Foreign Literatur1

Foreign literature According to Grossman, Miller (2012), they that found that juvenile curfew laws were effective at reducing adverse youth health outcomes (e.g., trauma transports); juvenile crime; and victimization were of higher quality (e.g., stronger methodologic approaches) than those finding no effects. However, given the limited number of studies and concerns with quality, they conclude that more research is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of juvenile curfew laws. Duncklee Aug 31, 2015 Laws are in existence to keep people safe and out of harm’s way. Ideally, people will not be injured physically, financially, or emotionally if people followed all the laws. Realistically, not all laws are followed and officials resort to creating laws to combat lawlessness. As a way to reduce juvenile crime, cities throughout the United States have imposed curfew laws for minors. The goal of these laws is to deter the youth from committing crimes and while this goal is admirable, these laws may no longer be necessary or even effective. Pedro Vasquez, October 2012 Juveniles are Juvenile curfew laws are designed to prevent crimes committed by young people and from preventing young people from becoming victims of crimes themselves. These laws limit the time in which juveniles are allowed in public. expected to be off the streets and in their homes after certain hours of the day. Juvenile’s curfew laws require the assistance of community members as well as law enforcement for the curfew to be effective. These laws are not just intended to prevent crime or victimization, but to deter young people from becoming a delinquent. Indira Jimenez, May 2, 2016. Curfew laws have serious unintended consequences, including disproportionate minority contact, the criminalization of homeless and runaway youth, worsening outcomes for kids and the exposure of cities to lawsuits for unconstitutionality. Local decision-makers should consider taking the following actions in order to ensure that their curfews protect rather than harm young people in their cities Jennifer L. Doleac, December 29, 2015. Juvenile curfews aim to reduce crime through incapacitation: if we tell young people to go home earlier at night, we hope they will have less opportunity to get into trouble. Juvenile curfews are extremely common in the United States—most large cities have them, as do many smaller cities and towns. They typically apply to those under age 18, and the punishment for breaking curfew is usually a fine. Despite their ubiquity, juvenile curfews are extremely controversial, mostly because of concerns that police disproportionately target racial minorities when enforcing curfew laws. Local literature Hernandez et al. (2013) The Philippines has a good number of laws, policies and programs on child protection, albeit with limited funds and trained personnel. A number of these laws and policies impact on the prevention of child maltreatment although very few are directly related to primary prevention. There was a disparity between what is required by national laws and policies; and actual implementation of programs on child protection. With the devolution of health and social services, implementation and support for programs depended on the interests and priorities of local executives. The Freeman (2016). Curfews are not only good for keeping youngsters out of harm, they are also helpful in reviving long forgotten family lives by keeping them home. Many of the bad things that have befallen the young are almost always the result of a breakdown in family closeness and relations. When

families no longer care where some of its members are, especially at night, most often these members end up on the wrong side of life. Worse, when people, especially the young, end up on the wrong side of life, they not only ruin their own lives and those of their families, more often than not they also ruin the lives of others. Keeping the young at home during their formative years, or years when they are most vulnerable to outside influences and hostile environments, will go a long way in shaping their appreciation of what is good in their own lives. SunStar(2016) EDUCATION officials and various sectors in the city are supportive of the stricter implementation of existing curfew for minors from 7 pm to 5 am to prevent children from being exposed to crimes that pose a serious threat to safety. Association of Private Schools president Ann Marie Caguioa said since the passage of Ordinance 50, series of 2009 prescribing the rules and regulations for curfew for minors in the city, reported crimes against children have been minimized and private and public schools had been complying with the guidelines in the ordinance. Caguiao said it is still best for the city to maintain the 7 pm to 5 am curfew for minors in order to make sure children will be home right after dismissal of classes so that their parents will not always worry about their safety. The Bohol Chronicle (July 3, 2016) For when the city authorities start with the curfew on minors, anyone found in the streets un accompanied by parents or unsupervised by adults, these kids would be rounded up, brought to their respective barangays where local officials identify and locate the kids parents. Requejo (July 23, 2016) The ordinances are also too broad because they impair legitimate activities of minors during curfew hours and deprive minors of the right to liberty and to travel without substantive due process. They also said the ordinances deprive parents of “the natural and primary right in the rearing of the youth without substantive due process.” Magpantay (2014). Due to their difficult situation, they tend to cope negatively. They still find vices as a solution to forget their situation for a period of time. Though, there are few adolescents cope positively by engaging themselves in sports. On the other hand, some of them shared their insights and gave their best advices to adolescents experiencing the same situation. They uttered that adolescents must be optimistic. They have to express their emotions in order for them to lessen their loneliness. Instead of dwelling to negative people, they should engage themselves to sports or any organizations that will help them to discover their self-worth.

Foreign studies Wilson, Gill, Olaghere and Dave McClure,(March 2014) The pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during all hours. Both effects were not significant. Similarly, juvenile victimization also appeared unaffected by the imposition of a curfew ordinance. Bridgeport(July 25, 2012) One of the only studies to credit curfews for a decrease in crime neglected to mention similar declines in cities without curfews. In fact, a study by the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice concluded that crime fell faster in California cities without curfews than in California

cities with curfews. youth curfews don't work. Any short-term reductions in crime quickly evaporate and crime rates may even increase in the long term. Kline(2012)“Youth curfew ordinances are a widely touted, yet little studied, policy tool available to local police departments. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of curfew ordinances by comparing the arrest behavior of various age groups within a city before and after curfew enactment. The evidence suggests that curfews are effective at reducing both violent and property crimes committed by juveniles below the statutory curfew age. Arrests of adults and youth above the curfew age also appear to decrease in the wake of curfew enactment; however, these effects are smaller and statistically insignificant.” Grossman, miller (2012), Automobile crashes cause more than 800,000 youth injuries and deaths each year. Other youth suffer the consequences from being either a perpetrator or victim of a crime. One type of law that has an effect on youth behavior is juvenile curfew laws. These laws restrict the times that youth may occupy public places or streets. Farah Qureshi (October 9, 2014) The National Center for Education Statistics notes that “between 1992 and 2012, the total victimization rates for students ages 12 to 18 generally declined both at school (from 181 to 52 per 1,000) and away from school (from 173 to 38 per 1,000).” Zero-tolerance policies have been criticized due to the ramifications of suspension and expulsion from school, as well as the policies’ inconsistent application. Studies have found that suspension and expulsion increases the likelihood of negative school outcomes including later suspension or expulsion, and is also associated with greater school dropout rates. Further, racial and ethnic minorities, as well as students with disabilities, bear a disproportionate burden of suspension and expulsion. A 2014 report from the U.S. Department of Education found that such disparities begin as early as preschool. Further, a 2014 study in the American Educational Research Journal concluded that, even after taking into account a student’s infraction type, gender, socioeconomic status and school demographics as well as the school principal’s attitude towards discipline, a black student still had 25% higher odds of being expelled than a white student.

Local studies Dangerous Drug Board (2013) The Household Survey on the Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse in the Philippines, was conducted to determine the nature and extent of drug abuse in the country after the enactment of RA 9165. the results of the study pointed out to the hazards faced by children on the streets like being exposed to drugs and other vices. It is recommended that strict curfew hours for children aged 17 and below be implemented or if already existing, the same be strictly implemented. Moreover, alternative programs or livelihood opportunities for these children as well as their families should be provided by the local government concerned. Third, the government, particularly the Department of Education and the Department of Social Welfare and Development, should also look into the possibility of conducting a mobile schooling program on the high-risk areas frequented by the children. Añata &Yee(June 01, 2016) Earlier, public information office chief Jimmy Isidro said that because of their Code, crimes in the city involving children have significantly dropped by nearly 75 percent.Based on data from the women and children’s protection desk of the local police, Mandaluyong recorded 256 cases of crimes involving children, from simple mischief to street rioting and robbery, in 2013. When the ordinance was enforced, the number dropped to 77 in 2014 and 73 in 2015,

Social Weather Station (2016). conducted survey and found that 64% agreeing with the statement, “In this neighborhood, people are usually afraid that robbers might break into their houses”, up by 12 points from 52% in April 2016 this is 9.7 points above the 54.3% average fear of burglary in 2015, and the highest since the record-high 70% in October 1987. The survey found 53% agreeing with the statement, “In this neighborhood, people are usually afraid to walk in the street at night because it is not safe,” up by 11 points from 42% in April. This is 8.7 points above the 44.3% average fear of unsafe streets at night in 2015, and the highest since 53% in March 2014

According to the DDB's National Household Survey(2015), there were around 1.8 million drug users in the country wherein 38.36% of which are unemployed. As of February 2016, PDEA reported that 26.91% or 11,321 out of the country's 42,065 barangays were "drug affected" (mostly in urban areas), A barangay is said to be drugaffected when there is a proven existence of drug user, pusher, manufacturer, marijuana cultivator or other drug personalities regardless of number in the area. On record, NCR has the highest rate of affectation with 92.96% of the region's barangays, followed by CALABARZON at 49.28%. Dalizon(2017) Pulse Asia survey showed that residents of Metro Manila agree with the government’s war against drugs and feel much safer when they are in the streets and in the confines of their homes. Since March 6, NCRPO agents have arrested 288 known drug dealers and visited the houses of 1,160 suspected drug personalities leading to the surrender of 464 confessed drug users. One armed drug dealer was also killed in a firefight with NCRPO agents during the period. So far, 46-armed drug suspects have been slain in gun battles with the police across the country. The survey demonstrates that the NCRPO’s war on drugs gained 82% approval rating from the public. The respondents were asked to answer the Pulse Asia Research survey question: “Compared to last year, I feel that it is less dangerous now in our place because of the campaign against illegal drugs.” The said survey was conducted on December 6-11, 2016 in Metro Manila with randomly selected respondents from all walks of life.

Synthesis of Related the Literature and Studies Laws are in existence to keep people safe and out of harm’s way. Ideally, people will not be injured physically, financially, or emotionally if people followed all the laws. Realistically, not all laws are followed and officials resort to creating laws to combat lawlessness. As a way to reduce juvenile crime, cities throughout the United States have imposed curfew laws for minors. juvenile curfew laws were effective at reducing adverse youth health outcomes (e.g., trauma transports); juvenile crime; and victimization were of higher quality (e.g., stronger methodologic approaches) than those finding no effects. Juvenile curfew laws are designed to prevent crimes committed by young people and from preventing young

people from becoming victims of crimes themselves. These laws limit the time in which juveniles are allowed in public. Curfew laws have serious unintended consequences, including disproportionate minority contact, the criminalization of homeless and runaway youth, worsening outcomes for kids and the exposure of cities to lawsuits for unconstitutionality. The National Center for Education Statistics notes that “between 1992 and 2012, the total victimization rates for students ages 12 to 18 generally declined both at school (from 181 to 52 per 1,000) and away from school (from 173 to 38 per 1,000).” Zerotolerance policies have been criticized due to the ramifications of suspension and expulsion from school, as well as the policies’ inconsistent application. The goal of these laws is to deter the youth from committing crimes and while this goal is admirable, these laws may no longer be necessary or even effective. Juvenile’s curfew laws require the assistance of community members as well as law enforcement for the curfew to be effective. These laws are not just intended to prevent crime or victimization, but to deter young people from becoming a delinquent. Curfews are not only good for keeping youngsters out of harm, they are also helpful in reviving long forgotten family lives by keeping them home. Many of the bad things that have befallen the young are almost always the result of a breakdown in family closeness and relations. EDUCATION officials and various sectors in the city are supportive of the stricter implementation of existing curfew for minors from 7 pm to 5 am to prevent children from being exposed to crimes that pose a serious threat to safety. The ordinances are also too broad because they impair legitimate activities of minors during curfew hours and deprive minors of the right to liberty and to travel without substantive due process. The pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during all hours. When the ordinance was enforced, the number dropped to 77 in 2014 and 73 in 2015, the survey found 53% agreeing with the statement, “In this neighborhood, people are usually afraid to

walk in the street at night because it is not safe,” up by 11 points from 42% in April. This is 8.7 points above the 44.3% average fear of unsafe streets at night in 2015, and the highest since 53% in March 2014

Copyright © 2015 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26456877 Amanda Duncklee Aug 31, 2015 / https://www.theodysseyonline.com/are-curfew-laws-for-minors-truly-effective-in-ending-juvenile-crime Pedro Vasquez, October 2012 https://www.rit.edu/cla/criminaljustice/sites/rit.edu.cla.criminaljustice/files/docs/WorkingPapers/UCRe views/2012-UC-07.Juvey%20Curfew.pdf Indira Jimenez, May 2, 2016 https://citiesspeak.org/2016/05/02/3-ways-cities-can-improve-curfews-for-minors/ Jennifer L. Doleac, December 29, 2015 https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/repealing-juvenile-curfew-laws-could-make-cities-safer/

sunstar july 03, 2016 Read more: http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2016/07/03/stricter-implementationcurfew-minors-backed-dexter-see-483078 Bobby Lagsa, June 03, 2016 https://www.rappler.com/nation/135139-cagayan-de-oro-city-curfew April 17, 2015 By RAZEL V. CUIZONDAVINCI S. MARU http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/localnews/2015/04/17/enforce-curfew-barangays-asked-403046 Kristine Dela Cruz, June 1, 2016 http://dzrhnews.com.ph/laguna-implements-curfew-for-minors/ Julio De Vega, July 3, 2016 http://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2016/07/03/city-implements-curfew-internet-use-to-minors/ The Freeman, June 18, 2016 http://www.philstar.com/freeman-opinion/2016/06/18/1594120/editorial-curfews-are-worthychallenge-young July 23, 2016 by Rey E. Requejo http://thestandard.com.ph/news/headlines/211400/curfew-scored.html Farah Qureshi October 9, 2014 https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/education/policies-programs-aimed-keeping-kids-safeout-trouble-research-roundup Kline, Spring 2012; https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/education/policies-programs-aimed-keeping-kids-safeout-trouble-research-roundup 68° Bridgeport , July 25, 2012 http://www.ctpost.com/opinion/article/Curfew-an-ineffective-distraction-from-real-3735234.php David B. Wilson, Charlotte Gill, Ajima Olaghere and Dave McClure,March 2014 https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library/download/613_90c24e883e1ef06ec010277c639f2659 Emichaella Añata, Jovic Yee ,June 01, 2016 Read more: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788569/mandaluyong-intensifies-curfew-onminors#ixzz4rijfgMye