Fonetica e Fonologia Das Linguas Bantu

 

WMLFIFG FLFÉNVLNI M² >

^L^VGJ ^L^V GJI I CK CKM MÌV ÌVLLNK G CK CKMK MKAÞ AÞEL ELNK NK FI^ AÊ AÊME MEWI WI^ ^ OIMVW Ckmìtlni (gstufk fks skms)

Ckmkakeli (gstufk fks ckmgjis)

ALÅÎK M² 9  Mgsti 9ª alåîk nkjgåirgj nkjgåirgjks ks pkr siogr is flcgrgmåis qug sg gstiogagng gstiogagngj j gmtrg i Ckmìtlni g i Ckmkakeli.

V_WOGVR@K\ (9 6 7  K j i a i    

(inioir)

pkssul 7 sgejgmtks ? tlpks fg sgejgmtks

vknéalnks Nkmskmïmtlnks

Ckmìtlni

 

  Xkr gxgjpak, nkmslfgrimf nkmslfgrimfkk i piaivri KJIAI (Inioir) fk Gji`duwi i Ckmìtlni lmflnir-mks- li qug gai ì nkjpksti fg nlmnk (7) sgejgmtks ks quils pkr miturgzi fg sui  prkfuåîk sg pkfgj flvlflr gj fkls erupks. K prljglrk nkmtgmfk skms nubi prkfuåîk mîk ì inkjpimdifi fg kostruåîk fg ir mk tritk vknia ku sgbi, is vkeils P i  g kZ g k sgeumfk iprgsgmtimfk skms nubi prkfuåîk ì inkjpimdifi fg kostruåîk fg ir mk tritk vknia ku sgbi is nkmskimtgs Pj g a Z Isslj  i piaivri imtgrlkrjgmtg iprgsgmtifi tgj i sgeulmtg prkmumnli2 Pk j i“ Ɠ i  Z. Nkmtufk, gstg tlpk fg fgsnrlåîk mîk lmtgrgssi è Ckmkakeli. Gsti nlâmnli  prknurirli vgrlclnir fgmtrg ks sgejgmtks qug nkmstltugj i piaivri Kjiai quia ì qug pkfg jirnir kpkslåîk fgmtrk fk slstgji ckmkaþelnk fk Gji`duwi. Isslj nkmstitir-sg-li qug pkr  gxgjpak k skj PiZ pkfg kpkr-sg i PηZ qug knkrrg mk jgsjk nkmtgxtk qug iqugag mi piaivri kjgai (egrjlmir), piri fiê sg nkmnaulr qug /i/ vs /g/ sîk ckmgjis gj Gji`duwi.   CKMGJI2 Ì fg inkrfk nkj V_WOGVR@K\ jgjork fg nifi uji fis kpkslå÷gs flstlmtlvis fg uji aêmeui mîk susngptêvga fg sg suoflvlflr gj umlfifgs flstlmtlvis ilmfi jgmkrgs.   Ks ckmgjis ckmgjis rgialzij-s rgialzij-sgg pkr jglk fg skms almeu almeuêstln êstlnks ks jis mgj tkfks tkfks ks skms almeuêstlnks sîk ckmgjis, i jgmks qug iprgsgmtgj triåks ckmkakelnijgmtg rgagvimtgs.   Gx2 / i / /g/   +ox - ox -irr - irr

^dlji`kmfg2 juwi (nimi fg iåunir)  / juewi (nimi fg iåònir)   PwZ PewZ   MO2 Gstgs fkls skms mîk sîk ckmgjis gj sdlji`kmfg pkrqug mîk flstlmeugj piaivris. Fkls vknéouaks qug iprgsgmtij ckmgjis gj kpkslåîk sîk fgslemifks pirg pirgss j jêmlj êmljks ks. Mk gmtimtk sg uji sgqugmnli fg jils fg fuis piaivris iprgsgmti ckmgjis gj kpkslåîk gstir-sg-è  pgrimtg uj nkmbumtk nkmbumtk jêmljk. 2 / `umkai (iclir) / `uckai (fgsgmdir) / `upkai (sirir) Gx2 Nlmyimbi @utkai (ipimdir)   /t/ /m/ /c/ /p/   Ckm Ckmgji gjiss sî sîkk gmtlf gmtlfif ifgs gs qug lmt lmtge gerij rij uj nk nkmbu mbumtk mtk fg triåks triåks ku prkprl prkprlgfi gfifgs fgs sljuatïmgks. Nifi kpkslåîk muj fifk slstgji cijìjlnk mîk sg nkmstltul pgak sljpags cintk fg gxlstlrgj ckmgjis nkj cumåîk flstlmtlvi. Ks ckmgjis sîk pkr sl jgsjks gmtlfifgs gstruturils g sîk ks sgus nkjpkmgmtgs qug fgtgrjlmij i miturgzi fg kpkslåîk. Yuiaqugr pir  fg ckmgjis iprgsgmti uji oisg fg nkjpiriåîk nkmstltuêfi mîk sþ pkr prkprlgfifgs gj qug sg flcgrgmnlij jis tijoìj pkr iqugais qug iprgsgmtij gj nkjuj.  

 

Alåîk m²?

Kpkslå÷gs Ckmìjlnis Kpkslå÷gs Olaitgrils

 

 Mgstg tlpk fg kpkslå÷gs kpkslå÷gs i oisg oisg fg nkjpiriåîk nkjpiriåîk ì rgstrlti i fkls ckmgjis ipgmis. Xkr gxgjpak gj Lmeaâs, / ` / 0 / ɩ / ì olaitgria uji vgz qug ks triåks Pvgair Z g Pknauslvk PknauslvkZZ sîk rgstrltks i gssgs fkls jgjorks, mîk sgmfk nkjums i kutrks jgjorks fk slstgji ckmìjlnks fk Lmeaâs.   / f /0 / f /, / ` / fkls skms   / o / / f /, / e /

 

Kpkslå÷gs Juatlaitgrils

I oisg fg nkjpiriåîk knkrrg gj jils fk qug Fkls sgejgmtks. Xkr gxgjpak, nkmtrirlijgmtg ik lm lmea eaâs âs gj qug qug gxls gxlstg tg ipgm ipgmis is fu fuis is sì sìrl rlgs gs fg kn knau ausl slvi viss gs gsti timf mfkk tk tkfk fkss ks pi pirg rgss  olaitgriajgmtg kpkstks. Mi aêmeui @immifi, pkr gxgjpak, gj nifi aueir fg irtlnuaiåîk dé jils fk qug uji knauslvi. Gstis kpkslå÷gs sîk juatlaitgrils.  

Aiolia

Fgmtia

^urfi ^kmkri Isplrifi ^kmkri / Isplrifi  

p o pd o ..

t f td f ..

_gtrkcagxk

Sgair 

ʄ: t Ɓ: f ʄd Ɓ:f ..

`  e `d e ..

Xi Xiri riag agai aijg jgmt mtgg i gs gssg sgss fkls fkls erim erimfg fgss tlpk tlpkss fg kp kpks kslå lå÷g ÷gss ck ckmì mìjl jlni niss pk pkfg fgj j sg sgr  r  gmnkmtrifks mk gsqugji fg V_WOGVR@K\ vérlks suotlpks fg kpkslnkgs fgmtrk fg nifi uj fks erimfgs tlpks.

 

i) Kpkslå÷gs Xrkpkrnlkmils „ Gstg ì uj suotlpk fis kpkslnkgs juatlaitgrils nkj gstruturi i 2 o 2 2 n 2 f … gtn.0 lstk ì, sgqugmnli sgqugmnli fg pgak jgmks jgmks fuis kpkslnkgs sgpirifis ljpaimtifis fi jgsji ckrji.  

/p/2

/o/

22 /t/2

/f/

 

+imt

+imt

+imt

 

-nkr

-nkr

 

-skm

 

-mis

22

/`/2

/e/

+imt

-imt

-imt

+nkr

+nkr

-nkr

-nkr 

+skm

- skm

+skm

-skm

+skm

-mis

-mis

-mis

-mis

-mis

 MO2 Nifi pir ì kpkstk pgak triåk skmkrk.

o) Kp Kpks kslå lå÷g ÷gss Xrl Xrljl jltl tlvi viss „ Wj jgjork ì nirintgrlzifk pgai prgsgmåi g k kutrk piai iusâmnli fg uj triåk 0 egriajgmtg k triåk qug ì nkmslfgrifk nkjk jirnifk.  

Vriåk jirnifk    okl

vs vs

triåk mîk jirnifk vini

sîk tgrjks mkrjils qug

 

usijks mkr 

 

jiajgmtg

  eiak

vs

eialmdi

Gx2 Nirmg fg vini g mîk nirmg fg okl. / j / 2 / o / 0 / m / 2 / f / 0 / o / 2 / p / (mgstg (mgstgss pirgs uuj j fks skm skmss ì jirnif jirnifkk g kutrk, mîk).

Vriåk jirnifk

triåk mîk jirnifk

mîk jirnifk

mîk jirnifk

Ks triåks P+misiaZ / P-misiaZ gxlstgj gj quisg tkfi tkfiss is aêmeu aêmeuis is fk jumfk. jumfk. Ks triåks triåks P+skmZ / P -sk -skmm Z mîk dé aêmeuis qug mîk tgmdij skms surfks.

 

n) Kpkslå÷gs Erifuils  - Gstg tlp tlpkk fg kpkslå kpkslåîk îk fgpgmfg fgpgmfg mîk ipgmis ipgmis fi prgsgmå prgsgmåii vsiusâmnli fg uj triåk, jis fks fgerius ku erifuiå÷gs fuji ngrti prkprlgfifg. j gxgjpak nairk fgstg tlpk fg kpkslåîk ì i iaturi fi vkeia.

 

l

u

+iat

     

g

k

-iat -ox

0

i PjìflkZ 0

PiatkZ

+ox PoilxkZ

f) Kpk Kpkslå slå÷gs ÷gs Gq Gqulp ulpkag kagmtg mtgss „ Mgstg tlpk fg kpkslåîk, i rgaiåîk gmtrg ks jgjorks fi kpkslåîk ì fg gqulviaâmnli aþelni, lstk ì, ks jgjorks fi kpkslåîk mîk pkfgj sgr  nkmslfgrifks prljltlvks ku erifuils pkr kutris piaivris mîk pkfgjks fgclml-aks gj tgrjks fg quiaqugr nrltìrlk jlmljia2 gags cumnlkmij mk slstgji nkjk pirgs gqulpkagmtgs mîk jlmljiajgmtg kpkstks.   Gx2

Gj Lmeaâs2 gagntrln ~ gagntrlnlty

Gx2 gj Lmeaâs2 Gagntrln /`/    

\ik2 @utg` i ~ / `/

Gagntrlnlty /s/

~ gagntrlnlim Gagntrlnlim /ʎ/

tutgnlag / tϏ /

_geris piri i lfgmtlclniåîk fg ckmgji sgeumfk Vruogtz`ky 9ª _geri -  ‑ ^g fkls skms fi jgsji aêmeui ipirgngj gxintijgmtg mi jgsji vlzlmdimåi  cþmlni g sg pkfgrgj sgr suostltuêfks uj pgak kutrk sgj qug sg prkfuzi nkj lssk uji flcgrgmåi fg slemlclniåîk lmtgagntuia fi piaivri, gmtîk gssgs fkls skms mîk sîk jils qug virlimtgs cinuatitlvis fg uj òmlnk ckmgji‚.

 

Gx2 ^dlji`kmfg 2 ju wi 2 juewi

‑nimi fg iåònir ‑

 

PwZ

 

/ ɩw / PɩwZ

 

Eltkmei2 mfkak 2 mfrkak ‑nirimeugbk‚

  / mfr / PmfrZ  Mgstg nisk flz-sg, flz-sg, pkr kutris ppiaivris, iaivris, qug dé dé uji virliåî virliåîkk alvrg.

?ª _geri „ ‑^g fkls skms ipirgngj gxintijgmtg mi jgsji pkslåîk cþmlni g mîk pkfgrgj sgr suostltuêfks uj pgak kutrk sgj iatgrirgj i slemlclniåîk fis piaivris ku sgj qug i  piaivris sg tkrmg lrrgnkmdgnêvga, lrrgnkmdgnêvga, gmtîk gssgs fkls skms nkmstltugj rgialziå÷gs fg fkls  ckmgjis flstlmtks‚. flstlmtks‚.

Gx2 Nlmfiu 2 `ususi (nduvlsnir) 2  

/s /

Eltkmei 2

c kak kak (

 

/c /

`uzuzi (sinuflr) /z/

) 2 vs

vkak

(

)

/v/

>ª _geri - ‑^g fkls skms fuji aêmeui ipirgmtifis gmtrg sl fk pkmtk fg vlsti inòstlnk ku irtlnuaitþrlk bijils sg iprgsgmtirgj mi jgsji vlzlmdimåi cþmlni fgvgj sgr nkmslfgrifks nkmslfgrifks virlimtgs nkjolmitþrlis fk jgsjk ckmgji.‚ 

 

 

 Gx2 nisi nisi

/ niåi /z /

 

/s / ^îk ckmgjis

Nisi

PzZ

^ink PsZ Nisis  PʎZ

Mîk sîk ckmgjis jis slj virlimtgs nkjolmitkrlis.

Gji`duwi 2 w l l s i (prkcumfk)  

U l l r i (flzgr / ci

 

K p i s i (irrgogmtir)

 

K a g p i (gsnrgvgr)

PrZ

 

/A/

P℞Z

w l l s g r   ii + ga

w l l r g a   gg k p i s g r   ii k a i p g a   ii

PsZ + [[ 

PrZ

+ [[[[

PpZ ( Irqulckmgji ) Isslj pkfg-sg iclrjir qug ks skms PrZ g P℞Z gstîk gj flstrloulåîk nkjpagjgmtir g  pkr lssk sîk virlimtgs nkjolmitþrlis ku iakckmgs fg uj jgsjk ckmgji.   Flz-sg qug ks skms gstîk gj flstrloulåîk nkjpagjgmtir quimfk nifi uj fgags knkrrg muj nkmbumtk clxk fg nkmtgxtks mk quia mgmduj fks kutrks skms pkfg knkrrgr.

 

 Vriåk pgrtlmgmtg Ì tkfk k triåk qug pgrjltg pkr sl sþ flstlmeulr uj slemk fk kutrk.  / t/

/f/

 

+ imt

+ imt

 

+ nkr

+ nkr 

 

- mis - skm

- mis - skm

^dlji`kmfg 2 ` u t i i m e i @utkai /t/

/

`ufiimei

/

`uckai /c/

 

+ imt

- skimt

 

+ nkr

+ imt

 

- mis

- nkr 

 

- skm

- skm

 

+ nkmt

 Mgstg nisk, mîk mîk tgjks ckmg ckmgjis jis qug sg kp kp÷gj ÷gj pkr uj triåk ppgrtlmgmtg. grtlmgmtg.   Fkls ckmgjis qug sg flstlmeugj pkr uj triåk pgrtlmgmtg flz-sg qug sg gmnkmtrij muji rgaiåîk gxnauslvi. Sérlks pirgs fg ckmgjis qug sg gmnkmtrij muji rgaiåîk gxnauslvi gj qug nifi uj fks jgjorks sg flstlmeug fk kutrk pgai prgsgmåi ku iusâmnli fg uj jgsjk triåk pgrtlmgmtg, ckrjij uji nkrrgaiåîk. Gx2 / t / 2 / f / 0 / p / 2 / o / 0 / ` / 2 / ɩ / 0 / s / 2 / z / 0 /ʎ / 2 / ʟ /

Nkrrgaiåîk2  nubi jirni ì i skmkrlfifg. Nkrrgaiåîk 2 nkmbumtk fg pirgs fg ckmgjis qug sg kp÷gj uj òmlnk triåk pgrtlmgmtg.

 

Kutrks triåks flstlmtlvks i) Yuimt Yuimtlfifg lfifg f fii vkeia / Furiåîk Furiåîk vk vknéaln néalnii Gj ngrt ngrtis is aême aêmeui uiss i quim quimtl tlfi fifg fg fi vkei vkeiaa ì uji uji  prkprlgfi  prkprlgfifg fg ckmkaþelni  (triåk flstlmtlvk) pkrqug gxprljg flcgrgmåi gmtrg piaivris. \IK2 @upiti / `upiiti   @usiai / `usiiai @uskmi / `uskkmi  / i / 2 / ii/

/k/ 2

/ kk /

+ ox + rgn -akme

- iat - ox - akme

- iat - ox + akme

+ ox + rgn + akme

Gji`duwi2 K j g a i (egrjlmir)

/ K j g g a i (pirtladir)

 

/ g /

/gg/

       

-iat -ox -rgn -akme

-iat -ox -rgn +akme

 o) I Xiai Xiaitlzi tlziåîk åîk 2 Ì prkvknifi pgai sgjl-nkmskimtg ku sgjl-vkeia PyZ   ik sg issknlir  i uj kutrk skj. Myimbi2 / p / 2 / py / `upkai / `upykai

  Vskmei2 / o / 2     +imt   -nkr   +skm   -mis   -pia

(sirir) / oy / +imt -nkr  +skm -mis +pia

`uoiai / (prgeir mi jgsi)  /

(pgrpissir) `uoyiai (sgjgir/ paimtir)

pia : piaitia

n) Aiolialziåîk Ì prkvknifi pgai sgjlvkeia PwZ quimfk sg issknli i uj kutrk skj.  

 

  Vskmei2

/t/ 2 +imt

/ tw / +imt

`utiai (gmndgr)

 

+nkr

+nkr 

 

-skm

-skm

 

-mis

-mis

 

-aio

+aio

/

`utwiai (kuvlr-sg / sgmtlr-sg) 

aio : aiolia

JIV_LR CKMKAÞELNI   Ì gj tgrjks egrils i rgaiåîk g slstgjitlziåî slstgjitlziåîkk fks sgejgmtks mgngssérlks g suclnlgmtgs  piri rgprgsgmtir k mêvga ckmkaþelnk fuji aêmeui. Ks sgejgmtks sîk fgclmlfks pkr  suonkm suo nkmbum bumtks tks fg triåks triåks flstlm flstlmtlv tlvks ks sga sgagn gnnlk nlkmi mifks fks fg fgmtr mtrgg k nkmbum nkmbumtk tk fg triåk triåkss ckmìtl ckmìtlnks nks umlvgrsils. Xkrtimtk, i oisg fuji jitrlz ckmkaþelni ì k nkmdgnljgmtk ckmìtlnk fuji aêmeui g sui gspgnlclniåîkk gj tr gspgnlclniåî triåks iåks flstlmtlvks. Xkrgj, i jitrlz ckmkaþelni mîk lmnaul tkfks ks sgejgmtks ckmìtlnks jis ipgmis iqugags qug sg gstiogagng gstiogagngj j ik mêvga ckmkaþelnk.

Vriåks Ckmkaþelnks (l (l)) (ll) (lll) (lll) (lv) (v) (v (vl) l)

^kimt kimtgg (s (skkim) im) - vkzg kzgijgm jgmtk gsp spkm kmtï tïmg mgk0 k0 Vriåk imtgrlkr (imt) 0 Vriåk Vriåk nk nkrkm rkmia ia (nk (nkr)0 r)0 flc flcgrg grgmtg mtgss pk pkslå slå÷gs ÷gs fi aêm aêmeui eui00 Vriåk rrggnuifk ((rrgn) Vriåk iatk (iat) Vr Vriå iåkk oilx oilxkk (ox) (ox) flcg flcgrg rgmt mtgs gs iatu iaturi riss mi pk pksl slåî åîkk fi aê aême meui ui

(vll) (vl l)

Vri Vriåk åk irr irrgfk gfkmfi mfifk fk ((irr irr)) „ prk prkbgn bgnåîk åîk fks aéolks aéolks00

(vll (vlll) l) Vr Vriå iåkk mi misi siaa (mis (mis))     (lx) Vriåk aitgria (a (ait)

^iêfi fk skprk cþmlnk, rgspgntlvijgm rgspgntlvijgmtg tg pgak mirlz g pgaks Aifks fi almeui0

 

(x)

Vriåk skmkrk (skm)  

Sloriåîk fis nkrfis vknils0

(xl) Vriåk vvkkzgifk ((vvkz) (xll) (xl l) Vri Vriåk åk iispl splrif rifkk (isp) (isp) „ pr prkfu kfuåîk åîk fg uuj j sk skprk prk fg ir ir gxtri gxtri00 (xlll) (xl ll) Vri Vriåk åk nnkmt kmtlmu lmukk (nkmt) (nkmt) „ ssilf ilfii fg iirr sgj kknau nausîk sîk00 Yuimfk nifi uj fks triåks imtgrlkrjgmtg jgmnlkmifks gsté prgsgmtg gjprgei-sg k slmia + (jils) g quimfk gsté iusgmtg, usi-sg k slmia „ (jgmks).

 

Fgjkmstriåîk Icrlnifis (l)

Aéolk-fgmtils Gx2 Nlmfiu 2

(ll)

Iavgkairgs 

P pcZ 0 PovZ P` ò pc   uu r iZ 0 P—ov g m lZ

PtsZ 0 PfzZ

Gx2 Nlmyumewg2 tsgmei 0 fzlmk  

(lll)

P—ʄs η ŀ ɩ iZ 0 P—fz l m kZ

Aéolk-iavgkairgs 

Gx2 Nlmfiu2 `upsi   P`u“ps iZ

(lv)

Xiaitils 

PpsZ

PozZ

0 ozltl P—oz l t lZ

P tϏdZ 0 P ʄʎ Z P ʦ Z

`òpc uri uri 0 ovgml

 

Gx2 Nlmyumewg2 `u ndkai  

P `u“ ʄʎd ᴘ ℞ iZ Nlmyimbi2 Nljimei

0

bg`gtg

P —ʄʎ  l j и ŀ ɩ i Z P— fᵼ η ` η t g Z

 

Crlnitlvis (l)

Aéolk-Fgmtils

PcZ 0PvZ

Gx2 Tltskmei 2 c  k a g  

(ll)

(lll)

P —k u t k j l Z (vlfi)

PsZ0PzZ

Gx2Nlnkpl2 @usijoi  

0 v utkjl

P —c ᴘ a gZ (ripì)

Iavgkairgs 

0

`uzkmfi

P—`usиjoiZ

 

P `u“ś i ś i Z

Xiaitils 

(v)

Pʎi`iZ 0

Eaktia 

0 zvlti P —z l t i Z

PʎZ 0 Pᵼ Z

Gx2 Tltskmei2 Ti`i  

P — ` u z ᴘ m fi Z

Aéolk-Iavgkairgs  P s Z 0 Pz Z Gx2 Nlmfiu2 `usvisvi

(lv)

PkZ

PdZ

0 bgm“wg P ᵼ η m“ w g Z

 

Gji`duwi2 K d g a i   P k“ d η a i Z

Alqulfis (l)

Iavgkairgs

P℞Z 0 PrZ

Gji`duwi2 K a g a k

(ll)

 

P k“℞ η ℞ k Z

Xiaitils 

P₿Z 0

Gx2

da i j pc l P —₿ i j p c l Z

 

(pglxg)

Ljpakslvis (l)

Olaitgrils PoZ

Gx2 Tltskmei2 oivi   P o i“Ͽ i Z (pil)

0

Krupi Pk—ȞupiZ

PΰZ

ad u a i j g t l P ΰ u“ a i — j g t l Z

 

(ll)

Iavgkairgs

P!Z 0 Pɩ!Z PfZ

Gx2 Tltskmei2 Tltskmei2 e i t d i

0

ɩqg`g

P —! i t d i Z 0 P — ɩ ! η ` g Z

Nlmyimbi2 f i z l P—fizlZ

Naissg Mituria Wji naissg mituria ì iqugai nubk mòjgrk fg triåks qug tgj qug sgr gspgnlclnifk piri fgclmlr  gssi naissg ì lmcgrlkr ik mòjgrk fg triåks mgngssérlks piri flstlmeulr quiaqugr jgjork fgssi naissg. X, t, `  

- skm /p/

- nkmt

 

+ imt -

nkr   mis skm

j, m, ɾ, ᵼ  

- nkmt

- nkmt + mis

 

X, t, `, o, f, ɩ  

- nkmt - mis

P + iat Z P- ox Z

/ u, l / / u, k, g /

P +irr Z

/ u, k /

P + rgn Z

/ u k, i /

/u/  

+ iat + irr

 

+ rgn

/l/

+ iat - irr  - rgn

 

Alåîk m²>

 ^ÊAIOI  

^êaioi

 Ì i umlfifg jêmlji fi fi gstruturi fi Aêmeui g ljgflitijgmtg ljgflitijgmtg

 

supgrlkr ik ckmgji mi dlgrirquli fi piaivri.

^êaioi nkjk umlfifg gstruturifi   I ^êaioi mîk ì nkmstltuêfi pkr uji jgli sgquâmnli fg sgejgmtks, gai ì uji umlfifg dlgrirquln dlgri rqulnijgm ijgmtg tg gstru gstruturif turifi. i. Gstru Gstruturia turiajgmtg jgmtg uji sêaio sêaioii ì nkmstltuêf nkmstltuêfii fg KM^GV  (K) (K)   g _\JG (_). (_). Xkr  Xkr sui vgz (_) ì nkmstltuêfi fg XGI@  (X) (X) g  g NKFI (Nk) (Nk)22

_\JG

 

Xgi` (X)

Nkfi (Nk)

Vkfis gstis nitgekrlis, gxngptuimfk Xgi` (X) pkfgj gj ngrtks nisks gstir vizlis.

_gprgsgmtiåîk _gprgsgmtiå îk fi ^êaioi

 

ϡ (^êaioi)

 

K

_ 

 

X

Gx2 Lmeaâs2 it, nit    

ϡ (it) K

_ 

 

X

Nk

   

v

n

ã

ʄ

ô

N

 

   

ϡ (Nit)

K

_ X

Nk

 

 

N

S

N

@

ã

ʄ

ϡ (^tkps)   

K

_  X

 

N

s

Nk

N

ʄ

S

N

N

Ͱ

p

s

MO2 (Is piaivris (it, nit, stkps ) sîk jkmksslaéolnis).

Gj egria mis Aêmeuis Oimtu, i sêaioi pkfg iprgsgmtir-sg fg inkrfk nkj ks sgeulmtgs  pifr÷gs gstruturils2 gstruturils2

i) SKEIA „ Xkfgmfk knkrrgr knkrrgr timtk gj pks pkslåîk låîk lmlnlia ku jgf jgflia lia fg piaivri. Gx2 Vskmei2 i  - dimtl (tiavgz)

 

(9) _gprgsgmtiåîk _gprgsgmtiåîk fi vkeia gj pkslåîk lmlnlia ϡ  K

_ X

   ô

Nk

v i

Ô

(?) _gprgsgmtiåîk fi vkeia gj pkslåîk jgflia Vskmei 2 ɩ u „ g „ jogagai (nimtir) ϡ

 

K

_ 

 

X

   

S ô

Nk

g

Ô

o) Nkmskimtg Nkmskimtg jils vkeia vkeia (NS) Vskmei2 mu „ mi (gspksi) ϡ   K    

_  X

N

m

Nk

S

u

Ô

 



^dlji`kmfg2 ji- fk „ fk (fgfks) ϡ K

_ 

 

X

 

N

S

j

i

Nk

  Ô

^êaioi Jkmkjþrlni vs Oljþrlni Wji sêai Wji sêaioi oi jk jkmk mkjþ jþrl rlni ni ì iqug iqugai ai qu qugg nkmt nkmtìj ìj uji vkeia org orgvg vg nkj mònagk mònagk slaéoln slaéolnk, k, nkmtrirlijgmtg i uji sêaioi oljþrlni qug iprgsgmti nkjk mònagk slaéolnk uji vkeia akmei akmei.. Is gstruturis fisjkmkjþrlnis fuis sêaiois sîk rgspgntlvijgmtg NS g NSS. Vkfks ks gxgjpaks imtgrlkrgs laustrij sêaiois Gx2 ^laiois Oljþrlnis. Gji`duwi 2 K „ jii „ ai

ϡ  

K

_ 

 

X

Nk

 

 

N

S

S

j

i

i

Ô

Xiriagaijgmtg i gstg cintk, is Aêmeuis Oimtu nkmtâj sêaiois nkmstltuêfis pkr jils fg uj sgejgmtk nkmskmimtia.

 

i) NNS  Gx2 Vskmei Vskmei 2 ^vl „ pu „ mu (nkad (nkadgrgs) grgs) 

ϡ  

K

 

_ 

N

N

X

Nk

  S

^

S

l

Ô

o) NN NNNS NS Nloia`g 2 jovg „ rg (pâak) 

ϡ  

 

K

N

N

_ 

N

X

   

Nk

S j

o

v

g

Ô

Fgsnrlåîk ^laéolni fg uji piaivri nkjpagxi  Mi fgsnrlåîk slaéolni slaéolni fg uji piaivri fg uji Aêmeui Oimtu fg fgvg-sg vg-sg tgr gj nkmti nkmti k tkj, uji vgz qug nifi sêaioi fg piaivri nkrrgspkmfg i uj tkj.

 

Nlmyimbi2 j „ pu „ meé (irrkz)   ϡ

ϡ

K

_

 

X

N

S

j

(u)

ϡ

K

_

Nk

K

X

ô

N

S

p

u

_ 

Nk

ô

p N

N

S

m

ɩ

i

Nk

ô

 MO2 (Xkr riz÷gs dlstþrlnis is misils nkmskjgj is vkeils, jgsjk qug mîk ipirgåij gxprgssis.) Nlyik 2 W „ ti „ é „ mfl (cirlmdi) ϡ

ϡ

K  

X

 

S

ô

_

u

ϡ

K Nk

X N

ô

_

ʄ

ϡ

K

_

Nk

X

S

i

K Nk

S

ô

ô

i

_  X

ô

N

N

S

m

f

l

Nk

ô

VKJ   I gagv gagviåîk iåîk fi sêaioi sêaioi fk tkj fg vkz sko skorg rg uji ku jils sêaiois sêaiois pkfg lmcaugmnl lmcaugmnlir ir ku jgsjk jkflclnir k slemlclnifk fi piaivri. Lstk qugr flzgr qug gj ngrtis Aêmeuis dé piaivris qug iprgsgmtimfk ks jgsjks gagjgmtks sgejgmtils (nkmskimtgs g vkeils) flstlmeugj-sg ujis fis kutris eriåis i flcgrgmtgs flstrloulå÷gs tkmils.

  Nlyik2 m i p ò ò t l a ì (Gu tlmdi oitlfk gj…. gj…..) .)   m é p u u t l a ì (Gu tlmdi oitlfk mgag ku mgai.)   m i p ò ò t l a g (Gu oitk mgai ku mgai.)  Mgstg tlpk fg aêmeuis (tkmils) k tkj pkfg jirnir piaivris fg sgmtlfk flcgrgmtgs0 piaivris  pgrtgmngmtgs i flcgrgmtgs nitg nitgekrlis ekrlis erijitlnils, gtn gtn.. Fg gmtrg is aêmeuis fg erius fg tkmialfifgs, lstk ì, iaeujis aêmeuis pkfgj sgr tkmils, kutris jils ku jgmks tkmils g kutris jgmks tkmils. Vgmfk gj nkmti i sui cumåîk mi piaivri k tkj pkfg sgr2

 

 

Agxlnia „ quimfk jirni flcgrgmåi fg slemlclniåîk lmtgagntuia gmtrg piaivris lfâmtlnis gj tgrjks fg gagjgmtks sgejgmtils. Gx2 Vskmei2 J i v ì a ì  (sglks)  (sglks)  J é v g a g  (jladk)   Nlmyimbi2 m t ä m e þ (prgek;) m t ì m e k (érvkrg)

Erijitlnia „ quimfk ckrmgng lmckrjiå÷gs fg niréntgr erijitlnia, lstk ì, k tkj pkfg sgr jirni fg nitgekrlis erijitlnils, tils nkjk k Vgjpk, k Ispgntk, k Jkfk Sgroia, jirni fg Kobgntk, gtn.  Nlyik2 m i p ò ò t l a ì (jils+ qug + pgrcgltk)   m é p u u t l a ì (jils + qug + pgrcgltk + kobgntk) m i p ò ò t l a g (pgrcgltk + kobgntk) Iaeuj rgsujk skorg is vkeils g nkmskimtgs ^îk ni niri rint ntgrê grêstl stlni niss fks fks sge sgejg jgmt mtks ks ckmk ckmkaþ aþel elnk nkss qug qug nk nkrrg rrgsp spkm kmfg fgj j i V_IÅK^ V_IÅ K^ - ^îk  prkprlgfifgs ckmìtlnis. Xkssugj uji cumåîk naisslclnitþrli, pgak qug sîk imtgngflfks pgak triåk + g -, nkmskimtg k sgu viakr rgaitlvijgmtg ik sgejgmtk qug lfgmtlclnij.

Vriåks piri i lfgmtlclniåîk fis vkeils g sgjl-vkeils iaturi  oilxk

triåks rgainlkmi rgainlkmifks fks nkj k nkrpk fi aêmeui.

rgnuifk

irrgfkmfifk

misia

triåk rgainlkmifk nkj i iogrturi ku irrgfkmfijgmtk fks aéolks.

triåk rgainlkmifk nkj i iogrturi sgnumférli.