Folleto Tolosa
August 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
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PFRHFW CDPHRWHWCMDHW S GMPC@ GMPC@CFDC CFDC@F@ @F@ HD PHRFZCF PHRFZC F GMKDCPCQM-GMD@XGPXFL @ M. P
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PFRHFW CDPHRWHWCMDHW S GMPC@ GMPC@CFDC CFDC@F@ @F@ HD PHRFZCF PHRFZC F GMKDCPCQM-GMD@XGPXFL Ifdufl cdthkrf`m pfrf thrfphutfs y fgmipföfdths thrfpãutcgms
@ M. P
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@ M. P
FXPMR | H@CPMR 6rf. H`cgc÷d, 2:2: © @FDPH M. PMLMWF Pm`ms lms `hrhgnms rhshrvf`ms Clustrfgc÷d `h tfpf? Lugcfdf Gfstföm Pmlmsf @cshöm y ifquhtfgc÷d `h tfpf? Wmaéf Ouærhz Prf`uggc÷d y f`fptfgc÷d `hl pmrtukuãs fl hspföml `h lms gfpétulms `h Rhdftm Gficdnf, Gficlf Zfcvf y Ifrcdf KusiçmÆlvfrhz Gficd y `h @fdchllh Rucz? Lcg. Csfbhl Ihd`mdgf Rhvcsc÷d `h thxtms? Kfst÷d G÷r`mbf Gmiudcgfgc÷d gmd hl futmr? `fdthtmlmsfJnmtifcl.gmi Mbrf ciprhsf pmr Dm sh phricth lf rhprm`uggc÷d tmtfl tmtfl m pfrgcfl, hl flifghdfichdtm, hl flquclhr flquclhr,, lf trfdsicsc÷d m lf trfdsamrifgc÷d `h hsth lcbrm, hd guflquchr amrif m pmr guflquchr ih`cm, shf hlhgtr÷dcgm m ihgædcgm, i hgædcgm, ih`cfdth amtmgmpcfs, `ckctflczfgc÷d u mtrms iãtm`ms, scd hl phricsm phri csm prhvcm y hsgrctm `hl futmr m hl h`ctmr.
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 0
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Éd`cgh
Hxphrtms quh fpmrtfrmd su hxghlhdgcf fgf`ãicgf y glédcgf .............................. C^ Zr÷lmkm .........................................................................................................^QCC Cdtrm`uggc÷d ................................ .................................................................. ................................................................... ................................. ^C^
ZFRPH C? Gmdghptuf Gmdghptuflczfgc÷d, lczfgc÷d, thmréf, cdvhstckfgc÷d cdvhstckfg c÷d y glédcgf `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs 6. Fghrgf Fghrgf `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs y lf gmtc`cfdc`f` @fdth M. Pmlmsf Pmlmsf ............................................................................................7 2. Hl quã y hl pfrf quã `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd lms im`hlms gmd`ugtuflhs y gmkdctcvms @fdth M. Pmlmsf Pmlmsf ..........................................................................................67 7. Zrmghsm rhlfgcmdfl thrfpãutcgm y tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs @fdth M. Pmlmsf ..........................................................................................27 0. Hstrugturf `hl prmghsm thrfpãutcgm gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl y tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs @fdth M. Pmlmsf ............................... .................................................................. ............................................................06 .........................06 8. Cdthkrfgc÷d `h lfs dhurmgchdgcfs gmd lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl y lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs Gfrlms @fdchl Iéfs ................................ .................................................................. ......................................................86 ....................86 1. Hvc`hdgcf hipércgf `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs @fdth M. Pmlmsf ..........................................................................................1; ;. Kuéf pfrf lfs fsckdfgcmdhs `h tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs @fdth M. Pmlmsf ..........................................................................................38 >. Phrfpcf Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl bfsf`f hd prmghsms y tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs @fdth M. Pmlmsf Pmlmsf ........................................................................................6:3 3. Zhrahggcmdcsim y tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs Ahrdæd Kuc`m Frfdf .............................. ................................................................ ....................................................623 ..................623
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QC
ZFRPH CC? Gmdsultfd`m f hxphrtms 6. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs Cdthrshscmdhs hd lf thrfpcf gmipmrtfihdtfl-gmkdctcvf cdafdtm-ouvhdcl Kfbrchl Khdcsh y Dcgmlæs Khdcsh ..............................................................608 2. PRhdftm frhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf hlZfcvf hdtrhdfichdtm pf`rhs Pfrhfs Gficdnf, Gficlf y Ifrcdfpfrf Kusiçm Gficdnf. ..................613 7. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf hl hsphgtrm hsquczmarãdcgm @fdth M. Pmlmsf ................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................6>7 ...................6>7 0. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf lms trfstmrdms `h lf gmd`ugtf flcihdtfrcf Brhd`f Iurfwsec ................................. .................................................................... ......................................................266 ...................266 8. Lf fgtcvc`f` aéscgf gmim udf tfrhf cdthrshsc÷d pfrf lf `hprhsc÷d Ah`hrcgm Lfd`h .............................. ................................................................ ...........................................................228 .........................228 1. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf lms trfstmrdms `h fdsch`f`
Ifrchlf Kmlbhrk .................................................................... .......................................................................................27; ...................27;
;. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf hl trfstmrdm mbshscvm-gmipulscvm Pfdcf Bmr`f y hqucpm ................................ .................................................................. ................................................286 ..............286 >. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf lf prhvhdgc÷d `h lms trfstmrdms f`cgtcvms Ickuhl Afrcz ................................................................ ...............................................................................................2> ...............................2>;; 3. Hl fgmipföfichdtm thrfpãutcgm hd lms trfstmrdms tr fstmrdms f`cgtcvms y tfrhfs gmd cdthrvhdgc÷d gmtc`cfdf @fdchllh Rucz ................................... ..................................................................... ...........................................................7:6 .........................7:6 6:. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf hl `mlmr gr÷dcgm
Ifréf Kuf`fluph Rmsflhs y H`ufr H`ufr`m `m Ehhkfd .........................................7:3
66. Icd`auldhss y rhgursms pfrf lf khdhrflczfgc÷d f trfvãs `h lf prægtcgf hd lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs. Fthdgc÷d plhdf hd lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf Ifrcdf Lcshdbhrk ................................ ................................................................... ......................................................77; ...................77; 62. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd hstciulfgc÷d gmkdctcvf gmd phrsmdfs ifymrhs Wmlfdkh Llfrhdf Dÿöhz .............................. ................................................................ ................................................786 ..............786 67. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs pfrf hl ifdhom `h lf afrifgmthrfpcf Hvf Ifréf Pruocllm Gnc Qfguæd .............................. ................................................................ ....................................7;6 ..7;6 60. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd lf thrfpcf shxufl `h lfs `csaudgcmdhs
Icrtf Krfdhrm ................................. ................................................................... ...........................................................7>7 .........................7>7
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QCC
68. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd thrfpcf `h pfrhof Krfgchlf Brfkfkdmlm .................................. ..................................................................... ...............................................0:8 ............0:8 61. Pfrhfs Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd iuohrhs végtcifs `h vcmlhdgcf `h kãdhrm Dhlly Gfdgc÷d Wuærhz y Ohsÿs Fcqucpf Phllm ............................................028
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Hxphrtms quh fpmrtfrmd su hxghlhdgcf fgf`ãicgf y glédcgf
Rubãd Fr`clf. Rhgcbc÷ lf Lcghdgcfturf hd Zscgmlmkéf hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgc÷dfl `h Gmlmibcf y, pmsthrcmrihdth, hl @mgtmrf`m hd Zscgmlmkéf Hxphrcihdtfl hd Dhbrfsef Xdcvhrscty, Xdcvhrscty, Lcdgmld, Hstf`ms Xdc`ms. Nf hsgrctm 76 lcbrms y iæs `h 7:: frtégulms hd rhvcstfs gchdtégfs `h Zscgmlmkéf. [fl`hd trhs hs lf prcihrf dmvhlf gchdtégf hd pscgmlmkéf hsgrctf pmr Fr`clf y rhprhshdtf lf vhrsc÷d lftc dmfihrcgfdf `h lf mbrf [fl`hd Pwm `h B. A. Wecddhr. Hd hl plfdm fgf`ãicgm sh nf `hshiphöf`m gmim prmahsmr h cdvhstckf`mr hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h Gmlmibcf, lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Lms Fd`hs (Gmlmibcf) y lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Wfdtm Pmiæs (Gmlmibcf). Pfibcãd nf sc`m prmahsmr cdvctf`m hd Flhifdcf, Frkhdtcdf, Hguf`mr, Hspföf, Hstf`ms Xdc`ms, Zuhrtm Rcgm y Zhrÿ. Fwfr` Fwfr` amr @cstcdkucsnh` Gmdtrcbutcmds tm tnh Cdthrdftcmdfl F`vfdghihdt ma Zsygnmlmky, mtmrkf`m lf FihrcgfdDfgcmdfl Zsygnmlmkcgfl Fssmgcftcmd (2::;). @mgtmr nmdmrcs gfusf `hpmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Rmsfrcm. Gfrlms @. Icfs.
Zrmahsmr Pctulfr `h Dhurmpscgmlmkéf hd lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h G÷r`mbf (XDG). @mgtmr hd Gchdgcfs `h lf Wflu`, ærhf Bcmih`cgcdf, Afgultf` Gchdgcfs Iã`cgfs (XDG). @crhgtmr `hl Zrmkrfif `h Zmstkrf`m hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl Cdthkrf`f gmd Dhurmgchdgcfs. @crhgtmr `hl Whrvcgcm `h Dhurmpscgmlmkéf (XDG). ( XDG). Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm‗gmd`ugtuflhs.
Ahrdæd Frfdf. @mgtmr hd Zscgmlmkéf `h
lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs (XBF). @hs`h sus cdcgcms sh ghdtr÷ hd hl hstu`cm `h lf phrsmdflc`f`, mrchdtfd`m su cdthrãs fl rfskm phrahggcmdcstf, thif gmd hl quh kfd÷ thiprfdfihdth hl prhicm Aud`fgc÷d Fcklã 2::2. Luhkm ghdtr÷ su cdvhstckfgc÷d hd g÷im hsth rfskm r fskm sh ifdchstf hd hstu`cfdths udcvhrsctfrcms, y hxplmr÷ su vcdgulfgc÷d gmd vfrcf blhs gmim hl rhd`cichdtm fgf`ãicgm, hl iflhstfr pscgml÷kcgm y lms prmghsms ruicftcvms, tfibcãd gmd hl dfdgcfichdtm `h bhgfs `mgtmrflhs y pmst`mgtm rflhs `hl Gmdshom Dfgcmdfl `h Cdvhstckfgcmdhs Gchdtégfs y Pãgdcgfs (GM DCGHP). Futmr `h duihrmsfs publcgfgcmdhs `h gfrægthr dfgcmdfl h cdthrdfgcmdfl, hxpusm sus trfbfoms hd `cahrhdths gmdkrhsms `h ifdhrf gmdtcduf`f `hs`h hl föm 2::2. Fgtuflihdth Fgtuflihdth hs `crhgtmr `hl prmyhgtm Rupturf Fimrmsf y Wcdtmiftmlmkéf @hprhscvf hd Hstu`cfdths `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs, y `mghdth `h krf`m y `h pmskrf`m hd lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs. @mghdth rhspmdsfblh `hl gursm @cfkd÷stcgm, Dmihdglfturf y Glfscgfgc÷d `h lf Gfrrhrf `h Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmlmkéf Glédcgf y Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl, tfibcãd hd `cgnf udcvhrsc`f`.
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^
Zscgmthrfphutf fgrh`ctf`m y ichibrm tctulfr `h lf Fsmgcfgc÷d Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf. Ichibrm fsmgcf`m `hl Ghdthr amr tnh Wtu`y ma Wtrhss, Prfuif fd` Rhsclchdgh `h lf Khmrkcf Wtfth Xdcvhrscty. Xdcvhrscty. Kfbrchl Khdcsh. @mgtmr hd Zscgmlmkéf y lcghdgcf`m hd Zscgmlmkéf y Zscgmph`fkm-
kéf. Ifkcsthr hd Zscgmlmkéf Glédcgf Cdafdtmouvhdcl (Xdcvhrsc`f` Wfd Omrkh `h _frfkmzf). Hsphgcflcstf hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf (Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Ifci÷dc`hs). @mghdth tctulfr Zscgmthrfpcfs CC y Duhvfs Gchdgcfs `h lf Gmd`ugtf hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Almrhs. Futmr `h lms lcbrms Fbrfzfr hl hl `mlmr, `mlmr, ftrfvhsfr hl gficdm `hl futcsim, Amdzm hstæ aurcmsm. Phrfpcf gmkdctcvf pfrf hl gmdtrml `h lf crf, Ifrkfrctf Ifr kfrctf tchdh ich`m, Nfgcf lf `hspftmlmkczfgc÷d `h lfs c`hdtc`f`hs trfds y Ifdufl `h pscgmthrfpcf y pscgmpftmlmkéf `h dcöms y f`mlhsghdths. Aud`f`mr `hl ghdtrm `h sflu` ihdtfl PGI. Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Lcghdgcf`m hd Zscgmlmkéf y Zscgmph`fkmkéf. Hsphgcflcstf hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf Cd`cvc`ufl y Krupfl (Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Ifci÷dc`hs). Rhgcbc÷
Dcgmlæs Khdcsh.
hdtrhdfichdtm hd lf Aud`fgc÷d y Fgehrifd Cdstctuth amr tnh thrfpcf Aficly (Duhvf Smre, HH.XX.). GmfutmrFcklã `h lms lcbrms Amdzm hstæ aurcmsm, gmkdctcvf pfrf hl gmdtrml `h lf crf, Ifrkfrctf tchdh ich`m, Nfgcf lf `hspftmlmkczfgc÷d `h lfs c`hdtc`f`hs trfds y Ifdufl `h pscgmthrfpcf y pscgmpftmlmkéf `h dcöms y f`mlhsghdths. Aud`f`mr `hl ghdtrm `h sflu` s flu` ihdtfl PGI. Rhdftm Ifcftm Gficdnf. Zscg÷lmkm, iæsthr hd Zscgmlmkéf Wmgcfl y Zhrsmdfl pmr lf Zmdtcgcf Xdcvhrsc`f` Gft÷lcgf, thrfphutf gmkdctcvm y `mgtmrfd`m hd lf
Xdcvhrsc`f` `hl Flkfrvh. Zrmahsmr cdvhstckf`mr hd hl ærhf `h pscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. @mghdth hd hl ærhf `h PGG. Zrmahsmr cdthrdfgcmdfl gmd ãdafscs hd pscgmthrfpcfs gmkdctcvfs hd lf cdafdgcf y trfstmrdm pmr hstrãs pmstrfuiætcgm. Zrmahsmr cdvctf`m `hl `hl Iæsthr hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Fut÷dmif `h Bfrghlmdf. y gmfutmr `h vfrcms trfbfoms hd hl`h ærhf `h thrfpcfs gmkdctcvfs. WmgcmFutmr y `crhgtmr `h CdPGG. @crhgtmr @mghdth CdPGG. Gmmr`cdf`mr `hl Gursm `h Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmthrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl y `hl Gursm `h Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmthrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl hd lf Cdafdgcf y F`mlhsghdgcf hd CdPGG, prhshdth hd 68 gcu`f`hs brfsclhöfs. Ichi brm aud`f`mr y prhsc`hdth `h lf Ah`hrfgc÷d Brfsclhöf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs (ABPG), bchdcm 2::8-2::;. @crhgtmr `hl Cdstctutm C dstctutm PRC `h H`ugfgc÷d Wmgcmhimgcmdfl. Zrhsc`hdth `h lf fdtckuf Gmdgrcf`, fgtufl Gmdgrcfrt (Gmdkrhsm Brfsclhöm `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs pfrf Dcöms y F`mlhsghdths). Gficlf B. Zfcvf Fdtmdcuttc. Zscg÷lmkf krf`uf`f `h lf Zmdtcgcf Xdcvhrsc`f`
Gft÷lcgf `h Rcm Krfd`h `m Wul (ZXGRW). Iæsthr hd Zscgmlmkéf Glédcgf (ZXGRW). Hsphgcflcstf hd pscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs `h lf cdafdgcf y lf f`mlhsghdgcf (CdPGGRW). Hsphgcflcstf hd Wflu` Ihdtfl pmr hl Zrmkrfif
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Hxphrtms Hxphrt ms quh fpmrt fpmrtfrmd frmd su hxghlhdgcf fgf`ãicgf y glédcgf
^C
Cdthkrf`m `h Rhsc`hdgcf `h Wflu` Iultcprmahscmdfl hd hl Nmspctfl `h Glédcgfs `h Zmrtm Flhkrh (NGZF / XARKW). Ifrcdf Kusiçm Gficdnf.
Zscg÷lmkf hsphgcflcstf hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl pmr Xdcscdms y pmr lf Ah`hrfgc÷d Brfsclhöf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs (ABPG). @mghdth hd hl ærhf `h thrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl. Zrmahsmrf cdthrdfgcmdfl gmd ãdafscs hd Zscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs hd lf Cdafdgcf. Futmr y gmfutmr hd iæs `h 2: trfbfoms hd hl ærhf `h thrfpcfs gmkdctcvfs. Wmgcf y `crhgtmrf `h CdPGG. Gmmr`cdf`mrf `hl Gursm `h Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmthrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl y hl Gursm `h Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmthrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl hd lf Cdafdgcf y F`mlhsghdgcf F`mlhsghdgcf hd CdPGG, prhshdth hd 68 gcu`f`hs brfsclhöfs. Gmmr`cdf`mrf `h DFHW (Ghdtrm ( Ghdtrm `h Fpmym Hsgmlfr). @crhgtmrf `hl Cdstctutm PRC `h H`ugfgc÷d Wmgcmhimgcmdfl. Zrhsc`hdth `hl hqucpm mrkfdczf`mr `h lf fdtckuf Gmdgrcf`, fgtufl Gmdgrcfrt (Gmdkrhsm Brfsclhöm `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs pfrf Dcöms y F`mlhsghdths).
Wmlfdkh O. Llfrhdf Dÿöhz. Zrmahsmrf Pctulfr `h Zscgmlmkéf `hl @hsfrrmllm CCC y `h
Fbmr`foh Phrfpãutcgm lf Fdgcfdc`f` hd lf hd Xdcvhrsc`f` Guym `h Wfd Oufd. @mgtmrf hd`hZscgmlmkéf5 Ifkcsthr ZscgmlmkéfGft÷lcgf Glédcgf, `h hsphgcflcstf hd Khrmdtmlmkéf. Cdvhstckf`mrf `hl CCZBF (Cdstctutm `h Cdvhstckfgc÷d `h Zscgmlmkéf Bæscgf y Fplcgf`f `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Gft÷lcgf `h Guym). Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. @mgtmrf hd Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs, hsphgcflczf`f hd Prfstmrdms Flcihdtfrcms. Phrfphutf Gmkdctcvf Gmd`ugtufl. Ohaf `h Prfbfoms Zrægtcgms `h Krf`m y @mghdth `h Zmskrf`m hd lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs. Cdvhstckf`mrf Gfthkmréf CQ (gfthkmrczfgc÷d 2:60 `hl Icdcsthrcm `h H`ugfgc÷d, Gchdgcf y Phgdmlmkéf). Cdvhstckf`mrf Cdthkrfdth `hl Krupm Rhspmdsfblh `hl Zrmyhgtm
Brhd`f Ifréf Iurfwsec.
`h Cdvhstckfgc÷d ZCGP2:61-6;18 `hlZrma. Zrmyhgtm `h Cdvhstckfgc÷d XBFGyP 2::2:61:6:::07BF `crckc`msypmr @rf. Kucllhricdf Rutszthcd y `h`cgf`ms f lf Zrhvhdgc÷d h Cdvhstckfgc÷d smbrh Prfstmrdms Flcihdtfrcms y Mbhsc`f`. Hx Bhgfrcf Cdthrdf `hl GMDCGHP (2:66-2:63). Rhgcbc÷ `cvhrsfs ihdgcmdhs fgf`ãicgfs mtmrkf`fs pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs y hd rhudcmdhs gchdtégfs dfgcmdflhs h cdthrdfgcmdflhs. Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf
Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Ichibrm `h lf Fgf`hiy amr Hftcdk @csmr`hrs y `h su Gfpétulm Ncspfdm Lftcdm Fihrcgfdm. Lcghdgcf`f hd Zscgmlmkéf y hsphgcflcstf hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf Gmd`ugtufl pmr lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf XBF. Bhgfrcf `mgtmrfl XBFGyP,, hd lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf (XBF). @mghdth `h krf`m y pmskrf`m XBFGyP hd Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf (XBF). Whgrhtfrcf Khdhrfl `h lf Fsmgcfgc÷d Frkhdtcdf pfrf hl Hstu`cm `hl @mlmr (FFH@). Ihibhr ma Cdthrdftcmdfl Fssm-
Kuf`fluph Rmsflhs.
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^CC
gcftcmd amr tnh Wtu`y ma Zfcd (CFWZ). Phrfphutf gmkdctcvf ghrtcgf`f pmr lf
Fsmgcfgc÷d Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf (FFPG). H`ufr`m Ehhkfd. Krf`uf`m
hd Zscgmlmkéf hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs, mbtuvm udf bhgf `hl Brctcsn Gmudgcl pfrf lf rhflczfgc÷d `h hstu`cms `h pmskrf`m hd hl Rhcdm Xdc`m, quh rhflcz÷ hd hl Cdstctuth ma Zsygncftry (6330-6338). Gmdtrcbuy÷ sckdcgftcvfihdth sckdcgftcvfihdth fl `hsfrrmllm `h lf thrfpcf Gmkdctcvm‖gmd`ugtufl hd lf Frkhdtcdf. Nf `cgtf`m gursms y tfllhrhs `h hdtrhdfichdtm `h thrf phutfs hd Frkhdtcdf, Gnclh, Xrukufy Xrukufy,, Zfrfkufy Zfrfkufy,, Kufthiflf, Ctflcf, Zmlmdcf, Lctufdcf y Lhtmdcf. Pfibcãd Pfibcãd nf hsgrctm frtégulms y `cgtf`m gmdahrhdgcfs smbrh guhstcmdhs pscgml÷kcgfs hd hl gmdthxtm mrkfdczfgcmdfl. Nf publcgf`m udms 1: frtégulms gchdtégms, ud lcbrm y vfrcms gfpétulms `h lcbrms. @crckh ud hqucpm
`h cdvhstékfgc÷d hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs, `md`h tfibcãd cdthkrf lf Gmicsc÷d `h @mgtmrf`m. Ifrcdf Lcshdbhrk. Lcghdgcf`f hd Zscgmlmkéf pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Buhdms Fcrhs. Phrfphutf aficlcfr y gmfgn ghrtcgf`f5 cdstrugtmrf hd Icd`auldhss hs -
phgcflczf`f hd Ifdhom `hl Hstrãs (hdtrhdf`f ( hdtrhdf`f hd hl Ghdthr amr Icd`auldhss). Gmmr`cdf`mrf Fgf`ãicgf `hl @cplmif`m hd Icd`auldhss hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Bhlkrfdm. Hs aud`f`mrf `h Ftthdtcf. Futmrf `h Hl shgrhtm shgrhtm `h Hiclcf? Hiclcf? Icd`auldhss pfrf dcöms y dcöfs (2:6;) y Fthdgc÷d plhdf plhdf pfrf dcöms y f`mlhsghdths? Zrægtcgfs `h icd`auldhss hd lf grcfdzf, lf sflu` y lf h`ugfgc÷d (2:6>). Ah`hrcgm Lfd`h. Lcghdgcf`m
y prmahsmr hd Zscgmlmkéf hd lf Xdc`f` Fgf`ãicgf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Gft÷lcgf `h Lf Zlftf, Wh`h Rmsfrcm. Hdtrh 2:61 y 2:63 auh gmmr`cdf`mr `hl Ærhf `h Zscgmlmkéf Z scgmlmkéf `hl @hpmrth y lf Fgtcvc`f` Aéscgf `hl Gmlhkcm `h Zscg÷lmkms `h Rmsfrcm, Whkud`f Gcrgudsgrcpgc÷d. @hs`h 2::1 hs `crhgtmr `hl Ærhf `h Zscgmlmkéf `h Ædcif Iultchspfgcm hd Wflu`. Hs ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Fsmgcfgc÷d Wfdtfahscdf `h Phrfphutfs Phrfphutfs Gmkdctcvms (FWPhG) y
`h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Ifrchlf Kmlbhrk. @mgtmrf hd Zscgmlmkéf pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Gft÷lcgf `h Xrukufy.. Ifsthr hd Phrfpcf `h Gmd`ugtf pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h H`ugfkufy gc÷d f @cstfdgcf. Zscgmthrfphutf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl `h f`ultms. @mghdth hd lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Gft÷lcgf `hl Xrukufy. Wuphrvcsmrf Glédcgf hd gursms `h amrifgc÷d `h lf Wmgch`f` Xrukufyf `h Fdælcscs y Im`cgfgc÷d `h lf Gmd `ugtf. Hxprhsc`hdth `h lf Wmgch`f` Xrukufyf `h Fdælcscs Fdælcscs y Im`cgfgc÷d `h
lf Gmd`ugtf (WXFIMG) `urfdth hl phrcm`m 2::0‗2::1.
Pfdcf Bmr`f B mr`f. Wh krf`u÷ gmd nmdmrhs gmim lcghdgcf`f hd Zscgmlmkéf hd lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf XBF. @mgtmrf hd Zscgmlmkéf (XBF). @crhgtmrf `hl BcmBhnfvcmrfl Cdstctuth (Buhdms Fcrhs). Gmfutmrf `h lms lcbrms Hl trfstmrdm mbshscvm-gmipulscvm y su hsphgtrm (Fef`cf, 2:66), Prftfichdtm cdthkrf`m
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 62
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?82
Hxphrtms Hxphrt ms quh fpmrt fpmrtfrmd frmd su hxghlhdgcf fgf`ãicgf y glédcgf
^CCC
`hl trfstmrdm mbshscvm-gmip mbshscvm-gmipulscvm ulscvm (Zmlhims, 2::1) y Prfstmrdm `csi÷ragm gmrpmrfl (H`ctmrcfl (H`ctmrcfl Fgf`ãicgf Hspfömlf, 2:62). @csgépulf `h krfd`hs ifhs-
trms cdthrdfgcmdflhs `h lf Zscgmlmkéf y lf Zscqucftréf, gmim lf @rf. Aukhd Dhzcrmklu, hl @r @r.. Omsã Fdcbfl Sfryurf Pmbéfs, hdtrh mtrms. Grhf`mrf y prmahsmrf tctulfr `h lf ifthrcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl `h fsmgcfgcmdhs lf Xdcvhrsc`f`h Gft÷lcgf Frkhdtcdf (XGF).Phrfpcf Nf pfrtcgcpf`m fgtcvfihdth hd cdstctugcmdhs, dfgcmdflhs h cdthrdfgcmdflhs, hd rhlfgc÷d gmd lf Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl. @crhgtmrf y gmaud`f`mrf `h Gmihdzfr `h Duhvm? Duh vm? Ghdt G hdtrm rm Cdth C dthrdf rdfgcm gcmdfl dfl `h ` h Prftfich Prftf ichdtm dtm `h ` h lms Prfstm Prf stmrdm rdmss `h lf GmdG md`ugtf Flcihdtfrcf y Hdahrih`f`hs Himgcmdflhs Rhlfgcmdf`fs. Qcghprhsc`hdth `hl Gmlhkcm Ihxcgfdm Ihxcgf dm `h Prfstmrdms `h lf Gmd`ugtf Flcihdtfrcf. Hxprhsc`hdth `h lf Fgf`hiy amr Hftcdk @csmr`hrs. Zrmahsmrf Glédcgf hd lf Hsguhlf `h Ih`cgcdf y Gchdgcfs `h lf Wflu`. Phgdml÷kcgm `h Imdthrrhy. Gmdsultmrf Cdthrdfgcmdfl, FGXPH. Ghdthr amr Hftcdk @csmr`hrs by
Hvf Ifréf Ifré f Pruocllm Gnc Qfguæd.
@hdvhr Nhfltn. Ickuhl Afrcz. Lcghdgcf`m hd Zscgmlmkéf (Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h G÷r`mbf). @crhgtmr Khdhrfl `h Wflu` Ihdtfl y F`cggcmdhs `h lf Zrmvcdgcf `h Lf Rcmof. Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Hsphgcflcstf hd Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl, gmd mrchdtfgc÷d fl trftfichdtm `h lfs f`cggcmdhs. Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm‗gmd`ugtu Gmkdctcvm‗gmd`ugtuflhs. flhs. @fdchllh Rucz Lcif. Zscg÷lmkf
glédcgf y fgmipföfdth thrfpãutcgf. Hsphgcflcstf hd Dhurmpscgmlmkéf y @hphd`hdgcf Vuéicgf. Ifsthr hd Gchdgcfs pmr lf Afgultf` `h Ih`cgcdf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` `h Wfm Zfulm, Brfscl. Gmmr`cdf`mrf `hl Gursm `h Fgmipföfichdtm Phrfpãutcgm Phrfpãutcgm hd @hphd`hdgcf Vuéicgf `hl Krupm Cdthr`csgcplcdfr `hl Hstu`cm `hl Flgmnml y @rmkfs (KRHF/CZq ‗XWZ).
Krfgchlf Brfkfkdmlm. Zscg÷lmkf. Ifkcsthr hd Ihtm`mlmkéf `h lf Cdvhstckfgc÷d Gchdtégf y Pãgdcgf pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h Hdtrh Réms. @mghdth `h
Ihtm`mlmkéf `h lf Cdvhstckfgc÷d (XDR). @crckh hl prmyhgtm `h cdvhstckfgc÷d `h prægtcgfs sflu`fblhs `h gmdvcvhdgcf hd lf pfrhof y lf aficlcf. Gmmr`cdf`mrf `hl ærhf Zscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvfs y Gmipmrtfihdtflhs `hl Gmlhkcm `h Zscg÷lmkms. Amrifgc÷d y suphrvcsc÷d `h krf`uf`ms quh trfbfofd hd hahgtmrhs pÿblcgms hd Zscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs, pmr lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h Rmsfrcm. @crhgtmrf `h lf Hsphgcflczfgc÷d hd Zscgmthrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs `h lf Afgultf` `h Zscgmlmkéf `h lf XDR. Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs.
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 67
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?82
^CQ
Icrtf Krfdhrm. Zscg÷lmkf fgrh`ctf`f gmim fdflcstf y im`cgf`mrf `hl gmipmr tfichdtm (Fsmgcfgc÷d Lftcdmfihrcgfdf `h Fdælcscs, Fdælcscs, Im`cgfgc÷d `h lf Gmd-
`ugtf y Phrfpcf Gmkdctcvf Gmd`ugtufl, 63>1). Hxvcghprhsc`hdtf `h lf Fsmgcfgc÷d Lftcdmfihrcgfdf `h Fdælcscs, Im`cgfgc÷d `h lf Gmd`ugtf y Phrfpcf Phrfpcf
Gmkdctcvf Gmd`ugtufl (FLFIMG). Gm`crhgtmrf `hl prcihr gursm `h Phrf pcf Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl hd Frkhdtcdf. Fgrh`ctf`f gmim shx÷lmkf glédcgf y h`ugf`mrf shxufl (Grhsfl, ALFWWHW y AHWHF). Zrhsc`hdth `h AHWHF y `h FRHWW y `crhgtmrf `hl Cdstctutm Ecdshy `h Whxmlmkéf. @cstcdkuc`f gmd lf ih`fllf f lf trfyhgtmrcf hd vc`f? ALFWWHW (If`rc`, 2:61). Ichibrm aud`f`mr `h lf Rh` Ah`hrfl Frkhdtcdf `h Phrfpcfs Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs. @crhgtmrf Khdhrfl `h lf Gfsf Qc`f Iuohr (Lcif, Zhrÿ), hdtrhdf`f hd lfs ÿltcifs thrfpcfs gmdthxtuflhs `h Cdstctuth Bhnfvmry Phgn hd Phrfpcf Phrfpcf @cflãgtcgf Gmd`ugtufl. Zublcg÷ Dm th iuhrfs pmr ié , lcbrm smbrh vcmlhdgcf aficlcfr. aficlcfr. Hdtrhdf`f hd hdtrhvcstf himgcmdfl pfrf prmblhiætcgfs hd sflu` ihdtfl.
Dhlly Gfdgc÷d Wuærhz.
Ohsÿs Fcqucpf Phllm.
Zscg÷lmkm pmr lf Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl Wfd Ifrgms (XDIWI) `h Zhrÿ. Ifkésthr hd Zscgmlmkéf GlédcgfIfymr y `h lf`hWflu` pmr lf XDIWI. Hxphrchdgcf prmahscmdfl hd hl Icdcsthrcm `h lf Iuohr y Zmblfgcmdhs Quldhrfblhs, Icdcsthrcm `h Wflu`, Icdcsthrcm `h H`ugfgc÷d y Glédcgf Zrcvf`f. Hxphrchdgcf hd gmdstruggc÷d `h pruhbfs, hvflufgc÷d y pscgmthrfpcf gmd hdamquh Gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl. Hxphrchdgcf hd cdvhstckfgc÷d y `mghdgcf udcvhrsctfrcf prhkrf`m y pmstkrf`m. Futmr `h lf pruhbf pscgml÷kcgf Cdvhdtfrcm `h @hphd`hdgcf HimgcmdflC@H .
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 60
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?82
ihimrcf `h ic pf`rh, F lf ihimrcf pf`rh, `h quchd fprhd`é hl vflmr `h lf tfrhf.
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 68
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?87
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 61
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?87
ZR×LMKM
Lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl hs udm `h lms `hsfrrmllms iæs cipmrtfdths `h lf pscgmlmkéf glédcgf hd lfs ÿltcifs `ãgf`fs. @urfdth trhs m guftrm `hghdcms, lms cdvhstckf`mrhs y pscgmthrfphutfs sh nfd `h`cgf`m f hdgmdtrfr flthrdftcvfs vælc`fs y gmdfblhs, bfsf`fs hd lf hvc`hdgcf, pfrf hdthd`hr, im`cgfr y prhvhdcr lfs `c gultf`hs fsmgcf`fs fl gmipmrtfichdtm dm f`fptftcvm `h cd`cvc`ums, pfrhofs, af iclcfs y krupms. Wh nfd fplcgf`m lms prcdgcpcms `hl gmd`cgcmdfichdtm glæscgm, `hl gmd`cgcmdfichdtm mphrfdth, `hl fprhd`czfoh smgcfl, `h lfs dhurmgchdgcfs, quh sh trfbfofrmd cdcgcflihdth hd hl lfbmrftmrcm pscgml÷kcgm f dcvhl bæscgm, y usf`m luhkm pfrf prmblhifs `h lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf, gmtc`cfdf, `h krfd cipmrtfdgcf prægtcgf. Gmd hl trfbfom `h iugnms pscg÷lmkms y prmahscmdflhs fdhs sh nf lmkrf`m hs trugturfr udf ifdhrf `h hdthd`hr hl gmipmrtfichdtm «fdmriflµ y `h im`cgfrlm
pfrf lmkrfr ihtfs ivctflhs htfs thrfpãutcgfs, `csicducr hl suarcichdtm flgfdzfr lms mbohtcvms `h lfs phrsmdfs y ihomrfr lf gflc`f`nuifdm, `h vc`f. lmkrfr Nmy gmdtfims gmd lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl, quh nf sc`m gmdsc`hrf`f gmim lf phrsphgtcvf `h hlhggc÷d iæs hgchdth, quh lmkrf rhsultf`ms vælc`ms y gmdfblhs quh sh ifd tchdhd f lm lfrkm `hl tchipm. Dm auh udf tfrhf aægcl `f`m hl gmdthxtm gulturfl y lfs lcictfgcmdhs lcictfgcmdhs `h tm`f éd`méd`mlh. Zfrf hl gfsm `h Cbhrmfiãrcgf hd khdhrfl, lf cduhdgcf `h pfrf`ckifs `cahrhdths
mbstfgulcz÷ lf cdvhstckfgc÷d y fplcgfgc÷d `h lms prcdgcpcms y nfllfzkms `h lf pscgmlmkéf gchdtégf fl gfipm `h lf glédcgf. Gmim gfipm `h cdvhstckfgc÷d, hvflufgc÷d,
thrfpcf y prhvhdgc÷d `h lms gmipmrtfichdtms dm f`fptftcvms, lf pscgmlmkéf glédcgf hd shdtc`m gchdtégm sh `hsfrrmll÷ f phsfr `h hsms mbstægulms. Pflhs lcictfgcmdhs
smd nmy, hd krfd pfrth, fsudtms `hl pfsf`m, y ud dÿihrm krfd`h `h pscg÷lmkms y prmahscmdflhs fdhs utclczfd lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvm‖gmd`ugt gmkdctcvm‖gmd`ugtufl ufl gmim su ifrgm `h
rhahrhdgcf gmdghptufl y fplcgf`m. Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs y gmtc`cfdc`f` hd thrfpcf gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl, h`ctf`m
pmr @fdth M. Pmlmsf, sh rhhrh f hstms thifs. Hsphgégfihdth f lm quh nfgh hl
gmdsultfdth hd lfs 27 nmrfs `hl `éf hd quh dm sh hdguhdtrf hd hl gmdsultmrcm `hl pscg÷lmkm. Cdglusm, iæs gmdgrhtfihdth, gmdgrhtfihdth, hd lms `éfs `h lf shifdf, m `hl ihs hd quh dm hstæ hd thrfpcf. Gmim sh trftf `h ud scsthif thrfpãutcgm quh gmdsc`hrf `h cipmrtfdgcf prcimr`cfl tm`m lm quh rhflczf, pchdsf y schdth hl gmdsultfdth `urfdth lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf, sh frif quh hs iuy phrtcdhdth hl tchipm
`h vc`f, hd mtrfs pflfbrfs, lf gmtc`cfdc`f` y hl phrém`m cdthrshscmdhs. @h hsh im`m, hl lcbrm shöflf lf rhlhvfdgcf `h lfs tfrhfs f rhflczfr hdtrh shscmdhs, hl `hl fgmipföfichdtm, quhhdtrh hs prhgcsm fl gmdsultfdth,pfphl hl shkucichdtm y hl fdælcscslf`hcdamrifgc÷d lms rhsultf`ms, mtrms brcd`fr thifs. Prftf t÷pcgms
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 6;
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?87
gmim hl gmdtrml `h cipulsms, lf `csgfpfgc`f`, lms trfstmrdms `hl `hsfrrmllm, lfs nf bclc`f`hs smgcflhs, lf hsquczmarhdcf, lf mbhsc`f`, lms trfstmrdms shxuflhs, lf thrfpcf `h pfrhof, lms trfstmrdms `hprhscvms y `h fdsch`f`, hl trfstmrdm mbshscvm-gmipulscvm (gmdsc`hrf`m gmim udf `h lfs gfrfgthréstcgfs `hl iud`m gmdthipmrædhm), lf dhurmrrhnfbclctfgc÷d, lfs f`cggcmdhs, lfs hdahrih`f`hs aéscgfs y hl `mlmr, lf `cvhrsc`f` shxufl y `h kãdhrm. Hd sédthscs, udf kfif iuy fiplcf y gmiplhtf `h sctufgcmdhs quh puh`hd cducr hd lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf y hd hl bchdhstfr phrsmdfl. S lm nfgh
gmd ud krfd dÿihrm `h pmblfgcmdhs? dcöms, f`mlhsghdths, fdgcfdms, cd`cvc`ums shxuflihdth `cvhrsms, hdtrh mtrms. Zmr hllm, pm`hims frifr quh hl lcbrm vchdh f suplcr udf dhghsc`f` f lf vhz
prægtcgf y gmdghptufl, yf quh quh scrvh pfrf quh quh lms thrfphutfs gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtuflhs mrchdthd f lms gmdsultfdths hd lf hlfbmrfgc÷d y shkucichdtm `h lfs tfrhfs f rhflczfr hdtrh lfs shscmdhs, y hstæ s÷lc`fihdth aud`fihdtf`m hd lms gmdmgcichdtms gchdtégms fgtuflhs.
Lms futmrhs `h lms gfpétulms `h hstf mbrf prmgh`hd `h vfrcms pféshs? Frkhdtcdf, Iãxcgm, Zhrÿ, Brfscl y Xrukufy. Wmd hxphrtms hd su gfipm `h trfbfom, nfd rhflczf`m trfbfoms gmd`hfiplcm rhgmdmgcichdtm dfgcmdfl h cdthrdfgcmdfl, lms t÷pcgms ghdtrflhs lf pscgmlmkéf glédcgf `hdtrm `hl ifrgm gchdtégm y `hfbmr`fd rhahrhdgcf. Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs y gmtc`cfdc`f` hd thrfpcf gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl hs udf mbrf quh mrchdtfræ hl trfbfom `h lms thrfphutfs y `h lms gmdsultfdths, quh llhdf ud cipmrtfdth vfgém hd lf lcthrfturf pscgml÷kcgf y quh fyu`fræ f quh lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvm‖gmd`ugtufl guiplf sus ihtfs gmd hgchdgcf y hgfgcf. S f quh sh lmkrh lm
quh tm`ms busgfims? gmdtrcbucr f flcvcfr hl suarcichdtm nuifdm. @R. RXBÃD FR@CLF Xdcvhrsc`f` Dfgcmdfl `h Gmlmibcf
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 6>
22/66/2:2: 6:?26?87
CDPRM@XGGC×D
Hsth lcbrm sh khst÷, hd tãricdms khdhrflhs, hd hl ifrgm `h lf glédcgf pscgml÷kcgf kucf`f pmr lms im`hlms gmd`ugtuflhs y gmkdctcvms y, iæs hsphgégfihdth, hd
hl fbmr`foh `h phrsmdfs gmd trfstmrdms ihdtflhs krfvhs gmd `hthrcmrm audgcmdfl sckdcgftcvm. Cduy÷ tfibcãd hl hohrgcgcm `h lf pscgmthrfpcf ghdtrf`f hd `ms vhgtmrhs scdãr -
kcgms pclfrhs? 6) gmd`ugcr hl gfibcm m hl flcvcm `hl suarcichdtm ih`cfdth tfrhfs hsphgégfs y 2) lmkrfr lf prægtcgf gmtc`cfdf `h lfs tfrhfs fsckdf`fs, gmd hl mbohtcvm
`h khdhrfr duhvms rhgursms `h farmdtfichdtm, fa rmdtfichdtm, bfom lf prhsudgc÷d `h quh hl prmghsm pscgmthrfpãutcgm dm sh rh`ugh f lm quh mgurrh hd hl gmdsultmrcm, gmdsultmrcm, m hd lf cdstctugc÷d, y `h quh lfs gmd`cgcmdhs pfrf hl gfibcm rhquchrhd quh hl gmdsultfdth6 pfrtcgcph fgfgtcvfihdth hd lfs tfrhfs thrfpãutcgfs hdtrh lfs shscmdhs. Gmim lm cd`cgfd Efzfdtzcs y Rmdfd (2::1)? «lf f`qucscgc÷d `h nfbclc`f`hs `h f`fptfgc÷d f trfvãs `hl trfbfom rhflczf`m hdtrh lfs shscmdhs hs ud “prmghsm gmiÿd’ f lf pscgmthrfpcf, iæs fllæ `h lf gmrrchdth th÷rcgfµ. Hd hsth shdtc`m, hsth ifdufl prhthd`h frrmofr luz smbrh lf brhgnf quh suhlh khdhrfrsh hdtrh lfs nfbclc`f`hs `h f`fptfgc÷d quh sh cdthdtfd hstfblhghr hd hl prmghsm pscgmthrfpãutcgm y lf pfrtcgcpfgc÷d fgtcvf hd lfs tfrhfs, gmd`cgc÷d dhghsfrcf pfrf lf khdhrflczfgc÷d `h lms rhgursms quh quh sh busgf cdstfurfr. cdstfurfr. Bhge, Bhge y Xbfl`cdc (2::;), hd Phrfpcf gmkdctcvf pfrf lf suphrfgc÷d `h rhtms, lm hxprhsfd `h hstf ifdhrf? Xd prcdgcpcm bæscgm `h lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvf hs quh f lms pfgchdths dm lhs flgfdzf gmd nfblfr `h sus `cgultf`hs hd lfs shscmdhs `h thrfpcf.
Dhghsctfd hxficdfr lfs ifdhrfs `h rhsmlvhr r hsmlvhr sus prmblhifs hd lf shsc÷d y luhkm trftfr `h fplcgfr smlugcmdhs hdtrh lfs shscmdhs. Hl prcihr `hsfaém hs lmkrfr quh hl pfgchdth f`mpth ud ifrgm ihdtfl `h rhsmlugc÷d `h prmblhifs, `h tfl im`m quh, gufd`m gmrrhspmd`f, puh`f gmlfbmrfr fgtcvfihdth gmd hl thrfphutf f d `h rhspmd`hr f gmkdcgcmdhs
cdthrahrhdths y phdsfr udf smlugc÷d `hl prmblhif. (p.26;) @hl icsim im`m, Efzfdtzcs, @hfdh, Rmdfd y L–Fbfth (2::8) smstchdhd quh, fudquh hxcsth hvc`hdgcf quh aud`fihdtf lms hahgtms khdhrflhs `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs quh kfrfdtczf lms rhsultf`ms `h lf thrfpcf gmkdctcvf‗gmd`ugtufl, nfy
6lfbrf Zmrgmdsultfdth gmdsc`hrfr hd quhlukfr `f guhdtf udf pmscgc÷d pm pfgchdth scgc÷d fgtcvf `h lf sflvm phrsmdf trftfichdtm, sh usfræ lf pf`h lms `h tãricdms m glchdth, hd `urfdth quh hstfshlfpfrhzgfd hd gctfs `crhgtfs
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 63
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^^
rhlftcvfihdth pmgf cdamrifgc÷d quh glfrcquh hl ihgfdcsim subyfghdth f `cgnms
hahgtms. @hs`h lf prægtcgf glédcgf sh rhgmdmgh quh hl guiplcichdtm `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs `h pfrth `hl gmdsultfdth tmrdf iæs prmbfblh quh sh puh`fd gmdsmlc`fr lms rhgursms gmkdctcvm gmd`ugtuflhs plfdhf`ms pmr hl `cspmsctcvm thrfpãutcgm. Zhrm ½quãpfrf mgurrh hd fquhllms gfsms `md`h gmdsultfdth dm pmshh lms rhgursms audgcmdflhs lf puhstf hd prægtcgf `h lfshltfrhfs fsckdf`fs= ½G÷im sh lmkrf khdhrflczfr lf hxphrchdgcf hd phrsmdfs gmd `ãgcts sckdcgftcvms hd lms prmghsms
futmrrhkulf`mrhs `h lf gmd`ugtf= Hstms cdthrrmkfdths, quh `hlcdhfrmd hl tétulm `h hstf mbrf, Pfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs cdthrsh scmdhs y gmtc`cfdc`f` gmtc`cfdc`f` , `fd amrif f lf prmpuhstf `h trfbfom glédcgm ih`cfdth lf im`flc`f` `h udf kuéf cdthkrf`f pfrf thrfphutfs y fgmipföfdths thrfpãutcgms, quh phrictf `hsplhkfr hl fbfdcgm `h hahgtms thrfpãutcgms hd lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf `hl gmdsultfdth y su gmdthxtm. @hs`h hl im`hlm gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl cdthkrf`m gmd fgmipföfichdtm thrfpãutcgm (FP) `hsfrrmllf`m pmr Pmlmsf (2:63, 2:6>, 2:6;, 2:68), sh rhvflmrczf lf audgc÷d hstrftãkcgf y hsphgéacgf `h hsth fkhdth `h sflu` pfrf flgfdzfr lfs ihtfs `hl `cspmsctcvm thrfpãutcgm, gmdstctuyãd`msh lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs (PC) gmim hiblhif `h su `hshiphöm. Xd thxtm `hl futmr lm hxprhsf `h lf sckuchdth ifdhrf? Lf tfrhf gmbrfræ rhlhvfdgcf thrfpãutcgf hd lf ih`c`f quh fgtcvh `cspfrf`mrhs himgcmdflhs, gmkdctcvms y gmd`ugtuflhs fgmr`h f lms mbohtcvms thrfpãutcgms `h lf cdthrvhdgc÷d. Xd cipfgtm gmiÿd busgf`m hd lfs PC hs lf «khdhrflczfgc÷d `hl gmipmrtfichdtmµ `h lms gfibcms lmkrf`ms hd hl prmghsm thrfpãutcgm, f lm gufl, sh lm puh`h `hdcr gmim lf gfpfgc`f` `hl gmipmrtfichdtm `h `hsplhkfrsh hd `cvhrsms gmdthxtms gmd hl mbohtcvm `h rh`ugcr lms sédtmifs `h iflhstfr, afgclctfr lms gfibcms gmkdctcvms, prmpmrgcmdfr udf shdsfgc÷d `h `micdcm, m ud shdtc`m `h prmkrhsm mbohtcvms`h`hlhstf trftfichdtm. hsth shdtc`m, hl FP FP gmlfbmrfrænfgcf hd lflms khdhrfgc÷d fgtcvfgc÷dHd gmkdctcvm-gmd`ugtufl, `h tfl ifdhrf quh lf gmd`ugtf ihtf f gfibcfr sh puh`f khdhrflczfr f lf `cvhrsc`f` `h gmdthxtms quh hl FP FP puh`f afvmrhghr hd lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf `hl pfgchdth. (2::;, p.>3) Hs `hgcr, `hs`h lf phrsphgtcvf `h hsth im`hlm sh busgf rhamrzfr lms prmghsms cdtrédshgms quh smstchdhd lf `cdæicgf `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs hd lms gfsms `md`h lf phrsmdf dm sh hdguhdtrf hd gmd`cgcmdhs `h trfdsahrcr f lf vc`f gmtc`cfdf lfs nfbclc`f`hs quh sh cdthdtfd cdstfurfr hd hl thrrctmrcm `h lf pscgmthrfpcf? hl gmdsultmrcm. Hd hstf lédhf, Efzfdtzcs, @hfdh, Rmdfd y L–Fbfth (2::8) hxpmdhd lf `cgultf` `h lms thrfphutfs `h sflvfr lf brhgnf hdtrh lm supuhstfihdth fprhd`c`m hd hl `cspmsctcvm thrfpãutcgm y lf utclczfgc÷d hahgtcvf `h hsms duhvms rhgursms scd su kuéf hd lfs sctufgcmdhs gmtc`cfdfs duhvfs?
PMLMWF BMME.cd`b 2:
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CDPRM@XGGC×D CDPRM@XGGC×D
^^C
Gmim thrfphutfs, f ihdu`m prhshdtfims duhvfs fgtcvc`f`hs m tãgdcgfs f lms pfgchdths pfrf quh lfs prfgtcquhd hd sus sctufgcmdhs gmtc`cfdfs dfturflhs. Iugnms hdamquhs thrfpãutcgms fsuihd quh hl prmghsm `h khdhrflczfgc÷d mgurrh dfturflihdth, gmim ud sub-prm`ugtm `h lm quh hstæ mgurrchd`m hd lf shsc÷d `h thrfpcf. Wcd hibfrkm, scd hl usm hsphgégm `h lfs tfrhfs, lms thrfphutfs puh`hd dm thdhr lf mpmrtudc`f`
`h prmbfr hxplégctfihdth hstf supmscgc÷d, quh hd lf ifymréf `h lms gfsms sh ifdtchdh tægctf. (p.61) @h hsth im`m, hd lf prcihrf pfrth `h hstf mbrf, sh rhflczf ud rhgmrrc`m gmdghptufl, th÷rcgm, tãgdcgm y hstrftãkcgm `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs y su fplcgfgc÷d hd `cvhrsfs pmblfgcmdhs glédcgfs gmd lf cdglusc÷d `hl fgmipföfichdtm thrfpãutcgm. Lf shkud`f pfrth hstæ `hstcdf`f f lms hxphrtms, gmd hl mbohtcvm `h prmaud`czfr hd lfs gfrfgthréstcgfs hsphgégfs `h lfs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs rhgmihd`f`fs rhgmihd`f`fs pmr
hllms gmd rhlfgc÷d f lfs pmblfgcmdhs glédcgfs quh fscsthd. @ms cdthrrmkfdths kuéfd hstf shggc÷d? 6) ½Guælhs shréfd lfs `chz prcdgcpflhs pr cdgcpflhs tfrhfs cdthrshscmdhs quh `hbhréfd shr fsckdf`fs f lf pmblfgc÷d `h gmdsultfdths hd quh usth` sh hsphgcflczf= 2) ½G÷im llhvf f`hlfdth lfs tfrhfs gmd cdthrvhdgc÷d gmtc`cfdf gmd m scd fgmipföfichdtm thrfpãutcgm= @FDPH M. PMLMWF Rhahrhdgcfs bcblcmkrægfs
Bhge, O. W., W ., Bhge, F. P. P. y Xbfl`cdc, K. (2::;). Phrfpcf gmkdctcvf pfrf lf suphrfgc÷d `h rhtms. Kh`csf. Efzfdtzcs, D., y Rmdfd, E. R. (2::1). Gfd bhtwhhd-shsscmd (nmihwmre) fgtcvctchs bh gmdsc`hrh` f gmiimd afgtmr cd psygnmtnhrfpy= Omurdfl ma Zsygnmtnhrfpy Cdthkrftcmd, 61 (2), (2), 668. Efzfdtzcs, D., @hfdh, A. Z., Rmdfd, E. R. y L–Fbfth, L. (2::8). Xscdk nmihwmre fssckdihdts cd gmkdctcvh bhnfvcmr tnhrfpy. Rmutlh`kh. Pmlmsf, @. M. (2:6;). Ifdufl prægtcgm `hl fgmipföfichdtm fl fuxclcfr t fpãutcgm. Bfshs gmdghptuflhs, th÷rcgfs y glédcgfs `h ud im`hlm gm ctcvm cdthkrftcvm
(2ª H`.). Fef`cf H`ctmrcfl. Pmlmsf, @. y Omzfic Dfssca, I. (2:61). Pãgdcgfs y hstrfthkcfs `h im`cagfgc÷d `h gmd`ugtf pfrf fgmipföfdths thrfpãutcgms. Fef`cf H`ctmrcfl.
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