Fluidos de Perforación

 

Gjuomds mf ^frgdrckoûe

 

Suf Fs Ve Gjuomd [ustcekoc quf kfmf oeafmoctcafetf c kucjquofr gufrzc tfemfetf c cjtfrcr su gdrac, kde jd quf gjuyf y sf cmcptc c jc gdrac mfj rfkopofetf quf jd kdetfebc. Jds gjuomds pufmfe sfr jáquomds d bcsfs. Jcs pcrtákujcs quf kdapdefe ue jáquomd ed fstãe rábomcafetf cmlfromcs fetrf sá, pfrd fstãe aãs ueomcs quf jcs mf ue bcs. Fj vdjuafe mf ue jáquomd kdetfeomd fe ue rfkopofetf lfraïtokd pfracefkf kdestcetf, y fj jáquomd tofef uec supfrgokof jáaotf mfgoeomc. Fe kdetrcstf, tofef jáaotf ecturcj, y sf fxpcemf y moguemf feuefj bcs corfedmosaoeuyfemd su mfesomcm. C vfkfs rfsujtc mogákoj mostoebuor fetrf sûjomds y gjuomds, pdrquf jds sûjomds pufmfe gjuor auy jfetcafetf kucemd fstãe sdaftomds c prfsoûe, kdad dkurrf pdr f`fapjd fe jds bjckocrfs.   bjckocrfs.

 

Kdapdsokoûe  

Fj gjuomd mf pfrgdrc pfrgdrckoûe koûe fs uec afzkjc mf jáquomds (cbuc y/d ckfotf), sûjomds mosufjtds y sûjomds fe suspfesoûe quf tofef prdpofmcmfs gásokcs y quáaokcs tfemofetfs c gcvdrfkfr jc pfrgdrckoûe, prdtfbofemd jcs gdrackodefs quf sf ctrcvofsce.

 

Jc gcsfedjáquomc kdestotuomc pdr cbuc, ckfotf mofsfj, ckfotf aoefrcj tûxokd,pufmf ckfotfsfstcr soetïtokds. Jc gcsf sûjomc sf kdapdef mf actfrocjfs voskdsogokcetfs ecturcjfs û crtogokocjfs (pdjáafrds), mfesogokcetfs, scjfs y sûjomds pfrgdrcmds y cmokodefs fspfkocjfs. Corf y fspuac fspuac sde uscmds uscmds pcrc cjbuecs dpfrckodefs dpfrckodefs fe jds pdzds.

 

Guekodefs •

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  Jjfvcr jds jds kdrtfs mfj gdemd gdemd c supfrgokof.   [dstfefr jcs pcrfmfs pcrfmfs mfj pdzd. Kdetrdjcr jcs prfsodefs ecturcjfs fe jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs. Fegrocr y juhrokcr jc hrdkc y jc scrtc mf pfrgdrckoûe. Cyumcr c sdpdrtcr jc scrtc mf pfrgdrckoûe (hdycekoc).   Acetfefr fj pdzd joapod mf kdrtfs. [uspfemfr jds kdrtfs kucemd sf pcrc jc korkujckoûe. ^fraotor dhtfefr gdrackodefs.

oegdrackoûe

mf

jcs

  ]rcesaoto ]rcesaotorr pdtfekoc pdtfekoc lomrãujokc lomrãujokc c jc hrdkc.

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^fraotor jc gãkoj rfadkoûe mf jds kdrtfs fe supfrgokof.

 

^rdpofmcmfs Mfesomcm

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[ûjomds

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Xfdjdbác Gojtrckoûe Cjkcjoeomcm

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[cjoeomcm

 

Mfesomcm Jc mfesomcm mfj gjuomd mf pfrgdrckoûe fs fj pfsd mfj gjuomd pdr ueomcm mf vdjuafe. Jc mfesomcm fs fxprfscmc fe johrcs/bcjûe d fe iojdbrcads / aftrd kðhokd. Jc mfesomcm mfj cbuc grfskc fs 3>>> ib/a; fquovcjfetf c .6 jh/bcj. y Jds jdmdskde sf pfsds kdesomfrce jovoceds lcs tc ue 3>.6 jpb 3>.6 pdr bcjûe) pfscmds acydrfs. Jds lcstc jdmds kde pfsd pfsdsmf acydrfs mf (Johrcs 3= jpb sde kdesomfrcmds auy pfscmds y kdstdsds pdr jc kcetomcm mf hcrotc uscmc. Jds mfesogokcetfs jf mce ue acydr pfsd cj jdmd. Actfrocjfs uscmds pcrc oekrfafetcr jc mfesomcm ^ rd xc*j Kc rhmduekcttdd mf kcjkod Xceb3d8 a jhã /b Hcrotc 83 jh/bcj Bcjfec ;8 jh/bcj Lfactotc 82 jh/bcj [omfrotc 3< jh/bcj * rcebd aãxoad rfkdafemcmd

 

[ûjomds Ved mf jds acydrfs prdhjfacs fe jds gjuomds mf pfrgdrckoûe fs fj kdetrdj mf jds sûjomds prdmukomds murcetf jc dpfrckoûe, quf sf vce oekdrpdrcemd cj gjuomd c afmomc quf sde rfkorkujcmds, rfmukofemd su tcacód y mf fstc acefrc mogokujtcemd mogokujtcemd su mfskcrbc mfj sostfac.

 

[u prfsfekoc prdmukf0  ‛

Mcód cj fquopd mf pfrgdrckoûe (hdahcs, tuhujcrfs).

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Mosaoeukoûe mf jc rctc mf pfeftrckoûe (XD^).

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Oekrfafetds oemfsfchjfs fe dtrcs prdpofmcmfs mfj gjuomd.

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Oekrfafetd fe jds kdstds mf dpfrckoûe.

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^ufmf kcuscr pfbc mf jc tuhfrác y pïrmomc mfj pdzd.

 

[ûjomds [u mftfraoeckoûe sf[f lckf pdr mf jc grckkoûe jáquomc y sf aomf fe pdrkfetc`f. aomf pdrfvcpdrckoûe rftdrtc fe jchdrctdrod fe (%) Wdjuafe tdtcj mf sûjomds / Wdjuafe tdtcj mfj jdmd. [f utojozc jc rftdrtc pcrc su fvcjuckoûe y fj aãxoad pdrkfetc`f mf sûjomds pfrgdrcmds ed mfhf supfrcr >> aokrdefs

Oetfrafmod Afmod Goed Vjtrc-goed Kdjdomcj

Fetrf 86> y 8,>>> aokrdefs Fetrf 2= y 86> aokrdefs Fetrf == y 2= aokrdefs Fetrf 8 y == aokrdefs Afedr mf 8 aokrdefs

Ve aokrûe fs obucj c uec aojïsoac mf aojáaftrd.

 

Xfdjdbác Xfdjdbác fs fj fstumod mfj gju`d mf jds gjuomds y su kdapdrtcaofetd kucemd sf fekufetrce fe advoaofetd. Fe bfefrcj jds gjuomds sf kjcsogokce mf ckufrmd kde jc rfspufstc quf aufstrce kucemd sde cbotcmds (slfcr strfss) c mogfrfetfs vfjdkomcmfs mf cbotckoûe (slfcr rctf). Jds gjuomds mf pfrgdrckoûe sf kdapdrtce kdad gjuomds ed efwtdeoceds. Mf jds gjuomds ed efwtdeoceds, fj kdapdrtcaofetd mf jds jdmds dhfmfkf, fe bfefrcj, cj kdapdrtcaofetd fstumocmd pdr Hoeblca. Fj jdmd rfquofrf mf uec gufrzc oeokocj mf cbotckoûe pcrc kdafezcr c advfrsf. Fe tïraoeds prãktokds, jc gufrzc oeokocj sf kdedkf kdad puetd mf kfmfekoc (yofjm pdoet) y jc pfemofetf mfj kdapdrtcaofetd mfj gjuomd sf kdedkf kdad voskdsomcm pjãstokc.

 

Xfdjdbác

 

Woskdsomcm ^jãstokc Woskdsomcm pjãstokc  pjãstokc  fs jc rfsostfekoc cj gju`d mfhomd cj tcacód, gdrac y eðafrd mf pcrtákujcs. [f aomf aomf fe fj jchdrctdr jchdrctdrod od pdr afmod mfj voskdsáaftrd y jc ueomcm fs fj kfetopdosf. W^ (kp) 1

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7>>

 

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Fj actfrocj mf acydr usd pcrc af`drcr jc voskdsomcm c ue jdmd fs jc hfetdeotc9 fstf aoefrcj tofef jc kcpckomcm mf cuafetcr su tcacód cj lomrctcrsf lcstc fe 8> vfkfs.

 

^uetd mf Kfmfekoc Fj puetd mf kfmfekoc fs jc rfsostfekoc mf ue gjuomd c acetfefrsf fe advoaofetd y fs kcuscmd pdr jcs gufrzcs fjfktrdquáaokcs mf jcs pcrtákujcs kdapdefetfs mfj gjuomd. [f aomf fe Johrcs / 3>> pofs8 kde jc jfkturc mfj voskdsáaftrd. _^ (Jhs/3>> (Jhs/3>> pofs8) pofs8) 1

 

 - W^

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[cjfs y prdmuktds quáaokds prfsfetfs fe fj gjuomd pufmfe oekrfafetcr û rfmukor fj puetd kfmfetf. Fj puetd mf kfmfekoc pfraotf vcjdrcr jc kcpckomcm mf ue gjuomd pcrc sdpdrtcr y crrcstrcr c supfrgokof jds kdrtfs bfefrcmds murcetf jc pfrgdrckoûe.

 

^W & _^

 

Gufrzcs mf Bfj Fs jc kdesostfekoc toxdtrûpokc mfj jdmd d jc prdpofmcm mfj jdmd mf sfr bfj (bfjctoec) y acetfefr jcs pcrtákujcs fe suspfesoûe kucemd ed fxostc korkujckoûe. Jc ueomcm mf afmomc fs Johrcs / 3>> pofs8.  

[cjfs y prdmuktds quáaokds prfsfetfs fe fj gjuomd pufmfe oekrfafetcr û rfmukor jcs gufrzcs mf bfj.

 

Jcs gufrzcs mf bfj pfraotfe vcjdrcr jc kcpckomcm mf ue gjuomd pcrc sdpdrtcr jds kdrtfs bfefrcmds murcetf jc pfrgdrckoûe kucemd fj gju`d sf oetfrruapf.

 

Gufrzcs mf Bfj

 

Gojtrckoûe Fs jc pïrmomc mf gjuomd c trcvïs mfj tofapd (Wdjuafe mf gojtrcmd / ]ofapd mf gojtrckoûe). [f aomf pdr afmod mf uec gojtrdprfesc fe mdemf sf soaujc jcs kdemokodefs mfj pdzd hc`d kofrtc prfsoûe y tfapfrcturc. Jc tdrtc fs fj rfsujtcmd goecj mf gojtrckoûe quf qufmc cj pcscr fj jáquomd pdr fj gojtrd mf pcpfj c prfsoûe fe mdemf sf dhtofef kofrtc kdesostfekoc y fspfsdr sfaf`cetf c jc pcrfm mfj pdzd quf mfpfemf mf jc gcsf sûjomc mfj jdmd.  

Fs oapdrtcetf kdetrdjcr jc gojtrckoûe pdrquf sf fvotc fj mcód mf jcs gdrackodefs pfrafchjfs prdmuktdrcs. Jc gdrackoûe mf rfvdquf pfraotf fj cosjcaofetd mf jcs zdecs pfrafchjfs y su kcjomcm cyumc c af`drcr jc kcjomcm dpfrckodecj mfj lufkd.

 

Gojtrckoûe

 

Cjkcjoeomcm Jds gjuomds mf pfrgdrckoûe sde prfpcrcmds utojozcemd prdmuktds cjkcjoeds (hãsokds) pcrc af`drcr jc fgokofekoc mf dtrds prdmuktds uscmds9 sf usce, usce, fe hc`cs hc`cs kdekfetrckodefs0 kdekfetrckodefs0 [dmc kãustokc (EcDL) ^dtcsc kãustokc (IDL) [dmc csl (Ec8KD;) Kcj (Kc(DL)8) y , Kfafetd   Jc prfsfekoc mf lomrûxojds (DL-) fe fj gjuomd mf pfrgdrckoûe pfraotf acetfefrjd johrf mf hcktfrocs y cyumc c fvotcr jc kdrrdsoûe pdr su fgfktd sfkufstrcetf sdhrf fj dxábfed mfj corf. Fe bfefrcj, jc cjkcjoeomcm mfj jdmd sf fxprfsc kdad pL y su rcebd dskojc fetrf y ?.6

 

[cjoeomcm Jds jdmds sde prfpcrcmds uscemd cjbuecs scjfs kdauefs pcrc oelohor jc lomrctckoûe mf jcs crkojjcs prfsfetfs fe jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs. Fstc oelohokoûe fvotc quf fj tcacód mf jcs crkojjcs sf oekrfafetf kde fj kdetcktd mfj cbuc prfsfetf fe fj gjuomd mf pfrgdrckoûe.

  Jc lomrctckoûe mf jcs crkojjcs pufmf prdvdkcr jc oefstchojomcm mfj lufkd, prdmukofemd mfrruahfs y pdr kdesobuofetf kcvfrecs, pcrc fj kcsd mf gdrackodefs crkojjdscs. Fe gdrackodefs prdmuktdrcs jc oelohokoûe mf jcs crkojjcs prfvofef jc pïrmomc mf jds fspckods pdrdsds y jc rfmukkoûe mf jc pfrafchojomcm, fvotcemd pïrmomc mf prdmukkoûe

 

[cjoeomcm [cjfs uscmcs0 [cj (EcKj) Kjdrurd mf pdtcsod (IKj) Kjdrurd mf kcjkod (KcKj8) [cjfs mf cadeod [cjfs mf eotrctd

 

Mftfraoeckoûe mf jcs ^rdpofmcmfs

 

Mfesomcm Jc mfesomcm mfj gjuomd sf aomf kde jc hcjcezc mf jdmds, fe jh/bcj. [f rfgofrf pcrc su kcjohrckoûe jc mfesomcm mfj cbuc grfskc >% mf rfkdhrd.  

Fj kdetfeomd mf crfec fs afmomd kde uec acjjc 8>> quf rftofef jcs pcrtákujcs mf tcacód acydr c 2= aokrdefs y su vcjdr fe % Wdj. ed pufmf sfr acydr mf 3% yc quf frdmc jcs hdahcs y jds tuhujcrfs

 

Xfdjdbác Jcs prdpofmcmfs rfdjûbokcs mf jds gjuomds sf aomfe uscemd fj voskdsáaftrd, quf pfraotf dhtfefr jcs rfsostfekocs cj advoaofetd mf uec acefrc morfktc. 3 kp 1 >.>3 ^dosf 3 ^dosf 1 3 moec-sfb / ka8 Jfkturcs mf cbuc grfskc mfhfe sfr kfrd.

 

Xfdjdbác Jds voskdsáaftrds fstãe mosfócmds pcrc mcr jfkturcs c ;, 7, 3>>, 8>>, ;>> y 7>> rpa. Woskdsomcm ^jãstokc

(^W) 1 X7>> ‛ X;>>  

fxprfscmc fe kfetopdo kfetopdosfs. sfs.

 

^uetd mf Kfmfekoc

(_^) 1 X;>> ‛ ^W Bfj 3> sfbuemds (B[ 3> sfk) 1 X ; c 3> sfb Bfj 3> aoeutds (B[ 3> aoe) 1 X; c 3> aoe fxprfscmds fe jh / 3>> gt 8

 

Xfdjdbác Dtrc acefrc kucjotctovc mf mftfraoecr jc voskdsomcm fs afmocetf fj usd mfj fahumd mf Acrsl mdemf ue kucrtd mf bcjûe (?=7 kk) mf gjuomd fs pcscmd c trcvïs mfj fahumd y fj tofapd afmomd, fxprfscemd jc voskdsomcm fe sfbuemds Acrsl.

 

Cbuc grfskc 1 87 sfb Acrsl

 

Gojtrckoûe Fe jdmds hcsf cbuc sf utojozc ue gojtrd prfesc C^O mf 2.3 pujb8 mf ãrfc fe kuyc kãacrc sf kdjdkc fj gjuomd y sf prfsodec c 3>> pso murcetf ;> aoeutds, kdjfktcemd fj gojtrcmd prdhftc brcmucmc. ^cpfj gojtrd mf 8.2 ¶a. [f rfpdrtce kk mf gojtrcmd

fe

 

Gojtrckoûe Fe jdmds hcsf ckfotf sf utojozc ue gojtrd prfesc mf ;.66 pujb8 mf ãrfc fe kuyc kãacrc sf kdjdkc fj gjuomd, sf kcjofetc c jc tfapfrcturc mfsfcmc (C^O1;>> ¾G) y sf prfsodec c 6>> pso murcetf ;> aoeutds, kdjfktcemd fj gojtrcmd fe prdhftc brcmucmc. ^cpfj gojtrd mf 8.2 ¶a [f rfpdrtce kk mf gojtrcmd x 8

 

Cjkcjoeomcm  

Fj pL mf uec mosdjukoûe pufmf afmorsf afmocetf uec vcjdrck vcjdrckoûe, oûe, quf kdesostf fe jc efutrcjozckoûe mfj ãkomd (d hcsf) kde uec kcetomcm mftfraoecmc mf hcsf (d ãkomd) mf kdekfetrckoûe kdedkomc, fe prfsfekoc mf ue oemokcmdr (ue kdapufstd kuyd kdjdr vcrác kde fj pL).

 

]cahoïe sf pufmf mftfraoecr aomofemd fj pdtfekocj fjïktrokd quf sf droboec fe kofrtds fjfktrdmds fspfkocjfs suafrbomds fe jc mosdjukoûe.

 

Fj pL aftfr fs fj cpcrctd mf acydr usd fe jdmds pcrc mftfraoe mftfraoecr cr fj brcmd mf ckomfz û cjkcjoeom cjkcjoeomcm cm mf jc gcsf jáquomc. [f rfpdrtc fj vcjdr jfámd. Fj fjfktrdmd sf mfhf acetfefr lðafmd.

 

Cjkcjoeomcm

 

[cjoeomcm  

Jc mftfraoeckoûe mf jc scjoeomcm fe jds gjuomds mf pfrgdrc pfrgdrckoûe koûe fs rfcjozcmc afmocetf prufhcs mf totujckoûe kdjdroaïtrokc, cmokodecemd cj gjuomd ue rfcktovd, bdtc c bdtc, lcstc dhtfefr ue kcahod sobeogokctovd sobeogokctovd fe fj kdjdr.

 

Vec vfz dhtfeomd fj kcahod mf kdjdr, sf pcrc jc cmokoûe mf rfcktovd y fj vdjuafe uscmd pfraotf fgfktucr jds kãjkujds.

  Fe gjuomds hcsf cbuc, sf utojozc fj gojtrcmd mfj jdmd pcrc lckfr jcs totujckodefs9 fe cjbuecs dkcsodefs lchrã efkfsomcm mf ‚ckjcrcr‑ fj gojtrcmd pcrc pdmfr vfr jcs vcrockodefs mf kdjdr y lchrãe dkcsodefs fe quf sf mfhfrã mojuor kde cbuc mfstojcmc pcrc quf jc kdekfetrckoûe mfj fjfafetd c mftfraoecr fstï fe fj rcebd mf prufhc.   Fe gjuomds hcsf ckfotf sf utojozc fj jdmd pcrc lckfr jcs totujckodefs9 jc gcsf ckudsc fs sfpcrcmc mf jc faujsoûe kde jc utojozckoûe mf cjkdldjfs fspfkocjfs (O^C, \ojfed, Crkdsdjv e) y jc totujckoûe sf fgfktðc sdhrf fstc afzkjc, cuafetcemd jc gckojomcm mf jfkturc mfj kdjdr.

 

[cjoeomcm

 

Kjcsogokckoûe mf jds gjuomds Fxostfe eufvf sostfacs mfgoeomds mf gjuomds mf pfrgdrckoûe, sofemd sfos mf fstds hcsf cbuc9 fetrf jds rfstcetfs sf kjcsogokce jds gjuomds hcsf ckfotf, ckfotfs soetïtokds y corfcmds û fspuacs.

 

Jdmds hcsf cbuc ed mospfrsds Fstds sostfacs oekjuyfe jds jdmds mf oeokod, jds jdmds ecturcjfs y cqufjjds quf tofefe aáeoad trctcaofetd. [f usce pcrc pfrgdrcr pdzds pdkd prdguemds û cj oeokocr jc pfrgdrckoûe mf ue pdzd. Ed sf utojozce actfrocjfs pcrc jc mospfrsoûe mf jds sûjomds pfrgdrcmds. Cjbueds sostfacs oekjuyfe fxtfemfmdrfs mf hfetdeotc.

 

Jdmds hcsf cbuc mospfrsds [de uscmds pcrc pfrgdrcr pdzds prdhjfaãtokds c brcemfs prdguemomcm prdguemomcmfs fs mdemf sf rfquofrf oekrfafetcr jc mfesomcm y fe mdemf sf fekufetrce crkojjcs quf mosufjvfe gãkojafetf fe fj jdmd pfrd quf ed prfsfetce lomrctckoûe f loeklcaofetd. Fj sostfac sf mospfrsc uscemd jobedsujgdectds, jobeotds û  tceoeds y quáaokds pdtãsokds pcrc mcr oelohokoûe csá  kdad dtrds prdmuktds quf cyumce c acetfefr jcs prdpofmcmfs

 

Jdmds kcjcmds Kctodefs mf kcjkod sde uscmds pcrc oelohor jcs gdrackodefs kde cjtds kdetfeomds mf crkojjcs y jutotcs sdjuhjfs f lomrctchjfs9 cjtds eovfjfs mf kcjkod cyumce c kdetrdjcr jc lomrctckoûe, prfvoeofemd fj mfrruahf mf jcs gdrackodefs crkojjdscs y fj cjcrbcaofetd mfj lufkd. Jds proekopcjfs oebrfmofetfs fe fstds sostfacs sde0 Kcj lomrctcmc, _fsd, Kjdrurd mf kcjkod

 

Jdmds pdjoaïrokds Fstds gjuomds oekdrpdrce fj usd mf pdjáafrds mf kcmfec jcrbc y cjtd pfsd adjfkujcr pcrc0 -

Fekcpsujcr jds sûjomds pfrgdrcmds ^rfvfeor su mospfrsoûe Xfmukor jc pïrmomc mf gojtrcmd Oelohor jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs Oekrfafetcr jc rfdjdbác

[f tofefe c mospdsokoûe mogfrfetfs topds mf pdjáafrds fetrf jds quf sf fekufetrce jc kfjujdsc, jds ckrojcaomc y prdmuktds ecturcjfs c hcsf mf bdac. ]cahoïe fs grfkufetf uscr scjfs oelohomdrcs kdad EcKj af`drcr jc fstchojomcm mf jcs crkojjcs.

û 

IKj pcrc

 

Jdmds mf hc`ds sûjomds [de jds sostfacs mf jdmds fe jds quf jc kcetomcm y topd mf sûjomds sde cjtcafetf kdetrdjcmds. Fj vdjuafe tdtcj mf sûjomds prfsfetfs fe fj gjuomd sf acetofef fe ue rcebd fetrf 7 y 3>% Wdj.

 

Jdmds mf cbuc scjcmc Jds sostfacs scturcmds sde uscmds pcrc pfrgdrcr mdads scjoeds9 jds sostfacs scjcmds sde uscmds pcrc kdetrdjcr crkojjcs rfcktovcs y jds mf cbuc mf acr, pdr jdbástokc fe sotods mdemf jc dhtfekoûe mf cbuc grfskc fs mogákoj y kdstdsc. Jds sostfacs scjcmds sde prfpcrcmds fe bfefrcj mf cbuc grfskc û  scjaufrc, cmokodecemd scjfs mf sdmod û  mf pdtcsod lcstc dhtfefr jc scjoeomcm rfqufromc ^rdmuktds kdad jc ctcpujbotc, fj kak, fj cjaomûe y dtrds, sde uscmds pcrc oekrfafetcr jc voskdsomcm cyumcemd fe jc joapofzc mfj pdzd y pcrc rfmukor jc p ïrmomc mf gojtrcmd

 

Jdmds hcsf ckfotf [de uscmds pcrc uec vcrofmcm mf cpjokckodefs mdemf sde rfqufromcs fstchojomcm mfj gjuomd f oelohokoûe tcj kdad fe zdecs mf cjtcs tfapfrcturcs, pdzds prdguemds y proekopcjafetf fe pdzds mdemf jc oefstchojomcm mf jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs prfsfetce brcemfs prdhjfacs. Fstds jdmds sde mfpfemofetfs mf jc tfapfrcturc.

 

Faujsodefs oevfrtomcs [de faujsodefs mf cbuc fe ckfotf quf kdetofefe scjaufrc mf kjdrurd mf kcjkod fe jc gcsf g csf faujsodecmc y ckfotf kdad gcsf kdetoeu kdetoeuc9 c9 fj vdjuafe mf scjaufrc pufmf vcrocr fetrf 6% y 6>%. Lcy mds topds kdauefs mf fstcs faujsodefs0 - Mf gojtrcmd kdetrdjcmd - Mf gojtrcmd rfjc`cmd

 

Faujsodefs mf gojtrcmd kdetrdjcmd [de jds jdmds hcsf ckfotf aãs uscmds pufs pfraotfe jc pfrgdrckoûe mf gdrackodefs oefstchjfs fe kdemokodefs gcvdrchjfs mf juhrokomcm y joapofzc9 cj faujsogokcr scjaufrc mf kjdrurd mf kcjkod kde jc scjoeomcm cmfkucmc, pfraotf kdetrdjcr jc lomrctckoûe mf jcs crkojjcs prfsfetfs. Bfefrcjafetf sde tdjfrcetfs c tdmds jds kdetcaoecetfs y pdr su kcrãktfr mf mospfrsoûe, tdjfrce cmfkucmcafetf jds sûjomds pfrgdrcmds. Jds jdmds hcsf ckfotf tofefe oekdevfeofetfs pcrc pfraotor jc fvcjucko ûe mf jcs gdrackodefs pdr rfbostrds y sf rfquofrfe lfrrcaofetcs fspfkocjfs.

 

Faujsodefs mf gojtrcmd rfjc`cmd Fe fstds sostfacs ed sf jjfvc kdetrdj mf jc pïrmomc mf gojtrcmd jd quf cyumc c af`drcr jc luafktchojomcm mf jc rdkc fe ckfotf aofetrcs fs pfrgdrcmc, af`drcemd kdesomfrchjfafetf kdesomfrchjfafetf jc rctc mf pfeftrckoûe pfeftrckoûe.. Fe Kdjdahoc sf lce utojozcmd kde pdkds hfefgokods mfhomd cj tfktdeosad prfsfetf fe jc acydrác mf eufstrcs gdrackodefs, jd quf lc lfkld oemospfeschjf fj kdetrdj mf gojtrcmd kde fj usd mf csgcjtds y bojsdeotcs. Fj sostfac rfjc`cmd pufmf sfr kdevfrtomd g ãkojafetf c kdetrdjcmd afmocetf cmokoûe mf fstds prdmuktds.

 

Faujsodefs soetïtokcs ^dkd uscmcs fe Kdjdahoc pdr fj cjtd kdstd mfj gjuomd hcsf, prdvffe jcs aosacs kcrcktfrástokcs mf jds gjuomds c hcsf mf ckfotf mofsfj, prdmukofemd afedr kdetcaoeckoûe cahofetcj y afedr mcód c jc scjum, pdr jc cusfekoc mf kdapdefetfs hfekïeokds [f lce uscmd J^-2> y J^-?>, ckfotfs mofsfj admogokcmds

 

Jdmds hcsf ckfotf (truf doj) Fe fstds sostfacs ed lcy oekdrpdrckoûe mf cbuc cj sostfac pfrd sde trctcmds pcrc faujsogokcr fj cbuc quf cpdrtce jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs Edracjafetf sde uscmds pcrc trchc`ds mf pfrgdrckoûe fe jc zdec prdmuktdrc y pcrc dpfrckodefs mf kdrczdecaofetd

 

Fspuacs Kuctrd dpfrckodefs hãsokcs sf oekjuyfe fe fstc kctfbdrác0 3. ^frgdrckoûe kde corf sfkd, d oeyfkkoûe mf corf û bcs fe fj pdzd c rctcs mf gju`d sugokofetfs pcrc rfadvfr jds kdrtfs pfrgdrcmds. 8. [ostfacs mf eofhjc9 sf oeyfktc ue cbfetf fspuacetf c jc kdrrofetf mf corf pcrc prfvfeor quf fj cbuc prdmukomc lomrctf jds kdrtfs pfrgdrcmds. ;. fspuacs, sostfacs mf oeyfkko ûe quf kdetofefe cbfetfs surgcktcetfs, crkojjcs y pdjáafrds pcrc faujsogokcr fj cbuc quf cpdrtce jcs gdrackodefs pfrgdrcmcs y kcrbcr jds sûjomds pfrgdrcmds lcstc supfrgokof. =. jdmds corfcmds, mdemf corf û eotrûbfed fs oeyfktcmd cj gjuomd pcrc rfmukor su mfesomcm y pdr kdesobuofetf jc prfso ûe lomrdstãtokc. Fstds sostfacs sde bfefrcjafetf prdvostds pdr jc kdapc óác quf sf fekcrbc mf lckfr jc oeyfkkoûe mf corf y pdr su kdapdsokoûe ed sde dgrfkomds pdr jcs kdapcóács mf gjuomds mf pfrgdrckoûe.

 

Kãjkujds Oegdraf mf Jdmds

 

Kãjkujds Oegdrafs mf Jdmds Kcpckomcmfs (]uhfrác, ceujcr, supfrgokof) Wdjðafefs ([crtc, tcequfs, pdzd, ftk.) Kcumcj y vfjdkomcmfs mf gju`d ]ofapds (Bdjpfs d fstrdqufs)

 

Veomcmfs mf vdjuafe Fj vdjuafe fs jc kcetomcm kcetomcm mf gjuomd quf fstf pufmf kdetfefr d cjackfecr cjackfecr ue rfkopofetf, fstds pufmfe sfr rfktcebujcrfs , kojáemrokds d fsgïrokds. Jcs Veomcmfs mf Wdjuafe aãs uscmcs fe fj ãrfc mf pfrgdrckoûe sde0 Edahrf Oebjfs

[objc

Fquovcjfekoc

Hcrrojfs Hcrrfj Hjs 3 Hjs 1 6,736 ^ofs kðhokds 1 =8 Bcjdefs ^ofs ^o fs kðh ðhookds Kuho hok k gddt gddt Gt; Gt; 3 gt; gt; 1 >, >,3 32, >,>8;,3;;2 ^ofs Kðhokds

Xfkopofetfs

Xfktcebujcrfs

Kojáemrokds

Fsgïrokds

 

Wdjuafe y kcpckomcm mf tcequfs rfktcebujcrfs Fj vdjuafe mf ue tcequf fs jc kcetomcm mf gjuomd quf fstf pufmf cjackfecr cjackfecr.. Fj kdetfeomd sf fxprfsc fe hcrrojfs (Hjs). ^crc lcjjcr lcjjcr fj vdjuafe l (Hjs) mf ue tcequf sf aomf fe pofs (gt) fj cekld (c) , fj cjtd (l) y fj jcrbd ( J ), sf aujtopjokce fetrf sá y sf movomfe jcs trfs kcetomcmfs pdr fj gcktdr mf kdevfrsoûe.

c J

Wdjuafe 1 c x l x J 6.736 F`fapjd0   F`fapjd0 Lcjjcr Wdjuafe kde fe pofs (gt) cekld (c) 1 = gt , cjtdfj(l) 1 < gt mf yue tcequf jcrbd ( J ) 1jcs 3=moafesodefs gt   Wdjuafe (Hjs)

1

(

) x(

) x(

6.736

)

(

)

1

1

6.736

Hjs

 

Kcpckomcm d cgdrd mf tcequfs Fs jc kcetomcm mf jdmd fe hcrrojfs kdetfeomds fe uec pujbcmc mfj tcequf. ^crc dhtfefr fj cgdrd sf movomf fj vdjuafe tdtcj pdr jc cjturc mfj tcequf (l) fe pofs d fe pujbcmcs.  

3 ^ujbcmc d 3 ^of l

W (Hjs) Cgdrd 1 (Hjs/pujb) l (^ujb)

W (Hjs) Cgdrd 1 (Hjs/^of) l (^ofs)

F`fapjd0 Lcjjcr fj cgdrd mfj tcequf cetfrodr, so fj vdjuafe fs mf Hcrrojfs cjtd (l) 1 < pofs

Cgdrd

1

(

)  (Hjs)

1

(Hjs/pujb) 

(

)

(^ujb) 

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf Ve tcequf mf jdmd tofef 37 pofs mf jcrbd, < pofs mf cekld y 38 pofs mf cjtd.

l

Kucj fs fj Wdjuafe tdtcj mfj

J

c

tcequf 4 Wdjuafe 1

(

) x( 6.736

) x(

) ( 1

) 1 6.736

Kucj fs fj Cgdrd mfj tcequf fe Hcrrojfs pdr pof 4 Cgdrd

( 1(

) (Hjs) ) (^of) 1

(Hjs/^of)

[o fj eovfj sf rfmukf 3< pujbcmcs kucetd vdjuafe qufmc fe fj tcequf4

Hjs

 

Wdjuafe y kcpckomcm mf tuhfrács OM

Wdjuafe oetfreds mf tuhujcrfs. ^crc lcjjcr fj vdjuafe mf ue tuhujcr sf mftfraoec oeokocjafetf su kcpckomcm y jufbd sf aujtopjokc pdr su jdebotum. Wdjuafe

1 Kcpckomcm Kcpckomcm   x

J

Jdebotum

Kcpckomcm oetfrec. Fs fj vdjuafe mf gjuomd kdetfeomd fe 3 pof mf tuhujcr ( M^ , LR , MK , Kcsoeb ) DM

  J0 Jdebotum mfj tuhujcr (^ofs) OM0 Moãaftrd DM0 Moãaftrd oetfred fxtfredmfj mfjtuhd tuhd(^ujbcmcs) (^ujbcmcs) Kcpckomcm0 ( Hjs / ^of )

[fkkoûe ]rcesvfrscj mf ue ]uhd

Kcpckomcm 1 OM

OM

8

3>8?.=

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf Kcpckomcm Oetfrec0 Kucj fs jc kcpckomcm kcpckomcm mf jc LRM^ mf 6 ^ujbcmcs, so su moãaftrd oetfred fs mf ; ^ujbcmcs4 DM

DM 1 6 ^ujb.

Kcpckomcm 1

3>8?.=

OM 1 ; ^ujb. OM

Kcpckomcm 1

OM 8

8

3>8?.=

( 1

)x ( 3.>8?,=

)( 1

) 3.>8?,=

1

(Hjs/^of)

OM Wdjuafe Oetfred0 Kucj fs fj vdjuafe mf 86>> pofs mf jc cetfrodr LRM^ mf 6 ^ujbcmcs4 Wdjuafe   1  Kcpckomcm Wdjuafe

Wdjuafe 1

(

)x (

x x   Jdebotum ) 1

(Hjs)  

Wdjuafe y kcpckomcm ceujcr tuhfrács Wdjuafe ceujcrfs. ^crc lcjjcr fj vdjuafe ceujcr fetrf fj rfvfstoaofetd y jc tuhfrác d fetrf fj lufkd chofrtd y jc tuhfrác sf mftfraoec oeokocjafetf jc kcpckomcm ceujcr y jufbd sf aujtopjokc pdr su jdebotum. Wdjuafe

OM DM

1 Kcpckomcm Kcpckomcm   x Jdebotum

Kcpckomcm ceujcr.  ceujcr.  Fs fj vdjuafe mf gjuomd J kdetfeomd fe 3 pof mf fspckod ceujcr fetrf Kcsoeb M^9 Lufkd - M^9 Lufkd - MK9 Lufkd - LRM^ 9 ftk J0 Jdebotum mfj tuhujcr (^ofs) OM0 Moãaftrd oetfred mfj kcsoeb d lufkd (^ujbcmcs) OM   [fkkoûe trcesvfrscj ceujcr

DM0 Moãaftrd Moãaf trd fxtfred mfj M^, LR, MK (^ujbcmcs) Kcpckomcm0 ( Hjs / ^of )

Kcpckomcm 1

8 8 OM  OM  -  DM  DM 

3>8?.=   3>8?.=

DM  

F`frkokod fe kjcsf Kcpckomcm ceujcr0 ceujcr0 Kucj fs jc kcpckomcm kcpckomcm ceujcr so jc ]uhfrác ]uhfrác mf ^frgdrckoûe ^frgdrckoûe mf 6 pujbcmcs fstã mfetrd mfj rfvfstoaofetd mf ? 6/8?.=

) 1

Wdjuafe Ceujcr0 Kucj fs fj vdjuafe mf 86>> pofs mf jc cetfrodr ceujcr4 Wdjuafe 1

(

)x (

) 1

(Hjs)

(Hjs/^of)

 

^crtfs fe fj pdzd [upfrgokof Xfvfstoaofetd d Kcsoeb

Pcpctc mfj Xfvfstoaofetd ]uhfrác mf ^frgdrckoûe d Mojj ^opf Lufkd Chofrtd Hdtfjjcs mf ^frgdrckoûe d Mojj Kdjjcr  Hrdkc mf pfrgdrckoûe d hot

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf OEGDXACKODE MFJ ^DPD

Kcjkujcr fj Wdjuafe Oetfred mf jc [crtc mf ^frgdrckoûe0

 [upfrgokof Kcsoeb DM 0 ? 6/> ^ofs

1 TTTTTTTTTTT x TTTTTTTTTT 1

TTTTTTTT

(Hjs)

Mrojj Kdjjcr 0 Kcpckomcm 1 TTTTT x TTTTT TTTTT / 3>8?.= 3>8?.= 1 TTTTTT ( Hjs / pof )

 68>> ^ofs  Hdtfjjcs DM 0 7 3/8‑  OM 0 ; ‚

1 TTTTTTTTTTT x TTTTTTTTTT 1

Wdjuafe Oetfred mf jc [crtc  1  TTTTTTT (Hjs)

 Hrdkc mf < 3/8‑ 

Wdjuafe

 76>> ^ofs

TTTTTTT

TTTTTTTT

+

(Hjs)

TTTTTTTT 1

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf OEGDXACKODE MFJ ^DPD  [upfrgokof Kcsoeb DM 0 ? 6/8?.= 1 TTTTTT (Hjs / pof) Wdjuafe  8;>> ^ofs

1 TTTTTTTTTTT x TTTTTTTTTT 1

TTTTTTTT

(Hjs)

Lufkd - Mrojj ^opf 0 ^opf 0 Kcpckomcm 1 (TTT x TTTT) TTTT) - (TTT x TTTT) / 3>8?.= 1 TTTTTT (Hjs / pof) Wdjuafe

 68>> ^ofs

1 TTTTTTTTTTT x TTTTTTTTTT 1

TTTTTTTT

(Hjs)

Lufkd - Mrojj Kdjjcr 0 Kdjjcr 0 Kcpckomcm 1 (TTT x TTTT) TTTT) - (TTT x TTTT) / 3>8?.= 1 TTTTTT (Hjs / pof)

 Hdtfjjcs DM 0 7 3/8‑  OM 0 ; ‚

Wdjuafe

1 TTTTTTTTTTT x TTTTTTTTTT 1

TTTTTTTT

(Hjs)

Wdjuafe ceujcr tdtcj  tdtcj 1 TTTTTTT + TTTTTTTT + TTTTTTT 1TTTT (Hjs)  Hrdkc mf < 3/8‑ 

 76>> ^ofs

 

[cjomc mf jcs hdahcs mf jdmd  Fquovcjf cj vdjuafe mf jdmd quf jc hdahc fevác c trcvïs mfj jc jáefc mfj stcem popf, pdr kcmc fstrdif (bdjpf d rfkdrromd). Fstf vdjuafe mfpfemf mfj topd mf hdahc (mupjfx d tropjfx), mfj moãaftrd mf jc kcaosc (M ( M), mfj rfkdrromd mfj postûe (J (J) , mfj moãaftrd mf jc vcrojjc (m ( m0 rdm postde) y jc fgokofekoc (% Fg  ).  ).

HDAHC MV^JF\ MDHJF CKKODE Mfskcrbc

HDAHC ]XO^JF\

Mfskcrbc

Mfskcrbc

J m

[ukkoûe

J M

M

[ukkoûe

[ukkoûe

[cjomc mf 8 8 jc hdahc 1 >.>>>378 x J x (8 x M - m ) x % Fg 

[cjomc mf jc hdahc

8 1

>.>>>8=; x J x M x % Fg 

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf Kcjkujcr jc scjomc mf jc hdahc mf jdmd ]rápjfx, Ectodecj ?^-3>> kde moãaftrd mf kcaosc mf 7 pujb y rfkdrromd mfj postûe mf ?.86 pujb. (Fgokofekoc ?6%). [cjomc mf 1 >.>>>8=; x M8 x J x % Fg  jc hdahc [cjomc 1

8 >.>>>8=; x TTTTT x TTTT x >.?6 1 TTTTTT Hjs / sti

Kcjkujcr jc scjomc mf jc hdahc mf jdmd Mupjfx kde moãaftrd mf kcaosc mf 7 pujb y rfkdrromd mfj postûe mf 38 pujb. Moãaftrd mfj Xdm ^ostde 0 8 ^ujbcmcs y uec Fgokofekoc vdjuaïtro vdjuaïtrokc kc mfj ?>% [cjomc mf jc hdahc

8

8 [cjomc 1

8

1 >.>>>378 x J x (8 x M - m ) x % Fg  8

>.>>>378 x TTT x (8 x TTTT - TTTT ) x >.?> 1 TTTTTT Hjs / sti

 

[trdifs d bdjpfs mf jc hdahc Fj vdjuafe mf jdmd quf jc hdahc mfspjczc fs fquovcjfetf cj euafrd mf kcrrfrcs, rfkdrromds d fahdjcmcs quf) lckf lc fj postûe c trcvïs mffjjc vdjuafe kcaosc. ]fûrokcafetf Jc kcetomcm mf strdifs ([tis ([tis) sfkfmftfraoec movomofemd ( W) c mfspjczcr fetrf jc [cjomc [cjomc mf  mf jc hdahc. hdahc. D afmocetf afmocetf oestruafetds oestruafetds oestcjcmds fe jc hdahc hdahc mf jdmd, fj kucj mftfraoec jc kcetomcm mf strdifs fe jc ueomcm mf tofapd ([trdifs ^dr Aoeutd, [^A [^A ).  ). [trdifs 1 [trdifs  1

W [cjomc Hdahc  Hdahc 

W  0 Wdjuafe mf gjuomd c mfspjczcr ( Hjs ) [cjomc  0 Hcrrojfs / strdif [cjomc

F`fapjd 0 Vec Hdahc Hdahc tofef tofef uec scjomc mf >.3>6 Hjs / strdif  strdif   . Kucetds Fstrdifs sf efkfsotcrce efkfsotcrce pcrc pcrc hdahfcr hdahfcr uec pájmdrc pájmdrc mf ?> hcrrojfs 4 hcrrojfs 4

[trdifs 1

[trdifs 1

W [cjomc Hdahc  Hdahc 

?> Hjs

1 6 Hjs / [tis

F`fapjd 0 Kucetds fstrdifs fstrdifs sf ef efkfsotce kfsotce pcrc jjfecr jc jc scrtc mf mf tuhfrác , so su vdjuafe oetfred fs mf 386 Hjs  Hjs  . Jc scjomc mf jc hdahc mfj fquopd fs mf >.>7=7 Hjs / strdif .4 strdif .4 [trdifs  1 [trdifs

TTTTTTTTTT

Hjs

1

TTTTTTT [tis

Hjs / [tis  

]ofapd mf mfspjczcaofetd Fj vdjuafe mf jdmd quf jc hdahc mfspjczc rfquofrf mf ue tofapd pcrc jjfbcr c su mfstoed, yc sfc pcrc uhokcr uhokcr uec pájmdrc fe gdemd gdemd (mfsmf supfrgokof lcstc lcstc jc hrdkc) d pcrc korkujcr gdemds crrohc (sckcr fj jdmd mfsmf jc hrdkc lcstc supfrgokof). Fstf tofapd mfpfemf tofapd  mfpfemf mf jc vfjdkomcm d tcsc mf jc hdahc, mcmd fe [trdifs ^dr Aoeutd ([^A [^A)) y mf jc kcetomcm mf [trdifs [trdifs   quf rfprfsfetce fj vdjuafe mf jdmd c mfspjczcr. [f kcjkujc afmocetf jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe fkuckoûe 0

[trdifs [^A   [^A

]ofapd 1 ]ofapd  1

]ofapd  0 Aoeutds ]ofapd  [^A 0 [trdif / Aoeutd

F`fapjd 0 [o jc vfjdkomcm mf jc hdahc fs mf 6> [tis / Aoeutd  Aoeutd  ([^A). Kuãetds aoeutds mfadrcrác hdahfcr 3>> Hcrrojfs cj Hcrrojfs cj oetfrodr mf jc scrtc, so jc scjomc mf jc hdahc fs mf >.>> Hjs  Hjs  [trdifs 1 [trdifs 1 [trdifs  1

W [cjomc Hdahc  Hdahc 

3>> Hjs

1

 TTTTTT  [tis  [tis

>.> [ti / aoe

 TTTTTT  aoe  aoe

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf OEGDXACKODE MFJ ^DPD

Kcsoeb DM0 3; ;/.>7=7 Hjs/[ti,

[^A0 7>

Wdjðafefs Oetfreds Mrojj ^opf 0 ^opf 0 Wdjuafe 1 >.>3227 (Hjs/pof) x TTTTTTTT (^ofs) 1 TTTTTTTT (Hcrrojfs) (Hcrrojfs) Mrojj Kdjjcr 0 Kdjjcr 0 Wdjuafe 1 >.>>27< (Hjs/pof) x TTTTTTTT (^ofs) 1 TTTTTTTT (Hcrrojfs) (Hcrrojfs) Wdjuafe Oetfred scrtc ………… scrtc …………………………… …………………………. ………. TTTTTTTTT (Hjs) Wdjðafefs Ceujcrfs Lufkd - Mrojj Kdjjcr 0 Kdjjcr 0 Wdjuafe 1 >.>.3836 (Hjs/pof) x TTTTTTTT (^ofs) 1 TTTTTTTT (Hcrrojfs)  36>> ^ofs

Kcsoeb - Mrojj ^opf 0 Wdjuafe 1 >.3;>; (Hjs/pof) x TTTTTTTT (^ofs) 1 TTTTTTTT (Hcrrojfs) Wdjuafe ceujcr

1 TTTTTTT + TTTTTTTT + TTTTTTT 1TTTT (Hcrrojfs)

 =>>> ^ofs

Hdtfjjcs DM0 > ^ofs

[trdifs gdemds crrohc 1 TTTTT (Hjs )

/ TTTTTT (Hjs/sti) 1TTTTTT [tis

]ofapd 1 TTTTTTTTT (stis) / TTTTTTTTTTT(sti /aoe) 1

TTTTTTTTT(aoe)

 

Mfspjczcaofetd mf jc tuhfrác Kcmc vfz quf rfcjozcads aceodhrc mf tuhfrác lckoc mfetrd d lckoc gufrc mfj pdzd, mfspjczcads jdmd d rfqufroads jjfecr fj pdzd kde ue vdjuafe mf jdmd fquovcjfetf cj vdjuafe mf ckfrd. ^crc kcjkujcr fj vdjuafe mf jdmd mfspjczcmd pdr jc tuhfrác uscrfads jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe0 DM Mfspjczcaof etd 1 (DM Mfspjczcaofetd (D M 8 ueotcrod

OM8 ) / 3>8?,=

DM 1 Moãaftrd Fxtfred mf jc tuhfrác (^ujb.) OM 1 Moãaftrd Oetfred mf jc tuhfrác (^ujb.) OM

Mfspjczcaofetd Mfspjczcaof etd ueotcrod 1 Hcrrojfs / ^of mf tuhfrác

^crc lcjjcr fj mfspjczcaofetd tdtcj mf jdmd fe hcrrojfs, sf mfhf aujtopjokcr fj mfspjczcaofetd ueotcrod ueotcrod pdr jc jdebotum mf tuhfrác (pofs). Jc fkuckoûe qufmcrác0

Mfspjczcaof etd tdtcj 1 Mfspjczcaofetd Mfspjczcaofetd (Hcrrojfs) ueotcrod

x Jdebotum

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf F`fapjd0 F`fapjd0 Kucj  Kucj sfrã fj vdjuafe mf jdmd c rfkohor fe tcequfs cj voc`cr mfetrd mfj pdzd kde 6>>> pofs mf tuhfrác mf pfrgdrckoûe puetc chofrtc mf DM0 6‑, OM0 = 827‑, pfsd ueotcrod 3?.6 Johrcs/pof. [oe kdesomfrcr fj fspfsdr mf jds ]ddj @doet. @doet.   Mfspjczcaofetd 1 (68 Mfspjczcaofetd ueotcrod

8

=.827 )

/

3>8?,= 1 >.>>768 Hcrrojfs / pof

Mfspjczcaofetd tdtcj 1 Mfspjczcaofetd ueotcrod x Jdebotum mf tuhfrác Mfspjczcaofetd tdtcj 1 >.>>768 >.>>768  Hjs/ pof x 6>>> 6>>>  pofs 1 ;8.78 Hcrrojfs Fj vdjuafe mf jdmd mfhfrã cuafetcr fe cprdxoacmcafetf ;; ;; Hcrrojfs  Hcrrojfs

Kdesomfrcemd fj fspfsdr mf jds ]ddj @doet 0 [fbðe ]chjcs, fj mfspjczcaofetd mf jc tuhfrác fs mf >.>>2.>>2.>>2>> 6>>>  pofs 1 ;?.8 ;?.8   Hcrrojfs

Edtc00 Dtrc cpjokckoûe fs fj kãjkujd mfj vdjuafe mf jdmd quf efkfsotd pcrc Edtc

jjfecr fj ceujcr mfj pdzd kucemd tfebd tdmc jc scrtc mf tuhfrác mfetrd mfj pdzd y vdy c voc`cr gufrc mf fstf.  

^fsd mf jc scrtc Veomcm mf afmomc auy uscmc fe jds dpfrckodefs mf kcapd. Fe fj fquopd sf tofef sfesdrfs quf aomfe fj pfsd mf scrtc, fj pfsd sdhrf jc hrdkc kucemd fstcads pfrgdrcemd. pfrgdrcemd. Jc ueomcm ueomcm mf kcapd aãs uscmc sde0 Johrcs (jhs).   (jhs). ^fsd mf jc scrtc fe fj corf0 corf 0 Jds gchrokcetf mf tuhfrác faotfe tchjcs pcrc kcmc topd mdemf fspfkogokce fj DM, OM, y pfsd ueotcrod. Fj pfsd ueotcrod oemokc fj pfsd mfj ckfrd pdr kcmc pof mf tuhujcr. ^dr jd tcetd, so mfsfcads kcjkujcr fj pfsd mf jc tuhfrác, sf mfhf aujtopjokcr fstc pdr jc jdebotum, uscemd jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe0 ^fsd tdtcj mf jc scrtc fe fj corf 1 ^fsd Veotcrod  Veotcrod  x Jdeb. mf tuhfrác (Johrcs) (Jhs/pof) (pofs)

F`fapjd0 Fvcjucr fj ^fsd mf 6,>>> pofs mf M^ mf 6‑ Brcmd [.3;6, mf 3?.6 3?.6   Jhs/pof

^fsd ]dtcj 1 3?.6 3?.6  Jhs/pof

x

6,>>>  pofs 1 6,>>>

?2,6>>   Johrcs ?2,6>>

 

^fsd mf jc scrtc mfetrd mfj jdmd0 jdmd 0

Kcmc vfz quf suafrboads ue tuhujcr d

kucjquofr dh`ftd gjuomd, su pfsd sf mosaoeuyf kdad kdesfkufekoc mf jc rfsostfekoc qufmfetrd f`frkfmf fj ue gjuomd cj dh`ftd (kdad ue fapu`f fe morfkkoûe oevfrsc ). Mokld fapu`f mfpfemf mfj topd mf gjuomd. [o fj gjuomd fs aãs mfesd fj fapu`f sfrã acydr. ^crc fvcjucr fj fj gcktdr d pdrkfetc`f pdrkfetc`f mf mf mosaoeukoûe mosaoeukoûe oebrfscads oebrfscads ue eufvd kdekfptd jjcacmd ‚Gcktdr mf Hdycekoc Hdycekoc‑‑ (G.H.) d Gcktdr mf Gjdtckoûe. Fstf gcktdr sf mftfraoec afmocetf jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe0 G.H.. 1 ( 76.6 - AR ) / 76.6 G.H

Mdemf0

AR0 ^fsd mfj Jdmd fe Johrcs pdr Bcjûe (jhs/bcj) (jhs/bcj)

^fsd tdtcj mf jc scrtc fe jdmd  jdmd   1 ^fsd Veotcrod  Veotcrod  x Jdebotum mf tuhfrác  tuhfrác  x G.H G.H..   (Johrcs) (Jhs/pof) (pofs)

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf F`fapjd0  6>>>   pofs mf M^ mf 6‑ Brcmd [-3;6 , mf F`fapjd0  Fvcjucr fj ^fsd mf 6>>> 3?.6 Jhs/pof 3?.6  Jhs/pof quf fstã mfetrd mfj pdzd kde ue jdmd mf ?.6 ?.6 jh/bcj.  jh/bcj. ^csd 30 30 Kãjkujd mfj Gcktdr mf Hdycekoc G.H.. 1 ( 76.6 - ?.6 G.H ?.6  ) / 76.6

1

>.>>  pofs x >.>> >. Johrcs. ]opd ]o pd mf ]u ]uhf hfrá rác c   Hdtfjjc (MK) 7 3/8‑ ? LRM^ mf 6‑ 86 M^ 6‑ 38<

@uet @u etcs cs

Jdeb Jd ebot otum um (^ofs) ;>. ;3.2>

^fsd ^f sd Ve Veot otcr crod od (Johrc/pof) =; 3?.6

 

Mfesomcm [f mfgoef kdad fj pfsd mf ue gjuomd pdr jc ueomcm mf vdjuafe, fe kcapd jc ueomcm mf afmomc aãs uscmc fs jc johrc johrc   (jh jh)) pdr bcjûe (bj)  (bj)  … Johrc / Bcj  Bcj  (jpb).. Fe oebjfs ^duemcj ^fr Bcjde (^^B). (jpb) Fe kcapd sf usc uec hcjcezc pcrc lcjjcr fj pfsd mfj jdmd Fspcódj

Oebjfs

[objc

^fsd mf jdmd Aum Rfoblt AR AR  

Veomcm jpb   d jpb

^^B   ^^B

^crc cuafetcr fj pfsd mf jdmd, sf usc fj [ujgctd mf Hcrod (Hcrotc). Hcrotc rfqufromc pcrc cuafetcr fj pfsd mfj jdmd0 jdmd0   Vscemd jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe pdmfads mftfraoecr kucetcs johrcs mf hcrotc sf mfhfe cbrfbcr c kcmc hcrroj mf jdmd kde pfsd oeokocj. ^csd 3 0 3 0 Mdemf 0 3=2> x ( AR8 AR8  - AR3 AR3 )  )  ( ;6 - AR8 AR8 )  )

AR8   ^fsd mfj jdmd mfsfcmd AR8

(^^B)

AR3   ^fsd mfj jdmd Oeokocj AR3

 

^csd 8 0 8 0 Kcetomcm mf Hcrotc pcrc tdmd fj vdjuafe mf jdmd cktovd Kcetomcm 1 Jjs hcrotc x Wdjuafe mf Hcrotc pdr Hjs Cktovd ( Jhs)

(Jhs / Hjs)

( Hjs)

^csd ; 0 ; 0 [ckds mf Hcrotc pcrc pcrc tdmd fj vdjuafe mf jdmd cktovd [ckds 1 Kcetomcm / ^fsd Veotcrod mf Hcrotc mf Hcrotc mfj sckd ( sckds)

( Jhs)

( Jhs / sckd)

(^^B)

 

F`frkokod fe kjcsf Kucetds sckds mf Hcrotc mf 6> 6>   (Jhs / sckd) efkfsotd cmokodecr cj vdjuafe mf jdmd cktovd 6>> 6>> Hjs  Hjs pcrc cuafetcr fj pfsd mf jdmd mf x ( ?.8 ?.8  -

^csd 8 0 Kcetomcm mf Hcrotc pcrc fj vdjuafe tdtcj mf jdmd cktovd  

=>  (jh/Hjs) =>

x

^csd ; 0 [ckds mf Hcrotc   8>>>> (jhs) /

6>>  Hjs 6>>

1 8>>>> 8>>>>  jhs mf hcrotc

6>  (jhs/sckd) 6>

1 =>> =>> sckds  sckds mf hcrotc

 

Hcrrojfs mf cbuc rfqufromd pcrc hc`cr fj pfsd mfj jdmd0   Vscemd jc sobuofetf kucetcsfjhcrrojfs mf jdmd cbucoeokocj sf mfhfe cbrfbcr cjfkuckoûe vdjuafepdmfads cktovd mfmftfraoecr jdmd kdedkofemd pfsd mf y fj goecj. Mdemf 0 Wdjuafe Cktovd mf jdmd (Hcrrojfs) ( AR3 AR3-- AR8 AR8 )  ) Wdjuafe Cktovd mf jdmd x AR8   ^fsd mfj jdmd mfsfcmd AR8 (^^B) ( AR8 AR8-- > =>>   Hcrrojfs4

=>> x

( ?.6 - ?.8 ) ( ?.8- .>68 x AR

Bg 0 Brcmofetf mfj gjuomd ( ^so /pof) AR 0 ^fsd mfj jdmd (^^B)

F`fapjd 0 Kucj fs fj brcmofetf mf ue jdmd quf tofef 3>.6 3>.6   ^^B4 Bg   1 >.>68 x AR Bg   1 >.>68 x 3>.6 3>.6   1 >.6=7 >.6=7   ^so /pof F`frkokod 0 Kucj fs fj brcmofetf pcrc jds sobuofetfs jdmds4 38.> 3=.>

x x x x

>.>68 1 TTTTTTTT ^so / ^of >.>68  >.>68  1 TTTTTTTT ^so / ^of >.>68 >.>68  1 TTTTTTTT ^so / ^of >.>68 >.>68 1 ^so / ^of

3=.> x >.>68 >.>68  

TTTTTTTT ^so / ^of

 

]opds mf Gjuomds Fs auy gãkoj, kdedkofemd fj brcmofetf mf ue gjuomd, fstchjfkfr quf topd mf gjuomd fs. C kdetoeuckoûe jds rcebds mf brcmofetfs pcrc mogfrfetfs topds mf gjuomds0

]opd mf Gjuomd

Brcmofetf ( ^so/gt )

BC[

>.>68

-

>.367

CKFO]F

>.8><

-

>.;38

CBVC [CJCMC

>.;7=

-

>.=7<

 

^rfsoûe Lomrdstãtokc mf ue gjuomd Fs jc gufrzc f`frkomc pdr uec kdjuaec mf gjuomd fe rfpdsd sdhrf fj gdemd mfj pdzd. Mfpfemf mfj pfsd mfj gjuomd d mfesomcm (AR) y mf jc jdebotum vfrtokcj mf jc kdjuaec mf jdmd (^W). Cyumc c acetfefr jcs pcrfmfs mfj pdzd y cmfaãs fvotc quf jds gjuomds (krumd, cbuc d bcs) oevcmce fj pdzd. Fs mfgoeomc pdr jc sobuofetf fkuckoûe0 ^l 1 >.>68 x AR AR x  x ^W Mdemf 0

^l  AR   AR ^W   ^W

0 ^rfsoûe lomrdstãtokc , (^so) 0 ^fsd mf Jdmd , Jhs / bcj (ppb) 0 ^rdguemomcm Wfrtokcj mf jc kdjuaec mf jdmd, ^ofs (gt)

F`fapjd0 Kcjkujf jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc f`frkomc pdr uec kdjuaec mf jdmd fe ue pdzd kde prdguemomcm vfrtokcj mf 66>> pofs (gt), pfsd mfj jdmd fs .>68 x

>

^l 

86=6 ^so

 

Wcrockoûe mf jc ^rfsoûe Lomrdstãtokc kde jc j c prdguemomcm ^l 1 >.>68 x ^ofs 1

> ^so

> ^ofs

3>>> ^ofs

Mfesomcm 68 x > 3>>>  ^ofs 1

^l 1 >.>68 x >> ^ofs 1 8>>> ^ofs

C Acydr ^rdguemomcm , Acydr fs jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc

=;; ^so

^ofs

^l 1 TTTTTT ^so 3>>> ^ofs

Mfesomcm > ^ofs

C Acydr mfesomcm , Acydr fs jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc

 

jc pfrgdrckoûe pfrgdrckoûe eds quf rfgfroads mds oacboecroc mds topds mf morfktcafetf topds prdguemomcmfs. prdguemomcm fs. Jc Murcetf ^rdguemomcm Wfrtokcj (^W) fs uec cjáefc mfhc`d mfj fquopd  fquopd  y jc ^rdguemomcm Afmomc (^A) quf fs jc jdebotum afmomc mfsmf jc afsc rdtcroc lcstc Jc hrdkc (Wfr tcjjy mf tuhfrác).

  Fspcódj [objcs Oebjfs [objcs ^rdguemomcm Wfrtokcj Wfrmcmfrc ^.W.W   ]ruf Wfrtokcj Mfptl ^.W.W ^rdguemomcm Afmomc ^.A.. ^.A Afcsurfm Mfptl

].W.M. ].W.M. A.M.. A.M

V]OJOKF

]WM

]WM

]WM

]WM ^CXC KCJKVJD[ MF ^XF[ODE

AM ^CXC KCJKVJD[ MF WDJVAFE

AM

AM

AM

 

F`frkokod mf kjcsf Kucj sfrã jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc fe ue pdzd kuyc mfesomcm mf jdmd fs ?.86 ?.86   jp/bcj, jc ^rdguemomcm Afmomc (^A d AM) fs 726> 726>   pofs y jc ^rdguemomcm Wfrtokcj (^W d ]WM) fs mf 73;> 73;> pofs4  pofs4

> pofs ]WM 1 73;> pofs

AM 1 726> pofs

^L 1 >.>68 \ TTTTTTT J^B \ TTTTTTTTTT pofs pofs

^L 1 TTTTTTTTT

pso

 

Jc fkuckoûe mf jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc tcahoïe pufmf fstcr mfgoeomc fe guekoûe mfj Brcmofetf mfj gjuomd (Bg) gjuomd (Bg) , qufmcemd0

^l 1 Bg   x ^W

Mdemf 0

^l  Bg ^W

0 ^rfsoûe lomrdstãtokc lomrdstãtokc,, (^so) 0 Brcmofetf mfj gjuomd (jdmd, cbuc, bcs), ^so / gt (ppb) 0 ^rdguemomcm Wfrtokcj mf jc kdjuaec mf jdmd, ^ofs (gt)

F`fapjd0 Kcjkujf jc prfsoûe lomrdstãtokc f`frkomc pdr uec kdjuaec mf cbuc fe ue pdzd kde prdguemomcm vfrtokcj mf 66>> pofs (gt) , Brcmofetf mfj cbuc fs >.=;? jhs/bcj (ppb). ^l 1 >.=;?

x 66>>