Foda Turismo

 

SFOXCQPOKDK @D[ÐBO@D PDF[D GDQÇD BD DF[OISD HD@SB[DK KC GDCP[QÇDP CF FCIN@ONP, BNIÇP[O@D _ @OCF@ODP GDQÇ[OGDP GDCP[QÇD CF DKGOFOP[QD@OÐF KC CGUQCPDP ICQCF@OD KC GCQ@DKCN UQNHCPNQ: GOISCB GCIDBBÐF

[DQCD #3 ‒HNKD: [SQOPGN CF UDFDGÄ‗ CP[SKODF[C: JDOGC QNAOFPNF 4-949-103 HC@MD KC CF[QCID 4; KC GDQZN KC 1511

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4. OF[QNKS@@OÐF.........................................................................................................0 1. @N @NF[ F[C] C][N [N C C@N @NFÐ FÐGO GO@N @N KC KCB B UD UDÇP ÇP....................................................................3 1.4. Dftc`ckcftcs...........................................................................................................3 1.1. [urosgn ccf f Ud Udfdg dgää...............................................................................................3 0. HNKD..............................................................................................................................8 0.4.

Hnrtdbczds................................................................................................................8

0.1. 0.0.

Npnr nrttufok fokdkcs........................................................................................................8 Kcaobokdkcs..............................................................................................................=

0.;.

Dgcfdzds................................................................................................................=

;. @nf`busonfcs.................................................................................................................45 0. AOABONIQDHÇD.........................................................................................................44

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4. OF[ F[QN QNKS KS@@ @@OÐ OÐF F Sf dfäb dfäbos osos os HN HNKD KD,, KDHN KDHN n KNHD KNHD cs uf ufdd mc mcrr rrdg dgoc ocft ftdd ut utob oboz ozdk dkdd pd pdrd rd cv cvdb dbud udr  r  go gofu` fu`on onsdg sdgcft cftcc bd so sotu tud` d`oð oðff rcd rcdbb kc uf ufdd cgprc cgprcsd sd n pc pcrsn rsnfd fd sciúf sciúf su suss kcaob kcaobok okdkc dkcs, s, hnrtdbczds, npnrtufokdkcs y dgcfdzds cf rcbd`oðf `nf cb cftnrfn (Päf`mcz, 1515). Cstc dfäbosos pcrgotc cstdabc`cr bds pnsoaobokdkcs rcdbcs quc tocfc bd nridfozd`oðf pdrd bnirdr bds gctds prnpucstds, scfsoaobozdr db prnpoctdron kc bd nridfozd`oðf d`cr`d kc bns of`nfvcfocftcs quc sc puckcf prcscftdr, pcrgotc utobozdr cho`dzgcftc bds vdrodabcs pnsotovds y `nftrdrrcstdr n cbogofdr cb chc`tn kc bds vdrodabcs gäs fcidtovds. Db hofdbozdr cb dfäbosos, kc d`ucrkn `nf bns rcsubtdkns natcfokns puckc quc scd fc`csdron cxdgofdr y `nrrcior bns najctovns ofo`odbcs (Anrcbbn, 4??;). Pciúf (Cf`o`bnpckod c`nfðgo`d, s.h.), cb dfäbosos gckodftc cb usn kc bd gdtroz HNKD sc `drd`tcrozd pnr: • •

Pcr uufd Pcr fd cv cvdb dbud ud`o `oðf ðf ch cho` o`dz dz y ``ng ngpb pbct ctdd kkcc bbdd nri nridf dfoz ozd` d`oð oðff n pr prny nyc` c`tn tn.. Udrd Ud rd su rc rcdb dboz ozd` d`oð oðf, f, ut utob oboz ozdd bbds ds kca kcaob obok okdk dkcs, cs, hn hnrt rtdb dbcz czds, ds, npnrt npnrtuf ufok okdk dkcs cs y dgc dgcfdz fdzds ds kc bd nridfozd`oðf. • Cstä Cstä adsd adsdkn kn ccff cb cb ddfä fäbo boso soss ooft ftcr crfn fn kc kc hn hnrt rtdb dbcz czds ds y kc kcao aobo bokd kdkc kcss kc bd cgpr cgprcs csd. d. • Cx Cxttcr crfd fdgc gcft ftc, c, ut utob oboozd bds dg dgcf cfdz dzds ds y nnpn pnrt rtuf ufookd kdkc kcs. s. Kc d` d`uc ucrkn rkn `nf (X (Xcb cbäsq äsquc ucz, z, 1514) 1514) cb HNKD HNKD cs guy guy út útob ob db gngc gngcft ftnn kc bd tn tngd gd kc kc`osonfcs kc ufd cgprcsd, sof cgadrin, tocfc sus vcftdjds y kcsvcftdjds. Xcftdjds 

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Fn Fnss ppcrg crgot otcc ttcf cfcr cr uf ufdd rrcp cprc rcscf scftd td`o `oðf ðf so soft ftct ctoz ozdk dkdd kc kc bbdd cst cstrd rdtc tcio iodd kc kc bbdd cgp cgprcs rcsd. d. Unkc Unkcgn gnss tc tcfc fcrr ufd ufd gc gcjn jnrr vosu vosudb dboz ozd` d`oð oðff kcb kcb ko kodi difð fðst sto` o`nn oftc oftcrf rfnn y cxtc cxtcrf rfnn kcft kcftrn rn kc bd gosgd tdabd. Db md` md`cr uf dfäbosos HNKD `ngn cgprc rcssdr droons pnk pnkcgns `nf nfssokcrd rdrr `ocrtds kcaobokdkcs quc pnkrçdf fn mdacr sokn okcftoho`dkds sof uf kodifðsto`n oftcrfn. Uu Uuck ckcc ddyu yukd kdrr d okc okcft ftoh ohoo`d `drr `o `ocr crtn tnss hd`t hd`tnr nrcs cs `b `bdv dvcc kcb kcb ïïxo xotn tn..

• •

 Kcsvcftdjds 

Bd gdtroz HNKD fn cs ufd mcrrdgo mcrrdgocftd cftd quc puckd utobozdrsc utobozdrsc pdrd cstdabc`cr cstdabc`cr ufd cstrdtciod cstrdtciod cgprcsdrodb y uf pbdf kc fcin`on pnr sç snbn. Pðbn nhrc`c ufd vosoðf sogpboho`dkd, pn`n kctdbbdkd, kc bns hd`tnrcs d tcfcr cf `ucftd. Ntrn kc bns of`nfvcfocftcs kc rcdbozdr uf dfäbosos HNKD snf: •

Fn kcac utobozdrsc snbn. Udrd `ngpbctdrbn sc kcacf utobozdr ntrds mcrrdgocftds (Dfäbosos UCP[, bds 3 hucrzds kc Unrtcr, ct`.) y dfäbosos (cstukon kc gcr`dkn, dfäbosos kc bd `ngpctcf`od, dfäbosos cstrdtïio`n, ct`.).

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Cb df dfääboso soss HNKD d vc`c `css cs suajctovn vn.. Bns hd hd``tnrc rcss okc kcfftoho`dkn knss y su ogpd`tn cf bd d`tovokdk kc bd cgprcsd sc pcr`oacf kc hnrgd pcrsnfdb. Pc  puckc suacstogdr ufd kcaobokdk n ufd dgcfdzd. Cb HN HNK KD fn cs uuffd mcrr mcrrddgocft ftdd dkc dkc`udkd pdrd pdrd pro pronnro rozzdr cb ogp ogpd` d`ttn kc kctcrgofdkns hd`tnrcs y, pnr tdftn, kdr ofko`d`onfcs snarc bds d``onfcs d rcdbozdr.

Bbcvdr d `dan uf dfäbosos HNKD cs uf pdsn guy ogpnrtdftc quc rcku`c soifoho`dtovdgcftc bd tdsd kc hrd`dsn db bdfzdr uf fucvn prnyc`tn. D trdvïs kc cbbd, sc danrkdf bns puftns kïaobcs y sc `ngprcfkcf y dtocfkcf bds dgcfdzds. Fns pcrgotc kdr uf pdsn dträs cf fucstrns najctovns y cf fucstrn pbdf d `nrtn, gckon y bdrin pbdzn. Cb dfäbosos HNKD cs kohcrcftc kcb cstukon kc gcr`dkn. Cb cstukon kc gcr`dkn idrdftozd bd vodaobokdk vodaob okdk c`nfðgo`d kc uf prnyc`tn pdrd dsciurdr su hofdf`od`oðf. hofdf`od`oðf. Cb cstukon cstukon kc gcr`dkn gcr`dkn tdgaoïf dyukd d kctcrgofdr `ðgn vcfkcr y d quoïf. Uuckc hnrgdr pdrtc kcb dfäbosos HNKD, quc cs uf cstukon gäs `ngpbctn y ibnadb. Pciúf (Cvdbudtonf Sfot KCX@N, 1549) pdrd rcdbozdr cb dfäbosos kc uf pdçs, sc tngdf cf `ucftd bns gosgns `nf`cptns, tngdfkn db pdçs `ngn ägaotn pdrd cb dfäbosos oftcrfn y bns  pdçscs vc`ofns `ngn ägaotn kc dfäbosos cxtcrfn. Bds hnrtdbczds kcpcfkcräf kc bd nridfoz nrid fozd`o d`oðf ðf oft oftcrfd crfd kcb pdçs, pdçs, bds kcaobok kcaobokdkcs dkcs scrä scräff kchofok kchofokds ds gckodf gckodftc tc dukotnr dukotnrods ods kc rc`urs rc` ursns, ns, bds bds npn npnrt rtuf ufok okdk dkcs cs snf ar arof ofkd kdkds kds pn pnrr bd bdss pn pnso soao aobo bokd kdkcs kcs hucrd hucrd kc kcbb pd pdçs çs y bd bdss dgcfdzds snf bns hd`tnrcs bogotdftcs kcb kcsdrrnbbn kcb pdçs.

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1. @NF @NF[C] [C][N [N C@N C@NFÐG FÐGO@N O@N KCB UDÇ UDÇP P 1.4. Dft Dftc`ck c`ckcft cftcs cs Kc d`ucrkn `nf cb Urnirdgd kc bds Fd`onfcs Sfokds pdrd cb Kcsdrrnbbn (1514), Udfdgä `ucftd `nf ufd kc bds c`nfngçds gäs cstdabcs kc tnkd Dgïro`d Bdtofd. Pus prof`opdbcs hucftcs kc ofircsn sc adsdf cf d`tovokdkcs hofdf`ocrds, turçsto`ds, bniçsto`ns y scrvo`ons. Cf cstns úbtogns dôns bd c`nfngçd kcb pdçs md dugcftdkn pnr bd rcdbozd`oðf kc nards `ngn bd dgpbod`oðf kcbcxostcftcs, @dfdb kc Udfdgä, `nfstru``oðf kc ufn ntrnkcb dcrnpucrtn oftcrfd`onfdb, kc bns pucrtns `nfstru``oðf kc bd bçfcd gctrn y bd hofdbozd`oðf dgpbod`oðf kc bd `nfstru``oðf kc bd dutnpostd Udfdgä-@nbðf. Pciúf cb Adf`n Gufkodb (1514), kurdftc cb 1515 sc rciostrð ufd kosgofu`oðf kcb 49.? % cf cb UOA, sc cspcrd quc pdrd cstc 1514 mdyd uf dugcftn cf cstc çfko`c kcaokn d bds d`tovokdkcs kc gofcrçd, cxtcfsoðf kc bd bçfcd kns y `nfstru``oðf kc bd bçfcd trcs kcb gctrn. Kc cstd hnrgd sc prctcfkc gotoidr cb chc`tn kc bd pdfkcgod cf bd c`nfngçd kcb pdçs. Cb cstukon sn`onc`nfðgo`n kc bd HDN scôdbd quc, d pcsdr kcb `rc`ogocftn c`nfðgo`n kcb  pdçs, dúf pcrsostc bd kcsoiudbkdk cf bd rcpdrto`oðf kc aocfcs cf bns kohcrcftcs cstrdtns, bn `udb kcjd dprnxogdkdgcftc db 09 % kc bd pnabd`oðf cf bd pnarczd. Pc `nfn`c quc bd gdynr  pdrtc kc bd pnabd`oðf pnarc sc uao`d cf bds ärcds rurdbcs, `ngdr`ds ofkçicfds y dbiufns kostrotns `cftrdbcs. 1.1. [ur [urosg osgnn cf Udfdgä Udfdgä tocfc uf irdf pntcf` pntcf`odb odb `ngn kcstofn turçsto`n turçsto`n,, pucs `ucftd `nf: ufd dgpbo dgpbodd nhcrtd (turosgnn `ubt (turosg `ubturdb, urdb, dvcfturcrn, kc cftrct cftrctcfogo cfogocftn, cftn, c`nturosgn, turosgn kc `ngprds `ngprds), ), aucfd rck kc ofh ofhrdc rdcstr stru`t u`turds urds (kc bds gcjnrcs gcjnrcs kc Bdt Bdtofn ofndgï dgïro`d ro`d), ), y ufd `nfc`t `nfc`tovo ovokdk kdk dïrcd dïrcd oftcrfd`onfdb cx`cbcftc. Pof cgadrin, cf bns úbtogns dôns, cb rcfkogocftn kc bd ofkustrod turçsto`d md sokn bogotdkn. Kc mc`mn, bds bbcidkds oftcrfd`onfdbcs kc turostds bbcvdf kosgofuycfkn kcskc 1543 y bd n`upd`oðf mntcbcrd md sciuokn ufd scfkd kc kc`rc`ogocftn (cf 154? tdf sðbn db`dfzð cb ;3 %). Cf icfcrdb, cb sc`tnr dknbc`c kc hdbtd prngn`oðf, quc huc prä`to`dgcftc fubd kurdftc bd dftcronr bciosbdturd y kc ufd dtcf`oðf db `bocftc kcho`ocftc. Udrd kdr ogpubsn db sc`tnr y `nfsciuor quc Udfdgä sc pnso`onfc hofdbgcftc `ngn kcstofn turçsto`n d fovcb oftcrfd`onfdb, scräf cscf`odbcs bns kns dspc`tns dftcronrcs, juftn d bd ofvcrsoðf cf ofhrdcstru`turds y bd hofdbozd`oðf kc bds nards yd `ngcfzdkds (Xdbcfzucbd, 1515).

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0. HNKD 0.4. Hnr Hnrtdb tdbczds czds 0.4.4.  Unso`oðf icniräho`d: Kcaokn d su pnso`oðf icniräho`d pnscc mcrgnsns adbfcdrons cx`busovns kc `drd db N`ïdfn Ud`çho`n y pnr cb bdkn kcb Gdr @droac acbbds pbdyds kc drcfd sudvc y gdr dzub turqucsd (Kcbvdbbc, 1514). 0.4. 0.4.1. 1. @dfdb @dfdb kc Udfd Udfdgä gä::

Unkrçd kc`orsc quc bd dtrd``oðf gäs hdgnsd kc Udfdgä cs cb @dfdb kc Udfdgä. Db scr ufd kc bds 9 gdrdvobbds kcb gufkn gnkcrfn, cs ufd vosotd naboidkd pdrd `udbquocrd quc vodjc pnr cb pdçs. @nfstruokn pdrd rcku`or krästo`dgcftc cb tocgpn kc vodjc kc bns adr`ns cftrc cb N`ïdfn Ud`çho`n y cb Gdr @droac, cb @dfdb md rc`oaokn gäs kc ?55,555 cgadr`d`onfcs (Xosot Udfdgd, 1511). 0.4.0.  Znfd Boarc kc @nbðf: Bd Znfd Boarc kc @nbðf cs ufd znfd hrdf`d quc `ucftd `nf gäs kc 8= dôns kc cxpcrocf`od cf cb `ngcr`on gufkodb, cs bd znfd gäs irdfkc kcb `nftofcftc dgcro`dfn y cb prof`opdb `cftrn kc `nftcfcknrcs kc Dgïro`d Bdtofd. Cfhn`dkn `ngn `cftrn kc kostroau`oðf rcionfdb, nhrc`c ufd pbdtdhnrgd bniçsto`d oftcirdkd pnr pucrtns kc `bdsc gufkodb, hcrrn`drrob, dutnpostd y dcrnpucrtn. Gdftocfc bd gcjnr `nfcxoðf d @cftrndgïro`d, @droac y cb pd`tn Dfkofn, okcdb  pdrd cstdabc`cr y pntcf`odr fcin`ons kc ogpnrtd`oðf y rccxpnrtd`oðf d bd rcioðf. Cstd Cstd zn znfd fd nh nhrc rc`c `c uf ufdd cx cxtc tcfs fsdd idgd idgd kc sc scrv rvo` o`on onss `n `ngn gn:: og ogpn pnrt rtd` d`oð oðf, f, cxpnrtd`oðf, cxpnrtd `oðf, dbgd`cfdjc, dbgd`cfdjc, vcftd, `ngcr`odbozd`oðf, `ngcr`odbozd`oðf, kostroau`oðf kostroau`oðf y scrvo`ons scrvo`ons bniçst bni çsto`n o`nss kc vdbnr vdbnr dôdkok dôdkokn, n, dbg dbgd`cf d`cfdjc djc,, cgadbdj cgadbdjc, c, cgadbd cgadbdjc, jc, cfvdsdkn cfvdsdkn,, ctoquctdkn, `bdsoho`d`oðf, cxmoao`oðf, cftrc ntrds, bds `udbcs snf dtrd`tovds pdrd cgprcsdrons, ofvcrsonfostds, turostds. @nf 4,58;.3 mc`tärcds, bn`dbozdkd cf bd `nstd `droacôd kc Udfdgä cf bd  prnvof`od kc @nbðf, kcftrn kc bd `oukdk kc @nbðf `cr`d kcb @dfdb kc Udfdgä rc`ocftcgcftc dgpbodkn y npcrdf dbrckcknr kc 1,555 cgprcsds quc rcdbozdf oftcfsds d`tovokdkcs `ngcr`odbcs (Udfdgä [rdgotd, 1511). Cftrc bns prof`opdbcs kdtns quc dpnrtd cb ofhnrgc prcscftdkn pnr UQNG[SQ  Udfdgä -nridfozd`oðf kc gcr`dkcn kc kcstofn pdrd bd prngn`oðf kcb pdçs d fovcb oftcrfd`onfdb- sc kcstd`d quc Udfdgä `nftð `nf bd gcjnr vdbnrd`oðf cf sciuro sci urokdk kdk,, bn qu qucc dk dkcg cgäs äs kc scr scr of ofko kospc spcfsd fsdab abcc pd pdrd rd cb `nfsug `nfsugok oknr nr sc `nfstotuyc cf uf cbcgcftn kohcrcf`odknr pdrd `ngpctor cf cb gcr`dkn turçsto`n oftcrfd`onfdb (DFUdfdgä, 1515).

0.1. Npn Npnrtu rtufok fokdkc dkcss  0.1.4. [urosgn kc fcin`ons (GO@C): bd `oukdk kc Udfdgä cf Dgïro`d @cftrdb `ngocfzd d pcrhobdrsc `ngn ufn kc bns prof`opdbcs prof`opdbcs kcstofns pdrd cb turosgn kc fcin`ons. Cf cb rdflofi dfudb kc bd 8

 

Dsn`od`oðf Oftcrfd`onfdb kc @nfircsns y @nfvcf`onfcs (O@@D, pnr sus soibds cf ofibïs), knfkc sc gokcf bns kcstofns gufkodbcs gäs pnpubdrcs, Udfdgä sc  pnso`onfd cf cb sïptogn buidr kc Bdtofndgïro`d. Dkcgäs, bd fd`oðf `cftrndgcro`dfd sc sotúd cf bd pnso`oðf 11 kc bd bostd kc bns gcjnrcs kcstofns  pdrd cb GO@C, kc bd rck gufkodb kc prnvccknrcs kcb scigcftn: @vcft (Bokcr  cgprcsdrodb, 1515). Pc cspcrd sc vcd ogpubsdkn ird`ods d bds gcjnrds cf ofhrdcstru`turds yd rcdbozdkds, kcstd`dfkn bd rc`ocftc hofdbozd`oðf kcb @cftrn kc @nfvcf`onfcs Dgdk Dg dknr nr,, cb gäs gäs ir irdf dfkc kc kc tn tnkd kd Dgïr Dgïro` o`dd @cft @cftrd rdbb (X (Xdb dbcf cfzu zucb cbd, d, 15 1515 15). ). 0.1.1. [urosgn [urosgn snstcfoab snstcfoabcc

Pciúf bd Dutnrokdk kcb [urosgn cf Udfdgä (1514) sc koscôð bd Fnrgd kc Pnst Pnstcf cfoa oaob obok okdk dk [u [urç rçst sto` o`dd kc Ud Udfd fdgä gä.. Cs Cstd td fn fnrg rgdd to tocf cfcc bd of oftc tcf` f`oð oðff kc cstdabc`cr bns `rotcrons gçfogns pdrd quc bds cgprcsds turçsto`ds puckdf of`buor  cf sus npcrd`onfcs bns cstäfkdrcs kc snstcfoaobokdk turçsto`d y, kc cstd gdfcrd, cb cbcv cvdr dr bd `n `ngp gpct ctot otov ovokd okdkk kc bn bnss prn prnku` ku`tn tnss tu turç rçst sto` o`ns ns d fo fovc vcbb fd fd`o `onfd nfdbb c oftcrfd`onfdb. Bd Fnrgd of`nrpnrd tcgds `ngn: Icstoðf rcspnfsdabc, `nftrnb kc `dbokdk, sciu sciurok rokdk, dk, diu diud, d, kcsc`mns kcsc `mns,, cfc cfcriç riçd, d, prntc`` prnt oðf kcbscc`nsost c`ns ostcgd cgd,, kc pdtrog pdtrognfo nfonn fdturdb y `ubturdb y `nftdgofd`oðf. Cstcc``oðf prn`csn cstdabc`c gdfcrd vnbuftdrod vnbuft drod pdrd bds cgprcsds quc kcsccf of`rcgcftdr of`rcgcftdr bd `ngpctotov `ngpctotovokdk okdk kc sus  prnku`tns y scrvo`ons. Cftrc bns najctovns d db`dfzdr `nf bd ogpbcgcftd`oðf kc cstd fnrgd pnkcgns gcf`onfdr: • Gcjnrdr bd sn`odaobokdk y `ngpctotovokdk kc bds cgprcsds y npcrdknrcs turçsto`ns cf Udfdgä. • Cstd Cstdab abc` c`cr cr bbns ns `r `rot otcr cron onss kc kc npc npcrd rd`o `oðf ðf tu turç rçst sto` o`dd quc quc dy dyuk ukcf cf d pprn rntc tcic icr  r  bns c`nsostcgds hrcftc d vdrods dgcfdzds c ogpd`tns fcidtovns. • Ar Arof ofkd kdrr acf acfch cho` o`on onss cf cf ccbb ccft ftnr nrfn fn tu turç rçst sto` o`n, n, `n `ngn gn bd gdyn gdynrr ccho ho`o `ocf cf`o `odd cgprcsdrodb, ufd gcjnr cxpcrocf`od pdrd bns vodjcrns, gäs vdbnr  c`nfðgo`n d bds `ngufokdkcs bn`dbcs y bd gcjnrd kc bd ogdicf turçsto`d pdfdgcôd d uf fovcb ibnadb. 0.1.0. Udfdgä cs sciurn sciurn pdrd pdrd bns turost turostds ds

Udfdgä cs `nfsokcrdkn `ngn uf kcstofn sciurn, rcbdjdkn y fdturdb pnr bns turostds, db tocgpn quc bns quc vovcf cf @nstd Qo`d y @nbngaod gnstrdrnf su oftcrïs cf vcfor db pdçs ufd vcz sc supcrc cf cb gufkn bd pdfkcgod pnr  @NXOK-4?. UQNG[SQ prcscftð cb cstukon: ‒Ucr`cp`oðf kc Udfdgä y Pdbuk kc bd Gdr`d‗, rcdbo rcd bozd zdkn kn cf Cstd Cstdkn knss Sfok Sfokns, ns, @nbn @nbnga gaod od,, Ardso Ardsob, b, @nstd @nstd Qo Qo`d `d,, Dr Dric icft ftof ofd, d, @dfdkä, @dfd kä, Csp Cspdôd, dôd, Dbc Dbcgdf gdfod od y Hrdf`o Hrdf`od, d, gcr`dk gcr`dkns ns naj najcto ctovns vns sciú sciúff cb Ubdf Ubdf Gdcstrn kc [urosgn Pnstcfoabc (UG[P) kc bd Dutnrokdk kc [urosgn kc Udfdgä.

9

 

0.0. Kca Kcaob obokd okdkcs kcs 0.0.4.  Dtcf`oðf db `bocftc: Cf 1549, bd Dutnrokdk kc [urosgn (D[U) rcdbozð uf snfkcn d vosotdftcs kcb Dcrnp Dc rnpucr ucrtn tn Of Oftc tcrf rfd` d`on onfdb fdb kc [n`u [n`ugc gcff knfkc knfkc natuv natuvnn `ng `ngnn rcsub rcsubtd tdkn kn uf kcs`nftcftn icfcrdb cf adsc d bd `dbokdk kc bd dtcf`oðf (Fúôcz, 154?). Pdacgns quc bd dtcf`oðf n scrvo`on db `bocftc cs ufd kc bds kcaobokdkcs gäs ogpnrtdftcs cf `udftn db turosgn cf Udfdgä, yd quc fn sc tocfc bd `ubturd kc dgdaobokdk md`od cb `bocftc, cstn puckc cstdr boidkn d quc cb trdadjdknr fn sc vc rchbcjdkn cf bd cgprcsd, fn `ngpdrtc sus vdbnrcs y fn md oftcronrozdkn bns `nf`cptns kc gosoðf y vosoðf kc bd nridfozd`oðf knfkc sc kcscgpcôd. 0.0.1. Postcgd Postcgdss y vçds kc k c trdfspnrtcs: trdfsp nrtcs: Bns sostcgds kc trdfspnrtc kc @oukdk kc Udfdgä gcjnrdrnf soifoho`dtovdgcftc cf bd úb úbto togd gd kï kï`dk `dkd, d, pc pcrn rn dmn dmnrd rd cs fc` fc`csd csdro ronn rc rchnr hnrzd zdrr bd `n `nnrk nrkof ofd`o d`oðf ðf,,  pbdfoho`d`oðf y hofdf`od`oðf. Cs ogpnrtdftc scôdbdr quc, pdrd cb turostd kcspbdzdrsc cf bd `oukdk cs rcbdtovdgcftc hä`ob y sciurn, d cx`cp`oðf kc quc  pnsoabcgcftc scd vç`togd kc dbtns `nstns rcbd`onfdkns d su `nfko`oðf kc turostd. Pof cgadrin, db gnvobozdrsc db oftcronr kcb pdçs sc cfhrcftdf d uf kcho`ocftc sostcgd kc trdfspnrtc tcrrcstrc, cf cb scftokn kc `ngnkokdk, `drrctcrds cf gdb cstdkn, `ocrrcs kc `dbbcs, ct`. Cf `uäftn db sostcgd dïrcn md`çd cb oftcronr, cs oiudb kc of`ðgnkn c ofsciurn vodjdr cf bns vucbns oftcrfns. @nf rcspc`tn db sostcgd gdrçtogn fn mdy cb `nftrnb suho`ocftc `nf rcspc`tn d bns pcrgosns y bo`cf`ods rcqucrokds pdrd  arofkdr cb scrvo`on kc trdfspnrtc gdrçtogn, yd quc mdy gu`mds pcrsnfds quc trdfspnrtdf pnr cstc gckon quc fn pnsccf `nf bns pcrgosns y/n bds `nfko`onfcs kc sciurokdk gçfogds pdrd md`crbn. 0.0.0.  Dbnjdgocftns: Cs fc`csdron rc`nfn`cr quc cb turostd prngckon vocfc d Udfdgä dtrdçkn pnr sus kcstofns pdrdkosod`ns kc pbdyd y/n ansqucs. Pof cgadrin, db gngcftn kc koro ko roio iorsc rsc dnsbu buid idrcs rcs ns, `n `ngn gn Iu Iufd fd _dbd _dbd,, sof Xcrdi Xcrscrvo`ons diuds uds,, ct ct`. `. dbogcftd`o sc cf cf`uc `ucft ftrdf `n `nff dbnjd dbnjdgocft gocftns prc`dro prc`drons, kc kohç`ob kohç` ob d``csn, kc dbog cftd`oðf ðfrdf n diud  pntdabc. Gu`mds vc`cs cs cstn tn dbcjd db turostd, bn `udb kosgofuyc bd pnsoaobokdk kc `rc`ogocftn c`nfðgo`n kc bd znfd.

0.;. Dgc Dgcfdzd fdzdss 0.;.4. @ngpctcf`od @ngpctcf`od rcionfdb rcionfdb

Duf `udfkn db `ocrrc kcb progcr scgcstrc kc 154? cb sc`tnr turosgn gnstrð uf `rc`ogocftn kc 4.9%, y cb fúgcrn kc pbdzds kc cgpbcn quc icfcrd db`dfzð bds 450,555 pcrsnfds d gdrzn kcb prcscftc dôn, Udfdgä pcrkoð 41 pnso`onfcs cf cb Çfko` Çfk o`cc kc @ngp @ngpct ctot otov ovok okdk dk kc Xo Xodj djcs cs y [uro [urosg sgnn cf `n `ngp gpdr drd`o d`oðf ðf `n `nff bd gcko`oðf dftcronr, quckdfkn cf cb pucstn ;9 kcb rdflofi oftcrfd`onfdb y cf bd `udrtd pnso`oðf d fovcb kc Dgïro`d Bdtofd.

=

 

_ sciúf uf ofhnrgc kcb @cftrn Fd`onfdb kc @ngpctotovokdk (@F@), cstd  pïrkokd kc `ngpctotovokdk sc kcac db kctcronrn kc dspc`tns `ngn cb gcr`dkn bdanrdb, sdbuk c moiocfc, sciurokdk y tc`fnbniçd, bns `udbcs kcacf scr dtcfkokns kc hnrgd npnrtufd fn sðbn pdrd sciuor dtrdycfkn turostds pdçs, sofn tdgaoïf d fucvns ofvcrsonfostds db sc`tnr (Cb @dpotdb Hofdf`ocrn, 154?). Pc md Qo`d nascrvdkn quc bns turostds prchocrcf ntrns kcstofns `ngn @nbngaod, @nstd y Gïxo`n. 0.;.1. 0.; .1. Dbtns Dbtns kc prc`o prc`ons ns

Bns cxpcrtns cf turosgn cf Udfdgä dhorgdf quc bns vodjcrns prchocrcf vosotdr  ntrns buidrcs, `ngn cs cb `dsn kc @nbngaod, quc vocfc socfkn uf 05% gäs  adrdtn quc Udfdgä. Kcaokn d bns `nstnsns scrvo`ons, cb pdçs `cftrndgcro`dfn cstä pcrkocfkn `ngpctotovokdk cf bd ofkustrod kcb turosgn. Xodjdr mdstd Udfdgä pdrd md`cr turosgn n `udbquocr ntrd d`tovokdk rcbd`onfdkd `nf cb turosgn fn cs dtrd`tovn pdrd bns vosotdftcs quc cxpbnrdf cb rcstn kc bd rcioðf y sc kdf `ucftd kc quc cb pdçs fn cs tdf adrdtn `ngn `rccf. Kcskc DUDXO[, bd Dsn`o Dsn`od`oðf d`oðf kc Dicf`ods Dicf`ods Udfdgcôds Udfdgcôds kc Dicf`ods, Dicf`ods, Go`mcbb kc Iuozdkn, su prcsokcftc, md `nfhorgdkn quc Udfdgä cs kcgdsodkn `drn y fn cs dtrd`tovn pdrd gu`mns turostds (C]UQCPN, 154=). 0.;. 0. ;.0. 0. @N @NXO XOKK-4? 4? Pciúf (Acbbn, 1514) cf Udfdgä bds pïrkokds cf bd d`tovokdk kcb turosgn pdrd cb 1515 sc cstogdrnf cf dprnxogdkdgcftc SP$ ;.1=? gobbnfcs, bn quc tcfkrçd uf ogpd`tn kc 1,0% kcb UOA. Bd `dçkd dsn`odkd cf bds rcgufcrd`onfcs scrçd kc UDA ;91 gobbnfcs, bn quc rcprcscftd 5,9 puftns kcb UOA. Cb cx`ckcftc kc cxpbntd`oðf `dcrçd cf UDA 4.50; gobbnfcs (4,3 puftns kcb UOA) y cb ofircsn goxtn `dcrçd UDA 10= gobbnfcs, bn quc cquovdbc d 5,; puftns kcb UOA. Pc cstogd quc snbn kcaokn d bd `dçkd cf bns ofircsns kc turosgn sc pcrkocrnf 13 gob pucstns kc trdadjn, bn quc cquovdbc d 4,0% kc bd pnabd`oðf d`tovd kcb pdçs. Cb ofircsn pnr turosgn cf Udfdgä cstä kngofdkn pnr cb idstn kc vodjcrns kc `nrtn pbdzn sof pcrfn`td, dsn`odkn db hbujn kc pdsdjcrns oftcrfd`onfdbcs cf träfsotn, quc sc ufc d ufd nhcrtd kc turosgn kc fcin`ons y `ngcr`on cf bd @oukdk kc Udfdgä, y sc `ngpbcgcftd `ngpbcgcftd `nf ufd nhcrtd of`opocft of`opocftcc kc turosgn turosgn kc snb y pbdyd. Bd cstogd`oðf kc pïrkokds prnyc`tdkds cftrc gdrzn kc 1515 y hcarcrn kc 1510  pnkrçd cstdr cftrc 3,0% kcb UOA y 8,=% kcb k cb UOA kcb pdçs, cf bns cs`cfdrons ufn y trcs rcspc`tovdgcftc, bn `udb md`c kc Udfdgä cb sciufkn pdçs kc bd suarcioðf gäs dhc`tdkn pnr cb `mnquc fcidtovn db turosgn bucin kc Acbo`c. Cb `nbdpsn ibnadb kc hbujns turçsto`ns oftcrfd`onfdbcs `ngn `nfsc`ucf`od kc bd pdfkcgod kc @NXOK-4? ogpbo`drä pïrkokds kcb sc`tnr turçsto`n kc Udfdgä quc pnkrçdf scr SP$ ;,0 gob gobbnfcs cf 1515. Po sc dfdbozd cb ogpd`tn fcidtovn pnr topn kc

?

 

idstn tu idstn turç rçst sto` o`n, n, usdfk usdfknn `ng `ngnn rch rchcrc crcf` f`od od bd `u `ucf cftd td sd sdtï tïbo botc tc kc tu turo rosg sgnn kc Udfdgä, sc cspcrd pdrd 1515 sc cspcrd ufd pïrkokd kc mdstd SP$ 1,1 gob gobbnfcs cf cb sc`tnr kc trdfspnrtc dïrcn< kc mdstd SP$ 4,4 gob gobbnfcs cf cb sc`tnr kc dbnjdgocftn, y< kc dprnxogdkdgcftc SP$ ;?1 gobbnfcs cf cb sc`tnr  kc dbogcftns y acaokds< `nf ogpd`tns kc gcfnr gdifotuk, cf dicf`ods kc vodjcs, scrvo`ons `ubturdbcs, rc`rcdtovns y kc dbquobcr kc trdfspnrtc.

;. @nf`b nf`bus usoonf nfcs cs Udfdgä cs uf pdçs `uyd prof`opdb hnrgd kc ofircsns sc kcac d bd nhcrtd kc scrvo`ons. Cb gdynr ofircsn kc UOA sc kcac db turosgn, cb `udb cs rcbdtovdgcftc aucfn. Pof cgadrin, cs fc`csdron icfcrdr uf pbdf kc d``oðf pdrd cb turosgn cf Udfdgä, `rcdr bcycs d`cr`d kc bd gdfcrd cf quc sc kcacf kcscgpcôdr bds d`tovokdkcs kc cstc ruarn. Unr ntrd pdrtc, sc rcquocrc kc ufd ogpnrtdftc ofvcrsoðf pdrd cgacbbc`cr d fucstrn pdçs, md`crbn dtrd`tovn pdrd cb turostd, sciuokn kc `dpd`otd`oðf pdrd bds pcrsnfds quc cstäf hrcftc d bd dtcf`oðf db `bocftc. @ngn sc scôdbð dftcronrgcftc mdy ufd scroc kc kcaobokdkcs y dgcfdzds md`od cb turosgn kc fucstrn pdçs pnr bn quc kcacgns icfcrdr cstrdtciods pdrd suasdfdr cstds hdbbds dpnyäfknfns cf fucstrds hnrtdbczds y npnrtufokdkcs `nf cb hof kc md`cr rcsurior fucstrd c`nfngçd y tcfcr  uf gdynr `rc`ogocftn y kcsdrrnbbn c`nfðgo`n cf knfkc tnkns bns pdfdgcôns tcfidf `daokd.

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4. 1.

0. AOA OABO BONI NIQD QDHÇ HÇD D

 Udfdgä cs kcstofnmttps://dfpdfdgd.`ng/45133sciurn, rcbdjdkn y fdturdb DFUdfdgä. (53 kc dinstn. Natcfokn kc 1515).kc dsciurdf turostds dfpdfdgd.`ng: Udfdgd-cs-kcstofn-sciurn-rcbdjdkn-y-fdturdb-dsciurdfturostds.fntc.dspx#:~:tcxt7(@oukdk%15kc%15Udfdg%@0%D4%1KDFUdfdg %@0%D4),bd%15pdfkcgod%15pnr%15@NXOK%1K4?.

Dutnrokdk kcb [urosgn cf Udfdgä. (43 kc hcarcrn kc 1514). Fnrgd kc Pnstcfoaobokdk [urçsto`d kc Udfdgä. Natcfokn kc dtp.ina.pd: mttps://www.dtp.ina.pd/dsostcf`od-ybo`cf`ods/cstdfkdr-kc-snstcfoaobokdk-turosto`d-cst/ Acbbn, N. (1514). Cvdbud`oðf kc bns chc`tns c ogpd`tns kc bd pdfkcgod kc @NXOK-4? snarc cb turosgn cf Dgïro`d Bdtofd y cb @droac.  Natcfokn kc @cpdb.nri: mttps://rcpnsotnron.`cpdb.nri/aotstrcdg/mdfkbc/44081/;8334/4/P155589;^cs.pkh  Anrcbbn, D. (4??;). Cb pbdf kc fcin`ons: iuçds kc icstoðf kc bd pcqucôd cgprcsd. Gdkror: Cko`onfcs Kodz kc Pdftns. Kcbvdbbc, A. (1514). Xcftdjd Icniräho`d kc Udfdgä. Natcfokn kc Kcbvdbbc&Kcbvdbbc: bdw horg: mttps://www.cgprcsdcfpdfdgd.`ng/Ofhnrgd`onf/vcftdjd-icnirdho`d-kc pdfdgd.mtgb Cb @dpotdb Hofdf`ocrn. (15 kc fnvocgarc kc 154?). Pc`tnr turosgn kc Udfdgä cftrc bns gäs `ngpctotovns kc bd rcioðf, pcscd pcrkcr pnso`onfcs . Natcfokn kc cb`dpotdbhofdf`ocrn.`ng: mttps://cb`dpotdbhofdf`ocrn.`ng/sc`tnr-turosgn-kc-pdfdgdcftrc-bns-gds-`ngpctotovns-kc-bd-rcionf-pcscd-pcrkcr-pnso`onfcs/ Cf`o`bnpckod c`nfðgo`d. (s.h.). Gdtroz HNKD. Natcfokn kc cf`o`bnpckodc`nfðgo`d.`ng: mttps://cf`o`bnpckodc`nfngo`d.`ng/gdtroz-hnkd/. Cvdbudtonf Sfot KCX@N. (1549). Dfäbosos KDHN (Kcaobokdkcs, Dgcfdzds, Hnrtdbczds, Hnrtdbczds, Npnrtufokdkcs) - PYN[ . Natcfokn kc Curnpd.cu: mttps://curnpd.cu/`dpd`oty;kcv/cvdbudtonf^iuokcbofcs/wolo/dfdbosos-kdhnkcaobokdkcs-dgcfdzds-hnrtdbczds-npnrtufokdkcs-swnt C]UQCPN. (11 kc scptocgarc kc 154=).  Dbtns prc`ons md`cf quc pocrkd pntcf`odb cb turosgn cf Udfdgä. Natcfokn kc cxprcsn.ofhn: mttps://www.cxprcsn.ofhn/fnto`ods/oftcrfd`onfdb/830=4^dbtns^prc`ons^md`cf^quc^po crkd^pntcf`odb^cb^turosgn^cf^pdfdgd

44

 

Bokcr cgprcsdrodb. (43 kc hcarcrn kc 1515). Udfdgä: Cb kcstofn okcdb pdrd cb turosgn kc fcin`ons. Natcfokn kc bokcrcgprcsdrodb.`ng: mttps://www.bokcrcgprcsdrodb.`ng/pdfdgd-cb-kcstofn-okcdb-pdrd-cb-turosgn-kcfcin`ons/  Fúôcz, _. (14 kc scptocgarc kc 154?). 154?) . Udfdgä dftc cb rctn kcb scrvo`on db `bocftc. Natcfokn kc Bdcstrcbbd.`ng.pd: mttps://www.bdcstrcbbd.`ng.pd/`dhc-cstrcbbd/`ubturd/4?4514/rctn-pdfdgd-`bocftcscrvo`on Udfdgä [rdgotd. (1511). Znfd Boarc kc @nbðf (ZB@). Natcfokn kc Udfdgdtrdgotd.ina.pd: mttps://www.pdfdgdtrdgotd.ina.pd/cs/ofstotu`onf/znfd-boarc-kc-`nb%@0%A0f Päf`mcz, K. (1515). Dfäbosos HNKD n KDHN: cb gcjnr y gäs `ngpbctn cstukon `nf fucvc cjcgpbns prä`to`ns. . Gdkrok: Auanl Uuabosmofi P.B. Xdbcfzucbd, G. (1515). Ho`md sc`tnr. [urosgn cf Udfdgä 1515. O@C] Cspdôd Cxpnrtd`oðf c Ofvcrsonfcs. Xcbäsqucz, D. (1= kc N`tuarc kc 1514). Dfäbosos HNKD: qu»cs y `ðgn dpbo`drbn cf tu cgprcsd.  Natcfokn kc TucstonfUrn.`ng: mttps://www.qucstonfprn.`ng/abni/cs/dfdbosos-hnkd/#vcftdjds^hnkd

Xosot Udfdgd. (1511). Cb @dfdb kc Udfdgä. Natcfokn kc tnurosgpdfdgd.`ng: mttps://cs.tnurosgpdfdgd.`ng/quc-md`cr/`dfdb-kc-pdfdgd/

41