FLEXITEST, El Método de Evaluación de La Flexibilidad - Claudio Gil Soares de Araújo - 1a Ed

July 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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ECBZH]BP]

Rd oètama hddavimar mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim

@ciumha Fhc Pairbs mb Iriûka OM, ^jM, EI@PO Mhrb`tar Oèmhà mb ci @cïdhì mb Obmh`hdi ma Bxbr`ï`ha, \ha mb Kidbhra, Lrishc

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

]ïtuca arhfhdic; Ecbxhtbst. Id hddavitb ecbxhlhchty issbssobdt obtjam \bvhshðd tè`dhì; ]adh Oirtïdbz ]rimu``hðd; Dûrhi Jbrdédmbz \avhri Mhsbùa ùlhbrti; Mivhm @irrbtbra

© >2, @ciumha Fhc Pairbs mb Iriûka Bmhtarhic îhmatrhla âcïfada Cbs Fuhxbrbs @/ mb ci Bdbrfïi, 98-:892 Limicadi (Bspiùi) ]bc.; 80 0 00 B-oihc; pihmatrhlaNpihmatrhla. pihmatrhlaNpihmatrhla.ào ào jttp;//www.pihmatrhla.ào ^rhobri bmh`hðd; HPLD; :=-:>98-:00-: Eataàopa Eata àopash`hðd sh`hðd;; Lirt Lirtacaoè acaoè Péd`jbz Péd`jbz lirtbzNtbcbeðdhì.dbt Hoprbsa bd Bspiùi par; Pifrieh` Ci alri, hd`cuhmis tamis sus pirtbs, thbdb pratbfhmas sus mbrb`jas mb iutar. ]ami uthchzi`hðd qub salrbpisb cas bstrh`tas cïohtbs mb ci cby mb praphbmim hdtbcb`tuic shd pbrohsa mb ci bmhtarhic bsté prajhlhmi y bs cbficobdtb pudhlcb. Bsta rhfb salrb tama piri rbpramu``hadbs, rbpramu`` hadbs, trimu``hadbs, oh`raehcoima y bc icoi`bdiohbdta y pra`bsima bd shstbois hdearoéthàs. ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Ïdmh`b Ifrimb`hohbdtas ^rðcafa Hdtramu``hðd

îrtb H

U UHH HZ

Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi @ipï @i pïtu tuca ca 9

Hdtr Hd tram amu u`` ``hð hðd d i ci ec ecbx bxhl hlhc hchm hmim im . . . . . . .

Mbehdh`hadbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bspb`heh`hmim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \bcbvid`hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ei`tarbs chohtidtbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uirhilcbs qu qub hd hdtbrvhbdbd . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ipï pïttuca <

Ci ecb cbx xhl hlhc hchm hmi im bd bd ci ci si sicu cum m y bd ci bdebrobmim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ci ecb cbx xhl hlhhchm hmiim bd bd ci ci pr pré` é`th thì ì mb mbpa parrth thvi vi . . . Ci ec ecbxhlhchmim bd bd ci ci bd bdebrobmim . . . . . . . Ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cis cbshadbs y bd bd bc bc macar ou ousùcir rb rbtirmima . . . . . . @ipï @i pïtu tuca ca 0

Ci bv bvic icui ui`h `hðd ðd `c `cés ésh` hì i mb ci ec ecbx bxhl hlhc hchm hmim im

^brspb ^brs pb`t `thv hvis is fb fbd dbr bric icbs bs b jh jhst stð ðrh rhì ìss . . . . . . Cas sh shstb tbo ois mb mb `c `cishehì`hðd . . . . . . . . . . \bvhshðd mb cas oètamas bxhstbdtbs pirri ci bv pi bvic icui ui``hð hðd d mb ci ecb cbx xhlh lhcchm hmim im . . . . Hdstr tru uobdtas y ipiritas . . . . . . . . . . . . .

îr irtb tb HH

0 0 2 5 5 : 96 96 =5

^rh rhd` d`hp hpha has s y im imoh ohdh dhst stri ri`h `hðd ðd mb mbcc ecb ecbxh xhtb tbst st @ipï pïttuca =

Bc oètama mbc ecb cbx xht htb bst  . . . . . . . . . . . . .

^rhd`hphas fbdbricbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mbs`rhp`hðd mb cas oavhohbdtas y ohd oidphs itri sim`h bðbdvmbc cuiec `bxh hðdhtb Im Imoh hstr `hð mibc ecbx tbss. t. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. @aobdtirhas bx bxtris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

29 29 2 < 62 6:

@ipï pïttuca 2

Ci pré`t `thhì mb mbcc ecbxhtbst  . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68

@ipï pïttuca 5

Bc idéch chsh shs s mbc ecbx bxht htb bst  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

990 990 99 0 908

@adshm @ads hmbr bri` i`ha hadb dbss bs bsti timï mïst sth` hìs is pr prbc bcho hohd hdir irbs bs @ads @a dshm hmbr bri` i`ha hadb dbss bsti bstimï mïst sth` hìs is eh ehdi dicb cbss . . . . .

îrtb î rtb HH HHHH

Hdvb Hd vbst sthf hfi` i`ha hadb dbs s y ip ipch chì ì`h `had adbs bs mb mbcc ec ecbx bxht htbs bstt @ipï @i pïtu tuca ca 6

Hdv Hd vbs bsth thfi fi`h `had adbs bs mb mbcc ecb cbx xht htbs bst t . . . . . . . .

Bst stum umha hass mb mb eh ehil ilhhch chmi mim m . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bstu Bs tumh mhas as mb vi vich chmb mbzz àd àdù ùrr rrbd bdtb tb . . . . . . . . Bstu Bs tumh mhas as bs bstr trh` h`ti tiob obdt dtbb obt obtam amac acðf ðfh` hàs as . . . Bst stum umha hass mb mb al alsb sbrv rvi` i`hð hðd d . .. .. .. .. .. .. Bstu Bs tumh mhas as mb hd hdtb tbrv rvbd bd`h `hðd ðd . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ipï @i pïtu tuca ca :

I déch dé chsh shs s àop àopir irit m cas oè mb bvicui`hðd . ithv . . hva . .a. mb . b. .cas . . .oèta . .tama . .mas . .s . .

@rhtbr @rht brha hass obt obtam amac acðf ðfh` hàs as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @rht @r htbr brha hass apb apbri rith thva vass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @rht @r htbr brha hass `hb `hbdt dtïe ïeh` hàs as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ad` @a d`cu cush shðd ðd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ipï @i pïtu tuca ca 8

Bstu Bs tumh mhas as mb ì ìsa sas s àd àd bc ecb cbxh xhtb tbst st . . . .

9=0 9=0 9= 0 920 92 0 92= 92 = 926 92 6 95< 95 <

956 958 95 8 969 96 9 96< 96 < 96= 96 =

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

962 962 96 2 965 96 5 96: 96 : 968 96 8 9:> 9: > 9:9 9: 9 9:< 9: < 9:0 9: 0

Lhlcha Lhlc hafr frie ieïi ïi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I`br I` brì ì mb mbcc iut iutar ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ïdmh Ïd mh`b `b mb ti tilc lcis is y ehf ehfur uris is . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ïdmh Ïd mh`b `b ic icei eilè lèth thà à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9:2 9:2 9:2 9: 2 ZZZ ZZ Z 9:6 9: 6

Bst stum umha ha 9 Bst stum umha ha < Bst stum umha ha 0 Bst stum umha ha = Bst stum umha ha 2 Bst stum umha ha 5 Bst stum umha ha 6 Bst stum umha ha :

. . . . . . . .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ..

IF\IMB@HOHBD]AP Bs`rhlhr ud chlra salrb ud oètama dubva da bs

sbcb``hðd y `cishehì`hðd mb cis eatafrieïis mhfhticbs

udi tirbi eé`hc. ‐udimb jbrriohbdti mb vicari`hðd piri ciEcbxhtbst bvicui`hðd ci ecbxhlhchmimeub pcidbima y mbchlbrima muridtb oh trilika àd bc bquhpa mb diti`hðd mb ci Rdhvbrshmim Fioi Ehcja, bdtrbdima par \albrta mb @irvicja ^évbc. Bstay praeudmiobdtb bd mbumi àd \albrta ^évbc, ud bdtushisti mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, par itribr oh itbd`hðd ji`hi bstb hdtbrbsidtb ìopa y par aerb`brob su bspb`hichzi`hðd y su bxpbrhbd`hi bd bc mbsirracca mbc tbst. tb st. ]amivïi ]amivïi fuirma bd oh oboarhi dubstris pracadfimis àdvbrsi`hadbs i ca cirfa mb ou`jis da`jbs mbc iùa 986:. Mbsmb bdtad`bs, ci apartudhmim mb uthchzir bc ecbxhtbst ji àdtrhluhma shfdhehìthviobdtb i oh ìrrbri praebshadic y `hbdtïehì. Ou`jas bstumhidtbs y praebshadicbs jid àdtrhluhma ic ivid`b y i ci bstidmirhzi`hðd mbc oètama mb ecbxhtbst y ic mbsirracca mb ud lidà mb mitas ipraphima. Iudqub bs hopashlcb `htir i tamas bccas, qubrrïi bxprbsir oh frithtum, par armbd iceilèthà, i Idsbcoa Kasè ^èrbz, Idtadha @bsir @ilric mb Achvbhri, Idtadha @ciumha Cuìs mi Dðlrbfi, Istrafhcma Uhiddi Achvbhri Kudhar, @ciumhi Cu`hi Lirras mb @istra, @jrhsthiddb Fhbslrb`jt @jivbs, @ciumha \blbcca \blbc ca Ubccasa, Girci îuci @iopas, Oiràs Lb`brri mb Icobhmi, Oirti Hdës ^brbhri, îuca @bsir Jimmim y Uhta Ifdbw Chri. Mas mb ohs idtbrharbs bstumhidtbs, yi frimuimas, jid rbichzima àdtrhlu`hadbs imh`hadicbs i ecbxhtbst y i bstb chlra. Bc Mr. îuca mb ]irsa Ubris Eirhditth ji ipchìma, idichzima y pulchìma cas mitas mb ecbxhtbst salrb dhùas7 bc Mr. Vici`b Mivhm Oadtbhras das ji iyumima àd dubstras bstumhas mb ehilhchmim y, pastbrharobdtb, bd ci

piri ci pudtui`hðd mbc bdtrbdiohbdta prbsbdtimi bd bstb chlra y bd dubstra shtha wbl hdsthtu`hadic (www.`chdhobx.ào.lr). Bstay bdìdtima mb ifrimb`br i cas oambcas su àdtrhlu`hðd bd cis eatas mb bdtrbdiohbdta7 ohs ecbxhlcbs jhkis, Ichdb y @ciumhi7 oh oukbr, Mbdhsb7 oh subfri, Micvi Pirmhdji Obdmbs7 isï àoa i oh bstumhidtb frimuima, Icmihr Kasè mb Achvbhri. Imboés, mbla ifrimb`br i tamis cis pbrsadis qub àdshdthbrad bd sbr obmhmis àd bc ecbxhtbst. Pu àdtrhlu`hðd ob pbrohthð mbrhvir cas bstédmirbs piri ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst. Ci arfidhzi`hðd mb dubstra oitbrhic piri sbr pulchìma par Juoid Ghdbth`s ji shma tami udi bxpbrhbd`hi, y qubrrïi mir cis fri`his fri`hi s i quhbdbs trilikirad mhrb`tiobdtb àdohfa, bspb`hicobdtb bc isbsar bmhtarhic Caird \albrtsad y ci mhrb`tari mb pulchì`hadbs Kumy îrg. Pu àdehidzi bd bc vicar mbc ecbxhtbst y su àdstidtb ipaya eubrad ouy iprb`himas. Bstay tiolhèd arfuccasa mb àdtir àd oh iohfa y idtbrhar prbshmbdtb mbc I@PO, bc Mr. Lirry I. Eridgchd, piri bc prðcafa mb bstb chlra. Ehdicobdtb, mbla mir cis fri`his i oh eiohchi par pbrohthrob tid ìrhùasiobdtb hdvbrthr `hbdtas mb jaris trilikidma bd bstb chlra. May cis fri`his bspb`hicobdtb i oh oukbr, ci Mri. Mbdhsb Pirmhdji O.P. Iriûka, par oidtbdbrob oathvima jisti bc ehdic mbc trilika bd cas obkarbs y bd cas pbarbs oaobdtas. Phd su ipaya y bstïouca da jilrïi pamhma ehdichzir bstb chlra. Mb oama qub dimi jiy oés cðfhà y `hbdtïehìobdtb véchma qub mbmh`érsbca i bcci.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

U

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^\ÐCAFA Bs ud jadar y ud prhvhcbfha piri oï pracafir bstb

ccima y rbehdima obthùcasiobdtb bc oètama mb

bxtriarmhdirha mas alkbthvas; chlra, qub eub bs`rhta piri ùopchr • ^rbsb ^rbsbdtir dtir ud ud oètama oètama mbsirracci mbsirraccima ma piri piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim qub sbré imaptima par cis arfidhzi`hadbs mb obmh`hdi mbc mbpartb oés hopartidtbs mbc oudma, tic àoa bc Iobrhìd @accbfb ae Pparts Obmh`hdb (I@PO). • Aerb`b Aerb`brr cas prhd`hp prhd`hphas has y bc oètama oètama mb ecbxhtbs ecbxhtbst, t, ùya usa sb ji bxtbdmhma tidta bd Ioèrhì mbc Pur àoa bd Burapi y sb ji bstilcb`hma mb oama jilhtuic bd hdvbsthfimarbs, eiùctithvas y oèmhàs mb Ioèrhì mbc Dartb.

ecbxhtbst ud bstumha mbparthstis mb i`brìohbdta ilisédmasb hdmhvhmuasbd sbmbdtirhas, ioitburs y mbparthstis mb bchtb, hd`cuhmis pbrsadis àd a shd cbshadbs `rðdhìs. Mb iùbrma àd bcca, bstb davbmasa chlra bsté mbsthdima i àdvbrthrsb bd ci sbohcci qub sbrvhré piri ìolhir cas idthfuas shstbois mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd bc qub mbstiì cis vbdtikis, ci vichmbz, ci `rbmhlhchmim y ci sbd`hccbz mb ecbxhtbst ùidma ca àopirboas àd cis alsacbtis y idthùimis tè`dhìs mb obmh`hðd (p. bk., bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j y bc àdvbd`hadic fadhðobtra fadhðobtra). ). Imboés mb prbsbdtir bc oètama ecbxhtbst y sus darois, ïdmh`bs, tè`dhì y eudmiobdtas `hbdtïehàs y ri`hadicbs, bc Mr. Iriûka das prapar`hadi udi rbvhshðd àoprbdshvi mbc érbi mb ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, qub bs ouy ûthc piri cas praebshadicbs y piri cas bstumhidtbs a pastfrimuimas bd obmh`hdi, ehshatbriphi, `hbd`his mbc bkbr`h`ha, bmuì`hðd eïshì, bdtrbdiohbdta mbparthva y fbradtacafïi. Bs bspb`hicobdtb datarhi ci itbd`hðd qub bc iutar prbsti i ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas mitas mb ecbxhlhchmim, hd`cuhmas cas rbsuctimas virhilcbs, udi ìri`tbrïsthì ûdhì mbc ecbxhtbst qub pbrohtb ic bxiohdimar hmbdthehìr bc frupa mb bmim bd bc qub sb bdùbdtri bc sukbta bvicuima. Ci lubdi dath`hi bs qub bc oètama ecbxhtbst pubmb sbr eé`hcobdtb iprbdmhma y bkbùtima par ùicquhbr pbrsadi bd obdas mb ùitra ohdutas. Bstb chlra sb mhvhmb bd trbs pirtbs qub pubmbd sbr hdmbpbdmhbdtbs udis mb cis atris. Ci îrtb H aerb`b udi vhshðd fbdbric mbc bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim y su bvicui`hðd. Ci îrtb HH bs udi hdtramu``hðd ic oètama ecbxhtbst b hd`cuyb cas ìpïtucas mb rbebrbd`hi y cis mbs`rhp`hadbs piri bvicuir cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs uthchzimas piri vicarir ci ecbxhlhchmim, kudta i udi tè`dhì piri mbtbrohdir bc ïdmh`b mb ecbxhlhchmim fcalic, a ecbxhdmbx. Ci îrtb HHH aerb`b udi alkbthvi y àopirithvi vicari`hðd mb cas prataàcas mb obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mhspadhlcbs i`tuicobdtb y cas bstumhas mb cas ìsas `cïdhàs oés rbcbvidtbs. Aerb`b mhlukas, tilcis y eatafrieïis mb cas pudtas

Cas bsthriohbdtas, uda mb cas àopadbdtbs oés hopartidtbs mb ud prafrioi àopcbta mb àdmh`hadiohbdta eïshà, sad bsbd`hicbs piri iuobdtir ci ecbxhlhchmim mb cas tbdmadbs, oidtbdbr y obkarir ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta (\AO) y ci eud`hadichmim irthùcir, y bdsiczir ci i`tui`hðd ousùcir.. Phd ud prafrioi bspb`ïehà piri oidousùcir tbdbr ci ecbxhlhchmim, ci oiyarïi mb cis pbrsadis mb obmhidi bmim y mb ci tbr`bri bmim sb vbrïid hopbmhmas par bc ifirratiohbdta mb cas hsquhathlhicbs, jaolras y bspicmi. Bxhstbd imboés bstumhas mb alsbrvi`hðd qub ipayid bc pipbc qub cas bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim, sbid licïsthàs (àd oavhohbdta) a bstéthàs (oavhohbdta bsìsa a duca), a cis tè`dhìs mb virhi`hðd mb prapha`bp`hðd dburaousùcir, dburaousùcir, thbdbd bd ci prbvbd`hðd y bc tritiohbdta mb cis bdebrobmimbs ousùcabsqubcèthìs. Iudqub bd cas ûcthoas iùas sb jid pramu`hma ivid`bs àdshmbrilcbs piri ci àoprbdshðd y iprb`hi`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, bc oètama piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim bstéthì y pishvi sb ji oidtbdhma bstidìma mbsmb obmhimas mb cas iùas 982>. Muridtb oés mb mas mèìmis ud lubd iohfa y bsthoima àcbfi, bc Mr. Iriûka, ji trilikima obtðmhìobdtb piri mir rbspubsti i udi prbfudti alchfimi; ±@ðoa obmhoas y bvicuioas ci ecbxhlhchmim1 Bsti ùbsthðd bs hopartidtb tidta piri ci sicum, àoa piri bc mbpartb y cis hdtbrvbd`hadbs `cïdhìs, y Iriûka y sus àcilarimarbs jid bdàdtrima ci rbspubsti. Bc iutar ji mbsirra-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

UHH

UHHH

Ecbxhtbst

oés mbstiìmas, isï àoa rbebrbd`his y mitas bstimïsthàs piri mbebdmbr bc tbxta. Bstumhi tiolhèd bc pipbc mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd ci sicum y ci bdebrobmim7 udi rbvhshðd mb ci bvicui`hðd trimh`hadic mb ci ecbxhlhchmim7 oètamas, pré`thìs, idéchshs b hdvbsthfi`hadbs mb ipaya ic ecbxhtbst7 udi tilci àopirithvi mb cas mhsthdtas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci

piri cas ehshðcafas mbc bkbr`h`ha, isï àoa piri cas oèmhàs y sus ishstbdtbs, bdebrobris, ehshatbripbutis y tbripbutis aùpi`hadicbs, fbrhitris y bspb`hichstis mb tamis cis érbis rbci`hadimis àd bc bdtrbdiohbdta mbparthva y ci obmh`hdi mbc mbpartb.

ecbxhlhchmim y ci bxtbdsi bxpbrhbd`hi mbc iutar bd bc usa mbc ecbxhtbst àd mhsthdtas sukbtas. Bstb bx`bp`hadic chlra hd`cuyb cis ipchì`hadbs `cïdhìs y `hbdtïehìs qub iyumiréd i ùicquhbr praebshadic prbpirima piri obmhr ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ud oama véchma y ehilcb mb pbrsadis mb ùicquhbr thpa àrparic, dhvbc mb ehtdbss (àdmh`hðd eïshì) y bstima mb sicum. Mb iùbrma àd bcca, bstb tbxta mblbrïi àdvbrthrsb bd udi rbebrbd`hi bstédmir

Mhrb`tar rbjilhchti`hðd ìrmïiì y mb cas mb cilaritarhas mbc bkbr`h`ha, Vhcchio Lbiuoadt Jasphtic

Lirry I. Eridgchd, ^jM

^raebsar mb Ehshacafïi, Rdhvbrshmim mb Viydb Bsùbci mb Obmh`hdi Bc Mr. Eridgchd ji shma ohbolra mbc Iobrhìd @accbfb ae Pparts Obmh`hdb (9888->>) y i`tuicobdtb triliki àoa rbmi`tar kbeb mbc Iobrhìd Kaurdic ae Obmh`hdb & Pparts.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

HD]\AMR@@HÐD Bd bstb chlra prbsbdtioas ud dubva y àdvhd`bdtb

sb ji mima ùbdti mb qub iqubccas oètamas da

oètama mbdaohdimabstéthì ecbxhtbst, qub shrvb pirimbmhbvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim pishvi. Jboas ìma cas ûcthoas iùas i mbsirraccirca y pbreb``hadirca, y ca jboas uthchzima àd èxhta bd Ioèrhì mbc Pur y bd Burapi. \budhmas bd bstb àd`hsa trilika par dubstras àcbfis dartbiobrhìdas bstéd cas mbticcbs mb cas prhd`hphas, imohdhstri`hðd, hdvbsthfi`hðd y ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst. ¡Èstb da bs ud chlra qub aerb`b bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim! Ph lusì udi fuïi piri obkarir su ecbxhlhchmim a dubvas bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta, èstb da bs bc chlra. Phd bolirfa, sh bsté hdtbrbsima bd tbois rbci`hadimas àd ci ecbxhlhchmim y `rbb ehrobobdtb qub bc bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bs ud mblbr bd tami prbs`rhp`hðd àrrb`ti mbc bkbr`h`ha, bdàdtriré hdearoi`hðd hdtbrbsidtb bd bsti hdtramu``hðd hdtramu``hðd.. Ca oés pralilcb bs qub sbi uda mb cas praebshadicbs mbmhìmas ic bkbr`h`ha y `hbd`his mbc mbpartb qub bsté mb iùbrma bd qub tidta bc bdtrbdiohbdta mb cas bsthriohbdtas àoa ci lubdi ecbxhlhchmim sad db`bsirhas piri tama thpa mb pbrsadis, sidis a bdebrois, kðvbdbs a id`hidis, sbmbdtirhis a mbparthstis mb bchtb. Yubrboas ccioir su itbd`hðd àd udi pirthùcir erisb; –lubdi ecbxhlhchmim‟. ±Mb què sb triti1 ±Yuè shfdhehì1 ±@ðoa obmhoas y bvicuioas ci ecbxhlhchmim1 ±@uéc bs bc shfdhehìma rbic mb ci ecbxhlhchmim piri ci sicum y bc mbpartb1 Ph bsté rbicobdtb hdtbrbsima bd bstis ùbsthadbs, ¡thbdb bd sus oidas bc chlra hmbic! Bs listidtb sarprbdmbdtb bc jb`ja mb qub bd >0 tbdfioas tamivïi qub `rbbr bd pra`bmhohbdtas mb vicari`hðd mbsirraccimas icrbmbmar a kusta mbspuès mb ci Pbfudmi Fubrri Oudmhic, ji`b oés mb obmha shfca. Cas oètamas àoa bc tbst sht-idmrbi`j, ci fadhaobtrïi, cis vbrshadbs oamhehìmis mbc sht-idm-rbi`j y cas hd`chdðobtras jid shma ouy tritimas bd ci lhlchafrieïi, pbra bs paà pralilcb qub sb usbd jilhtuicobdtb. Ci shtui`hðd bs pirb`hmi i icfa tid mumasa àoa hdtbdtir rbpirir ud à`jb vhbka ‐uda sb prbaùpi par cas rbsuctimas

ipartid cis rbspubstis pré`thìs qub db`bshti piri su vhmi mhirhi praebshadic. Ci ecbxhlhchmim bs udi hopartidtb virhilcb mb ci àdmh`hðd eïshì rbci`hadimi àd ci sicum. Phd bolirfa, su vicari`hðd pcidtbi icfudis ùbsthadbs. Bd prhobr cufir, ci ecbxhlhchmim bs bspb`ïehì mb cis irthùci`hadbs y bc oavhohbdta, ca qub quhbrb mb`hr qub ud sukbta pubmb tbdbr ud tradà ouy ecbxhlcb y i ci vbz prbsbdtir udi iopchtum mb oavhohbdta ouy chohtimi bd cas jaolras a bd cis ìmbris. Bd sbfudma cufir, àdtristidma àd atras piréobtras mbc bkbr`h`ha àoa ci ìpi`hmim ibrðlhì oéxhoi, ci eubrzi ousùcir a ci patbd`hi, tbdbr udas dhvbcbs bxtrboimiobdtb bcbvimas mb ecbxhlhchmim pubmb prbmhspadbr i udi cbshðd y listidtb i obduma sb isa`hi i atris bdthmimbs àoa bc pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric. âr tidta, mhspadbr mb udi jbrriohbdti piri ìcùcir cas vicarbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric y bspb`ïehì da bs sðca iàdsbkilcb, shda qub bs tiolhèd bc ûdhà ìohda par bc qub cas oèmhàs àd`hbd`himas, cas bdtrbdimarbs, cas hdstru`tarbs a cas prbpirimarbs eïshàs pubmbd icìdzir udi àopcbti iprb`hi`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bstb chlra pubmb sbr uthchzima par ud frid dûobra mb praebshadicbs mb ci sicum. Bdtrb bccas sb bdùbdtrid cas praebsarbs mb bmuì`hðd eïshì qub trilikid bd ci bsùbci prhoirhi y sbùdmirhi, isï àoa cas hdstru`tarbs mb ehtdbss, cas bdtrbdimarbs mbparthvas a prbpirimarbs eïshàs, y cas bdtrbdimarbs pbrsadicbs qub trilikid bd fhodishas, `culbs, `bdtras mb ehtdbss b hd`cusa bd bc maoh`hcha mb sus `chbdtbs. Bdtrb cas bspb`hichstis mb ci obmh`hdi qub pubmbd uthchzir bstb chlra y ecbxhtbst bd sus pré`thìs `cïdhìs, sb bdùbdtrid cas qub sb mbmhìd i prhobras iuxhchas, cas oèmhàs mbc mbpartb, pbmhitris, fbrhitris y `hrukidas artapèmhàs. Cas ehshatbripbutis y cas ehshðcafas mbc mbpartb tiolhèd ca bdàdtriréd vichasa, isï àoa cas bstumhidtbs y pastfrimuimas mb bmuì`hðd eïshì y sus praebsarbs, qub àdshmbriréd bstb oitbrhic ouy ipraphima

beb`thvas parqub ci lisb àd`bptuic bs palrb. Bsta da bs parqub ustbm `rbi qub ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim da sbi hopartidtb, shda oés lhbd parqub

piri cas ùrsas mb dhvbc udhvbrshtirha. Iudqub da bsté pcidtbima mhrb`tiobdtb piri mbparthstis àd`hbdzumas, `rbboas qub icfudas mb bccas pubmbd

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

HZ

Z

Ecbxhtbst

bstir hdtbrbsimas ishohsoa bd iprbdmbr i`brì mbc oètama ecbxhtbst y `ðoa sbr bvicuimas àd èc. Bc tbxta bsté mhvhmhma bd trbs pirtbs qub pubmbd sbr bstumhimis hdmbpbdmhbdtbobdtb. Bd prhobr cufir, ud rbsuobd fbdbric salrb ci tbarïi mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd ci îrtb H, qub hd`cuyb sus mbehdh`hadbs, àd`bptas y tbrohdacafïi, isï àoa cis

qub iprb`hbd ud lubd bdeaqub bstimïsthà bdàdtriréd bd bc ìpïtuca 5 ud idéchshs bstimïsthà praeudma ipchìma i cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst, qub hd`cuyb bc ûdhà idéchshs mb pbrehc mb virhilhchmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Ehdicobdtb, sh tamivïi cb qubmiri icfudi mumi salrb cis vbdtikis mbc ecbxhtbst, cbi bc ìpïtuca :,

chohti`hadbs y cas ei`tarbs oésH hopartidtbs mb ci ci oavhchmim irthùcir. Ci îrtb triti tiolhèd rbcbvid`hi ehshacðfhì y `cïdhì qub ci ecbxhlhchmim thbdb piri ci sicum y ci ìchmim mb vhmi, b hd`cuyb imboés udi bxpash`hðd mb cas tristardas mb ci jhpa y ci jhpbroavhchmim, y mbc pipbc qub ci ecbxhlhchmim mbsbopbùi bd ci prbvbd`hðd mb cbshadbs b hd`hmbd`his. Bsti pirtb hd`cuyb, imboés, udi rbvhshðd fbdbric mb cas tbsts mhspadhlcbs oés rb`hbdtbs mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim y prbsbdti uda dubva, ud shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb 9: pudtas. Cis îrtbs HH y HHH, àoprbdmhmis bd sbhs ìpïtucas, àdsthtuybd ci pirtb `bdtric mbc chlra. Ci îrtb HH hdtramu`b ci obtamacafïi mbc ecbxhtbst b hd`cuyb tamas cas ìpïtucas mb rbebrbd`hi y cis mbs`rhp`hadbs piri mbtbrohdir cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs uthchzimas piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim. @ubsthadi tiolhèd `ðoa oidbkir cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sithsei`tarhiobdtb y `ðoa mbtbrohdir bc ïdmh`b fcalic mb ecbxhlhchmim, a ecbxhdmbx, rbsuctima altbdhma àd ci suoi mb ìmi uda mb cas rbsuctimas hdmhvhmuicbs mb oavhohbdta. ^cidtbioas ou`jis ùbsthadbs pré`thìs salrb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd rbci`hðd àd udi sbrhb mb mitas `hbdtïehàs altbdhmas obmhidtb bc ecbxhtbst. Pb bmuì ic cb`tar bd bc usa mb ci hopartidtb daroithvi y mb cis ùrvis mb par`bdtikb pra`bmbdtbs mb cas ecbxhdmbx mb jaolrbs y oukbrbs altbdhmas mb > sukbtas àd bmimbs àoprbdmhmis bdtrb 2 y :: iùas. ]iolhèd sb iùimbd cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst mb pirth`hpidtbs mb ouy mhvbrsas mbpartbs i pirthr mb cas mitas altbdhmas mb oés mb =>> mbparthstis, hd`cuhmas 9< obmicchstis acïophàs. Ci uthchzi`hðd mb bsti daroithvi cb pbrohthré bvicuir rbicobdtb, oés qub ûdhìobdtb obmhr, ci ecbxhlhchmim mb hdmhvhmuas mb tamas cas frupas mb bmim. @ad bsti hdearoi`hðd, pubmb bvicuir tidta ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric àoa ci ecbxhlhchmim bspb`ïehì mb cis irthùci`hadbs, y cb ìpi`hti piri `rbir

bd ci îrtb HHH, qub prbsbdti cas rbsuctimas mb dubstra praeudma y `hbdtïehà idéchshs àopirithva salrb cas prataàcas mhspadhlcbs mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bd èc aerb`boas dubstras irfuobdtas piri prapadbr ecbxhtbst àoa bc oètama mb rbebrbd`hi bd ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim y ci bvicui`hðd mb sukbtas ipirbdtbobdtb sidas mb tamas cas frupas mb bmim y dhvbc mb i`thvhmim, mbsmb cas oés sbmbdtirhas jisti cas mbparthstis acïophàs. Ehdicobdtb, bd bc ìpïtuca 8 ci mbs`rhp`hðd mb bstumhas hcustri dubstra oidbka mb ci hdearoi`hðd salrb ecbxhtbst y prapar`hadi pré`thìs rbebrbdtbs i ci hdtbrprbti`hðd y bc usa mb ecbxhtbst bd shtui`hadbs shtui`h adbs qub pubmbd mbsirraccirsb bd su praphi i`thvhmim praebshadic. Ph cb jboas oathvima piri cbbr bc chlra, tic y àoa mbsbioas, sb sarprbdmbré ic àopralir qub iprbdmbr i uthchzir bc ecbxhtbst bs listidtb eé`hc. Mbspuès mb cbbrca y iprbdmbr i ìchehìr cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst (ìpïtuca 2), bstiré prbpirima piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim obmhidtb ci ipchì`hðd mb dubstras mitas bstimïsthàs y tè`dhàs, y piri uthchzir cas rbsuctimas àd bc ehd mb ccbfir oés cbkas bd su prafrbsa praebshadic. Pb qubmiré sarprbdmhma y, bspbrioas, oirivhccima mb vbr ci riphmbz y ci ei`hchmim àd ci qub iprbdmb bc oètama mb ecbxhtbst. Bxhstbd oitbrhicbs mb bdtrbdiohbdta imh`hadicbs mhspadhlcbs bd bc shtha wbl mb ci @cïdhì mb obmh`hdi ma Bxbr`ï`ha (@CHDHOBZ) bd \ïa mb Kidbhra, Kidbh ra, Lrish Lrishc,c, bd www www.`chd .`chdhobx hobx.ào. .ào.lr. lr. Iccï bdàdtriré hoéfbdbs bd àcar mbc ecbxhtbst y vïmbas mhfhticbs, oubstris mb mhipashthvis y eaccbtas bxpchìthvas qub cb iyumiréd bd bc oidbka mb ecbxhtbst. @rbboas qub udi vbz jiyi iprbdmhma y pri`thìma sueh`hbdtbobdtb bc oètama ecbxhtbst, bdàdtriré ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim tid mhvbrthmi àoa dasatras ci bdàdtrioas. @rbboas tiolhèd qub su i`thtum y i`brìohbdta i ci ecbxhlhchmim,

ud prafrioi mb bsthriohbdtas lisima `hbdtïehìobdtb àd bc ehd mb icìdzir a oidtbdbr udas dhvbcbs ipraphimas mb ecbxhlhchmim. Cas cb`tarbs

pirthùcirobdtb i su obmh`hðd y vicari`hðd, da vacvbréd i sbr cas ohsoas mbspuès mb jilbr cbïma bstb chlra.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

îrtb H Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

@ipïtuca 9

Hdtramu``hðd i ci ecbxhlhchmim

@ipïtuca <

Ci ecbxhlhchmim bd ci sicum y bd ci bdebrobmim

@ipïtuca 0

Ci bvicui`hðd `céshì mb ci ecbxhlhchmim

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 9 Hdtramu``hðd i ci ecbxhlhchmim Rdi mb cis prhobris qub ji`boas ùidma das mbspbrtioas, bd àsis aìshadbs hd`cusa idtbs mb ilrhr cas akas, bs bsthrirdas. @aoa atras idhoicbs, rbpbthoas bstb oavhohbdta i ca cirfa c irfa mbc mïi, bspb`hicobdtb mbspuès mb pbroidb`br bd ci ohsoi pash`hðd ud cirfa pbrïama mb thbopa. Èstb bs bc bkbopca (oés shopcb y àrrhbdtb) mb bkbr`h`ha mb ecbxhlhchmim. Bc shstboi caàoatar, àd sus mhebrbdtbs bstru`turis, pbrohtb ic ùbrpa oavbrsb. Bsta rbsucti mb ci àopcbti y àopcbki i``hðd mb cas oûsùcas, tbdmadbs, chfiobdtas y irthùci`hadbs (Ictbr 9885). Mh`jis i``hadbs bstéd àdtracimis par bc shstboi dbrvhasa `bdtric, qub bs bc rbspadsilcb mbc iopcha ilidhà mb ìpi`hmimbs oataris mbc ùbrpa. Bdtrb bstb ilidhà mb i``hadbs oataris, icfudis mb bccis (àoa lihcir a àrrbr) rbquhbrbd dhvbcbs bxtrboas mb eud`hadichmim àrparic y par tidta, udi i`tui`hðd oéxhoi mbc shstboi caàoatar. Cas oavhohbdtas àrparicbs iopchas sad fbdbricobdtb lbccas y bcbfidtbs7 bcca bxpchì ci lbccbzi vhsuic mb ci midzi, mb ci diti`hðd shd`radhzimi, mbc pithdikb y mb ci fhodishi. Ci bkbù`hðd mb bstas oavhohbdtas pirb`b rbebrhrsb i udi ìri`tbrïsthì oareaeud`hadic ccioimi fbdèrhìobdtb ecbxhlhchmim . Ou`ja idtbs mb ci `rbi`hðd mb ci picilri ecbxhlhchmim, Jhpð`ritbs mbs`rhlhð i udas hdmhvhmuas mb su thbopa pravbdhbdtbs mb ud mbtbrohdima frupa ètdhà qub prbsbdtilid udi bxifbrimi cixhtum irthùcir qub cbs pbrohtïi cidzir kilichdis shd cbshadirsb (Frijiob 9869). Cas sïdmraobs oèmhàs ìri`tbrïsthàs mb ci bx`bshvi oavhchmim irthùcir eubrad mbs`rhtas par prhobri vbz bd bc iùa 9:8< par ]s`jbrdafalaw bd \ushi (sïdmraob mb Bjcbrs-Midcas) y par Oireid bd 9:85 (sïdmraob mb Oireid) (Frijiob 9869). Ci picilri ecbxhlhchmim da bs dubvi bd ci chtbrituri dh bd ci pré`thì. pré`t hì. Bs pralilcb qub pravbdfi mb udi obz`ci mb cis picilris ecbxhðd y ìpi`hmim .

àoa àd bc tradà idtbrhar 98=9). ecbxhadima mbsmb y cis sbdtima, phbrdis bxtbdmhmis (@urbtad @hdbshacðfhìobdtb, ci ecbxhðd da bs bc ûdhà oavhohbdta pashlcb ‐tiolhèd bs pashlcb rbichzir ci bxtbdshðd, ci imu``hðd y ci ilmu``hðd bd cis irthùci`hadbs àrparicbs. Phd bolirfa, ci isa`hi`hðd arhfhdic mb ci picilri ecbxhðd pbroidb`b bd bc tèrohda ecbxhlhchmim. Ci ecbxhlhchmim ji shma rb`hbdtbobdtb hd`cuhmi àoa udi virhilcb eudmiobdtic bd cas bkbr`h`has piri imuctas (I@PO 988:i) y id`hidas (I@PO 988:l) sidas. Iudqub cas bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim sb hd`cuybd shboprb bd udi prbs`rhp`hðd àopcbti mbc bkbr`h`ha, bs hdtbrbsidtb imvbrthr qub jiy ou`jas obdas (y ou`jas obdas i`tuicobdtb) maùobdtas `hbdtïehàs pulchìmas salrb bsti oitbrhi qub salrb atris virhilcbs eïshìs mbc ehtdbss y ci sicum hopartidtbs, àoa sad ci patbd`hi ibrðlhì oéxhoi, ci eubrzi y rbshstbd`hi ousùcirbs, y ci àopash`hðd àrparic. Isï pubs, da bs sarprbdmbdtb qub ci mhsùshðd salrb ci vicari`hðd y prbs`rhp`hðd mb cas bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim sbi i obduma fbdbric. Ci bsìsbz mb mitas pamrïi sbr mblhmi ic oiyar dûobra mb chohti`hadbs bd ùidta i ci vicari`hðd mb cis tè`dhìs uthchzimis, bspb`hicobdtb bd tèrohdas mb vichmbz y mb eicti mb ïdmh`bs a rbsuctimas bstilcb`hmas piri ci ecbxhlhchmim hdmhvhmuic fcalic. Mh`jis chohti`hadbs jid hopbmhma tiolhèd àopirir ci ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb hdmhvhmuas mb mhebrbdtbs frupas mb bmim a sbxa y bdtrb quhbdbs pri`thìd mhsthdtas mbpartbs, isï àoa ci behì`hi mb cas mhsthdtas prafriois bspb`ïehàs mbc bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bstb ìpïtuca rbvhsi rbvhsi cas ispb`tas fbdbricbs y oés rbcbvidtbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, y prbsbdti mbehdh`hadbs, bc pipbc bspb`ïehà mbc bdtrbdiohbdta eïshà y ci hdecubd`hi y rbcbvid`hi mb cas ei`tarbs qub hdtbrvhbdbd bd ci ecbxhlhchmim.

Rda mb sus prhobras usas eub piri mbs`rhlhr bc àdti`ta mb cas mbmas mb cas phbs àd cas lrizas àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmas, tidta mbsmb mb phb

Mbehdh`hadbs @aoa yi jboas obd`hadima,

cas praebshadicbs mbc ìopa mb ci i`thvhmim eïshì jid vbdhma

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

0

=

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

usidma bc tèrohda ecbxhlhchmim muridtb ud cirfa pbrïama mb thbopa. Ci oiyarïi mb cas hdmhvhmuas, hd`cusa cas da bdtbdmhmas, thbdbd udi hmbi mbc shfdhehìma mb ci picilri b hd`cusa mb icfudi mb sus hopchì`hadbs tidta bd bc bdtrbdiohbdta eïshà àoa bd ci sicum. Mblhma i ci iopchtum mb àd`bptas y ipchì`hadbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, ci prbsbd-

oiyar qub ci i`thvi, imboés mb vbrsb hdecuhmi par obdas virhilcbs (p. bk., ci eubrzi ousùcir y ci àarmhdi`hðd), subcb sbr prbebrhmi bd ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. @adshmbrboas, par bkbopca, ci ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci mbsmb ci pash`hðd mb phb7 ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta altbdhmi par ci àdtri``hðd mb cas oûsùcas hsquhathlhicbs bsté chohtimi

ti`hðd mb udi dubvimhrhfhrsb tè`dhì imb ci ecbxhlhchmim mblbrïi cisvicari`hðd mhebrbdtbs mb mbehdh`hadbs bxhstbdtbs bd bc oudma b, hmbicobdtb, hdtramu`hr udi dubvi y àopcbti mbehdh`hðd. Ci mbehdh`hðd oés shopcb àdshmbri ci ecbxhlhchmim àoa –ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta (\AO? ridfb ae oathad) mb udi irthùci`hðd‟ (Ptabmbeicgb 98697 Oitjbws 986:). ^jhcchps y Jardig (9868) iùimhbrad i ci mbehdh`hðd –a sbùbd`hi mb irthùci`hadbs‟. Ci rbebrbd`hi i ci obmh`hðd bstrh`tiobdtb ehshacðfhì eub bxprbsimi par \bhccy (98:9), quhbd hdtramuka –ci eicti mb rhfhmbz‟ bd ci mbehdh`hðd `céshì mb ecbxhlhchmim, y Lasà y Fustiesad (98:0) eubrad quhbdbs mbehdhbrad ci ecbxhlhchmim àoa –bc frima mb oavhchmim (\AO) mb cis pirtbs mbc ùbrpa salrb sus irthùci`hadbs, shd tbdshðd bx`bshvi bd bccis a bd sus tbdmadbs y chfiobdtas.‟ Cis mbehdh`hadbs prapubstis oés rb`hbdtbobdtb hdàrparid –ci oéxhoi iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta‟ (Gbcc, Lbcc, y Yuhddby >9). Pbfûd bsta, ci ecbxhlhchmim sb prbsbdti àoa –ci ìpi`hmim mb udi irthùci`hðd piri oavbrsb bd ci iopchtum tatic mb su irà mb oavhohbdta‟ (Eijby, Hdsbc y \atj 9888), ca ùic, bd rbichmim, shopcbobdtb mbticci bc shfdhehìma mb –ci iopchtum oéxhoi mbc oavhohbdta‟. Bsti mbehdh`hðd bs ouy shohcir i ci qub sb prapusa bd udi rb`hbdtb mb`ciri`hðd mbc I@PO (988:i).

Rdi ùbsthðd eudmiobdtic bd ci mbehdh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bs i`cirir `ðoa sb ùidthehì ci iopchtum oéxhoi mbc oavhohbdta. Bc cïohtb oéxhoa mb ud oavhohbdta irthùcir mbtbrohdima pubmb sbr icìdzima i`thviobdtb par udi pbrsadi qub àdtrihfi sus praphas oûsùcas a pishviobdtb

par ci caìchzi`hðd sus hdsbr`hadbs ousùcirbs. Phd bolirfa, àd cimbiyumi mb atri pbrsadi bs listidtb pashlcb iuobdtir bsi iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta, i obduma jisti bc pudta mb supbrpadbr ci pirtb pastbrhar mb ci phbrdi y bc ousca y icìdzir ud irà mb oavhohbdta sustid`hicobdtb iopcha. Rd bkbopca oés bxtrboa sbrïi bc mb udi pbrsadi àd piripcbkïi, qub da mhspadb mb ecbxhlhchmim i`thvi bd su talhcca, pbra àd udi iopchtum mb oavhohbdta bd bc talhcca ‐marshecbxhðd y ecbxhðd pcidtir‐ daroic a sbohdaroic bd ci oavhchzi`hðd pishvi. Bc irà mb oavhohbdta mb udi mbtbrohdimi irthùci`hðd bsté chohtima par cas ei`tarbs bstru`turicbs y par cis sbdsi`hadbs mbsifrimilcbs mbc sukbta qub bsté shbdma bvicuima. Iolas ei`tarbs virïid àdshmbrilcbobdtb bd ìmi hdmhvhmua b hd`cusa bd ìmi uda mb cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs mbc ohsoa hdmhvhmua. Mbpbdmhbdma mbc frima mb oavhchmim irthùcir qub sb bstè vicaridma, jilré mhsthdtas ei`tarbs chohtidtbs. âr iùimhmuri, bxhstbd icfudas oavhohbdtas piri cas qub icìdzir ci iopchtum oéxhoi pamrïi fbdbrir ud icta frima mb hdàoamhmim (p. bk., ci rati`hðd citbric mbc jaolra a ci ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì), ohbdtris qub da aùrrb ca ohsoa bd atras oavhohbdtas (p. bk., ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì a ci ecbxhðd mbc àma). Phd bolirfa, bolirfa, piri bvhtir udi cbshðd muridtb muridtb ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, sb mblb àdshmbrir prbebrhlcbobdtb ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta ehshacðfhì idtbs qub ci patbd`hicobdtb pitacðfhì. Ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta bs ud vicar bspb`ïehà oés qub fbdèrhà, y bs pashlcb qub udi pbrsadi tbdfi ud oiyar irà mb oavhohbdta bd udis irthùci`hadbs qub bd atris. Bsti ìri`tbrïsthì sb ji hdàrparima bd ci mbehdh`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim bd sbdthma iopcha àoa –bspb`heh`hmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim‟ (Mh`ghdsad 985:7 Jirrhs 9858i). âr bc àopadbdtb bstéthà mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir, sb pubmb mbtb`tir qub cis mbehdh`hadbs mb ecbxhlhchmim

obmhidtb ci ishstbd`hi mb atri pbrsadi piri oavbr ci irthùci`hðd a bc ohbolra. Mblhma i qub ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta pishvi bs i obduma

mhspadhlcbs da bstéd mhrhfhmis i icfudas mb cas ispb`tas qub iìlioas mb obd`hadir. Rdi mbehdh`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim mblb tbdbr bd

Mhsthdtas iutarbs jid mbehdhma ci ecbxhlhchmim, pbra tamis cis mbehdh`hadbs hd`cuybd ci bxprbshðd –iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta mb udi irthùci`hðd (a irthùci`hadbs)‟.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 9; Hdtramu``hðd i ci ecbxhlhchmim

2

ùbdti mhvbrsas pudtas hopartidtbs. Bd prhobr cufir, mblb hdàrparir bxpcï`htiobdtb ci hmbi mb iopchtum oéxhoi mbc oavhohbdta (\AO ? ridfb ae oathad), tic y àoa cis mbehdh`hadbs idtbrharbs yi jid hdmhìma. Mblb ilirìr tiolhèd obmh`hðd pishvi àoa rbebrbd`hi i ci bchohdi`hðd a ohdhohzi`hðd mb ci hdecubd`hi mb atris virhilcbs àoa ci

Bspb`heh`hmim

eubrzi oatari ci oathvi`hðd ousùcir, hdmhvhmuiccibdàarmhdi`hðd ci vicari`hðd mb ci yiopchtum mbc oavhohbdta. Mblb tritir ishohsoa, mb udi oidbri bxpcï`hti, ci db`bshmim mb prbvbdhr ùicquhbr cbshðd muridtb ci vicari`hðd mb ci oéxhoi iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta uthchzidma bc àd`bpta ehshacðfhà ehshacðf hà piri bsthpucir qub ci oéxhoi iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta mblbrïi sbr icìdzimi shd miùir tbkhmas dh irthùci`hadbs. âr ûcthoa, dubstri mbehdh`hðd mblb rbudhr cas rbqubrhohbdtas mb bspb`heh`hmim tritidma ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim piri ud mbtbrohdima oavhohbdta irthùcir. Mb bstb oama, dubstri mbehdh`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim bs ci shfuhbdtb;

Bs hopartidtb obd`hadir bc jb`ja mb qub bsti mbehdh`hðd bdeithzi bc oavhohbdta mb irthùci`hadbs hdmhvhmuicbs oés qub ci ecbxhlhchmim fcalic. Phd Ph d bolirfa, ci ùbsthðd oareaeud`hadic ccioimi ecbxhlhchmim thbdmb i sbr udi ìri`tbrïsthì fbdbric mbc m bc ùbrpa y da sb àdtbopci àoa icfa bspb`ïehà mb udi mbtbrohdimi oavhchmim irthùcir. Mb jb`ja, iolas ispb`tas ‐bc ridfa mb oavhchmim bd oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs y ci ecbxhlhchmim fcalic (bstb ûcthoa bs mheï`hc mb mbehdhr)‐ sad bxtrboimiobdtb rbcbvidtbs. Bxhstb udi ûcthoi ùbsthðd rbebrbdtb i cis mbehdh`hadbs mb atras tèrohdas rbci`hadimas àd ci ecbxhlhchmim; iudqub das mboas ùbdti mb qub oavhchmim irthùcir sb pubmb uthchzir àoa ud shdðdhoa mb ecbxhlhchmim (sh sb àdshmbri sðca bc àopadbdtb bstéthà) (Cbhfjtad 9822), ci picilri bsthriohbdta bsté obkar uthchzimi piri hdmhìr bc thpa mb bkbr`h`ha eïshà àd bc qub sb icìdzi ci oéxhoi a ìsh oéxhoi iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta irthùcir, sbi i`thvi a pishviobdtb, piri uda a oés oavhohbdtas

ecbxhlhchmim. Mima qub ciliki, àrrbci`hðd cas ùitra rbsuctimas eub listidtb sufhrhð mb ci bspb`heh`hmim mb cas tbsts (p. bk., ìmi tbst obmïi mhebrbdtbs ìri`tbrïsthìs, pbra, hd`cusa isï, da eub hdmhìthva mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fcalic). Iud àd cis chohti`hadbs tbðrhìs mb cas tbsts, qub pbrohtïid virhilcbs mhsthdtis i ci ecbxhlhchmim qub hdecuïid bd bc rbsuctima, bstb bstumha `céshà ccioð ci itbd`hðd salrb bc tboi mb ci bspb`heh`hmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Ci ùbsthðd mb ci bspb`heh`hmim eub mbsùhmimi muridtb ou`jas iùas, quhzé par bc usa mheudmhma mb tbsts chdbicbs mb oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs bd cas iùas 982> y 985>, pbra eub rbtaoimi pastbrharobdtb (Mh`ghdsad 985:7 Jirrhs 9858i). Bc trilika phadbra mb Mh`ghdsad (985:) oastrð qub da bxhstb udi àrrbci`hðd shfdhehìthvi bdtrb ci ecbxhðd y ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì y bc talhcca, y mha eubrzi i ci tbarïi mb ci bspb`heh`hmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bstb bstumha eub àopcbobdtima oés tirmb par cas trilikas mb Jirrhs, quhbd sufhrhð qub ci ecbxhlhchmim da bs udi ìri`tbrïsthì fbdèrhì mbc ùbrpa juoida. Mb bstb oama, Jirrhs àd`cuyð qub dh ci obmh`hðd mb oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs pirthùcirbs dh cas tbsts pirthùcirbs qub àolhdid rbsuctimas mb mhsthdtas oavhohbdtas y cas prbsbdtid àoa ud ûdhà rbsuctima pamrïid rbprbsbdtir sithsei`tarhiobdtb cis ìri`tbrïsthìs hdmhvhmuicbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ud sukbta mbtbrohdima (Jirrhs 9858i7 Jirrhs 9858l). Jirrhs (9858l) hdvbsthfð i 9=6 oukbrbs mhbstris, bstumhidtbs mb ci Rdhvbrshmim mb Vhsàdshd y, obmhidtb ci ipchì`hðd mbc idéchshs ei`tarhic (udi vicari`hðd listidtb ividzimi bd iqubc oaobdta), oastrð qub ci ecbxhlhchmim bstéthì y ci ecbxhlhchmim mhdéohì brid mas ìri`tbrïsthìs ouy mhsthdtis y imboés qub ci bspb`heh`hmim da bstili rbstrhdfhmi ûdhìobdtb i cis irthùci`hadbs, shda tiolhèd i ci oavhchmim mb cis irthùci`hadbs, qub pubmbd tbdbr mhebrbd`his sustid`hicbs bd cis iopchtumbs mbc oavhohbdta. âr bkbopca, ud hdmhvhmua pubmb prbsbdtir udi lubdi

irthùcirbs. Iud isï, bdtbdmboas qub bs àrrb`ta bopcbir ci bxprbshðd bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta àoa shdðdhoa mb bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim.

ecbxhðd y udi oici bxtbdshðd bd ci ohsoi ìmbri. âr bstb oathva, bs mheï`hc àdshmbrir i udi pbrsadi a hd`cusa udi irthùci`hðd àoa ecbxhlcb sh

Ci iopchtum ehshacðfhì pishvi mbc oavhohbdta mb ud mbtbrohdima oavhohbdta irthùcir.

Rdi mb cis ùbsthadbs eudmiobdticbs bd ci hdvbsthfi`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bs ivbrhfuir sh ci oavhchmim irthùcir bs udi ìri`tbrïsthì fbdbric a pirthùcir. @urbtad (98=9), mbsmb udi vhshðd `céshì, sbùicð ùitra tbsts mb obmh`hðd y vicari`hðd mb ci

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

5

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

da sb rbichzid udis obmh`hadbs imbùimis y bxtbdsis.

\bcbvid`hi Rdi vbz ci ecbxhlhchmim bs prbsbdtimi, mbehdhmi y mbchohtimi, bs db`bsirha tritir bc shfdhehìma y ci rbcbvid`hi mb ìopa ci oavhchmim y mb su obmh`hðd. Bd bc mb ciirthùcir sicum, bspb`hicobdtb ùidma àdshmbrioas i id`hidas a i pbrsadis p brsadis àd mhsìpi`hmimbs eïshìs, ci iutadaoïi, ci hdmbpbdmbd`hi y ci sbfurhmim (p. bk., ohdhohzir bc rhbsfa mb ìïmi) mbpbdmbréd mb qub ci pbrsadi tbdfi a da cas dhvbcbs imbùimas mb ecbxhlhchmim àrparic bd fbdbric, y bd pirthùcir mb ci iopchtum mb icfudas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs (Fbrstbd bt ic. 986>7 P`jbdgoid, Oarby y Gu`jhljitci >>7 Jiubr bt ic. >9). Ci ecbxhlhchmim thbdb imboés ud hopartidtb pipbc bd icfudas mbpartbs y irtbs bs`èdhìs, hd`cusa piri cas oûshàs, mima qub udi i`tui`hðd bx`bp`hadic mbpbdmb mb ci oavhchmim mb ud frid dûobra mb irthùci`hadbs. âr atra cima, da bxhstb rbci`hðd bdtrb ci ecbxhlhchmim, vicarimi obmhidtb ci oavhchmim mb ecbxhðd mbc tradà, y ci oiyarïi mb ìusis mb oartichmim (Gitzoirzyg y @rihf >>7 âcca`g bt ic. >>). Bc hdtbrès par ci ecbxhlhchmim iuobdtð ùidma eub hd`cuhmi àoa udi virhilcb eïshì mbc ehtdbss bd cas iùas 982> (@arlhd y Dalcb 98:>).

Ci ecbxhlhchmim bs rbcbvidtb bd ou`jis érbis mbc àda`hohbdta; • • • • • • • •

Lhaeïs Lhae ïsh` hìi Ehsh Eh shac acaf afïi ïi @hdbidt @hd bidtra rapao paobtr btrïi ïi Obmh`hdi Obmh` hdi mbc mbc bkbr`h`ha bkbr`h`ha y bc mbpart mbpartbb Bmu` Bm uì` i`hð hðd d eïsh` eïshìi Ehsh Eh shat atbr brip iphi hi Artapb Art apbmhi mhi y triuo triuoita itacaf cafïi ïi Obmh Ob mh`h `hdi di eïs eïsh` hìi

• \buo \b uoit itac acaf afïi Brfa Br fada daoï oïi i ïi • Hd Hdfb fbdh dhbr brïi ïi

âstbrharobdtb, bstb hdtbrès eub rbdavima àd bc àda`hohbdta mb qub ci ecbxhlhchmim bs ud àopadbdtb eïshà mbc ehtdbss piri ci sicum (Lau`jirm bt ic. 988>). âr tidta, ùidthehìr ci ecbxhlhchmim ‐par su eicti a par su bx`bsa- bs shd mumi rbcbvidtb. Bstas ispb`tas sbréd tritimas àd oés praeudmhmim bd bc ìpïtuca ) tiolhèd mbtb`tð qub udi chohti`hðd mb ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci, qub pubmb sbr mb 02» ic di`br, thbdmb i mbsipirb`br sðca bd cis prhobris btipis mb ci oir`ji muridtb bc sbfudma iùa mb vhmi. Bstas mitas sufhbrbd ci bxhstbd`hi mb ud pitrðd bspb`ïehà mb oavhchmim irthùcir bd cas rb`hèd di`hmas qub, mb icfudi oidbri, rbecbki ud pitrðd mb oavh-

ohbdta mb ci phbc, su ùichmim rbstrh`thvi pubmb iuobdtir.

chzi`hðd y ci tïphì pash`hðd hdtriutbrhdi. Bs tiolhèd hdtbrbsidtb datir qub da jiy dhdfudi bvh-

Cis hdvbsthfi`hadbs iìmèohìs sad prapbdsis i ci earoi`hðd mb aphdhadbs apubstis y àdtrimh`tarhis, y bsta tiolhèd aùrrb bd bc bstumha mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Ci oiyarïi mb cis mhs`rbpid`his sad ìusimis par bc usa mb mhsthdtas oètamas mb

Ci bmim

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 9; Hdtramu``hðd i ci ecbxhlhchmim

8

mbd`hi mb jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi a jhpbroavhchmim muridtb ci prhobri sboidi mb vhmi (VyddbMivhbs 9869). Mhspadboas mb chohtimi hdearoi`hðd `hbdtïehì i`brì mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb cas sbhs obsbs mb vhmi y cas `hdà iùas. Bsta sb mblb pralilcbobdtb i cis mhehùctimbs mb hdvbsthfir dhùas mb bstb frupa

Pjbpjirm, Lbrrhmfb y Oadtbcpirb 988>7 Lrawd y Ohccbr 988:). I pbsir mb bsti mhsohdu`hðd frimuic mb ci ecbxhlhchmim àd cas iùas tidta bd cas jaolrbs àoa bd cis oukbrbs, bc frima mb pèrmhmi pirb`b mhebrbd`hirsb bd cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs mbpbdmhbdma mb `ðoa sb ohmi ci ecbxhlhchmim. Mb iùbrma àd Laadb y Izbd (9868), cis mhebrbd`his

mb bmim, y oèmhìs tiolhèd yi mbparthvis. udi eicti mbIhdtbrès parusa cis mhs`hpchdis pirthr mbc mb icfudis obmh`hadbs mb cixhtum chfiobdtasi, Vyddb-Mivhbs (9869) mbtb`tð qub ci oiyarïi mb cas dhùas mb bmimbs àoprbdmhmis bdtrb cas mas y cas trbs iùas pubmbd àdshmbrirsb jhpbroðvhcbs7 i pirthr mb bdtad`bs, bxhstb udi prafrbshvi pèrmhmi mbc dhvbc mb oavhchmim bxtrboi. Mitas shohcirbs eubrad tiolhèd altbdhmas bd ud bstumha `céshà par Lbhfjtad, Pacaoad y Pasgacdb (9860). Cis tè`dhìs mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim oubstrid qub ci oavhchmim irthùcir sb oidthbdb a mhsohduyb frimuicobdtb i ca cirfa mb cas iùas mb ci hdeid`hi y ci imacbs`bd`hi (Furbwhts`j y A‘Dbhcc 98=97 Gbdmicc y Gbdmicc 98=:7 Cbhfjtad 98257 Phcvbroid bt ic. 98627 Cbjdjirm bt ic. 988). @uidma idichzirad ci hdearoi`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim i pirthr mb cas rbsuctimas altbdhmas par ci ipchì`hðd mbc oètama ecbxhtbst i 8>9 dhùas y dhùis mb 2 i 92 iùas mb bmim, Eirhditth, Dalrbfi y Iriûka (988:) alsbrvirad udi tbdmbd`hi oiyarhtirhi i ci mhsohdu`hðd y, oés bspb`hicobdtb, i ci mhsohdu`hðd mb ci oavhchmim mbc tradà. @adtrirhiobdtb i ci daroi fbdbric, Laadb y Izbd (9868) bdàdtrirad udi ìri`tbrïsthì pbùchir; ud icta frima mb bxtbdshðd mb ouùbì y talhcca bd cas dhùas mb 2 i 9> iùas mb bmim bd àopiri`hðd àd cas dhùas bd sus prhobras 2 mïis mb vhmi.

bdtrb dhùasmby ci imuctas sad citbric oés bvhmbdtbs bd ci iopchtum rati`hðd mbc jaolra. Poijbc (9862) bdàdtrð qub cis mhebrbd`his bdtrb ci ecbxhlhchmim i`thvi y pishvi thbdmbd i mhsohduhr àd cas iùas.

Bd àdtristb àd ci rbcbvidtb bsìsbz mb bstumhas salrb ci ecbxhlhchmim muridtb cas iùas mb `rb`hohbdta y mbsirracca, bxhstbd ou`jas salrb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cas imuctas. @aoa bri mb bspbrir, sb ji alsbrvima qub bxhstb udi mhsohdu`hðd frimuic mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir àd bc bdvbkb`hohbdta, shd tbdbr bd ùbdti ci tè`dhì mb obmh`hðd uthchzimi (Gattgb y Oudmicb 98287 Oi`rib y Vrhfjt

I pbsir mb qub jiy duobrasas mitas qub àdehroid qub ci ecbxhlhchmim mhsohduyb àd cas iùas, bxhstbd mas prbfudtis rbcbvidtbs qub tamivïi da jid bdàdtrima a mbehdhma sus rbspubstis. Bd prhobr cufir, ±ùéc bs ci oifdhtum a ìdthmim mb pèrmhmi mb ecbxhlhchmim qub pramu`b bc bdvbkb`hohbdta1 Bd sbfudma cufir, ±ùécbs sad cis ìusis mb ci rbmu``hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim hdmu`hmi par ci bmim1 Ci oiyarïi mb cas oètamas a tè`dhìs mb bvicui`hðd da prapar`hadid udi vïi alkbthvi piri bvicuir ci pèrmhmi mb ci ecbxhlhchmim àd bc bdvbkb`hohbdta, y i`tuicobdtb da bxhstbd mitas cadfhtumhdicbs i cirfa pciza. Cas mitas rbàphcimas àd ci vicari`hðd mb ci jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi oubstrid qub ci prbvicbd`hi mb bstis àdmh`hadbs bs listidtb bstilcb bd ci hdeid`hi y qub mb`rb`b réphmi y prafrbshviobdtb bd ci oimurbz, pisidma mb ud 2>% i obdas mb ud 2%, y mbsmb bdtad`bs sb bstilhchzi a liki suthcobdtb jisti ci vbkbz (Lbhfjtad, Pacaoad y Pasgacdb 9860). Iudqub ci ecbxhlhchmim sb rbmu`b bd cas ûcthoas iùas mb ci vhmi imucti, bsté `cira qub ci vicari`hðd mb ci cixhtum chfiobdtasi da pbrohtb ud idéchshs ùidthtithva a ùichtithva prb`hsa salrb bc àopartiohbdta mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir (bsti ùbsthðd sbré tritimi oés praeudmiobdtb bd bc ìpïtuca :). Mitas rb`hbdtbs sufhbrbd qub ci ecbxhlhchmim pubmb pbroidb`br bstilcb mbsmb ci imacbs`bd`hi jisti ci kuvbdtum (Cbebvrb (Cbebv rb bt ic. >>7 Earthbr bt ic. >9). I pirthr mb ud bstumha bd bc qub sb uthchzi bc oètama ecbxhtbst (vbr péfhdis 29-6:), pamboas alsbrvir mas pudtas `civb; 9. Bst Bstéé `cira `cira qub qub jiy udi udi pèrmhm pèrmhmii sustid sustid`hic `hic mb mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb cas 2 y cas :> iùas7 cas hdmhvhmuas id`hidas prbsbdtid ipraxhoimiobdtb

98587 Oacc y Vrhfjt 98697 Iccidmb bt ic. 986=7 Pufijiri y àc. 98:97 Bhdgiue bt ic. 98:67

ci ohtim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim tatic alsbrvimi muridtb ci hdeid`hi.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

9>

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

) eub uthchzimi bd palci`hadbs mb itcbtis mb bchtb. Bd rbsuobd, bc saoitathpa sb oubstri obmhidtb trbs àopadbdtbs ùyas vicarbs duoèrhàs hdmbpbdmhbdtbs bstéd ims`rhtas mb tic oama qub pubmb sbr hmbdthehìma ud prbmaohdha rbcithva (\ass bt ic. 9868);

Madfbd 9886). Bd bc éolhta mbc bkbr`h`ha y bc mbpartb ci àopash`hðd àrparic bs, i obduma, idichzimi àd ud

qub thbdbd udas dhvbcbs bx`bp`hadicbs mb mbsirracca ousùcir y, y, listidtb i obduma, udas dhvbcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim àrparic ouy oambstas (@jidf,

9. Bdmaoarehi, a frisi àrparic % obdas mb frima mb oavhchmim bd ci rati`hðd mbc jaolra qub cas sukbtas mb ci ohsoi bmim da ùcturhstis (Lircaw bt ic. >>). Cas bkbr`h`has licïsthàs eubrad hdh`hicobdtb uthchzimas piri hd`rbobdtir ci ecbxhlhchmim, sbfuhmas mb tè`dhìs qub ictbrdilid `h`cas mb àdtri``hðd y rbciki`hðd. Bsis tè`dhìs bstilid lisimis bd ci tbarïi mb ci ei`hchti`hðd dburadic prapha`bpthvi (ED^) (Lurgb, @ucchfid y Jact >>). âstbrharobdtb jid shma uthchzimis earois prbmaohdidtbobdtb bstéthìs. Bd èstis, ud sukbta icìdzi udi pash`hðd bxtrboi (ìri`tbrhzimi par bc oaobdta bd qub bophbzi i sbdthr icfudi hdàoamhmim) y pbroidb`b bd bsi pash`hðd muridtb ud pbrïama mb thbopa mb 92 i 8> sbfudmas, shbdma àdshmbrimas ðpthoas cas 0> sbfudmas sbfudmas (Lidmy b Hrhad 988=7 Lidmy, Hrhad y Lrhffcbr 988:7 Ebcidm bt ic. >9). Ciobdtilcbobdtb, ci oiyarïi mb cas bstumhas jid hd`cuhma pbrïamas mb bdtrbdiohbdta ouy àrtas, riri vbz supbrharbs i 9 iùa (Oarby bt ic.9885). Iudqub bxhstb àdsbdsa bd qub cas bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim mblbd sbr prbs`rhtas piri sukbtas sidas y da sidas y piri itcbtis y lihcirhdbs (I@PO >>), cas obìdhsoas lhacðfhàs rbspadsilcbs mb cas beb`tas eivarilcbs mb ud bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà sad rbcithviobdtb mbsàda`hmas. Bd cas iùas 98:> bc èdeishs sb padïi bd cas obìdhsoas dburaehshacðfhàs isa`himas àd cis

àd ci ecbxhlhchmim. Phd bolirfa, bstb tboi da sb ji hdvbsthfima par àopcbta, y bs tamivïi pashlcb qub bstumhas euturas pubmid ìolhir pir`hic a

mhsthdtis earois mb bkbr`h`ha (Oaarb y Juttad 98:>7 Pimy, Vartoid y Lcidgb 98:97 Gula, Gidbjhsi y Eugudifi >9) oés qub bd cis tbarïis dburicbs.

ohbdta, ci oiyarïi mb cas bstumhas oubstrid qub bxhstb udi obkari shfdhehìthvi mb ci ecbxhlhchmim àd prafriois mb bdtrbdiohbdta mb udis paìs sboidis mb muri`hðd y bd cas qub ehfurbd sðca udas paàs ohdutas mb bkbr`h`has beb`thvas mb bsthriohbdta.

Bd udi hdvbsthfi`hðd mbsirraccimi obdtb, Oifdussad ji oastrima qub bcùhmimasiprhd`hpic obìdhsoa isa`hima i hd`rbobdtas ifumas y `rðdhàs mbc frima mb oavhchmim irthùcir àd bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà bs udi oiyar tacbrid`hi ic bsthriohbdta, shd ìolha sustid`hic icfuda mb cis praphbmimbs vhsàbcésthìs mbc oûsùca (Oifdussad bt ic. 98857 Oifdussad 988:). Ci hdvbsthfi`hðd àrrbspadmhbdtb ji oastrima qub udi ûdhì sbshðd mb bsthriohbdtas bspb`ïehàs mb 2 ohdutas, àoparti ud hd`rbobdta mbc frima mb bxtbdshlhchmim mb cas oûsùcas hsquhathlhicbs shd ieb`tir i cis praphbmimbs mb cis ùrvis mb rhfhmbz ousùcir7 bstb ìolha bsté ìusima ûdhìobdtb par bc iuobdta mb ci tacbrid`hi ic bsthriohbdta (Jiclbrtsoi, vid Lacjuhs y Fõbgbd 9885). Oifdussad (988:) mbs`rhlhð qub cas beb`tas ifumas mbc iuobdta mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir hdmu`hmas par udi sbshðd mb bsthriohbdtas mbsipirb`ïid bd obdas mb 9 jari. I pbsir mb bstas mitas, Oifdussad (988:) da bx`cuyb ci pashlhchmim mb qub bc bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà muridtb cirfas pbrïamas mb thbopa, àoa ca rbichzid cas lihcirhdbs y itcbtis, àdshfi mhsthdtas thpas mb imipti`hadbs `rðdhìs. âstbrharobdtb, sb altuva hdearoi`hðd rbcbvidtb salrb bc àopartiohbdta hd vhva mb cas tbdmadbs muridtb cas bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta, ca qub pubmb sbr ûthc piri udi obkar àoprbdshðd mb cas obìdhsoas lhacðfhàs hopchìmas bd bc bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim (Gula bt ic. >97 Gula, Gidbjhsi y Eugudifi >7 Lau`jirm bt ic. 988>7 îtb bt ic. 98827 \bkbsgh, Lriwcby y Pjuoigbr 98857 vid Jbuvbcbd bt ic. 98867 Eijby, Eijby, Hdsbc y \atj 9888). Ci ecbxhlhchmim (a cas bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas) bsté jay bd mïi hdàrparimi i ìsh tamas cas prafriois mb bkbr`h`has y ji shma bspb`hicobdtb rbàobdmimi tidta piri cis pbrsadis sidis àoa piri cis bdebrois (îtb bt ic. 98827 Ecbt`jbr bt ic. 98857 I@PO 988:i7 âcca`g bt ic. >>). I mhebrbd`hi mb atras àopadbdtbs mbc ehtdbss, da alstidtb, ci rbci`hðd bdtrb bc dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim y ci sicum da bs chdbic dh mhrb`ti ‐cas bxtrboas, tidta likas àoa ictas, pubmbd isa`hirsb i oarlhchmim y i udi udi pbar ìchmim mb vhmi. I bsta sb iùimbd cas rb`hbdtbs rb`hbdtbs mitas cadfhtumhdicbs qub jid eiccima bd mboastrir udi rbci`hðd bdtrb ci oavhchmim mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà t radà y bc rhbsfa mb oartichmim bd imuctas (Gitzoirzyg y @rihf >9), pbroidb`br bd ci pash`hðd sbdtimi b hd`cusa iczirsb piri àfbr ud alkbta mb udi bstidtbrïi- piri rbecbkir ci iutadaoïi y ci hdmbpbdmbd`hi mb ud hdmhvhmua (\hgch y Kadbs 9886). Bc idéchshs mbc pipbc mb ci ecbxhlhchmim ‐tidta bstéthì àoa mhdéohì- bd cis i`thvhmimbs mb ci vhmi mhirhi mblbrïi sbr oucthmhs`hpchdirha mblhma i qub ji`b rbebrbd`hi i mhsthdtas ispb`tas, àoa ci oareacafïi, ci ehshacafïi, bc ehtdbss y bc lhbdbstir, ci lhaob`édhì y ci brfadaoïi. Ci chohti`hðd mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir, qub ipirb`b àd cas iùas àoa pirtb mbc pra`bsa mb bdvbkb`hohbdta, pubmb supadbr fridmbs rbstrh``hadbs bd ci bkbù`hðd mb icfudas oavhohbdtas a hd`cusa hopbmhrcas. Bd ud hdtbrbsidtb bstumha pulchìma ji`b ipraxhoimiobdtb udi mèìmi bd Kaurdic ae Lhaob`jidh`s, Ecb`gbdstbhd, Ghrly y Oi`Cbam (98::) alsbrvirad qub ùidma ci ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci sb chohtili i 62», padbrsb mb phb mbsmb ci pash`hðd sbdtimi sðca bri pashlcb sh sb iàopiùili mb ud oavhohbdta mb licid`ba mb cas lrizas y ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà.

mhbdtb pashlhchmim mb mbsirraccir macarbs mb bspicmi a udi cbshðd `rðdhì rbci`hadimi àd ci pré`thì mbparthvi jid shma tiolhèd hdvbsthfimis

Phd bolirfa, bc oavhohbdta oéxhoa, obmhma bd dbwtads, eub ìsh bc malcb qub bc oavhohbdta bkbùtima par udi pbrsadi shd ci rbstrh``hðd mb ci ecb-

Ci ecbxhlhchmim bd ci pré`thì mbparthvi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

96

9:

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

xhðd mb ci ramhcci, qub puma mbtbrharir mb oidbri hopartidtb udi irthùci`hðd prbvhiobdtb cbshadimi a àd udi prðtbshs (Ecb`gbdstbhd, Ghrly y Oi`Cbam 98::). Ci oiyarïi mb cis i`thvhmimbs mb ci vhmi mhirhi rbquhbrbd udi àolhdi`hðd mb oavhohbdtas àopcbkas qub hopchìd ci àdtri``hðd àarmhdimi mb

bc pipbc ùichtithva y ùidthtithva mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir bd ci rbichzi`hðd mb cis i``hadbs oés hopartidtbs mb ci vhmi àthmhidi.

ud frid dûobra mb frupas ousùcirbs y bc oavhohbdta àolhdima mb ou`jis irthùci`hadbs (Gdumsad, Oifdussad y O`Jufj >>). Bstis i``hadbs pubmbd rbichzirsb bdìmbdidma `hbrta dûobra mb àolhdi`hadbs mhsthdtis mb édfucas y oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs. îri icìdzir ud alkbta qub bsté bderbdtb mb dasatras, par bkbopca, y i udi icturi chfbriobdtb par mblika mb dubstris ìmbris, ictbrioas cas édfucas mb ci àcuodi vbrtblric, mb ci ìmbri, mb cis ramhccis y cas talhccas. Phd bolirfa, ci iopchtum mbc irà piri ìmi uda mb bstas oavhohbdtas pubmb virhir sustid`hicobdtb mb ud hdmhvhmua i atra, b hd`cusa hd`cu sa mb iùbrma àd bc sbxa (]jaois, @aràs y Jisid 988:). Cis i`thvhmimbs àthmhidis jilhtuicbs bd pbrsadis id`hidis, àoa ìohdir a cbvidtirsb, pubmbd bstir tiolhèd chohtimis par udi rbmu``hðd mb ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta mb cis irthùci`hadbs mb cis bxtrbohmimbs (Bsìcidtb bt ic. 98887 Bsìcidtb, Ch`jtbdstbhd y Jizumi 9888, >9). Bsìcidtb, Ch`jtbdstbhd y Jizumi (>9) alsbrvirad qub ipraxhoimiobdtb ud 5% mb ci virhi`hðd mb ci vbca`hmim mb ci oir`ji pubmb bxpchìrsb par cis mhebrbd`his bd ci ecbxhðd mb ci ìmbri y cis ramhccis. \b`hbdtbobdtb Lri`j y UidPwbirhdfbd (> sboidis mb bdtrbdiohbdta lhsboidic mb bsthriohbdtas. Ci chohti`hðd mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir, qub bs pirtb mbc pra`bsa mb bdvbkb`hohbdta, pubmb hd`rbobdtir bc rhbsfa mb ìïmis (Lri`j y UidPwbirhdfbd >9i7 Kadbs >7 Bccbdlb`gbr bt ic. 98857 Jijd bt ic. 98887 \azzh bt ic. 9888). Dubstri bxpb-

Bc mbpartb y ci midzi Ci hmbi mb qub udas dhvbcbs ictas mb ecbxhlhchmim

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca >). Fcbho, Pti`jbdebcm y Dh`jacis (98:>) eubrad cas prhobras bd sufbrhr qub udas dhvbcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb likas y daroicbs bstilid isa`himas i udi icti bàdaoïi mb oavhohbdtas, ùidthehìmi àoa ci ìdthmim mb axïfbda hdfbrhma piri udi mbtbrohdimi vbca`hmim bd bc ìohdir a bd ci ìrrbri. @rihl bt ic. (9885) àdehroirad bstas rbsuctimas y sbùicirad qub cis obdarbs iopchtumbs mbc oavhohbdta bd ci marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca y ci rati`hðd citbric mb ci ìmbri bstilid oambrimiobdtb àrrbci`hadimis àd ci bàdaoïi mb oavhohbdtas bd udi ìrrbri mb 9> ohdutas i o/ohd, ohbdtris qub bc frima mb oavhchmim mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà da oastrili dhdfudi isa`hi`hðd. âr atra cima, Kadbs (>,5:) àd ci ìpti`hðd mb axïfbda bd àrrbmarbs bxpbrhobdtimas qub àrrbd i 95 go/j, y sufhrhð qub hd`cusa cis irthùci`hadbs qub da bstéd mhrb`tiobdtb hopchìmis bd ci ìrrbri pubmbd sbr rbcithviobdtb jhpaecbxhlcbs bd cas àrrbmarbs. Isï pubs, ±mblbrïid cas àrrbmarbs bvhtir cas bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas1 Dbcsad bt ic. (>9l) tritirad bsti ùbsthðd hd`hbrti obmhidtb ci ipchì`hðd mb ud prafrioi mb ecbxhlhchmim mb 9> sboidis i 0< àrrbmarbs ioitburs, y alsbrvirad qub cis obkaris bd ci ecbxhðd idtbrhar mbc tradà (bc ûdhà oavhohbdta bvicuima) da ieb`tili i ci bàdaoïi suloéxhoi mb ci ìrrbri. Bc àda`hohbdta i`tuic sustbdti qub mb icfûd oama cas likas dhvbcbs mb oavhchmim mb

cbd`hi mb cimbc hdàdthdbd`hi urhdirhi i cis mhebrbd`his sbdthma mb cis eubrzismblhma mb hopi`ta tridsohthmis ic subca pècvhà muridtb bc bkbr`h`ha (Dyfiirm, Fcawi`gh y Pictzoid 9885). Rd érbi mb rb`hbdtb y rbdavima hdtbrès sad cas beb`tas mb cas bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta bd ci pré`thì eïshì. Pb ji mboastrima qub udi hdtbdsi sbshðd mb bsthriohbdtas pishvas mb cas ecbxarbs pcidtirbs pubmb rbmu`hr sustid`hicobdtb ci eubrzi hsaoètrhì muridtb oés mb 9 jari. Bstb thpa mb bkbr`h`ha da hd`rbobdti bspb`ïehìobdtb ci sïdtbshs mb pratbïdis ousùcirbs y, shd bolirfa, da bs ud bstïouca piri ci jhpbrtraehi ousùcir isa`himi ic bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci rbshstbd`hi (Eawcbs, Picb y Oi`Mauficc >>7 Eawcbs bt ic. >>7 Dbcsad y Gaggadbd >97 Dbcsad bt ic. >9l). âr iùimhmuri, @jur`j bt ic. (>9) bdàdtrirad qub udi ruthdi bspb`ïehì mb ecbxhlhchmim bstili àrrbci`hadimi àd udi rbmu``hðd mb cas rbsuctimas mbc tbst mbc sicta vbrthìc mb => oukbrbs kðvbdbs. Cis hdvbsthfi`hadbs bstéd tid sðca bopbzidma i bxpcarir cas obìdhsoas mb cas beb`tas mb àrti muri`hðd mb cas bkbr`h`has mb ecbxhlhchmim rbichzimas hdobmhitiobdtb idtbs mb udi pré`thì eïshì (@ardwbcc, Dbcsad y Phmiwiy >), jid shma isa`himas i

pbrïama = iùas mb bdtrbdiohbdta mb liccbt, bd ci oiyarïi mb mb cis lihcirhdis tbdïid oés oavhchmim ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, ca qub àdehroili ci isa`hi`hðd bdtrb bc bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà y ci oiyar oavhchmim imquhrhmi bd ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, iudqub da bdàdtrirad dhdfudi rbci`hðd bdtrb ci obkari mbc rbdmhohbdta y ci fbdbrichzimi oiyar oavhchmim. Iùimhma ic hd`rbobdta mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, ud frid dûobra mb pash`hadbs `céshìs mbc liccbt rbquhbrbd frimas mb oavhchmim iopchas, pirthùcirobdtb bd ci irthùci`hðd mb ci ìmbri (\bhm bt ic. 98:67 Fhclbrt, Frass y Gcuf 988:). Cas pbrehcbs tïphàs mb ecbxhlhchmim àrparic ‐bd pirthùcir, udi oiyar rati`hðd citbric mb ci ìmbri- bxhstbd tidta piri bstumhidtbs mb liccbt àoa piri lihcirhdbs oés bxpbrhobdtimas (Gjid bt ic. 98867 Gjid bt ic. >>7 Lbddbcc bt ic. >9). Mitas rb`hbdtbs mhspadhlcbs hdmhìd qub cis lihcirhdis da oubstrid udi jhpbrecbxhlhchmim fcalic, pbra sad pashlcbobdtb quhbdbs prbsbdtid udas oiyarbs frimas mb oavhchmim caìchzimi bd `hbrtas oavhohbdtas mb su i`tui`hðd. Pad db`bsirhas bstumhas salrb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb lihcirhdbs y itcbtis mb mhebrbdtbs dhvbcbs piri iopchir dubstras àda`hohbdtas y bstilcb`br udis àd`cushadbs oés mbehdhthvis y udis hopchì`hadbs oés pré`thìs.

bdebrobmimbs a i shtui`hadbs `cïdhìs (Iobrhìd Iìmboy ae ^bmhitrh`s 98:=7bspb`ïehìs Lbhfjtad y Jðrid 98587 @ioplbcc bt ic. 98:27 Jidmcbr bt ic. 98:27 Cbwgadhi y Idsbcc 98:07 Vbstchdf y Oitthisad 9887 \asbdlcaao bt ic. 98:9). Bstas bxtrboas mb ecbxhlhchmim sb jid mbdaohdima jhpbroavhchmim b jhpaoavhchmim , y sb bxpadmréd sbpirimiobdtb bd cas shfuhbdtbs sulipirtimas. Cas ridfas bxtrboas mb oavhchmim sb mbdaohdid jhpaoavhchmim jhpaoavhchmim b b jhpbroavhchmim , rbspb`thviobdtb, piri iràs mb oavhohbdta rbmu`hmas y iopchas. Iudqub bstas tèrohdas i obduma sb uthchzid piri mbs`rhlhr ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric, tiolhèd pubmbd bopcbirsb piri oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs bspb`ïehàs.

Ci jhpbroavhchmim

Jisti ijari jboas rbvhsima cis earois bd qub ci ecbxhlhchmim bsté rbci`hadimi àd ci sicum y ci pré`pré` thì mbparthvi7 bd bsti sb``hðd sb bxpcariré bc pipbc mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd àdmh`hadbs mbchìmis. Rdi frid ìdthmim mb àda`hohbdtas `hbdtïehàs salrb ispb`tas `cïdhàs mb oavhchmim irthùcir sb jid hma iùoucidma bd cis ûcthois mèìmis (Mudjio 98=87 @irtbr y Pwbbtdio 985>7 Lbhfjtad y Jðrid 986>7 \asbdlcaao bt ic. 98:97

Bc ebdðobda mb ci jhpbroavhchmim y su dituricbzi jbrbmhtirhi eubrad pbr`hlhmas ji`b yi ou`ja thbopa, àoa sb bvhmbd`hi bd phdturis mb \ulbds, Fródbwicm y ]rivbrsh, mbsmb bc shfca ZU ic ZUHHH (Mbqubgbr >9). Gby (98). Cis prbvicbd`his mb ci jhpbroavhchmim y ci jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi mboubstrid udas àopadbdtbs jbrbmhtirhas (Pturghb 98=97 @irtbr y Pwbbtdio 985>7 VyddbMivhbs 986>) y pachfèdhàs (Frijiob 9888), ci oiyarïi maohdidtbs (Lbhfjtad y Jðrid 986>7 \ussbg 98887 Oirthd b Hvbs >>), y cis prbvicbd`his thbdmbd i sbr supbrharbs bd cis oukbrbs y i mhsohduhr àd ci bmim bd cas imuctas (Lbhfjtad, Pacaoad y Pasgacdb 98607 Mudfy y Cbupp 98:=7 Cirssad, Liuo y Oumjacgir 98:67 Ohggbcssad, Picohdbd y Giuthihdbd 98857 Mbàstbr y àc. 98867 Bc-Fire, Oijoaum y Oijfaul 988:7 Yvhdmbscidm y Kðdssad 9888), mbspuès mb icìdzir sus oéxhoas i ci bmim mb mas i trbs iùas (Vyddb-Mivhbs 986>). Ci jhpbroavhchmim pubmb vbrsb tiolhèd bd sðca ud oavhohbdta

bc pradðsthà bs, par tidta, listidtb eivarilcb, bs i obduma bc ûdhà shfda bxtbrda mb bdebrobmimbs oèmhìs àopcbkis, pirthùcirobdtb cas sïdmra-

irthùcir, p. bk., fbdu rbùrvituo (Caumad, Fahst y Caumad 988:), bd udis paìs irthùci`hadbs (rbebrhma àoa piu`h-irthùcir ùidma bs bd obdas mb

Ehfuri ). âr atra

dimas a shtui`hadbs oèmhìs.àd Pb atris pulch`ðìri`tbrïsthìs ud frid dûobra mb maùobdtas salrb bstb tboi mbsmb ehdicbs mb cas iùas 985> jisti prhd`hphas mb cas iùas 98:>. Phd bolirfa,, pralilcbobdtb i ìusi mb cis mhehùctibolirfa mbs bd bstilcb`br ud mhifdðsthà bthacðfhà y prapar`hadir ud tritiohbdta imbùima piri cas hdmhvhmuas jhpbroðvhcbs, bc hdtbrès mbìyð. Oés rb`hbdtbobdtb, ci itbd`hðd ji`hi bc tboi ji iuobdtima mblhma i ci hmbdthehì`hðd mb atris isa`hi`hadbs b hopchì`hadbs oèmhìs. I pbsir mbc rbdavima hdtbrès, bsti bdthmim oèmhì bs tamivïi rbcithviobdtb mbsàda`hmi y mbsùhmimi, hd`cusa par cas rbuoitðcafas (Frijiob y Lhrm >9) y pirthùcirobdtb par quhbdbs trilikid bd cas éolhtas mb ci artapbmhi, ci obmh`hdi eïshì y ci tbriphi eïshì (\ussbg 9888). Bsta ìusi ou`ja suerhohbdta y idfusthi i ci fbdtb qub pimb`b jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir (Frijiob >>l), ou`jas mb cas ùicbs sad àdshmbrimas jhpaàdmrïiàs (\ussbg 9888). îri udi mbticcimi bxpash`hðd mbc tboi, àdsûctbsb cas bx`bcbdtbs irtïùcas mb rbvhshðd pulchìmas par cas Mrs. \amdby Frijiob y îtrh`g Gcbop (Gcbop 98867 Frijiob 9888, >>i, >9). Putra (98=6) mbs`rhlhð `hdà ìsas mb bxtrboi oavhchmim irthùcir y sufhrhð qub ci jhpbrbxtbdshlhchmim mb cas tbkhmas chfiobdtasas y ìpsucirbs bs rbspadsilcb mb ci jhpbroavhchmim. Bsti àd`cushðd bs tamivïi véchmi, parqub sb `rbb qub bc sïdmraob mb jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir lbdhfdi bsté ìusima par ci bx`bshvi cixhtum chfiobdtasi isa`himi i cis ictbri`hadbs mb cas fbdbs rbspadsilcbs mb ci sïdtbshs mb trbs pratbïdis; bc àcéfbda, ci bcisthdi y ci ehlrhchdi (Frijiob 9888). Ci jhpbroavhchmim lbdhfdi, bdtbdmhmi àoa bc prhobra mb udi iopchi chsti mb ìolhas qub thbdbd cufir bd bc tbkhma àdb`thva, bs udi earoi mb mhseud`hðd imquhrhmi fbdèthìobdtb (Frijiob 9888, >9). Mbsmb bc pudta mb vhsti oèmhà, ci supbrpash`hðd mb ìri`-

cima, ci jhpbroavhchmim bs thpas udi ìri`tbrïsthì hopartidtb bd icfudas atras mb sïdmraob Bjcbrs-Midcas. Da sb jid bdàdtrima mhebrbd`his bd ci ilsar`hðd pishvi mb bdbrfïi piri ud mbtbrohdima édfuca mb oavhohbdta irthùcir suloéxhoa bd oukbrbs àd y shd jhpbroavhchmim fbdbric (Oifdussad bt ic. >9). Bstas mitas sufhbrbd qub cis praphbmimbs pishvis mb udi udhmim ousùcatbdmhdasi da sad mhebrbdtbs par sus àdmh`hadbs y qub ci oiyar ecbxhlhchmim mb cis oukbrbs jhpbroðvhcbs da bsté ìusimi par cas ìolhas mb cis praphbmimbs ehshacðfhìs mb ci udhmim (Oifdussad bt ic. >9). Pb jid rbichzima hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbdtra mb cis lisbs mb ci fbdèthì mbc sïdmraob mb jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir lbdhfdi, pbra cas cufirbs y cis outi`hadbs qub ìusid ci jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi da jid shma tamivïi mbehdhmas (Frijiob 9888). Bc sïdmraob bs listidtb pachfèdhà y ieb`ti i cis bstru`turis mb thpa H y HHH mb cis oacèùcis oacè ùcis mb àcéfbda, àd udi prapar`hðd rbcithviobdtb supbrhar mbc thpa HHH (\ussbg 98887 Frijiob >>`). Mitas rb`hbdtbs sufhbrbd qub udi idaoicïi bd ci rbfhðd q>`). Ci jhpbroavhchmim hopchì bvbdtuicobdtb irtricfhi, macar mb bspicmi, y tar`bmuris y cuxi`hadbs erbùbdtbs (Dbe y Fbrlbr 988:). Bsti sb``hðd mbc ìpïtuca < bsté mhrhfhmi i cas prhd`hpicbs ispb`tas `cïdhàs mb ci jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir ‐ci ùic bsté mbtbrohdimi oés erbùbdtbobdtb par cas tbsts mb jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi-, hd`cuhmi su isa`hi`hðd àd cas ìo-

tbrïsthìs mbdtra mb bstb ilidhà bs iopchi, mb oama qub ci mhsthd`hðd bdtrb sïdmraob mb jhpbr-

lhas oûsùcabsqubcèthàs y bc pracipsa mb vécvuci ohtric.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 9). Bstas risfas, mbtb`timas pirthùcirobdtb bd dhùas y imacbs`bdtbs, jid ccbvima i ou`jas iutarbs i bstumhir ci isa`hi`hðd bdtrb ci jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir y cas sïdtaois ousùcabsqubcèthàs y irthùcirbs (@irtbr y Pwbbtdio 982:7 Ghrg, Idsbcc y Lywitbrs 98567 Ehdstbrlusj y âfrudm 98:9). @uidma Ghrg, Idsbcc y Lywitbrs (9856) hdearoirad mb ci bxhstbd`hi mb udi rbci`hðd bdtrb cis oacbsthis ousùcabsqubcèthìs y ci prbsbd`hi mb jhpbroavhchmim fbdbric, bstilcb`hbrad cis lisbs piri bc sïdmraob mb jhpbroavhchmim. Ehdstbrlusj y âfrudm (98:). Pb mblbrïi rbichzir bc mhifdðsthà mhebrbd`hic, hd`cuhmas mitas mb cilaritarha, bd cas ìsas mb jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir b jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi piri mbsìrtir ci pashlhchmim mb tristardas rbuoéthàs. Ci hmbdthehì`hðd tbopridi mb jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir pubmb àdtrhluhr i ud obkar pcidtbiohbdta tbripèuthà y i udi prbs`rhp`hðd mb bkbr`h`ha oés imbùimi (Frijiob >9). Isï pubs, pirb`b ipraphima hd`cuhr tbsts lhbd bstidmirhzimas salrb oavhchmim irthùcir bd ci vicari`hðd `cïdhì mb dhùas y imuctas àd oacbsthis ousùcabsqubcèthìs hdbspb`ïehìs, pirthùcirobdtb bd cis oukbrbs y bd cis pbrsadis bd quhbdbs da sb pubmb hmbdthehìr eé`hcobdtb udi rizðd bthacðfhì.

Cas hdmhvhmuas àd jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir pubmbd prbsbdtir ictbri`hadbs mbc tbkhma àdb`thva da saca bd cis bstru`turis hopchìmis mhrb`tiobdtb bd ci caàoa`hðd, shda tiolhèd bd atras shstbois àrparicbs. âr tidta, pirb`b ipraphima rbvhsir cis àdbxhadbs bdtrb ci jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir y cis

àopadbdtbs tbdmhdasas y thbdbmbudcas`cira àopadbdtb fbdèthà. Bd ci oiyarïi hdmhvhmuas, da sb pramu`b rbecuka dh sïdtaois shfdhehìthvas, y bc pradðsthà `cïdhà bs bx`bcbdtb. Mblhma i qub cas ìolhas mbc àcéfbda sad ìri`tbrïsthàs mb iolis bdthmimbs oèmhìs (Oicàco 98:2), bs listidtb rizadilcb `rbbr qub cas hdmhvhmuas àd pracipsa ohtric sbrïid tïphìobdtb jhpbrecbxhlcbs. Ci palci`hðd mb lihcirhdbs mb liccbt, bdtrb ci ùic bxhstb udi icti prbmhspash`hðd i ci jhpbroavhchmim irthùcir y i ci jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi (Frijiob y Kbdghds 986% mb ci oubstri (Frijiob bt ic. 98:97 \ussbg 9888). Ou`jas mb bstas hdmhvhmuas tiolhèd prb-

bstru`turis idaroicbs mbc shstboi ìrmhavisùcir. ìrmhavisùcir. Bdtrb cis ictbri`hadbs bstru`turicbs mbc àrizðd, ci oés erbùbdtb bs bc pracipsa mb ci vécvuci

sbdtid sïdtaois ousùcabsqubcèthàs qub pamrïid pisir mbsipbr`hlhmas bd udi vicari`hðd bstrh`tiobdtb ìrmhavisùcir (Admrishg bt ic. 98::). âr

^racipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric y atras tristardas ìrmhavisùcirbs

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca .>>> hdmhvhmuas. Cas hdmhvhmuas àd bc sïdmraob mb Oireid thbdbd ud icta rhbsfa mb mhsb``hðd a raturi iðrthì, qub bs i obduma eitic y àdtrhluyb i udi liki bspbridzi mb vhmi obmhi mb 0< iùas bd cas ìsas shd tritir (Dhbdilbr y Uad Gamachts`j 9888). Bd bstb sïdmraob, ci jhpbroavhchmim thbdb ud pipbc hopartidtb. Frijiob y ^ybrhtz (9882) hdvbsthfirad i imuctas (Ki`gsad bt ic. 988:) àd dhvbcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb likas i ictas, sb ji bdàdtrima qub bc tbst mb ecbxhlhchmim `céshà ‐sht-idm-rbi`j‐ da prbmh`b bc macar m acar cuolir, pubsta

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

> sukbtas, mhstrhluhmas prapar`hadicobdtb mbsmb 9 iùa jisti » mb irà y ci pash`hðd iditðohì mb >» mb oavhohbdta). I prhd`hphas mb cas iùas 982> jula mas hopartidtbs àdtrhlu`hadbs bd bc ìopa mb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, udi, ci mb Vbccs y Mhccad (982 Dh`jacis rbci`hadð ud pbrehc mb

rhar bd bc qub sb mbs`rhlïi bc prataàca mbc tbst mb taìr cas mbmas mb cas phbs (Vblbr y Grius 98=8), pbra ci bdarob rbpbrùshðd mb sus mbsùlrhohbd-

ecbxhlhchmim liki àd bc rhbsfa mb cbshðd muridtb ci tboparimi mb àopbth`hðd bd kufimarbs udhvbrshtirhas mb eûtlac iobrhìda, padhbdma udi bspb`hic

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

0=

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

itbd`hðd bd bc érbi mb ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bd tèrohdas mb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, cis mèìmis mb cas iùas 985> y 986> bstuvhbrad ìri`tbrhzimis par ud frid dûobra mb bstumhas qub hdtbdtilid ividzir bd cis lisbs `hbdtïehìs mb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim (Ehdcby y Girpavh`j 985=7 @ciysad, Oudmicb y Gattgb 98557 Jaccidm 985:798607 JirrhsLbhfjtad, 9858l7 Gbttbcgiop ic. 98627 Imrhid Pacaoad bty Pasgacdb 98607 Iccidmbr bt ic. 986=7 @aad bt ic. 98627 \bydacms 98627 Lbics 98657 Bcchs, Lurtad y Vrhfjt 98687 Lajid Lajiddad, dad, Fikm Fikmashg ashg y CbUbiu 98:2). Pb pulchìrad tiolhèd bstumhas àd mhsthdtis vbrshadbs salrb ci `rbmhlhchmim y ci vichmbz mb ci vicari`hðd, darois bspb`ïehìs mb bmim y sbxa piri cas yi bxhstbdtbs, y icfudas prataàcas mb bvicui`hðd aìshadicbs chfbriobdtb oamhehìmas (Cbhfjtad 98227 Gattgb y Oudmicb 98287 @ciysad bt ic. 9857 Lbhfjtad, Pacaoad y Pasgacdb 98607 @cirgb 98627 Oacc y Vrhfjt 98697 Jiis, Bpps y Imios 98607 Pirriehid, Obciobm y Fasjfirhid 98667 Vifdbr 98667 ^bddhdf 986:7 Laadb y Izbd 98687 Vace bt ic. 98687 Faclbrf bt ic. 98:>7 Lajiddad, Fikmashg y CbUbiu 98:27 Xaumis bt ic. 988, sb hdàrparirad tè`dhìs bstimïsthìs saehsthìmis i cas bstumhas mb ecbxhlhchmim, hd`cuhmas àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd hdtbr`cisb y bc àbeh`hbdtb mb virhi`hðd piri ci mbtbrohdi`hðd mb ci ehilhchmim (Oh`jbcs 98:07 Ptritearm bt ic. 98:=7 Jawb, ]jaopsad y Vrhfjt 98:27 Obrrht, O`Cbid y Brh`gsad 98:57 Fafhi bt ic. 98:67 Phbfcbr bt ic. 98857 Midhs y Ohbcbdz 98867 Erbmrhgsbd bt ic. 98867 \hgch y Kadbs 98867 Irostradf bt ic. 988:7 Kadbs bt ic. 988:7 ^bccb``jhi y Lajiddad 988:7 Pilirh bt ic. 988:). Bx`bptuidma ud shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd pré`thà y shopcb pulchìma bd ci prbsthfhasi Dbw Bdfcidm Kaurdic ae Obmh`hdb piri sbr uthchzima bd ci mbtb``hðd mb ci jhpaoavhchmim rbcithvi ic tbkhma àdb`thva bd dhùas y imacbs`bdtbs mhilèthàs (\asbdlcaao bt ic. 98:97 98:7 Lawbr 98:,62).

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

=>

9=

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

Bstilhchmim

96

Puoima i ci icti ehilhchmim oastrimi bdtrb cis obmh`hadbs rbàfhmis par bc ohsoa a mhsthdtas bvicuimarbs, ud lubd prataàca mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mblb sbr bstilcb7 bsta bs, cas rbsuctimas jid mb tbdbr udi virhilhchmim chohtimi ùidma tamas cas ei`tarbs bxtbrdas, àoa ci tbopbrituri, ci i`thvhmim eïshì prbvhi

Icfudas ispb`tas mb ud prataàca pubmbd hdtbrebrhr bd bc bspb`tra mb hdmhvhmuas a àdmh`hadbs bd cis qub bsb prataàca mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pubmb sbr bopcbima. Hmbicobdtb, ud oètama mb bvicui`hðd mblbrïi sbr véchma piri tami ci palci`hðd, hd`cuhmas dhùas, imuctas y id`hidas mb iolas sbxas, sidas a bdebroas, a àd mhsthdtas dhvbcbs mb i`thvhmim eïshì rbfucir (mbsmb cas oés sbmbdtirhas i cas mbparthstis mb bchtb). Imboés, mblbrïi sbr ìpiz mb bvicuir i hdmhvhmuas bd cas bxtrboas mb cis bsìcis mb ecbxhlhchmim7 bs mb`hr, cis pbrsadis àd jhpa a jhpbroavhchmim. Ci ipchìlhchmim mb ud tbst mb ecbxhlhchmim pubmb àdshmbrirsb; ou iki , iki , obmhi , icti y ou icti .

yùidta bc oaobdta mbc mïi, bstumhimas. Bd i ci virhi`hðd bdtrbsad cas rbsuctimas altbdhmas bd mas mïis mhsthdtas, cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pubmbd `cishehìrsb bd trbs dhvbcbs mb bstilhchmim; icti (32%), obmhi (2 i 9>%) y iki (49>%).

92

Uichmbz

Ci pashlhchmim mb obmhr –vbrmimbriobdtb‟ ci virhilcb qub bsté shbdma àdshmbrimi, sb ccioi vichmbz. Iudqub bxhstbd mhsthdtas ispb`tas mb vichmbz, bxhstb ud àdsbdsa fbdbric mb qub tamas cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd sad véchmas sh sad uthchzimas bd ci pré`thì a bd hdvbsthfi`hðd. @aoa jiy ud pitrðd bd cimbtbrbvicui`hðd mb cida ecbxhlhchmim, da bsrbic ei`thlcb ohdir mhrb`tiobdtb ci vichmbz mb ud oètama a ud hdstruobdta àd`rbta mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Phd bolirfa, bs pashlcb bsthoir ci vichmbz bcilarimi y i`tuichzimi mb ci oiyarïi mb cas oètamas, shbdma èsti ìcùcimi obmhidtb àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd pramu`ta-oaobdta bd àopiri`hðd àd atras prataàcas mb –rbebrbd`hi‟. Cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pubmbd `cishehìrsb irlhtrirhiobdtb bd tèrohdas mb vichmbz àoa iki (r ≭ >,=), obmhi (>,= 3 r 3 >,5) a icti (r ≢ >,5).

95

Ipchìlhchmim

9:

@iri @i ri`t `tbr brïs ïsth thì ìs s mb mb cas cas mi mita tas s mb mhstrhlu`hðd

Ci bstimïsthìs pirioètrhìs sad ou`ja oés vbri`bs y eé`hcbs mb uthchzir b hdtbrprbtir qub cas oètamas bstimïsthàs da pirioètrhàs. Phd bolirfa, icfudis isud`hadbs léshìs mblbd sbr ùopchmis idtbs mb pambr uthchzir bstimïsthìs pirioètrhìs, i silbr, ud icta dhvbc bd ci bsìci mb obmh`hðd (bs mb`hr, ic obdas udi pudtui`hðd mb thpa hdtbrvéchà) y udi mhstrhlu`hðd mb mitas daroic a fiusshidi. Bd bstb sbdthma, cis ruthdis mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pubmbd mhvhmhrsb obmhidtb bc oidbka mb cas mitas bstimïsthàs bd pirioètrhìs y da pirioètrhìs .

âmbr mhs hs``rhohditarha a sbdshlhchmim

Rdi tè`dhì mb vicari`hðd mblb sbr ìpiz mb mbtb`tir mhebrbd`his rbicbs bstèd mðdmb bstèd, tidta bd ud bdeaqub mb sb``hðd `ruzimi àoa bd uda hdtbrvbd`hadic. Bsti praphbmim susthtuyb i ci pbrthdbd`hi mbc hdtbrvica mb pudtui`hðd, hmbicobdtb shd beb`tas mb obmh`hðd mb tb`ja y subca ‐ouy riri vbz sb bdùbdtrid pudtui`hadbs bxtrbois. Ci sbdshlhchmim mb cis tè`dhìs bd ci hmbdthehì`hðd mb cas beb`tas hdtbrvbd`hadicbs bsté tiolhèd hdecuhmi par bc dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim mbc frupa mb palci`hðd qub sb bstè bvicuidma. I ci cuz mb bsti chohti`hðd patbd`hic, pirb`b sueh`hbdtb vicarir cas prataàcas piri ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb iùbrma àd su pambr mhs`rhohditarha bd `hdà dhvbcbs irlhtrirhas; ou lika , lika , obmha , icta y ouy icta .

\bvhshðd mb cas oètamas bxhstbdtbs piri ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim @ad dubstra shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd bd obdtb, mhspadboas mbc oirà piri bxpadbr cas oètamas prhd`hpicbs mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim (bc ìpïtuca : uthchziré bc shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb 9: pudtas piri àopirir cas oètamas mb ecbxhlhchmim àd oés mbticcb). Ph jiy qub bcbfhr bc `rhtbrha oés hopartidtb par rizadbs mhmé`thìs mb ifrupi`hðd, bc `rhtbrha mb udhmim (pudta 9» y udi irthùci`hðd àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmi icìdzi 9:>». Bd àdtristb àd ci fadhaobtrïi `céshì, cas vicarbs mb liki oavhchmim bstéd isa`himas i vicarbs mb ou`jas frimas. Rdi tbr`bri ipraxhoi`hðd ohmb frimas ûdhìobdtb piri ud irà mb oavhohbdta

udi ùhmimasi itbd`hðd i bstis mbs`rhp`hadbs piri isbfurirsb udi ehilhchmim mb obmh`hðd icti (Lrawd y Ohccbr 988:). Bstéd mhspadhlcbs tiolhèd bd atris

irthùcir bd ud ûdhà pcida (Oaarb 98=8i7

Oètamas idfucirbs

Cbhfjtad 9825), oés qub àdshmbrir udi àdtrhlu`hðd rbcithvi mb ìmi i``hðd ihscimi. âr bkbo-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

=<

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

pca, 90>» mb irà mb oavhohbdta mbc àma pubmbd àrrbspadmbr i 90>» mb ecbxhðd mbsmb ci pash`hðd bxtbdmhmi dbutri dbutri a i udi àolhdi`hðd àolhdi`hðd mb pudtas pudtas mb iopchtum mbc cïohtb mb bxtbdshðd y ecbxhðd, tic àoa 9>» mb jhpbrbxtbdshðd mbc àma y 9» mb ecbxhðd mbc àma, tbdhbdma ìmi bs`bdirha ud shfdhehìma `cïdhà `cïdhà mhsthdta (Lu`g bt ic. 9828). Jiy

988:), jb`ja qub pubmb sbr ûthc bd bc mhifdðsthà mhebrbd`hic `cïdhà mb cas ei`tarbs chohtidtbs mb ci oavhchmim. Ci tè`dhì mb obmh`hðd idfucir mb Cbhfjtad (9825) ji shma iopchiobdtb uthchzimi par bmuìmarbs eïshàs y bdtrbdimarbs mbparthvas, pashlcbobdtb mblhma i ci mhspadhlhchmim hdobmhiti mb

qub bd qub cis obmh`hadbs idfucirbs altbdhmishdshsthr bd mhsthdtas shstbois da sad hdtbrìolhilcbs mblhma ic frid rhbsfa mb udi oici hdtbrprbti`hðd. Bc shstboi bcbfhma mblb bstir `ciriobdtb bstilcb`hma bd bc hdearob mb mitas (Oaarb 98=8i7 Lu`g bt ic. 98287 Gattgb 98:0). Imboés, dhdfuda mb bstas shstbois pbrohtb ùidthehìr pbqubùis tridsci`hadbs àdàohtidtbs, qub sb pramu`bd àd listidtb erbùbd`hi muridtb cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs supubstiobdtb mb ud ûdhà pcida (Lu`g bt ic. 9828).

mitas mb oamichmimbs rbebrbd`hi mbmbparthvis viradbs udhvbrshtirhas y mb icfudis (Cbhfjtad 9822, 9826i, 9826l) y i cis darois rb`hbdtbobdtb mhspadhlcbs piri jaolrbs y oukbrbs mb 9: i :: iùas (Lrawd y Ohccbr 988:). Bd ci mbs`rhp`hðd arhfhdic mb ci tè`dhì (Cbhfjtad 9825), sb ohmhbrad i`thviobdtb cas édfucas mb ud tatic mb 0> iràs mb oavhohbdta irthùcir rbichzimas bd iolas cimas mbc ùbrpa y mhstrhluhmas i ca cirfa mb cis bxtrbohmimbs supbrharbs b hdebrharbs y mbc tradà. âr atra cima, cas ehshatbripbutis imaptirad bc tbst mb bcbvi`hðd mb ci phbrdi rb`ti (strihfjt-cbfrihshdf) (Fikmashg y Cushd 98:07 Jshbj, Vicgbr y Fhcchs 98:07 Lajiddad, Fikmashg y CbUbiu 98:2) piri bvicuir ci rhfhmbz mb cas hsquhathlhicbs bd pi`hbdtbs àd macar cuolir. \h`jirm Lajiddad (Lajiddad, Fikmashg y CbUbiu 98:27 Fikmashg, CbUbiu y Lajiddad 98:2), ud ehshatbripbuti, ji àdtrhluhma shfdhehìthviobdtb bd ci àoprbdshðd mb cas beb`tas mb cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs bd cas rbsuctimas mbc tbst strihfjt-cbf-rihshdf. Mblhma i su jilhtuic uthchzi`hðd bd àdkud`hðd àd atras oètamas mb obmh`hðd idfucir, bstb tbst pubmb rbichzirsb tidta bd ci vbrshðd i`thvi àoa bd ci pishvi ìmi udi mb bccis thbdb mhebrbdtbs vicarbs (Lajiddad, Fikmashg y CbUbiu 98:2), y bd udi a cis mas phbrdis.

Cas oètamas idfucirbs piri ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim ùidthehìd ci \AO bd frimas obmhidtb bc usa mb hdstruobdtas mhsbùimas bspb`hicobdtb.

Ph tbdboas udis hdstru``hadbs `ciris piri ci pash`hðd mbc sukbta, ci rbciki`hðd, bc ichdbiohbdta y cis àdmh`hadbs ipraphimis mb hcuohdi`hðd sad ispb`tas `rïthàs piri ci obmh`hðd idfucir (Gattgb 98:07 Oaarb 98=8l). ]iolhèd bs hopartidtb ud lubd àda`hohbdta iditðohà y `hdbshacðfhà piri hmbdthehìr àrrb`tiobdtb cas alkbthvas db`bsirhas piri ci obmh`hðd. ûbmb sbr àrrb`ta uthchzir ud céphz piri oirìr cas cufirbs hmbdthehìmas prbvhiobdtb, bspb`hicobdtb bc euc`ra, ci oirì rbprbsbdtithvi mbc bkb mb oavhohbdta. Bd bstumhas mb rbvhshadbs oèmhìs mb palci`hðd a mb udi frid oubstri, ûdhìobdtb sb uthchzid obmh`hadbs idfucirbs sbcb``hadimis, daroicobdtb bd bc cima mbrb`ja mbc ùbrpa (Gattgb 98:07 Lrawd y Ohccbr 988:). Phd bolirfa, bd cas ìsas `cïdhàs, bs i obduma ûthc àopirir cas iràs mb oavhohbdta irthùcir lhcitbricbs ùidma sb saspb`ji ud mbtbrhara mb ci oavhchmim bd udi mbtbrohdimi irthùci`hðd, piri àopirirci àd su irthùci`hðd àdtricitbric supubstiobdtb daroic, àd bc ehd mb bvhtir sbsfas u atras pralcbois isa`himas àd bc usa mb darois mb rbebrbd`hi (Oaarb 98=8l). Icfudis vb`bs ci obmh`hðd mbc ohsoa irà mb oavhohbdta rbichzimi bd mhsthdtis pash`hadbs àrparicbs iparti vicarbs mhsthdtas (Pilirh bt ic.

Oètamas chdbicbs Cas oètamas chdbicbs mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim da ohmbd mhrb`tiobdtb édfucas bdtrb sbfobdtas ðsbas, shda qub bxprbsid rbsuctimas bd tèrohdas mb udi bsìci mb mhstid`hi frimuimi, léshìobdtb bd udhmimbs mb `bdtïobtras a pucfimis. Cas prhobras bstumhas àd oètamas chdbicbs eubrad pulchìmas ð 0> iùas mbspuès mb cas prhobras irtïùcas mbs`rhpthvas fadhaoètrhàs y eubrad prhd`hpicobdtb mbsthdimas i ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cas dhùas. Bd 98=9 sb pulchìrad mas prataàcas hdmbpbdmhbdtbs, iudqub mb icfûd oama shohcirbs, piri ci vicari`hðd chdbic mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, qub hopchì-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 0; Ci bvicui`hð `céshì mb ci ecbxhlhchmim

=0

lid léshìobdtb ùitra oavhohbdtas mhsthdtas (@urbtad 98=97 Furbwhts`j y A‘Dbhcc 98=9). Iolas bstumhas ipartirad darois mb rbebrbd`hi mb bmim piri bstas tbsts. Cas pra`bmhohbdtas mb Furbwhts`j y A‘Dbhcc sb `bdtrirad bd ci ecbxhlhchmim cuolir b hsquhathlhic. Ci litbrïi mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb @urbtad bvicuili ci ecbxhðd y

ud pudta mb hdh`ha > piri obmhr bc icìd`b (mb ci viri) par pirtb mbc sukbta, ohbdtris cis dicfis, bspicmi y jaolras sb oidtbdïid bd àdti`ta àd ci pirbm. Pb ohmhð ci oifdhtum mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, bs mb`hr, bc mbspciziohbdta mb ci pudti mb cas mbmas mb cis oidas bd rbci`hðd àd bc pudta > (Oium y @artbz-@aapbr 9882). Ci tbr`bri imipti-

bxtbdshðd mbc tradà,mbc ci talhcca7 ecbxhðd ca mbcqub jaolra y bc irà mb oavhohbdta pashlhchtð mbtbrohdir udi pudtui`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim fcalic praobmhidma cas pbr`bdthcbs mb oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs. Bstas prataàcas mb bvicui`hðd eubrad sbfuhmas par atris hopartidtbs y lhbd àda`hmis àdtrhlu`hadbs i cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim (Vblbr y Grius 98=87 Vbccs y Mhccad 982). Pb rbichzirad trbs fridmbs ìolhas mbc tbst arhfhdic bd bstis vbrshadbs. ^rhobra, ci bsìci mb obmh`hðd eub ìolhimi piri pbrohthr ûdhìobdtb rbsuctimas pashthvas obmhidtb ci àcaì`hðd mb udi oirì mb 0: `bdtïobtras rbprbsbdtidma bc pudta bd bc qub cis pudtis mb cas mbmas

`hðd bc tbstbdsht-idm-rbi`j Bc sukbtaeub sb shbdti ud lidà àd–li`g-sivbr‟. cis ramhccis ecbxhadimis bd édfuca rb`ta y cas phbs sukbtas bd bc subca, ohbdtris bc tradà sb ecbxhadi y cas lrizas bstéd àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmas piri ccbfir tid cbkas àoa sbi pashlcb. @ad bstb oètama sb phbrmb ci hdecubd`hi mb cas hsquhathlhicbs bd ci i`tui`hðd (Juh y Xubd >>). Rd bstumha pastbrhar ouy hdtbrbsidtb mb Jact, ^bcjio y Lurgb (9888) pracadfi àdshmbrilcbobdtb bc tbst arhfhdic sht-idm-rbi`j obmhidtb ci hdàrpari`hðd mb udi earoi pishvi y ud tatic mb sbhs oidbris mhsthdtis mb rbichzirca (trbs pash`hadbs bd mas oamas mb bkbù`hðd); mbsmb ci pash`hðd arhfhdic, àd cis ramhccis àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmis y cis ìmbris ratimis citbricobdtb, y tic y àoa iìlioas mb mbs`rhlhr pbra àd cis ìmbris y ramhccis ecbxhadimis jisti 9=2». Obmhidtb bsti ipraxhoi`hðd tid `rbithvi piri ihscir ci àdtrhlu`hðd mb cas hsquhathlhicbs bd ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà àd cis phbrdis àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmis, cas iutarbs iehroirad qub pamïid mhsthdfuhr cas ei`tarbs chohtidtbs mbc oavhohbdta.

mb cis oidas bstéd bd cïdbi àd cis mb cas mbmas mb cas phbs (@ardlcbbt y Vaacsby 98857 Ki`gsad bt ic. 988:). Ci sbfudmi frid imipti`hðd eub bstilcb`br

bd ci mbs`rhp`hðd arhfhdic cas rbsuctimas brid bvicuimas bd udi mhàtaoïi mb ipta / da ipta, bstumhas pastbrharbs imaptirad ud lidà bcbvima b

Cas oètamas chdbicbs piri ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim oés hopartidtbs sad cas tbsts mb taìr cas mbmas mb cas y sht-im cas ùicbs bxprbsid susphbs rbsuctimas bd rbi`j pucfi-, mis a `bdtïobtras.

Bc sbfudma tbst chdbic mb ecbxhlhchmim oés papucir bs ‐tab tau`j (taìr cas mbmas mb cas phbs) (Grius y Jhrs`jcidm 982=). Bc sukbta bophbzi mbsmb ci pash`hðd sbdtimi àd cis ramhccis àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmis y bdtad`bs hdtbdti taìr cas mbmas mb cas phbs àd cis ybois mb cas mbmas mb cis oidas. Bstb oètama prbtbdmb vicarir ci oavhchmim mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà y pubmb obmhr tiolhèd ci bxtbdshlhchmim mb cas hsquhathlhicbs. I pbsir mb qub

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

==

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb H; Uhshðd fbdbric b jhstarhi

hdàrparirad ci obmh`hðd mb ci mhstid`hi chdbic par hdàrparirad bx`bsa a par mbeb`ta bd `bdtïobtras a pucfimis bd rbci`hðd àd cas phbs, qub sb àdshmbrilid ci oirì mb rbebrbd`hi > (Ghppbrs y îrgbr 98:67 Gua bt ic. 9886). Atra oètama piri vicarir ci oavhchmim mbc tradà ca mbs`rhlhð bd mas bstumhas bc ohsoa

Vhcghdsad 985=). Ci jhpbroavhchmim, qub eub mhifdasthìmi ùidma ipirb`hbrad trbs a oés mb cas `hdà pudtas, sb alsbrvð `hdà vb`bs oés i obduma bd cas dhùas àd cuxi`hðd mb ìmbri prbvhi qub bd cas bsàcirbs daroicbs. Obmhidtb bc oidbka bstimïsthà mb cas mitas arhfhdicbs y bc `écùca mb ci bstimïsthì mbc `jh-ùimrima bd tilcis mb

frupa hdvbsthfi`hðd (Oi`ribmby hmbdthehìr Vrhfjt 98587 Oacc y mb Vrhfjt 9869). Mbspuès àd prb`hshðd cis oirìs iditðohìs bd ci àcuodi, sb oirìd cas pudtas mb rbebrbd`hi àd bc sukbta bd ci pash`hðd iditðohì. îri cis obmh`hadbs chdbicbs sb uthchzi udi shopcb `hdti ecbxhlcb, y cis mhebrbd`his ìusimis par ci ecbxhðd citbric a idtbrhar mbc tradà sad rbfhstrimis y bvicuimis (Oacc y Vrhfjt 9869). Icfudas mb cas prhobras irtïùcas y ìpïtucas mb chlras salrb ci obmh`hðd y bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim ilafilid par ci uthchzi`hðd mb atras pra`bmhohbdtas chdbicbs mb bvicui`hðd piri atris irthùci`hadbs hopartidtbs (@cirgb 98627 Kajdsad y Dbcsad 9868). 9868). Phd bolirfa, ci frid oiyarïi mb bstas prataàcas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, i pirtb mb mbebdmbr su vbri`hmim, da jid shma vichmimas y ithbdmbd i udis db`bshmimbs ouy bspb`ïehìs mbc mbpartb a mb ci midzi qub jay bd mïi sb àdshmbrid idthùimis (@ardlcbbt y Vaacsby 98857 Kajdsad y Dbcsad 9868).

Cas oètamas imhobdshadicbs sad iqubccas qub da uthchzid udhmimbs mb obmh`hðd idfucirbs dh chdbicbs. Bxhstbd ou`jas bkbopcas mb bstb thpa mb obmh`hadbs bd ci `hbd`hi mbc bkbr`h`ha y ci obmh`hdi7 uda mb bccas bs bc oètama hdtbrdi`hadic iopchiobdtb uthchzima mb iprb`hi`hðd mb ci sicum mb cas rb`hèd di`hmas obmhidtb ci mbtbrohdi`hðd mb su pudtui`hðd Ipfir (Ebhdstbhd 9888). Bstb ipirtima rbvhsiré cas shstbois mb pudtui`hðd imhobdshadicbs oés àoudbs piri ci vicari`hðd mb ci jhpa y ci jhpbroavhchmim. Bd 985=, @irtbr y Vhcghdsad ipartirad mitas altbdhmas mb > pi`hbdtbs àd bc sïdmraob mb Bjcbrs-Midcas bstumhimas bd mas jasphticbs mb Cadmrbs. Bd bstb trilika, cas iutarbs prapushbrad udi oamhehì`hðd mbc shstboi mb pudtui`hðd arhfhdic mb @irtbr y Vhcghdsad piri rbichzir obmh`hadbs bd irthùci`hadbs bopirbkimis b hd`rbobdtir ci pudtui`hðd oéxhoi mb 2 i 8. Ci oavhchmim irthùcir bd udi palci`hðd ierhìdi tïphì mb udas 9.>>> sukbtas eub bvicuimi salrb ci ohsoi bsìci >-8, pbra obmhidtb ci uthchzi`hðd mb ud shstboi mb pudtui`hðd chfbriobdtb mhsthdta (Lbhfjtad, Pacaoad y Pasgacdb 9860). Bstb shstboi mb pudtui`hðd ji shma uthchzima mbsmb bdtad`bs bd virhas trilikas y `htima mb ou`jis oidbris mhsthdtis. Icfudas hdvbsthfimarbs ca jid ccioima shopcbobdtb bsìci a pudtui`hðd mb Lbhfjtad (âudtihd 988 y 9> piri ci pirtb hdebrhar mbc ùbrpa, ` ubrpa, y bdtrb > y 5 piri ci pirtb supbrhar, bdtrb > y 95 piri ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric, qub as`hci mbsmb ci oéxhoi rhfhmbz bd >

y Ic-\iwh uthchzirad ud `rhtbrha Ic-\iwh mb ùitra pudtas(98:). Bc prataàca mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb Dh`jacis àdshstb bd udi bvicui`hðd vhsuic mb ci iopchtum mb a`ja oavhohbdtas àrparicbs, `hdà mb cas ùicbs hopchìd ci pirtb hdebrhar y trbs ci pirtb supbrhar mbc ùbrpa. @imi oavhohbdta sb frimûi bd udi bsìci mb > i ud oéxhoa mb < bd

jisti ci oéxhoi pèrmhmi bd 0. ‐ 2,2

\bùrvituo mb ramhcci Mbma mbdtra Mbma eubri âsh`hðd mb cata

@jhìs; =,2 ‐ 6,>

*@imi irà mb oavhohbdta sb frimûi mbsmb > i < bd hdtbrvicas mb >,27 tamas cas fréehàs mb rbebrbd`hi mb ci bvicui`hðd oubstrid cis trbs pash`hadbs àrrbspadmhbdtbs i cis pudtui`hadbs >, 9 y ». • Cis irthùci irthùci`hadbs `hadbs mbc àma àma y ci ci ouùbì ouùbì mblbd mblbd

Hdstruobdtas y ipiritas

bx`bmbr, 9:>» y 6>» mb ci bxtbdshðd rbspb`thviobdtb, vacudtirhi oéxhoi. • Pb rbquhbr rbquhbrbb icfûd frima mb mb oavhchmim oavhchmim i`thva i`thva bd ci ecbxhðd pcidtir mbc talhcca y bd ci ecbxhðd citbric mb ci àcuodi `brvhìc y tariàcuolir.

tas saehsthìmas. oés Pb rbvhsi iquï lrbvbobdtb cis àdtrhlu`hadbs shfdhehìthvis piri bc mbsirracca mb cas hdstruobdtas y ipiritas uthchzimas bd ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim ecbxhlhchmim y mb ci \AO. îri cas oètamas idfucirbs mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, bc fadhðobtra ‐ud ipirita qub ohmb cas édfucas bdtrb sbfobdtas ðsbas (ehfuri 0.» y ud sbùichzimar padmbrima oadtima bd udi ìki, apbridma iolas chlrb b hdmbpbdmhbdtbobdtb mb iùbrma àd ci eubrzi mb ci frivbmim (ehfuri 0.0). Bc mhic y bc sbùichzimar bstéd pravhstas mb pucsimarbs mb lcaquba hdmbpbdmhbdtbs, ca qub ji`b pashlcb mbtbdbr su oavhohbdta bd ùicquhbr pash`hðd (Cbhfjtad 9825). Cas ecbxðobtras mhspadhlcbs bd bc obrìma sb ehkid daroicobdtb ic sbfobdta àrparic qub bsté shbdma bvicuima piri

98297 Iriûka y Jimmim 98:27 Iriûka y ^brbz 98:27 Eirhditth bt ic. 98827 Eirhditth, Pairbs y Uiderib`jbo 98867 @icvicja bt ic. 988:7 Eirhditth bt ic. 988:7 Iriûka, ^brbhri y Eirhditth 988:7 @abcja y Iriûka >>7 Phcvi, îcoi y Iriûka >>7 @jivbs, Iriûka y Iriûka >9). Bc ecbxhtbst sb ji prbsbdtima earoicobdtb bd ou`jas piïsbs, hd`cuhmas cas Bstimas Rdhmas, @idimé, Lècfhì, Icboidhi, Bscaviquhi, ûbrta \hà, Irfbdthdi, Rrufuiy, îrifuiy, @acaolhi, Bùimar, @asti \hì y Lirlimas. ]ris bstis pulchì`hadbs y prbsbdti`hadbs `hbdtïehìs, y mbspuès mb sbr ipchìma àd èxhta bd ìsh 9>> mbparthstis lrishcbùas qub sb prbpirilid piri cas Kubfas Acïophàs mb 98::, bc ecbxhtbst bopbzð i sbr uthchzima àd ishmuhmim bd ud frid dûobra mb `bdtras mb ehtdbss, fhodishas, bsùbcis y `culbs. Bd ci ûcthoi mèìmi, bc ecbxhtbst ji shma imaptima par cas oèmhàs mb ci obmh`hdi mbc mbpartb y bc bkbr`h`ha piri uthchzirca bd sus `cïdhìs y àdsuctis y par cas ohchtirbs lrishcbùas piri ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mbc pbrsadic i`thva. Mb iùbrma àd dubstra shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb 9: `rhtbrhas mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, bc ecbxhtbst bs udi prubli imhobdshadic parqub sus rbsuctimas sb prbsbdtid àoa pudtas, shd vicarbs chdbicbs dh idfucirbs. Bc oètama hopchì ci obmh`hðd y vicari`hðd oéxhoi pishvi mb ci iopch-

mb obmh`hðd y vicari`hðd b hd`cuyb cas oipis mb bvicui`hðd, qub eubrad rbmhsbùimas bd 98:5 y uthchzimas bd oh tbshs ma`taric bd 98:6 (Iriûka 98:6).

tum mbc oavhohbdta (\AO) mb oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs mbc ùbrpa (05 sh àdshmbrioas ci lhcitbrichmim), hd`cuhmas prhd`hpicobdtb cas oavh-

. ^rhd`hphas fbdbricbs

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

29

2<

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

ohbdtas irthùcirbs mbc talhcca, ci ramhcci, ci ìmbri, bc tradà, ci ouùbì, bc àma y bc jaolra. Pb rbichzid a`ja oavhohbdtas mb cis bxtrbohmimbs hdebrharbs, trbs mbc tradà y cas dubvb rbstidtbs mb cis bxtrbohmimbs supbrharbs. Cas oavhohbdtas sb

]ilci =.9 Mbs`rhp`hðd `hdbshacðfhì mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc ecbxhtbst Oavhohb Oavh ohbdta dta Mbs Mbs`rhp `rhp`hð `hðd d `hdb `hdbsha shacðf cðfhì hì H

Marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca

HH

Ecbxhðd pcidtir mbc talhcca

HHH

Ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci

HU

Bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci

U

Ecbxhðd mb ci ìmbri

UH

Bxtbdshðd mb ci ìmbri

U HH

Imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri

U HHH

Ilmu``hðd mb ci ìmbri

HZ

Ecbxhðd mbc tradà

Z

Bxtbdshðd mbc tradà

ZH

Ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà

Z HH

Ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì

ZHHH

Bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì

Z HU

Ecbxhðd mbc àma

ZU ZUH

Bxtbdshðd mbc àma Imu``hðd pastbrhar mbc jaolra mbsmb ilmu``hðd mb 9:>»

ZUHH

Imu``hðd pastbrhar a bxtbdshðd mbc jaolra

ZUHHH

Bxtbdshðd pastbrhar mbc jaolra

Z HZ

\ati`hðd citbric mbc jaolra àd ilmu``hðd mb 8>» y ecbxhðd mbc àma mb 8>»

ZZ

\ati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra àd ilmu``hðd mb 8>» y ecbxhðd mbc àma mb 8>»

rbfhstrid uthchzidma dûobras raoidas bd udi pbrspb`thvi mb mhstic i praxhoic. Ci tilci =.9 prbsbdti cis irthùci`hadbs bvicuimis y cis mbs`rhp`hadbs `hdbshacðfhìs shopchehìmis mb cas oavhohbdtas qub àdsthtuybd bc ecbxhtbst.

Mbs`rhp`hðd mb cas oavhohbdtas y oipis mb bvicui`hðd Bsti sb``hðd prbsbdti àd mbticcb bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst y sus oipis mb bvicui`hðd, hd`cuhmis cis mbs`rhp`hadbs àopcbtis mb cas oavhohbdtas. îri ìmi oavhohbdta sb mbticci ùhmimasiobdtb udi mbs`rhp`hðd `hdbshacðfhì y cis pash`hadbs ipraphimis tidta mbc sukbta bvicuima àoa mbc bvicuimar. ]iolhèd sb ipartid àobdtirhas imh`hadicbs y sufbrbd`his, ji`hbdma bc pra`bsa mb bvicui`hðd oés shopcb y ehilcb. Bs bxtrboimiobdtb bc prbsbdtioas sbfuhohbdta piri àopcbta mbc oètamahopartidtb tic y àoa ca àdsbfuhr udi bvicui`hðd y udi uthchzi`hðd mb cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst àrrb`tis. Cis mbs`rhp`hadbs aerb`hmis bd bstb ìpïtuca mblbd sbr uthchzimis kudtiobdtb àd y àoa àopcbobdta mb cas oipis mb bvicui`hðd (ehfuris =.9 i =.). @imi oavhohbdta bsté frimuima prafrbshviobdtb mbsmb > jisti = mb iùbrma i ùbrma àd ci oifdhtum mb ci \AO altbdhmi, àoa sb oubstri bd ci ehfuri qub iàopiùi ìmi oavhohbdta. Ci obmh`hðd sb taoi pishviobdtb ohbdtris bc oavhohbdta bs rbichzima cbdti y frimuicobdtb jisti icìdzir ci \AO oéxhoi. Èsti bs eé`hca mb par udi icti rbshstbd`hi ob`édhì parhmbdthehìr cis oacbsthis mbc sukbta. Ci mbehdh`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim ji`b rbebrbd`hi i ci \AO ehshacðfhì ‐ca qub shfdhehì qub ci iopchtum oéxhoi da ìusi cbshadbs‐ mb oama qub mblb tbdbrsb bd ùbdti ci àoamhmim mbc sukbta bvicuima. Ph sb rbichzi mb bstb oama, sb rbmu`hréd bspb`tiùcirobdtb cas i``hmbdtbs a cbshadbs muridtb ci ipchì`hðd mbc tbst. Rdi vbz bc sukbta ji icìdzima su oéxhoi iopchtum, sb àopiri àd ` ad bc oipi mb bvicui`hðd mhlukima piri ìmi uda mb cas oavhohbdtas. Pb mbshfdi bdtad`bs ud frima duoèrhà lisima bd bc vicar oastrima bd bc oipi mb bvi-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

cui`hðd qub àrrbspadmb i ci \AO oéxhoi altbdhmi. âr bkbopca, ùidma ci iopchtum mbc oavhohbdta mbc sukbta icìdzi ci pash`hðd 9 bd bc oipi, sb althbdb 9 pudta jisti qub bc oavhohbdta mbc sukbta icìdzi bc dhvbc àrrbspadmhbdtb i ci pudtui`hðd < bd bc oipi mb bvicui`hðd, y isï àdthduiobdtb. Da bxhstbd vicarbs

20

eri``hadimas a hdtbrobmhas. Bs hopartidtb silbr qub sb mi ud pudta imh`hadic ûdhìobdtb ùidma bc sukbta icìdzi ci iopchtum bspb`hehìmi piri ci pudtui`hðd.. Hd`cusa sh bc frima mb oavhchmim bsté pudtui`hðd ouy `brìda i ci pudtui`hðd prðxhoi oés icti, mblb vicarirsb bd ci oés pbqubùi, bs mb`hr, ci pudtui`hðd yi àdsbfuhmi.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

2=

Ecbxhtbst  îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd Ecbxhtbst 

Oavhohbdta H

Ehfuri =.9

Marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; ]uolima bd pash`hðd suphdi a sbdtima bd bc subca àd ci phbrdi mbrb`ji rbcikimi y àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmi. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb pbrpbdmhùcir ic sukbta. @acaqub su oida mbrb`ji bd`hoi mb ci ramhcci mbrb`ji mbc sukbta. Bopukb bc phb mbrb`ja mbc sukbta marsicobdtb àd ci oida hzquhbrmi, ecbxhadidma bc talhcca obmhidtb ci prbshðd àdtri ci rbfhðd obtitirshidi ohbdtris oidthbdb ud édfuca rb`ta bdtrb su oida y bc phb mbc sukbta. 

*@aobdtirhas; Bs hopartidtb bchohdir ci rbshstbd`hi ousùcir ic oavhohbdta mbc sukbta. Icìdzir ud édfuca rb`ta bdtrb bc phb y bc fbobca hopchì udi pudtui`hðd mb 9. qub ecbxhadb bc ticðd sb subca muridtb ci bkbù`hðd, pbra bsta da ieb`tir i ci **Pufbrbd`his; bvicui`hðd. Hdmhqub Bs ic àoûd sukbta qub ci bcbvb ramhccimbc hzquhbrmi mb oama dituric piri i`cirir ci mblbrïi vhshðd mb ci phbrdi mbrb`ji.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Oavhohbdta HH

Ehfuri =.<

Ecbxhðd pcidtir mbc talhcca.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; ]uolima bd pash`hðd suphdi a sbdtima bd bc subca àd ci phbrdi mbrb`ji rbcikimi y àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmi. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb pbrpbdmhùcir ic sukbta. @acaqub ci oida mbrb`ji bd`hoi mb ci ramhcci mbrb`ji mbc sukbta. @acaqub ci oida hzquhbrmi bd ci rbfhðd idtbrhar mbc phb mbrb`ja mbc sukbta piri pramu`hr ci ecbxhðd pcidtir mbc talhcca. 

*@aobdtirhas; Ci pash`hðd mb cas mbmas mbc sukbta da bs rbcbvidtb piri ci obmh`hðd. Pb althbdb udi pudtui`hðd mb = ùidma ci rbfhðd obtitirshidi taì bc subca.

**Pufbrbd`his; Jiy qub prbstir itbd`hðd i oidtbdbr ci ramhcci mbrb`ji mbc sukbta àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmi.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

22

25

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta HHH

Ehfuri =.0

Ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; ]uolima bd pash`hðd pradi bd bc subca àd cas lrizas bsthrimas par bd`hoi mb ci ìlbzi y ci ramhcci mbrb`ji ecbxhadimi. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb ic cima mb ci phbrdi hzquhbrmi mbc sukbta y àcaqub iolis oidas bd ci bsphdhcci mbrb`ji mbc sukbta piri rbichzir udi ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci mbrb`ji. 

*@aobdtirhas; Da bs db`bsirha qub ci pirtb pastbrhar mbc ousca y ci pidtarrhcci sb taqubd piri pudtuir 0. îri pudtuir = bs db`bsirha mhscaìr suivbobdtb ci pidtarrhcci citbricobdtb bd rbci`hðd àd bc ousca, ca ùic mblb rbichzirsb ouy cbdti y ùhmimasiobdtb piri bvhtir cbshadbs chfiobdtasis bd ci bstru`turi mb ci ramhcci (piri altbdbr udi pudtui`hðd mb = da bstioas ji`hbdma ud oavhohbdta dituric, bs ìsh udi mhscaì`hðd).

**Pufbrbd`his; Da tbdfi bd àdshmbri`hðd ci pash`hðd mbc phb mbrb`ja mbc sukbta ùidma bvicûb bc oavhohbdta. Bstè itbdta i ci tbdshðd bspésthì mb cas oûsùcas idtbrharbs qub i obduma chohtid ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ci ramhcci, bspb`hicobdtb bd sukbtas oiyarbs y sbmbdtirhas.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Oavhohbdta HU

Ehfuri =.=

Bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Mb phb àd cas phbs kudtas y earzidma ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci shd idtbvbrsir ci ìmbri. 



âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Uèisb àobdtirhas.

*@aobdtirhas; Iudqub bstb oavhohbdta bs tid shopcb qub ci oiyarïi mb cas sukbtas pubmbd rbichzirca eé`hcobdtb shd ishstbd`hi, i vb`bs bs ipraphima iyumir i bopukir bc ousca kusta par bd`hoi mb ci ramhcci mbrb`ji àd ci oida. ^rbstb bspb`hic itbd`hðd i bvhtir oavhohbdtas mb ìmbri àdàohtidtbs.

**Pufbrbd`his; Ci pash`hðd dbutri àrrbspadmb i ci pudtui`hðd mb

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta UHH

Ehfuri =.6

Imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Pbdtima bd bc subca àd bc tradà y ci rbfhðd cuolir oidtbdhmas ca oés brfuhmas pashlcb, ci phbrdi hzquhbrmi àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhmi, ci ramhcci mbrb`ji ecbxhadimi ipraxhoimiobdtb udas 8>» y rbichzir ci imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb bderbdtb mbc sukbta y uthch`b ci oida hzquhbrmi piri oidtbdbr ci ìmbri mbrb`ji mbc sukbta mb oama qub da ratb ohbdtris rbichzi ci imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri obmhidtb ci àcaì`hðd mb su oida mbrb`ji bd ci pirtb citbric y mhstic mbc ousca mbrb`ja mbc sukbta. 

*@aobdtirhas; Bs mb bxtrboi hopartid`hi bvhtir qub bc sukbta ratb ci ìmbri mbrb`ji. Bc phb mbrb`ja mbc sukbta sbfuhré bc oavhohbdta mb ci phbrdi mb oama dituric, pbra da bs rbcbvidtb piri ci bvicui`hðd mbc \AO. @uidma ci ramhcci mbrb`ji mbc sukbta icìd`b ci cïdbi obmhi àrparic, sb althbdb udi pudtui`hðd mb . @uidma sb alsbrvi sðca ud oavhohbdta `brvhìc, ci pudtui`hðd bs mb 9, pbra, sh bxhstb oavhohbdta cuolir, cuolir, ci pudtui`hðd bs àoa oïdhoa mb 0. Rdi pudtui`hðd mb = sb àdshfub ùidma bc tradà y bc ousca idtbrhar bstéd àopcbtiobdtb supbrpubstas. ^hmi ic sukbta qub hdh`hb mb ecbxhðd mbc tradà piri rbmu`hr sustid`hicobdtb su **Pufbrbd`his; bseubrza. Da sb mhstrihfi par ci oavhchmim mbbc ci oavhohbdta ìlbzi a `brvhìc7 ci bvicui`hðd mblb àdshmbrir prhobriobdtb cis rbfhadbs taré`hì y cuolir mb ci àcuodi.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Oavhohbdta Z

Ehfuri =.9> Bxtbdshðd mbc tradà. âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; ]uolima bd pash`hðd pradi àd iolis phbrdis bxtbdmhmis àd cis oidas mbtrés mbc ùbcca. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb a pðdfisb mb phb àd bc tradà pir`hicobdtb ecbxhadima y oidtbdfi bc ùbrpa mbc sukbta bdtrb sus ramhccis a phbs. Bkbùtb ci bxtbdshðd mbc tradà mbc sukbta àd sus oidas àcaìmis bd`hoi mb cas jaolras mbc sukbta. 

*@aobdtirhas; ]ic y àoa sb ji sufbrhma bd bc oavhohbdta HZ, phmi ic sukbta qub hdh`hb i`thviobdtb bc oavhohbdta. îri ci bvicui`hðd eïkbsb bd ci bxtbdshðd mbc tradà piri bvhtir cas patbd`hicbs beb`tas mb àdeushðd y mhstri``hðd mb ci pash`hðd mb ci ìlbzi y cas lrizas.

**Pufbrbd`his; ]bdhbdma sus phbs bd àdti`ta àd bc érbi mb ci ìmbri citbric mbc sukbta pamré mbtb`tir oés eé`hcobdtb sh ci `rbsti hcïiì sb bcbvi mbc subca7 a, àcaqub ud bspbka bd udi pirbm citbric piri àdtracir bc oavhohbdta.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

50

5=

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta ZH

Ehfuri =.99 Ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà. 

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta Z.

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta Z, pbra àcaqub ci oida mbrb`ji salrb bc lriza mbrb`ja mbc sukbta piri rbichzir oés eé`hcobdtb ci ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà. 

*@aobdtirhas; Bc sukbta mblb rbichzir bc oavhohbdta shd ci bxtbdshðd mb ci àcuodi. âr bkbopca, su pb`ja mblb sbpirirsb oïdhoiobdtb mbc subca.

**Pufbrbd`his; @aoa jboas obd`hadima prbvhiobdtb bd cas mas oavhohbdtas mbc tradà, phmi ic sukbta qub hdh`hb bc oavhohbdta. Alsbrvb tiolhèd ci ùrvituri mb ci àcuodi ùidma ci bspicmi mbc sukbta bstè mbsdumi piri udi obkar vicari`hðd.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Oavhohbdta ZHH

Ehfuri =.9< Ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì. âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Mb phb àd bc lriza y bc àma mbrb`jas bxtbdmhmas ji`hi mbcidtb bd pash`hðd pradi (bd édfuca rb`ta àd bc bkb cadfhtumhdic prhd`hpic mbc ùbrpa). 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Mb phb ic cima mbc sukbta (vhshðd obmhic), y àd ci oida mbrb`ji bd pash`hðd suphdi oidtbdhbdma bc lriza mbrb`ja mbc sukbta àopcbtiobdtb bxtbdmhma, rbich`b ci ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì àd ci oida hzquhbrmi7 ifuidtb ci oida mbrb`ji mbc sukbta àcaìdma su oida salrb ci rbfhðd obtiìrphidi pastbrhar mbc sukbta piri earoir ud édfuca rb`ta bdtrb sus oidas y cis mbc sukbta. 

*@aobdtirhas; Da pbrohti qub bc àma sb ecbxhadb piri altbdbr udi vicari`hðd ehilcb. Bc lriza mbc sukbta mblb bstir bxtbdmhma bderbdtb mbc ùbrpa shd ilmu``hðd mbc jaolra àrrbspadmhbdtb. Alsbrvb bc oavhohbdta mbsmb bc cima obmhic (prbvhiobdtb mbdaohdima hdtbrda ) mbc lriza mbc sukbta. Ci prbshðd qub bkbrzi piri rbichzir ci ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì da mblb rbichzirci salrb cas mbmas **Pufbrbd`his; mbc sukbta pbra sï salrb ci rbfhðd obtiìrphidi. Cis pash`hadbs mb cas mbmas da mblbrïid tbdbrsb bd ùbdti bd ci bvicui`hðd.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

52

55

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta ZHHH

Ehfuri =.90 Bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì. 

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHH.

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHH, pbra ijari àcaqub su oida hzquhbrmi salrb bc cima idtbrhar mb ci picoi mbc sukbta piri rbichzir ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì. 

*@aobdtirhas; Cas ohsoas qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHH. **Pufbrbd`his; @uidma bc lriza y ci oida icìd`bd ud édfuca rb`ta ci pudtui`hðd sbré mb ». 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Mb phb mbtrés mbc sukbta, bopukb suivbobdtb ci pirtb supbrhar mb ci bspicmi mbc sukbta àd su oida hzquhbrmi piri bstilhchzirca ohbdtris àd su oida mbrb`ji, àcaìmi salrb ci par`hðd mhstic mbc lriza, bkbùti bc oavhohbdta. 

*@aobdtirhas; @uidma bc lriza mbrb`ja mbc sukbta bsté piricbca ic bkb cadfhtumhdic mbc ùbrpa, ci pudtui`hðd bs mb 9. @uidma bc àma mbrb`ja bsté bxi`tiobdtb par bd`hoi mb ci cïdbi obmhi mbc ùbrpa, ci pudtui`hðd bs mb

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta ZUHH

Ehfuri =.96 Imu``hðd pastbrhar a bxtbdshðd mbc jaolra.

âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; ]uolima bd pash`hðd pradi àd ci lirlhcci salrb bc subca, cis phbrdis bxtbdmhmis y cas lrizas ilmu`hmas y bxtbdmhmas, cis picois ohridma ic subca. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Ci ohsoi qub bd cas oavhohbdtas Z y ZH, pbra sastbdfi cis picois mbc sukbta àd sus oidas piri bkbùtir bc oavhohbdta. 

*@aobdtirhas; @uidma sb icìdzi ud édfuca rb`ta bdtrb bc tradà mbc sukbta y cas lrizas, ci pudtui`hðd bs mb » y ecbxhðd mb àma mb 8>». âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Bd pash`hðd pradi, oidtbdhbdma cas mas jaolras bd àdti`ta àd bc subca, àd bc lriza mbrb`ja ilmu`hma y bc àma ecbxhadima (iolas i 8>») ohbdtris bc jaolra bsté bd udi pash`hðd mb rati`hðd citbric mb 8>». Bc lriza hzquhbrma mblb bstir àcaìma i ca cirfa mbc ùbrpa. 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Irramïccbsb ic cima mbc sukbta piri bkbùtir bc oavhohbdta àd ci oida mbrb`ji, sukbtidma bc idtblriza mbrb`ja mbc sukbta `brì mb ci ouùbì ohbdtris àcaì ci oida hzquhbrmi bdtrb bc i`raohad mbrb`ja y bc ùbcca piri oidtbdbr bc jaolra mbrb`ja mbc sukbta àdtri mbc subca. 

*@aobdtirhas; Rd ispb`ta ouy hopartidtb i àdshmbrir bd bsti vicari`hðd bs bc édfuca bdtrb bc idtblriza mbrb`ja mbc sukbta y bc bkb cadfhtumhdic mbc ùbrpa, shd tbdbr bd ùbdti cis pash`hadbs mb ci oida y cas mbmas. Isbfûrbsb mb qub bc jaolra mbrb`ja mbc sukbta pbroidb`b bd àdti`ta àd bc subca. **Pufbrbd`his; Pastbdfi bc lriza mbc sukbta ehrobobdtb, pbra bvhtb rbstrhdfhr ci rati`hðd mbc jaolra.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Oavhohbdta ZZ

Ehfuri =. \ati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra àd ilmu``hðd mb 8>» y ecbxhðd mbc àma mb 8>». âsh`hðd mbc sukbta; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHZ, pbra àcaìdma bc jaolra bd udi pash`hðd mb rati`hðd obmhic mb 8>». 

âsh`hðd mbc bvicuimar; Ci ohsoi qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHZ, pbra uthch`b ci oida mbrb`ji piri rbichzir ci rati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra mbrb`ja mbc sukbta. 

*@aobdtirhas; Léshìobdtb cas ohsoas qub bd bc oavhohbdta ZHZ. Da pambr rbichzir ci pash`hðd hdh`hic mblhma i ci chohtimi oavhchmim mbc jaolra rbprbsbdti udi pudtui`hðd mb >. Ph àcaì sus mbmas bdtrb bc subca y bc idtblriza mbc sukbta shd qub bc sukbta bcbvb bc àma, sb althbdb udi pudtui`hðd mb 9.

**Pufbrbd`his; Bvhtb mhstribrsb bd su bvicui`hðd par cas oavhohbdtas mb ci ouùbì a cas mbmas.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

60

6=

Ecbxhtbst  îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd Ecbxhtbst 

Ecbxhtbst @ubsthadbs obtamacðfhìs • Bc alkbthva alkbthva bs bs vicarir vicarir ci \ \AO AO oéxhoi oéxhoi obmhidtb udi àopiri`hðd vhsuic àd cas oipis mb bvicui`hðd. • Bvicûi cis cis obmh`had obmh`hadbs bs mb ci ci \AO bd bd

bvacu`hðd mbc tbst y mb su oèrhta `hbdtïehà. Bc i`tuic ecbxhtbst da shfub bc armbd duoèrhà mb cas oavhohbdtas, sbùbd`hédmacas mb oama qub sb ohdhoh`bd cas ìolhas mb ci pash`hðd àrparic. Bsta hopchì `hdà pash`hadbs; 9. ]uolima bd pash`hðd pash`hðd suphdi; suphdi; oavhohbdta oavhohbdtass H,

• Da pbrohtb pbrohtb ud ìcbdt ìcbdtiohbd iohbdta ta a udi i`thvhi`thvhmim eïshì hdtbdsi idtbs mb ci obmh`hðd.

y U a bd pash`hðd i =), rbecbkidma cis oés ictis pudtui`hadbs oiyarbs \AO.

Bd ud idéchshs shopchsti, ci pudtui`hðd mb ci oavhchmim piri imuctas kðvbdbs pamrïi sbr bvicuimi mb iùbrma àd ci shfuhbdtb bsìci;

oavhohbdtas àrparicbs ‐: bd ci bxtrbohmim hdebrhar, 0 bd bc tradà y 8 bd ci bxtrbohmim supbrhar. • Jilhtuicobd Jilhtuicobdtb, tb, sb rbichzi rbichzi ûdhìobd ûdhìobdtb tb bd bc cima mbrb`ja mbc ùbrpa piri oavhohbdtas lhcitbricbs.

• @ad`bmi @ad`bmi ci pudtui`hðd pudtui`hðd hdobmhi hdobmhiti ti supbrhar supbrhar sðca ùidma bc sukbta icìd`b ci \AO qub àrrbspadmb i bsi pudtui`hðd tic y àoa sb prbsbdti bd bc oipi.

> ? ouy palrb 9 ? palrb < ? obmhi 0 ? lubdi = ? ouy lubdi

• Cis obmh`hadb obmh`hadbs s murid mb trbs trbs i `hdà `hdà ohdutas ùidma sb uthchzi udi sbùbd`hi bspb`ïehì y `hdà pash`hadbs àrparicbs.

Jiy qub tbdbr prbsbdtbs virhis àdshmbri`hadbs bd ci bstidmirhzi`hðd mb ci ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst. ]rimh`hadicobdtb bc tbst sb ipchì ûdhìobdtb bd bc cima mbrb`ja mbc ùbrpa7 cis mhebrbd`his lhcitbricbs sad ouy bx`bp`hadicbs, pbra pubmbd aùrrhr bd icfudas oavhohbdtas bspb`ïehàs bd ìsas mb salrb a hderiusa. Mblhma i qub ci tbopbrituri àrparic hdecuyb bd ci ecbxhlhchmim, sb mblb àdtracir bsti virhilcb bvhtidma ùicquhbr ìcbdtiohbdta a i`thvhmim eïshì hdtbdsi muridtb ci jari prbvhi i ci rbichzi`hðd mb cis obmh`hadbs. Bc thbopa mb ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst virïi mb iùbrma àd ci bxpbrhbd`hi mbc bvicuimar y ci àdmh`hðd mbc sukbta, pbra jilhtuicobdtb muri mb trbs i `hdà ohdutas ùidma sb uthchzi udi sbùbd`hi oamhehìmi mb oavhohbdtas qub ohdhohzid cas ìolhas mb ci pasturi àrparic. Oés imbcidtb, bd bc ìpïtuca 6, ipartioas bkbopcas mb bstumhas `hbdtïehàs qub jid uthchzima bc ecbxhtbst. Bsti prbsbdti`hðd mb ci hdvbsthfi`hðd y mb cis ùbsthadbs obtamacðfhìs cb pbrohthré udi àoprbdshðd oés praeudmi mb ci

Mb iùbrma àd ci bsìci mb obmh`hðd y bc oama bd qub cas oipis mb bvicui`hðd eubrad mhsbùimas, cas mitas thbdmbd i sbfuhr udi mhstrhlu`hðd fiusshidi bd cas imuctas kðvbdbs, mb oama qub ci tbdmbd`hi `bdtric (obmhi y oambrimi) bs udi pudtui`hðd mb ymb=,qub sad cilistidtb hdusuicbs. Phd bolirfa, vicari`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst pubmb iy pbsir mblb ji`brsb piri ìmi oavhohbdta y irthùci`hðd, bs véchma y ipraphima iùimhr cas rbsuctimas mb ìmi uda mb cas oavhohbdtas piri altbdbr udi ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric a bc ïdmh`b mb oavhchmim irthùcir mbdaohdima ecbxhdmbx , qub bs udi vbdtiki hopartidtb mbc ecbxhtbst ùidma sb àopiri àd ci fadhaobtrïi. Imboés, àd ci dituricbzi fiusshidi mb ìmi bsìci mb oavhohbdta y mb ci bsìci fcalic, bs pashlcb bstumhir ci \AO àopcbti, parqub cas vicarbs oéxhoas bxtrboas ‐> y :> pudtasiud shbdma tbðrhìobdtb pashlcbs, bd rbichmim dudì sb jid altbdhma. âr tidta, da bxhstbd beb`beb` tas mb –tb`ja‟ a –subca‟, cas ùicbs ji`bd oés mheï`hc bc usa `cïdhà y ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb tbsts shopcbs par ci rbmu``hðd mb su bspb`heh`hmim y sbdshlhchmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

Imohdhstri`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst Bd bsti sb``hðd prbsbdtioas sufbrbd`his, sacu`hadbs y pra`bmhohbdtas rbàfhmas muridtb oés mb iùas mb ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst, piri ei`hchtir su uthchzi`hðd y, ci bshdtbrprbti`hðd pré`thì mb cas rbsuctimas. Èsti dubstri –rb`bti mbc ecbxhtbst‟ piri bstumhidtbs y eiùctithvas, mhvhmhmas mb iùbrma àd cas mhsthdtas ispb`tas mb ci rbichzi`hðd mb ci bvicui`hðd.

62

mb paì iyumi y pubmbd hd`cusa àopchìr a àdeudmhr ci vicari`hðd mb ci \AO piri ud oavhohbdta. :. Ubrhehqub qub ci hcuohdi`hðd y cis àdmh`hadbs `choéthìs mb ci jilhti`hðd sbid ipraphimis piri altbdbr y frimuir cis obmh`hadbs.

^rbpirb ic sukbta piri ci bvicui`hðd;

9. Altbdfi àd cas oipis mb bvicui`hðd. @ad thbopa, tritb mb oboarhzir cas cïohtbs hdebrharbs y supbrharbs piri udi pudtui`hðd mb < piri ìmi oavhohbdta. @ad bcca mhsohduhré cas brrarbs mb bvicui`hðd. . Idtbs mb bopbzir bc tbst, bstilcbzì àd bc

sadis alsbrvidma a iyumidma, tbdfi bd ùbdti sus db`bshmimbs. 6. Imvhbrti qub cis jilhti`hadbs àd bspbkas sad

sukbta bc oama mb àoudhì`hðd àd bc qub pamré rbàda`br cas frimas mb oacbsthi mbc sukbta a sh ji icìdzima ci \AO oéxhoi. Rd

^rbpérbsb ustbm ohsoa y bc cufir;

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

65

Ecbxhtbst  îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd Ecbxhtbst 

lubd oama pubmb sbr bc usa mb shfdas (p. bk., pbmhrcb qub prbshadb cis oidas bd cas oavhohbdtas ZUHH y ZUHHH), mb picilris a mb bxprbshadbs. ^rbstb tiolhèd itbd`hðd i cis bxprbshadbs ei`hicbs mbc sukbta7 das pubmbd sbrvhr àoa ivhsa piri mbtbdbr bc oavhohbdta y ci obmh`hðd, a àoa oïdhoa, rbvbcirdas `ðoa

rbstidtbs. 5. îri altbdbr altbdbr udi pudtui`h pudtui`hðd ðd mb = bd icfudas icfudas oavhohbdtas (p. bk., cas oavhohbdtas HHH, ZHU y ZUHHH), sb mblb icìdzir udi pash`hðd àdtri dituri7 rbich`b bstas oavhohbdtas frimuic y ùhmimasiobdtb. 6. âr atra atra cima, da mumb bd pracadf pracadfir ir bc oavh-

sb shbdtb.

Ispb`tas mb ci bkbù`hðd mbc oavhohbdta; 9. @ad`hèd`hbsb @ad`hèd`hbsb mb su su praphi praphi pasturi pasturi àrparic àrparic muridtb ci ipchì`hðd mbc tbst. @ad bcca iyumiré i prbvbdhr brrarbs mb bvicui`hðd y sbrvhré mb bkbopca piri bc sukbta. Rdi pasturi mbeh`hbdtb pubmb `rbir oacbsthis bd ci zadi cuolir,, bspb`hicobdtb ùidma jiy qub bvicuir ud lir frid dûobra mb sukbtas bd ud pbrhama mb thbopa rbmu`hma a sh bc sukbta bs pbsima. .

99.

9 sbfudmas bdtrb cis obmh`hadbs àdsbùthvis mbc ohsoa oavhohbdta. Ph vi i rbbvicuir rbbvicuir ic sukbta, sukbta, da bstumhb bstumhb ci vicavicari`hðd prbvhi, parqub pubmb ieb`tir su kuh`ha y ci vichmbz mb su obmh`hðd, y, par tidta, àopraobtbr ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas. Da sb mbkb hdecuhr hdecuhr bd su su bvicui`hðd bvicui`hðd par ci bxpbrhbd`hi mbparthvi mbc sukbta a bc bdtrbdiohbdta hdtbdsa mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. ¡I obduma, cas mbparthstis sad obdas ecbxhlcbs qub cas hdmhvhmuas da bdtrbdimas mb ci ohsoi bmim y sbxa! Ph saspb`ji saspb`ji qub bxhstb bxhstb udi chohti`hðd chohti`hðd mblhmi mblhmi i udi cbshðd a i ud hopbmhobdta eïshà, rbich`b ci obmh`hðd bd ci bxtrbohmim àdtricitbric a bd bc atra cima (àoa bd bc oavhohbdta ZH,

ecbxhðd citbric mb tradà). 9=. ^rbstb ^rbstb bspb`hic itbd`hðd itbd`hðd ùidma ùidma iyumb iyumb i sukbtas àd ud jhstarhic mb macar `héthà, bspadmh-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca =; Bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst

66

cachstbshs a ieb``hðd mb ud mhsà hdtbrvbrtblric bd ci bkbù`hðd mb cas oavhohbdtas Z y ZH. 92. @uidma ohmi ohmi bc oavhohbdta oavhohbdta HZ, ecbxhðd ecbxhðd mbc tradà, phmi ic sukbta qub àcaqub cis phbrdis àdtri ci pirbm ûdhìobdtb sh cb pirb`b qub vi i icìdzir udi pudtui`hðd mb =. Mb atra oama, ei`hchtb bc oavhohbdta bkbùtédmaca

. ûbmb pbmhr pbmhr ic sukbta sukbta qub qub bophb`b i`thvii`thviobdtb bc oavhohbdta y mbspuès iyumircb i icìdzir ci oéxhoi iopchtum pashlcb. Bsta bs bsbd`hic sh ustbm pbsi ou`ja obdas qub bc sukbta.

mbsmb pash`hðd mb sbdtima vhfhcb qub cis ramhcciscibstèd bxtbdmhmis y cisyphbrdis bsthrimis àdtri bc subca. Bc oavhohbdta ZUH pubmb sbr rbichzima rbichzima par bc sukbta usidma bc lriza hzquhbrma piri bsthrir bc mbrb`ja. Ci pirbm da sbré db`bsirhi jilhtuicobdtb, pbra vhfhcb qub bc sukbta da jifi udi ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà. Da uthchzir ci pirbm pubmb sbr lbdbeh`hasa, yi qub pbrohtb qub ci àcuodi `brvhìc sb ecbxhadb chfbriobdtb, ji`hbdma bc oavhohbdta oés eé`hc. Cas sukbtas sukbtas pastrimas pastrimas bd ìoi ìoi pubmbd sbr bvicuimas hdh`hicobdtb àd ud bsthrimar oèmhà, ìolhidma ci sbùbd`hi mb oavhohbdtas prapubsti, ikustédmacas mb iùbrma àd cis `hrùdstid`his hdmhvhmuicbs. Ph bs db`bsirha, cas oavhohbdtas ZUHH y ZUHHH sb bkbùtiréd uthchzidma sðca bc lriza mbrb`ja, àd ci par`hðd idtbrhar mbc jaolra hzquhbrma oidtbdhmi àdtri ci ìohcci. Bd sukbtas sukbtas àd ouy liki tacbrid`hi tacbrid`hi ic bkbr`h`ha bkbr`h`ha (p. bk., udi ìpi`hmim eud`hadic hdebrhar i = i 2 OB]), ci pash`hðd piri icfudis obmh`hadbs ‐bd pirthùcir, ci pash`hðd pradi- pubmb ìusir ud iàrtiohbdta mb ci rbsphri`hðd, `hidashs y oacbsthis bd bc pb`ja. Ph èstb bs bc ìsa, cas oavhohbdtas qub hopchìd ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà y ci bxtbdshðd citbric mblbd rbichzirsb mbsmb ci pash`hðd mb phb àd cis ìmbris àdtri ci ìri citbric mb ci ìohcci ohbdtris ustbm bsté bd phb mhrb`tiobdtb mbtrés mbc sukbta. Ci oiyarïi mb bstas sukbtas pudtuiréd mb > i 9 bd bstas oavhohbdtas y sb hmbdthehìré eé`hcobdtb ci chohti`hðd mb ci oavhchmim. ]ðobsb su thbopa thbopa ùidma ùidma rbich`b rbich`b ud oavhohbdta, y rbicï`bca udhearobobdtb y shd hdtbrrup`hðd. Mblb sbr ìpiz mb rbichzir bc ecbxhtbst eé`hc y `ðoamiobdtb bd obdas mb `hdà ohdutas.

9. @uidma idud`hb udi pudti`hðd pudti`hðd bd vaz icti ic rbfhstrimar mb mitas, oidtbdfi su tada mb vaz tid dbutra àoa sbi pashlcb y dudì uthch`b bxprbshadbs dbfithvis a pashthvis. pudtas. Puob 9 pudta piri ìmi pudtui`hðd mb 0 y < pudtas piri ìmi pudtui`hðd mb =7 par bc àdtrirha, rbstb 9 y < pudtas piri pudtui`hadbs mb 9 y >, rbspb`thviobdtb. âr bkbopca, sh bc sukbta pudtûi ud = bd uda, ud 0 bd mas oavhohbdtas, ud 9 bd atras mas, y ud < bd bc rbsta, tbdboas => + (< x 9) + (9 x pudtas7 bdtad`bs suob y rbstb àoa jboas mbs`rhta prbvhiobdtb.

95.

96.

9:.

98.

Hdearoi`hðd piri rbàrmir;

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

6:

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

@aobdtirhas bxtris Iudqub dasatras rbàobdmioas qub sb imaptbd bstas pra`bmhohbdtas bstidmirhzimas, bd icfudas ìsas da bs pashlcb. Bxhstbd mas thpas mb shtui`hadbs qub i obduma bxhfbd ìolhas bd bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst. Ci prhobri bs ùidma bc sukbta bs hdìpiz mb bkbùtir, hd`cusa uda oés mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc pishviobdtb, ecbxhtbst mblhma para bkbopca, i udi zadi bdybsimi a i udi apbri`hðd rb`hbdtb. Cas sukbtas ouy id`hidas y cas qub prbsbdtid mhsìpi`hmimbs eïshìs tiolhèd thbdbd i vb`bs mhehùctimbs piri imaptir a tacbrir icfudis mb cis pash`hadbs rbàobdmimis. Bd bstas ìsas, db`bshtiré ud bdeaqub bspb`hic qub uthch`b mhsthdtis pash`hadbs mbc sukbta u atris sacu`hadbs piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim. @uidma bc pralcboi bsté rbstrhdfhma i udi bxtrbohmim a i ud cima mbc ùbrpa, ci obmh`hðd sb pubmb rbichzir bd bc atra cima mbc ùbrpa piri mbtbrohdir bc ecbxhdmbx (idatb bd bc rbfhstra mbc pi`hbdtb què obmh`hadbs eubrad taoimis bd bc cima hzquhbrma). Bd bc ìsa mb sukbtas àd ud icta frima mb hopbmhobdta, jboas imiptima bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst piri uthchzir trbs pash`hadbs;

`cul mbparthva y thbdb > a oés dhùas piri bvicuir. @aoa sad db`bsirhas trbs ohdutas piri rbichzir bc ecbxhtbst (iudqub sb subcb hr oés réphma bd cas dhùas, bspb`hicobdtb ùidma yi àda`bd bc tbst a ca jid vhsta rbichzir i icfûd àopiùbra mb `cisb), ccbvirïi ic obdas 9> jaris beb`tuir ud ecbxhtbst àopcbta i cas > bstumhidtbs. Bd bstis `hr-

Bd bsti ûcthoi pash`hðd, isbfûrbsb mb bvhtir oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs hdipraphimas qub pubmid àopraobtbr ci obmh`hðd. Ci oiyarïi mb bstas sukbtas pudtuiréd mb > i 9 piri bstas oavhohbdtas, àd icfudi pudtui`hðd aìshadic mb sukbtas (Iriûka, Achvbhri y Icobhmi > oavhohbdtas da prapar`hadi ud bstédmir mb brrar bsthoima ca listidtb lika piri sbr ud vicar pré`thà. @adshmbridma bstas mitas, cas hdtbrbsimas bd uthchzir ci vbrshðd àrti a rbmu`hmi mbc ecbxhtbst mblbd sbr àds`hbdtbs mb cis chohti`hadbs patbd`hicbs mb bstb bdeaqub. Pbi ùic sbi ci shtui`hðd, bs hopartidtb sbr ehbc i ci ehcasaeïi prbvhsti y i ci àrrb`ti bvicui`hðd mb ci \AO pishvi oéxhoi mbc oavhohbdta bvicuima. Bd bstb sbdthma, sb isbfuriré mb qub ci obmh`hðd sbi tid bxi`ti y ehilcb àoa sbi pashlcb, y pbrohthré qub cas mitas sbid

mar sb bdùbdtri bd ci bsùbci prhoirhi a bd ud

iopchiobdtb ipchìlcbs y àopirilcbs.

9. Bsthrima Bsthrima bd udi ìoi ìoi a ìohcci; oavhohbd oavhohbdtas tas H, HH, HU, U y mb ZHH i ZU. eatafrieïis- cb mi ci ap`hðd mb vicarir su ìpi`hmim piri pudtuir bc ecbxhtbst bd mas sbùbd`his àopcbtis mb oavhohbdtas (ehfuris 2.>

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Oavhohbdta ZZ Ehfuri 2. i

l

`

m

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

9>9

Pbùbd`hi 9 mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.9

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Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Pbùbd`hi 9 mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.< ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

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9>=

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Pbùbd`hi 9 mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.= ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

9>2

Pbùbd`hi 9 mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.2

9>5

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Pbùbd`hi < mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.5 ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

9>6

Pbùbd`hi < mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.6

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Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Pbùbd`hi < mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.: ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

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Pbùbd`hi < mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2.8

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Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Pbùbd`hi < mb oavhohbdta Ehfuri 2. ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

999

@ipïtuca 2; Ci pré`thì mbc ecbxhtbst

ilci 2.9 Fuïi mb pudtui`hðd piri cis ehfuris 2.9 i 2. Oa vh vhohbdta H

ûd udttui ui` `hð d

Oav Oa vhohbdta HH

ûdtui`hðd

Oa vh vhohbdta HHH

ûd udttui ui` `hð d

Ehfuri 2.9i

<

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<

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9

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9

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9

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0 =

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ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

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Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

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ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

9

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Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst

9

6>

:>

Ecbxhdmbx (pudtas)

Ehfuri 5.0 Ecbxhdmbx; jaolrbs mbparthstis

Da mbparthstis (d ?

0>

=>

2>

5>

6>

Ecbxhdmbx (pudtas)

Ehfuri 5.= Ecbxhdmbx; oukbrbs mbparthstis ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

:>

9 a sukbtas. ûbmbd usirsb mbsvhi`hadbs obmhis y bstédmir a, sh sb prbehbrb ud bdeaqub oés o és àdsbrvimar, vicarbs mb obmhi y mb hdtbrvica a virhi`hadbs hdtbrùirthcbs. îri àopirir cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhdmbx pra`bmbdtbs mb oubstris, sb pubmbd bcbfhr tbsts hdeb-

Idéchshs mbc oavhohbdta ]ic y àoa jboas obd`hadima idtbrharobdtb, bxhstbd `hdà rbsuctimas pashlcbs pra`bmbdtbs mb ud oavhohbdta ûdhà mbc ecbxhtbst, rbprbsbdtimas par cas dûobras bdtbras mbc > ic =. Ci bsìci eub mbsirraccimi piri ikustirsb i ci mhstrhlu`hðd mb Fiuss (bd earoi mb ìopidi, tbdmhbdma i sbr ci pudtui`hðd < ci oés erbùbdtb7 cis pudtui`hadbs 9 y 0, aìshadicbs, y cis pudtui`hadbs bxtrbois > a =, riris). Bd ci pré`thì, da bs àoûd altbdbr cis `hdà pudtui`hadbs bd ud mbtbrohdima oavhohbdta bd udi oubstri pbqubùi mb sukbtas imuctas. Cis erbùbd`his ilsacutis y rbcithvis mb ìmi pudtui`hðd, mbtb`timis àoa par`bdtikbs, sad cis mbs`rhp`hadbs oés jilhtuicbs mb ud rbsuctima mb oavhohbdta. Cas rbsuctimas pubmbd ifrupirsb y altbdbrsb erbùbd`his iùoucithvis, qub vid mb cis pudtui`hadbs oés likis i cis oés ictis.

Idéchshs mb cas mitas hdmhvhmuicbs Ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cis pudtui`hadbs par bc oavhohbdta piri ud hdmhvhmua mbtbrohdima sb rbichzi beh`hbdtbobdtb i trivès mbc ecbxafrioi ‐ci

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst

9, ud 9>% pudtuð ud =, ud 9>% pudtuð ud 9, ud 0>% pudtuð ud 0 y bc =>% rbstidtb pudtuð ud % pudtuð ud > a ud 9, atra =>% pudtuð ud < y bc % rbstidtb mb sukbtas pudtuð ud 0 a ud =. Cas ecbxafriois mb ci oubstri piri frupas mb

àopiri`hðd fréehì cas rbsuctimas piri ùicquhbr oavhohbdta mbcmb ecbxhtbst àd ci mhstrhlu`hðd bd dubstra lidà mb mitas. @imi lirri rbprbsbdti cas rbsuctimas piri ud oavhohbdta bd bc 9>>% mb ci palci`hðd mb ci oubstri, àd mhebrbdtbs àcarbs a saolrbimas qub rbecbkid bc par`bdtikb mb sukbtas qub icìdzirad ìmi udi mb cis `hdà pashlcbs pudtui`hadbs. pudtui`hadbs. Bc ecbxafrioi mb ci ehfuri 5.2, par bkbopca, oubstri qub piri bc oavhohbdta ZU, ZU, ipraxhoimiobdtb ipraxhoimiob dtb ud 9>% mb cas sukb-

jaolrbs oukbrbs5.5mbi mhvbrsis tid bd cisyehfuris 5.%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.2 Bkbopca mb ud ecbxafrioi.

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UH

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH Z ZHHZ ZZ

?0

Ehfuri 5.5 Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 2 i 8 iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

?<

?9

?>

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst 9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH Z ZHHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.6 Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 9> i 92 iùas mb bmim.

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UH

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

Ehfuri 5.: Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 95 i

9%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH

UHHH

HZ

?=

Z

ZH

ZHH

?0

ZHHH ZHU

ZU

?<

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ?9

ZZ

?>

Ehfuri 5.8 Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb >%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UH

UHH

UHHH

?=

HZ

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH

ZHHH ZHU ?<

Ehfuri 5.9> Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 05 i =2 iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ZU

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH Z HZ ?9

?>

ZZ

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst 9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH

UHHH

HZ

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

Z

ZH

ZHH

ZHHH ZHU

?0

ZU

?<

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ?9

ZZ

?>

Ehfuri 5.99 Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb =5 i 22 iùas mb bmim.

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH

UHHH

?=

HZ

Z

ZH

ZHH

ZHHH ZHU

?0

?<

Ehfuri 5.9< Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 25 i 52 iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ZU

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH Z HZ ?9

?>

ZZ

9%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.90 Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 55 i 62 iùas mb bmim.

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

Ehfuri 5.9= Ecbxafrioi; viradbs mb 65 i :: iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

?9

?>

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst 9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH UHHH

HZ

Z

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.92 Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb 2 i 8 iùas mb bmim.

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UH

UH H

UHHH

?=

HZ

Z ?0

ZH

ZH H

ZHHH ZHU

ZU

?<

Ehfuri 5.95 Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb 9> i 92 iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ?9

?>

ZZ

9

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.96 Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb 95 i >%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

Ehfuri 5.9: Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst 9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.98 Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb 05 i =2 iùas mb bmim.

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UH

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

Ehfuri 5. Ecbxafrioi; oukbrbs mb =5 i 22 iùas mb bmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

?9

?>

909

90<

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH UHHH

HZ

Z

?=

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

Ehfuri 5.

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst 9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

Z

ZH

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ

?0

?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH

UHHH

?=

HZ

Z

ZH

ZHH

ZHHH ZHU

?0

?<

ZU

ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ?9

Ehfuri 5.

ZZ

900

90=

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

9>>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH

HZ

?=

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

?9

?>

Ehfuri 5.>%

:>%

5>%

=>%

%

>% H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

ûdtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst

UHH UHHH ?=

HZ

Z

ZH

?0

ZHH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZH ZHZ ZZ ?<

Ehfuri 5.

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst

Idéchshs mb cas mitas mb frupa îri ci àopiri`hðd mb pudtui`hadbs mb oavhohbdta bdtrb mhsthdtas frupas a piri obmh`hadbs rbpbthmis bd bc ohsoa frupa, ci bstimïsthì mbc `jhùimrima bs pralilcbobdtb ci obkar ap`hðd y ci oés `céshì. @uidma trilikioas àd fridmbs oubstris, cas ymitas thbdmbduthchzir i oastrir udi mhstrhlu`hðd daroic sb pubmbd tè`dhìs bstimïsthìs pirioètrhìs àdvbd`hadicbs, i pbsir mbc jb`ja mb qub cis eri``hadbs mb udhmim bd mbsvhi`hadbs obmhis y bstédmirbs da thbdbd sbdthma.

@aopiri`hðd mb ci oavhchmim bdtrb irthùci`hadbs Bc ecbxhtbst ohmb cis \AO mb shbtb àdkudtas mb irthùci`hadbs (bc dûobra bdtrb pirèdtbshs bs bc dûobra mb oavhohbdtas mbmhìmas i ìmi irthùci`hðd); 9. => 0> 2> 2> 2<

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

905

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Ci pudtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi padmbrimi piri ìmi irthùci`hðd pbrohtb ic bvicuimar àopirir hdobmhitiobdtb ci oavhchmim bd cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs mb udi pbrsadi. Cis pudtui`hadbs oés ictis rbecbkid udi oavhchmim oés icti, y cis pudtui`hadbs oés likis, udi oavhchmim oés liki. Ph sb pramu`b udi mhs`rbpid`hi shfdhehìthvi bdtrb cis

Bc pbrehc mb jaoafbdbhmim mb obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim piri ud sukbta pubmb vicarirsb uthchzidma `hdà ïdmh`bs imhobdshadicbs, tamas bccas pbrtbdb`hbdtbs i udi bsìci mb rbci`hðd (ritha) mb obmh`hðd bspb`hicobdtb ìcùcimi piri bstb prapðshta;

pudti`hadbs bstidmirhzimis vicarimis cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs, bc idéchshs mb caspiri ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim, qub bxpadmrboas pastbrharobdtb, pamrïi ipartir hdearoi`hðd ûthc i cas prapðshtas `cïdhàs a mb rbdmhohbdta mbparthva.

pubmb àhd`hmhr sh tamas cas oavhohbdtas eubras pudtuimas àd < a sh 9> oavhohbdtas eubrad pudtuimas àd 9 y cas atras 9> àd 0. Iudqub bc ecbxhdmbx bs bc ohsoa bd iolas ìsas, bc pbrehc mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir pishvi piri ìmi uda bs listidtb mhsthdta. âr tidta, ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric da

Ci jaoafbdbhmim mb cis pudtui`hadbs mb oavhchmim irthùcir rbfhstrimis par bstas ïdmh`bs bspb`ïehàs ‐HUHO, HUHI, HUEB, HUBP b HUM^‐ bs ouy hopartidtb piri ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas hdmhvhmuicbs mbc ecbxhtbst. @uidta oiyar sbi ci jbtbrafbdbhmim mb cis obmh`hadbs, oés eé`hcobdtb sb oidhebstiréd cis chohti`hadbs mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir. Icfudis pudtui`hadbs mb virhilhchmim sad sustid`hicobdtb mhsthdtis bdtrb mbparthstis y da mbparthstis, yi qub rbecbkid pbrehcbs bspb`ïehàs mb ecbxhlhchmim àrparic qub pubmbd àrrbspadmbr i cis ìri`tbrïsthìs mb cas mbpartbs pri`thìmas. I pbsir mb qub bstas ïdmh`bs sad imhobdshadicbs y obmhmas bd udi bsìci mb rbci`hðd (ritha), su mhstrhlu`hðd bs mb icfûd oama ishoètrhì, ca qub hopadb icfudis chohti`hadbs bd bc usa mb bstimïsthìs pirioètrhìs piri àopirir rbsuctimas mb ïdmh`bs bd mas a oés oubstris a obmh`hadbs. âr bstb oathva, prbebrhoas uthchzir hdtbrvicas mb pbr`bdthcbs bd cufir mb cis mbsvhi`hadbs bstédmir mb cis obmhis bd ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb bstas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim. Bs hdtbrbsidtb qub cas prhobras mas ïdmh`bs ‐HUHO b HUHI, qub bvicûid ci mhspbrshðd mb cis obmh`hadbs icrbmbmar mb cis pudtui`hadbs mb ci obmhi- da bstéd hdecuhmas par ci bmim, bc sbxa a ci pudtui`hðd mbc ecbxhdmbx, ca ùic ei`hchti su hdtbrprbti`hðd. @aoa cas atras trbs ïdmh`bs sad rbci`hadbs ìcùcimis, thbdmbd i prbsbdtir vicarbs bdtarda i ci udhmim. Obmhidtb ci itrhlu`hðd mb bxprbshadbs piri bstas rbsuctimas, cas sukbtas bvicuimas pubmbd sbr ìtbfarhzimas àd ud pbrehc mb ecbxhlhchmim jaoafèdbi a daroic, chfbriobdtb itïphì a ouy itïphì (cis mas ûcthois bxprbshadbs thbdbd ìtbfa-

mblb àdshmbrir ûdhìobdtb bc ecbxhdmbx, shda tiolhèd bc pbrehc mb cis \AO mb cas oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs.

rïis piri oés y obdas ecbxhlcb mb ca daroic) àoa udi eud`hðd mb ìmi uda mb cas rbsuctimas mb cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim (vèisb tilci 5.2).

îri ci àopiri`hðd mb cis mhsthdtis pudtui`hadbs mb ecbxhlhchmim bd irthùci`hadbs bspb`ïehìs a piri obmh`hadbs rbpbthmis bd bc ohsoa frupa, bc bvicuimar pubmb uthchzir tè`dhìs hdebrbd`hicbs pirioètrhìs, hd`cuhmas cas tbsts mb ci t y cas idéchshs mb virhid`hi, yi qub bstas mitas thbdmbd i tbdbr udi mhstrhlu`hðd daroic.

Idéchshs mbc pbrehc mb jaoafbdbhmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim

9. Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim hdtbroavhohbdta (HUHO)

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst

906

]ilci 5.2 Uicarbs mb rbebrbd`hi lisimas bd cas hdtbrvicas mbc pbr`bdthc piri cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim mbc ecbxhtbst Uirhilhchmim

^br`bdthc

HUHO

HUHI

HUEB

HUBP

HUM^

3^ 2 ^2‐^96 ^9:‐^:0 ^:=‐^82 4 ^82

3 >,== >,==‐>,2= >,22‐>,6: >,68‐>,:2 4 >,:2

3 >, ,,,,2= >,22‐>,5= 4 >, 5=

3 >, :> >,:>‐>,80 >,8=‐9,‐9,69 4 9, 69

3 > , 6= >,6=‐>,:5 >,:6‐9,,6=‐>,:6 >,::‐9,0> 9,09‐8 4 8

3 ^2 ^2‐^96 ^9:‐^:0 ^:=‐^82 4 ^82

3 >,=: >,=:‐>,2= >,22‐>,68 >,:>‐>,:: 4 >,::

3 >, ,,,,2= >,22‐>,5= 4 >, 52

3 >, :0 >,:0‐9,>> 9,>9‐9,‐9,29 4 9, 29

3 > , 6: >,6:‐>,:: >,:8‐9,9: 9,98‐9,== 4 9 , ==

3 >,62 >,62‐>,:0 >,:=‐9,90 9,9=‐9,6= 4 9,6=

Jaolrbs

Ouy itïphì Itïphì Daroic Itïphì Ouy itïphì Oukbrbs

Ouy itïphì Itïphì Daroic Itïphì Ouy itïphì

HUHO; ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim hdtbroavhohb hdtbroavhohbdta7 dta7 HUHI; ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim hdtbrirthùcir7 HUEB; ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim ecbxhðd-bxtbdshðd7 ecbxhðd-bxtbd shðd7 HUBP; ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim bdtrb sbfobdtas7 HUM^; ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim mhstic-praxhoic.

Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim hdtbroavhohbdta hdtbroavhohb dta (HUHO)

Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim hdtbrirthùcir (HUHI)

Bc HUHO rbprbsbdti ci virhilhchmim mb cis pudtuici mbsvhi`hðd bstédmir mb cis pudtui`hadbs hdmhvhmuicbs piri cas oavhohbdtas. ]bðrhìobdtb, bc HUHO pubmb hr mb > i ,52 tidta piri jaolrbs àoa piri oukbrbs, y bd mas tbr`has mb cas hdmhvhmuas as`hci bdtrb >,=> y >,8>. Rd dhùa àd 2 pudtui`hadbs mb 9, 2 pudtui`hadbs mb 0, y 9> pudtui`hadbs mb < piri cas oavhohbdtas mbc ecbxhtbst thbdb ud ecbxhdmbx mb => y ud HUHO mb >,50. Rdas vicarbs ictas mb HUHO bstéd daroicobdtb rbci`hadimas àd ci prbsbd`hi mb pudtui`hadbs idaroicobdtb likis bd uda a mas oavhohbdtas, pirthùcirobdtb bd dhùas a mbpar-

Bc HUHI rbecbki bc frima mb virhilhchmim mb ci \AO bdtrb cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs vicarimis àd bc ecbxhtbst. Bc HUHI sb bstilcb`b obmhidtb bc `écùca mb ci mbsvhi`hðd bstédmir mb cis pudtui`hadbs obmhis mb cas oavhohbdtas mb ìmi uda mb cas shbtb àdkudtas irthùcirbs mb ud sukbta. Bc vicar obmha mbc HUHI bsté icrbmbmar mbc >,= bd jaolrbs y oukbrbs7 bc 6>% mb cas rbsuctimas as`hci bdtrb >,,22. Rd bstumhidtb ùyas oavhohbdtas mb talhcca, ìmbri, tradà, ouùbì y jaolra pudtuirad pudtas, tbdmré ud HUHI mb >,20. Rdas vicarbs ictas mb HUHI sb bdùbdtrid jilhtuicobdtb bd sukbtas qub thbdbd udi cbshðd, udi oavhchmim chohtimi a udi jhpbrci-

thstis, i obduma i ìusi mb cas beb`tas mb udi cbshðd prbvhi a mb udi chohti`hðd mbc oavhohbdta i`tuic.

xhtum irthùcir, ohbdtris qub udas vicarbs likas sad oés erbùbdtbs bd sukbtas da bdtrbdimas àd dhvbcbs mb oavhchmim irthùcir `brìdas ` brìdas i ci obmhi.

`hadbs mb mhsthdtas oavhohbdtas, i pbsir mbc thpa `hdbshacðfhà mb ci irthùci`hðd a mbc oavhohbdta. Bs

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

90:

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim mb ecbxhðd-bxtbdshðd (HUEB) Bc HUEB àopiri ci oavhchmim mb cas oavhohbdtas mb ecbxhðd y bxtbdshðd. Bc HUEB sb ìcùci àoa udi rbci`hðd bdtrb cis obmhis mb cis pudtui`hadbs altbdhmis piri tamas cas oavhohbdtas mb ecbxhðd y bxtbdshðd mbc Ph talhcca, ramhcci, ìmbri, tradà, ouùbì y àma. bc shstboi mb pudtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst oubstri qub bxhstb udi oavhchmim shohcir bd cas oavhohbdtas mb ecbxhðd y bxtbdshðd, bc vicar mbc HUEB bs bd tarda i 9. Iudqub cas rbsuctimas pubmbd tbdbr tbðrhìobdtb vicarbs pashthvas salrb udi bsìci iopchi, bd ci pré`thì ìsh tamas cas vicarbs vid mb >,2 i 6 y 9,>=, àd pudtui`hadbs bd mas tbr`has mb cas jaolrbs y oukbrbs qub hlid mb >,:5 i 9,,:: i 9,9: rbspb`thviobdtb. @uidma bc HUBP bx`bmb bc 9, sb mblb i ci prbmaohdid`hi mb ci iopchtum mb oavhchmim pishvi bd uda(ùidma mb cas sbfobdtas, bd ci bxtrbohmim hdebrhar bc HUBP bssbi ouy supbrhar i 9) a bd ci bxtrbohmim supbrhar (ùidma bc HUBP bs ouy hdebrhar i 9). Rd vicar icta mb HUBP pamrïi sbr ud shfda mb mhoarehsoa ousùcir qub sb bdùbdtri i vb`bs bd hdmhvhmuas qub bstéd ou`ja oés mbsirraccimas y eubrtbs (y i obduma tiolhèd sad obdas ecbxhlcbs) bd ci pirtb supbrhar mbc ùbrpa qub bd cis bxtrbohmimbs hdebrharbs.

Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim mhstic-praxhoic mhstic-praxho ic (HUM^) Bc HUM^ ìri`tbrhzi cis mhebrbd`his bdtrb ci oavhchmim pishvi oéxhoi mb cis irthùci`hadbs mhsticbs y praxhoicbs mb cis bxtrbohmimbs. Bc HUM^ sb ìcùci

Bc HUBP àopiri ci oavhchmim pishvi bdtrb ci pirtb hdebrhar mbc ùbrpa y ci supbrhar . Bc HUBP sb ìcùci àoa udi rbci`hðd bdtrb cis obmhis mb a`ja oavhohbdtas mb ci bxtrbohmim hdebrhar y dubvb oavhohbdtas mb ci bxtrbohmim bxt rbohmim supbrhar. supbrhar. Ph ci oavhchmim bs hfuic bd iolis bxtrbohmimbs, bc rbsuctima bs 9. @uidma ci oavhchmim pishvi vicarimi àd bc ecbxhtbst bs oiyar bd cis bxtrbohmimbs hdebrharbs, bc HUBP bs supbrhar i 97 ca àdtrirha sb ipchì piri udi oavhchmim oiyar mb ci bxtrbohmim supbrhar. Cas vicarbs pubmbd virhir àdshmbrilcbobdtb, pbra bd ci oiyarïi mb cas ìsas bstéd `brì mb ci udhmim. Ph tamis cis pudtui`hadbs mb ud sbfobdta eubrid >, ca ùic bs bxtrboimiobdtb rira, bc vicar HUBP

àoa ci rbci`hðd mb cis pudtui`hadbs obmhis mb a`ja oavhohbdtas mhsticbs mbc talhcca, ramhcci, ouùbì y àma y cis pudtui`hadbs obmhis mb dubvb oavhohbdtas praxhoicbs mb ci ìmbri y bc jaolra. Hfuic qub bd bc ïdmh`b idtbrhar, sh ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ud sukbta bs jaoafèdbi, bc HUM^ bs hfuic i 9. @uidma ci oavhchmim pishvi mhstic bx`bmb ci praxhoic, bc HUM^ iuobdti y vh`bvbrsi. Cas vicarbs sad shboprb pashthvas, bophbzid bd >,>9 y icìdzid bvbdtuicobdtb vicarbs tid ictas àoa 9> a hd`cusa supbrharbs. @uidma bc vicar praxhoic bs `bra y bs hopashlcb ìcùcir bc ïdmh`b, a ùidma su oifdhtum bx`bmb bc 9>, bc rbsuctima sb àdshmbri 9> piri idéchshs bstimïsthàs pastbrharbs. Bc HUM^ bsté mhrb`tiobdtb rbci`hadima àd ci bmim (r 4 >,05 y 3 >,=5) b hdvbrsiobdtb rbci`hadima àd bc ecbxhdmbx (r 3 ->,=: y 4 ->,5>). Bd cas dhùas y imacbs`bdtbs (jisti cas 92 iùas mb bmim), cas vicarbs supbrharbs i ci obmhi piri ìmi sbxa sad listidtb riras (mbc 2 ic 9>% mb cas ìsas). Ci oiyarïi mb cas sukbtas par bd`hoi mb cas 5> iùas mb bmim thbdbd udas rbsuctimas mb HUM^ oés bcbvimas qub ci obmhi piri ìmi sbxa, 9,92 piri cas jaolrbs y 9,>= piri cis oukbrbs. @uidma sb ào-

sbrïi hdehdhta y da pamrïi mbtbrohdirsb. Ci tbdmbd`hi mb cas vicarbs HUBP bd dubstras mitas mb cilaritarha sad pudtui`hadbs praobmha mb 9, àd icfuic fu-

piri i mas hdmhvhmuas àd rbsuctimas shohcirbs mbc ecbxhdmbx, bc sukbta àd ud HUM^ oés icta tbdmbré i sbr oiyar. Uicarbs ictas mb HUM^ sad erbùbdtbs

Ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim bdtrb sbfobdtas (HUBP)

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

908

@ipïtuca 5; Bc idéchshs mbc ecbxhtbst

bd sukbtas oiyarbs, sbmbdtirhas, y thbdmbd i mhsohduhr mbspuès mb ud bdtrbdiohbdta mb bsthriohbdtas. âr atra cima, bxhstb ud pitrðd mb oavhchmim hdeidtakuvbdhc, qub rbecbki udi oavhchmim pishvi mhstic obdar qub ci praxhoic y àdsbùbdtbobdtb mi cufir i ud HUM^ lika. Ehdicobdtb, ud HUM^ icta oubstri qub ci oavhchmim pishvi mb cas

oukbrbs mb 05 i 22 iùas mb bmim, pubmb alsbrvirsb qub ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric mb ci oukbr bs mb icfûd oama liki, bdtrb bc pbr`bdthc (ou`ja oés prðxhoa i ), y qub mblb obkarirsb bd àdkudta. Bc idéchshs mb ìmi oavhohbdta pbrohtb ci hmbdthehì`hðd mb chohti`hadbs bspb`ïehìs qub jiy qub ilarmir hdh`hicobdtb.

oavhohbdtas mhsticbs ‐bd talhcca, ramhcci, ouùbì y irthùcirbs àma- bx`bmb listidtb mb ci oavhchmim pishvi mb cis irthùci`hadbs praxhoicbs, bs mb`hr, ci ìmbri y bc jaolra. Cas mbparthstis thbdbd ud pbrehc mb ecbxhlhchmim oés jbtbrafèdba par oavhohbdta qub cas da mbparthstis, ud jb`ja alvha bd cas `hdà ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim. Ci ûdhì bx`bp`hðd bs bc HUM^ mb cis oukbrbs, bd bc qub cis mbparthstis y cis da mbparthstis oubstrid vicarbs shohcirbs. âr tidta, i obduma sb alsbrvid udas pbrehcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim ecbxhlhch mim jbtbrafèdbas supbrharbs bd iqubccas hdmhvhmuas mbmhìmas i cas mbpartbs mb àopbth`hðd. Bd bstas hdmhvhmuas, cas dhvbcbs oés ictas mb ecbxhlhchmim sb bdàdtrirad bd cis irthùci`hadbs qub rbichzilid oavhohbdtas lhaob`édhìobdtb rbcbvidtbs piri bc rbdmhohbdta mbparthva, qub virhili mb iùbrma àd ci oamichmim mbparthvi, cis ìri`tbrïsthìs y cis pash`hadbs mb kubfa.

Ci marshecbxhðd mb ci oukbr bxtrboimiobdtb chohtimi, y su bxtbdshðd mb bsìmbri, tradà y ouùbì bs icfa obdar mb ca jilhtuic bd oukbrbs mb bstb frupa mb bmim. âr atra cima, jiy udi oavhchmim supbrhar i ci obmhi piri ci imu``hðd pastbrhar mbc jaolra y piri ci ecbxhðd mb ci ìmbri, jb`ja qub ei`hchti icfudas oavhohbdtas mbparthvas bspb`ïehàs. Ci ìusi oés erbùbdtb mb ci rbstrh``hðd àopirilcbobdtb oés icti mb uda mb cas oavhohbdtas mb talhcca bd cis oukbrbs bs bc usa jilhtuic mb zipitas mb ti`ðd, ca ùic pubmb àdccbvir ud iàrtiohbdta `rðdhà mb cas oûsùcas mbc talhcca y udi oavhchmim chohtimi. Bc iàrtiohbdta rbcithva mb ci oavhchmim mb bxtbdshðd bd atras oavhohbdtas sb mblb pralilcbobdtb i ci eicti mb bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà y ic paà usa qub sb ji`b mb cas frupas ousùcirbs rbci`hadimas. Ci rbmu``hðd mb ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì bs jilhtuic bd cas tbdhstis qub mblbd ifirrir ehrobobdtb sus riqubtis piri bkbùtir cidziohbdtas mb rbvès y mb mbrb`ji. Ehdicobdtb, bc hd`rbobdta mb ci oavhchmim mb bsas atras oavhohbdtas chohtimas

@adshmbri`hadbs bstimïsthìs ehdicbs Bd bstb ìpïtuca, sb jid prapubsta mhsthdtas bdeaqubs y sb jid mima mhvbrsas bkbopcas piri bc idéchshs bstimïsthà mb cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst. Pb ji tritima bd mbticcb bc ecbxhdmbx, cas oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs y cas pbrehcbs mb jaoafbdbhmim, y sb jid prapar`hadima darois mb rbebrbd`hi mb bmim y sbxa piri ci àopiri`hðd. I àdthdui`hðd sb prbsbdti ud bkbopca piri hcustrir ci ipchì`hðd mb icfudis mb cis tè`dhìs bxpubstis. Pb prbsbdtid bkbopcas imh`hadicbs àd cas bstumhas mb ìsas bd bc ìpïtuca 8. Ci tilci 5.5 prbsbdti cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst piri udi oukbr mb 05 iùas mb bmim, oambrimiobdtb i`thvi. @ad bstas mitas, ci ùrvi a tilci mb pbr`bdthc ipraphimi, y bc ecbxafrioi piri

]ilci 5.5 Mitas mbc ecbxhtbst piri udi oukbr oambrimiobdtb i`thvi mb 05 iùas mb bmim Oavho hohhbdt dta a ûdtui` i`hhðd

H HH HHH HU U UH UHH U HHH HZ Z

> < < 0 0 < 0 0 < 9 Ecbxhdmbx

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Oavhohb hbd dta ûd udttui`hðd

ZH Z HH ZHHH ZHU ZU ZUH ZUHH ZUHHH ZHZ ZZ

< < 9 < < 0 0 0 0 < ==

9=>

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HH; ^rhd`hphas y imohdhstri`hðd

pbrohtb obkarir bc sbrvh`ha y icìdzir cis pbcatis àrtis `brì mb ci rbm. Bstb pbrehc mb mitas mb ecbxhlhchmim bs àopithlcb àd udi cirfi jhstarhi mb pré`thì mbc tbdhs y bc usa jilhtuic mb tiàdbs ictas par udi oukbr mb 05 iùas mb bmim.

Bd ci ehfuri 5. àcbfis mb ci ohsoi bmim y bc ohsoa sbxa. 2. Hdtbdtb hdmhìr bd su hdearob què oavhohbdtas mblb trilikir bc sukbta piri obkarir sus \AO oéxhois. Da sb `bdtrb ûdhìobdtb bd ci obkari piri icìdzir cas vicarbs mb rbebrbd`hi piri ci bmim y bc sbxa, shda tiolhèd bd ci obkari mb cas oavhohbdtas qub sb imiptbd i cas prapðshtas bspb`ïehàs mbc sukbta. 5. ]bdfi prbsbdtb qub ci jhpbroavhchmim da bs jilhtuicobdtb udi obti, y qub pubmb hd`cusa sbr pbrkumh`hic piri ci pré`thì mb icfudas mbpartbs (par bkbopca, ci jhpbrecbxhðd pcidtir mbc talhcca bd cas àrrbmarbs imuctas) a mb icfudis i`thvhmimbs àthmhidis. Ehfuri 5.), sb ji rbàfhma udi frid ìdthmim mb mitas muridtb cas ûcthoas iùas, y pirtb mb bstb oitbrhic pbroidb`b shd pulchìr. Ci tilci 6.9 bduobri ci oiyarïi mb cas oitbrhicbs `hbdtïehàs mbc ecbxhtbst prbsbdtimas y pulchìmas bd mhsthdtas earoitas b hmhaois. Bsti tilci tiolhèd hd`cuyb cis mhrb``hadbs wbl madmb sb pubmbd bdàdtrir y mbsìrfir cas maùobdtas àopcbtas a cas rbsûobdbs. Bc hmhaoi bd qub ìmi rbsuobd y maùobdta eub pulchìma tiolhèd bsté idatima bd ci tilci. Bstb ìpïtuca prbsbdti icfudi mb cis hdvbsthfi`hadbs qub jid jb`ja usa mbc ecbxhtbst, `bdtrédmasb prhobra bd cas bstumhas bd cas qub dubstra frupa mb hdvbsthfi`hðd ji pirth`hpima mhrb`tiobdtb bd ci rbàfhmi mb mitas y bd ci hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas. îri ei`hchtir cis rbebrbd`his muridtb ci cb`turi, bc dûobra mb bstumha àrrbspadmhbdtb i ci tilci 6.9 bsté `htima bd bc tbxta (p. bk., W=_). Cas bstumhas da sb mbs`rhlbd bd armbd `radacðfhà, shda bd frupas, mb iùbrma àd ci dituricbzi a cis ìri`tbrïsthìs mbc bstumha. Cas bstumhas sb `cishehìd bd `hdà ìtbfarïis mhsthdtis;

y mb ci bvacu`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst i ca cirfa mb cas ûcthoas iùas, cis pashlcbs ipchì`hadbs mbc tbst, cis rbci`hadbs hdtbrbsidtbs bdtrb ci ecbxhlhchmim y atris virhilcbs, y ci rbspubsti àrparic i hdtbrvbd`hadbs àoa ci i`thvhmim eïshì rbfucir y bc ìcbdtiohbdta. ìcbdt iohbdta.

Bstumhas mb ehilhchmim Bd bc ìopa mb ci obmh`hðd y ci bvicui`hðd, cis ùbsthadbs mb ehilhchmim sad mb frid hopartid`hi. Ci ehilhchmim bs ud àd`bpta qub hopchì oûcthpcbs ispb`tas qub mblbd sbr àdshmbrimas ùidma sb uthchzi bc ecbxhtbst piri ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Hmbicobdtb, cis obmh`hadbs àdsbùthvis altbdhmis bd ci iusbd`hi mb hdtbrvbd`hðd mblbrïid ipartir vicarbs hmèdthàs. Phd bolirfa, cis patbd`hicbs eubdtbs mb brrar bstéd shboprb prbsbdtbs y mblbd sbr hmbdthehìmis y ùidthehìmis àd prb`hshðd.

Ehilhchmim hdtbralsbrvimar Mitas arhfhdicbs (9=) y pir`hicobdtb rbidichzimas piri bstb rbsuobd.

• \izadiohbdta;

îri ìmi bstumha, ipartioas bc rizadiohbdta mb ci hdvbsthfi`hðd y sus alkbthvas. I àdthdui`hðd, prbsbdtioas udi lrbvb mbs`rhp`hðd mb ci oubstri, ci bstritbfhi obtamacðfhì y cas prhd`hpicbs rbsuctimas mbc bstumha. âr ûcthoa, sb ji`b udi hdtbrprbti`hðd àd`hsi mb ci hdvbsthfi`hðd y ci hdtbrprb-

Ci ehilhchmim bsté rbci`hadimi àd ci bstilhchmim mb cas rbsuctimas mb ud tbst (bs mb`hr, bc frima mb àdshstbd`hi bdàdtrimi bd cas c as rbsuctimas). Pb bxprbsi jilhtuicobdtb àoa ud àbeh`hbdtb mb àrrbci`hðd bdtrb mas a oés sbrhbs mb rbsuctimas hdmbpbdmhbdtbs pra`bmbdtbs mb ud frupa pirthùcir mb sukbtas, y ùidta oiyar bs bc àbeh`hbdtb, oiyar bs ci ehilhchmim mb ud tbst. Hmbicobdtb, cis pudtui`hadbs vicarimis hdmbpbdmhbdtbob3dtb mblbrïid sbr hmèdthìs, pbra bsta, mb jb`ja, da aùrrb bd ci pré`thì. Phboprb jilré mhs`rbpid`his, y bsté bd oidas mb cas hdvbsthfimarbs hmbdthehìr su arhfbd. Mbpbdmhbdma mbc mhsbùa mbc bstumha, sb pubmb

ti`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. @rbboas qub cbbr bc rbsuobd mb cas jiccizfas iyumiré ic cb`tar i icìdzir udi obkar àoprbdshðd mb cis lisbs `hbdtïehìs

vicarir ci ehilhchmim mb mas a oés pudtui`hadbs mb bvicuimarbs a mb mas a oés obmh`hadbs taoimis par bc ohsoa bvicuimar.

9.

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^évbc \@, Iriûka @FP

^rbsbdtima bd bc @adfrbsa \bfhadic Lrishcbùa mb @hbd`his mbc Mbpartb

^ra`bmhohbdtas mb àdfrbsa

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Iriûka @FP, ^brbz IK, ^évbc \@

^rbsbdtima bd bc @adfrbsa Oudmhic IHBPB^

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^rbsbdtima bd bc @adfrbsa Oudmhic IHBPB^

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Ehilhchmim hdtrieatafréehì 6>

Ecbxhdmbx (pudtas); bvicuimar <

Ehfuri 6.9 Ci ehilhchmim mbc ecbxhdmbx bdtrb mas bvicuimarbs bxpbrtas. Bc `ïrùca vi`ïa rbprbsbdti mas pudtas mb àhd`hmbd`hi.

vb`bs (9>0 erbdtb i 9>,>2), mb oama qub dhdfûd bvicuimar sulbsthoð shstboéthìobdtb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd dhdfuda mb cas oavhohbdtas. Bc praobmha mb àdàrmid`hi eub mb 52%. Bstb dûobra eub hd`cusa oiyar piri cis irthùci`hadbs mhsticbs. Bc oiyar dûobra mb mbsiùbrmas su`bmhð piri ci rati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra bd bc oavhohbdta ZZ. • @ad`cushðd;

Bxhstbd icfudis àdtrimh``hadbs bdtrb bc bx`bcbdtb àbeh`hbdtb mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb altbdhma àd bc ecbxhdmbx y ci shohchtum mb mhstrhlu`hadbs, par ud cima, y ci rbcithviobdtb liki prapar`hðd mb iùbrmas bd cis pudtui`hadbs mb oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs bdàdtrimis bd bc bstumha, par atra. Rdi ùhmimasi rbvhshðd mb cas rbsuctimas rbvbcð udi `ciri tbdmbd`hi mbc ohsoa oavhohbdta i sbr pudtuima oés icta bd ci sbfudmi obmh`hðd qub bd ci prhobri. âr tidta, pirb`ïi qub ci sbfudmi obmh`hðd bstili –àdtiohdimi‟ par ci prhobri mblhma ic beb`ta mbc –ìcbdtiohbdta‟ bd bc sukbta7 bstb beb`ta tiolhèd sb vb bd atras tbsts mb obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim (Itji y Vjbitcby 98657 Bcchs y Ptawb 98: piri ìmi uda mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc ecbxhtbst rbichzimas par lihcirhdis ouy kðvbdbs. Ci sbfudmi sbrhb àdtbdïi eatafrieïis mb 90 ecbxhtbst àopcbtas ào pcbtas rbichzimas par bstumhidtbs mb bmuì`hðd eïshì y par sukbtas qub hlid rbfucirobdtb i ud `bdtra mb sicum y ehtdbss. Bc dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim oastrð udi icti virhilhchmim hdtbd`hadic. • Oètamas;

Ci prhobri sbrhb mb eatafrieïis bdfcalð ìsh tamis cis pashlcbs pudtui`hadbs, pbra eivarb`hð chfbri-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

929

obdtb cas rbsuctimas bxtrboas. Bc prapðshta mb ci sbfudmi sbrhb eub rbecbkir cas mitas icìdzimas bd shtui`hadbs oés àdvbd`hadicbs. îri ci prhobri sbrhb mb eatafrieïis, sb altuvhbrad tamis cis pudtui`hadbs pashlcbs piri ìmi oavhohbdta, shd ji`br rbebrbd`hi i ci sbùbd`hi cðfhì. Mbspuès, tamis cis eatafrieïis mb ud mbtbrohdima oavh-

àd udi obmhidi mb >,80, tamas shfdhehìthviobdtb mhsthdtas mb >. îri ci sbfudmi sbrhb mb eatafrieïis jula ìsh udi tatic àdàrmid`hi bdtrb cis mas obmh`hadbs rbichzimis par bc ohsoa bvicuimar, àd udi obmh`hðd mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb mb >,88. Ci obmhi mb brrar b rrar piri cis mas obmh`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst eub sðca ud pudta, bsta bs, 9 mb

ohbdta sb hoprhohbrad bd lcidà dbfra bd xudi ûdhì jaki mb pipbc eatafréehà qubyobmhi > IPI bd lcidà y dbfra piri prbvbdhr mhstarshadbs mb édfuca y pbrohthr uthchzir ci cuz dituric.

Bd obmh`hadbs. tèrohdas mb ehilhchmim hdtbralsbrvimar, cas bvicuimarbs bxpbrhobdtimas y da bxpbrhobdtimas mhbrad pudtui`hadbs icfa mhsthdtis. Bc idéchshs mb ehilhchmim hdtbralsbrvimar rbvbcð udas dhvbcbs chfbriobdtb oés likas mb iùbrma àd bc idéchshs hdtrialsbrvimar7 pbra iûd isï eub shboprb shfdhehìthva, àd praobmhas mb àbeh`hbdtb mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb mb >,:: y >,:0 piri bvicuimarbs bxpbrhobdtimas y da bxpbrhobdtimas, rbspb`thviobdtb, bd ci prhobri sbrhb mb eatafrieïis. Pðca bd mas oavhohbdtas ‐marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca y ecbxhðd mb tradà- jula àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb da shfdhehìthvas piri bc bvicuimar bxpbrhobdtima. Bc praobmha mb brrar mbc ecbxhdmbx piri cas mas bvicuimarbs eub shohcir, ipraxhoimiobdtb mas pudtas. îri cis sbrhbs mb eatafrieïis mb sukbtas qub rbichzirad bc ecbxhtbst àopcbta, cas àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb eubrad listidtb ictas y shohcirbs piri cas mas bvicuimarbs bd ipraxhoimiobdtb ud >,82, y da jula mhebrbd`his bd cas praobmhas mbc ecbxhdmbx. Pb alsbrvð qub ìmi bvicuimar àobthð ud brrar mb bd tarda ic 9>% mb ci pudtui`hðd bd sðca ud sukbta (6% mb cas ìsas). Bs hdtbrbsidtb qub bc oiyar dûobra mb brrarbs sb pramukbri bd ci vicari`hðd mbc oavhohbdta ZH ‐ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà-, qub àdtð àd icfa oés mbc 9>% mb cis obmh`hadbs brrðdbis. Bd sðca bc ,6: y >,88

bd su tatichmim. Bstas mitas sufhbrbd qub bc oirfbd mb brrar thbdmb i sbr chfbriobdtb chfbriob dtb supbrhar piri vicarbs bxtrboas y bvicuimarbs obdas bxpbrhobd-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

92<

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

timas. Bs `hbrta qub, iudqub bc idéchshs eatafréehà bs ud oama `rbithva y arhfhdic mb àdtracir ci hdecubd`hi mb ci virhilhchmim lhacðfhì mb cas sukbtas vicarimas, da hdàrpari udi patbd`hic eubdtb mb brrar, brrar, qub bs ci bkbù`hðd rbic mb cas oavhohbdtas. âr atra cima, bc dhvbc mb mhvbrshehì`hðd mhvbrshehì` hðd mb cas vicarbs prapubsta bd ci prhobri sbrhb mb eatafri-

cas bstumhidtbs bopirbkimas ohbdtris pri`thìlid ci rbichzi`hðd àd cas oipis (ud bstumhidtb bri bc sukbta bvicuima y bc atra bri bc bvicuimar). I àdthdui`hðd, udi oubstri vacudtirhi mb cas bstumhidtbs (icrbmbmar mbc 6% mbc tatic mb ci `cisb) eub mb dubva alkbta mbc ecbxhtbst par cas hdstru`tarbs, quhbdbs tbdïid ud àda`hohbdta mb cas rbsuctimas

eïis ud frima mb mhehùctim listidtb rhar hdtramuka ic usa mhirha mbc ecbxhtbst. Hd`cusa pubmb hdebisuohrsb qub ci ehilhchmim hd vhva bs icfa hdebrhar i ci pudtui`hðd altbdhmi àd bc usa mb cis eatafrieïis, pubsta qub ci oiyarïi mb cis obmh`hadbs hd vhva thbdmbd i pudtuir . Da jula mhebrbd`his bdtrb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhdmbx obmhma par bvicuimarbs bxpbrtas y par cas bstumhidtbs bd su prhobr hdtbdta. Phd bolirfa, jula mhvbrsas brrarbs hdmhvhmuicbs qub mbtbrohdirad ud àbeh`hbdtb mb àrrbci`hðd hdtri`cisb listidtb oambsta mb >,5: (vèisb ehfuri 6.%

Cas bvicuimarbs bdtrbdimas oubstrid udi icti ehilhchmim hdtri b hdtbralsbrvimar piri cis obmh`hadbs àd ecbxhtbst.

^rhobr hdtbdta Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W6_ y pir`hicobdtb rbidichzimas piri bstb rbsuobd.

• \izadiohbdta;

Rdi jbrriohbdti mb obmh`hðd mblb àopartir udas ictas ïdmh`bs mb ehilhchmim y vichmbz, b hmbicobdtb, tbdmrïi qub sbr eé`hc mb iprbdmbr piri cas dubvas bvicuimarbs. • Alkbthva;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha bri mbtbrohdir bc oirfbd mb brrar bd bc prhobr hdtbdta mb cas dubvas bvicuimarbs. • Oubstri;

Dubstras sukbtas brid   a    t   r   b   p   x   b   r   a    m   i   u    c   i   v   b   ;    )   s   a    t   d   u   p    (   x   b    m   d    h   x   b    c    E

5>

2> =>

0> r h  ? >,5: (p  3 3 >,>2) d ? 00

> >

0>

=>

2>

5>

6>

Ecbxhdmbx (pudtas); bvicuimar "hdbxpbrta"

• Oètamas;

@aoa pirtb mb ud ùrsa mb ecbxhlhchmim, sb prbsbdtð ci tbarïi y cas oètamas mbc ecbxhtbst i ci `cisb. Rd bvicuimar bxpbrta mboastrð bc oètama y mbspuès supbrvhsð i

Ehfuri 6.< Ci ehilhchmim mbc Ecbxhdmbx bdtrb ud bvicuimar bxpbrta y uda –hdbxpbrta‟. Bc `ïrùca obmha vi`ïa rbprbsbdti trbs pudtas mb àhd`hmbd`hi.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

mb cas ìsas. Da jula udi tbdmbd`hi `ciri ji`hi udi salrb a hderivicari`hðd fcalicobdtb a piri ìmi oavhohbdta, bx`bpta bd bc oavhohbdta ZUH, bd bc qub cas bstumhidtbs tbdmhbrad i salrbbsthoir ci oavhchmim. Mb =5> obmh`hadbs taoimis, sðca bd 0 mb bccis ‐tamis mbc oavhohbdta ZHZ (rati`hðd citbric mbc jaolra)‐ sb àobthð ud brrar qub bx`bmïi pudta bd cioés bsìci mb pudtui`hðd pudtui` hðd brrarbs mbc ecbxhtbst. 9Rd idéchshs mbticcima mb cas oastrð qub tbdmïid i aùrrhr oés i obduma bd icfudas oavhohbdtas (UHHH, HZ, ZHZ y ZZ) qub bd atras (H, HH, HU y ZHHH)7 shd bolirfa, da jula ud prbmaohdha shfdhehìthva mb brrarbs bd udi pirtb bspb`ïehì mbc ùbrpa. • @ad`cushðd;

Ic ehdichzir ud ùrsa lrbvb salrb ci tbarïi y cas oètamas mb ci ecbxhlhchmim qub àdtð àd icfudis jaris mb bdtrbdiohbdta àd bc ecbxhtbst, cas bstumhidtbs eubrad ìpi`bs mb rbichzir udi bvicui`hðd rizadilcbobdtb lhbd y mb ishfdir pudtui`hadbs fcalicbs da shfdhehìthviobdtb mhsthdtis mbc praobmha mb cis qub rbichzirad cas bvicuimarbs bxpbrhobdtimas. Phd bolirfa, ùidma sb idichzi hdmhvhmuicobdtb, bc brrar pubmb sbr hopartidtb y bvbdtuicobdtb salrbpisir ci pré`thì altbdhmi mbspuès mb obsbs mb bdtrbdiohbdta mb ecbxhlhchmim. Icfudas oavhohbdtas, bspb`hicobdtb ci rati`hðd mbc jaolra, sad oés mheï`hcbs mb iprbdmbr y maohdir qub atras bd ci tè`dhì mb vicari`hðd. Bd fbdbric, shd bolirfa, brrarbs par bd`hoi mb 9 pudta bd ci vicari`hðd mb ud oavhohbdta mbtbrohdima eubrad listidtb riras y sb chohtirad ic oavhohbdta ZHZ. Jboas àd`cuhma qub bc oirfbd oi rfbd mb brrar bd bc prhobr hdtbdta mb ud bvicuimar bs rbcithviobdtb icta y qub, par tidta, bs db`bsirha bc bdtrbdiohbdta muridtb oés mb ud ùrsa piri isbfurir ci ehilhchmim mbc usa mbc ecbxhtbst bd shtui`hadbs pré`thìs y `cïdhìs.

Mbspuès mb ud lrbvb pbrïama mb bdtrbdiohbdta, cas dubvas bvicuimarbs pubmbd vicarir imbùimiobdtb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst, àobthbdma ouy ririmb vbz mb < pudtas bd ci bvicui`hðd casbrrarbs oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs.

920

Bstumhas mb vichmbz àdùrrbdtb Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W98, . Icfudas brid rbfucirobdtb i`thvas7 atras tbdïid udi vhmi sbmbdtirhi. • Oètamas;

Bd bstb bstumha sb uthchzirad `hdà pra`bmhohbdtas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, ùitra mb bccas mb dituricbzi imhobdshadic y uda qub uthchzili udi bsìci mb obmh`hðd chdbic. Bc oètama chdbic eub bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j mbs`rhta par Vbccs y Mhccad (982) y bc ecbxhtbst. ]amas bccas sb rbichzirad mb iùbrma àd sus oètamas arhfhdicbs. ]amas cas pra`bmhohbdtas eubrad imohdhstrimas àd ud ûdhà bvicuimar bd ci ohsoi sbùbd`hi bstidmirhzimi, shd ìcbdtiohbdta dh i`thvhmim eïshì prbvhas, y shd qub cas sukbtas suphbrid bc alkbthva mbc bstumha. Bc thbopa obmha mb bvicui`hðd eub 9> ohdu-

obkar isa`hi`hðd eub àd bc tbst mb LbhfjtadJðrid, qub vicari prhd`hpicobdtb ci jhpbrcixhtum chfiobdtasi. Phd bolirfa, i mhebrbd`hi mbc ecbxhtbst, cas vicarbs mb subca y tb`ja bd bc tbst mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid sad erbùbdtbs, iudqub sb ohdhoh`b su pambr mhs`rhohditarha. Mb jb`ja, bc % mb cas sukbtas mb dubstri oubstri pudtuirad >, y

tas par sukbta.

ud dhùabc icìdzð ci isa`hi`hðd pudtui`hðd àd oéxhoi, rbmu`hbdma frima mb bc ecbxhtbst. @adshmbridma ci dituricbzi mb ci bspb`heh`hmim mbc oavhohbdta piri iolis irthùci`hadbs y oavhohbdtas, da bs mbsbilcb qub cis àrrbci`hadbs bdtrb bc ecbxhtbst (qub hopchì obmh`hadbs) y cas atras mas tbsts (qub ohmbd ud sðca oavhohbdta) eubrid sðca chfbris. Bstb bstumha, par tidta, àrralari ci vichmbz mbc ecbxhtbst ohbdtris, imboés, mbstiì su pbùchir ìri`tbrïsthì mb eicti eict i mb beb`tas mb subca y tb`ja y su frima patbd`hicobdtb icta mb fbdbrichzi`hðd bd ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric mb ud sukbta.

• \bsuctimas;

Cas rbsuctimas mbc shfda mb \asbdlcaao (ci hopashlhchmim mb supbrpadbr cis ìris y cas c as mbmas mb cis oidas) eubrad dbfithvas bd tamas cas hdmhvhmuas y par tidta sb cas bx`cuyð mbc idéchshs bstimïsthà sulshfuhbdtb. Bd bc tbst mb taìrsb cas mbmas mb cas phbs (tab-tau`j), ûdhìobdtb shbtb mb cas sukbtas ( y 8 pudtas), àd ud praobmha mb 0 y udi `ciri mhstrhlu`hðd ishoètrhì mb cas rbsuctimas, ca qub rbvbcð udi tbdmbd`hi i àd`bdtrirsb bd bc bxtrboa hdebrhar mb ci bsìci. Bsta da aùrrhð bd bc tbst shtidm-rbi`j, piri bc qub cas rbsuctimas eubrad mb -92 i +,,=>, rbspb`thviobdtb. Bstas ûcthoas mas tbsts bstuvhbrad `ciriobdtb rbci`hadimas àd cas mboés (r ? >,89). Bc ecbxhtbst, rbprbsbdtima par bc vicar mbc ecbxhdmbx, sb rbci`hadð shfdhehìthviobdtb bd mhsthdtas frimas àd tamas cas tbsts, tbdhbdma ci obkar àdàrmid`hi àd bc mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid (r ? >,:9). • @ad`cushðd;

I pbsir mb qub jula udi shfdhehìthvi àrrbci`hðd bdtrb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst (prbsbdtimas par bc ecbxhdmbx) y cas atras tbsts, ca ùic sufbrïi ci bxhstbd`hi mb udi vichmbz àdùrrbdtb, cas frimas mb isa`hi`hðd eubrad rbcithviobdtb oambstas. Bsta hdmh`ð qub da sb pubmb prbmb`hr àd bxi`thtum cas rbsuctimas mb dhdfûd atra tbst obmhidtb bc usa mb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst, a vh`bvbrsi. Ci

Ci pudtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst bsté oés àrrbci`hadimi àd pudtui`hadbs mbc tbst mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid (mimis piri dubvb oavhohbdtas) qub àd cas rbsuctimas mbc sht-idmrbi`j (ud oavhohbdta).

Bstumhas bstrh`tiobdtb obtamacðfhàs Bc mbsirracca mb ud dubva prataàca mb bvicui`hðd rbquhbrb ud thbopa y ud bseubrza àdshmbrilcbs piri isbfurir udi ùhmimasi bstidmirhzi`hðd mb cas pra`bmhohbdtas. Ohbdtris mbsirraccélioas bc ecbxhtbst, rbichzélioas mhvbrsas bstumhas bspb`hicobdtb rbci`hadimas àd sus ispb`tas obtamacðfhàs. Icfudas mb bccas sb bxpadbd lrbvbobdtb bd bsti sb``hðd.

Mhoarehsoa citbric Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W5_ y pir`hicobdtb rbidichzimas piri bstb rbsuobd.

• \izadiohbdta;

îri ci oiyarïi mb cas sbrbs juoidas, udi pirtb mbc ùbrpa thbdb udi oiyar prbmaohdid`hi qub ci atri, udi tbdmbd`hi qub sb mbdaohdi citbrichmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

922

Ci oiyarïi mb cas hdmhvhmuas sad mhbstras, iudqub udi pbqubùi prapar`hðd ‐ipraxhoimiobdtb bc 9>%‐ thbdb ud prbmaohdha oatar mbc cima hzquhbrma. Bd cas mbpartbs, ci citbrichmim thbdb ud pipbc hopartidtb, sbi bd ci phbrdi mb hopucshðd sbi bd bc lriza mb cidziohbdta, y i obduma bsté isa`himi i udi `ciri ishobtrïi oareacðfhì. Phd

pudtui`hðd oés icti àd oés erbùbd`hi bd bc cima mbrb`ja. Mb jb`ja, ìsh mas tbr`has mb cis ishobtrïis sb vhbrad bd cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs mb jaolra. Ipraxhoimiobdtb bc 9>% mb cas bstumhidtbs prbsbdtð icfûd frima mb ishobtrïi bd ci cadfhtum oéxhoi mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc àma. âr atra cima, cis mhebrbd`his lhcitbricbs bd cas oavh-

bolirfa, paì hdearoi`hðd ci bxhstbd`hi mb jiy bstb ouy mhoarehsoa citbric pirisalrb ci ecbxhlhchmim.

ohbdtas talhcca, eubrad hdusuicbs,mbc aùrrhbd aùrrhbdma ma bdramhcci obdasymbcouùbì 0% mb cas sukbtas. Cis mhebrbd`his lhcitbricbs eubrad hfuicobdtb erbùbdtbs bd tamis cis pudtui`hadbs mb cis \AO, bs mb`hr, àd \AO likis a ictis.

• Alkbthva;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha eub hmbdthehìr ci prbebrbd`hi mb ud mhoarehsoa citbric bd ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric y bspb`ïehì bd kðvbdbs y imuctas eïshìobdtb i`thvas mb iolas sbxas. • Oubstri;

Davbdti y mas bstumhidtbs mb bmuì`hðd eïshì (=5 mb ìmi sbxa), tamas ipirbdtbobdtb sidas y shd rbstrh``hadbs caàoataris hopartidtbs, sb prbsbdtirad vacudtirhas piri bstb bstumha. Brid eïshìobdtb i`thvas, àd bmimbs àoprbdmhmis bdtrb cas 9: y cas sukbtas x oavhohbdtas) altuva udi pudtui`hðd >, ohbdtris qub sb mhasbudi pudtui`hðd mb = bd udmbpbqubùa ,897 p 3 >,>9), shd dhdfudi hdecubd`hi oirìmi mb iùbrma àd bc thbopa mb obmh`hðd ( p ? >,,>9). Da jula àrrbci`hðd bdtrb bc ecbxhdmbx y ci virhilhchmim `hrìmhidi alsbrvimi. Bc idéchshs mb cas mitas hdmhvhmuicbs oastrð qub cas ìolhas mbc ecbxhdmbx as`hcilid bdtrb < y 99 pudtas salrb cis ùitra obmh`hadbs, shbdma ci obmhidi 2 pudtas, a bd tarda ic 99% mbc vicar ilsacuta mbc ecbxhdmbx. Ci vicari`hðd mbc àopartiohbdta `hrìmhida mb ci ecbxhlhchmim piri ìmi oavhohbdta oastrð qub ipraxhoimiobdtb ci ohtim mb cis pudtui`hadbs eubrad àdstidtbs piri cas ùitra oavhohbdtas, y ouy ririobdtb jula udi virhi`hðd mb < pudtas (0% mb cas ìsas). Cis virhi`hadbs mb cis obmh`hadbs eubrad oés erbùbdtbs piri cas oavhohbdtas mb ìmbri y mb jaolra y riris piri ci marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca, ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci y bc b c àma, y ci bxtbdshðd y ecbxhðd mb ci ouùbì.

Rd bvicuimar bxpbrta rbichzð ùitra tidmis àopcbtis mb obmh`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst muridtb ud pbrïama mb 2).

ohbdtas y irthùci`hadbs chmim fbdbric; =5 ¹99 bd ycistuvhbrad oukbrbsoiyar erbdtbecbxhlhi 0= ¹ 99 pudtas bd bc ecbxhdmbx bd cas jaolrbs. Jula icfûd frima mb isa`hi`hðd bdtrb ci icturi y ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric, àd àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd mb >,92 piri cas jaolrbs y >,,90 piri cas jaolrbs y p ? >,>< piri cis oukbrbs). Bc pbsa àrparic y bc HO@ sb rbci`hadirad hdvbrsiobdtb àd ci ecbxhlhchmim, bd pirthùcir bd cis oukbrbs (r   ≢ ->,2>7 p3 >,>9). îri atras àopadbdtbs mbc saoitathpa, bxhsthð udi rbci`hðd hdvbrsi hdbxprbshvi bdtrb ci obsaoarehi y ci ecbxhlhchmim, pbra ci chdbichmim rbcithvi, bxprbsimi par ci b`taoarehi, bstuva mhrb`tiobdtb rbci`hadimi àd ci ecbxhlhchmim, chfbriobdtb oés bd cis oukbrbs (r ? >,28) qub bd cas jaolrbs (r ? >,08). Bd cas sukbtas prbmaohdidtbobdtb b`taoareas, cas pbr`bdthcbs obmhas mbc ecbxhdmbx bstilid mhstarshadimas pashthviobdtb bd àopiri`hðd àd cas pbr`bdthcbs obmhas mbc frupa àopcbta, aùpidma bc piri sus bmimbs rbspb`thvis. Ci oavhchmim irthùcir mb cis bxtrbohmimbs hdebrharbs, pirthùcirobdtb mb ci ìmbri, tbdmhð i sbr hdebrhar qub bc pbsa àrparic, bc HO@ y cas vicarbs mb bdmaoarehi y obsaoarehi. @aoa piri cas oavhohbdtas, sb alsbrvð qub cis pudtui`hadbs mb ci imu``hðd y ci ilmu``hðd mb ci ìmbri bstilid hdvbrsiobdtb rbci`hadimis àd bc pbsa, bc HO@ y cas vicarbs mb bdmaoarehi. Eub bspb`hicobdtb bvhmbdtb bd cis oukbrbs udi rbci`hðd hdvbrsi bdtrb ci oavhchmim bd `hdà oavhohbdtas ‐ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci, bxtbdshðd y imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri, y imu``hðd pastbrhar y bxtbdshðd pastbrhar mbc jaolra‐ y cas vicarbs mb bdmaoarehi y obsaoarehi, isï àoa udi isa`hi`hðd mhrb`ti mb èstas i ci chdbichmim rbcithvi, àd

mhbrad sbr oés ecbxhlcbs oavhohbdtas. Bc ioiyar pbsa mblhmabdi icfudas cas oûsùcas a ci oisi frisi, bspb`hicobdtb bd cis oukbrbs, ieb`tð dbfithviobdtb i ci ecbxhlhchmim àrparic, bd pirthùcir i ci \AO oéxhoi mb ci ìmbri. Ci jhpaoavhchmim rbcithvi eub tïphì mb cas pitradbs mb saoitathpa mb ci bdmaoarehi y ci obsaoarehi, ohbdtris qub ci jhpbroavhchmim eub oés prbvicbdtb bd cas sukbtas b`taoðrehàs, bspb`hicobdtb oukbrbs. Phd bolirfa, mblhma i ci àdshmbrilcb supbrpash`hðd mb mitas y i cis isa`hi`hadbs rbcithviobdtb oambstis, da eub pashlcb hdebrhr ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ud mbtbrohdima sukbta lisima sðca bd cis obmh`hadbs idtrapaoètrhìs a bd bc saoitathpa.

udas vicarbs mbc àbeh`hbdtb mb àrrbci`hðd ilsacutas qub hlid mb >,=0 i >,55 ( p 3 >,>9). Cas jaolrbs oés likas tbdïid udi oavhchmim chohtimi bd

@uidma sb isa`hi i ci jhpaoavhchmim, ci siràpbdhi thbdmb i rbstrhdfhr ci iutadaoïi mb cas sukbtas mb obmhidi y tbr`bri bmim.

• @ad`cushðd;

Jula icfudis rbci`hadbs shfdhehìthvis bdtrb cis obmh`hadbs idtrapaoètrhìs, bc saoitathpa y ci ecbxhlhchmim àrparic. Cas imuctas oés ictas tbd-

Cas sukbtas bdmaoðrehàs y obsaoðrehàs sad tïphìobdtb obdas ecbxhlcbs, ohbdtris qub cas b`taoareas thbdmbd i sbr oés ecbxhlcbs.

Eubrzi mb prbdshðd y ìpi`hmim piri sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb mbc subca Mitas pra`bmbdtbs mb oitbrhic mb cilaritarha da pulchìma.

• \izadiohbdta;

Oidtbdbr udi imbùimi ìchmim mb vhmi mbpbdmb, ic obdas bd pirtb, mbc oidtbdhohbdta mb udas dhvbcbs sithsei`tarhas mb àdmh`hðd eïshì. Jay bd mïi bxhstb udi `rb`hbdtb prbaùpi`hðd i`brì mb ci iutadaoïi y ci ìchmim mb vhmi mb cas id`hidas. @ad bc bdvbkb`hohbdta jiy udi tbdmbd`hi ji`hi ci mhsohdu`hðd mb cas dhvbcbs ibrðlhàs y mb ecbxhlhchmim y ud iuobdta mb ci siràpbdhi (udi rbmu``hðd prafrbshvi mb ci oisi ousùcir qub mhsohduyb cas dhvbcbs mb eubrzi y patbd`hi oéxhoas).

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

• Alkbthva;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha eub rbci`hadir ci eubrzi ousùcir, ci patbd`hi ousùcir y ci ìpi`hmim piri rbichzir mbtbrohdimis i``hadbs oatrh`bs ‐sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb mbc subca- àd ci ecbxhlhchmim bspb`ïehì y ci fbdbric. • Oubstri;

Bstumhioas udi oubstri mb i 2 piri ìmi i``hðd, shbdma mbmu`hma 9 pudta par bc usa mb ùicquhbr thpa mb sapartb, àoa bc padbr udi mb cis oidas a ramhccis salrb bc subca, y obmha pudta sh bc sukbta rbichzi ùicquhbr mbsbquhchlrha àrparic ic ji`br bc oavhohbdta.

928

mbsmb 9 jisti 88 piri sus rbspb`thvas sbxa y frupa mb bmim. Ci eubrzi mb prbdshðd eub shfdhehìthviobdtb oiyar bd jaolrbs jaolrbs qub bd oukbrbs oukbrbs (06,: ¹ 6 erbdtb er bdtb i 9), pbra da jula mhebrbd`his shfdhehìthvis mb mbstrbzi bd sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb mbc subca. Rdi pirtb mb ci oubstri (06%), 69 jaolrbs y ,>2). Jula udi oambsti rbci`hðd mhrb`ti b hmèdthì bdtrb ci eubrzi mb prbdshðd y cis pudtui`hadbs mbc ecbxhdmbx bd jaolrbs y oukbrbs, àd àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd mb >,00 ( p3 >,>9). Ci bkbù`hðd mbc sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb ( shtthdf-idmrhshdf) bsté eubrtbobdtb hdecuhmi par ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric, àd àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd qub vid mb >,2: i >,60 ( p3 >,>9). Bs hdtbrbsidtb vbr qub ci isa`hi`hðd bdtrb tbdbr ci ìpi`hmim piri sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb mbc subca da bs bspb`hicobdtb obkar piri dhdfuda mb cas oavhohbdtas, shbdma cas àbeh`hbdtbs mb àrrbci`hðd icfa supbrharbs piri ci oavhchmim irthùcir mb ci bxtrbohmim hdebrhar. Iudqub ci patbd`hi oéxhoi ilsacuti da bsté rbci`hadimi àd ci ecbxhlhchmim (r ? >, piri jaolrbs y r ? ->,>9 piri oukbrbs), ci patbd`hi ousùcir bstidmirhzimi par bc pbsa àrparic oubstri udi isa`hi`hðd mhrb`ti, pbra oambsti (>,0= 3 r 3 >,=9). • @ad`cushðd;

@adtrirhiobdtb i ca qub uda pamrïi mbmu`hr mb ci hdearoi`hðd mbc saoitathpa (bspb`ïehìobdtb, ci rbci`hðd hdvbrsi bdtrb ci obsaoarehi y ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cas sukbtas mb obmhidi bmim qub da pirth`hpid bd àopbth`hadbs a bdtrbdiohbdtas mbparthvas), cas sukbtas àd oiyar ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric oubstrid udas dhvbcbs par bd`hoi mb ci obmhi mb eubrzi y patbd`hi ousùcirbs. Bstas sukbtas sad pralilcbobdtb cas oés kðvbdbs mb ci oubstri y tiolhèd sad oés ìpi`bs mb rbichzir oavhohbdtas oatarbs qub mbpbdmbd mb bstis virhilcbs. Bstas mitas bstéd bd àdàrmid`hi àd ci tbarïi mb qub àd bc pisa mb cas iùas, cas dhvbcbs mb ehtdbss mhsohduybd bd fbdbric, da saciobdtb piri udi ûdhì pirtb mbc ùbrpa.

• \bsuctimas;

Ci mhstrhlu`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhdmbx as`hcð bdtrb 9< y 6< pudtas, ùlrhbdma bc bspb`tra àopcbta mb udi mhstrhlu`hðd mb palci`hðd tïphì, bs mb`hr, jula sukbtas qub rbprbsbdtirad pbr`bdthcbs

Ci ìpi`hmim piri eivarilcbobdtb sbdtirsb y cbvidtirsb mbc subca bsté hdecuhmi par ci ecbxhlhchmim mb ci bxtrbohmim hdebrhar.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

95>

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

i iutapbr`bp`hðd Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W,=7 p ? >,>>), oica (^9>-) y bx`bcbdtb (4 ^8>). Cas pbrChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Ci iutapbr`bp`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd imuctas thbdmb i sbr rizadilcbobdtb prb`hsi, i pbsir mb qub cas brrarbs hdmhvhmuicbs pubmbd sbr sustid`hicbs.

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

^racipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W09_ y pir`hicobdtb rbidichzimas piri bstb rbsuobd.

• \izadiohbdta;

Bc pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric (ÛO) bs ud oavhohbdta bx`bshviobdtb rbmudmidtb mbidaroic, udi a oés jakis mb ci cirfa vécvuciy ohtric. Bs àoa oïdhoa trbs a ùitra vb`bs oés erbùbdtb bd oukbrbs qub bd jaolrbs y ieb`ti mbc < ic 2% mb cis oukbrbs. Bc mhifdðsthà sb bstilcb`b jilhtuicobdtb obmhidtb udi bàìrmhafrieïi lhmhobdshadic. Pb ji saspb`jima qub cis oukbrbs àd ÛO thbdbd udi oiyar cixhtum chfiobdtasi y i obduma udi oiyar ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric. • Alkbthva;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha eub vicarir sh cis oukbrbs imuctis àd ÛO thbdbd udi oiyar ecbxhlhchmim mbc oavhohbdta irthùcir bspb`ïehì y fbdbric. • Oubstri;

Pb bstumhð rbtraspb`thviobdtb i 9 iùas. I 09 mb bccis sb cbs jilïi mhifdasthìma ÛO. • Oètamas;

Bc ecbxhtbst eub ipchìma par ud ûdhà bvicuimar. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhdmbx piri ìmi uda mb cas oavhohbdtas y irthùci`hadbs eubrad àopirimas bd cas frupas àd y shd ÛO. Mblhma i ci isud`hðd tbðrhì mb qub jilrïi mhebrbd`hi, sb bchfhð ud bdeaqub bstimïsthà mb udi saci àci. • \bsuctimas;

Cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhdmbx (=: vbrsus =< pudtas) oastrirad qub cis oukbrbs àd ÛO brid ipraxhoimiobdtb ud 92% oés ecbxhlcbs bd praobmha qub cis qub da tbdïid bsi idaoicïi bstru`turic. Dhdfudi mb cis oukbrbs imuctis bstumhimis oastrili udi jhpbroavhchmim fbdbric, bs mb`hr, udi pudtui`hðd mbc ecbxhdmbx supbrhar i 6> pudtas, iudqub cis pudtui`hadbs supbrharbs i 22 pudtas eubrad àoa oïdhoa trbs vb`bs oés erbùbdtbs bd cis oukbrbs àd ÛO. @aoa bri mb bspbrir, ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim rbvbcð vicarbs oés bcbvimas bd tamis cis irthùci`hadbs mb cis oukbrbs àd ÛO7 shd bolirfa, cis mhebrbd`his da eubrad bstimïsthìobdtb shfdhehìthvis piri cas oavhohbd-

959

tas mb ramhcci a tradà y bstuvhbrad bd bc cïohtb piri ci \AO mb ci ouùbì. @uidma sb vicarirad àd bc ecbxhtbst cas oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs, jula, mb dubva, udi `ciri tbdmbd`hi ji`hi vicarbs supbrharbs bd cis oukbrbs ieb`timis, qub icìdzirad udi rbcbvid`hi bstimïsthì bd 90 mb cas oavhohbdtas. Bs hdtbrbsidtb vbr qub cas oavhohbdtas jilhtuicobdtb bd atris vicari`hadbs mb uthchzimas ci ecbxhlhchmim, àoa ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci, qub sb uthchzi piri vicarir ci jhpbrbxtbdshðd bd bc oètama mb LbhfjtadJðrid, y ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, qub sb pirb`b ic tbst sht-idm-rbi`j, da oastrirad mhebrbd`his bstimïsthìs. îri ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, ci oiyarïi mb cas sukbtas mb iolas frupas pudtuirad ud erbdtb i ud %, rbspb`thviobdtb, mb ïdmh`bs mb aùrrbd`hi bd oukbrbs àd y shd ÛO. Ci pudtui`hðd mb = bd bc ecbxhtbst eub ic obdas mas vb`bs tid erbùbdtb bd oukbrbs àd ÛO, iudqub bsta tiolhèd aùrrhð bd ic obdas bc 2% mb cas oavhohbdtas mb cis oukbrbs da ieb`timis. Ci prbvicbd`hi mb àoa oïdhoa 0 pudtui`hadbs mb = bdtrb cis pudtui`hadbs piri cas oavhohbdtas eub %, rbspb`thviobdtb, piri cas ìsas àd y shd ÛO. Cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim hdtbroavhohbdta b hdtriirthùcir da mhehrhbrad bdtrb cas mas frupas. • @ad`cushðd;

I pbsir mb qub jula udi tbdmbd`hi ji`hi udi oiyar ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric y bspb`ïehì bd cis oukbrbs imuctis àd ÛO, da shboprb eub pashlcb hmbdthehìrcis lisédmasb bx`cushviobdtb bd ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Ci prbsbd`hi mb udi jhpaoavhchmim rbcithvi a hopartidtb bd ci bxtbdshðd mbc àma y bd ci rati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra pirb`ïi bx`cuhr ci pashlhchmim mb ÛO bd cis oukb-

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

95<

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

rbs imuctis. âr atra cima, ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, jilhtuicobdtb vicarimi àd bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j, tuva ud obdar pambr mhs`rhohditarha piri hmbdthehìr ci prbsbd`hi mb ÛO bd cis oukbrbs imuctis. Bc ecbxhtbst, sbi obmhidtb < mb sus oavhohbdtas, a sbi obmhidtb bc àdkudta àopcbta mb oavhohbdtas, àdtrhluyb i ci bxpcari`hðd eïshì y i ci

cirfa pciza. Bd bc prhobr ìsa bs eudmiobdtic vicarir sh bc ìcbdtiohbdta ieb`ti i ci ecbxhlhchmim àrparic, ca qub pamrïi tbdbr udis hopchì`hadbs obtamacðfhìs rbcbvidtbs piri ci ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst. Ci bstidmirhzi`hðd mb udi sbrhb a udi ruthdi mb ìcbdtiohbdta bs pralilcbobdtb pashlcb sðca bd

vicari`hðd `cïdhì mb cis oukbrbs imuctis àd ÛO.

shtui`hadbs ictiobdtb àdtracimis, àoa sad cismbparthvis sbshadbs mb bdtrbdiohbdta mb ud bquhpa mb àopbth`hðd mb icta dhvbc. ^bra cas bdtushistis mb cas mbpartbs tïphìobdtb sachtirhas subcbd ìrb`br mb udi ruthdi shstboéthì mb ìcbdtiohbdta, lhbd parqub da àda`bd cis tè`dhìs, lhbd parqub da ca vicarid a da ca prharhzid àoa piri mbmhìr thbopa i rbichzirca.

Iudqub ci jhpbroavhchmim fbdbric bs ud jiccizfa jilhtuic bd cis oukbrbs àd pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric, ci jhpaoavhchmim bd ci bxtbdshðd mbc àma y ci rati`hðd obmhic mbc jaolra bx`cuyb pré`thìobdtb su prbsbd`hi.

• Alkbthvas;

Bstumhas mb hdtbrvbd`hðd îri tbrohdir bstb ìpïtuca, prbsbdtioas trbs bstumhas bd cas qub sb mbs`rhlbd àd`hsiobdtb cis rbspubstis mb ecbxhlhchmim i mhsthdtis hdtbrvbd`hadbs y sb bxpadbd cis hopchì`hadbs patbd`hicbs. Bstas bstumhas rbquhrhbrad obmh`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst mb bvicui`hðd y rbbvicui`hðd, y sad pralilcbobdtb ûthcbs piri bc cb`tar hdtbrbsima bd ipchìr bc oètama bd bstb àdtbxta.

Beb`tas mbc ìcbdtiohbdta Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W99_ y pir`hicobdtb rbidichzimas piri bstb rbsuobd.

• \izadiohbdta;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha eub ùidthehìr cas beb`tas mb ud ìcbdtiohbdta i`thva, da bstidmirhzima y iutapcidhehìma piri ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric y bspb`ïehì bd sukbtas ipirbdtbobdtb sidas mb mhsthdtis bmimbs y rbfhstras mbparthvas. Cis mhebrbd`his ìusimis par bc ìcbdtiohbdta pamrïid bstir rbci`hadimis àd ci bmim, bc dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim hdh`hic y bc pitðd mb i`thvhmim eïshì. • Oubstri;

îrth`hpirad bd bstb bstumha ud tatic mb 9>8 vacudtirhas (26 jaolrbs y dhùas y 2< oukbrbs y dhùis) bdtrb cis bmimbs mb 5 y 02 iùas. Cas pitradbs mb i`thvhmim eïshì virhirad bdtrb cas sukbtas b hd`cuybrad i dhùas qub rb`hlïid cis `cisbs mb bmuì`hðd eïshì y mb diti`hðd bd bc àcbfha y i imuctas eïshìobdtb i`thvas a sbmbdtirhas.

Bs jilhtuic bd mbparthstis y bd sukbtas eïshìobdtb i`thvas bopbzir ci sbshðd mb bdtrbdiohbdta àd bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas. îri icfudas mbparthstis ‐fhodistis y lihcirhdbs, par bkbopca‐ bstas bkbr`h`has sb àdshmbrid alchfitarhas, y jiy qub taoircas bd sbrha y bkbùtircas muridtb ud pbrïama listidtb cirfa mb thbopa bd ìmi sbshðd pré`thì. Bs mb sbdthma àoûd qub ji`hbdma bsta bst a sb prbpiri bc ùbrpa piri ci prhd`hpic y oés hopartidtb pirtb mb ci sbshðd mb bdtrbdiohbdta y sb ohdhohzi a sb rbmu`b bc rhbsfa mb cbshðd mbc shstboi caàoatar. Bs tiolhèd listidtb pashlcb qub cas bkbr`h`has mb

• Oètamas;

bsthriohbdta àdtrhluyid i ud shfdhehìthva iuobdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, sbi udi rbspubsti mb àrti muri`hðd, sbi ud pra`bsa mb imipti`hðd i

sbùbd`hi a ci oifdhtum mb ci \AO irthùcir icìdzimi muridtb cas bkbr`h`has mb ìcbdtiohbdta. Pb ipchìrad tè`dhìs bstimïsthìs imbùimis mbs-

Rd ûdhà bvicuimar bxpbrhobdtima ccbvð i ìla bc ecbxhtbst bd bc cima mbrb`ja mb tamas cas sukbtas idtbs y mbspuès mb `hdà ohdutas mb ud ìcbdtiohbdta i`thva y iutapcidhehìma. Bc ìcbdtiohbdta sb rbichzð hdmbpbdmhbdtbobdtb muridtb udas 9> ohdutas mbspuès mb qub bc sukbta eubri hdstruhma bd –ìcbdtir‟ cis irthùci`hadbs àrparicbs obmhidtb bc oavhohbdta. @ad bc ehd mb shoucir cis àdmh`hadbs mhirhis y pbrohthr ci bxtripaci`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas i pbrsadis daroicbs qub ji`bd bkbr`h`ha, da sb àdtracð bc thpa, ci hdtbdshmim, ci

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

`rhpthvis b hdebrbd`hicbs ic bstumha y sb bstilcb`hð ud dhvbc mb shfdhehì`hðd bd bc 2% mb pralilhchmim. • \bsuctimas;

Bc ìcbdtiohbdta praoavhð ud hd`rbobdta shfdhehìthva (udi obmhidi mb < pudtas) mb cas vicarbs mbc ecbxhtbst piri tama ud sulfrupa mb oubstri idichzima, mb -9 i +99 pudtas.àd Bd bc:5 ìcbdtisukbtas (68%) ybdma ci ecbxhlhchmim iuobdtð ohbdta, y bd 06 mb bccas (0=%) bstb iuobdta bstuva par bd`hoi mbc 9>% mbc vicar hdh`hic mbc ecbxhtbst, udas = pudtas, `hbrtiobdtb oés qub ud bvbdtuic oirfbd mb brrar qub bc bvicuimar jilrïi pamhma àobtbr. ]amis ]amis cis mhebrbd`his mheb rbd`his piri cas oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs eubrad, àoa sb bspbrili, mb oifdhtum chohtimi y rbprbsbdtimis par sðca 9 pudta bd ci bsìci mb pudtui`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst. Bc hopi`ta pashthva salrb ci oavhchmim irthùcir pramu`hma par bc ìcbdtiohbdta da eub dh shquhbri mhstrhluhma bdtrb cas oavhohbdtas. Cas oavhohbdtas bd cas qub, àoa oïdhoa, ud 92% mb cas sukbtas obkarð eubrad; HH, U, UHHH, HZ, Z, ZH, ZUH, ZHZ y ZZ7 obkarirad tamis cis irthùci`hadbs bx`bpta cis c is mb ci ramhcci, ci ouùbì y bc àma. ]amas cas oavhohbdtas mb ecbxhlhchmim mbc tradà sb lbdbeh`hirad mbc ìcbdtiohbdta. âr atra cima, da jula hd`rbobdta icfuda mb ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci a bc àma bd dhdfuda mb cas sukbtas (39%). Bd ùidta i ci rbci`hðd bdtrb cis virhilcbs, sb mbtb`tð qub cis mhebrbd`his mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb bc prb y bc pastìcbdtiohbdta da sb àrrbci`hadirad àd cas pitradbs mb àopartiohbdta mbc bkbr`h`ha praphas mb ci bmim a àd bc dhvbc hdh`hic mb ecbxhlhchmim. • @ad`cushðd;

Rd ìcbdtiohbdta i`thva, hd`cusa ùidma da bsté bstidmirhzima, hdecubd`hð pashthviobdtb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric y bspb`ïehì, y eivarb`hð cas hd`rbobdtas shfdhehìthvas mb oavhchmim bd cas oavhohbdtas mbc tradà y bd icfudas oavhohbdtas mb ìmbri, jaolra y talhcca. Phd bolirfa, ci fidid`hi eub rbcithviobdtb pbqubùi ‐ud 2% salrb bc vicar hdh`hic‐ y aùrrhð bd sukbtas àd ud icta frima mb ecbxhlhchmim y tiolhèd bd iqubccas àd oés chohtimi oavhchmim, sufhrhbdma, par tidta, qub hd`cusa ci fbdtb ouy ecbxhlcb àoa cas fhodistis y lihcirhdbs pubmbd icìdzir udi oavhchmim hd`cusa oiyar àd ud ìcbdtiohbdta. Pad db`bsirhas atras bstumhas piri mbehdhr ci ruthdi mb ìcbdtiohbdta qub praoubvi obkar cis fidid`his mb

950

ecbxhlhchmim. Lisédmadas bd bstas mitas, sb pubmb tiolhèd àd`cuhr qub bs db`bsirha àdtracir ci virhilcb mb i`thvhmim eïshì a ìcbdtiohbdta muridtb ci jari prbvhi i ci ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst. @adshmbridma bc iopcha ridfa mb fidid`his mb ecbxhlhchmim àd bc ìcbdtiohbdta, pirb`b oés ipraphima bchohdir ci virhilcb obmhidtb ci bstidmirhzi`hðd mb ci ipchì`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst prajhlhbdma ud ìcbdtiohbdta prbbvicui`hðd. ]id sðca 9> ohdutas mb ìcbdtiohbdta i`thva y iutapcidbima obkarid ci ecbxhlhchmim oiyarhtirhiobdtb bd cas oavhohbdtas mb tradà tidta bd dhùas àoa bd imuctas.

@ipi`hmim piri rbichzir cis i`thvhmimbs mhirhis Mitas arhfhdicobdtb mb W ohdutas mb ud trilika ibrðlhà mhsbùima piri icìdzir udi erbùbd`hi ìrmïiì mbtbrohdimi àd alkbthva hdmhvhmuic mb iùbrma àd cas rbsuctimas mbc tbst mb bseubrza ìrmhapucoadir hdh`hic, : i 9> bkbr`h`has mb earticb`hohbdta ousùcir rbichzimas bd mas sbrhbs mb sbhs i a`ja rbpbth`hadbs ìmi uda y udas 9> ohdutas mb bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas i`thvas y pishvas jilhchtimas piri ìmi sukbta àd bc alkbthva mb iuobdtir ci oavhchmim bd quhbdbs rbsuctirad oés chohtimas bd ci vicari`hðd hdh`hic.

• Oètamas;

@aoa pirtb mb udi iopchi ruthdi mb tbsts `cïdhàs y eud`hadicbs, sb uthchzð bc ecbxhtbst piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim mb sukbtas. @imi sukbta eub bvicuima y rbbvicuima par bc ohsoa bvicuimar, qub bri listidtb bxpbrta bd ci uthchzi`hðd mb ci tè`dhì. Imboés, piri ci rbichzi`hðd mb bstas tbsts, tb sts, cas sukbtas eubrad bdtrbvhstimas y rbspadmhbrad i ud ùbsthadirha bspb`ïehà mb 99 pudtas piri iyumirdas i vicarir bvbdtuicobdtb ùicquhbr lbdbeh`ha mbrhvima mbc bkbr`h`ha eïshà supbrvhsima. Bc ùbsthadirha lus`ð bstilcb`br bc frima mb ei`hchmim qub ìmi sukbta oastrð bd ci bkbù`hðd mb cis shfuhbdtbs i``hadbs;

• \bsuctimas;

Bc dhvbc rbcithva mb ei`hchmim piri ìmi udi mb

Bc prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima prava`ð ud iuobdta mbc 9>% àoa praobmha mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric b hdmuka obkaris mb cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs mb ci ìmbri, bc tradà y bc jaolra. Pb alsbrvirad obkaris bd cas oavhohbdtas mb bxtbdshðd y imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri, ecbxhðd citbric mbc tradà, rati`hðd mbc jaolra y bxtbdshðd mb ci bspicmi. Jula tiolhèd ud iuobdta shfdhehìthva mb ci ei`hchmim piri pbmicbir bd ci lh`h`cbti, sulhr y likir cis bsìcbris y idmir salrb udi `hdti, y tiolhèd udi obkari obdas bspb`tiùcir bd cis i``hadbs mb `ruzir cis phbrdis sbdtima y cbvidtirsb mb ci ìoi. Ci obkari mbc ecbxhdmbx eub pashthvi y sb rbci`hadð shfdhehìthviobdtb àd ud icta dhvbc mb ei`hchmim bd ci bkbù`hðd fbdbric mb cis i``hadbs mhirhis vicarimis (r ? >,=27 p 3 >,>=). Imboés, sb vhbrad tiolhèd isa`hi`hadbs shfdhehìthvis bdtrb; i) ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci ecbxhadimi y ci ei`hchmim mb bdtrir y sichr mb ud à`jb, y l) ìczirsb y itirsb cas zipitas y cbvidtirsb mb ci ìoi àd ud iuobdta mb ci oavhchmim mb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà. I pbsir mb bstas rbsuctimas, udi pastbrhar sulmhvhshðd mb ci oubstri mb iùbrma àd bc pbsa àrparic

cis 99 i``hadbs eub mbtbrohdima bd udi bsìci idicðfhì vhsuic mb 9> ò mb cirfa, àd ud –ouy mheï`hc‟ y ud –ouy eé`hc‟ hdmhìmas bd sus bxtrboas

oastrð qub ûdhìobdtb quhbdbs jilïid suerhma udi shfdhehìthvi pèrmhmi mb pbsa (bs mb`hr, ud 2% mb su pbsa àrparic arhfhdic) tuvhbrad udi oiyar fidid`hi

9. . 99.. 99

Pulhr y likir bsìcbris Bdtrir y sichr mb ud à`jb Itirsb cas zipitas Hr bd lh`h`cbti @iohdir bd udi `hdti @ruzir cis phbrdis bstidma sbdtima Icìdzirr ci bspicmi Icìdzi bspicmi piri risìrsb risìrsb a chophirsb chophirsb ùidma sb mu`ji Icìdzir ud alkbta alkbta bd ca icta mb udi bstidtbr bstidtbrïi ïi @io iohd hdir ir Cbvidti Cbv idtirsb rsb mb ci ci ìoi ìoi Ifi` If i`ji jirs rsbb

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 6; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs mbc ecbxhtbst

952

mb ecbxhlhchmim; dhdfuda mb cas ùitra sukbtas qub fidirad pbsa muridtb bc pbrïama mb bstumha tuvhbrad dhdfudi obkari bd ci ecbxhlhchmim. Mb jb`ja, jula udi àrrbci`hðd hdvbrsi y shfdhehìthvi bdtrb bc pbsa àrparic y cis virhi`hadbs mbc ecbxhdmbx (r ? ->,557 p3 >,>2). Pb mbtb`tð tiolhèd qub cas sukbtas quhbdbs tbdïid udas dhvbcbs hdh`hicbs mb ecbxhlhchmim obdarbs,

àdthdûi7 udi vbz hdtbrruophma, bstas lbdbeh`has thbdmbd i pbrmbrsb. Imboés, cas lbdbeh`has sad listidtb bspb`ïehàs; bc bdtrbdiohbdta mb eubrzi ousùcir da sb `bdtri bd cas ispb`tas ibrðlhàs mb ci àdmh`hðd eïshì y mb ud prafrioi lisima sðca bd bkbr`h`has ibrðlhàs da mblb bspbrirsb udi obkari àdshmbrilcb mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Atri ùbsthðd

bxpbrhobdtirad cis oiyarbs fidid`his àd bc bdtrbdiohbdta supbrvhsima (r ? ->,527 p ? >,>2).

hopartidtb sb rbci`hadi àdbstumhas ci muri`hðd mbc sbfuhohbdta. Ci oiyarïi mb cas qub uthchzid bc bkbr`h`ha eïshà àoa hdtbrvbd`hðd murid sðca udis sboidis y riri vbz udas paàs obsbs, ca qub chohti ci bxtripaci`hðd mb ci hdearoi`hðd piri ud hdmhvhmua eïshìobdtb i`thva muridtb ud cirfa pciza. Da sb jid bstumhima cas lbdbeh`has mb ci ecbxhlhchmim iùoucimas muridtb cas prafriois mb ehtdbss.

• @ad`cushðd;

Cas imuctas saobthmas i ud prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima obkarirad su ecbxhlhchmim bspb`hicobdtb bd cis irthùci`hadbs oés hopartidtbs, ca qub sb rbecbkð bd bc iuobdta mbc frima mb ei`hchmim àd qub rbichzilid cis i``hadbs àthmhidis. Phd bolirfa, jula virhi`hadbs hopartidtbs hdtbrhdmhvhmuicbs bd cas rbsuctimas qub pirb`ïid mbpbdmbr mbc frima hdh`hic mb ecbxhlhchmim y ci prbsbd`hi mb ùicquhbr ìolha àdùrrbdtb mbc pbsa àrparic. Mblhma i qub ci iutadaoïi pubmb sbr ieb`timi imvbrsiobdtb par bc pra`bsa mb bdvbkb`hohbdta, bs pashlcb qub udas prafriois mb bkbr`h`ha eïshà àd ibrðlh`, earticb`hohbdta ousùcir y bsthriohbdtas iyumbd i ohdhohzir a hd`cusa i rbvbrthr pir`hicobdtb bstis chohti`hadbs bd ci bkbù`hðd mb cis tirbis mhirhis, bspb`hicobdtb bd hdmhvhmuas qub tritid mb pbrmbr pbsa y thbdbd ud lika dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim hdh`hic. Cas sukbtas àd mbeh`hbdtbs dhvbcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim sad quhbdbs oubstrid oiyarbs obkaris bd ci bkbù`hðd mb cis i`thvhmimbs mb ci vhmi mhirhi mbspuès mb pirth`hpir bd ud prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima qub

• Alkbthva;

Bc alkbthva mb bstb bstumha eub mbtbrohdir bc pbrehc bspb`ïehà y fbdbric mb ecbxhlhchmim bd sukbtas imuctas qub ishstïid i ud prafrioi mb ehtdbss supbrvhsima. • Oubstri;

@itar`b sukbtas @itar`b sukbtas imuctas mb mb 59 ¹ 9> iùas mb bmim bmim àd bdebrobmim ìrmïiì pirth`hpirad bd ud prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima (rbci`hðd tïphì mb pbrsadic i pi`hbdtb mb 9;0) qub hd`cuyð bkbr`h`has ibrðlhàs, mb earticb`hohbdta ousùcir y mb ecbxhlhchmim bd sbshadbs mb 5> i 8> ohdutas mb muri`hðd mb trbs i sbhs vb`bs par sboidi. • Oètamas;

Ci pré`thì rbfucir mb bkbr`h`ha eïshà hopchì tami udi sbrhb mb ìolhas eïshàs pashthvas, y àoparti ci obkari mb cas oés hopartidtbs ispb`tas mb ci

Ic prhd`hpha mbc prafrioi, sb saobthð i cas sukbtas i udi vicari`hðd mbticcimi, qub hd`cuyð ci obmh`hðd mbc àdsuoa oéxhoa mb axïfbda, ci eubrzi ousùcir y ci ecbxhlhchmim y ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ìpi`hmim mb trilika uthchzidma ud prataàca mb riopi bd ud `h`cabrfðobtra. Ci ecbxhlhchmim sb vicarð àd bc ecbxhtbst. Lisédmasb bd cas rbsuctimas, ìmi sukbta ishsthð i ud prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha hdmhvhmuichzima qub sb prbs`rhlhð y sb ikustð erbùbdtbobdtb piri prapar`hadir cas bstïoucas ipraphimas piri ci obkari mb tamas cas ispb`tas mb ci earoi eïshì. Mbspuès mb ud pbrïama praobmha mb 5 obsbs (hdtbrvica mb 0 i 9= obsbs), cis ruthdis mbc tbst eubrad rbpbthmis par bc ohsoa bvicuimar. @ad bc alkbthva mb bvhtir ud sbsfa patbd`hic, bstb

earoi eïshì. Phd bolirfa, bsté `cira qub ci oiyarïi mb cas lbdbeh`has ehshacðfhàs mb ud prafrioi rbfucir mb ehtdbss sb oidthbdbd sðca ohbdtris èstb sb

bvicuimar da tuva i``bsa i cas rbsuctimas mbc idtbrhar ecbxhtbst bd bc oaobdta mb rbbvicuir ic sukbta.

hd`cuyb bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas.

^rafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima Mitas pra`bmbdtbs mb oitbrhic mb cilaritarha da pulchìma.

• \izadiohbdta;

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

955

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

• \bsuctimas;

@aoa praobmha, jula ud iuobdta bd tarda ic 0>% mb cas vicarbs mbc ecbxhdmbx, qub hli mb i 9= pudtas. @adshmbridma bc frupa mb bmimeubrad y bc sbxa, cas sukbtas qub bd ci vicari`hðd hdh`hic `cishehìmas àoa praobmha bd bc pbr`bdthc 06 (hdtbrvica, 9 i :0), bd ci rbbvicui`hðd, mbspuès mb ci obkari mb cis pudtui`hadbs mbc ecbxhdmbx, pisirad i ud pbr`bdthc obmha mb 50 (hdtbrvica, 96 i 86). Ic prhd`hpha, 8 mb 9= sukbtas (6>%) bstuvhbrad par mblika mb ca bspbrima piri su frupa mb bmim (pbr`bdthc 2>)7 mbspuès mbc prafrioi mb bdtrbdiohbdta, sðca = sukbtas ( piri sus bmimbs. Da jula udi rbci`hðd shfdhehìthvi bdtrb cas vicarbs hdh`hicbs y sus rbspb`thvis fidid`his mb ecbxhlhchmim. I pbsir mbc pbqubùa tioiùa mb ci oubstri, eub pashlcb mbtb`tir obkaris mb ci oavhchmim shfdhehìthvis bd 9= mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc ecbxhtbst (p3 >,>2), iudqub da jula mhebrbd`his bstimïsthìobdtb shfdhehìthvis ipirbdtbs bd cas oavhohbdtas mbc àma, ci ouùbì, ci rati`hðd obmhic mb jaolra y ci ecbxhðd mb tradà. @uidma sb idichzð par irthùci`hðd, sb mbtb`tð udi obkari mb ci oavhchmim bd tamis cis irthùci`hadbs ( p3 >,>9) bx`bpta bd bc àdkudta mb cas oavhohbdtas mb ci ouùbì y bc àma ( p ? >,,>2 >,>2,, àd udi tbdmbd tbdmbd`hi `hi ji`hi cas pbrehcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim àrparic oés praphi mb sukbtas oés kðvbdbs ( p ? >,>8). • @ad`cushðd;

Rd prafrioi mb ehtdbss pbrsadichzima y lhbd àdtracima pubmb aerb`br udis obkaris shfdhehìthvis mb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbricpubmbd y ci bspb`ïehì. ìri`tbrïsthìs iditðohìs bxpchìr Cis cis pbqubùis fidid`his mb oavhchmim piri cis irthùci`hadbs mb ci ouùbì y bc àma. \bci`hadidma ci pudtui`hðd obmhi mbc ecbxhdmbx àd ci bmim obmhi mbc frupa, tbdboas rbsuctimas mb pbr`bdthc prb y pastbdtrbdiohbdta mb 02 y 50, rbspb`thviobdtb, ca qub rbecbki ci hopartid`hi mb ci hdtbrvbd`hðd piri ci obkari. âr tidta, ci altbd`hðd par cas sukbtas mbc pbr`bdthc 50, bc rbsuctima mbc ecbxhdmbx pastbdtrbdiohbdta praobmha piri bc frupa mb bmim =9=2, hdmhì qub ud prafrioi mb bdtrbdiohbdta supbrvhsima àd bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdtas pbrsadichzimas sbfuhma muridtb ud pbrïama mb sbhs obsbs pubmb pbrohthr i cas sukbtas bd ci sbsbdtbdi oidtbdbr bc ohsoa bstédmir mb ecbxhlhchmim qub tbdïid ùidma brid iùas oés kðvbdbs.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Cas pi`hbdtbs ìrmïiàs qub eubrad saobthmas i udas paàs obsbs mb ud prafrioi pbrsadichzima mb bsthriohbdtas i`thvas y pishvas obkarirad su ecbxhlhchmim y pisirad mb bstir par mblika i bstir par bd`hoi mb cis obmhis piri su bmim y sbxa.

@ipïtuca : Idéchshs àopirithva mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd Ccbfima i bstb pudta, mbspuès mb cbbr cas atras ìpïtucas, pubmb qub bstè hdtbrbsima bd àopirir cis mhsthdtis oidbris mb vicarir ci ecbxhlhchmim mb oama qub pubmi bsàfbr bc oètama qub obkar sb imiptb i sus db`bshmimbs. Rd prataàca hmbic mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mblb tbdbr cis ìri`tbrïsthìs oastrimis bd ci ehfuri :.9. Bstb ìpïtuca cb iyumiré i bcbfhr bdtrb cas obkarbs oètamas mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim obmhidtb bc àobdtirha `rïthà mb cas lbdbeh`has y mbsvbdtikis mb ìmi uda, àoa sb rbvbcð bd bc shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb 9: `rhtbrhas prbsbdtima bd bc ìpïtuca 0 (vèisb tilci :.9). Iudqub jiy ud frid dûobra mb prataàcas mb bvicui`hðd bd cas mhsthdtas shstbois mb obmh`hðd (chdbir, idfucir y imhobdshadic), jboas sbcb``hadima cas a`ja tbsts oés rbcbvidtbs piri bstb idéchshs àopirithva; 9. ). Bc tbst mb @urbtad, ouy uthchzima bd bc pisima, sb uthchzi ìmi vbz obdas, i pbsir mb su hd`cushðd obrhtarhi mb ud frid dûobra mb oavhohbdtas. Bc sht-idm-rbi`j y bc tbst mb @urbtad sbr-

• Ei`hchmim Ei`hchmim piri cas bvicu bvicuimar imarbs bs mbc bdtr bdtrbdibdiohbdta • Mhspadh Mhspadhlhc lhchmi hmim m mb darois darois bspb` bspb`ïeh ïehìs ìs mb bmim y sbxa • Hdearoi`hð Hdearoi`hðd d bspb`ï bspb`ïehì ehì mbc oavho oavhohbdta hbdta y ci irthùci`hðd y àopiri`hadbs • Mhspadh Mhspadhlhc lhchmi hmim m mb ud `rhtbrh `rhtbrha a bspb`ïe bspb`ïehà hà piri cis àopiri`hadbs mb pbrehcbs mb ecbxhlhchmim • Mhst Mhsthd` hd`hðd hðd bdtrb bdtrb obmh obmh`ha `hadbs dbs i`thv i`thvis is y pishvis pishvis • @écùc @écùca a mb udi pudt pudtui` ui`hðd hðd mb mb ecbxhl ecbxhlhch hchmim mim fbdbric àd ci mhstrhlu`hðd mb Fiuss

Ehfuri :.9 \bquhshtas piri ud oètama hmbic mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

956

95:

  s   b   t   d   i   t   r   a   p   o    h   s    é   o    m   i    m    h    c    h   s    l   a    h   h   x  r   b  b    c   t    e   h   r   i    c   `   b   :    9    m   d  b    ð    h   d   `   m   i   ð    h   u   `    c   i  i   `    h   v   b   e    h   b  s   i    m    c   s  `   a  b    c    m   a   `  i   a   t   o   a  b   r  t   s   p    h   s   a  s   d    c   u   b    m  d   a   d  `    ð    h   a   `   m   i  r   r  b   i  u   p  `   i   o   a  b    @    m    9 .    :   i    c    l   i    ]

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

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   j   `   i   b   r      m   d   i     t    h    P

   )   o   `    (   s   i   s   b    m    c   a    h   i   i   p    t   r    m   f   o   a   b    c   u    h    P    @   O   ^

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

  s   i   `    h   r    t    è   o   i   r   i    ^   s   i   `    h   r    t    è   o   i   r   i    ^

@ipïtuca :; Idéchshs àopirithva mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd

958

bxhstb ouy paì hdearoi`hðd mhspadhlcb salrb ci obmh`hðd idfucir bd mbparthstis a bd frupas bspb`hicbs àoa cas lihcirhdbs. îri ci àopiri`hðd, uthchzirboas ci fadhaobtrïi àdvbd`hadic y ci tè`dhì mb Cbhfjtad. Ci oiyarïi mb cas tbsts imhobdshadicbs sb uthchzid piri shtui`hadbs y prapðshtas bspb`ïehàs.

cir y ci àarmhdi`hðd oatrhz mbsbopbùid ud hopartidtb pipbc bd bc ûcthoa oètama. Bsta sb vb `ciriobdtb bd bc oavhohbdta oavhohbdt a mb ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci rbichzima ùidma bc sukbta bsté mb phb. Ph bc sukbta rbichzi bc oavhohbdta ûdhìobdtb àdtriybdma cas oûsùcas ecbxarbs, bc cufir iditðohà mb cas oûsùcas chohti shfdhehìthviobdtb ci \AO.

mb LbhfjtadObrb`b ci pbdi obd`hadir bc tbstmhsbùima y Jðrid 9858), piri Jðrid (Lbhfjtad hmbdthehìr cas ìsas mb jhpbroavhchmim, bc tbst mb Dh`jacis , qub vicari i cas kufimarbs mb eûtlac idtbs mb ci tboparimi, y bc tbst mb \asbdlcaao (\asbdlcaao bt ic. 98:9), uthchzima piri bvicuir ci oavhchmim irthùcir mb ci oida piri vicarir bc rhbsfa eutura mb oh`raidfhapitïi bd imacbs`bdtbs mhilèthàs. Bc ecbxhtbst bs ud tbst imhobdshadic piri prapðshtas oèmhàs y mbparthvas (Iriûka 98:5, >9). Bstas ùitra tbsts imhobdshadicbs eubrad sbcb``hadimas piri dubstri àopiri`hðd mb oètamas chdbicbs, idfucirbs y imhobdshadicbs.

Idtbs mb bopbzir, jboas mb rbàda`br qub dubstri àopiri`hðd mb cas tbsts sbcb``hadimas sb chohti i cis obmh`hadbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bstéthì, parqub ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mhdéohì bsté àdehdimi bd su oiyar pirtb i shtui`hadbs bspb`hicbs mb hdvbsthfi`hðd y i cilaritarhas saehsthìmas. Cas tbsts mhehbrbd bd cas mbticcbs mb su bkbù`hðd; icfudas rbàfbd cis obmh`hadbs mb ci ecbxhlhchmim i`thvi, atras àophcid cis mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pishvi b hd`cusa atras obz`cid cis obmh`hadbs i`thvis y pishvis, àoa bc tbst mb Dh`jacis, y sb `cishehìd àoa tbsts ohxtas. Icfudis mb cis tè`dhìs mb obmh`hðd mb ci iopchtum mb oavhohbdta (\AO), àoa ci fadhaobtrïi, pubmbd ipchìrsb tidta mb oidbri i`thvi àoa pishvi, i pbsir mb qub ci earoi pishvi sb uthchzi obdas i obduma parqub rbquhbrb tïphìobdtb mas bvicuimarbs. Bstb ispb`ta bs listidtb hopartidtb piri mhsthdfuhr bdtrb cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim. @uidma sb vicari udi virhilcb lhacðfhì bspb`ïehì àoa ci ecbxhlhchmim, bs obkar qub bc rbsuctima da bstè àdtiohdima a hdecuhma par atris

âr atra cima, bc oavhohbdta rbphtb ohbdtris bc sukbta uthchzish cis oidas piri sb thrir mb ci phbrdi ji`hi bc ousca, ci \AO bs àdshmbrilcbobdtb oiyar. Mb jb`ja, bd ci ecbxhðd pishvi mb m b ci ramhcci cis par`hadbs pastbrharbs mb ci phbrdi y bc ousca pubmbd qubmir i obduma supbrpubstis, ca qub mboubstri qub ci \AO i`thvi bstili chohtimi par hopash`hðd mb cas oûsùcas àdtriïmas y da par udi ecbxhlhchmim mbeh`hbdtb. Atra bkbopca tamivïi oés sarprbdmbdtb mb ci mhebrbd`hi bdtrb ci ecbxhlhchmim i`thvi y ci pishvi ca hcustri ci pbrsadi àd piripcbkïi qub da pubmb ecbxhadir vacudtirhiobdtb ci ìmbri pbra qub thbdb udi udi \AO daroic daroic bd ci ecbxhðd pishvi mb ci ìmbri. I obduma sb earoucid mas ùbsthadbs bd rbci`hðd àd ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pishvi; ±ùédta bseubrza mblb ipchìr bc bvicuimar1 y ±`ðoa sb silré ùédma ji icìdzima su cïohtb ci oavhchmim pishvi1 Bs db`bsirhi udi lubdi eubrzi ousùcir piri ipchìr oètamas pishvas, bspb`hicobdtb piri rbichzir oavhohbdtas bspb`ïehàs bd sukbtas ouy eubrtbs u albsas. Phd bolirfa, àd jilhchmim tè`dhì y ci eubrzi jilhtuic mb udi oukbr kavbd mb bstituri obmhi, bs pashlcb piri ud bvicuimar ipchìr bc ecbxhtbst y cas atras oètamas pishvas shd mhehùctim. Ic prhd`hpha mb ìsh tamas cas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs, ci bkbù`hðd bs listidtb eé`hc, pbra sb vi mhehùctidma i obmhmi qub sb ipraxhoi i ci \AO oéxhoi. Cis pash`hadbs bxtrbois mb ci oiyarïi mb cas oavhohbdtas, ùidma sb bopcbi udi eubrzi imh`hadic, ìusid oacbsthis rbpbdthdis ic sukbta bvicuima. Ci mbehdh`hðd mb ecbxhlhchmim qub jboas prbsbdtima bd bc ìpïtuca 9 bs ci ûdhì qub bstilcb`b bxpcï`htiobdtb qub ci ecbxhlhchmim mblb obmhrsb bd cas cïohtbs ehshacðfhàs, ca qub shfdhehì qub da sb mblb ìusir cbshðd icfudi. Hd`cusa ùidma atris mbehdh`hadbs da ilarmid bspb`ïehìobdtb bsti ùbsthðd, pirb`b `cira qub ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mblb rbichzirsb shd rhbsfa mb miùa. Mb iùbrma àd bsta, ci imohdhs-

virhilcbs. îri obmhr bspb`ïehìobdtb ci ecbxhlhchmim virhilcb, bs prbebrhlcb ci obmh`hðd pishvi àoa apubsti i ci i`thvi, parqub ci eubrzi ousù-

tri`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst mblb sbr rbichzimi ùhmimasiobdtb y lusìr ci altbd`hðd mb ci oéxhoi iopchtum ehshacðfhì mb ud mbtbrohdima oavhohbdta

@rhtbrhas obtamacðfhàs

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

96>

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

rbspbtidma alvhiobdtb bc oûsùca, bc tbdmðd y ci rhfhmbz irthùcir mbc sukbta qub bsté shbdma bvicuima. Bsta bs tiolhèd véchma piri atras oètamas mb bvicui`hðd pishvi. îrb`b pralilcb qub ci pashlhchmim mb ud i``hmbdtb a udi cbshðd muridtb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim sbi oiyar àd cas oètamas i`thvas qub

àopcbka piri ud oavhohbdta a udi irthùci`hðd ùidma bc oavhohbdta bxiohdima àdshmbri oés mb ud oavhohbdta a irthùci`hð irthùci`hðd d ic vicarir ci pudtui`hðd. âr bkbopca, bd bc tbst sht-idm rbi`j, vicarioas ud oavhohbdta ûdhà ùya rbsuctima mbpbdmb mb ci oavhchmim mb ud mbtbrohdima dûobra mb irthùci`hadbs y oavhohbdtas (marshecb-

àd cas pishvas. Rd praebshadic mb ci isicum obdas pralilhchmimbs mb cbshadir ud tbdmré sukbta ùidma rbichzi ud oavhohbdta qub ud sukbta qub rbichzi bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j tbdmrïi mb iutacbshadirsb obmhidtb bc licid`ba mbc tradà ji`hi itrés y bc salrbsthriohbdta mb cas oûsùcas pastbrharbs mbc ousca piri icìdzir ud rbsuctima ðpthoa. âr tidta, `rbboas qub ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim pishvi mblb sbr bc oama mb prbebrbd`hi, mbkidma cis obmh`hadbs i`thvis a ohxtis piri ìsas ouy bspb`ïehàs. îri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim, jiy qub vicarir uda a oés oavhohbdtas. Mbsmb cas bstumhas `céshàs mb Jirrhs (9858i), sb ji silhma qub ci oavhchmim irthùcir bs udi ìri`tbrïsthì ouy bspb`ïehì qub virïi mb iùbrma àd ìmi oavhohbdta a irthùci`hðd. Cas `hdà `rhtbrhas obtamacðfhàs qub prbsbdtioas i àdthdui`hðd taoid bd àdshmbri`hðd ci bspb`heh`hmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Bc prhobr `rhtbrha ji`b rbebrbd`hi ic dûobra mb oavhohbdtas mbc tbst. Ohbdtris qub icfudas tbsts ohmbd ci oavhchmim obmhidtb ud ûdhà oavhohbdta àrparic (par bkbopca, bc tbst sht-idmrbi`j), atras àolhdid `hbrta dûobra mb obmh`hadbs mb oavhohbdtas. ]iolhèd àdshmbrioas bc dûobra mb irthùci`hadbs y bc dûobra tatic mb oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs qub sb ohmbd beb`thviobdtb. Cas oètamas sb pubmbd mhvhmhr bd frupas mb rbàfhmi mb mitas –pbqubùi‟, –rbfucir‟ y –fridmb‟ salrb ci lisb mb ud mbtbrohdima dûobra mb obmh`hadbs irthùcirbs ûdhìs a rbpbthmis taoimis y bc dûobra tatic mb oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs. âr bkbopca, bc tbst mb LbhfjtadJðrid bvicûi 8 oavhohbdtas, bc ecbxhtbst ohmb oavhohbdtas (a 05 sh sb bvicûid cas mas cimas mbc ùbrpa) y ci fadhaobtrïi vicari udis => obmh`hadbs idfucirbs. @uidma bvicûb oés mb udi \AO irthùcir bd ud oavhohbdta mbc tbst, taob dati mbc dûobra mb irthùci`hadbs y mb oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs qub sad

xhðd mbcbxtbdshðd talhcca, bxtbdshðd ci ramhcci, mbc tradà, mbc àmamb y atras), mb ecbxhðd oama qub bs ud tbst tidta piri bc oavhohbdta àoa piri ci irthùci`hðd. Atra bkbopca sad cas tbsts idfucirbs qub àolhdid ci ecbxhðd mbc àma y ci oavhchmim mb bxtbdshðd piri vicarir bc irà mbc oavhohbdta mbc àma àd bc ecbxðobtra mb Cbhfjtad7 bstb tbst bs, par tidta, àopcbka piri ci `cishehì`hðd mbc oavhohbdta y shopcb piri ci irthùci`hðd. @ad rbspb`ta i ci bspb`heh`hmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, shboprb qub sbi pashlcb, ohmb tamas cas oavhohbdtas mhebrbdtbs mb cis irthùci`hadbs prhd`hpicbs. Cas tbsts qub ohmbd ud oavhohbdta ûdhà a ci ecbxhlhchmim mb udi irthùci`hðd y iqubccas qub àolhdid virhas oavhohbdtas irthùcirbs bd uda a bd udas paàs oavhohbdtas mbc tbst da hmbdthehìd ci bspb`heh`hmim y sus bvicui`hadbs sad listidtb chohtimis, bspb`hicobdtb piri ci `cishehì`hðd mb ud oavhohbdta irthùcir mb iùbrma àd su iopchtum piri bstilcb`br ud mhifdðsthà oèmhà, mbehdhr ud bstédmir mbparthva eivarilcb a prbs`rhlhr bkbr`h`ha eïshà. îri bstas prapðshtas, bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j bs bc obdas imiptilcb, ohbdtris qub bc ecbxhtbst, obmhidtb ci obmh`hðd mb `ðoa oïdhoa shbtb irthùci`hadbs y oavhohbdtas, bs bc oés imiptilcb piri ci oiyarïi mb cas praebshadicbs mb ci sicum y cas prapðshtas mbparthvas. Ci oiyarïi mb cis hdvbsthfi`hadbs hdmhìd qub cas dhùas sad oés ecbxhlcbs qub cas imuctas y qub bdtrb cas imuctas mbc ohsoa frupa mb bmim, cis oukbrbs thbdmbd i sbr oés ecbxhlcbs qub cas jaolrbs. ]icbs iehroi`hadbs oubstrid qub ci ecbxhlhchmim, i pbsir mb prbsbdtir ud icta frima mb bspb`heh`hmim, bs udi ìri`tbrïsthì fbdèrhì tidta mb ci sicum àoa mb ci bkbù`hðd rbci`hadimi àd ci earoi eïshì. Cas rbsuctimas mb cas tbsts da shboprb rbecbkid beb`thviobdtb ci ecbxhlhchmim obmhmi, y cas tbsts pubmbd sbr `cishehìmas mb iùbrma àd bc jb`ja mb sh aerb`bd a da udi pudtui`hðd fcalic àdsachmimi. Bd cas tbsts mb ud saca oavhohbdta,

bvicuimas. Pb mh`b qub ud tbst bs mb mhsbùa sbd`hcca ùidma sb bvicûi ûdhìobdtb ud oavhohbdta irthùcir piri ìmi oavhohbdta mbc tbst, y mb mhsbùa

àoa bc sht-idm-rbi`j, ci obmh`hðd bd sï ohsoi bs udi pudtui`hðd ehdic fcalic7 shd bolirfa, su hdtbrprbti`hðd bs listidtb chohtimi mblhma ic

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca :; Idéchshs àopirithva mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd

969

dûobra mb virhilcbs qub hdtbrvhbdbd (Pjbpjirm, Lbrrhmfb y Oadtbcpirb 988>). Bd cas tbsts qub hd`cuybd ud hdmbtbrohdima dûobra mb oavhohbdtas, tamas cas oavhohbdtas jid mb obmhrsb bd ci ohsoi bsìci y cas rbsuctimas hfuicbs mblbd tbdbr bc ohsoa shfdhehìma. Bstb pralcboi bs, mbsieartudimiobdtb, udi mb cis oiyarbs chohti`hadbs mb ci

`hðd mb axïfbda muridtb bc bkbr`h`ha. Bc bquhpiohbdta uthchzima piri cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim bs obdas saehsthìma, àd ci bx`bp`hðd mb ci bcb`trðdhì uthchzimi bd ci bcb`trafadhaobtrïi a bd cis obmh`hadbs mb ecbxhlhchmim mhdéohì. Cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim pubmbd `cishehìrsb mb iùbrma àd bc dhvbc mb saehsthì`hðd qub rbquhbrb bc bquhpi-

fadhaobtrïi (y mb ci tè`dhì parqub ud irà mb oavhohbdta mb mb 8>»Cbhfjtad), piri ci ecbxhðdbxtbdshðd mb ci ìmbri rbecbki udi oavhchmim chohtimi, pbra bd bc talhcca rbecbki jhpbroavhchmim. âr tidta, pubmb rbichzirsb ci obmh`hðd fadhaoètrhì mb ìmi édfuca mb oavhohbdta, pbra cas rbsuctimas da pubmbd ifrupirsb piri ccbfir i ci pudtui`hðd fcalic. Ci obmh`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst mb oavhohbdtas salrb udi ûdhì bsìci àdehbrb i ìmi pudtui`hðd bc ohsoa shfdhehìma tè`dhà y bstimïsthà y pbrohtb qub tamis cis pudtui`hadbs sb suobd piri ccbfir i udi pudtui`hðd fcalic mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, mbdaohdimi ecbxhdmbx. Bd bc shstboi mb pudtui`hðd mbc ecbxhtbst, cis irthùci`hadbs oés fridmbs àoa ci mbc jaolra y ci mb ci ìmbri, hdecuybd bd oiyar obmhmi bd bc rbsuctima ehdic ic sbr bvicuimis bd `hdà ( i 8 pudtas, pbra da ohmb ci oavhchmim mbc jaolra a mb ci ìmbri.

Jboas bxpubsta cas a`ja prhobras `rhtbrhas obtamacðfhàs mbc shstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim, mb oama qub ijari ividzioas ji`hi cas tbois apbri`hadicbs. Bs hdtbrbsidtb, i pbsir mb qub bc rbàda`hohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim ji hma iuobdtidma àoa ud hopartidtb ispb`ta mb ci vicari`hðd mb ci earoi eïshì y mb ci prbs`rhp`hðd mbc bkbr`h`ha, qub sb jiyi jb`ja tid paà piri p iri praoavbrci. Bd ci oiyarïi mb cis shtui`hadbs praebshadicbs, bc thbopa, bc pbrsadic y cas oitbrhicbs db`bsirhas piri vicarir ci earoi eïshì y sus prhd`hpicbs virhilcbs sad bsìsas, y ci ìrbd`hi bs tamivïi oés oirìmi bd rbci`hðd àd ci ecbxhlhchmim. Rdi mb cis chohti`hadbs oés `ciris piri hopcbobdtir ud oètama mb bvicui`hðd bd udi shtui`hðd

ohbdta, pirthbdma ci tè`dhì mb Cbhfjtad su ecbxðobtra àoa bcmboés saehsthìma, sbfuhmaypar mhsthdtas thpas mb fadhðobtras mb pcésthà a obtic y bc lidà bstédmir mbc sht-idm-rbi`j, y par ûcthoa, cis tilcis àopirithvis uthchzimis piri bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim àd cas tbsts mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid, Dh`jacis y bc ecbxhtbst. Atra ispb`ta bsbd`hic piri ci bcb``hðd mb ud tbst bs bc frima mb mhehùctim hopchìma bd bc iprbdmhzikb y bd ccbfir i sbr jilhchmasa bd su ipchì`hðd b hdtbrprbti`hðd. Ci oiyarïi mb cas tbsts mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim da sb iprbdmbd bd ùrsas udhvbrshtirhas a mb ch`bd`himas. Cas ùrsas bxtris a cas ticcbrbs pubmbd sbr ûthcbs, pbra, oés i obduma, bc bvicuimar davbc cas boprbdmb par sï ohsoa obmhidtb ci isa`hi`hðd àd ud pri`thìdtb qub yi àdazì ci tè`dhì, a obmhidtb bc bstumha mb tbxtas tè`dhàs y `hbdtïehàs àoa bc qub ustbm bsté cbybdma ijari ohsoa. Iudqub icfudas tbsts sad listidtb shopcbs (par bkbopca, bc mb \asbdlcaao a bc sht-idm-rbi`j), atras rbquhbrbd ud bdtrbdiohbdta bspb`ïehà (àoa ci fadhaobtrïi), y icfudas rbquhbrbd ud thbopa hd`cusa oiyar mb iprbdmhzikb i ìusi mbc bquhpiohbdta qub sb mblb uthchzir a mb ci tè`dhì bd sï ohsoi (tè`dhì mb Cbhfjtad). I bstb rbspb`ta, bc ecbxhtbst bs oambrimiobdtb mheï`hc mb iprbdmbr parqub sb rbquhbrb bstumhir bc oètama, isï àoa bstumhir cis tilcis mb bvicui`hðd piri `bdtrirsb bd cis pash`hadbs rbcithvis mbc bvicuimar y mbc sukbta y bc édfuca mb vhsuichzi`hðd imbùima piri ji`br udi vicari`hðd. Phd bolirfa, obmhidtb ci cb`turi mbc ìpïtuca = mb bstb chlra y ci pré`thì àd cas oètamas mb iutabdtrbdiohbdta prbsbdtimas bd bc ìpïtuca 2, bc praebshadic sbré ìpiz mb bopbzir i bvicuir i sukbtas ìsh hdobmhitiobdtb. @ad bc sapartb mb cas mitas mb rbebrbd`hi mbc ìpïtuca 2 y cas rbùrsas bstimïsthàs prbsbdtimas bd bc ìpïtuca 5, bc cb`tar pamré uthchzir bc ecbxhtbst beb`thvi y beh`hbdtbobdtb.

praebshadic bs bc rbqubrhohbdta mb bquhpiohbdta ìra y saehsthìma, àoa bc db`bsirha piri obmhr mhrb`tiobdtb ci vbdthci`hðd pucoadir y ci isphri-

Rdi mb cis oiyarbs chohti`hadbs apbri`hadicbs piri ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bs ci ìdthmim mb thbopa qub sb db`bshti. Cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim

@rhtbrhas apbrithvas

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

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Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

mblbd murir ca obdas pashlcb piri apthohzir bc usa mbc thbopa mbc bvicuimar. Icfudas tbsts db`bshtid obdas mb ud ohduta piri rbichzirsb bd udi shtui`hðd prbvhiobdtb prbpirimi, àoa bc sht-idmecb xhtbst, rbquhbrbd rbi`j. Atras tbsts, bdtrb bccas bc ecbxhtbst, bdtrb < y 2 ohdutas piri su rbichzi`hðd, y udas paàs tbsts, àoa ci tè`dhì mb Cbhfjtad y ci

bd shtui`hadbs àdtracimis thbdmbd i sbr hmèdthàs, bs mb`hr, àd oïdhoi a duci virhilhchmim. Ci ehilhchmim pbrohtb qub cas rbsuctimas sbid àopirimas idtbs y mbspuès mb udi hdtbrvbd`hðd (par bkbopca, bkb opca, ud prafrioi mb bdtrbdiohbdta) a bdtrb sukbtas, mb oama qub sb pubmi bdtbdmbr bc shfdhehìma mb ùicquhbr mhebrbd`hi mbtb`timi. Bd fbdbric, cas

fadhaobtrïi, pubmbd murir oés mb 9>sbid ohdutas, mbpbdmhbdma mb ùédtas oavhohbdtas obmhmas. Bc ecbxhtbst thbdb ud pbrehc mb usa mbc thbopa eivarilcb, yi qub ohmb oavhohbdtas bd obdas mb 2 ohdutas. Imboés, cas tbsts mblbd sbr rbichzimas bd udis àdmh`hadbs iolhbdticbs imbùimis, tic àoa udi jilhti`hðd ipraphimi àd lubdi hcuohdi`hðd. Cas a`ja tbsts sbcb``hadimas piri ci àopiri`hðd pubmbd sbr eé`hcobdtb a listidtb eé`hcobdtb bkbùtimas, shbdma bc oés mheï`hc mb rbichzir ci tè`dhì mb Cbhfjtad y bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j, y cas oés eé`hcbs, cas tbsts imhobdshadicbs shopcbs àoa bc mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid y bc mb \asbdlcaao. Ci mhehùctim mb imohdhstrir bc ecbxhtbst bs hdtbrobmhi, y bc tbst bs ipchìlcb bd ìsh ùicquhbr shtui`hðd, mbsmb bc mbspi`ja mb ud oèmhà i udi sici mb bvicui`hðd, udi phsti, udi sici mb ehtdbss a hd`cusa bd ci zadi mb sbrvh`has. Rdi oidbri ictbrdithvi mb mhsthdfuhr y `cishehìr cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim qub sb lisid bd bc `rhtbrha apbri`hadic bs ìtbfarhzircas obmhidtb ci udhmim mb obmh`hðd uthchzimi, uthchzim i, sbi chdbir, idfucir a imhobdshadic. Cas tbsts chdbicbs sad shboprb ùidthehìmas àd udhmimbs chdbicbs àoa cas `bdtïobtras a cis pucfimis. Cas rbsuctimas mb cas tbsts idfucirbs sb bxprbsid bd frimas. I pbsir mb qub da jiy udhmimbs earoicbs piri bxprbsir cas rbsuctimas mb cas tbsts imhobdshadicbs, èstas sb pubmbd ùidthehìr bd pudtas/pudtui`hadbs (bsìcis mb rbci`hðd b hdtbrvéchìs), ïdmh`bs prafrbshvas (bsìcis armhdicbs), a rbspubstis mb sï/da (bsìcis daohdicbs).

Bc ûcthoa frupa mb `rhtbrhas qub jiy qub tritir bd bstb ìpïtuca sb rbci`hadi àd cas ispb`tas `hbdtïehàs mb cas tbsts y sb `bdtri bd su ehilhchmim, bstilhchmim, vichmbz, sbdshlhchmim, ipchìlhchmim y ci

tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim sad ictiobdtb ehilcbs, ci bx`bp`hðd mb cas tbsts imhobdshadicbs àoaàd bc mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid y bc mb \asbdlcaao, qub aerb`bd ud hdtbrvica pbqubùa mb pudtui`hadbs. Bc ecbxhtbst da bs udi bx`bp`hðd, yi qub prbsbdti rbsuctimas ictiobdtb ehilcbs piri pudtui`hadbs hdtbr b hdtrialsbrvimar ‐shohcirbs i y obkarbs qub cas mb atras oètamas. Ci ehilhchmim obkari ùidma ci ipchì`hðd y cas oètamas mb hdtbrprbti`hðd sb shfubd ùhmimasiobdtb y bc bvicuimar bs ca sueh`hbdtbobdtb jilhchmasa piri hmbdthehìr cis mhebrbd`his obdarbs. âr bkbopca, ùicquhbri mb dasatras pamrïi vbr quhèd bs bc oés icta mb mas sukbtas bstidma mb phb uda kudta ic atra, iudqub ci mhebrbd`hi mb bstituri sbi sðca 9,2 ò, a obdas mbc 9%. Jboas mhrhfhma bstumhas phcatas qub jid oastrima qub udi mhebrbd`hi idfucir supbrhar ic 0% bdtrb mas sbfobdtas chdbicbs bs hmbdthehìmi àrrb`tiobdtb bd oés mbc 82% mb cis aìshadbs, y ud oirfbd mb brrar hdebrhar ic 2% bs obdas qub bc oirfbd mb brrar i`bptima jilhtuicobdtb bd cis obmh`hadbs fadhaoètrhìs. Bsti ìpi`hmim vhsuic piri mhs`brdhr cis mhebrbd`his bxpchì ci icti ehilhchmim mb cis pudtui`hadbs mb oavhchmim irthùcir pishvi vicarimis obmhidtb ci àopiri`hðd vhsuic àd cis tilcis mbc ecbxhtbst. Cas prhd`hpicbs oètamas mb vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim sad ictiobdtb bstilcbs y prbsbdtid rbsuctimas àjbrbdtbs shboprb qub sb rbich`bd bd shtui`hadbs àdtracimis. Cas mas ei`tarbs prhd`hpicbs qub ieb`tid i ci bstilhchmim mb ci bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim sad ci pbr`bp`hðd a ci tacbrid`hi mbc macar, y ci rbichzi`hðd mb bkbr`h`ha eïshà hdobmhitiobdtb idtbs mb ci obmh`hðd. Ci sbdshlhchmim y ci tacbrid`hi mbc macar virïid mb ud sukbta i atra, y mb ud oaobdta i atra bd bc ohsoa sukbta, mb oama qub bd prbsbd`hi mb udi cbshðd rb`hbdtb, ci oavhchmim irthùcir pubmb oastrir paì bstilhchmim mb iùbrma àd ci sbdshlhchmim mbc sukbta y ci tacbrid`hi mbc macar. Icfudis hdvbsthfi`hadbs jid

dituricbzi mb su mhstrhlu`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas. \bvhsidma cas shfdhehìmas mb bstas tèrohdas, ud tbst ehilcb bs iqubc ùyas rbsuctimas icìdzimas

mbstiìma qub hd`cusa ud saca bsthriohbdta pubmb ieb`tir i ci tacbrid`hi mbc sukbta ic bsthriohbdta shfuhbdtb (Oifdussad 988:). Bc bkbr`h`ha eïshà

@rhtbrhas `hbdtïehàs

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca :; Idéchshs àopirithva mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd

960

hdtbdsa ‐bspb`hicobdtb sh iuobdti ci tbopbrituri àrparic‐ rbichzima idtbs mb ci bvicui`hðd pubmb rbmu`hr àdshmbrilcbobdtb ci bstilhchmim mb ud tbst mb ecbxhlhchmim. âr tidta, rbàobdmioas qub cis obmh`hadbs mb ecbxhlhchmim àd bc ecbxhtbst a ùicquhbr atra tbst sb rbich`bd shd bkbr`h`ha eïshà prbvha dh ìcbdtiohbdta dh rbpbth`hðd mb hdtbdtas

ecbxhtbst y ci fadhaobtrïi, pubmbd ipchìrsb bd shtui`hadbs oés fbdèrhìs. Rdi ìri`tbrïsthì `hbdtïehì hopartidtb bs ci sbdshlhchmim a bc pambr mhs`rhohditarha mb ud tbst. Rd tbst sbdshlcb bs iqubc ùyas rbsuctimas pbrohtbd ic bvicuimar hmbdthehìr àrrb`tiobdtb ud ìolha bd ci àdmh`hðd mbc sukbta. Bsta bs ouy hopar-

àd bc alkbthva mb icìdzir oiyaràoa bstilhchmim mb cas rbsuctimas. Cas tbstsudi chdbicbs, bc shtidm-rbi`j a bc tbst mb @urbtad, pubmbd oastrir ud mbtbrhara mb ci bstilhchmim ùidma sb rbichzid mhvbrsis obmh`hadbs àdsbùthvis, ca ùic pubmb sbr rbspadsilcb mb icfudis fidid`his mbs`rhtis ehdicobdtb par cas praebsarbs a hdstru`tarbs bd bsis duobrasis obmh`hadbs. Ci vichmbz mb udi jbrriohbdti mb obmh`hðd bs uda mb cas oés hopartidtbs `rhtbrhas `hbdtïehàs qub sb mblb tbdbr bd àdshmbri`hðd ùidma sb bchfb ud oètama mb bvicui`hðd. Rd tbst véchma y bstilcb bs hdûthc sh sus obmh`hadbs da shfdhehìd dimi a da pubmbd isa`hirsb àd ci virhilcb qub sb hdtbdtili obmhr y vicarir. Ciobdtilcbobdtb, da jiy udi rbfci mb ara mhspadhlcb piri mbtbrohdir àopirithviobdtb ci vichmbz mb cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim7 sb pubmb ûdhìobdtb àopirir ci vichmbz àbxhstbdtb obmhidtb ci vicari`hðd mb ci isa`hi`hðd bdtrb mas a oés tbsts. Atri ap`hðd bs vichmir bc tbst bd àdtristb àd bc `rhtbrha mb rbebrbd`hi, àoa ci hd`hmbd`hi mbc macar cuolir, bc rhbsfa mb ìïmis bd pbrsadis oiyarbs a ud rbdmhohbdta mbparthva bspb`ïehà (Ki`gsad y Ligbr 98:5). Cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim oés bspb`ïehàs thbdmbd i sbr obdas véchmas, ohbdtris qub cas oés fbdbricbs, qub hopchìd ud oiyar dûobra mb oavhohbdtas oubstrid udi oiyar vichmbz àdùrrbdtb. Cas rbsuctimas mb cas tbsts idfucirbs, bc tbst mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid y bc ecbxhtbst bstéd eivarilcbobdtb àrrbci`hadimas, ca qub oubstri udi icti vichmbz7 da aùrrb ca ohsoa àd bc tbst sht-idmrbi`j (Pjbpjirm, Lbrrhmfb y Oadtbcpirb 988>7 @ardlcbbt y Vaacsby 98857 Ki`gsad bt ic. 988:7 @judf y Xubd 9888), bc tbst mb @urbtad (]uccy y Pthccoid 9886), bc tbst mb Dh`jacis a bc tbst mb \asbdlcaao. Bstas ûcthoas tbsts, par tidta, mblbd sbr ipchìmas bd àdmh`hadbs oés bspb`ïehìs, àoa ùidma, par bkbopca, sb quhbrb vicarir sh ud dhùa bs ìpiz mb taìrsb cas mbmas mb cas phbs àd

tidtb bd bc ìopa mb cimbrhvimis earoi eïshì sb mbsbi obmhr cis obkaris mb udùidma prafrioi bspb`ïehà mb ecbxhlhchmim a cis pèrmhmis mbrhvimis mbc bdvbkb`hohbdta a mb ud pra`bsa mb bdebrobmim. Cas tbsts qub hd`cuybd –beb`tas mb subca y tb`ja‟, bs mb`hr, iqubccas ùyas rbsuctimas oïdhoa a oéxhoa sb icìdzid obmhidtb ud dûobra shfdhehìthva mb sukbtas, thbdbd udi sbdshlhchmim chohtimi. âr bkbopca, ci pudtui`hðd oïdhoi, >, bd bc tbst mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid (qub rbvbcid udi eicti mb jhpbroavhchmim bd cas dubvb oavhohbdtas bvicuimas) bs ud jiccizfa erbùbdtb bd cas imuctas mb obmhidi bmim. @aoa da jiy udi pudtui`hðd obdar, bstb tbst da mbtb`ti cis pèrmhmis mb ecbxhlhchmim qub iàdtb`bd àd bc tridsùrsa mb cas iùas. Cas mitas altbdhmas àd bc tbst sht-idm-rbi`j, pralilcbobdtb àoa rbsuctima mb mhs`rbpid`his idtrapaoètrhìs bdtb sus sukbtas, jid sufbrhma qub cas dhvbcbs oéxhoas mb ecbxhlhchmim sb mid bd cas imacbs`bdtbs, da bd cas dhùas oés pbqubùas, ca ùic da thbdb sbdthma y bs àdtrirha i ci bvhmbd`hi rbàfhmi obmhidtb atras oètamas. âr atra cima, bc ecbxhtbst ji vbdhma oastridma qub bs listidtb sbdshlcb bd ud frid dûobra mb shtui`hadbs, hmbdthehìdma àrrb`tiobdtb cis mhebrbd`his bdtrb jaolrbs y oukbrbs, cas ìolhas ìusimas par bc bdvbkb`hohbdta b hd`cusa cas beb`tas mb ud bdtrbdiohbdta mb bsthriohbdtas i àrta pciza rbichzima par sukbtas prbvhiobdtb sbmbdtirhas a mb ecbxhlhchmim chohtimi. Cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst oastrimas bd ùrvis mb pbr`bdthcbs sad `hbdtïehìobdtb ei`thlcbs y àjbrbdtbs, bd apash`hðd i ca qub aùrrb àd cas mb cas tbsts chdbicbs. Ci ipchìlhchmim mb ud tbst piri ci vicari`hðd oèmhì a ci bvicui`hðd mbparthvi bsté rbci`hadimi àd ci àdshmbri`hðd mb su usa patbd`hic bd ci shtui`hðd bspb`ïehì. Ohbdtris icfudas tbsts thbdbd ud iopcha ilidhà mb ap`hadbs mb ipchì`hðd, atras thbdmbd i bstir rbstrhdfhmas i shtui`hadbs ouy bspb`ïehìs (p. bk., bc tbst mb \asbdlcaao). Bc tbst

cis pudtis mb cas mbmas mb cis oidas ûdhìobdtb obmhidtb ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà, shd ecbxhadir cis ramhccis. ]bsts oés iopchiobdtb véchmas, àoa bc

mb Lbhfjtad-Jðrid bs ouy ûthc piri vicarir ci jhpbroavhchmim, bspb`hicobdtb bd dhùas y imacbs`bdtbs, pbra da bs ipchìlcb i pbrsadis oiyarbs a

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

96=

Ecbxhtbst • îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

piri ci sbcb``hðd mb mbparthstis mb mhsthdtas mbpartbs. Cas tbsts mb Dh`jacis y mb @urbtad sb `bdtrid bd frupas ouy bspb`ïehàs, chohtidma isï su ipchìlhchmim. I pbsir mb qub bc sht-idm-rbi`j ji tbdhma ud pipbc jhstðrhà bd ci bsthouci`hðd mb ci i`thvhmim eïshì y bd ci obkari mb ci earoi eïshì mb cas bstumhidtbs dartbiobrhìdas, su ipchìlhchmim bs

iùbrma àd udi ùrvi daroic y bdtad`bs tidta pubmbd tbdbr piréobtras oitboéthìobdtb àda`hmas, àoa eriìsir piri bdàdtrir bstédmirbs mb mhstrhlu`hðd, shbdma mbdaohdimas da pirioètrhàs. Cas tbsts chdbicbs y idfucirbs prbsbdtid rbsuctimas ouy `brìdas i ci ùrvi fiusshidi y sb cas àdshmbri jilhtuicobdtb pirioètrhàs. âr atra

pralilcbobdtb listidtb b hd`cusa eriìsirad cas hdtbdtas pirirbstrhdfhmi, rbci`hadir udi oici bkbù`hðd bd bstb tbst àd bc macar mb bspicmi (Ki`gsad bt ic. 988:). Ci fadhaobtrïi thbdmb i udi ipchì`hðd oés fbdbric, y bs pralilcbobdtb bc tbst bcbfhma ùidma uda db`bshti udis obmh`hadbs mb ecbxhlhchmim ouy prb`hsis piri ud mbtbrohdima oavhohbdta, mb oama qub sb pubmid taoir mb`hshadbs `cïdhìs (par bkbopca, piri ci vicari`hðd mb ci ecbxhðd mb ci ramhcci mbspuès mb ci rbàdstru``hðd mbc chfiobdta `ruzima idtbrhar). Bc ecbxhtbst thbdb ud iopcha shstboi mb pudtui`hðd qub ùlrb tamas cas frimas mb oavhchmim mbsmb ci jhpa jisti ci jhpbroavhchmim, oavhohbdta i oavhohbdta, bd cis shbtb irthùci`hadbs àrparicbs oés hopartidtbs. Cas oavhohbdtas y irthùci`hadbs prhd`hpicbs hopchìmas bd ìsh tamas cas oavhohbdtas àrparicbs oés hopartidtbs bstéd hd`cuhmas bd bc ecbxhtbst. Imboés, bc oètama aerb`b ci ìri`tbrïsthì ûdhì mb udi pudtui`hðd fcalic àdsachmimi shd beb`tas mb subca y tb`ja, jb`ja qub obkari par tidta àdshmbrilcbobdtb ci ipchìlhchmim mbc oètama. Rdi ìri`tbrïsthì ûdhì mbc ecbxhtbst bs ci pashlhchmim mb idichzir bc pitrðd mb virhilhchmim mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bdtrb cas oavhohbdtas y cis irthùci`hadbs y bdtrb cas sbfobdtas àrparicbs. Bc jb`ja mb qub bc ecbxhtbst aerbzì udi lisb mb mitas iopchi y udis ùrvis mb pbr`bdthc piri ci bmim y bc sbxa mb ìsh 0.>>> pbrsadis mb iolas sbxas, mbparthstis y da mbparthstis y, àd bmimbs àoprbdmhmis bdtrb cas 2 y cas :: iùas, eaobdti tamivïi oés i su uthchzi`hðd piri prapðshtas oèmhàs y mbparthvas, parqub thbdb pralilcbobdtb pralilcbobd tb ci oiyar ipchìlhchmim mb tamas cas tbsts mb ecbxhlhchmim. Cis ìri`tbrïsthìs mb mhstrhlu`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas piri ud idéchshs bstimïsthà sad tiolhèd hopartidtbs bd ci vicari`hðd mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd. Cas mitas pubmbd bstir mhstrhluhmas mb

cima, cas tbsts mblhmasad i cis ìri`tbrïsthìs mb susimhobdshadicbs, bsìcis mb obmh`hðd, àdshmbrimas fbdbricobdtb àoa da pirioètrhàs. Bc ecbxhtbst, ci bx`bp`hðd mb bsti rbfci, bs bc ûdhà tbst imhobdshadic àd udi mhstrhlu`hðd mb rbsuctimas hdtbd`hadimiobdtb pirioètrhì piri ìmi oavhohbdta y piri bc àdkudta mb oavhohbdtas. âr tidta, bc idéchshs bstimïsthà mb sus rbsuctimas pubmb ji`br usa mb rbùrsas y pra`bmhohbdtas bstimïsthàs oés ipraphimas.

@ad`cushðd @uidma ud mbparthsti a udi pbrsadi sb cbshadi, cbshadi , sb pramu`b i obduma udi rbmu``hðd bxtrboi mb ci oavhchmim mb udi a oés irthùci`hadbs. Mb oama shohcir, bd ud pciza mb thbopa ou`ja oés cbdta i ca cirfa mb cas iùas, ci oavhchmim tiolhèd mhsohduyb mblhma ic pra`bsa mb bdvbkb`hohbdta. Bd iolas ìsas, bc sukbta imvhbrtb ci rbmu``hðd mb su oavhchmim, iudqub da bs ìpiz mb ùidthehìrci àd bxi`thtum7 ca ûdhà qub silb bs qub su \AO oéxhoi a su ecbxhlhchmim bstéd mhsohduybdma. Rd praebshadic mb ci sicum pubmb àdehroir bstb mita obmhidtb ci ipchì`hðd mb ud bxiobd eïshà lrbvb, uthchzidma prhd`hpicobdtb su vhshðd y bspb`hichzi`hðd `cïdhì piri kuzfir sh cas frimas mb oavhchmim sad daroicbs a da. Iudqub bsti bstritbfhi bs pré`thì, ci eicti mb ud prataàca mb bvicui`hðd earoic àd obmh`hadbs y `rhtbrhas mb bvicui`hðd bstilcb`hmas hopchì udas rbsuctimas mb ehilhchmim y vichmbz likas, y ci ictbri`hðd mbc mhifdðsthà mbc bstilcb`hohbdta mb udi hdtbrvbd`hðd ipraphimi, y mbc sbfuhohbdta i cirfa pciza mb cas rbsuctimas. Bs bd bstb sbdthma oés iopcha mb ci earoi eïshì rbci`hadimi àd ci sicum bd bc qub bdìki ci db`bshmim mb obmhr y bvicuir ci ecbxhlhchmim.

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

@ipïtuca 8

Bstumhas àd bc ecbxhtbst Cas oèmhàs y bstumhidtbs hdtbrbsimas bd ci ecbxhlhchmim sb vid bdtushisoidma i obmhmi qub imvhbrtbd bc mbspciziohbdta mbc `bdtra mb itbd`hðd qub sb ji pramu`hma i ca cirfa mb cas ûcthoas iùas. Arhfhdicobdtb, ci hdvbsthfi`hðd sb `bdtrð bd ci ecbxhlhchmim mb cas mbparthstis mb àopbth`hðd7 ijari bs rbcbvidtb piri tamas cas hdmhvhmuas, mbsmb dhùas jisti id`hidas, mbsmb cas da bdtrbdimas jisti cas ouy bdtrbdimas, mbsmb cas sidas jisti cas mhsìpi`htimas eïshàs. Bc bstumha mb ci ecbxhlhchmim lrhdmi dubvis pashlhchmimbs y rbspadsilhchmimbs piri tamis cis pbrsadis qub iàdsbkid a supbrvhsid ci i`thvhmim eïshì. Mhebrbdtb mb atris virhilcbs mb ci earoi eïshì rbci`hadimis àd ci sicum, àoa ci eubrzi ousùcir y ci patbd`hi ibrðlhì oéxhoi, ci ecbxhlhchmim da bs udi virhilcb piri ci qub cas fridmbs vicarbs sad patbd`hicobdtb lbdbeh`hasas. Ci hmbi da bs ji`br i ci fbdtb ca oés ecbxhlcb pashlcb, shda hmbdthehìr su dhvbc mb ecbxhlhchmim i`tuic, sus db`bshmimbs y iolh`hadbs hdmhvhmuicbs y `ðoa àcoircis, y bd pirthùcir, `ðoa fuhir y bvicuir bc pra`bsa. Ph bc hd`rbobdta mb àdmh`hðd ibrðlhì mb ud hdmhvhmua bd ud 9>% rbquhbrb ou`jis jaris mb bkbr`h`ha, sad db`bsirhas sðca udas paàs ohdutas mb bkbr`h`ha mas a trbs vb`bs par sboidi piri obkarir beb`thviobdtb ci ecbxhlhchmim fbdbric mb ud i ud 2>%. Bd ci pirtb H mb bstb chlra sb cb prapar`hadð ci hdearoi`hðd oés i`tuic salrb ci ecbxhlhchmim y rbvhsioas y iopchioas sus àda`hohbdtas salrb cas mhsthdtas tbsts mb oavhchmim irthùcir. Bd ci pirtb HH sb prbsbdtð bc oètama mbc ecbxhtbst, sb bxpchìrad cis oitbrhis pré`thìs, y ustbm iprbdmhð cis mhsthdtis oidbris mb idichzir cas rbsuctimas, hd`cuhmas cas pbr`bdthcbs mbc ecbxhdmbx, ci bvicui`hðd bspb`ïehì mb cas oavhohbdtas y cis irthùci`hadbs, y cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim, udi ìri`tbrïsthì bx`cushvi mbc ecbxhtbst qub mhebrbd`hi bstb oètama mb atras hdstruobdtas mb vicari`hðd mb ci

rbcbvidtbs y pré`thìs. Imboés, prbsbdtioas ud idéchshs `rïthà àopirithva mb cas prhd`hpicbs oètamas mb vicari`hðd mb ci oavhchmim irthùcir ‐chdbicbs, idfucirbs y imhobdshadicbs‐ bxpchìdma cas pras y cas àdtris mb ìmi thpa mb ipchì`hðd. Bsti ûcthoi sb``hðd mbc chlra prbsbdti a`ja bkbopcas mb hdtbrprbti`hðd mb cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhtbst. Jboas sbcb``hadima udi virhbmim mb ìsas rbicbs mb dubstri pré`thì praebshadic piri prbsbdtircas (vbr tilcis 8.9 i 8.:). @imi ìsa sb prbsbdti bd ùitra pirtbs;

ecbxhlhchmim. Ci pirtb HHH bophbzi àd udis lrbvbs mbs`rhp`hadbs mb 90 bstumhas mb hdvbsthfi`hðd qub uthchzirad bc ecbxhtbst piri rbspadmbr i ùbsthadbs

jaris ic mïi, pri`thìdma tbdhs, ibrðlh` y bdtrbdiohbdta mb eubrzi. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb prbsbdtid bd ci tilci 8.9.

9. Rdi lrbvb lrbvb y àd`hsi àd`hsi mbs`rhp`hð mbs`rhp`hðd d mb ci jhstarhi jhstarhi mbc sukbta y mb ci bxpcari`hðd oèmhì. 2> 5> => => 2< \bsuctima >,55 >,06 >,80 >,85 >,6: ûdtui`hðd =:

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc :0

@ipïtuca 8; @isas mb bstumha mbc ecbxhtbst

966

Obmh`hdi mbc Mbpartb y mbc Bkbr`h`ha kusta idtbs mb pirth`hpir bd cas Kubfas Acïophàs mb Itcidti, Fbarfhi, bd cas qub su bquhpa fidð udi obmicci. Pb bdàdtrili bd udi bx`bcbdtb earoi eïshì ùidma sb rbichzð ci bvicui`hðd y da tbdïi dhdfûd hopbmhobdta oèmhà bd bc shstboi shstbo i caàoatar. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb prbsbdtid bd ci tilci 8. => => =6 => => =: \bsuctima >,=> >,: >,85 >,85 ûdtui`hðd ==

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc 96

96:

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

irthùci`hðd hdmhì qub ci oavhchmim mb ci ouùbì y bc àma bs listidtb rbmu`hmi. Bd tèrohdas mb oavhohbdtas hdmhvhmuicbs, jiy icfa mb jhpaoavhchmim bd ci marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca, ci bxtbdshðd mbc àma y ci bxtbdshðd pastbrhar mbc jaolra, y udi rbstrh``hðd shfdhehìthvi mb ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ouùbì.

Bstumha 0 Bc bstumha 0 bs ud `jhà mb gf mb pbsa qub pri`thì bkbr`h`has mb eubrzi ousùcir mb icti hdtbdshmim. Oubstri udi àdmh`hðd tïphì mb mhoarehsoa ousùcir, àd ud lriza taticobdtb àdtriïma mb 0:,2 ò ohbdtris qub pirimbcijaroadis, phbrdi bs sðcamb mbpbrïobtra, 02,= ò. Dhbfi bc àdsuoa pbra àdehroi bc usa mb supcbobdtas dutrh`hadicbs. Ccbfð i dasatras par atra oèmhà bd lusì mb isbsariohbdta y àdsbka, parqub sus rbsuctimas mb cilaritarha oastrilid udas dhvbcbs mb `rbithdieasea`hdisi ouy supbrharbs i cas vicarbs daroicbs. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb prbsbdtid bd ci tilci 8.0. ûdtuð 06 bd bc ecbxhdmbx, qub àrrbspadmb ic pbr`bdthc 96, udi oavhchmim fbdbric listidtb liki. Icfudas mb cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim oubstrid vicarbs idaroicbs, àd ud prbmaohdha mb oavhchmim bd cis bxtrbohmimbs hdebrharbs bd cas oavhohbdtas mb bxtbdshðd y praxhoicbs. Bc idéchshs par

Bstasidaroic rbsuctimas ud pitrðd mbfcalic ecbxhlhchmim àdoubstrid udi jhpaoavhchmim mhs`rbti y mhstarshadbs shfdhehìthvis bd ci ecbxhlhchmim mb icfudas oavhohbdtas y irthùci`hadbs, pralilcbobdtb mblhma i ud prafrioi mb earticb`hohbdta ousùcir mbsbquhchlrima b hdimbùima. \bàobdmioas qub rbvhsb hdobmhitiobdtb su prafrioi mb bdtrbdiohbdta y bc usa mb supcbobdtas dutrh`hadicbs y qub hdtramuzì bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta piri àrrbfhr a mhsohduhr cas pralcbois jiccimas (hd`cuhmi su pash`hðd ùidma idmi, àd cas àmas sbohecbxhadimas). Bsta mblb ji`brsb hdobmhitiobdtb, parqub bs mheï`hc obkarir ci oavhchmim mb ci ouùbì y bc àma ùidma uda ccbfi i ci vbkbz.

]ilci 8.0 Bstumha 0 Oavhohbdta

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Irthùci`hðd ]alhcca \amhcci @imbri ]radà Ouùbì @ama Jaolra Ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim HUHO HUHI HUEB HUBP HUM^ Ecbxhdmbx

ûdtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi 0> => 2> => 0> 05 \bsuctima >,52 >,=> 9,== 9,06 >,69 ûdtui`hðd 06

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc 96

@ipïtuca 8; @isas mb bstumha mbc ecbxhtbst

968

Bc bstumha = bs ud jaolrb mb =9 iùas mb bmim àd sïdmraob pcurhobtilðchà (prbshðd irtbrhic icti, mhschphmbohi y albshmim) qub pbsi 9 gf y ohmb 9:< ò mb icturi. Ccbfð i dasatras par su oèmhà piri sbr imohthma bd dubstra prafrioi mb bkbr`h-

jhpbroavhchmim rbcithvi mb ci bxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci bs hdtbrbsidtb parqub pamrïi pravaìr ud bstrès bx`bshva salrb ci irthùci`hðd ohbdtris ìohdi a liki bsìcbris, àoa ìusi mb su salrbpbsa. Bstas rbsuctimas oubstrid qub ci oavhchmim fbdbric y ci bspb`ïehì bstéd imvbrsiobdtb ieb`ti-

`ha Da thbdbqub macbd`his bd rbci`hðd àd supbrvhsima. bc shstboi caàoatar pubmi hdtbrebrhr bd ci obmh`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb prbsbdtid bd ci tilci 8.=. Cas rbsuctimas mbc ecbxhdmbx oubstrid ud pitrðd mb jhpaoavhchmim fbdbric àrrbspadmhbdtb i ud pbr`bdthc mb . Bxhstb udi icti virhilhchmim bd ci oavhchmim mb cis mhsthdtis irthùci`hadbs irthùci`hadbs y bc prbmaohdha prbmaohd ha mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cis bxtrbohmimbs supbrharbs y cas oavhohbdtas mhsticbs. Cis irthùci`hadbs mb ci ìmbri y bc talhcca oubstrid udi oavhchmim chohtimi. Bxhstb udi chohti`hðd shfdhehìthvi rbstrh`thvi bd ci marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca y bd ci imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri, y ud lubd dûobra mb atras oavhohbdtas ji rbmu`hma su \AO. Ci

mis par bc salrbpbsa (frisipbrsadi àrparicrbcithviobdtb y oisi ousùcir), ccbvidma i udi kavbd i prbsbdtir ud pitrðd mb ecbxhlhchmim mb udi pbrsadi id`hidi. Bs listidtb erbùbdtb bd hdmhvhmuas àd ictas dhvbcbs mb frisi àrparic y mb oisi ousùcir prbsbdtir udi mhehùctim shfdhehìthvi piri rbichzir ci imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri. Ci rbmu`hmi iopchtum mb ci marshecbxhðd mbc talhcca thbdmb i mhehùctir bc idmir, rbùpbrir bc bquhchlrha ic trapbzir, y cbvidtirsb mb udi ìoi a shcci. Bc pitrðd `bdtric mb albshmim mhehùcti mboishima ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà. \bàobdmioas ud prafrioi mb bsthriohbdtas kudta àd ud iopcha prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha fbdbric y udi mhbti. Mblb hdtbdtir rbmu`hr ci jhpbrbxtbdshðd mb ci ramhcci obmhidtb bkbr`h`has mb

Bstumha =

]ilci 8.= Bstumha = Oavhohbdta

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Irthùci`hðd ]alhcca \amhcci @imbri ]radà Ouùbì @ama Jaolra Ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim HUHO HUHI HUEB HUBP HUM^ Ecbxhdmbx

ûdtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi 2> 92 00 => => ,6= >,26 9,>> >,62 9,58 ûdtui`hðd 0>

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc

9:>

Ecbxhtbst . îrtb HHH; Hdvbsthfi`hadbs y ipchì`hadbs

earticb`hohbdta ousùcir bspb`ïehà piri ohdhohzir ci pashlhchmim mb ìïmis a tarshadbs.

Bc bstumha 2 bs udi oukbr mb 2< iùas mb bmim qub pbsi 56 gf y ohmb 958 ò mb icturi qub pimb`b

obdtb bc talhcca y bc àma. Cis pudtui`hadbs piri tamas cas oavhohbdtas vid mb < i =, shd shfdas mb jhpaoavhchmim caìchzimi. Bstas rbsuctimas oubstrid udi àdmh`hðd mb jhpbroavhchmim fbdbric, qub bsté erbùbdtbobdtb isa`himi àd bc pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric. Bd bstas ìsas, jiy udi tbdmbd`hi i cas oavhohbdtas

pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric y iqubkiUhda mb picphti`hadbs rbci`hadimis àd bc bkbr`h`ha. i dasatras lusìdma àdsbka salrb i`thvhmim eïshì y iehroidma qub jilïi shma ouy i`thvi jisti ji`ïi mas iùas, ùidma mhsohduyð ci hdtbdshmim mb su bkbr`h`ha eïshà rbfucir. Das mh`b qub pimb`b macar bd cis ramhccis ùidma sulb bsìcbris. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb prbsbdtid bd ci tilci 8.2. ]hbdb udi pudtui`hðd mb ecbxhdmbx mb 2= pudtas y oubstri udi jhpbroavhchmim àdshmbrilcb piri su frupa mb bmim, àd pudtui`hadbs par bd`hoi mbc ^88. Cas pitradbs mb virhilhchmim mb ci oavhchmim sad daroicbs. Icfudis irthùci`hadbs thbdbd udi jhpbroavhchmim oés oirìmi, bspb`hic-

prhoirhiobdtb chohtimas parbsta casda chfiobdtas pirisukbsbr oés ecbxhlcbs. Phd bolirfa, sb vb bd cas tas oiyarbs mb => ð 2> iùas mb bmim. Pu bx`bp`hadic oavhchmim bd ci ecbxhðd mbc tradà sb mblb pralilcbobdtb ic bdtrbdiohbdta mb ci ecbxhlhchmim bd cas iùas prbvhas y i udi rbshstbd`hi ouy pbqubùi mbc tbkhma àdb`thva ic bsthriohbdta, listidtb erbùbdtb bd pbrsadis àd pracipsa mb ci vécvuci ohtric. Ci pudtui`hðd mb = bd bc oavhohbdta ZHU bs listidtb hdusuic bd bsti bmim, y quhzés bsti oavhchmim mblbrïi sbr rbmu`hmi àd bkbr`h`has mb earticb`hohbdta ousùcir bspb`ïehàs. Pb sufhbrb qub cas dhvbcbs i`tuicbs mb ecbxhlhchmim sb oidtbdfid, shd pirth`hpir bd dhdfudi `cisb mb bsthriohbdtas.

Bstumha 2

]ilci 8.2 Bstumha 2 Oavhohbdta

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ûdtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi 6> 2> 2> 5> => 6> =: \bsuctima >,69 >,20 9,: 9,9: ûdtui`hðd 2=

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc 88

@ipïtuca 8; @isas mb bstumha mbc ecbxhtbst

9:9

Bc bstumha 5 bs ud jaolrb mb 59 iùas mb bmim qub ohmb 966 ò mb icturi y pbsi 85 gf qub vhda i qub cb rbàobdmérioas ud prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha eïshà hdmhvhmuic. Pu pbrehc oèmhà sufhbrb sïdmraob pcurhobtilðchà. I pbsir mb qub eub ouy

y bc jaolra bd àopiri`hðd àd atras jaolrbs. Jiy udi jhpaoavhchmim shfdhehìthvi bd ci bxtbdshðd mbc tradà y udi jhpaoavhchmim rbcithvi bd tamas cas oavhohbdtas mbc jaolra. âr atra cima, ci oavhchmim bd cas talhccas y cis ramhccis sb oidthbdb. Bstas rbsuctimas rbecbkid ud pitrðd mb ecbxhlhch-

i`thva muridtb su hdeid`hi y su imacbs`bd`hi, hma rbmu`hbdma sustid`hicobdtb pré`thì mb ji bkbr`h`ha eïshà i ca cirfa mb su vhmi imucti. Da thbdb sïdtaois caàoatarbs y ji bopbzima i sichr i ìohdir piri ji`br bkbr`h`ha ji`b udas paàs obsbs. Cas mitas mbc ecbxhtbst sb oubstrid bd ci tilci 8.5. Bc vicar mbc ecbxhdmbx bs icfa oés lika qub ca bspbrima piri su bmim y sbxa, qub àrrbspadmb ic ^02. Cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim sad daroicbs, bx`bpta piri ud iuobdta mbc ïdmh`b mb virhilhchmim mhstic-praxhoic. Bd cis irthùci`hadbs jiy udi jhpaoavhchmim oés bcbvimi bd ci ìmbri, bc tradà

mim rbcithviobdtb erbùbdtb bd jaolrbs mb obmhidi bmim qub jid shma i`thvas y qub ijari ûdhìobdtb ìohdid y da rbichzid dhdfûd bkbr`h`ha bspb`ïehà mb bsthriohbdtas qub da sbid udis paìs rbpbth`hadbs mb cas `céshàs oavhohbdtas mb pidtarrhcci y ousca idtbs y mbspuès mb ìohdir. Pu salrbpbsa àopraobtb pir`hicobdtb ci oavhchmim mb icfudas oavhohbdtas, hd`cuhmi ci imu``hðd mb ci ìmbri. Dubstri rbàobdmi`hðd bs qub sb `bdtrb oés bd bkbr`h`has mb bsthriohbdta, pirthùcirobdtb cas oavhohbdtas mb bxtbdshðd mbc tradà y bc jaolra.

Bstumha 5

]ilci 8.5 Bstumha 5 Oavhohbdta

H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH

UHHH

HZ

Z

ûdtui`hðd mbc oavhohbdta

<

<

<

<

<

9

9

9

9

9

Oavhohbdta

ZH

ZHH

ZHHH

ZHU

ZU

ZUH

ZUHH

ZUHHH

ZHZ

ZZ

ûdtui`hðd mbc oavhohbdta

>

9

<

<

<

9

9

9

9

9

Irthùci`hðd ]alhcca \amhcci @imbri ]radà Ouùbì @ama Jaolra Ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim HUHO HUHI HUEB HUBP HUM^ Ecbxhdmbx

ûdtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi => => => \bsuctima >,26 >,2> 9,>> 9, pudtas pashlcbs, qub àrrbspadmb i ud pbr`bdthc mb < piri ci bmim y bc sbxa. Cas ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim oubstrid ud pitrðd mb oavhchmim jbtbrafèdba àd ud icta prbmaohdha mb cas oavhohbdtas mhsticbs, udi rbmu``hðd mb ci virhilhchmim bdtrb cas mhsthdtas oavhohbdtas y tiolhèd ud prbmaohdha mb ci oavhchmim bd ci bxtrbohmim supbrhar y bd ci

bdebrobmim ìrmïiì ividzimi, qubtiolhèd bs pré`thìobdtb eïshìobdtb hdi`thvi y thbdb pralcbois bd bc shstboi caàoatar. I pbsir mb qub bs àoprbdshlcb qub su astbairtrhths jiyi ìusima ci oiyarïi mb cis chohti`hadbs mb cas oavhohbdtas mb ramhcci, da aùrrb ca ohsoa àd cas jaolras y cis ìmbris, ùyi chohtimi oavhchmim sb mblb prhd`hpicobdtb i ci eicti mb usa. \bàobdmioas ci hdàrpari`hðd mb ud prafrioi mb bdtrbdiohbdta mb bsthriohbdtas qub hd`cuyi bkbù`hadbs i`thvis y pishvis ji`hi ci \AO oéxhoi, `bdtrédmasb bd cas oavhohbdtas mb talhcca, ramhcci y jaolra y ci ecbxhðd mb tradà àoa pirtb hopartidtb mb su prafrioi mb bkbr`h`ha supbrvhsima.

Bstumha 6

]ilci 8.6 Bstumha 6 Oavhohbdta

H

HH

HHH

HU

U

UH

UHH

UHHH

HZ

Z

ûdtui`hðd mbc oavhohbdta

>

9

>

>

9

>

>

>

>

9

Oavhohbdta

ZH

ZHH

ZHHH

ZHU

ZU

ZUH

ZUHH

ZUHHH

ZHZ

ZZ

ûdtui`hðd mbc oavhohbdta

9

9

9

9

9

9

>

>

>

>

Irthùci`hðd ]alhcca \amhcci @imbri ]radà Ouùbì @ama Jaolra Ïdmh`bs mb virhilhchmim HUHO HUHI HUEB HUBP HUM^ Ecbxhdmbx

ûdtui`hðd bstidmirhzimi 9> > 2 90 = \bsuctima >,2> >,05 9,00 >,=2 60 5> 6> 65 \bsuctima >.2> >..82 >.8: >.8< ûdtui`hðd 69

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

^br`bdthc 88

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

LHLCHAF\IEÏI

9:2 ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

9:5

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

9:6

9::

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

9:8

98>

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

989

98<

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

980

98=

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

982

985

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

986

98:

Ecbxhtbst

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Lhlchafrieïi

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

988

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

I`brì mbc iutar @ciumha Fhc Pairbs mb Iriûka, OM, ^jM, EI@PO, bs praebsar mb ci Rdhvbrshmim Fioi Ehcja y mhrb`tar oèmhà mb @CHDHOBZ bd \ïa mb Kidbhra, Lrishc. Bs oèmhà mb ci obmh`hdi mbc mbpartb y mbc bkbr`h`ha qub bsté mbmhìma i udi pramu`thvi hdvbsthfi`hðd. Jisuipchìma ecbxhtbst imbsmb oés mb =.>>> pbrsadis i ca cirfa mb ìrrbri bc praebshadic bc iùa 9868. Bc Mr. Iriûka ji trilikima bd ci supbrvhshðd mb prafriois mb bkbr`h`ha y bd ci bvicui`hðd ìrmhapucoadir mbc bkbr`h`ha mbsmb ci mèìmi mb 98:>. Ji àarmhdima tiolhèd ci bvicui`hðd oèmhì mb cas mbparthstis lrishcbùas muridtb cas Kubfas Acïophàs mb 98:: y 9885. Altuva su OM, OP` y ^jM bd ci Rdhvbrshmim Ebmbric \ïa mb Kidbhra. @aoa pirtb mb su earoi`hðd oèmhì, pirth`hpð bd ci hdvbsthfi`hðd bd cis érbis ìrmharrbsphritarhi y mbc bkbr`h`ha bd 9868 bd ci Rdhvbrshmim OÒistbr mb @idimé. Bc Mr. Iriûka bs ohbolra mbc Iobrhìd @accbfb ae Pparts Obmh`hdb (I@PO), ohbolra mbc àohtè, y padbdtb jilhtuic mb cas bdùbdtras iduicbs mbc I@PO.

9 ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

ÏDMH@B ÏDMH @B MB ]IL ILCI CIP P X EHFR\IP ]ilcis 9.99 9.

Ei`ta Ei` tarb rbss choï choïtr trae aebs bs mb ci ec ecbx bxhl hlhch hchmi mim, m, 5

0.9 0.<

Phstboi mb `cishehì`hðd mb 9: `rhtbrhas mb cas oètamas mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim, 06 ^rataàca mb bvicui`hðd mb ci ecbxhlhchmim mb Dh`jacis, =2

=.9

Mbs`rhp`hðd `hdbshacðfhì mb cas oavhohbdtas mbc ecbxhtbst, 2<

2.9 2.< 2.0

Fuïi mb pudtui`hðd piri cis ehfuris 2.9 i 2., 999 Fuïi mb pudtui`hðd piri ci ehfuri 2.» y ecbxhðd mbc àma mb 8>», 6<

2.9 2.< 2.0 2.= 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.: 2.8 2.9> 2.99

Oavhohbdta Oavhohbdta H, HH,:9 :< Oavhohbdta HHH, :0 Oavhohbdta Oavhoh bdta HU HU,, := Oavhohbdta Oavhoh bdta U, :2 Oavhohbdta UH, :5 Oavhohbdta UHH, :6 Oavhohbdta UHHH, :: Oavhohbdta HZ, :8 Oavhohbdta Z, 8> Oavhohbdta ZH, 89

ChlbrtimMhfhtic (95)

Ïdmh`b mb tilcis y ehfuris 2.9< 2.90 2.9= 2.92 2.95 2.96 2.9: 2.98 2. 2.9 Pbù Pb ùbd bd`h `hii < mb oa oavh vhoh ohbd bdta ta,, 9>5 9>5 Ecbxhdmbx; @urvis mb pbr`bdthc piri jaolrbs, 995 Ecbxhdmbx; @urvis mb pbr`bdthc piri oukbrbs, 996 Ecbxhdmbx; jaolrbs mbparthstis, 9

FLEXITEST, El Método de Evaluación de La Flexibilidad - Claudio Gil Soares de Araújo - 1a Ed

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