Flood Resilient Architecture

Page | 1

JEAVEIN CHAN YUEN YIN

Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Aim and Objective of my research ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Rationale ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Research Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING ABOUT FLOOD IN MALAYSIA. ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Explanation of what caused the flood ................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 The causes of the flood in Kota Tinggi ............................................................................................. 6 2.2 Flood Mitigation in Structural and Non-structural Measures............................................................. 6 2.2.1

Structural Measures (Engineering Solutions) ........................................................................... 6

2.2.2

Non-structural Measures (Preventive Solutions)...................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 3: SITE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Listing of Major Flood in Malaysia in 2006-2013 and affected areas. ................................................ 8 3.2 Rationale of chosen site. ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Background Information of Kampung Kelantan, Kota Tinggi, Johor ................................................... 9 3.4 Investigate Tangible and Intangible Effects after Disaster. .............................................................. 11 3.5 Investigate Living Adaptation of the Community Before and After the Disaster. ............................ 11 3.6 Finding of Living Conditions after the Flood ..................................................................................... 12 3.6.1 Factor Influencing Relocation after Flood. People who stayed after the Flood. ....................... 12 3.7 Investigate Existing Structure and its Limitations. ................................................................................ 14 3.7.1 Understanding existing structure design ....................................................................................... 14 3.7.2

Factor Causes Damage to the Structure..................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSE AND RESOLVE .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Main Concern and Distress of the Community ................................................................................. 25 4.2 Analyze and Refine the Existing Limitations through Precedent Study. ........................................... 27 4.2.1 Bamboo House in Cau Dien Town, Ha Noi, Vietnam by H&P Architects. .................................. 27 4.2.2 Amphibious House in Thailand by Chuta Sinthuphan Architect and Floating House in Isle De Jean Charles Old River, Louisiana by fisherman community. ............................................................. 28 4.2.3 Simple Material Used for Flotation System. .............................................................................. 28 4.2.4 Makoko Floating School at Lago, Nigeria by NLE Kunlé Adeyemi .............................................. 29 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 30 List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix A .............................................................................................................................................. 32 Page | 2

Appendix B .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Appendix C .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Appendix D .............................................................................................................................................. 38 Appendix E .............................................................................................................................................. 41 Appendix F .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Appendix G .............................................................................................................................................. 47 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 50 List of Visual Material.................................................................................................................................. 51

Page | 3

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and Objective of my research The main reason to carry out this research project is to help the needed community in Malaysia through addressing important issues that long neglected by Malaysian. It is vital to create awareness and deeper understanding to the questions of why we need to help them, why the people need more information about flood victim hardship, situation and living condition after flood. The research will lead to the finding of understanding their current problem-solving methods in handling after effect circumstances, challenges that they are facing and how professional assistance is vital in helping to improve livelihood especially in the informal settlement. This research project also aimed to prove that what architecture can provide to solve the problems for the community when engineers and government has ensured their role. It is now that we have to look what architecture can do through investigating the factor of relocation that why do people keep coming back to the flood-prone area. Aim to carry out the project To find out and investigate whether architecture will be able to eliminate total disaster. Is architecture a permanent solution to flood in Malaysia? Objectives to carry out the project To understand current limitations of architecture on-site and to ensure an effective response with specific strategy adopted for a greater capacity to withstand flood. Research Questions:  What are the limitations of current architecture during disaster? What is the defect of the built structure on site?  What are the design consideration to tackle the issue?  How to develop a new crisis resistance that can provide permanent solution? To mitigate or to adapt to the disaster?  Can the new strategy or system be implemented throughout Malaysia? 1.2. Rationale It is important as a designer to seek architectural solutions to humanitarian crisis and brings professional design services to communities in need especially the poor because our primary principle it is not only to improve the standard of living but quality of life. There is a general misconception of the relative unimportance of disasters by Malaysians that I find it interesting to investigate. “It is not unusual to find flood victims moving back into their flooded houses even before the flood waters have subsided”. Why do people keep moving back to the flooded area? The constraints and limitations of disaster management in post-flood that gives me a thought of why are we cycling the whole process of risk management procedure again that we allow threat to affect us continuously? There should be a full stop.

1.3. Research Methodology Research for understanding on type of floods in Malaysia, source of the flood, durations, characteristic, site factors, causes of the flood, constraints in post-flood disaster, mitigation and management of flood disasters in Malaysia, years of the major floods, common area affected and number of refugees at East Coast, traditional knowledge flood management, precedent case study of flood-proof architecture. Site study to Kampung Kelantan, Kota Tinggi at Johor for deeper understanding on the situation, condition of living, structural observation through survey and interviews with the local. The finding are divided into two part. The survey aim to comprehend the living adaptation of the community after the flood from social,

Page | 4

physical, health and safety aspects, to find out the main concern of distress and targeting to focus on tackling the issues when it comes to developing a new design for the community. Meanwhile, the interview tends to focus on existing structural limits, investigating the flood effect done to the structure, area of damage, factors of damage, value of damage, cost of repairing and to find out the action of restoration carried out by the local are aim to repairing flood damage or prevention of future flood. Deep understanding is vital before start the design process, analyzing of the existing conditions from livelihood and structural aspect to solve and comprehend the current existing problem. More strategy could obtain through analysis of the precedent case study and the possibility to be implemented in Malaysia.

Page | 5

CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING ABOUT FLOOD IN MALAYSIA. 2.1 Explanation of what caused the flood Flooding is one of the most significant natural disaster in Malaysia since 1920 and most recently in December 2014 which affected various districts in the states of the East Coast of Peninsular and West Coast of Malaysia. There are few uncommon factors that contributing to the major flood in Malaysia was very much due to global climate change that causes high tide, rising of sea water and thus resulting in heavy monsoon rainfall especially in the past years. Throughout Malaysia, there is 189 river basins and corridors of flood plains is the secondary causes of flooding in Malaysia. Due to rapid urbanization and over development at the flood plain and near the river banks, further contributed to the needs of deforestation and thus interrupting the ecosystem and its soil structure leading to the reduction amount of water absorption capacity. This phenomena will continue to affect the river and in additional to heavy rainfall, the water will overflowed because of the low capacity of the river to hold such great amount of water when the water is released from the dam to avoid damage caused by high pressure to the dam and drainage system. Drain clogging that blocked by debris will further make the situation worse. (Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, 2007)

2.1.1 The causes of the flood in Kota Tinggi Kota Tinggi is one of the districts in Johor, the East Coast state of Malaysia that is higher expose to heavy monsoon rainfall. However, the disaster could handle if mismanagement of the environment is not being neglected. The excessive logging of reserved forests for the LTC Project during 2008 – 2009 even right after the major flood of 2006-2007, it caused further distress in the aftermath of disaster that clearing a total of 37, 000 hectares of reserved forests worth RM 3-5 billions. The LTC Project is affected the three main rivers which includes Muar River, Bekok River and Johor River. This huge deforestation activity caused inadequate capacity of waterways and river contributed to the raising of water. Rapid urbanization is the flood plain in Kota Tinggi has opening up the land for new housing development. Moreover, most development projects in the district do not have silt traps and failure of proper functioning of the drainage system due to the debris which impede free water flow. (Dr. Boo Cheng Hau, 2011)

2.2 Flood Mitigation in Structural and Non-structural Measures. Various structural and non-structural measures have been taken into the account of alleviating the inundation problems. The structural measures in the other word meaning curative measure through engineering methods such as increasing the capacity of the river, improving the channel of water runoff, constructing embankments, river diversions, flood storage ponds and dams. On the other hand, there is a preventive measure which is non-structural measures that does not require engineering measures such as law enforcement for restriction of development, resettlement of population and forecasting systems.

2.2.1

Structural Measures (Engineering Solutions)

Flood control dams are constructed to retain flood water through controlling the amount of water flowing into the river and protecting the downstream areas. Most of the dams constructed in Malaysia also intended to generate hydroelectricity and yet some of the dam have been built for an additional purpose, such as for water supply instead of a merely mitigating flood system. Canalization works, including the broadening and deepening of channels, lining the banks and beds of the canals to improve the water flow

Page | 6

pathway and avoid undersized structures. Often times a disused mining pool is used as storage ponds for flood storage that could redirect the excess flood water to minimize the outflow and the water will be released after the flow has subsided. Besides pond, poldering work that protecting the surrounding area of higher damage potential to flood with a ring bund. This provision of work includes the protection of internal drainage and removing of flood water by pumping during the periods of high water flows, especially at the river. As due to high development along the river banks that unable the broadening or deepening to accommodate the increasing flood in a major city, engineers had proposed another strategy to retain flood water through a flood diversion channel or tunnel that incorporating a motorway for additional purpose. This storm water channel as well as motorway tunnel is being implemented in the city of Kuala Lumpur named as the SMART system which means Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel. (Wing, 2012)

2.2.2

Non-structural Measures (Preventive Solutions)

The overall river basin is planned with the consideration of all factors under the concept of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) at which zoning for the river corridors, conserving the wetlands and storage pond. Besides implementation of the concept IRBM, a suitable guideline of design standards for public and private sectors is vital in improving the planning of river and urban drainage system. In the year of 2000, a new Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MASMA) has been published to provide control measures and recommendations for flood mitigation procedure. To reduce the potential of death in flood-prone areas, families have been resettled in a safer place. One of the most practical preventive solutions to minimize flood losses is the flood forecasting and warning system as people is being warned earlier to have sufficient time to evacuate themselves and belongings. (Wing, 2012)

Page | 7

CHAPTER 3: SITE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 3.1 Listing of Major Flood in Malaysia in 2006-2013 and affected areas. 2007/2006 JOHOR

Segamat

Kota Tinggi

KELANTAN TERENGGANU PAHANG MELAKA N. SEMBILAN SABAH

Pasir Mas P. Kumpal Rombin Alor Gajah Gemas K.Marudu

G.Musang

Pasir Putih

Kg.Rekoh Jasin Gemencheh

Kg.Kurnia

JOHOR TERENGGANU PAHANG

Segamat Dungun Cherating

Kota Tinggi Kemaman

Marang

KEDAH PERLIS

Alor Setar Kangar

Baling Kg.Jabi

Bdr. Baru

KEDAH PERLIS

Alor Setar Kangar

Pendang Changlun

KubangPasu Arau

JOHOR

Segamat

Kota Tinggi

J. Bahru

JOHOR KELANTAN TERENGGANU PAHANG MELAKA N. SEMBILAN

Segamat Pasir Mas P. Kumpal Rombin Alor Gajah Gemas

Kota Tinggi G.Musang

Pasir Putih

Kg.Rekoh Jasin Gemencheh

Kg.Kurnia

JOHOR PAHANG TERENGGANU SABAH SARAWAK

Kota Tinggi Rombin Kemaman Kemabong Kuching

Mersing Kuantan Kijal Kg.Bangkuih Bau

Muar Pekan Dungun Kg.Gumisi Bintulu

2008

2009 Kpl.Batas

2010

2011 Muar

Kluang

2012

2013 Kluang Maran Hulu

Jerantut

Temerloh

3.2 Rationale of chosen site. From the analysis of major inundation in Malaysia in the above chart listing, most of the affected states in the Malaysia are Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, Sabah and Sarawak. The listing is to identify which district or area in the state that are worst affected site through the repetition occurrence of the unfortunate event. Kota Tinggi has been identified as the district in Johor that has been affected many times during disaster and this district consist of 26 villages and one of the village is chosen as study area, the village of Kampung Kelantan. This site has been chosen to study due to the devastating condition caused by limitation of existing residential structures as compared to building in the administrative town because the village is situated near the Johor River, having a higher potential of the worst affected area in the district. Besides studying the structural limitation of the site, it is believed that the strong connection of the rural community and their living environment is worth to be examined and appreciated.

Page | 8

3.3 Background Information of Kampung Kelantan, Kota Tinggi, Johor Location Kota Tinggi is a town located in Johor state of Malaysia. It is situated about 40 kilometers northeast of Johor Bahru, capital city of Johor state. The district of Kota Tinggi is situated at the east of Johor state with 65% of its border is surrounded by the ocean. Kota Tinggi district consists of an area of 3,500 km2 (364,400 hectares) and divided into 11 sub-districts. Urbanization in this field is growing rapidly focus on agricultural activities and housing development with a population of more than 200,000 people. The average elevation of Kota Tinggi is 6 meters above mean sea level.

Figure 1: Johor State

Figure 2: Kota Tinggi Administration District

Figure 3: Village of Kampung Kelantan

Kampung Kelantan is situated at the south of Kota Tinggi district near to Johor River. This village is surrounded by commercial planting of oil palm plantation and rubber plantation along the river side and is also near to residential area like Taman Merdesa, Taman Muhibbah and Taman Kota Mas. It requires 3 kilometers to travel from the village to the town of Kota Tinggi.

Page | 9

Size of Community Kota Tinggi is a populated place with population of more than 200,000 people, meanwhile there is more than 80 families in the village of Kampung Kelantan. The main route of the village has 916 meters from the entrance to the endpoint of the village and consists of 10 small lane directed to the house of the locals with an average densities of 6 – 10 and 11 – 20 houses with a uniform distribution. For each families comes with an average of 4-6 family members, it is estimated to occupy 400 people in the village.

Figure 4: Distance measure of Kampung Kelantan main route.

Figure 5: Existing oil palm plantation

Figure 6: Historical tomb of Makam Laksamana Bentam.

Economic Besides the agricultural activities of oil palm and rubber plantations, a historical royal mausoleum located not far from the entrance of the village has gained a number of visitors throughout the year because this significant tomb speaks of a legend between a fearless warrior and his king, Sultan Mahmud Shah II in 1699. Today, it is an identity blending with the facts of history, politics and societal values. Religion and Culture The people inhabiting in this village are about 80% of the Malay race and the other 20% is of Chinese and Indian races, therefore the Muslim believer made up a majority people than Buddhism and Hinduism. Although there is a huge difference of faith and belief, the culture of people living in the village have been influenced in the value of the strong neighborhood and a sense of community. Most of the time, the local enjoyed the leisure time in backyard gardening and raising livestock, the younger one will be swimming and fishing near the river. The culture in the village has been constantly communicating with each other and involving activity that creates stronger bonding among people regardless of age, ethics and background.

Page | 10

3.4 Investigate Tangible and Intangible Effects after Disaster. Tangible effects Flooding in the village has caused substantial damage to the building and its contents, including private residences, sundry shop, mosque, preschool, historic mausoleum and community halls. Tangible impacts are the physical damage caused to their structure and its contents whereas intangible effects include the loss of business for some local small business. The impacts of flooding can be devastating as fast moving water could wash away the entire buildings, motorized vehicles, household items, surrounding property and even caused loss of life and physical injury. The debris, litter and floating household items that are carried by flowing floodwater are causing damage to the drainage system as the debris obstructing the flow for a proper function of drainage channels. Increases in the severity of flood events will directly affect the infrastructure such as the road, telecommunication equipment and electricity distribution. Flood also causes deaths and injuries to livestock, damaging the crop plantation in the village, losing the agricultural production. The cost of restoration and rebuild the destructed buildings and infrastructure caused more distress after the water subsided. Intangible Effects In addition to tangible effects of inundation, there are intangible effects caused personal mental and emotional trauma such as anxiety and depression. When the floodwater causes damage to the mausoleum structure, the Makam Laksamana Bentam losses its heritage values and needed timeconsuming repairing work. The overflow of river bank alters the balance and natural environment and ecology, allowing bacteria to reproduce. This phenomena can further increase the incidence of floodborne diseases. Education, training and working performance may suffer due to loss of family members, health problem, temporary interruption and loss of livelihoods. Business interruption in the aftermath of disasters due to recovery process.

3.5 Investigate Living Adaptation of the Community Before and After the Disaster. Origin of the Community The origin of the people in the community before the inundation are mostly local who, inhabiting in this village for up to three generations. After the major flood during 2006-2007, people moving out of the village to the town and rent the poor condition houses for the newcomers from family outside the village. The exchange of relocation takes place for people in the village migrate to other places and people from outside the village moving into the village, causing a shifting of origin of the community in the village. Ethnicity In additional to relocation, ethnic composition had changed due to the decrease in the number of the Chinese and Indian community. The current ethnic composition has a majority of the Malay community. Activities and culture Previously the local enjoyed home farming, raising backyard livestock like chickens and fishing for domestic consumption as well as earning additional income selling the unfinished fish to the market. Due to the rapid flow of water, it damages the surrounding property and the environment, causes less resources and loss of backyard livestock. Currently, the fishing activity is solely for leisure interest and light domestic consumption while some families in the village still continue to raise livestock. More or less of the local that moved out from the village will return to the village on weekends, therefore, having insufficient time to take care of the gardening and raising the chickens.

Page | 11

Environment Tropical rivers is the most productive ecosystems and contribute to greater production of plantation as the soil contains high level of nutrients. However, following with high rainfall and overflow of river water during inundation, it causes erosion and soil saturation that contains high concentrations of debris and sediment which resulting to unsuitable condition for plantation. Furthermore, the sediment and harmful substances carried by the floodwater often times causes water pollution, degradation of soil and interruption of ecosystems. Neighborhood In the informal settlement, people tend to be more connected to each other due to constant interaction, involvement of outdoor activities, supportive relationship among themselves and great understanding of each other’s background and personality in this close-tie living environment over time resulting in strong sense of neighborhood. After many times of facing devastating events together, the good nature of supportive and assisting one another has shown the spark of neighborhood and developed stronger sense of community due to the same understanding of deprivations and surviving together. Structure Conditions The site visit observation has shown that the current condition of the existing structure that up to 20% of the houses are abandoned and wrecked, leaving behind the damaged structure by the previous occupant due to relocate to the town and new housing rental program by the government. More than 70% of the existing structure have been gone through replacement and repairing works due to a multiplicity of flood issues. One of the respondents mentioned that he had his whole structure reconstructed and replaced all timber walls and floor with concrete and bricks, using timber only as the roof rafter. Yet most of the other respondents repairing their damage houses on ad-hoc basis.

3.6 Finding of Living Conditions after the Flood “Why do people keep moving back to the flooded area? It is not unusual to find people moving back into their flooded houses, even before the flood water have subsided” To comprehend why people are recycling the process of moving back to the flooded area is vital because it is the foundation and basic conception idea of rebuilding the true essential necessity for the community and living environment. First of all, it seems to be a matter of choice because not all the flood victims are moving back and some even after the major flood during 2006-2007 have made them move out from the village, Kampung Kelantan. 3.6.1 Factor Influencing Relocation after Flood. People who stayed after the Flood. Neighborhood and Sense of Community Most of the residents are local, they have been living in this village for generations. People have known each other for a long time since childhood where family, relatives and friends living in this close and small area, therefore strong neighborhood have been easily bonded over times as compared to living in town. The good nature of easy-going people in the village as they are more open to communicate and engage in outdoor activities had contributed to close-tie of supportive relationship among the residents. People feel safe and secure staying in the village because of the deep understanding of each other’s background and personality as compared to living in the town where they often feel isolated and insecure due to lack of communication and community engagement programs with the surrounding neighbors. During a hardship, especially disaster, people staying in the village tend to be more helpful, having greater care among each other, committed and willing to share without any unkind intentions because they have experienced the same deprivations over times together and understand that helping each other is their primary principle in surviving together. This long lost vital spark of neighborhood can hardly be found today in town as people are moving in and out for better opportunities of life.

Page | 12

Lifestyle and Environment Life in the village is the life in the slow lane, the reflection of moments, and relief of stress over a hot pot of tea in the shade of trees with birds singing and children playing near the river. People living in the village enjoyed the leisure activities around the house such as gardening, raising backyard chickens, handmade and craft work, repairing rattan chair, cycling, fishing near the river and picnic near a waterfall. Village houses are typically surrounded by spacious green space serves a colder environment and fresh air, refreshment area that each house had a good sized front and backyard, garden and locate near the river when the wind blows moist air over a cool surface of the river the air will cool down the surrounded area. During the weekends for younger generations that have moved out will often travel back from the city to spend time in the village. People are connected to the environment that detached from depressed mood and hectic city life. Effort and Time People have been staying in the area for generations and they have made an effort over the years in improving livelihood, rebuilt the structure, restoration of garden, farms, workshop and the surrounding landscape and property. Through the time they have committed and money they have spent, these are all part of what makes a house a home that they don’t want to be apart. Rebuilding and restoration process requires great dedication and perseverance along the way that often resulting in higher appreciation, gratitude and satisfaction. People living in the village tend to appreciate things and fix things because they value the effort and time spent, knowing that good things does not fall from the sky. Mentality and Point of View During the interview, one of them have mentioned that there is this one old lady that they remembered who stayed alone in the house during the flood. She refused to seek help when the emergency boat arrived for evacuation and transporting evacuees to a safer place for emergency protection and shelter. She stayed quietly in the house and people do not know that she is alone. Until the second day the water rises even more and when she is feeling helpless, she shouted and people evacuate her from her house. This is a false sense of security, people always thought that the water will eventually subside and do not want to leave the house. In some other point, people are relying on technology improving the capacity of the waterway and river, dam, barrage, drainage system; a misconception of flood resistant as flood proof. Some of the very common standpoint of the victims; What can we do after all? It is God’s will that allow natural disaster. No one can do anything to overcome it, this does not mean it is not going to happen again even after implementation of technology. You cannot stop it from coming.

Page | 13

3.7 Investigate Existing Structure and its Limitations. 3.7.1 Understanding existing structure design The existing structure design was varies from the raised type, partially-raised, non-raised, single story, double story, and combination of building materials. The Raised Type The raised type houses are usually built with two combinations of building materials where it can be observed that the foundation and stilts are made from stronger and more durable material such as concrete or bricks rather than timber stilts. Whereas the major part of the house that builds up the floor, wall and roof structure are mostly in timber. The whole house are elevated at the same level from the front part to the back part of the house, there is no different levelling of the structure.

Figure 7 & 8: The whole structure of the house are completely raised and sit on the stilts included the back portion of the house.

The Partially Raised Type There are 70% of the houses in this village that are raised with two or three different level of floors by numerous concrete foundation stilts. One of the common characteristic had been adopted from typical traditional Malay houses is that different level of the floor area indicating different type of space usage to serve different daily activities in the house.

Figure 9: There is three levels of floors separating the spaces.

Diagram 1: Typical layout of traditional house

Page | 14

For instance the front portion of the house are the living room and the middle part is the interspace connecting the front and back part, however, this interspace has been widen to accommodate more bedrooms and the back part are usually lower will be the dining area, kitchen and bathroom. The front part of the house are the highest level and the back part sits on the ground. It can be observed that the storage area for motorcycle and other household equipment are placed underneath the area of the house.

Illustration 1: Schematic sectional sketch of existing partially-raised house.

Illustration 2: Furniture layout plan sketch of existing partially-raised house.

Page | 15

Some partially-raised house comes in two different levels where the front part and middle part of the house consist of living room, bedrooms and interspace are at the same level and the part back like kitchen and toilets are sits on the ground.

Figure 10: The front part of the house

Figure 11: Back part of the house not arranged orderly as the front

In some houses, the back part of these house are not all arranged orderly like those in figure XXXX. The arrangement of the back part changing its position when its interspace changing the direction. This type of house built with two major materials of concrete foundation stilts and wood for the columns, walls and roof structures.

Figure 12: The interspace rearrange the position of back part of the house the front part .

Page | 16

The Non-Raised Type The non-raised type come in a variety of design due to reconstruction after disaster. However, it can be categorized in two types of structure, the single story and double story. This type of single story non-raised house is a detached house that is the most damaged type of houses in the village. Half of this type of house is abandon due to relocation and financial constraints to rebuild the wrecked structure The single story non-raised house is usually a detached house that is the most damaged type of houses in the village. Half of this type of house is abandon due to relocation and financial constraints to rebuild the wrecked structure.

Figure 13 & 14: One of the abandon single story non-raised house

While the other half is completely reconstruct and located far from the riverbank at higher ground that most of the time this structure is not being affected badly with flood. However, the minor destructions that needed replacement are such as broken window pane and door, seepage on the wall and ceiling and other torn out furniture.

Figure 15 & 16: Examples of the reconstructed single story non-raised house.

Page | 17

This is one of the non-raised type double story house that is influenced by typical traditional Malay house in Johore that constructed with a particular small porch at the side of the main structure acting as an entry porch. The interior space planning are nothing unusual from the common characteristic of typical Malay houses that segregating spaces according to its important activities. This structure can be divided into three different area that the front part of the house acting as the main space to serve guest while the middle part and back part of the house functioning as family area, bedrooms, dining area, kitchen and toilets. Meanwhile the ground level of the front and middle part of the house provide additional space for storage room. It is vivid that the least important area to be built lower from the ground and as more important area are being elevated. However, the house is built in half-timbered with a supporting brick wall at the ground level to provide stronger and stable foundation.

Figure 17: The front view of the non-raised double story house

Figure 18: The side view of the non-raised double story house

Illustration 3: The purple zone at the ground level provide extra storage area.

Page | 18

Row house are the other type of non-raised double story house that is simply different from other houses in terms of prioritizing spaces more for family than guest. The bedrooms are located at the first level and living room, dining area, kitchen and toilet on the ground level. This type of row house are structurally linked together that the building could occupied multi-family with individual unit separated within the same building.

Figure 19 & 20: Non- raised double story row housing

It made up a smaller floor area on ground as it consists of continuous neighbor on row with open spaces in the front and back of the house. Each of the building are estimated with the length of 50 – 66 feet that could occupied 3-4 families and the gap between each building are measured with a distance of 5 feet.

Page | 19

3.7.2

Factor Causes Damage to the Structure

Debris Impact Debris impact is created by the rapid flow of water carried with household items, vehicles, heavy items that hit on the houses. By studying the real condition through interview and information gathered from the local, we can understand that the weakest part of the existing structure is the exterior wall, kitchen and surrounding property due to the fact that these areas are usually built on the ground without being raised. However, after further investigate, this factor does not pertain to the higher level of the house from the ground with more stability and security during the deluge. This can be explained that most of the raised house that's constructed fully with timber are completely collapsed while some of it built their exterior wall with bricks at the bottom part of the wall and use timber panels for the upper part of the wall can remain strong on the ground. As for partially raised house as we have previously mentioned that the back part of the house constructed on the ground with timber are completely ruined. This is not due to the house being seated on the ground, this damage was caused by the quality of the material used to resist the impact of debris force.

Figure 21: The half brick wall remained intact despite devastating water flow and rough debris impact.

Figure 22 & 23: Damage to surrounding property

Four out of five interviews and observation made to clarify and confirmed that the corrugated sheet used as roof needed to be replaced after major flood when the water can raise up to 15 feet from the ground. Which means that even it is a raised house can be affected due to the poor quality of materials to withstand great forces acting on it.

Figure 24, 25 & 26 : Water that carried logs and lumbers with high velocity caused great damage to the roof.

Page | 20

Hydrostatic Force The hydrostatic force created from moving water that the pressure acts at right angles to any object in the water, for instance the pressure will act horizontally on a vertical wall of the building. Nonetheless, on a horizontal surface, hydrostatic force will exert upward that able to lift and float a house, especially the water level outside the house did not enter when it reaches 1 feet above the floor. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)

Diagram 2: Hydrostatic force on a building

While as the force increases proportionally to the depth of the water, during the major flood of 2006-2007, the water rises up to 15 feet, resulting in the increase of such great uplifting force that this house in the Figure XXX are carried away by the water 20 meters from its original site.

Figure 27: One of the house in the village has been lifted by flood water.

Figure 28: Holes and gaps appearing on the flooring.

The differences of water level from inside and outside of the structure as well, causing damage to the timber floor because of the pressure that acted upward. Moreover, the existing constructed earlier have not been applied with wet flood-proofing system that could help to equalize the pressure through balancing the water level from inside and outside of the structure. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)

Page | 21

Hydrodynamic Force Differences of water level in hydrostatic force result in the buoyant force that uplifted the structure, whereas differences of water level in hydrostatic force caused outward pressure that would tear out the structure. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006) The hydrodynamic force is exerted on all upright surfaces potential in causing three types of impact to the wall of the existing structure. On which is the frontal impact where the water hit on the structure, the drag effect at the sides of the structure that would tear out the structure and in additional, the negative pressure is created as water passes the downstream side. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)

Diagram 3: Hydrodynamic forces on a building

Figure 29: Outward pressure collapsed the wall

When the water depth increases and creates unbalance water level between the interior and exterior of the structure where the direction of flow would experience an inward pressure that caused the wall to collapse. At the same time, the drag effect would cause more damage. The water continues to flow toward the direction, but at this time the water level inside the house is higher, thus it would create an outward pressure exerted onto the wall.

Figure 30 & 31: Non-raised double story house. The wall made of timber unable to withstand outward pressure exerted onto it and collapsed.

Page | 22

Soaking and Contaminant The effect of immersion and contact with water on the building materials can cause a huge amount of distress even after the water subsided. The amount of damage is varied from the duration of immersion, the depth of water, contaminant of water and types of building materials. Common components of the building that are exposed to soaking damages are the floor structure, wall structure, especially timber frames, furniture and household items. After prolonged immersion, the properties, functionality and appearance of the building materials will be affected and altered. Oftentimes, the low durability of materials used by the locals is due to low maintenance and minimizing costly replacement work, therefore the immersion process will make the situation worse.

Figure 32: Mold and mildew stain on the floor joist

Figure 33: Termite and fungal decay in timber wall. Water seepage on the masonry.

The presence of unwanted water moisture associated with structural dampness caused termite to reproduce and feed on decaying wood especially timber floor and wall of the structure. Concrete and block masonry are not damaged by the process of immersion because of its stability characteristic, but are highly absorptive and slow drying in result reduce the load and strength of the wall. Generally, the local tends to repaint the wall than replacing the wall linings. The common practice of the local to salvage usable building materials in order to repair their destructed house on an ad-hoc basis. Thus the materials that they reused are often porous, destructive and unable to stand the test of time.

Figure 34 & 35: Floodwater starts to subside after eleven days leaving the debris, fallen trees and belongings scattered around.

Page | 23

During floods, the moving water brings together a mixture of harmful substances, picking up pollutan6ts from the surrounding environment, lands and sewage. The existing site have an oil palm plantation along the river and when the soil with chemical fertilizer and pesticides being washed down during flood carried pathogens that greatly raise risk for other health problems. The sandy and muddy soil from the river stick on the structure, surrounding landscape and streets that could be hard to clean up while the super fine silts settles in fibrous materials can slow down the drying process especially the interior structure. This sediment and contaminant could also carry commercial material such as glass fiber, concrete, nails, metal composed materials lead, copper and mercury.

Figure 36 & 37: Erosion of compacted fill around foundation slab caused by water saturation

Soil Saturation The under portion of the foundation slab is collapsing due to water saturation that in which soil absorbed water and shear the strength of cohesive soil. This could further contribute to the failure of the structural support of the foundation when there are changes in soil moisture. The flowing water could find an opening underneath the exterior wall and cause further damage to the exterior wall and foundation slab. (Department of Natural Disaster, 2006)

Page | 24

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSE AND RESOLVE 4.1 Main Concern and Distress of the Community Survey Data The main objective of conducting the survey is to have a deeper understanding of the community in terms of identify the main aspects and apply it into the new design consideration and implementations. This survey is divided into three categories for which the first question is to comprehend the main distress caused by flood, the second question is to understand the main assistance that is perceived by the local as the most important action or procedure needed to rebuild livelihood, and the last question is to demonstrate whether the type of action taken by the local is a measure of repairing flood damages or preventing future floods.

Chart 1: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the concern of the major cause of distress among all the other.

Page | 25

The first data collected has shown that the main distress of the local after the flood is financial distress and constraints as the physical aspect meanwhile the secondary disturbance is caused by hygiene and flood-related infections as categorized in health and safety aspect.

Chart 2: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the main assistance needed after flood.

This second data collected has shown that the main assistance of the local needed after the flood is awareness towards disaster management as the social aspect meanwhile the other assistance needed is in term of financial assitance from the government, as categorized in physical aspect.

Chart 3: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the type of action taken as a measure of repairing flood damages or prevention of future floods.

This second data collected has shown that the majority of action taken by the local as a measure of repairing flood damages rather than prevention of future floods.

Page | 26

4.2 Analyze and Refine the Existing Limitations through Precedent Study. 4.2.1 Bamboo House in Cau Dien Town, Ha Noi, Vietnam by H&P Architects.

Figure 38, 39 & 40: Unique design of the roof for both aesthetic and functionality, the triangular cut-outs open the home in different direction.

This bamboo house is constructed from local bamboo modules, fiber boards and coconut leaves with bolting, binding, hanging and placing technic, raised on stilts with a unique design of the raised floor intended to provide space for storing the recycled oil drums allowing the homes to float during the seasonal flooding in Southeast Asia. The bamboo wall and roof are fastened to a series of steel piles to secure the structure during flooding. (Davis, 2013) Bamboo is not merely ecofriendly material and fast growing in Asia, the waterproof properties of this material make it more suitable to use as building materials in flood-prone area as it is non-permeable to bacteria and contaminant, fast drying and easy to clean up during inundations. Besides, the gap between each individual stick of bamboo can help in releasing the pressure and forces exerted onto the structure by allowing appropriate opening. This same theory used in designing the roof. The architect allows the roof to be open in every direction allowing a natural system for ventilation. (Davis, 2013) However, through the analysis of the previous existing structure and learn that the lateral force, also known as hydrostatic force could damage the roof caused by the air flow and wind effects. This can be prevented by opening the roof and allowing the air flow to pass through and not to resist or fighting against it. Another benefits of using bamboo is having a natural properties of less dense than water that allow the structure to float and rise with the water during flood as commonly use as floating rafter near the sea.

Figure 41, 42 & 43: The two-story of 44 square meters complete with living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, laundry, indoor terrace and plan breeding area.

Page | 27

4.2.2 Amphibious House in Thailand by Chuta Sinthuphan Architect and Floating House in Isle De Jean Charles Old River, Louisiana by fisherman community.

Figure 44 & 45: Amphibious House in Thailand

Figure 46: Floating House in Louisiana

Instead of building brick wall with dry and wet flood proofing to fight against the hydrodynamic force to avoid damages onto the walls, why not relieve the tension and take advantage of the buoyant force during flood to lift the house. This two precedent study is used to compare floating systems and addressing the issue of construction. The Amphibious House uses a prefabricated steel floatation system built over a trench underneath the home and is kept in place by a slip-column system that ensure the house travel up and down with the water. As the area begins to flood and the water will pools into the trench and the home begins to float and rise up with the water. The flotation system is constructed underground for two reasons which is to be hidden to make it more appropriate for the modern aesthetic purpose and secondly as the flooding begins, it acts as a medium to allow buoyant to lift up the house. (Meinhold, 2011) The floating house in Louisiana has the same function as lifting the home with the steel frame at each of the corners of the house act as vertical guidance when water rises even up to 30 feet. However, in this case it does not require a trench to store the excess water. (Melker, 2012) The flotation block that attached to the underside of the house is filled with foam or air. In terms of simple construction, this method is recommended. 4.2.3 Simple Material Used for Flotation System.

Figure 47, 48 & 49: Recycled barrel, foam floatation unit, pipes and bamboo is the simple recycle material and construction can reduce the cost of construction.

Page | 28

4.2.4 Makoko Floating School at Lago, Nigeria by NLE Kunlé Adeyemi Makoko Floating School is a prototype floating structure to address the community social and physical needs and aim to generate a sustainable and ecological system for the community of Makoko, Nigeria. This prototype structure serves as a school and adaptable for other activities and spaces like community hub, health clinic, market, entertainment center and residence.

Figure 50 & 51: The triangular frame is 10m x 10m (1110m2) base.

This ideal shape has a relatively low center of gravity that makes it an ideal shape for a floating object which provides stability and balance during extreme weather. Recycled empty plastic barrels found in surrounding is used for the structure’s buoyancy system that constructed with 16 wooden modules and each contains 16 barrels. With simple materials and buoyancy force, the base can float the entire structure. (Frearson, 2014)

Figure 52: The building has three levels, the first level is an open play area for school break and community area, the second level is enclosed space for classrooms that can occupy up to a hundred students and the third level is an enclosed workshop space.

Page | 29

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION Most of the times people rely on the engineering solution before the water rises and seek preventive solutions after the disaster. Through this research that we will be able to truly understand and gain confidence that architecture factor is a new solution to the longest disaster that is frequency happen in our country. The idea of using architecture as a permanent solution to eliminate total disaster and reduce the distress of the community in Malaysia is something possible. The first step is to understand the existing limitation and factor causing the damage to the structure, we can ensure an effective improvement of the structure and its components. Now that we had investigated that there is five main factors of causing the destruction of the existing structure which is the debris impact, hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic force, soaking and contaminant as well as soil saturation. Each of these factors is contributing to the damage and losses of the structure and environment, however, there is solutions to each of this by finding alternative to tackle the specific problem and analyzing the precedent study to find the simplest way for the most effective solution. The whole new part of the solution was not merely to reconstruct building but livelihood. The finding of community main distress and concern as well as the strong bonding of relationship among the local would also be the major consideration in designing the new structure that promotes interaction and sense of community. After all, what is the point of having a strong house but losing the strong relationship between people?

Page | 30

List of Appendices APPENDIX

TITLE

DESCRIPTION

PAGE

A

Survey Form

Survey Questions To Understand The Main Concern & Distress of the Community in Kampung Kelantan, Johor.

B

Survey Result

Data Collected From The Survey and Categorize The Result Into Three Main Aspects.

33-34

C

Interview Form

Interview Questions About Living Adaptation & Structural Damage

35-37

D

Interview Result 1

Interview Result with the First Respondent

38-40

E

Interview Result 2

Interview Result with the Second Respondent

41-43

F

Interview Result 3

Interview Result with the Third Respondent

44-46

G

Interview Result 4

Interview Result with the Fourth Respondent

47-49

32

Page | 31

Appendix A

FLOOD VICTIMS ADAPTATION SURVEY Statement

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

How your life been disrupted by flood? Loss of family member Loss of surrounding property (plantation, backyard livestock, raw materials)

Lack of professional assistance (engineer, architect, insurance coverage)

Financial distress and constraints Hygiene and flood-related infections (diarrhea, acute respiration, influenza)

Mental health (stress, loss of sleep, depression, confusion)

Lack of clean water supply and food Lack of emergency shelter and transportation Structural limits to adaptive housing redesign

How do you adapt after flood? Relocation Counselling Financial assistance from government Financial assistance from family/relative Seek professional assistance to renovate/rebuild your house Seek medication and check-up Awareness (evacuation programs, flood information, environmental cues)

Statement

Yes

No

What structural measure you took after flood? Moved/raised household items to safer place Salvage clean items/contents of the house Replace new materials to structure Clean the debris and drain Build earth dike or sandbag dike Pumped water out of the house Restoring hygiene services Install flood-shield and other flood-proofing measure Protection against wind damage

Page | 32

Appendix B Result of Question 1:

Chart 1: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the concern of the major cause of distress among all the other.

The first data collected has shown that the main distress of the local after the flood is financial distress and constraints as the physical aspect meanwhile the secondary disturbance is caused by hygiene and flood-related infections as categorized in health and safety aspect.

Result of Question 2:

Chart 2: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the main assistance needed after flood.

This second data collected has shown that the main assistance of the local needed after the flood is awareness towards disaster management as the social aspect meanwhile the other assistance needed is in term of financial assitance from the government, as categorized in physical aspect.

Page | 33

Result of Question 3:

Chart 3: This survey data and percentage table used to identify the type of action taken as a measure of repairing flood damages or prevention of future floods.

This second data collected has shown that the majority of action taken by the local as a measure of repairing flood damages rather than prevention of future floods.

Page | 34

Appendix C

INTERVIEW QUESTION FORM : PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS PART A 1. Total number of people in the residence.  1-2  3-4  5-6  more than 6

2. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.  1-5  5-10  10-15  Others: Please state ___________

3. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.  10 - 24 hours  2 – 3 days  1 – 2 weeks  Others: Please state ___________

4. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?  1 - 2days  1 - 2 weeks  1 - 2 months  Others: Please state___________

5. How much is the total cost of repairing/reinstall/rebuild your house?  RM 1,000 – RM 5,000  RM 6,000-RM 10, 000  RM 10,000 – RM 15,000  Others: Please state___________

6. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?  Yes; why ___________________________________________________  No; why ____________________________________________________

Page | 35

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FORM PART B Interviewee Information: Interviewee Address: Type of the Structure: Date of interview: Interview Start & End Times:

Preliminary Questions 1. How long have you been staying at this house? ____________________________ 2. What year your house was built? ____________________________ 3. How many times have you experience flood in this area? _____________________________ 4. How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? _________________________ 5. On a scale where “10” means great amount of damage and “1” means you have none at all, how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? ________________ Structural Questions 6. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? _____Y_____________N_____ Which part of the house? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? ____Y______N____ Can you name or define it? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? _____________ 9. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? ______________________________________ 10. How effective is the material/method/implementations you’ve taken to prevent damages during flood? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages? ______________________________________________________________________________ Page | 36

PART C: Structural Damage: Area of Damage

Description of damage

Causes by Debris impact

Hydros tatic forces

Sediment & Contamina nts

Soaking

Value of damage

Prevention Measures

In % of total

Action taken (Y/N)

Hours of repair/install

Value of damage prevented in % if total

Exterior walls, windows, doors

Foundation & footing

Interior floors, walls

Ceiling, roof

Equipment, Furniture

Outside property, Landscaping

Additional:

Page | 37

Appendix D

INTERVIEW QUESTION FORM : PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS PART A 7. Total number of people in the residence.  1-2  3-4  5-6  more than 6

8. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.  1-5  5-10  10-15  Others: Please state ___________

9. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.  10 - 24 hours  2 – 3 days  1 – 2 weeks  Others: Please state ___________

10. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?  1 - 2days  1 - 2 weeks  1 - 2 months  Others: Please state___________

11. How much is the total cost of repairing/reinstall/rebuild your house?  RM 1,000 – RM 5,000  RM 6,000-RM 10, 000  RM 10,000 – RM 15,000  Others: Please state___________

12. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?  Yes; why ___________________________________________________  No; why ____________________________________________________

Page | 38

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FORM PART B Interviewee Information: Interviewee Address:

Ismail Bin Yusof (65 years old)

Type of the Structure: Date of interview: Interview Start & End Times:

Partially Raised 18.10.2014 11:30 – 12:30

Preliminary Questions 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

How long have you been staying at this house?.......................……………………………64 years What year your house was built? …………………………………………………… .Since 1950 How many times have you experience flood in this area? ……………………………...More than 10 How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? …………………… Every time On a scale where “10” means great amount of damage and “1” means you have none at all, how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? ……...................................8

Structural Questions 17. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES Which part of the house?  The whole part of the kitchen and toilet had completely washed away by water.  The roof is damage and replaced  Loss of surrounding property including livestock 18. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO Can you name or define it?  Salvage materials that still can be use (wooden panel, zinc sheet)  Repaint the interior and exterior wall  Build with new materials (concrete, brick, wood, zinc, paint, furniture) 19. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 5 days 20. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 10, 000 21. How effective is the material/method/implementations you’ve taken to prevent damages during flood?  Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )  For ad-hoc basis 22. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages? Repairing flood damages

Page | 39

PART C: Structural Damage: Area of Damage

Description of damage Debris impact

Exterior walls, windows, doors

Foundation & footing

Interior floors, walls

Ceiling, roof

Equipment, Furniture

Outside property, Landscaping

Kitchen + Toilet + Back part Area is completely gone.

Value of damage

Prevention Measures

Soaking

In % of total

Hours of repair/install

Action taken (Y/N)

Value of damage prevented in % if total

✓

90 %

N/A

Y

50 %

N/A

N

50 %

N/A

Y

10 %

70 %

N/A

Y

50 %

Causes by Hydros tatic forces

Sediment & Contamina nts

✓ ✓

✓

No damage, Seepage

Raised floor needed minor replacement, Interior wall damaged

✓ ✓

The whole roof has been replaced

✓

Gardening and Livestock

✓

✓

✓

✓

80 %

N/A

N

10 %

✓

✓

90 %

N/A

N

10 %

Additional:

Page | 40

Appendix E

INTERVIEW QUESTION FORM : PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS PART A 13. Total number of people in the residence.  1-2  3-4  5-6  more than 6

14. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.  1-5  5-10  10-15  Others: Please state ___________

15. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.  10 - 24 hours  2 – 3 days  1 – 2 weeks  Others: Please state ___________

16. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?  1 - 2days  1 - 2 weeks  1 - 2 months  Others: Please state___________

17. How much is the total cost of repairing/reinstall/rebuild your house?  RM 1,000 – RM 5,000  RM 6,000-RM 10, 000  RM 10,000 – RM 15,000  Others: Please state___________

18. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?  Yes; why ___________________________________________________  No; why ____________________________________________________

Page | 41

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FORM PART B Interviewee Information: Interviewee Address: Type of the Structure: Date of interview: Interview Start & End Times:

Male (50+ years old) Non-raised Single Story 18.10.2014 12:45 – 13:30

Preliminary Questions 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

How long have you been staying at this house?.......................………………………….84 years What year your house was built? …………………………………………………….Since 1930 How many times have you experience flood in this area? …………………… Countless times How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? ……………………Every time On a scale where “10” means great amount of damage and “1” means you have none at all, how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? ……...................................3

Structural Questions 28. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES (In 1988, change all timber to bricks) Which part of the house?  The exterior and interior wall  The roof is damage and replaced  Window panel has been replaced 29. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO Can you name or define it?  Repaint the interior and exterior wall 30. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 7 days 31. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 3, 000 32. How effective is the material/method/implementations you’ve taken to prevent damages during flood?  Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )  For ad-hoc basis  No special installation/method/material is used. 33. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages? Repairing flood damages

Page | 42

PART C: Structural Damage: Area of Damage

Description of damage

Causes by Debris impact

Foundation & footing

Interior floors, walls

Ceiling, roof

Equipment, Furniture

Outside property, Landscaping

Prevention Measures

Sediment & Contamina nts

Soaking

In % of total

Hours of repair/install

Action taken (Y/N)

Seepage

✓

✓

30 %

N/A

Y

10 %

No damage, Seepage

✓

N/A

N

N/A

Moisture caused dampness in the wall

✓

40 %

N/A

Y

10 %

60 %

N/A

Y

50 %

Exterior walls, windows, doors

Caused by wind damage, debris impact

✓

✓

Electrical + Furnishing

Storage room constructed in wooden materials

Hydros tatic forces

Value of damage

✓

Value of damage prevented in % if total

✓

✓

80 %

N/A

Y

10 %

✓

✓

90 %

N/A

Y

50 %

Additional:

Page | 43

Appendix F

INTERVIEW QUESTION FORM : PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS PART A 19. Total number of people in the residence.  1-2  3-4  5-6  more than 6

20. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.  1-5  5-10  10-15  Others: Please state ___________

21. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.  10 - 24 hours  2 – 3 days  1 – 2 weeks  Others: Please state ___________

22. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?  1 - 2days  1 - 2 weeks  1 - 2 months  Others: Please state___________

23. How much is the total cost of repairing/reinstall/rebuild your house?  RM 1,000 – RM 5,000  RM 6,000-RM 10, 000  RM 10,000 – RM 15,000  Others: Please state___________

24. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?  Yes; why ___________________________________________________  No; why ____________________________________________________

Page | 44

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FORM PART B Interviewee Information: Interviewee Address: Type of the Structure: Date of interview: Interview Start & End Times:

Female (60+ years old) Non-raised Double Story 18.10.2014 14:00 – 14:35

Preliminary Questions 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

How long have you been staying at this house?.......................…………………………60+ years What year your house was built? …………………………………………………….Since 1950s How many times have you experience flood in this area? …………………………Up to 10 times How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? ………………………5-6 times On a scale where “10” means great amount of damage and “1” means you have none at all, how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? …….....................................7

Structural Questions 39. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES Which part of the house?  The interior flooring  The exterior and interior wall  The roof is damage and replaced 40. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO Can you name or define it?  Termite removal application  Repaint the interior and exterior wall  Replaced the damage roof with new corrugated sheet 41. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? 2weeks 42. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? More than RM 5, 000 43. How effective is the material/method/implementations you’ve taken to prevent damages during flood?  Able to withstand minor flood ( 2 feet )  For ad-hoc basis  No special installation/method/material is used. 44. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages?  Repairing flood damages

Page | 45

PART C: Structural Damage: Area of Damage

Description of damage Debris impact

Exterior walls, windows, doors

Foundation & footing

Interior floors, walls

Wall with moisture, termite, seepage, Tear down, cracked

Value of damage

Prevention Measures

Soaking

In % of total

Hours of repair/install

Action taken (Y/N)

✓

80 %

N/A

Y

10 %

20 %

N/A

N

N/A

80 %

N/A

Y

50 %

30 %

N/A

Y

20 %

Causes by Hydros tatic forces

Sediment & Contamina nts

✓ ✓ ✓

No damage, Soil saturation underneath the foundation slab

✓

Moisture caused dampness in the wall and termite/fungal reproduce

✓

✓

Caused by wind Ceiling, roof

Furnishing damage Equipment, Furniture

Outside property, Landscaping

Storage room constructed in block is wrecked.

✓

Value of damage prevented in % if total

✓

✓

60 %

N/A

Y

10 %

✓

✓

90 %

N/A

Y

10 %

Additional:

Page | 46

Appendix G

INTERVIEW QUESTION FORM : PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS PART A 25. Total number of people in the residence.  1-2  3-4  5-6  more than 6

26. Up till today, what depth of water was in your residence, in feet.  1-5  5-10  10-15  Others: Please state ___________

27. How long did the flood last based on the longest durations.  10 - 24 hours  2 – 3 days  1 – 2 weeks  Others: Please state ___________

28. How long it took you to clean and restore your house after flood?  1 - 2days  1 - 2 weeks  1 - 2 months  Others: Please state___________

29. How much is the total cost of repairing/reinstall/rebuild your house?  RM 1,000 – RM 5,000  RM 6,000-RM 10, 000  RM 10,000 – RM 15,000  Others: Please state___________

30. Have you consider moving out from this house / area?  Yes; why ___________________________________________________  No; why ____________________________________________________

Page | 47

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FORM PART B Interviewee Information: Interviewee Address: Type of the Structure: Date of interview: Interview Start & End Times:

Male (50+ years old) Non-raised Double Story 18.10.2014 14:45 – 15:30

Preliminary Questions 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

How long have you been staying at this house?.......................…………………………..30+ years What year your house was built? …………………………Not sure because he rent the house How many times have you experience flood in this area? ……………………………5-6 times How many times the flood have affected your house/structure? ……………………5-6 times On a scale where “10” means great amount of damage and “1” means you have none at all, how would you rate the amount of damage done to your house/structure? …….....................................7

Structural Questions 50. Have this house/structure been renovated or repair? YES Which part of the house?  The upper floor interior flooring  The exterior and interior wall  The roof is damage and replaced  The back area and kitchen has been rebuild  70% of the furniture unable to reuse 51. Have you re-equip your house/structure with new materials/new systems? NO Can you name or define it? 52. How long does it takes to repair flood damages done to your house/structure? Less than 2weeks 53. What is the cost of repairing the flood damages? Less than RM 10, 000 54. How effective is the material/method/implementations you’ve taken to prevent damages during flood? He said; “Prevention is hard. You cannot predict the natural disaster. Repair and replacement work is a slow process.” 55. Do you consider your type of action as repairing flood damages or preventing future flood damages? Repairing flood damages

Page | 48

PART C: Structural Damage: Area of Damage

Description of damage Debris impact

Exterior walls, windows, doors

Wall with moisture, termite, seepage, back part of the house is tear down

Value of damage

Prevention Measures

Soaking

In % of total

Hours of repair/install

Action taken (Y/N)

✓

50 %

N/A

Y

10 %

N/A

N

N/A

N/A

Y

50 %

N/A

N

20 %

Causes by Hydros tatic forces

Sediment & Contamina nts

✓ ✓ ✓

No damage Foundation & footing

Interior floors, walls

Floor damage due to pressure and soaking. Gaps and holes on the floor.

✓

✓

50 %

No damage Ceiling, roof

Equipment, Furniture

Outside property, Landscaping

Furnishing damage up to 70%

Backyard kitchen and open area for leisure and small workshop space

Value of damage prevented in % if total

✓

✓

70 %

N/A

Y

10 %

✓ ✓ ✓

✓

90 %

N/A

Y

10 %

Additional:

Page | 49

Bibliography

Department of Natural Disaster. (2006). Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings To Flood Damage (Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas). Department of Natural Resources NSW. Wing, I. C. (2012). Managing Flood Problems In Malaysia. Ingenieur, 38-43. Davis, A. (2013). Blooming Bamboo Home by H&P Architects. Retrieved from Dezeen Magazine: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Department of Natural Disaster. (2006). Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings To Flood Damage (Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas). Department of Natural Resources NSW. Environment, M. o. (2007). Flood and Drought Management in Malaysia. 5-27. Frearson, A. (2014). NLE's Floating School Casts Anchor in Lagos Lagoon. Retrieved from Dezeen Magazine: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/03/25/makoko-floating-school-nigeria-nle/ Hau, D. B. (2014). Dr. Boo Condemns Johor State Government for Failing to Mitigate Floods. Retrieved from Dr. Boo Cheng Hau's Trillingual Blog: http://drboochenghau.blogspot.com/2011/02/drboo-codemns-johor-state-government.html Jha, A. K. (2012). Cities and Flooding : A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. The World Bank. KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd. (2003). The Generalised Procedures and Guide for Assessment of Flood Damages. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Wilayah Persekutuan. Meinhold, B. (2011). Amphibious Houses Could Provide A Permanent Solution For Flooding In Thailand. Retrieved from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-houses-could-provide-a-permanentsolution-for-flooding-in-thailand/ Melker, S. D. (2012). Louisiana Fisherman Pioneer Floating Architecture. Retrieved from PBS News Hour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/louisiana-fishermen-pioneer-floating-architecture/ Weng, C. N. (1996). Risk, Exposure and Vulnerability to Flood Hazards in a Rapidly Developing Country: The Case of Peninsular Malaysia. 108-132. Weng, C. N. (2011). Addressing Flood Hazards via Environmental Humanities in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 11-22. Weng, C. N. (2011). Integrating Official and Traditional Flood Hazard Management in Malaysia. 1st International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st Century: Issues & Challenges, 410-419. Retrieved from Integrating Official and Traditional Flood Hazard Management in Malaysia. Weng, C. N. (2012). Impacts of Disasters and Disasters Risk Management in Malaysia: The Case of Floods. 504-551. Wing, I. C. (2012). Managing Flood Problems In Malaysia. Ingenieur, 38-43.

Page | 50

List of Visual Material Diagram 1: Future Designer Shiela, 2012, Malay House, Available from: http://futuredesignershiela.blogspot.com/2012/01/malay-house.html Diagram 2: LT Governors, 2010, Hydrostatic Pressure On Building, Available from: http://home.ltgovernors.com/flood-depth-and-elevation-effects-on-your-home.html Diagram 3: Continuing Education Construction, 2014, Hydrodynamic Force On Building, Available from: http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article_print.php?L=175&C=923 Figure 1: Skyscraper City, 2011, Johor District, digital image, Available from: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=475583&page=58 Figure 2: Google Map, 2014, Kota Tinggi District, digital image, Available from: https://maps.google.com.my/ Figure 3: Google Map, 2014, Kampung Kelantan, digital image, Available from: https://maps.google.com.my/ Figure 4: Google Map, 2014, Kampung Kelantan, digital image, Available from: https://maps.google.com.my/ Figure 12: Future Designer Shiela, 2012, Malay House, Available from: http://futuredesignershiela.blogspot.com/2012/01/malay-house.html Figure 21: Taken by the local of Kg Kelantan, 2006 Figure 22: Taken by the local of Kg Kelantan, 2006 Figure 23: Taken by the local of Kg Kelantan, 2006 Figure 24: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 25: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 26: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 27: Malaysian Bar, 2007, Helping Kota Tinggi Flood Victims, Available from: http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,202/PageNo,3/catid,117/ Figure 28: Malaysian Bar, 2007, Helping Kota Tinggi Flood Victims, Available from: http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,202/PageNo,3/catid,117/ Figure 29: Taken by the local of Kg Kelantan, 2006 Figure 30: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 31: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 34: Panoramio, 2006, Flood in Kota Tinggi, Available from: http://www.panoramio.com/user/2634676 Figure 35: Taken by the local of Kg Kelantan, 2006

Page | 51

Figure 38: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 39: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 40: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 41: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 42: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 43: Dezeen Magazine, Vietnam Floating House, 2013, Available from:

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ Figure 44: Inhabitat, Thailand Floating House, 2011, Available from: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-

houses-could-provide-a-permanent-solution-for-flooding-in-thailand/ Figure 45: Inhabitat, Thailand Floating House, 2011, Available from: http://inhabitat.com/amphibious-

houses-could-provide-a-permanent-solution-for-flooding-in-thailand/ Figure 46: PBS News Hour, Louisiana Fisherman Pioneer Floating Architecture, 2012, Available from:

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/louisiana-fishermen-pioneer-floating-architecture/ Figure 47: Wale Micaiah on Education, Learning Through Makoko, 2011, Available from: http://walemicaiah.blog.com/2014/04/09/teachertuesday-nigeria-7-access-to-learning-through-makokofloating-school/ Figure 49: Borrowed Culture, Pipes Rafter, 2011, Available from: http://www.borrowedculture.com/page/4/ Figure 50 51 52makoko

Page | 52