgmtlsts `r, j`rg pr`pgrfy, Krljlmbflsts, w`ra wltn  pnyslkbf gvlhgmkg k`ffgktgh bt skgmgs `c krljgs.‚ C`rgmslk C`rgm slk sklgmkg ls tng bppflkbtl`m bppflkbtl`m `c mbturbf sklgmkgs t` tng jbtgrs `c fbw. C`rgmslk C`rgmslk sklgmkg ls flm flmagh agh t` pnyslks pnyslks kngjls kngjlstry try,, dl`f`i dl`f`iy y bmh `tngr `tngr sklg sklgmtl mtlclk clk jgtn`h jgtn`hss bmh tgknmlq tgknmlqugs ugs.. Lt lmv`fvgs rgk`imltl`m, lhgmtlclkbtl`m, lmhlvlhubflzbtl`m bmh gvbfubtl`m `c pnyslkbf gvlhgmkg c`r  tng purp`sg, `c bhjlmlstrbtl`m `c krljlmbf oustlkg. Lt“s `mg `c j`st gmgrigtlk, knbrlsjbtlk bmh k`mtgjp`rbry bmh gxnlfbrbtlmi drbmkn `c sklgmkg usgh lm lhgmtlcylmi krljgs bmh krljlmbfs. 8

LLL.

T@FG

@C

C@TGM[LK

[KLGMKG

LM

XNG

KTLJLMBF

LMSG[XLIBXL@M

;

 Hlibmtn Tbo [gnibf, C`rgmslk [klgmkg Lm Krljlmbf Ouskg [ystgj, lpfgbhgrs ? Lmtgffligmt Fgibf [`fu`ms (Oufy 54, 4545, 25?57 BJ), nps?//df`i.lpfgbhgrs.lm/c`rgmslk-sklgmkg-krljlmbf-ouskg-systgj/ 8

`c C`rgmslk [klgmkg lm Krljlmbf Lmvgsib`m? Bhjlssldlflty lm Lmhlbm  I`wslb Cbr``q , [nggdb Bnbh,, T`fg 9 LMXGTMBXL@MBF O@WTMBF @C BHSBMKG TG[GBTKN LM [KLGMKG BMH Fgibf [ystgj bmhAnbm Cuturg Ugrspgkvg Ugrspgkvg, GMILMGGTLMI (LOBT[G) 445, 445-4;8 (452>).

 

Yltn`ut c`rgmslk sklgmkg, tng krljlmbf lmvgstlibtl`m ls lmk`jpfgtg dgkbusg lc tng lmvgstlibtl`m k`jpfgtgs k`jp fgtgs wltn`ut c`rgmslk sklgmkg tnbm krljlmbfs kbm mgvgr dg k`mvlktgh k`mvlktgh wltn`ut `r umfgss bm gygwltmgss ls prgsgmt. Ynlfg fbw gmc`rkgjgmt bigmklgs bmh hgtgktlvgs brg lmv`fvgh lm tng k`ffgktl`m `c gvlhgmkg, dg lt hliltbf `r pnyslkbf, lt ls tng huty `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg t` hgbf wltn tng bmbfysls `c tn`sg plgkgs `c gvlhgmkg lm `rhgr t` gstbdflsn tn`sg cbkts wnlkn kbm dg bh bhjl jlssl ssldf dfgg lm tn tngg k` k`ur urtt `c fbw. fbw. Xnus Xnus,, lm b w`rf w`rfh h hg hgv` v`lh lh `c c` c`rg rgms mslk lk sklgm sklgmkg, kg, tn tnlg lgvg vgs, s, jurhgrgrs, rbplsts, bmh hrui trbcclkagrs w`ufh dg r`bjlmi crggfy `m tng strggts.

Xng rgsp`msldlfltlgs bmh hutlgs `c b c`rgmslk sklgmtlst lm b krljlmbf lmvgstlibtl`m ls vgry kruklbf  dgkbusg lt lmv`fvgs b kbrgcuf gxbjlmbtl`m `c gvlhgmkg wltn hug kbrg s` tnbt lt kbmm`t tbjpgr. Xngrg Xn grg ls b hlvg hlvgrsg rsg p` p``f `f `c c` c`rg rgms mslk lk t` t``f `fss bm bmh h c` c`rg rgms mslk lk sk sklgm lgmtl tlsts sts brg lm lmv` v`fv fvgh gh lm tn tngg lmvgstlibtl`m `c tng krljg. C`r lmstbmkg, b c`rgmslk sklgmtlst ls salffgh lm tnglr w`ra tng  pbtn`f`ilsts kbm gbslfy hgtgrjlmg tng kbusg `c hgbtn dy pgrc`rjlmi but`pslgs. Bm but`psy ngfps lm gstbdflsnlmi tng jbmmgr `c hgbtn bmh kbusg `c hgbtn dy tng gxbjlmbtl`m `c d`hy tlssugs bmh cfulhs. C`rgmslk sklgmtlsts bmbfysg pnyslkbf plgkgs `c gvlhgmkg flag clmigrprlmt, nblr, df``h, gtk. Bctgr k`ffgktlmi bff tng gvlhgmkg cr`j tng krljg skgmg lt ngfps tng butn`rltlgs t` lhgmtlcy tng suspgkts. C`rgmslk sklgmtlsts bfs` usg ljbig j`hlclkbtl`m t``fs c`r sgbrkn `c tng krljlmbfs bdsk`mhlmi cr`j tng fbw c`r b f`mi tljg. Xnls ljbig j`hlclkbtl`m t``f ngfps t` gmbdfg tngj b hliltbffy big b pn`t`irbpn t` umhgrstbmh n`w tng lmhlvlhubf w`ufh f``a `m bilmi.7

LS.

LJU@TXBMKG @C C@TGM[LK [KLGMKG LM XNG FBY

Xngg w`rh Xn w`rh „c`rgm „c`rgmslk“ slk“ ls tbagm tbagm cr`j cr`j tng Fbtlm w`rh w`rh „c`rgm „c`rgmsgs“ sgs“,, wnlkn wnlkn jgbms jgbms b „c`ruj „c`ruj“. “. C`rgmslk C`rgm slk sklgmkg sklgmkg lmv`fvgs lmv`fvgs tng prgsgrvbtl`m prgsgrvbtl`m,, k`ffgktl`m, k`ffgktl`m, bmh bmbfysls bmbfysls `c gvlhgmkg sultbdfg c`r   pr`sgkutlmi bm `ccgmhgr lm tng krljlmbf k`urt. Xng bppflkbtl`m `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg lm tng Lmhlbm krljlmbf oustlkg systgj, tngrgc`rg, ilvgs b kfgbr plkturg. Xng oustlkg bmh fgibf systgj wlhgfy rgk`imlzg tng r`fg `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg Lm tng trlbf `c  krljlmbf `ccgmhgrs c`r plgkgs `c gvlhgmkg. Xnls ls dgkbusg wngm tng sklgmtlclk jgtn`hs bmh tgknmlqugs brg usgh, tngrg ls m`t jukn sk`pg fgct c`r lmoustlkg bmh dlbsgs. Xnbt“s wny HMB  pr`clflmi bmh bm`tngr typg `c c`rgmslk gvlhgmkg brg wlhgfy bkkgptgh lm tng k`urts `c tng wn`fg w`rfh. w`r fh. C`rgms C`rgmslk lk gvlhgm gvlhgmkg kg ls gxtgmsl gxtgmslvgf vgfy y usgh usgh w`rfhw w`rfhwlhg lhg t` d`tn d`tn gx`mgr gx`mgrbtg btg bmh k`mvlk k`mvlktt 7

 Brknlnps?//mljbmtnbm.lm/df`i-p`sts/df`i-ml-jbmtnbm/4545/54/43/r`fg-c`rgmslk-sklgmkg-lmhlbm-krljlmbfDbtrb, T`fg `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg lm tng Lmhlbm krljlmbf ouskg systgj, Ml Jbmtnbm (Cgd. 43, 4545, ;?82 UJ),  ouskg-systgj/

 

hgcgmhbmts. Xnus, c`rgmslk sklgmkg fbd`rbt`rlgs nbvg ir`wm s` wlhgfy bff `vgr tng w`rfh lm tng  pbst k`upfg `c hgkbhgs. Lm cbkt, spgklbf Bkts nbvg dggm gmbktgh lm Kbmbhb, tng W[, bmh Bustrbflb t` ljpr`vg tng qubflty bmh systgj `c c`rgmslk sklgmkg. 3

S.

TG[GBTKN RWG[XL@M

Xng `dogkt `c tnls pbpgr ls t` umhgrstbmh tng `rlilm `c C`rgmslk [klgmkg bmh lts



lmtr`huktl`m bf`mi wltn hgvgf`pjgmt lm Lmhlb. Xnls pbpgr wlff gxpfblm n`w tnls sklgmkg nbs dgk`jg bm lmtgirbf pbrt `c `ur oustlkg



systgj bf`mi wltn tng ljpbkt lt nbs krgbtgh `m tng pgrkgptl`m `c gxpgrts.

SL.

BMBF\[L[

Nlst`ry `c C`rgmslk sklgmkg hbtgs dbka t` tng 29tn kgmtury wltn Brknljghgs, wn` hgtgktgh crbuhufgmkg `c b cbag i`fhgm kr`wm tnr`uin tng prlmklpfg `c hgmslty bmh du`ybmky. Hurlmi tng 27;)

Unlflppus Burg`fus Xng`pnrbstus D`jdbstus v`m N`ngmnglj `r „Ubrbkgfsus“ ls krghltgh bs tng Cbtngr `c X`xlk`f`iy c`r nls bknlgvgjgmts lm X`xlk`f`iy lm 23tn kgmtury. Jbtnlgu O`sgpn D`mbvgmturg @rclfb wbs b [pbmlsn X`xlk`f`ilst bmh Kngjlst. Ng stuhlgh bmh  pudflsngh b d``a `m tng gccgkts `c p`ls`ms `m bmljbfs bmh tng wbys `c hgtgktlmi b pbrtlkufbr   p`ls`m, b w`ra tnbt gstbdflsngh „X`xlk`f`iy“ bs b fgiltljbtg sklgmtlclk gmhgbv`ur. C`r nls  pudflkbtl`m lm C`rgmslk X`xlk`f`iy lm tng 22;-22;-244-289-289-27>-2