Flow Over Weirs

Exp. (6): Flow Over Weirs Purpose: o To demonstrate the characteristics of flow over weirs. o To determine the 'Coefficient of Discharge' for each type of weir. Introduction: In open channel hydraulics, weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to measure the volumetric flow rate. They are of particular use in large scale situations such as irrigation schemes, canals and rivers. For small scale applications, weirs are often referred to as notches and invariably are sharp edged and manufactured from thin plate material. Apparatus: Hydraulics Bench incorporates a weir channel. The rectangular notch weir or (V) vee notch weir to be tested is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel by thumb nuts. 4 2

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Figure 1: Flow over Weirs vee notch weir 1 2 3 4

Figure 2: Flow over Weirs rectangular notch weir

Hydraulics Bench Weir channel (V) Vee notch weir Hook & point gauge

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Basket of glass spheres

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Volumetric measuring tank Rectangular weir Hook Gauge and Scale

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There are different shapes of weirs that can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate. These shapes with their dimension are shown in fig 3 below. 1

Figure 3: Details of weirs Theory: Rectangular Weir: A rectangular notch is a thin square edged weir plate installed in a weir channel as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4: Rectangular Notch Consider the flow in an element of height at a depth h below the surface. Assuming that the flow is everywhere normal to the plane of the weir and that the free surface remains horizontal up to the plane of the weir, then velocity through element √ √

Theoretical discharge through element Integrating between h = 0 and h = H Total theoretical discharge

∫ √ 2

√

∫

√

So,

In practice the flow through the notch will not be parallel and therefore will not be normal to the plane of the weir. The free surface is not horizontal and viscosity and surface tension will have an effect. There will be a considerable change in the shape of the nappe as it passes through the notch with curvature of the stream lines in both vertical and horizontal planes as indicated in Figure 5, in particular the width of the nappe is reduced by the contractions at each end.

Figure 5: Shape of a Nappe The discharge from a rectangular notch will be considerably less. 3 2 Volume Q act  C d Qth  C d B 2 g H 2  3 time √ In British Code: 3

Qact [0.5461  0.2716H ](H  0.001) 2 Important Note: This Equation is special for Cussons Hydraulic Bench (Rectangular Notch B = 10 cm ), For other notches (like Armfield Hydraulic Bench) refer to original equation in British code. Vee (Triangular) Notch: A sharp edged triangular notch with an included angle of

is shown in Figure 6

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√ √

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√ Figure 6: Triangular or V Notch 3

Operation: 1. FLOW MEASUREMENT

The discharge from the weir may be measured using either the Rotameter (if fitted) or by using the volumetric measuring tank and taking the time required to collect a quantity of water. The time to collect the water is at least 120 seconds to obtain a sufficiently accurate result.

2. Measuring the Weir Datum

head-gauge datum or gauge zero, which is defined as the gauge reading corresponding to the level of the weir crest (rectangular weirs) or the level of the vertex of the notch (triangular-notch weirs) …..BS ISO

3. Measuring the Head

1438:2008 The surface of the water as it approaches the weir will fall, this is particularly noticeable at high rates of discharge caused by high heads. To obtain an accurate measure of the undisturbed water level above the crest of the weir it is necessary to place the hook gauge at a distance at least three times the head.

Experimental Procedure: 1. Place the flow stilling basket of glass spheres into the left end of the weir channel and attach the hose from the bench regulating valve to the inlet connection into the stilling basket. 2. Place the specific weir plate which is to be tested first and hold it using the five thumb nuts. Ensure that the square edge of the weir faces upstream. 3. Start the pump and slowly open the bench regulating valve until the water level reaches the crest of the weir and measure the water level to determine the datum level Hzero. 4. Adjust the bench regulating valve to give the first required head level of approximately 10mm. Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank or the rotameter. Observe the shape of the nappe. 5. Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set up heads above the datum level in steps of approximately 10mm until the regulating valve is fully open. At each condition measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe. 6. Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then replace the weir with the next weir to be tested. Repeat the test procedure. Results and Analysis: 1.

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Record the results on a copy of the results sheet. Record any observations of the shape and type of nappe paying particular attention to whether the nappe was clinging or sprung clear, and of the end contraction and general change in shape. Plot a graph of loge (Q) against loge (H) for each weir. Measure the slopes and the intercepts. From the intercept calculate the coefficients of discharge and from the slopes of the graphs confirm that the index is approximately 1.5 for the rectangular weir and 2.5 for the triangular weirs. Compare the results with those predicted using the empirical formula for rectangular weir in British Standard BS3680.

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