Flash On English. Upper Intermediate. Student's Book

 

Luke Prodromou  with Penelope Prodromou

FLASH

on Eng Engllish U P P E R IN T E R M E D I A T E STU DE NT 'S BOOK

 

Luke Prodromou  with Penelope Prodromou

F LA S H

on En Engl gliish STU DE NT 'S BOOK

 

W el elcome come to   Fl Flash ash on Engli English sh F l a s h o n E n g l i s h   is i s y o u r n e w E n g l iiss h l a n g u a g e c o u r s e . O n t h e s e t w o p a g e s y o u w i llll fi fi n d s o m e i n f o r m a t i o n to to h e l p y o u llee a r n t o u s e y o u r t e x t b o o k .

F l a s h o n E n g l i s h  c o n t a i n s 1 0 u n i t s , o r g a n i s e d i n t h i s w a y :

D o u b l e l i n g u is is t i c i n p u t

Each unit opens with a

first presentation text

which can be in various formats (article, email, report). The  s e c o n d p r e s e n t a t i o n offers extracts from listenings (interviews, dialogues, reports) which aim at introducing topics, activity types and listening techniques you will need at upper-intermediate level. Examples of grammatical structures and functions are presented in the G r a m m a r   and the F u n c t i o n s   boxes, in a concise and clear form to allow the student full autonomy in carrying out the activities.

The  F l a s h p o i n t   box highlights particular language structures that are commonly used.

Flash Forward 

activities keep fast finishers busy.

The  U s e o f E n g l i s h   page focuses on the language knowledge structures and patterns you will need to produce written texts. It includes vocabulary and morphology activities, offering genuine practice of the Use of English paper of the First exam. The  F l a sh sh o n G r a m m a r page is dedicated to presenting the grammar structures.

Q j   C a m b r i d g e E n g l isis h : F i r sstt

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re f e rs t o t he c o rre sp o n d e n t e xxee rc i se s in t he   W o r k b o o k

 

O r g a n i c  clothing Before you read

7 

A Portrait Portrait of the the Artst

as a Young Man Bef or e You Read

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Writing

8 Q  Youhave seenths

Artistic Creation   Coufse Scholarship}

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2 Osaya home wthhs paens

re themwthyou panes

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Reading

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So c ial Med ia Before you read

7 Q  Looka the phoos A and8 Theyrepesen d een way o eannga schoo Tak to eachohe abou why t mghbe mpoan to do these d een acvt es Thendecde the advanages anddsadvanag and dsadvanages F nay na y say

ou abou t he i 3 Newokngses each you

The   F l a s h o n S k i l l s   section helps the students to develop their four language skills. Placed at the end of each unit, it alternately presents three types of text material. •   CULTURE

Focuses on social and cultural aspects of the English-speaking world.

•   CLIL c»echH&igo  have tv N lvnof  oday>kxnagc

Eawam men ro mMouSod« fe « o exam pe tnt

 buyng andmakngun o «hm ho sk o   buyngandmakn

We you answe nanappopae sy

a Wha uses doyo you ends ma keosocs ke

Listening

4 @ 104Lsentofvepeopewhoreadthea ceab whch speakes keds ke dske ke soca meda?

hash g h genea chagedpeopes a chagedpeopes ves fo good

omthe lst A Ew 5 © I M Q Ls enaganChoose fromthe  n o u n s a n d adjectives Complete the chart.

Noun

Verb

fashion confide in sb enthuse about inspire sb/sth activate triumph originate spend predict finance decide

Adjective

fashionable (2) (3) inspired, inspiring (5) triumphant (7) (8) predictable (10) decisive

(1) confidence enthusiasm (4) activity (6) origin expense (9) finance (11)

P h r a sa sa l v e r b s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h   keep keep  your clothes?  (store) Where do you you   keep  Keep   quiet Keep Keep  Keep   calm,  (stay in the same state) Keep on  on   trying; don't give up (continue) Keep up  up   the good work (continue at a good level) with  you.  (move at Slow down. I can't can't   keep up with  the same speed)

Write answers to these questions.

1 What do you think about fash fashion? ion? Do you you try to keep up with the latest fashions or do you prefer to stand out? 2 Are yyou ou tidy? Where do you keep your clothes? 3 H ow do you try to keep keep up yyour our English during the holidays? 4 H ow do you keep your hair looking ggood? ood? 5 What Wha t strategies do yyou ou adopt to keep your your costs down when you're buying clothes?

2  Q  U s e t h e w o r d g i v e n i n b r a c k e t s t o f o r m a word that fits in each gap.

Coca

(Mattel

In the 1920s, the new youthful Chanel style was (0 (0))  fashionable   (F ASH ION). Chane l clothes clothes m made ade you feel (1) (1) (CONFIDE (CONF IDE ). Chanel herself herself was very (2) (ENTH USE) about sport and this led to popular designs inspired by sporting (3) (ACTIVE). But her first big triumph was the highly (4) _ (ORI GIN) GI N) woollen wool len travelling suit. This suit became the casual look in (5) (EXPENSE) women's wear. People often mention the 'little black dress' as Chanel's great contribution to fashion; as an article of (6) (CLOTH ) it is actually still around today. In 1926,  Vogue   magazine made a (7) (PREDICT): the little little black dress would woul d become a sort of uniform for all women of good taste. They were right

Confu sing words: fashion Correct the m istakes in these sentences.

1 She dresses very good good when she goes out with her boyfriend. 2 H urry up H aven't you worn your your coat ye yet? t? We're late for the party. 3 She's a really notorious notorious fashion designer;  1  love her style. 4 She designs cloth for teenagers teenagers and women. L a n g u a g e d e v e l o p m e n t : e a s i llyy c o n f u s e d w o r d s p 1 0 0

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Round up Q e a  c Dh egcai dp e. w h i c h a n s w e r A , B , C o r D b e s t f i t s

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A  DEDICATED FOLLOWER O F   FASHION Are teena gers slaves to (1) ? The re is a lot of pres sure on kids today to kee p (2) with the latest trend s. The media (3) a big part in mak ing teens worry about their (4) . TV, Internet and magazines make them feel guilty if they do not (5) in the latest outfits. In short, it is the fashion industry that decides what is (6) and what is not. Fashion magaz ines are full of terribly (7) models who look unhealthy and often become (8) for having health problems such as anorexia. Teens are made to feel (9) if they are not like everyone else and don 't go (10) all the latest 'in ' places. Kids should be free to wear what they feel cool in, not what others tell them to

B vogue vogue A trend B on A with B makes A plays B faces A looks A put on B wear B trendy A trend A slender B skinny A known B popular A unfashionable C old-fashioned B out 10 A in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

C fashion D styles D up C in C creates D does appearances ces C aspects D appearan D clothe C dress C in trend D out of style D slim C thin C notorious D well-fed B fashionable D stylish D to C at

 

Flash on Grammar Mo d a l v e r b s fo r o b lig a tio n a n d a d v ic e C o m p l e t e t h e g a p s w i t h   h a v e to , d o n t h a v e to , mu s t, m u s tn t, n e e d to , d o n t n e e d to , s h o u ld , s h o u l d n t . .   M o r e t h a n o n e m o d a l vvee r b c a n f i t each gap.

1 Parents shout in front of their children. It gives a bad example. 2 We wear a uniform at school school -   we can wear what we like. 3 When I was in the army we have short hair. It was a regulation. 4 You wear the same old clothes; clothes ; you look scruffy. You buy some new clothes. That's my advice to you. 5 You lose your temper so easily - you try and keep calm. 6 I think you shorten those trousers trousers   they are far too long. WB p 38

Modal verbs for deduction and degre es o f c e r ta in ty Write possible or probable explanations in the past or present for these situations, using the prompts in brackets.

1 She's always smiling, (happy) She 2 She danced all night at the party, party, (feel/ tired) Afterwards, she 3 She wears ex expensive pensive jewellery and clothes, (rich) She 4 She has raised children, but she's only forty forty,, (marry/ young) She 5 She has never passed an exam in her life, (studious) She 6 No-one knows where she ggot ot her wealth from, (win/lottery (win/l ottery)) She WB p 39

3 

Complete the second sentence so that it h a s a s i m i l a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f iirr s t , u s i n g t h e word given. Do not change the word given.

1 It will be necessary to buy some new clothes for the wedding. HAVE You will some new clothes for the wedding. 2 You are nnot ot allowed to ggoo to the club with out wearing a tie. MUST You a tie to go to the club. 3 It was was a mistake to buy the re redd and yellow jacket. BOUGHT You that red and yellow jacket. 4 It Is impossible imposs ible for her to have bought that designer dress with her pocket money CAN'T She that designer dress with her pocket money 5 I think rain is possible on Saturday. RAINY It on Saturday. 6 I imagine your wedding day was tthe he happiest day of your life. MUST Your weddin weddingg day the happiest day of your life. 5  B o b M i l l e r d i d n ' t d o w e l l a t a j o b i n t e r v i e w . M a r t h a t e l l s h i m w h y a n d g i vvee s h i m t i p s f o r n e x t t i m e . R e a d h e r e m a i l a n d u n d e r l iinn e t h e best option.

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H i, B ob Here's my half-penny's worth of advice. First of all, should've/shouldn't you ( 1)   should've/shouldn't

have  w o r n a s m a r t s u i t

and tie. It (2)   might have/can't

have  m a d e t h e m t a k e

y o u m o r e s e r i o u s l y . I s u s p e c t y o u ( 3) 3)   may lean  not like d r e s s i n g f o r m a l l y b u t n e x t t i m e y o u ( 4 )   shouldn't/

Match the questions with what they express.

must   f ollo w the dr e ss c ode . Y ou ( 5)  must/can't 

1 Can I wear my new blouse to Mary's party? Please mum 2 Do I hav have"to e"to wear this silly sill y suit on Sunday? 3 Can you sew a button on your shirt? 4 Do you think it might snow this winter? 5 Should I wear wear red or bblack lack with this skirt? 6 She must be in Rome now. She has a ggood ood friend there.

mad e a good impress ion wit h your jeans and trainers.

a D advice b D possibility c • permission

d D obligation obligati on e D ability f EH probability

have

T h e y l o o k a w f u l l y s c r u f f y Y o u r h a i r ( 6 )  m ay ¡needs ¡needs to   be tidy ( I like it, a nyw a y) b ut it ( 7)  ought to have/ could've  b e e n a b i t s h o r t e r . D o n ' t w o r r y , o n c e y o u g e t

t h e j o b , y o u ( 8) 8)  have to ¡can  le t it gr ow a ga in. La stly, y o u r m o u s t a c h e ( 9 )   might/had

to  a c t u a l l y h a v e m a d e

a good imp ression - because it does make you look o l d e r a n d m o r e r e s p o n s i b l e , b u t y o u ( 1 0 )   should

have/

needn't have   t r i m m e d i t a b i t . IItt m u s t n ' t l o o k u n t i d y .

It should look smart. Better luck next time.

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Flash on Skills

Organic   c l o t h i n g Before you read

W o r k i n p a i rs rs a n d a n s w e r t h e f o l l o w i n g questions.

1 What does the word 'organic' make yyou ou think of? 2 H ave you you ever bought bought or do yyou ou usually us ually buy organic goods? If so, why?

Reading Read the articles and match them with the correct headline.

Look beautiful in nature approved approved cloth ing

Cotton is vital to the economy of countries like Pakistan, the world's third largest cotton which grower.is Unfortunately, the way Pakistan usually produces cotton can have serious environmental consequences. Farmers have to use vast amounts of water from rivers rivers like the Indus to irrigat irrigatee cotton fields. The use of chemicals leads to water pollution, and many people become ill or may die from pesticide or fertiliser poisoning poisoning.. Moreover, these methods are wasteful: it can take more than 4,500 litres of water to grow a kilo of conventional cotton - manufacturers need to use tha thatt amoun amountt of water for just one pair of jeans. However, things are beginning to change. An increasing number of cotton farmerss in Pakistan farmer P akistan are joining manufa manufactur cturers ers in a projec projectt to promot promotee sustainab sustainable le cotton growing. They Irrigate when necessary, and use chemicals and pesticides only if need needed. ed. Together with turning their businesses into sustainable ones, they are also reducing costs and therefore Increasing their income.

i „ /   •  :

• i: Big fash ion brands gu ilty -

rep ort

Listening 5

Organic farming: not always small and beautiful

N e w f ar ar m i n g m e t h o d s : g o o d f o r f a rme rs, g o o d f o r n a t u re

( o )   119  L i s t e n t o e x t r a c t s f r o m i n t e r v i e w s t a k e n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e t e x t s in in e xxee r c i s e 2 . Match the interviews with the texts.

Speaker 1 D Speaker 2 • Speaker Spea ker 3 • 6 

119 

Speaker 4 D Speaker 5 CH L i s te te n a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e

extracts. 3 

Read the articles again. For question s 1 -8, choose from the texts A-E.

Which text... 1 D is an advertisement? 2 D criticises organic idea ideas? s? 3 D is from a newspaper newspap er repor report? t? 4 • describes farming in developing countrie countries? s? 5 D says famous people are selli selling ng clothes? 6 D describes a protest against inorganic clothes? 7 • tries to persuade you to buy something? 8 D says it costs a lot to make a pair of trousers? Which text taught you something you did not kno w before? Will an y of the texts change th e way you think or behave?

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1 We have a right to know what we are wearin wearingg and what damage it may do to our (1) and the (2) 2 People in the (3) western countries must not exploit the labour of (4) people in North Africa and Latin America. Try our products now, and your skin will be soft and beautiful and (7) and younger than ever

Traditionally, farmers have used a lot of (5) in their work, because It's cheaper and their (6 )

depends on it.

5 The organic indu industry stry is big business and very (8) . You shou should ld make sure you are supporting the right people.

 

B A new report pu blished this week details the use of dangerous ehemicals in designer clothes and shoes. In presenting the report, activi activists sts in the Philippines today hung ou t huge T-shirts exposing the guilty guilty brands and challenging them to 'cut the chemicals and and detox our water'. On e green campaigner said, 'The p ractice has to stop and people must be aware of the chemicals in the fabric of their clothing and the  effects these harmful effects harmful  these ehem icals have have when released into the environment'.

D Increased environmental problems have not escaped the notice of the fashion industry; so oner or later, they had to jump on the bandwagon. Many famous designers are now using o rganic cotton in their newest lines. And pop stars and film stars have also launched their own organic bran ds, offering organic cotton T-shirts and sweatshirts made in Tunisia and Peru. A key part of these brands' mission involves fair wages and healthy working conditions for garment workers in developing countries.

It Is the the latest fashion trend: 'organ 'organic'. ic'. Farmers, parents, students: everyone is discussing organic clothes and food. But one must bear in mind that organic doesn't mean perfect. Companies that want the organic label have to pay fees and complete tons of paperwork. Morever, organic no longer exclusively means small, family-run farms. Some organic producers are big, multi-national companies. If you

The fibres we use in eco-friendly clothing   -  organic cotton, hemp, clothing bamboo or soy - offer you timeless beauty and respect for your skin - and our clothing has no harmful chemicals. Our approach is simple. It is to offer you a range of natural clothing

want to find out how farmers are really treating their land you should talk directly to small local farmers...

and products which is best for you, best for your skin and best for our environment.

Writing

Speaking S t u d e n t 1 , lo lo o k a t p h o t o A a n d t r y t o g u e s s t h e a n s w e r s ttoo t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s .

1 Where was the photo taken? 2 What are the people wearing?

3 H ow much did they pay for these clothes? 4 Who made their clothes?

Stude nt 2 , look at photo B and try to guess the answe rs to the following quest ions.

1 Where was this photo taken? 2 What are they doing?

3 Who are their employers? 4 H ow much do they get paid?

EXAM

S TRATEGIES

W h e n w r i t i n g a n  n   e s s a y  y  y o u r a i m i s t o w r i t e a s h o r t text which should demonstrate that you can do the following: be well-organised and relevant to the topic have an introduction, developmen t and conclusion sum up the main points give your opin ion and reaso ns for your o pinion

You have had a classroom discussion abou t t h e f o lll l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t :

It is both necessary and possible to change our habits and wear clothes which are natural and safe for the environment. environmen t. Do you agree or disagree? Your teacher has now asked you to write an essay giving your views on the topic in 12 0180 words. Use these expressions to help you:

firstly to start with first of all furthermore apart from (this) however neverthe nevertheless less in my opini on in my view we should make sure we we should avoid... in conclusion conclus ion

 

Crim e an and d Puni Punisshm hment ent B rMea tac hkt hiene xgp r e stssiiho n sew i tlh at hw e cartoons.

1 D stealing 2 D murder 3 • vandalism and looting 4 D drink driving 5 • shoplifting

2 

2 .0 2 L i s t e n t o a n d r e a d t h e n e w s p a p e r articles. Then match the stories with the cartoon s above. There is one extra cartoo n.

1 Amanda Fitz Jones, the 15-year-old daughter of a millionaire banker, is being remanded in Tottenham prison for questioning. She is said to be facing charges of theft and vand vandalism. alism. She . was filmed by the shop's CCTV camera and can be seen carryng a stolen TV. The owner of the electrical goo goods ds store said when interviewed: 'I'm going to get her locked up. She should be made made an exam example ple of. We've got to get all the   the windows replaced. Who's going to pay for them?'

she was stopp s topped ed  y  ^ T  9a ° 'n 0n 7 September breathalysedd When found tn h breathalyse ° rive and arrested and charged S ^ ^ t h e  "'mi t 'she the influen ce of alcoho c ohol.l. In co courtT h e s a i 1 7   an empty stomac  Sh  (  l ^9 ' 3 3 5  °f  C h a m ^n e At her trial sh  she was c w S S J ^ ^ S ° TOthin9 ' "> Pnson. As it is her first offenrp  Qh " T ^ t 0 4 5  be   her sentence un S ^ T  ^rve

Complete the headlines with a word from the b o x a n d t h e n m a t c h t h e m w i t h t e x ttss 1 - 4 .

guilty arrested stole caught

for handling stolen goods A Schoolgirl 2,000 pairs of shoes B Thief of driving under the C Pop star found influence. stealing D Famous actress Find the words corresponding to these s y n o n y m s a n d d e f i n i t iioo n s i n t h e t e x t .

1 2 3 4 5 6

accused found guilty given punishment crime interrogation criminal

FL SH

F ORW ORW RD

Thin k of a crim e that you have rece ntly heard of in t h e n e w s a n d w r i t e a p a r a g rraa p h o f n o m o r e t h a n three lines to describe it.

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Ex-offender Kim, 67, arrested theft after being spottedPaul behaving in was a strange s trange wayforatshoe  a funeral home in Seoul, Korea. The suspect remove removedd his sandals, paid his respects, came out, and left with an expensive pair of shoes. He repeated this action three times before being arrested. The thief, who is well known in the area, had had his hair dyed brown and was wearing a false moustache so that he would not be recognised. recognised. 1,750 pairs of designer shoes were later found in his  house. They are all believ believed ed to be stolen. An unusual method has been found for returning the shoes to their original owners. If you have had shoes stolen, you are allowed to go and try them on. If the shoes shoes fit, you can walk away in them.

 

1

I

I

Actress  Mona Tyer, 30, has been accused of stealing almost $5,000 worth of designer clothes from a shop o n   Fifth Avenue. At the time of her arrest, she seemed seem ed 'confused'. 'confus ed'. When questioned, Tyer claimed her medication was to blame. She denied the charges: 'I'm innocent', she said. It is said that she is suffering from depression. depression. If convicted, convicted, she maybe forced to do community service or pay a  fine. , 1

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Impersonal passive structures

It is said   tha t she is suf f e r ing f r om de pr e ssion. She is said   to be f a c ing c ha r ge s of va nda lism . Gram ma r reference p 120

6

Turn the active sentences be low into impersonal passive ones.

1 Newspapers report tthat hat the accident happened between 11.30 p.m. and midnight. The accident 2 They believe that teenage crime is increas ing significantly. It is 3 They said that the robbers were w wearin earingg animal masks. The robbers 4 People often arg argue ue that prison doesn't work. It is

i-

Passives P r e s e nt a nd pa s t pa s s i v e s You   a r e a l l o w e d  to go and try them on. Sh e   w a s s e n t e n c e d  to 45 days in prison. P a s s i v e w i t h m o da l v e r bs A m a n d a  c a n be s e e n   carrying a stolen TV. P a s s i v e w i t h g e r unds a nd i nf i ni t i v e s

V ocab u lary:   C r ime

H e r e pe a te d this a c tion be f or e   be i ng a r r e s t e d. They are all believed to   be s t o l e n.

Complete the w ords in the sentences.

1 Ath is someone who steals things, 2 A shopl is someone who steals from shops. 3 A plckp is a thief who steals from people on public transport. 4 Ab is a thief who steals things from people's houses. 5 Am is a thief who attacks someone and then steals their belongings. 6 A bank r is a thief who steals money from banks.

F i nd e x a m pl e s o f o t he r pa s s i v e f o r m s i n t he t e x t . U nde r l i ne t he m . Gram ma r reference p 120

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FLASH POIN T

W he n the a c tive se nte nc e ha s tw o obje c ts, one direct (a thing) and one indirect (a person), the pa ssive se nte nc e usua lly be gins w ith the indir e c t obje c t ( the pe r son) . They should make an example of her. Sh e   should  made  an example of. should  be made  Not:   An example should be made of her.

Say it I n p a i rs rs , d e c i d e a n a p p r o p r i a t e p u n i s h m e n t f o r t h e o f f e n d e r s i n t h e s itit u a t i o n s b e l o w .

C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o tthh a t i t h a s a similar m eaning to the first.

1 They usual usually ly ggive ive drink drivers a prison sentence.

1 An 14-year-old girl who was caught shoplifting.

Drink drivers 2 They are holding her in prison overnight. She 3 They have vandalised vandalis ed the shop. shop . The shop 4 The police-will release the prisoners prisoners in the morning. The prisoners 5 They should make an example of the looters The looters 6 They believe that the thief thief has stolen all the shoes. It is thought that all the shoes

2 for A professional pickpocket who has bee beenn active years. 3 A bank robber w who ho shot and killed a police officer. 4 A group of hackers who entered the government computer system and copied top secret documents.

ï

A 

In my opinion, he/ she should be be put in prison/made to pay a fine. I   agree./1  disagree, I think he/she should be set free/found innocent/ made to to do community servic e...

5Ï

 

I

The perfect murder L o o k a t t h e p i c tu tu r e s w i t h s c e n e s t a k e n f r o m a m u r d e r s t o r y. y. C a n yyoo u g u e s s w h a t h a p p e n e d ? W r i t e d o w n ideas wit h your partn er. W h o h a s m u r d e r e d Ar Ar t h u r B r o d y ? M a t c h t h e beginnings and the endings to make whole sentences.

1 Delia is suspected of poisoning... 2 She denies... 3 The police are investigating... 4 The suspect has... 5 The detective questions... 6 Delia says she was at the garage having... 7 Delia is tried... 8 The suspect is charged... 9 She is found... 10 Delia is sentenced to...

a D guilty. b • an alibi for the night of the crime. c • with murdering her husband. d D for murder. e D her car repaired. f D committing the murder. g D the suspect. h D her husband. i • life in prison. j D the crime.

3

( ° )  )   2 .0 3 N o w l i s t e n t o In In s p e c t o r C l a r k ' s r e p o r t o f t h e m u r d e r a n d c i r c l e t h e fa fa c t s ( 1 - 1 0 ) f r o m e x e r c i s e 3 you hear.

4

( o )  )   2.03   Q   N o w l i s t e n t o p a r t 1 o f t h e s t o r y a g a i n a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s p a c e s a s y o u l i s t e n .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

told the housekeeper she could take the day off. Mrs Brody was lent a by the mechani mechanic. c. Mrs Brody said she was going saw Mrs Brody going towards the house. of poison was found in the mechanic's car. A Mrs Brody continued to deny the The jury took just twenty minutes to reach their Mrs Brody was sentenced to imprisonment.

T h e d e t e c t i v e p r o v e d D e l i a h a d t h e m e a n s a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o m m i t t h e m u r d e r ; b u t t h e r e iiss o n e t h i n g m i s s i n g f r o m t h e s t o r y - t h e m o t i v e . W h y d o y o u t h i n k s h e d i d i t ? T a l k t o yo yo u r p a r t n e r . 6

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©   2 .0 4 L i s t e n t o I n s p e c t o r C l a r k e x p l a i n i n g t h e m o t i v e f o r th th e m u r d e r and write it below.

m$sm

FL SH

F ORW ORW RD

T h i n k o f a n a ltl t e r n a t i v e e n d i n w h i c h M r s Brody gets away with the murder of her h u s b a n d a n d w r i t e itit d o w n .

 

V ocab u lary:  C r i m e

and punishment

Complete the sentences with the words below and you will learn more about trials.

lawyers innocent verdict guilty tried jury witnesse s arrested accu sed

W o r d b u ild in g : V e r b   >   N o u n

G r a m m a r r e f e rer e n c e p 12 12 1

1 0  W r i t e c a u s a t i v e s e n t e n c e s u s iinn g t h e p r o m p t s . Pay attention to the verb tense.

1 we / our house / burgle / while we were away We had our house burgled while  we were away. 2 my mother  /  her bag /  steal / on the bus / this morning 3 I / just / my phot photoo / take / new passport passport 4 Lisa / her hair/ cut/ last last Monday 5 the children / their bedroom / paint / next weekend 6 she / her documents / photocopy / now

8   Complet e the table below.

charge sentence (3) vandalise (6) accuse (9) (10) confess (12) convict

She was at the garage having her car fixed. She had him followed by a detective. £ | 

1 Firstly, Firstly, the suspect is and questioned. 2 Then, Then, he appears in court and is for the crime he is accused of. 3 give evidence. 4 The judge and jury listen to all the the 5 The withdraws to discuss the case. 6 They decid decidee what the will b e or not guilty. 7 If the suspect is found , he is released. released. 8 But, if the is found guilty, he is convicted of the crime and the jury decides what his punishment should be.

Verb

Causatives

Noun

Say it

(1) (2) questioning (4) / (5) arrest (7) / (8) offence / offender proof (11) trial (13)

T e llll y o u r p a r t n e r a b o u t a c r i m e y o u h a v e h e a r d/ d/ read about in the news. Your partn er should take notes. Use the questions below to help you.

1 2 3 4 5

Write it

9  C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m o f a w o r d f r o m e x e r c iiss e 8 .

1 The pickpocket received received a light

What is/ was the accused charged with? Where/ Where/When When did it hap happen? pen? Where/ Where/When When was he/she he/she arreste arrested? d? Were they found guilty guilty// not guilty? guilty? What were they sentenced to?

U s e t h e n o t e s yo yo u m a d e i n e x e rc rc i s e 1 1 t o w r i t e a b r ie ie f n e w s p a p e r r e p o r t a b o u t t h e c r i m e y o u r friend described.

as

it was her first offence. 2 The police Amanda for stealing. 3 The police took her in for and charged her with vandalism. 4 The murderer murderer admitted admitted killing his neighbour neighbour he made a complete 5 The police have dropped dropped all the against Mona. 6 Famous box boxer er J oe Smith was with sexual assault but he denied the 7 The police could not the charges against him, so he was set free. 8 The press were not allowed to attend attend the

C ritical th in k in g In groups of four, discuss the following statement: The crim inal justice system should focus more on rehab ilit ation than punishment.

You can use some of these words and expressions to help you.

recidivism member of society freed om to educ ate respect benefit harm to dese rve waste of resources opport unity second chance

55

 

Use of English C r ime a n d tr ia ls

M atch word s and phrases in A and B to make correct collocations.

Wh ich crim es are described in the following

A 1 charge someone 2 accuse someone 3 to be put 4 to be arrested 5 to be put 6 to be sentenced 7 to be picked

situations? Write them next to the senten ce.

1 My friend's house was broken into, into, b 2 A man went into a bank and told them to give him all their money, r 3 I saw a boy boy putting some chocolates into his pocket in the sweet shop, s 4 The ticket machine at the the station had been been smashed, v 5 Mrs Brody killed her husband, m 6 Someone stole my MP3 player from my bag at school, t 7 An old lady was attacked attacked and her pension was taken, m 8 Some people wearing hoodies smashed shop windows and stole things. I Match the following crimes with the sentences.

kidn appin g blackmai l

hijackin g

assault

hum an traffick ing

h acking

rape dru g dealing

D • D D D • D

up by the police with a crime crime of committing a crime for a crime on trial to life imprisonment under house arrest

Round up 5

0   R e a d t h e t e xt xt b e l o w a n d d e c i d e w h i c h answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Rock Singer Charged Trouble d rock singer Tamm y was per form ing at th

t h e Co v e o n 1 5   F e b r u a r y w h e n a p p a r e n t l y s h e p u n c h e d D o n T ay ay lloo r , a m e m b e r o f t h e a u d i e n c e . S h e s a id id ' H e s h o u l d n o t h a v e l a u g h e d a t m e ' .

1 'If you don't give give us one million pounds we will kill your son ' 2 Ti l tell mum you you ate the cake cake If you don't give give me some money ' 3 'Fly us to to New Mexico M exico or or we will kill the passengers ' 4 A man hit the ticket inspector on the bus.

Th e ma n was taken to hospital with a bro ken

5 A man was found with a bag of cocaine in his pocket. 6 A teenager teenager got got into his teachers' teachers ' online bank account. 7 A man was arrested arrested for transporting transporting 10 0 illegal immigrants in the back of his van. 8 A man was charged with forcing a girl to to have sex with him.

sho utin g at Mr Taylor wh o fell over. On the nigh t

Criminal

thief shoplifter pickpocket burglar (5) (6) (7) blackmailer (9) (10)

nose. Tam my was (1)

at her flat

in Camden Town and driven to the police station whe re

she

was

(2)

for

thre e

h o u r s . S h e w a s c h a r g e d w i tthh ( 3 ) and unru ly behav iour. (4)

at the

scene said she climbe d off the stage and started of he r (5)

she had dr un k a who le

bottle of vodka. Th e (6)

he ard

that the singer had only sho ute d at the man , she (7)

hitting him . N obo dy actually

s a w t h e s i n g e r h i t t h e m a n . A f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o aall l t h e evidence the jury re turn ed a (8) o f n o t g u il il ty ty . H u n d r e d s o f f a n s w a i t i n g o u t s i d e the (9)

Complete the table.

room chee red whe n they

he ard that she had bee n (10)

Crime

(1) (2) (3) (4) kidnapping drug dealing hacking (8) hijacking rape

L a n g u a g e d e v e l o p m e n t : E a s iill y c o n ffuu s e d w o r d s : C r i m e p 1 0 0

56

B a b c d e f g

1

2 3 4 5 6 7

A A A A A A A

8

A

9

A

10

A

arrested asked abuse Jury arrest police refused verdict action liberated

B B B B B B B B B B

accused C examined C hitting C Witnesses C charge C witnesses C disagreed C view C tribune c acquitted C

D seen charged questioned  D tested violence D assault Members D Counsels D stop catch D jury victim D confess denied response D result D trial court D left set free

d Ic a: •I C Ir* h a w rr p p

w it rr

SI

f

a P b «Fi o. t< D a> IV N P Is re. re It n.

tc

S«

fl h.

P\

 

Use of Eng lish

,

C r ime a n d tr ia ls

Ma tch words and phrases in A and B to make correct collocations.

Wh ich crim es are described in the following

A 1 charge someone 2 accuse someone 3 to be put 4 to be arrested 5 to be put 6 to be sentenced 7 to be picked

situations? Write them next to the sentence.

1 My friend's house house was was broken into. b_ b_ 2 A man went into a bank and told them to give him all their money, r 3 I saw a boy putting some chocolates into his pocket in the sweet shop, s 4 The ticket machine at the station had been been smashed, v 5 Mrs Brady killed her her husband, m 6 Someone stole my MP3 MP 3 player from my bag at school, t 7 An old lady was attacked attacked and her pension pension was taken, m 8 Some people wearing hoodies smashed shop windows and stole things. I Ma tch the following crimes wit h the sentences.

kidna pping hijacking human traffickin g blackmail assault hac king rape dru g dealing

1 'If you don't give us one million pounds we will kill your son ' 2 'I'll 'I'l l tell mum you ate the cake if you don't give me some money ' 3 'Fly us to to New Mexico M exico or or we we will kill the passengers ' 4 A man hit tthe he ticket inspector inspec tor on the bus. 5 A man was found with a bag of cocaine in his pocket. 6 A teenager got into his teachers' online bank account. 7 A man was arrested arrested for transporting transporting 10 1000 illegal immigrants in the back of his van. 8 A man was charged with forcing a girl to have sex with him.

Criminal

thief shoplifter pickpocket burglar (5) (6) (7) blackmailer (9) (10)

up by the police with a crime of committing a crime for a crime on trial to life imprisonment under ho house use arrest

5

G  R e a d t h e t e x t b e l o w a n d d e c i d e w h i c h answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

d Ic

Rock Singer Charged th

the Cove on 15   February when apparent l y s he p u n c h e d D o n T a yl yl or or , a m e m b e r o f t h e a u d i e n c e . She said 'He should not have laughed at me'. T h e m a n w a s t a k e n t o h o s p i t a l w i tthh a b r o k e n nose. Ta mm y was (1)

at her flat

in Camden Town and driven to the police station wh ere

she

was

(2)

for

thre e

hou rs. She was cha rge d with (3) an d unr uly beha viour. (4)

at the

s c e n e s a iidd s h e c l i m b e d o f f t h e s t a g e a n d s t a r t e d sho uting at Mr Taylor who fell over. On the nigh t of he r (5)

she ha d dr un k a who le

bottle of vodka. The

(6)

_ _

hea rd

that the singer had only shouted at the man, she (7)

hitting him. N obo dy actually

s aw t h e s i n g er h i t t h e m a n . A f t e r l i s t en i n g t o al l t h e evide nce the jur y ret urn ed a (8) o f n o t g u il il t y. y. H u n d r e d s o f f a n s w a i t i n g o u t s i d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A arrested A asked A abuse A Ju ry A arrest A police A refused A verdict A action A liberated

P P

w it

IT

St fi at. P

b

Fi

roo m che ered when they .

Crime

(1) (2) (3) (4) kidnapping drug dealing hacking (8) hijacking rape

IS Iii h a

c

Trouble d rock singer Tamm y was per for min g at

hea rd that she had be en (10)

L a n g u a g e d e v e l o p m e n t : E a s iill y c o n f u s e d w o r d s : C r i m e p 1 0 0

56

• • H • O • D

Round up

the (9)

Complete the table.

B a b c d e f g

B accused C charged B examined examined C questioned B hitting C violence B Witnesses C Members B charge C catch B witnesses C victim B disagreed C denied B view C response B tribune C court B acquitted acquitte d C set free

D seen D tested D assault D Counsels D stop D jury D confess D result D trial D left

Or

t<

D a> IV N P

le re.

rt It

nv tc SI

fl h

P h

 

Focus on on Gram mar Passives

Underline the correct option.

Rewrite these sente nces in the passive voice.

In the UK , 45 % of women hav havee experienced some for m of domestic violence. Domestic violence (1)  can can have been physical cal abuse of one partner defined/can be defined  as physi by another. It (2)  estimated/is estimated  that domestic violence costs victims, services and the state a total of around £23 billion bill ion a year. In the US last year, 1, 1,800 800 women (3)  were/have been  murdered by their partners. A lot of assaults (4)  is never/are never reported.  r eported. There are a number of reasons for this. (5) It  has believed is believed that shame and embarrassment are key motives. Statistics show that women in the lowest income groups (6)  have been are   victimis ed six times as much as other women. Punishments for domestic abuse are often shamefully lenient. If these (7)  have not made/are not made  more severe, the number of victims will increase.

1 The Detective said that someone had poisoned Mr Brody. The Detective said Mr Brody 2 They are going to take her to the police station after lunch. She 3 Police searched the car and found a bottle of of poison. The car 4 They are also searching her bedroom for evidence. Her bedroom 5 They don't suspect the mechanic. The mechanic 6 They should put her in prison. She

Causatives

Complete the dialogue between Jacob and his father u sing the correct passive voice of the

C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n ce ce s w i t h t h e w o r d s i n brackets and the correct form of the verbs b elow.

verbs in brackets.

take out

Father Jacob Father J acob

Where is your bike? ltd) .(steal) When (2) ? (it/take) While I was at at lunch, betw between een one and two. Father (3) ? (the thief/arrest) J acob Yes, (4) this morning, (he/ (he/ arrest) Father Where did they find him? J acob H e (5) sitting outside a pub. (find) Father (6) ? (bike/damage) (handle/break). J acob Yes, (7)

Impersonal passive

| 

Round up

4 People generally think that life in warm countries is easier. 5 Everybody knows that they broke int intoo that house to steal the jewels. 6 The neighbours reported they often quarrelled quarrelled.. £ 

WB p 47

R e a d t h e s t o ry ry a n d t h i n k o f t h e w o r d w h i c h b e s t f itit s i n e a c h g a p . U s e o n l y o n e w o r d i n each gap.

R e w r i t e t h e se se n t e n c e s w i t h t h e i m p e r s o n a l passive form.

3 People believed that she was in innocent. nocent.

manicure

1 Kate's camera is not worki working. ng. She is going to have to (it). 2 I (my nails) every month. I've lost my keys; I'll have to (another one). (my dad) to 4 I can' can'tt do this ex exercise. ercise. I'll me with it. (her tooth). 5 Amy's gone to the dentist to

WBp 46

1 People say that London is a dangerous city. It 2 The newspaper say th that at the weather weather will be good next weekend.

make he lp repair

A Loyal Worker

Kmart worker, Simon Kennedy, has been (1) with assault after police accused him (2) intentionally hitting

f

ais customer withKennedy, a truck, reports click2florida .com.high (3) school thought that 25, believed the victim, senior Randy Mason, was to blame. Mason admits he was considering stealing a few video games from the store, but had changed his mind; he had never (4) anything before. As Mason was walking home, he (5) hit by a truck. Mason had (6) be taken to hospital with minor injuries and a broken leg. Mason told police that he (7) not seen the driver's face but that the truck was bright red. Mea nwhile, Kennedy had (8) the truck painted blue. Kennedy claimed that he had not driven to work that day. The CCT footage, however, shows otherwise - Kennedy had (9) seen leaving the store at the time of the hit and run, run, and driving a truck similar to the one which was (10) by Mason. Kennedy could no longer (11 ) the charges.

WBp 47

57

 

Skills

f l

Oliver Twist

H ow to de a l w ith c r im e w a s one of the gr e a t issue s of V ic tor ia n B r ita in. The V ic tor ia ns ha d a

Before you read

I n p a i r s , lo lo o k a t t h e p h o t o g r a p h o f a n 1 1 - ye ye a r - o l d b o y w h o h a d s t o l e n f r u i t and was sentenced to 1 m onth of hard labour and 5 years of Reformato ry in 1 8 7 3 . D o yyoo u t h i n k i t w a s a p p r o p r i a t e ?

Reading R e a d t h i s te te x t a b o u t c h i l d c r i m e a n d p u n i s h m e n t i n V i c t o r i a n t im im e s a n d find the words corresponding to the definitions below.

t

1 having a great influence or effect 2 a feeling of worry about something somethin g important 3 a problem that is often argued about, especially a social or political matter

f

~ f i r m b e l iiee f i n m a k i n g c r i m i n a l s f a c e up to the ir r e s pons ibilitie s and in the value of puni shm ent. B e tw e e n 1842 a nd 1877, 90 n e w pr isons w e r e built in B r ita in. C hild c r im e shoc ke d the V ic tor ia ns. D ic ke ns' a c c ount of F a gin' gin' s ga ng of you ng pickpockets led by the Artful D odge r in   Oliver Twist,  pla ye d to this popu la r c onc e r n. I n 181 1816, 6, P a r lia m e nt e ve n se t up a ' C o m m i t t e e f o r I n v e s t i g a t in in g t h e A l a r m i n g I n c r e a s e i n Juve nile C r im e ' in London. B ut how f a r should ide a s of pun ishm ent, of making th e criminal face up to their actions by a long, tough, pr ison se nte nc e , a pply to c hildr e n? B e f or e V i c t o r i an an t i m e s n o d i s t i n c t i o n w a s m a d e b e t w e e n c r i m i n a l s of a ny a ge . A c c or ordingly, dingly, young c hild r e n c ould be se n t to a n a dult p r ison. The r e a r e r e c or ds of c hild r e n a ge d 12 be ing hanged. One step towards treating children d ifferently was the Juve nile O f f e nc e s A c t of 18 1847, 47, w h ic h sa id th a t y oun g pe ople un de r 14 ( soon r a ise d to 16) sho uld be tr ie d in a spe c ia l c our t, not a n a dult c our t. M or e f a r - r e a c hing w e r e the f ir st

4 strict or severe You are going to read an extract f r o m   Oliver Twist   w h e r e O l i v e r i s f o r c e d to assist the villain Bill Sikes in a b u r g l a r y . Ch Ch o o s e f r o m t h e s e n t e n c e s A - F t h e o n e w h i c h b e s t f itit s e a c h g a p ( 1 - 5 ) . TThh e r e i s o n e e x t r a s e n t e n c e wh ich you do not need to use.

R e f or m a tor y S c hools, se t up in 1854. Y oung pe op le w e r e se nt to a R e f or m a tor y S c hoo l f or long pe r iod s - se ve r a l ye a r s. The se w e r e ve r y tough pla c e s, w ith stif f disc ipline e nf or c e d by f r e que nt be a tings. I t w a s only a t the tur n of the c e ntur y tha t things r e a lly be ga n to c ha nge .

'Let's cut through the town,' whispered Sikes; 'there'll be nobody in the way, tonight, to see us.' Toby nodded; and they hurried through the main street of the little town, which at that late hour was wholly deserted. There was just the occasional light from a bedroom window or the barking of a stray dog.  I E  They had left the town behind the m, as the church bell str struck uck two. After walking about a quarter of a mile, they stopped in front of a detached house surrounded by a high wall: Toby Crackit climbed quickly to the top of it.  it.   0  Before Oliver had time to look round , Sikes had caught him under the arms: and in three or four seconds he and Toby were lying on the grass on the other side. Sikes came straight after.  H I S  For the first time, Oliver saw that housebreaking and robbery, if not murder, were the aim of the expedition. He clasped his hands together and sank upon his knees. 'Get up ' murmured Sikes, trembling with rage, and taking the pistol from his pocket. 'Get up, or I'll scatter your brains upon the grass .' 'Oh For God's sake let me go ' cried Oliver; 'let me run away and die in the fields. I will never never come ne near ar London; ne never, ver, never Oh Have mercy on me. and do not make me steal.  E C '  S ike s, to whom this appeal was made, aimed his pistol at Oliver; Toby, the smallest member of the gang, snatching it from his grasp, placed his hand upon the boy's mouth, and dragged him to the house. 'Now listen, you young limb,' whispered Sikes, drawing a dark lantern from his pocket, and throwing the glare full on on O liver's face; 'I'm going to put you through that window. Take this light; go up the steps and along the little hall, to the street door; unlock it. and let us in.' In 58

 

Literature 4   (o)  

2 0. 5 L i s t e n a n d c h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s .

Speaking Imagine you are a detective. Prepare a file o n t h e b u r g l a r y i n   Oliver Twist   a n d r e p o r t t h e events to the class. Make sure you note down:

Read the text again and for questions 1-3 choose the answer (A, B or C) which you think the best according to the text.

1 Oliver was unhappy because... A he wanted to go back to London. B he was being turned into a thief. C he was being treated badly. 2 H ow did Oliver get into into th thee house house?? A He was pushed through a window. B He got in through the street door. C He climbed through a window. .3 Oliver decided... A he would help the burglars. B not to let the robbers into the house. C to warn the people in the house.

Listening 6

( ° )  )   2 .0 6 H o w d o e s t h e s t o r y g o o n ? L i s t e n and underline the correct answer.

-

when the burglary took place who broke into into the house how they broke into the house whether they were carry carrying ing weapons what happened in the end

W riting EXAM

S TRATEGIES

W h en w r i t i n g a   book review,  r em em b er t o : •   give a bit of back groun d information about the au t h o r an d t h e b o o k •   write a brief sum mar y ooff the plot •   say why you liked/d idn't like like the book •   say whe ther or not you would recomm end the book • 

1 The robbery was a  success/a failure. 2  One ooff the robbers /Oliver  was shot. 3 The robbers robbers were chased by  the owners of the

divide your text into clear paragraph s

Read the review below. Find examples of the strategies above. Underline them.

house/by dogs.

4 Oliver was at first carried by Toby/Sikes. robbers/ ers/ left 5 Oliver was murdered by the robb behind.

the short time, when Oliver had had the time to come to his senses, he decided that, whether he died in the attempt or not, he would make one effort to dash upstairs from the hall, and wake up the family.  family.   B D

7a

/

A 'Give me a scarf. The boy has been hit Quic Quickk ' B And they made their way cautiously towards the the house. C Filled with tthis his idea, he ran quickly towards the stairs. D For the love of all the bright Angels that rest in Heaven, have mercy upon me E But there was nobody out there. F 'The boy next,' said Toby. Toby. 'Lift him up; I'll catch hold of him.'

Oliver Twist was published in 1838 and was Charles Dickens' second novel. It is mostly set in the poor quarters of Dicken s's London and like a lot of his books, it deals with themes of poverty, injustice and crime. The main character of the book is nine-year-old Oliver Twist, an orphan. We read about his adventures from his birth and early years at the workhouse to the day he is discovered by his long lost lost grandfather. It is a gripping story and there are lots of interesting characters including Bill Sikes, a vicious criminal and the Artful Dodger, a very clever, witty witty boy and the leader of the gang of boy criminals. What I really like about the book is that it is both funny and sad and the characters are really memorable. What I don't like about it is that that sometimes D ickens can be repetitious. On the whole though, I would recommend it.

^ C

W"

You are going to write a review of a book. The best reviews will be published in the school magazine. Follow this structure:

Paragraph 1: where the book is set; what the book is about; what the main themes are Paragraph 2: what the plot is; who the main characters are Paragraph 3: what you think of the book; whether or not you you would recommend it and why/why why/ why not.

9

•a

tar

 

Flashback GRAMMAR Mo d a l v e r b s

The passive C o m p l e t e t h e q u e s t iioo n s a n d a n s w e r s , u s i n g the passive form an d the words given.

Underline the correct option.

1 If you want to visit China you must/may/can have a visa. 2 You  shouldn't/needn't/have not to   wear those trousers: they look a bit tight 3 You  don't have to/mustn't/needn't   smoke in here. It's against the rules. 4 I think you should/must/have to   iron that shirt. It's really creased 5 We've got plenty of time. You  needn't/mustn't/ t /mustn't/ shouldn't  hurry. 6 She's always buy buying ing new clothes. She must/ has to/s houl houldd get lots of pocket money. C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h   should/shouldn t + have  + P a s t p a r t i c i p l e a n d a s u i t a b l e f o r m of the verbs in the box.

take get put lock

call

eat

Causatives

1 I left my case on the back seat of the car and it

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g   h a v e   o r   ge t   a n d

was stolen. I the car. 2 I feel sick. I a second piece of cake. 3 I was in my pyjamas when Paul P aul and his mates mates dropped by by.. They me to let me know they were coming 4 We went for a walk in the country coun try and got lost. We a map with us. 5 Bob had his walle wallett in his back pocket and it was stolen. H e it there. 6 There was a massive queu queuee for tickets. We there earlier.

the words in brackets.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s u s i n gg   m u s t h a v e / c a n t h a v ee   + P a s t p a r t i c i p l e .

1 I told Carl that Dave's birthday party was tonight. I'm sure he hasn't forgotten. He . 2 Amy's not in her bedroom. I'm sure she's gone to school. She . 3 I saw your gglasses lasses on the kitchen table. I'm sure you've left them there. You 4 I can't find my glasses. I am sure I didn't leave lea ve them on the sofa. I . 5 The kitchen window is open. open. I'm sure Ev Evan an forgot to lock it He 6 Nina and Tony aren't talking to each other. other. I'm sure they've had an argument. They 60

1 Q When (the little girl/ girl/ findj? A She (find) two hours ago in a nearby park. (Th (Thomas/ omas/ arrest)? arrest)? 2 Q When A Last L ast night. He (take) to the local police station where he (questio (question) n) and (charge) with murder. 3 Q What will happen if he (find) guilty? (give) a A H e will probably life sentence. 4Q (you/ (you/ ever/fine) ever/fi ne) for something? A Yes, I (fine) once, for travelling on the bus without a ticket

1 She's ggone one ttoo th thee hairdres ser's. She's (hair/cut). 2 The windo w is broken. They're going to (the glass/ replace) replace).. 3 She got some chocolate on her blouse. She will have to (blouse/clean). 4 Our house need needss decorating. We have every five years (it/ paint). 5 The swimm swimming ing pool at our school is really old. We must (new one/ build). 6 The brakes on my scooter don't work very well. I'm them for me (mechanic/ check).

Round up Correct the sentences.

1 I'm not sure what I'm doing tonight. I can go go to the cinema. 2 for Youyou. know yyou ou couldn't smoke. It's really bad 3 You must have told me that you wanted to go home. I would have given you a lift. 4 I can't find my keys. I can have left them in the car. 5 That building is closed down last month. 6 J une has awarded a prize for maths today. 7 I will have my mobile stolen at work yesterday. 8 I'm cutting my hair tomorrow.

 

Flashback VOCABULARY Clothes Com plete the m issing words in the text. The f i r s t l e t t e r is is g iv iv e n e a c h t i m e .

The ec c e n tr ic Mr TVi TVirrly My teacher Mr Twirly always wears a pair of blue (I)j , a (2) j and underneath underneath he wears a checked (3) s and a (4) t . Once he was wearing different coloured (5) s , one black and one white. He looked really funny. Yesterday I saw him with his girlfriend in town. She was wearing a mini (6) s . , a tiny (7) t , a black (8) leather j and a pair of big black (9) b On Sundays, they always go jogging in the park: he wears a (10 ) t -s and she wears a pair of (II)s and a (12) T.

C r ime Fill in the gaps with the correct form of one of the word s in the box. There is one m ore.

mug pickpocket theft drug dealer hijack rob rape

1 A girl was as she was taking money out of a cashpoint machine. The grabbed her handbag, but luckily she had put the money in her pocket. 2 A bank was very disappointed when he went into a local bank. They had no money and he had to leave empty-handed. 3 A man who put his hand in my bag on the bus was later arrested for 4 The on the plane threatened to kill the passengers. 5 The man was found with a bag of cocaine in his bag. He was found guilty of . 1 0   C o r r e c t t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d s i n tthh e f o l l o w i n g

W o r d b u ild in g : F a s h io n

Complete the spaces with the correct form of the words below.

expense fashion compete enthusiasm successful decision origin confidence

A It's OK, I suppose, suppos e, this dress, I mean. mean. B Come on Be a bit more (1) That dress really suits you A No, I'm not sure. It's not vvery ery 'trendy', is it? It looks a bit old-(2 ) and it's a bit (3) . It's more than I intended to spend. B I agree. It's not cheap, but It is a Prada This style is back in again; it was on the front cover of  Voguel   It makes you look really slim, too. Anyway, you need something that makes you look strong and (4) . There's going to be a lot of (5) for the job. Everyone wants to work for Donatella Versace A But don't you think it wil willl look funny? I mean it's Prada B I think it's a great Idea - very (6) You'll be different. All the other candidates will be wearin wearingg the same - a Versace A I don't know. M aybe I should shoul d try on that Stella McCartney dress again. B You can't keep changing your mind. You are so (7) We haven't got time anyway. Take the Prada, it looks great. It will be a (8)

A OK, I'll take it. I hope you're right

sentences.

1 There have been a number ooff thieves at our school recently. 2 Bank thieves were arrested as they were driving away. 3 I was stolen on the way to the underground last week. 4 My classmate was arrested for drug selling. selli ng. 5 H e broke into into tthe he bank's computer aand nd was charged with hijacking. 6 Shop theft has gone up in the last year. year. People P eople blame the economic crisis. 7 The man was sent to prison for robbing. robbi ng. 8 Muggers broke into our house and stole our TV TV.. Crime collocations Read the sentences and choose the correct answer A, B or C

1 The criminal was arrest arrested ed the murder of a homeless man. A for B with C about 2 The man was charged drug trafficking. A for B with C in 3 A 16 -year-old -year-old girl was sentence sentencedd 6 weeks community service. A to B for C with 4 SSomeone omeone broke the bakery and ate a lot of the cakes. A up B into C out 5 The politic politician ian was put house arrest. A into B under C inside

61

 

Learnin

7 2 

A rI en p ayi r s o u good at maths? , answer these questions. 1 What is your your attitude towards towa rds maths? Is it the same as in your first yyears ears at school? 2 What do you think the importanc importancee of numeracy is in your everyday life life?? ©   2.0 7 Listen to and read this article abou t literacy and num eracy in the UK. For each sen tence, ch oose the best option A, B or C.

G\   Í   ^  AH  W

W e lsaid l - k n othat w n ith i swasn't t o r i a nexactly a n d e daccurate. ucat ion correspo nde nt Mark Baker agreed He e'On d u cthe a t i contrary, o n I n t h ethere U K . .   isE dclear u c a tioevidence n T o d a y   a s k e d M r B a k e r ifif itit w a s t r u e t h a t that literacy has improved. In a survey carried out in the early 80's, only 25% of school pupils achieved 5 or more good 0 level passes, while last year 's survey

t onumeracy t a llkk t o in u s the o n UK t h e with s t a te t other e o f countries. l He i t e rtold a c y me w a swed ewere c l i n i'bottom n g i n Bofr i tthe a i n class' . in maths. Fewer children continue with maths after the age of 16 than in any country in Europe - with the exception of Scotland which has a slightly different

shows that 58% of children who took GCSE 's got A passes.' He said said we should be more worried about numeracy. 'A lot of work has been done and money spent on improving reading and writing skills, so far, the same has not been done for numeracy.'

curriculum. According to Mr Baker, problems often begin at primary school. 'Teachers aren't incompetent, they just don't explain it well, so kids feel lost, get bored and lose interest.' It's not surprising then, that a lot of children dislike maths and drop it as soon as they can.

Apparen tly we Brits are not good aatt maths Num eracy levels have worsened since the last survey carried out in 2003. It's down from 26%-22%. Mr Baker told me it wasn't just a question of maths. He said the British working population's knowledge of basic maths was very poor. 'Did you know that 17 million people - th at's about half the working population of Britain - have the numeracy levels of a child at primary school? These people might have problems understanding their bills, checking their change or reading bus timetables.' Mr Baker explained that the consequences of poor numeracy were shocking. 'You are twice as likely to do badly at school, be unemployed, or suffer from depression.'

I asked him why we were so bad at maths. He said there were a lot of reasons, including the fact that maths and sciences did not get the same respect they got in other countries - it is OK here to say 'I 'm no goo d at maths' in a way that it is not in most other parts of the world.' He gave other reasons including: a shortage of good teachers and poor incentives for maths graduates to train as teachers. I asked him whether anything was being done about it. 'Well, just last year a new charity was launched dedicated to improving numeracy standards in the UK: The National Numeracy organization. It is working to bring the problem to the attention of the public. He told me I should google it '

1 asked him if any studies had been carried out to compare

1 Mr Baker. Baker..... A agreed that literacy was getting worse. B did not think literacy was getting worse. C believ believed ed education was getting getting worse.

People who have problems with maths.. A feel ashamed ooff themselv themselves. es. B can hav havee problems aft after er school. C drop out ooff school early early..

2 According to Mr Baker... A there has not been enough interest in improving maths skills. skills . B too much money has been spent on improving literacy. C there has been a lot of interest interest in improving numeracy.

In other European countries... A maths teachers are paid bett better. er. B pupils spend mo more re time on maths. C maths is a popular school subject.

3 According to the survey... A 50 % of English people people have have problems problems with maths. B 50 % of of English children have have problems problems with maths. C 50 % of ol English people with jobs have problems with maths. •  *

The new charity aims to... A help children learn to read and write. B help children learn m maths aths skills. C raise money for numeracy projects.

6

1

 

FL SH

F OR OR W R D

Wh at do you think a survey about m aths in your country would say?

Reported statements H e   said  that it  w a s n' t  exactly accurate. H e   told  m e w e  w e r e  'bottom of the class' in maths.

Reported questions I  a s k e d  h im   w h e t h e r  a n y t h i n g  w a s b e i n g  done a bout it. F ind m or e e xa m ple s of r e por te d sta te m e nts w ith say/tell   or othe r ve r bs a nd r e por te d que stio ns w i t h   if/whether  in the text. Gram ma r reference p 121

FLASHPOINT The w or d or de r in r e por te d que stions is the sa m e a s in sta te m e nts a nd the r e is no que stion m a r k. I asked him why we were so bad at maths.

Comp lete the second sentence in reported speech beginning with the word s given.

1 There is clear evidence that literacy has improved.' He said 2 'Only 25 % of school pupils achieved 5 or more more good 0 level passes.' He told me that 3 Is it true that literacy Is declining? declini ng? I asked him If 'We should be more worried about numeracy.' He said Teachers don't always explain it well.' He said 'What is being done about it?' I asked what 'Numeracy levels have worsened.' He said that 'It is working to bring the problem to the attention of the public.' He told me FLASHPOINT P r onouns, tim e a nd pla c e e xpr e ssions c a n c ha nge if you r e por t som e thing tha t h a ppe ne d on a different day in a different place. tomorrow   — •   the the next day here -* there this that

-rs

R e a d L i n d a ' s l e t t e r t o T e s ss,, t h e n c o m p l e t e t h e sentences with reported speech.

Hi Tess, I  really love it here. Sorry I haven't written before, •bttt I've beettreally busy. The-people-1 study withat the English Training College are really friendly and I've made loads of friends. We went clubbing on Friday and  and  I got to bed at two Yes terd ay we went to London for a literary tour,  tour,   I chose the London of Oscar Wilde audit   was-great We're going,  to.London again next Saturday to go shopping in   Camden Market. It's time to go back to try lesson now. I have to revise, because we have an exam at the end of next week. week. I'llll be a qualified teac t eac her soon Give my love love to every everyone. one. _ Linda She said she really loved it Linda told me she made lots of friends and she been really busy. She told me that she had to London great. for a literary tour, which She said she was going again the week. She added she to revise for her examination.

V ocab u lary:  

Education

Find the correspo ndin g nou ns of the verbs below. More than one answer is sometim es possible.

train teach qualify examine punish educate revise explain practise know behave

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the wo rds from exercise 5.

1 Schoo Schooll is not the only place ttoo get a good 2 I think the at my school Is excellent; it's of a very high standard. as a teacher in this It's really difficult to country. Academic Acade mic are not as important as experience in the work place. Corporal is wrong; we shou should ld never beat children. The best teachers things really clearly, so everyone can understand. The for bad behaviour is too strict at our school. A foreign language is like a musical instrument: it needs lots of

63

 

School life

4 

D o yo y o u k n o w w h a t t h e p h r a s a l vvee r b s i n b l u e mean? Do this quiz and find out

1 If you you   drop out of  of  school, do you leave school or fail your exams? 2 When you  you  get on with your with your teacher do you like them or fight with them? 3 If you are find finding ing it diffi difficult cult to  to  keep up  up  In class, does it mean you are behind with your studies because you don't understand or that you can't stay awake? 4 If a bboy oy is  is falling behind  behind  with his school work, does It mean that he is not doing as well as other pupils or that he does not like doing schoolwork? 5 If you you   get into  into  college, do you walk into the building or become a student? 6 When you  you  bunk off  off  school do you stay away from school permanently or temporarily? 7 Tom missed his parents when he started school but he soon  soon  got over it. over it. Did he stop missing them or did he stop thinking about them? 8 If you you turn  turn down an down an offer of a place at university, does it mean you have been rejected or that you have not accepted the place? 9 If you you sail  sail through your through your exam, do you find it easy and do well or do you go to the interview and leave immediately? 10 When people make people make fun of  of  you, do you think it's fun or do you feel hurt? Now com pare your answers with your partner.

3  ( ° )   2 .0 8 L i s t e n t o f o u r p e o p l e t a l k i n g a b o u t e d u c a t i o n . T ic ic k t h e p h r a s a l v e r b s i n e x e r c i s e 1 as you hear th em .

letters only once. There is one extra sen tence which you do not need to use.

Which speaker... A says experience can be more important than education. B says small classes help. children do well. C worked for a yyear ear before going to university. D believes poor children have no chance of doing well at school. E had good friends at scho school. ol. 5

last humour for the

64

semester.'

Speake Speakerr l D Speake Speakerr 2 D Speake Speakerr 3 D Speaker 4 D

i ^oy 2 .0 9 C o m p l e t e t h e g a p s w i t h t h e c o r r e c t p r e p o s i t i o n . Th Th e n l iiss t e n a n d c h e c k y o u r answers.

The truth Is, I was never keen (1) scho ol. I was a bit immature I suppose. I used to bunk (2) school regularly to go to the cinema or to make my own films. When I was 15 15 I dro ppe d (3) of school. I couldn't see the point of carrying on. M ARCUS

When I was a child I had real problems reading, it could take me up to an hour to read a page and I couldn't keep (4) with my classmates. Things got better after that. I made real progress, sailed (5 ) my exams and got (6) university •

'I'll start with a joke: That will be the

(o)   2 .0 8 Listen again and choose from the list A-E wh at each sp eaker says. Use the

•

•

•

•

•  

ADELE

I got (7) really well with everyone and they persuaded me to work full-time. I decided to turn (8) my place at Cambridge and take the job. My parents were really upset at first. They thought I was making a big mistake. They got (9 ) it whe n they saw how happy I was. SALLY

I

w

 

V ocab u lary:   F o r ma l Reporting verbs The y pe r sua de d m e to w or k f ull- tim e . M y pa r e nts w a r n e d m e I w ould r e gr e t it. G r a m m a r rer e f e r e n c e p 1 2 2

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a r e p o r t iinn g v e r b f r o m t h e b o x i n t h e c o r re re c t f o r m a n d t h e w o r d s in brackets.

promis e „xteny „xteny** "" remind s ugges t

offer

admit

1 I haven't touched your computer computer (She/Kate) She denied touching Kate's computer.

2 'OK , I'll tidy the kitchen. (Paul)

3 I'll do my homework before I go out. (M atthe w) 4 Let's oorder rder a piz pizza. za. (H e) 5 Don't forget to pay the rent. (She/ me) 6 I ate the chocolat chocolatee in the the fridge fridge (Ja mes)

v s in fo r ma l

R e a d w h a t T h o m a s B r o w n s a i d o n tthh e r a d i o about education and poverty. Replace the informal words in brackets with the more formal w ords in the box in the correct form.

achieve

perform (x2) receive connecti on overcome wealthy children get into difficulties carry out

I have been asked whether there is a (1) (link) between how (2) (well-off) a family is and how well a child (3) (does) at school. Clearly there is. Poorer children have less of a chance of (4) (gett (getting) ing) good results than richer ones and are more likely to (5) (fall behind) with their schoolwork. H owev owever, er, it is also true that some educational systems can help (6) (kids) from poorer backgrounds (7) (g (get et over) these disadvantages disadvantag es so that they end up (8) (doing) just as well as those from richer backgrounds. They (9) (did) a study recently that shows that disadvantaged children in Canada, Finland or Japan have a much better chance of passing their exams than a child from a similar background in the UK or the United States. Smaller classes help them succeed. This is probably because the children (10 (10)) (get) (get) more attention from their teachers.

Reporting commands/requests ' C a n you br ing us the m e nu? ' I a ske d him to br ing us the m e nu. 'Please c an I go to the pa rty?' Jo begged her mum to let her go to the party. ' D on' t be la te ' Mum told us not to be late. 'Be quiet ' S he or de r e d m e to be quie t. Gram mar reference p 123

In groups of three. Student A, write a request or com m and ; student B, read Student A's request and mime it. Student C, you have

P r e p o s i t i o n s f o l l o w e d b y  i n g  v e r b I was I sa w point I was

ne ve r ke e n o n goin g to sc hool. no point in c a r r yin g on. / I didn' t se e the of doing it. only inte r e ste d in going to the c ine m a .

F i n d e x a m p l e s o f p r e p o s i t i o n s f o l l o w e d b y   -ing in the te xt in e xe r c ise 8. U nde r line the m .

C ritical th in k in g Work in groups. Write a paragraph about the

t o g u e s s a n d s a y i t in in r e p o r t e d s p e e c h . T h e n swap roles.

c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n c l a s s ssii zzee a n d e d u c a t i o n a l success at school. Use a form al register.

S t u d e n t  A  

We have been asked whether there is a connection between class size and success at school. C learly, there is. / There is llittle ittle evidence to suggest...

Can you open the w window? indow? Lu ask ed Sue to open the window. S t u d e n t   B   Give me your pen S t u d e n t   A   Sue asked Mark to give her a pen. pen. S t u d e n t  C  

Say it 1 0  W h a t h a s b e e n y o u r e x p e r i e n c e a t s c h o o l s o far? Have you always been keen on school? H a v e y o u e v e r fa f a i l e d a n e xxaa m ? W h a t a r e y o u interested in? Talk to your partner. Language developmen t p 100 65

 

Use of English C o l l o c a t i o n s :  :   ge t  v s  have

W o r d fo r ma tio n : N e g a tiv e p r e fix e s

ge t  good grades, a terrible mark, good results, attention, a job, ill, punishe d, told told   o f f ,  ,  into trouble, pocket m oney, a prize prize,, a reward have have   lessons, exams, a seminar, a lecture, p roblems, trouble, difficulty, difficulty, time, homework, a hard time, a good time, a look, a drink, drink, lunch, breakfast

F i n d t h e i n c o rr rr e c t s e n t e n c e s a n d c o r r e c t t h e m .

1 I got the flu and had to have time off school. 2 We didn't use to take much attention from the teacher because the class was too big. 3 When Ted left school he took a job in an office. 4 I hav havee a difficult assignment to to do for school. 5 Univers ity students don't go to lessons. They get seminars and lectures. 6 More students ha hadd 'A's in their exams this year. 7 I have a sugg suggestion: estion: why wh y don't we play a game game?? 8 J ay misbehaved at school and got into trouble a lot. 9 H e took good grades grades in Greek and Latin. Lati n. Common phrasal verb collocations M a t c h t h e v e r b in in A w i t h w o r d s i n B t o m a k e as man y collocations as you ca n.

A get into sail throu gh turn down get on with make fun of be keen on get over sit for app ly to get on

B a disa ppointme nt the teacher other pupils football an exam maths a job offer university the first team H arvard other people's mistakes school in life

to get into university/the first team/Harvard

3  N o w c o m p l e t e t h e c o l l o c a t io i o n s i n t h e f o l lo lo w i n g sentences.

1 Marcus wasn't

school. He didn't like

2 studying. A H as Susan univer university? sity? B Yes, but she has her offer of a place. She's going to work. 3 Adele's sch schoolmates oolmates were very nice to her. her. They did not make her when she couldn't read. 4 Adele was an ex excellent cellent student. She her exams at university and became a doctor. 5 Marcus's parents w were ere very very disappointed when he dropped out of school but they It when he graduated from film college.

66

mis-opposite Neorga f ixe sw suc   an d  in-   of give w d tive a m epra ening hic hh aiss  the thea original. Look at these examples from this unit. ir+   a dje c tive : They thought I was was   irresponsible. ilil+ adjec tive: Are Brits becoming  becoming   illiterate? im -   + a dje c tive : I suppose I  w a s  a bit  bit  immature. in+   a dje c tive : Teachers aren't  aren't   incompetent. dis-  + v erb: dislike  maths, A lot of children   dislike  mis- +   ve r b: A lot of the children were were   mistreated.

Write th e correct prefix in the spaces. Use your dictio na ry if you are not sure.

1 2

behave  polite

5  6

legal moral

3 4

understand understand agree

7 8

ddependent ependent organised

Challenge your partner to make a sentence w i t h o n e o f t h e w o r d s f r o m e x e rc rc i s e 4 .

My room is untidy untidy.. I 'm pret pretty ty disorganised. Can you think of other examples for the p r e f i xe xe s ? I n p a i r ss,, w r i t e t h e m d o w n a n d com pare your lists. U s e t h e w o r d i n b r a c k e t s to to f o r m a w o r d that fits in each gap.

A nau ghty boy At primary school, I was very well-behaved. Then when I reac reached hed (1) (SECOND) School, something changed. I started to (2) (BE H AVE) and get into trouble quite often. Teachers told my parents I was very (3) (POLITE) and would answer teachers back all the time. But this is not true. I think the school (4) (UNDE RS TAND) me. I wasn' wasn'tt naughty, I was bored. School was not interesting and I (5) (LIK E) being there. I wanted to leave leave and get an (6) (EDU CATE) in the real world, where I could learn useful things and be (7) (DEP END ). I hated all the discipline and control. I just wanted to be free.

 

Flash on Grammar Round up

Reported statements Complete the sentences.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar m ean ing to the first senten ce, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words including the word given.

1 'I need a new computer.' Anne said she . 2 'I swimmi swimming.' ng.' Dave said he was going swimming. 3 'I've had m myy hair cut.' Lisa said she cut. 4 'A lette letterr came for you this morning', she told him. She said a letter morning. 5 'I studying.' Mike said he had been studying. 6 'I'll help you.' J immy said he .

1 'Please don't talk during the test ' STOP The teacher told during the test. 2 'I've never been to Englan d.' HAD Paul said he to England. 3 'Can yyou ou check my spell spelling?' ing?' IF Ella asked her teacher her spelling. 4 'Ha ve you you done your homework?' WHETHER The teacher asked us our homework. 5 'Let's call the university.'

Paul sent his girlfriend an em ail a m onth ago from Bangkok . Rewrite the sentences as if you are Paul's girlfriend an d you are telling a friend wha t he told you.

1 2 3 4 5 6

'I love it but I'm not going to stay here.' 'The hotel is a bit expensive.' expensive. ' 'I'm going on a jungle tour next week.' 'I bought my ticket yesterday.' 'I'm meeting up with Kevin tonight.' 'Kevin's bee beenn in TThailand hailand for a month.'

SUGGESTED Mike the university. 6 'Can I borrow your notes?' COULD Nick _ him my notes. 7 'Where were yyou ou last night?' BEEN Tina asked me the night before.

WBp 56

Reported questions Report the questions.

1 'Do you know where Martin lives?' He asked me 2 'Is J ack still a teacher?' She asked me 3 'Is it raining?' He asked me 4 'H ow long hav havee they been been married?' She asked me 5 'Do yyou ou want to come out tonight?' They asked me 6 'Whi 'Which ch university uni versity did your brother go to?' He asked me Reporting verbs

 

fi

Complete the sentences with the right reporting verb in the past simple .

1 'Stop talking ' H e me to stop talking. 2 'Can you help me?' She me to help her. 3 'You shoul shouldd go to the doctor.' H e me to go to a doctor. 4 'I'll go and buy a pizza.' pizza. ' H e to buy a pizza. 5 'OK, I'll make dinner.' H e to make dinner. 6 'I won't tidy my room.' H e to tidy his room.

Think of the word w hich best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

A

G A P 

VE

R

Adele had passed her exams and now, she said, she (1) to celebrate. 'I want to (2) a good time', she said. She asked us (3) we wanted to go to a party at her place the following Saturday. Of course, we all agreed (4) be there. She also announced that she (5) planning to take a year off. I asked where she wanted (6) spend her gap year and she said her dream (7) to go to the USA for a year. But her mum and dad said they disagreed (8) her plan. They told her (9) stay home and prepare for the first year at University. University. They sug suggested gested she (10) _ _ _ _ _ have have a few days off and then (11 ) a job to earn some money. Adele begged them to let her (12 ) a gap year, because she had always wanted to travel and she said reading books was not the only way to get an education

WBp 57

67

 

Skills

Top Universities  you read B efWore h a t d o yo yo u t h i n k t h e c o n n e c t i o n is wit h these three top universities?

a Cambridge University b MIT (Mas sachusetts Institute of Technology) Technology) c H arvard University Wh at do you know a bout top Universities? In pairs, do this quiz and find out

A sophomore student at an American University is In the  first/second   year. Cambridge is the  oldest/second oldest   university in Europe. Barack Obama studied law at   Harvard/MIT.

Which university has a beaver as a mascot?  MIT/ Harvard/Cambridge.

Latin is used at the graduation ceremony of

Harvard/Cambridge  undergraduates. Harvard and MIT/Harvard and Cambridge

University are both in Massachusetts.

Reading S t u d e n t s f r o m t h r e e t o p i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n i v e r s iitt i e s w e r e a s k e d t o t e l l potential students something they should know about their university. Read the paragraphs and check your answers to exercise 2.

P a t r i c k H el e l l er er , M e d i c i n e u n d e r g r a d u a t e , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s iti t y , C a m b r i d g e M a s s a c h u s e t t s

Last January, I took a class on how to be a DJ here. It's true J anua ry arts intensives intensives are held a week before school starts in the spring.  You can study things like theatre, film and music. Classes are small and you have a professional teaching you. I signed up for the coolest clas s 'H ow to be a deeja y'. We had Boston D J Super Squirrel teaching us. She is big on the Boston dance scene. We didn't have to take any exams at the end of it so it was fun. EH Oh, yyes es you should als o know that Barack Obama studied at Harvard Law School. B a h u m a t h i G u p t a , En En g i n e e r i n g g r a d u a t e f r o m M I T

The first day I arrived I asked my roommate why MIT had chosen a beaver as their mascot. He joked that it was because they are 'cute'.   0 L  The MIT motto  mens et manus   means 'mind and hand'. One of the best things I did was to apply for an internship through Misti (the international science and tech nol ogy initiatives) at the end of my so pho more year - the end of my se con d year. year. E  E T  It's an organisation that matches MIT students to internships with companies and universities all over the world according to their skills and objectives, so you can put into practice what you've learnt. It's a great opportunity to explore different career options, experience working in another culture and another language. I spent a year in India, all expenses paid, visiting a variety of construction companies . It wasn't a holiday, holiday, I worke d like a 'beaver' 'beaver' But there iiss more ttoo education than studying. H T  I met some wonderfu wonderfu l people and it's it's an experience I will will never forget. H e r m i o n e B a s h , M a t h s u n d e r g r a d u a t e , C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s iti t y , U K

You probably already know that Cambridge University is the second oldest university in Europe after Oxford.  Oxford.  @ L  We wear gowns only on formal occasi ons. The first time I wore mine was when I matriculated.  WO   Formal Hall Is dinner served in in Hall on the main college site. It is a three-course, waiter-served, candlelit, meal. A gong Is sounded and we all stand in silence while Fello ws (professors) s ay prayers In Latin. All the men have to wear a suit and tie under their gowns gowns . If yyou've ou've seen the  Harry Potter   films, you will have an idea.

 

Culture Seven sentences have been removed from the texts. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which best fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

A Mark Twain said 'I have never let my schooling scho oling interfere with my education' and I agree. B It is the richest university universi ty in the world. C Misti truly exemplifies exemplifies this motto. D We have to wear wear our gowns when whe n we go to Formal Hall. E It is a chance to do something fun before the real work starts. F We had to produce our own mix instead. G In fact, it is because they are industrious and an d skilled mechanics. H It was established in 12 09 and we keep a lot of the old traditions, like wearing gowns and using Latin

Speaking sk your partner abou t their education so far. U s e t h e se se p r o m p t s .

m

1 Were they happy happy// unhappy at nu nursery rsery// elementary// primary scho elementary school? ol? Why/ Why not? not? 2 What was their first schoo school/l/ first teach teacher er like like?? 3 What Wh at was their primary school/ middle school like? 4 Were their teachers strict? 5 What were lessons like? Interesting Interesting// Boring? Boring? 6 Were they good pupils? 7 What were their favourite subjects? 8 Did they have meals at school schoo l or at hom home? e? 9 H ow do they fe feel el about their curr current ent school? 10 Are they planning to go on to higher education? If not, why not not?? If yes, yes, where/ what would they like to study? W h a t i m p r o v e m e n t s d o y o u t h i n k c o u ld ld b e made to schools? Discuss in pairs.

Listening 2.10  L i s t e n t o P a t r i c k , B a h u m a t h i a n d Hermione talking about applying to university and underline the correct answer.

1 The day Patrick found out he had been accepted he was working part time in a store/ he was volunteering in the llocal ocal hospital.

2 Bahumathi's family fa mily wanted her to to go to Yale, because  Bill Clinton/her father   had been there. 3 Hermione thought/didn't think  she would go to university. 2.10  L i s t e n a g a i n . C h o o s e f r o m t h e l i s t A - H w h a t e a c h s p e a k e r s a y s . Y ou ou c a n m a t c h each speaker to more than one sentence. There is one extra sentence that you do not need to use.

A The speaker thought he/ he/ she had chosen the right university. B The speaker's teac teachers hers thought he/ he/ she should go to university. C The speaker heard that only minority of applicants hadhad been accepted theayear before he/she applied. D The speaker's teachers supported supported him/her. E The speaker was not confident confid ent about getting into university. F The speaker came from a po poor or family. family. G The speaker did no nott find the interview interview difficult. diff icult. H The speaker ha hadd famous teachers. teachers. Patrick Bahumathi Hermione

W riting

You are going to write a report on 'Education in my country today'. Follow this structure:

Paragraph 1: Background: why you are writing this report; why it is necessary; how you collected the information. Paragraph 2: Describe the experiences of your interviewees interview ees at elementary/ elementary/ primary school. Paragraph 3: Describe the experiences of pupils at middle school/ school/ high school. Paragraph 4: Make suggestions and recommendations for improvement. EXAM

S TRATEGIES

The aim of the   report  is to give facts and make suggestions for improvement. You should demonstrate you can do the following: •   use reported speech for statem ents, questions and commands •   include direct speech , correctly pun ctuat ed •   use reporting verbs   [he said/told me/com plained/ admitted/regretted] •   give your report a title •   u s e h ead i n g s •   organise inform ation into logical and sequential p ar ag r ap h s

N o w w r i t e yo y o u r r e p o rtrt ( 1 2 0 - 1 8 0 w o r d s ) .

 

Tim Ti m e is mone Ask and answer this question with your partner.

What do you do when you want to buy something, but do not have any money? 18-year-old Cecile Roberts has written an article for her school magazine about how some people manage without money. Read the article quickly and give a definition of the followin g express ions:

1 a swap party 2 a complimentary currency 3 a time bank

R e a d t h e t e x t a g a in in a n d a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .

1 H ow did people in the Sto Stone ne Ag Ages es demonstrate a sense of community? 2 Why do people use time banks? 3 What does Eleftheria like most about the time bank she has joined? 4 What do Italians think of swap partie parties? s? 5 Where can the Brixton pound bbee spent? F i n d a n d u n d e r l iinn e t h e s e w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s iioo n s i n t h e a r t i c l e . T h e n m a t c h t h e m t o t h e i r d e f i n iitt i o n ss   a-f.

1 2 3 4 5 6

commodities get by cope booming afford hard up

a b c d e f

• D O D D D

be able to pay for becoming very popular have money problems manage survive goods

hat is money? It is the coins and banknotes we give in exchange for goods and services. Before coins and banknotes came along however, people did not use money at all. Commodities were bartered or exchanged. Two of the earliest known goods to be bartered were grain and livestock. In the Stone Ages economies were also in part gift economies, where people shared what they had without expecting anything in return. In times of recession , whe n a lot of peop le are short of cash, we can find creati ve ways to cop e witho ut mone y.

T i m e   banking

omplementary

currencies

A time bank is where people exchange skills and services online. The unit of currency is hours not money and you can get into debt without paying interest. interes t. Time banks are used by people who cannot afford to pay for services. In Greece, where a lot of people have been hit by the country's economic crisis, exchange networks are booming. Eleftheria Manos. who has joined an Athens time bank, says the best thing about it is it creates solidarity. How does it work? If for example, you spend two hours babysitting, you will be credited with two hours. Eleftheria has earned ten hours credit giving piano lessons. 'So far, I haveand spent m y credit on having myI car fixed getting my hair done and haven't spent a penny, which is fantastic '

Brixton £10 note.

Fashion

swap parties

¡ffPSI 7

1

Brixton, in south London, has its own currency - the Brixton pound (B£). It is a complementary currency which is used alongside the pound sterling. It does not replace it. You can buy notes or even have credit put onto your mobile phone and pay for things by text It was created in an attempt to revive the local economy. It can only be used in the area, which means people are supporting local shops and businesses instead of spending their money at big high street chains. Pop singer David Bowie, whose family lived in Brixton between 1947-1953, is featured on the

•

Swap parties have really taken off, especially in Italy. Italians love designer clothes, but they are pricey, so they have resorted to this trendy form of exchange. It's simple, if you are hard up but want to shop, set up a swap shop. You just take clothes and accessories which you are bored with and swap them.

 

FL SH

F OR OR W R D

W h a t o t h e r k i n d o f s w a p p a r t i es es c o u l d y o u h a v e ? Ta Ta l k t o y o u r p a r t n e r a n d t h i n k o f a n o t h e r kind of swap party. What wou ld the rules be for participating?

V ocab u lary:   M o n e y 6 

1 My brother has asked the bank for a I end/loan.

2 You should leave the waiter  an extra/a tip. 3 That club we went to w was as a bit  pricey/costly. 4 I've lost the note/receipt   for my new jacket. I won't be able to take it back. 5 What money/currency   do they have in Thailand? 6 My gguitar uitar lessons are cheap. M y teacher only asks/charges  ten pound an hour. 7 The meal was delicious and the  total/bill   was reasonable. We only paid 30 dollars. 8 My dad thinks eating in restaurants is a waste/loss  of money because it costs much less to eat at home. 9 I'm not sure if I have been paid. I need to check my bank  cheque/statement. 10 I'd like to make  a deposit/an account   of 1,000 pounds please.

R e l at i ve c l aus e s D e f i ni ng r e l a t i v e c l a us e s Tim e ba nks a r e use d by pe ople   w h o  c a n' t a f f or d to pay for services. You just take clothes and accessories   w h i c h  you a r e bor e d of a nd sw a p the m . N o n- de f i ni ng r e l a t i v e c l a us e s In Greece,  w h e r e  a lot of people have been hit by the e c onom ic c r isis, e xc ha nge ne tw or ks a r e booming. Ele f the r ia M a nos,   w h o  ha s joine d a n A the ns tim e ba nk, sa ys. . . F i nd m o r e e x a m pl e s o f de f i ni ng a nd no n- de f i ni ng r e l a t i v e c l a us e s i n t he t e x t . U nde r l i ne t he m . | ] 

Underline the correct option.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of a verb from the box.

Gram mar reference p 123

pay

FLASHPOINT

1 H ave you ever any money? H ow did it happen? Did you find it again? 2 What Wha t job does your father do? Do you know how much he ? 3 H ave you ever someone money but not been it back? 4 Do you all your money or are you up for anything at the moment? 5 What Wha t would you do if you ten thousan thousandd pound?? H ow would you pound itit?? 6 Do you anyone any money? If so, when are you going to back? 7 Do you ever money from friends? If so, how much?

R e m e m be r w he n w e a dd e xtr a inf or m a tion in a non- de f ining r e la tive c la use w e c a nnot use   that instead of   wh o  or   which.

M a t c h 1 - 7 w i t h t h e s e c o n d p a r tt   a-g.   I n s e r t c o m m a s a n d r e l a t iivv e p ro ro n o u n s w h e r e necessary.

1 2 3 4 5

That's the café. You accumulate hours. We are looking for volunteers. volunteers . Ted went to school with wit h a guy. guy. A lot ooff people have lost their jobs .

6 currency. The Chinese were the first to uuse se shells as 7 The Athens time bank was set up last yyear. ear. a  D  It now has a thousa nd members, b  D  They allow you to buy services from other members. c  D  They also invented invented the first banknotes, bankn otes, d  D  It's very worryin g, e • We m meet eet there every week, f   • They have have computer skills, g  D  H is sister is a famous famous pop sta star. r.

spend save owe borrow win lose lend give earn invest

Say it 8 

N o w a s k y o u r p a r t n e r t h e q u e s t i o n s iinn e x e r c i s e 7 and give answers w hich are true for you.

Write it 9 

Write short answ ers to one of these question s.

1 What services or skills could you offe offerr a time bank? 2 They say 'money isn't everythin everything'. g'. Do yyou ou ag agree ree?? Why?/ Why not?

71

 

Money doesn't grow on trees R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s a n d m a t c h t h e u n d e r l i n e d e x p r e s s iioo n s t o t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s .

1 2 3 4 5 6

H is parents are loaded They've just bought him a Mercedes Nick 's really mean. H e never offers to pay for anything when we go out. She spends money like water. I'm skint at the moment. Do you think you could lend me ten pounds? Ma Martha's rtha's parents parents ar aree quite well-off. I am not going to be able to go out tonight. I'm broke.

a b c d e f 

D have no money Drich O have no money D wealthy D not generous D uses it up without thinking

R e a d e x trt r a c t s 1 - 5 a n d m a t c h t h e m w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n ss   a-e.

a D Someone talking about a birthday, b  D A  woman talking talki ng about her father, c  D A  girl talking about her job in a restaurant, d D Someone who is learning English, e •   A  girl talking about her pocket money.

He never buys anything new for himself. My mum buys all his clothes, which he doesn't mind because he hates shopping.

I like my job. There's a great atmosphere and everyone is really nice. The people I work for are loaded. They've got a

I don't really save anything, if I need clothes or anything else, my mum usually gives me more money.

villa by the sea In Majorca.

I just haven't got time to go to a language school or to look for a teacher in the normal way.

3

( ô )   2.11   I  Y o u w i l l h e a r f i v e p e o p l e t a l k i n g a b o u t s p e n d i n g m o n e y . F o r q u e s t i o n s 1 - 5 c h o o s e t h e b e s t an sw er (A, B or C).

1 You will hear a girl talking about her part-time job in a restaurant. What Isn't she happy about? A She doesn't earn a lot. She is eats much. CB She nottoo happy with what she earns. 2 You will hear a man talking about a lessons exchange. Why does he decide to do it? A H e doesn't have have enough money. money. B H e is too busy to find private tuition. tuitio n. C He is swapping with with a friend. 3 You hear a girl talking about abou t her pocket money. What does she do with it? A She buys things to eat and drink. B She spends it on clothes. C She is saving it. 7

I wanted to get something special for Amy, but I was skint, so I decided to cook her a nice dinner at home.

You hear a man talking about what happened on his girlfriend's birthday. What did he do? A H e cooked her a meal. somemoney money money. CB H e found lost some money. . . You hear a woman talking about her dad's spending habits. What doesn't he like spending money on? A furniture B clothes C restaurants

FL SH

F ORW ORW RD

Wh at w ould you do if you found a wallet containing credit cards and m oney?

 

V ocab u lary:   M o n e y

FUNCTIONS Making excuses

6 

A C ould you le nd m e som e m one y? I w a nt to go to the gig. The tickets cost 50 pounds. B Sorry, I wo uld , but I'm broke. I c a n' t, I ' m sa ving up f or a ne w sm a r tp hone . 50 poun ds Tha t' s a r ip ip of of f 50 pounds ? I ' m not m a de of m one y

idioms

M a t c h t h e m o n e y i d io i o m s iinn t h e b o x t o t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s . U s e yyoo u r d i c t i o n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .

to be rippe d off to be bankru pt to spend money like water to pay through the nose to make ends meet to be in the black to be in the red

1 to have money money in your account U s e o n e of of t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f r o m t h e F u n c t i o n s box to answe r the q uestions.

2 to use a lot of money withou t consi consideration deration

1 Do you fancy going to that new club? 2 Do yyou ou want to go out for a ppizza? izza? 3 We're going to go and see Radiohe Radiohead, ad, do you want to come? 4 It's a really great laptop, why wh y don't you you get itit?? 5 Dad, can you get me a new moped?

3 not to to have any money money in yyour our aaccount ccount 4 to have enough money to pay your bills 5 to be ruined financially 6 to be m made ade to pay too much for someth something ing 7 to pay too much

P r e p o s i t i o n s i n r e l a t iv iv e c l a u s e s

Complete the sentences with an idiom from exercise 6.

The pe op le I w or k   fo r  a r e loa de d The pa y' s not gr e a t, w hic h I ' m not ha ppy   a bo ut .

1 In spite of spending a lot on holiday, I still have some money left in my account. I am still 2 The meal was really nice but extremely expensive. We were definitely 3 H e had to get get another job to pay the rent and his bills. He had to get another job to 4 H e spends his salary on expensive gadgets even though he can't afford them. He

| j 

@ 

Gram mar reference p 124

F L A S HP OI N T

The obje c t pr onoun   whom  is only used in very f or m a l la ngua ge . H ow e ve r , w e a lw a ys use   whom a f te r a pr e position. I n inf or m a l la ngua ge , w e usua lly use   wh o  a nd put the pr e position a t the end of the relative clause. whom  I was talking is the bank The man  man   to whom  manager. (who)  I was talking  to   is the bank The man  man   (who)  talking  to manager.

Reorder the words to m ake sentences.

1 hou house se / the / Shakespeare Shakespeare / in / visite visitedd / bor bornn / we / were

We visited the house Shakespeare was born in.

2 car  /  that / savings savings / 's / the / spent / she / her / all  /  on 3 borrowed t   money money / he / person / 's / the /1 / from 4 100 / woma womann / she / whom / pou pounds nds / 's / the / to /1 / lent lent 5 go gott / new / has / job / gir girll / tennis / whom / play / with / the /1 / a / just 6 cinema / film / spo spoke ke / the / about / Odeo Odeonn / at  /  we  /  on / is  /  the

C ritical th in k in g 8 

R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g s a yi yi n g s a b o u t m o n e y . Discuss their meaning. Do you agree with them? Why?/ Why not?

1 Money makes tthe he world ggoo round. 2 The best things in life ar aree free. 3 Money is the root root of all evil.

V

'And on top ofthat, ofthat, I'm broke.' B

 

Use of English P h r a s a l v e r b s : mo n e y

Complete the following story with a phrasal v e r b f r o m t h e b o x iinn t h e c o r r e c t f o r m .

splas h out save up pay back run up get by pay off get into put aside

Ass? Wo rk in pairs. Read the mini-dialogue s and try to work out what the words in blue mea n.

What are you doing on Saturday? I'm going to splash to splash out  out  and buy myself that new flat screen TV I've seen. 2 A I'm worried about Harry. He seems to have got into debt. I know. He's  He's   run up a up a lot of debt of debt   on his credit card this term. Can you lend me twenty quid? No You haven't  haven't  paid  paid  me me back  back the  the last twenty quid I lent you. Don't worry, I've got a new job, I'm going to 1

asidea  100 aside  4 A put I bought smallpounds bottle aofweek watertoatpay thefor barit. and they charged me five pounds. B Five pounds? You were  were  ripped off 5 A I'm going to leave my job. I'm sick of it. B What will you  you  live  live  on? A I'll  I'll  get by.  by.  I've got some savings. I'll get another job when  when  I run out of  of  money. 6 A You're In a good mood B Yes, I've just finished  finished   paying off  off  the loan on my motorbike. 7 A What Wha t do yyou ou do with the money that you gget et from your bar job? B I'm  I'm  saving up to up to go on holiday. 8 A J ulia said she would be here here at 5. B Don't  Don't  bank on  on  it She's alwa always ys at least an hour late. Now w rite phrasa l verbs from exercise 1 next to the following definition s.

21 3 4 5 6 7 8

use allpaying of/ of/not not have any left finish create a lar large ge debt surviv survive/ e/ manag managee save money for a specific specif ic purpose rely on spend money on something expensive cheat someone by charging them too much

In pairs, see how m any of the phrasal verbs in exercises 1 and 2 yo u can fit into a conversation. The winner is the person wh o fits most in correctly. 74

I've never been good with money. Move buying clothes but I spend too much and often (1) debt. Last year I (2) massive debts on my credit card. I was determined to change my ways, so I got two jobs. I'd also borrowed money from my mum and I promised her that I would (3) her , with interest. interest. I started (4) and within two months I already had three hundred pounds. I also decided to go out less so I could spend as little as possible. Some days I (5) on just 5 pounds a day. One evening, I found a briefcase on a chair in the bar where I worked. There was an old book and a wallet with some money and credit cards. I called the number I found on a business card. The owner was so pleased that he gave me 500 pounds reward I celebrated by (6) on a new designer dress Don't worry, I didn't spend it all I (7) most of it . Now, I don't owe anybody anything, which I'm really pleased about. The day I finish fini sh (8) my credit card I'm going to go into the bank and ask them to cancel it Word formation Read the text below. Use the words given in brackets to form a word that fits in each gap .

Alex loved horses, which is why he worked in a stable on very low (1) (WAGE). He wasn't a (2) (WEALTH) person - he didn't earn much but he always managed to put something aside. He spent his (3) (EARN) on his hobby hobby,, horses One night, he dreamt he saw his (4) (FAVOU (FAVOUR) R) horse, Bella, win a race. So he took out all his (5) (SAVE) (SAVE),, £200, and It wasBella madness, he race. knew,Hebutwas (6) bet it all on her. (LUCK), won the rich He knew ex exactly actly what he would do with his (7) (WIN). He would buy a horse. It was a good (8) (INVEST) and he knew which horse he wanted. He wanted Bella. He was in luck: the (9) (OWN), Mr Thomas, agreed to sell her. her. However, when the day arrived for the (10) (SELL) to take place, Mr Thomas said that, (11) (FORTUNE), he had changed his mind. He couldn't sell Bella. His daughter, who was very fond of Bella, refused to part with the horse.

I

 

Flash on Grammar P r e p o s i t i o n s i n r e l a t iv iv e c l a u s e s

R e la tiv e c la u s e s Read the sentences a nd decide if they are r i gh g h t ( • ) o r w r o n g ( X ) . Co Co r r e c t t h e w r o n g sentences.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e u s i n g a r e l a t iivv e pronoun.

1 She listens to music. It's very loud. The music 2 The job is in Brussels. Rick has applied for itit.. The job 3 We went on holiday with some people. They are coming for dinner. The people 4 I wrote wrote to a pperson. erson. H e has replied. The person 5 We talked about the programme. It's on TV tonight. The programme 6 Tom is very nice. H e lives with my siste sister. r. Tom 7 We had a very nice meal. My dad paid for it. The meal

1 I went to a party which whi ch there was great music. 2 Brixton, which has a reputation for a lively nightlife, has its own currency. 3 The first coin coinss made in Britain were Celtic coins. 4 My dad bought me a new laptop, that I'm really happy about. 5 The man, who called, says he will call again later. 6 Everyone I talked to said they enjoyed the course. 7 Do you remember the film we saw last month? Unde rline, the parts of each senten ce you can omit.

1 The girl who is talking to my brother is from France. 2 People that talk loudl loudlyy get on my nerves. 3 Clothes that are made In Italy are exported exported all over the world. 4 People who have been hhitit by the economic economi c crisis are starting to demonstrate against the government. 5 The car that was stolen was found foun d in the next next street. 6 She's the teacher that I told you about. 7 H e's the man man who shouted at at me. 8 Sean has invited everyone that he knows to his party. Write an app ropriate relative adverb in the g a p s : :  w h e n , w h y   o r   w h e re .

1 I ran Into debt in 20 01 , _ I started university. 2 There are a number of reasons people have started looking for alternatives to using money. 3 At a time money is scarce, people are spending more on lottery tickets and scratch cards. 4 The Lake District, Distric t, my teacher is from, is very popular with tourists. 5 That is the reason I won't lend you any money 6 In Rothe Rotherham, rham, there is a lot of unemployment, many people can't afford to use public transport. 7 A newsagent's is a shop you can buy things like sweets, cigarettes and newspapers. j 

Round up 5

| 

WB p 66

0   Read the text and think of the relative pronoun or adverb wh ich best fits each gap. L e a v e o u t th t h e p r o n o u n w h e r e p o s s i b llee .

Alternative  

e onomies

I went to an interesting talk last week about alternative economies, by this brilliant speaker Naomi Robinson. She said that there are a lot of reasons (1) some people are choosing to create alternative economies. Jobs (2) allow you to live without a care are scarce. People (3) have work ed hard all thei r lives and (4 were looking forwa rd to worki ng less, are having to work more just to get by. Gone are the times (5) you could expect to stay in one job, earn a good salary and get a good pension when you retired. People (6) have paid for goods and servi ces they couldn't afford by spending  (7 (7))  they didn't have and (8) banks encouraged them to borrow, are now finding themselves heavily in debt. There are a number of strategies being used by people (9) want to take back some control of their lives. A lot of people have stopped spending their money at the anonymous big high street chains, (10) profits usually leave the area. Instead, they are choosing to shop locally, (11) shop owners are more flexible and they know they will find friendly personal service.

WBp 66

75

 

Flash on Skills

IMF, The World Bank, WTO Before you read Wha t do countries do wh en

they do not have money to pay their bills? Discuss in class.

Reading You are going to read about three international i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t p l a y a s iigg n i f i c a n t r o l e in in t h e global economy. Read the three fact files and complete the missing headings with the following questions.

-  -  -  -  -

THE WO RLD B

rtjt n

f ï â

Where is it based? Why is it criticised? What does it do? What is its mission? When was it created?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Where is it based and ?

The IMF, based in Washington, D.C., was formed at the end of World War II on 22 July, 1944. It isis an intern ational organisation made up of 188 countries.

•

What are its  k e y   objectives? It works to: •   promote international monetary cooperation •  create financial stability •   facilitate international trade •   support policies which lead to high employment and economic growth 2)

Wh en was it created and w here is it base d?

The World Bank is made up of 187 member countries. It was founded in 1944 at the same time as the IMF. It is based in Washington with over 100 offices worldwide. (3)

1)

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It helps countries going through a crisis by giving them temporary loans. In exchange, countries that are given loans have to implement policies which will guarantee repayment of their loan. These austerity measures include cuts in public spending and often lead to hardship and unrest. Developing countries want more voting rights. What are the arguments for the IMF? It provides financial aid to countries in difficulty and encourages policies which will help to improve the S ' economic efficiency of member states.

?  H o w d o e s i t d o t h i s ?

Its official goal is to help poor nations develop their economies and improve social conditions. It provides loans for education, infrastructure such as transportation systems and communications. [ W h a t a r e s o m e o f t h e c r i t ic ic i s m s ?

It has been criticised for its American dominance. It has also been accused of focusing I on giving loans, not on achieving social goals such as poverty reduction.

^ 

J  W O R L D T R A D E ORGANIZATION (WTO)

and when was it created? (4) Based in Geneva, the WTO was created on January 1, 1995. It consists of 135 member states. What are its objectives? The WTO's mission is to promote free trade by cutting trade It trade does this by and establishing rulesbarriers. of global in goods services and provides a forum for the resolution of trade disputes between nations. It deals with 90% of the world's trade. 70% of its members are from the developing world. What are the arguments for the WTO? Free trade improves living standards worldwide and it resolves trade problems between countries. (5) ? Free trade does not reduce poverty. It exploits workers and damages the environment.

 

For questio ns 1- 8, choo se from the international organisations (A-C). The organisatio ns may be chos en more than o nce. 1 Its mission is to help poor countrie s. 2 It ha hass been crit icis ed for not givi ng enough voice to developing countries. 3 Many people do not like the i nfluen ce the US has over It. 4 Its main task is to create rules whi ch regulate international trade. 5 It has been crit icis ed for damagi ng the environment. 6 The majorit y o off member states are fr om developing countries. 7 It aims to reduce unempl oym ent and to stabilise the economies of countries. 8 It gives loans to build essential s ervices.

Speaking 6   Q   W o r k i n p a irir s a n d l o o k a t t h e p h o t o s A and B. They represent two different ways of r e a c t i n g t o e c o n o m i c c r i s i s . I n t h e fifi r s t p i c t u r e p e o p l e ar ar e d e m o n s t r a t i n g . W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h e y a r e d e m o n s t r a t i n g aabb o u t ? I n t h e s e c o n d pictu re people are at a garage sale. Wha t are t h e y s e l lili n g ? D i s c u s s t h e t w o p h o t o g r a p h s . Use the expressions in the box to help you. In the first/the second/other photo... there is/ there are...  are...  / 1 can see... In the first picture they are..., but/while in the other picture... They look/don't look happy... They might be/They could be...

Lis ten in g 4 

( ° )   2.12 A i d e n a n d E m m a a r e t e s t i n g each other whi le studyin g for an exam o n intern ational institutions . Listen and ans wer the questions. 1 Whi ch of the three instit ution s IMF, Worl d Bank, WTO is not mentioned? 2 What does Aiden feel about cuts on educat ion and health care?

5   (o)   2.12 sentences.

List en again and co mp lete th e

Now talk abo ut possible solutions/ideas for getting by witho ut money.

People who are hard up can/could... Aiden thinks the IMF is a kind of (1) The IMF provides (2) and tech nical assistance to participant countries. The IMF gives advice about financial policy, banking policy and (3) regulat ion. Aiden gets his informat ion from (4) . Countries are asked to cut dow n on (5) so they can (6) thei r loans. Countr ies which have received the biggest loans are Greece, Spain, Italy, (7) , (8) _. Participating countries have to pay a quota to a (9) Aiden needs to (1 0) fro m Emma .

Writing Your teacher has asked you to wri te an essay, giving your opinion on the fo llowi ng statement. One of the major criticisms of international institutions is that the cuts countries are forced to make on public spending lead to social and economic problems. W r i t e y o u r es es s a y ( 1 2 0 - 1 8 0 w o r d s ) . U s e t h e s e wor ds in the box and the prom pts to help you. affo rd/n o t affo rd bo rro w len d co pe get by be short of cash broke hard up run up debt get iinto nto debt

- employ ment/ unempl oyment -  rising prices -  the environment  environment  

- p pay ay cuts - educa tio n -  health

 

Flashback Relative Relati ve c laus es

GRA MMA R

Reported s tatem ents

Underline the correct option.

Report the sentences using the word s given. 1 '1 play basketbal l every Saturday. ' He told us 2 'I'm having a party tomorrow.' She said she 3 '1 saw the new  Batman   film last night.' She said 4 'I've done my homework.' She told me 5 'I'm going to revise this evening.' He said he 6 '1 might be late.' He said

Reported ques tions Look at the question s an interviewer asked T e r r i , a p o p s i n g e r,r, a n d c o m p l e t e t h e r e p o r t e d questions. 1 Ho w old are you? He aske d me . 2 Have you got a boyfriend? He asked her boyfr iend. 3 Whe re do you live? He asked me lived. 4 Are you pla nning to make a new video? He asked us a new vid eo. 5 How lon g have you been singing? He asked her singi ng. 6 Are you going to contin ue stu dying? He asked th em study ing.

Reporting verbs Com plete the indirect statemen ts. Use the reporting verbs in the box. pro mise

o rder o ffer refu se den y su ggest

apo lo gise

1 ' Sit down and be quiet ' The teacher 2 '1 didn't copy in the exam ' He 3 'I'll make some coffee.' She 4 'Let's go for a pizza ' He 5 'I'm sorry  sorry  upset you.' She 6 'I 'm not going to clean my bedro om ' She 7 '1 won' t tell lies again, you'l l see.' He

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1 The band,  who/that   were formed only recently, sang at the Arena. 2 Do you know someone  which/that   can fix my computer? 3 My neighbour,   whose/who   mum is French, is giving me French lessons. 4 I've fou nd tha t CD  that/whom   you were looking for. 5 This is the house  that/where   I was born. 6 The win e they like,   which/that   costs a lot, Is on sale at the supermarket. Conn ect the sentenc es wit h a relative pron oun or adverb. 1 He lives next door. He goes to our sch ool . The boy school. 2 He bought our house. He's a fam ous foot baller. The man footbal ler. 3 Charles Dick ens had a hard life. He became a successful novelist. Charles Dickens, successful novelist. 4 Harvar d College is in Massachuset ts. It iiss one of the top three US universities. Harvard College universities. 5 I made friends wi th a girl. Her dad is a German politician. I a German politician. 6 Tanya wants to buy a bag. It costs a thous and euros. The bag euros.

P repos itions in relative relative clau s es Rewrite the sentences using a relative pronoun and a preposition. 1 We went to a concer t. I loved it. I loved the concert 2 This is the book. Jenny told me about it. This is the book . 3 She is the girl. Nic o is going out wit h her. She is the girl 4 I was l ooking for a magazine . Have you seen it? Have you seen the magazine ? 5 She is going to call the boy. She danced wit h him. She is going to call the boy

 

Flashback Round up This is part of an interv iew w ith Justin , a rock singer. Complete the sentences. 1 'Have you always wante d to be a performer?' The interviewer asked Justin always wanted to be a performer. 2 His mum had really believed in him. His mu m was the person fait h in him . 3 Just in's mu m was only 22. She posted clip s o off him on YouTube Just in's mum , , posted videos of him on the Internet. 4 Justi n is now a mill ionai re rock star. His first dream was to play football. Just in, was to play foot ball , is now a very rich rock star. 5 His parents never had much money. They bot h supported his career. His parents, , both suppo rte d his career. 6 'I love perf ormi ng live ' He said perf ormi ng live. 7 'It' s not true. I did not get drunk on stage ' He denied that on stage. 8 'Do you thi nk you wil l make another fi lm?' The interviewer asked Justin whether make another film.

VOCABULARY Education Comp lete the missing words in the interview about school. The first letter has been given. A Did you get a good (1) e at your scho ol? B Yes, we had some great teachers; they encourage d you whe n you (2) f behin d with your schoolwork. B What was the most important thing you (3) I at school? A I thi nk it was how to (4) g on wit h other children. B That' s inter esting ; but wha t about (5) k ? Don't you think it's important to know things? A Well, of course, that's definitely important. B Were you hard worki ng? Did you (6) s a lot? A On the whole , yes. I was a pretty consc ienti ous student B Were the teachers well-trained? Did they have good (7) q ? A Yes, I thi nk so. B And wha t happene d whe n you (8) m ? Did they punish you, were they very (9)s ? A No, the (1 0) p were light : you had to clean the classroom, for example.

Collocations Comp lete the mini-dialogues with the correct prepositions. 1 A Your parents must be really pleased abou t your brother getting (1) Goldsmit h's: it's a really good university. B They were really happy, but Harry doesn't want to leave his girlfriend so he turned it (2) . He's going to apply (3) a college nearer home instead. 2 A How did you get (4) in the test yesterday? B I tho ught it was going to be really diffi cult but I sailed (5) it It was really easy easy.. 3 A Paul's not not at schoo l.. . again B You mean he's bunked (6) again He' ll get (7) serious trou ble If his parents fin d out. 4 A How is Ahm ed doing at school? B OK, but he's having problems with maths. He's never been keen (8) it and he doesn' t get (9) wit h the teache r; so he's been falling (10)

Negative prefixes 1C   C o m p l e t e t h e b l a n k s w i t h a s u i t a b l e p r e f i x m is-, im-, in-, dis-   or / /-. 1 A lot of chil dren in Vict orian time s were treated badly. They were treat ed. 2 Andy Is alway s forg ett ing thin gs. He is organised. 3 The man in the shop was rude. He was polite. 4 Tom is very relian t on his mu m. He is not very dependent. 5 Corpo ral punish ment was not prohi bite d in Vict orian schools . It was not legal. 6 He was punis hed because he was naughty. He was punis hed for behaving . 7 Some owners of Vict orian school s had no morals. They were moral.

Money Correct the phrasal verbs in blue in the sentences. 1 I'm going to to   splash over  over  on a new dress. 2 Tourists often  often  get torn off  off  when they go abroad. 3 A Can you lend me 50 pounds? I've  I've   walked out   of money out B Yes, but you've got to promise to  to  pay me forward. 4 I'll be on ti me you can can   bank in  in  it. 5 We're going to to   save down  down  so we can go to Thailand next summer.

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Health and the Healt Environment Mood food L i s t t h e t h i n g s y o u h a v e e a t e n i n t h e l as as t 4 8 hours. Which do you think were healthy and which unhealthy? You are going to read a mag azine article abou t the connection between w hat we eat and h ow we feel. Are the following good or bad for you, accor ding to the text? coffee cereal sardin es

3 

milk cake biscuits pasta baco n ch eese bu t t er

We are often told that 'we are what we eat' but seldom do we hear 'you feel   what you eat'. Research suggests that certain foods affect mood - for better or worse. Not only do dietary changes cause chemical changes within the brain but they also cause changes in our behaviour and emotions.  emotions.   u j _ J  J  Rarely do we think about the link between what we eat and our mood or our performance at work or school. Here's a closer look at how your diet could be affecting your mood and school work

don t eat regularly enough Food is fuel; if you miss a meal, you'll soon feel tired and run out of energy.  energy.  0 M  Under no circu mstances should you go

2.13 S i x s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d from th e text. Choos e from th e sentences A -F the one whic h fits each gap (1-6). Th ere is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. Then listen and c heck . A We' re not just tal kin g about a doug hnut and coffee: what is recommended is high-fibre cereal with a handful of fruit, or a cup of oatmeal with some milk and berries. B Ski ppin g meals is like tryin g to run a car without petrol. C Do you need a quic k mood boost, to cheer you up? D The last meal of the day should be a couple of hours before you go to bed. E So, althou gh there Is litt le evidence that omega-3 fatty acids prevent cancer, heart disease or stroke, they are positive In other ways. F Wha t' s more, a large, high-fat meal wil l almos t instantly make you feel sluggish. G While we know a lot about the link between food and physical health, the effect on how we feel is not as well know n.

F LA S H

FORWAR D

Read the text again. Find all the wo rds that describe our mood or how we feel.

without eating for long periods: your blood sugar levels will drop, which will provoke mood changes (and make you more likely to become ill). Experts advise you to try and aim for a meal or snack every four hours. They also tell us there Is no way we should skip breakfast, as It is a particul arly import ant meal especially in our teens. Research shows it helps students get better results and Improve behaviour and concentration. Not only does breakfast make students less likely to be hungry later, but It also helps to maintain healthy weight. But remember: not all breakfasts are the same. : j ej n Only after you eat a good good breakfast will you be able to keep going all day long at school.

cut down on carbs

Your body needs carbohydrates to produce serotonin: with the right amount of carbs, not only will you feel more cheerful, but you will have less appetite and feel calmer. Little do low-carb dieters know that because of their diet they are more likely to feel tired, Irritable and depressed, than those who get the recommended amount, but some carbs (sweets, cake or biscuits, and other sugary choices) bring you down. | down.  | j f j  j  You should try a diet based on complex carbohydrates such as: pasta, muffins or brown bread. Not only will you feel happier but you will also

 

4  P u t th e w o rd s in th e c o rre c t o rd e r to form sentences with inversions.

don t get enough omega-3 fatty acids iega-3s, which are found in oily fish like salmon, mackerel, nd sardines, improve both memory and mood. Research uggests that low ogiega-3 levels are linked to depression, jlood pressure, tiredness, and sudden changes of mood, indeed, depression rates are typically lowest in countries like japan, where oily fish is a diet staple.

don t get enough nutrients Getting too little iron can mean stress, fatigue, inattention and loss of self-confidence. Iron-rich foods include red meat, egg yolks dried fruit, beans, liver and artichokes.

e a t to o m u c h fa t That bag of crisps is not good for your waistline or your mood. Greasyy choices - particularly those high in saturated fat, such Greas as bacon, butter and other dairy products - are linked to depression.

1 not onl y / she / swi m / does / she / goes / jogging / every day / also 2 lit tle / she / kno w / did / that / her moods / were / her diet / because of 3 only /1 / had / did / left / the restaura nt /1 / start / feeling / sick / after 4 no / me / to / eat / horse / mea t / way / will / persuade / you 5 have /1 / seen / rare ly / a / massi ve / cake / su ch 6 seldo m /1 / fast food / restaurant s / do / eat / in

V ocab u lary:   Food

and health

5  P u t th e s e w o rd s a n d e x p re s s io n s in to th e correct group. roat^egetaWes^JoaaetaCRe  

c^hokydrS^es'

catch a cold pain low in fats feel ill chec k-up sugary heart-disease rich in vitamins tiredness mackerel sugars flu allergy weight full high minerals hnut berry stroke of level iron of fatigue liverdoug bloo d pressure high in protein dairy produ cts get over sore throat feel bloate d

Food

Nutrients

root vegetables,

carbohydrates,

Health

headache,

6  C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h w o r d s f r o m e x e r c i s e 5 in in t h e c o r r e c t f o r m . 1 How oft en do you go to the docto r to have a ?

HWSIiPJJ I nvers ions

R ar e ly d o w e   think about the link between food

and mood. N ot on ly w ill you   feel more cheerful, but you will have less appetite. F in d m or e e xam p le s of in ve r sion in t h e t e xt . U n d e r lin e t h e m .

FLASHPOINT W i t h  not until  an d  only when/after,  we inver t the second verb in the sentence. Only after  after   you eat a good breakfast breakfast   will  will  you  you   be able to  to   keep going all day long at school. Not until  until   I got home notice  my mobile was home   di d  I  notice  missing £ ]   G r a m m a r r e f e rree n c e p . 1 2 4

2 Do you take exerci se or eat less to keep you r down? 3 Do you eat a lot of thi ngs like cakes, sweets and chocolate? 4 I'm feeli ng better now - I my flu very quickly. 5 Oranges and lemon s are in vit ami n C. 6 I thi nk I a cold whe n I went out - it was freezing 7 At the end of the con cert I had a throat. 8 My brother is allergic to like cheese and butter.

Say it Wo rk in pairs. Discuss how food habits have changed in your country in the past twenty or thirty years.

4

 

Noise pollution Close your eyes, con cent rate and listen to wh at noises you hear, inside you , in the room , outsid e the room .

Now o pen your eyes. Wh ic h of these did you hear? Ad d to the list. • • • • D D D D • • • •

3 

the noise of traf fic your breat hing car alarm s dogs barki ng mo bil e phones doors slamming o ther people's breathi ng coughing music birds twit terin g your heart beati ng sneezing

®  2.14 Y o u a r e g o i n g t o l i s t e n t o a l e c t u r e abou t noise pollutio n. Tick (• ) all the sou nds in exercise 2 the speaker men tion s.

F LA S H

FORWAR D

In pairs, ask and answer the followi ng qu estions . 1 What causes noise pollution? 2 Wha t are some of the negativ e effects of noise pollution? 3 How man y hours sleep do you need? 4 How do you feel when you have not had enough sleep?

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4 

©  2.14 No w listen agai n and co m ple te the sentences.

a n d

W l l i ) ^ 

I t

Noise has become (1) of our everyda y life that we hardly notice it. If noise is too loud we mig ht become (2) or aggressive. A loud musical event, such as a rock concert, where the music is alway s (3) can be fun, but if it is (4) it becomes harmf ul. Why is noise poll uti on (5) ? Noise pollution (6) , sleep, eating habits, and mood. Sleep Is very important to our health. If noise is too loud and it keeps you awake at night, you won't get (7) ; not only will thi s cause mood changes, but it can also affect your work. Young people today (8) loss at early ages because the music they listen to is (9) . Some people are more (10 ) to part icul ar sounds tha n others. It probabl y has to do wit h h ow muc h (11 ) you are used to hearing.

 

V ocab u lary:   T h e such, so...

(that)

Noise has become  s u c h a n o r m a l p a r t  of our everyday life  t h a t  we hardly notice it. The noise of traffic or music can be  so loud that it affects your concentration. | ] 

5 

G r a m m a r r e f e rree n c e p . 1 2 4

environmen t

a

Wh ic h of these are problem s? Whi ch are possible solutions? exh au st fu mes fact o ry smo ke car/bicycle sh arin g glo bal warmin g acid rain rain recyclin g save wast e du mp in g plan t in g t rees aero so l can s pro t ect in g en dan gered species cu t do wn t raffi rafficc ozone layer green house effect fossil fuels

F i l l i n t h e g a p s w i t h s o o r   such. 1 The music was sleep. 2 She's got strangest noises.

Problems

loud I could hardly

Solutions

an old car tha t it makes the

3 He talks loudly people thi nk he's angry, but he isn't. 4 There's much traffi c in our tow n that it's better to walk. 5 Ther e is a lot of smo g In the air you can hardly breathe. 6 It's live there.

a dirt y to wn that nobody want s to

too, very, quite,

enough

If noise is  t o o l o u d ,  we might become aggressive. A rock concert, where the music is always   v e r y l o u d ,   can become harmful. It can also have  q u i t e a b i g e f f e c t   in all areas of your life. If you don't get  e n o u g h  sleep, you'll feel stress. | ] 

©

G r a m m a r r e f e rree n c e p . 1 2 4

C ritical th in k in g 8 

FLA SHPOINT

We do not say:  you are  tee  nice,  but we say:  you are very  nice. We do not say:  this food is  tee  good for you,  we say: this food is   very  good for you.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h   very, too, q ui te o r   enough. 1 This coffe e is 2 Our tow n is say  very   interesting

hot. I can' t dri nk it. interest ing - I woul dn' t

3 The car is expens ive to buy now. 4 Tha t ¡Pad isn't che ap for me to buy. 5 Too muc h noise can have a big effect on your health. 6 Tha t' s a nice hat - whe re did you get it?

W r i t e a s h o r t t ex ex t a b o u t t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e i r i m p a c t o n o u r l i v es es a n d possible solutions.

We use too too many aerosol sprays.. . FUNCT IONS

T al ki ng about pr obl e m s and c r i t i c i s i ng I know how you feel, but I think... I'd like to point out that... One thing you didn't mention is that... It should be also emphasised that... That's a good point, but we should... I think the problem with your idea is...

Say it 9 

R e a d e a c h o t h e r s t e x t i n e x e r c i s e  8   a n d w r i t e c o m m e n t s . T h e n , t al al k a b o u t t h e p r o b l e m s a n d challen ge each other s view s.

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Use of Englisl Compound nouns Match words in box A with words in box B to mak e ten com poun d nouns. A

exhaust globa l acid heart head blo o d n o ise o z o n e aero so l t ro pical

g

can forest pressure

fumes disease pollution layer

ache rain warming

W or d bui l di ng: nouns and adj e c t i ve s e n d i n g w i t h  h   -ful/-less She ate a   handful  of nuts all day. I a m   grateful  for the good thing s in life. Breaking that vase was a bit  careless,  wasn't

5   W h i c h o f t h e s e w o r d s c a n y o u a d d   -full-less   to m a k e n o u n s o r ad ad j e c t i v e s ? S o m e w i l l t a k e b o t h . ch eer h appy beau t y sh ame t h o u gh t favo u r rest sleep plate anger spoon harm stress h elp co mfo rt cu p u se gu ilt mo o d

Com plet e the gaps with an approp riate compound noun. 1 The fr om cars cause a lot of pollution. 2 If you eat too man y salty thing s you may get high . 3 All th at noise has given me a . Have you got an aspirin? 4 Do you thin k all thi s hot wea the r is the result of ? 5 I th in k car horn s and loud music are good examples of 6 The use of or spra ys can dam age the ozone layer.

W or d bui l di ng: nouns   >   a d j e c t i v e s Com plete the table below .

Noun

painful (2) (3) (4) (5) allergic warm tired (9) (10)

blood fat (6) (7) (8) stress harm

4 

It had been a (1) (SLEEP) nigh t. I was toss ing and turning all night. I had been feeling (2) (DEPRESS) because things were not going well, and I had also eaten too much before going to bed. I am usually very (3) (CARE) about what I eat and whe n I eat, but whe n life gets (4) (STRESS) I tend to become more careless about my diet. Not only did I overe at, bu t I had a platefu l of my (5) (FAVOUR) dessert. I know eating the

Thin k of the wor d wh ich b est fits each gap.

C o m f o r t 

food

People eat comfort foods to cheer themselves (1) . There are differ ent comfo rt foods accord ing

2 Smoking is  harmful/stressful   to your health. 3 I never eat cheese - I' m  ill/allergic   to it. 4 After worki ng for ten hours, she comes home feeling  tired/painful. 5 If yo u eat a lot of  fatty/fat   in fast-food restaurants, you will gain weight. 6 She's a really sweet person wit h a  warm/sugary personality.

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A b a d n ig h t

Use only one word in each gap.

1 I've got a ter rib le  illness/pain   in my chest perhaps I should go and see a doctor.

Lang uage developm ent: Food idioms

Q  For questio ns 1-8 , use the word given in b r a c k e t s t o f o r m a w o r d t h a t f i t s in in e a c h g a p .

R ound up

Under line the correct optio n.

| ] 

6 

occasional sweet is (6) (HA RM) enough, but I was already feeling quite (7) (GUILT) about the ice cream I had eaten at lunchtime. All these (8) (SUGAR) things give me instant energy, whi ch I need, whe n I come hom e feeling totall y stressed out.

Adjective

(1) illness sugar

it?

p . 1 0011

(2) your age, your cultu re or your memori es of whe n you were happy and wha t you (3) to eat in the good old days. Sometimes, it is a traditional dish that (4) you feel nostalgic - people always talk (5) their mu m or gra ndmot her 's cooking. But comfo rt food can also be just somet hing (6) is quick and easy to eat, like soft, tasty desserts or sweet things. Living (7) a big city, wit h all the noise and pressure, makes people feel stressed out. That's when you reach out for your favourite soup or pasta. This usually makes us feel more cheerful and positive. So the occasional sugary treat is nothing to feel guilty (8) . Relax and enjoy it

 

Flash on Grammar too, very, quite,

Inversions

enough

Com plet e the secon d sentenc es.

Und erlin e the correct optio n.

1 I rarely go to the gy m. Rarely 2 I hardly ever go swi mmin g. Hardly ever

1 This computer is quite/enough   expensive. I can't really afford it. 2 Mu m says I' m not  enough old/old enough   to go on holiday with my friends. 3 T hat fil m sounds   quite/enough   interesting. Let's go and see it. 4 You don' t do  too/enough   exercise. 5 I did   very/enough   well In my exam 6 That flat is  very/too   small for our large family. 7 There were  very/too   many people at the exhibition so we left.

3 I wil l never give up eat ing mea t. give up eating meat. 4 She only realise d the n tha t her diet had bee n harmful. Only then 5 He not only stopp ed eatin g meat but he gave up fish, too. Not only 6 She isn't fat nor skinny. is she fat, is she skinn y. Put the word s in the correct order to for m sentenc es wit h inversions. 1 fri ed / do / food / hardl y / ever /1 / eat 2 I / never / smo ked / hav e 3 wil l / for get / never / ate / caviar / I / the fi rst time /1 4 do / 1 / rarely / eat / at / rest aura nts / expens ive 5 have / not /1 / told / you / a lie / o nce Com plet e the senten ces with the expressions from the box. No sooner had Jeff Not only were you late Not until the following week Had we known about the offer, Rarely have I have  I   st u died On ly aft er lan din g

so hard in my life, finished eating

1 2 than he felt sick.

for your flight, but you also forgot your ID 4

did I fin d out I had passed with merit

5 6

we'd have bought the bike in that store. on our phones.

so, such...

| 

W B p. 76

R ound up 6 

For questio ns 1-1 0, think of the wo rd wh ich best fits each gap. Use only one wo rd in each gap .

Rarely am I wrong My Uncle Albert is very confident: some might say he is (1) confid ent, even big-head ed rarely (2) he adm it he has mad e a mist ake and this can make him difficul t to get o on n with. He's not mode st (3 ) for my liki ng. He boasts too much. True, he is (4) intelli gent (thoug h he failed to get into University), but he is much too proud. Never (5) I heard him say 'I' m sorry'. He is now 65 years old, so he is too old (6) play footb all (his favour ite sport) , but he is still young (7) to play tennis, whi ch he does every day (8) only does he play tennis but he also goes to the gym, so he is (9) a fit person for his age. He's such (10 ) good player that he often compar es himself to the worl d's best. (11 ) ever does he admi t his oppon ent was better than him. My Uncle Albert's catchp hrase is 'rarely am I wron g' but he's (12 ) proud that our nickn ame for him is 'the peacock'...

could we swit ch | 

W B p. 76

¿ e

(that)

Underline the correct words. 1 She's  so/such   a genius 2 She  such a/so  clever.

3 She's  such/so   a clever person. 4 It is  such/so   a pity that the traffic is so/such bad in our city. 5 It was   such a/so   long a day and I felt   so/such tired whe n I got home j  W Bp.77

««»»I

L

85

 

Flash on Skills

L if e stories  t h e  author... About S ue   b. b. 1946)  1946) is an En glish

novel1st and playwright, best known as the author of the Adrian Mole   b o o k s . H e r w r i t i n g c o m b i n e s c o m e d y w i t h s o c i a l c o m m e n t a r y . S h e h a s a l ssoo w r i t t e n purely dramatic works.

A bout the novelist. . .

Elizabeth Gilbert   (b e ssa yi s t , s h o r t s t o r v " " ™

 T o w n s e n d

m e m o i r iiss t . She s T e s T w

l l c n c a

T f " ' 

n

n °

author, v d l s t 

*>d

1 memoirs,

th e  s a m e n a m e i n 2 0 1 0 .

Before you read Look at the photos from the film versions on these pages. Wha t do you thin k the books are about?

lips:

work

health

mo ne y

love

school

|

1   Eat, Pray, Love

The secret diary of 1   Adrian Mole aged 13 %

R ead in g Now read the two su mm aries and check your answ ers.

Adrian Mole, 13, is growing up with h is p a ren ts in th e c ity of L eic ester in E n g l a n d. H e k eep s a dia ry in wh ic h he complains that his mum and dad d o n ' t f e e d h i m p r o p e r l y . .   D   Adrian is an average boy in many ways, n ot esp ec ia l l y p op ul a r or sp orty , b ut h e does wel l en oug h a t sc h ool a n d h a s s o m e f r i e n d s . .   B L   P a n d o r a is th e l ov e of A dria n 's l ife. S h e is b ea utiful a n d in tel l ig en t a n d, a s a teen a g er, sh e is happy with Adrian. As a young man he moves to L on don a n d ta k es a job in a resta ura n t. L on don is going through a food-enthusiasm renaissance a n d o ffa l iiss a l l th e ra g e. A dria n is p ers ua d ed to feature in a television cookery show called Offally Goo d , suppose dly to be a celebrity chef; but the p r o g r a m m e i s m e a n t t o b e a c o m e d y .  .  0  The p roduc ers a re just ma k in g fun of h im.

86

1

Elizabeth Gilbert is well-educated, has a lovely home, a husband, and a successful career as a writer. However, she is unhappy in her marriage. E C  Thi s leaves her feeling depressed and alone. Afterwards, while writing an article on yoga vacations in Bali, Elizabeth meets a medical man who tells her tha t one day she will co me back and study with him. Elizabeth spends the next year travelling around the world.  world.  @ L  She spe nds four months in Italy where she learns Italian and gains 12 kilos, eating and enjoying life. She spends three months in India finding her spirituality. In the end, she finds love in the form of a charming Brazilian factory owner.

 

Literature Q  S ix s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t h e

3

Speaking

text. Choose from the sentences A-G the one wh ich fits each gap (1-6). Th ere is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. A The trip is paid for in advance with a book deal from the publisher. B In the later boo ks, she drops him in fav our of more powerful men. C Deep inside, ho wever, he sees hims elf as a budding 'writer'. D She ende d the year In Bali loo king for a 'balance' between the two. E Sadly, he doesn' t realise this and takes it all very seriously. F After separatin g fro m her husban d, she begins a relationship which does not work out. G He als also o writ es about his embarr assin g poetry, his troubles at school, his acne problem, the Royal Wedding and his eighty-year old friend Bert. Match these extracts with book A or B. I •

I pointed out to my mother that I hadn 't had any vitamin C today. She said: go   a n d  buy an orange then. This is typical. 2 

3 •

d l My father has got flu, I'm not surprised with the diet we get.

The cold ugly fact is that marriage does not benefit women as much as it benefits men. From studies, marr ied men perf orm better in life, live live longer, excel excel at careers, report to be hap pier.

In pairs, talk about a book you have read a n d l i k e d . W h y d i d y o u l i k e i t? t? L o o k a t t h e following questions to help you. 1 2 3 4

Were the charact ers amusing, i nspiri ng or serious? Was the story amusin g, thril ling or inspiring? Were the themes impo rta nt and relevant to you? Was it wri tt en in an interes ting and lively way?

Lis ten in g 6

( ° )  2 .15 Y o u w i l l h e a r f i v e f a n s o f   The S ecret D i ary of A dri an M ol e aged 1 3 3 A   t a l k i n g about why they liked it. Choose from the list (A-F) wha t each speaker says. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter wh ich you do not need to use. A Th e speake r likes the way the book is wri tt en. B The speaker considered Adrian to be similar to them. C T he speake r th in ks you can learn a lot abo ut how people lived in the past. D The speaker likes the description of Adrian's school. E The speaker says the book really makes you want to keep reading. F The speaker thin ks that the write r makes you feel really sorry for Adrian. Speaker 1  O   Speaker 2 •

Speaker 3 • Speaker 4 •

Speaker 5  CD

Writing EXA M

STRA TEGIES

When writing a   s t o r y ,  remember to: »   use narrative sentences »   make sure your storyline is clear •   use adjectives and adverb s to enrich your descriptions 5 •

Your Your tre asur e-yo ur per fec tio n-i s within you already. But to claim it, you must abandon the desires ot the ego and enter into the silence of the heart

6 •

Now my mother has got the flu. This means that I have to look after them b oth. Just my luck. I cooked a big dinner for them tonight: two poached eggs escaped out of the pan and got all over m e.

»   use linking words and time expressions •   above all, use your imagination and ttry ry to keep the readers attention You have decided to enter an intern ational story com petiti on. The story must begin with one of the followin g sen tences. 1 I'll never forget the day I met Paolo in Rome . 2 We had jus t fin ish ed school and I was on my way home, feeling anxious. 3 I had been feel ing depressed and wa s desperate to leave the city. 4   I hated being see seen n with my parents in public

but dad seemed to enjoy it.

87

 

Work and Employment The perfect job Matc h the captio ns with the pictures A-D . 1 D Youth une mplo ymen t is high all over Europe. 2 D The stun ning Lake District l andscape. 3 • An island in a lagoon off the coast of Venice. 4 D She really fell for the Mura no earr ings.

2 

( o )   2.16 Y o u a r e g o i n g t o r e a d t h e s t o r y o f P e n n y Corrs who su cceed ed in find ing a job that has c h a n g e d h e r l i ffee . L i s t e n a n d r e a d . W h y w e r e p i c t u r e s A - D i m p o r t a n t i n P e n n y s l i ffee ?

3

E l  F o r q u e s t i o n s 1 - 5 , c h o o s e t h e a n s w e r ( A , B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 1 Ho w did Penny feel about not hav ing a job? A confident B anxious C depressed D   calm 2 What was Penny's reaction to the Mura no earrings? A Sh e preferred th em to her gold ones . B She wish ed they had been made of gold. C She decided to wear them on her birthday. D   She booked a summer holiday to Italy. 3 Penny thou ght Mura no glass glass was... A cheaper than she tho ught it would be. B beaut iful b ut too expen sive for her to buy. C similar to glass made in the Lake District. D   the colour she had been looking for. 4 How did Penny begin her new career? A She had lessons in business management. B She moved to Murano to learn how to make earrings. C She took the decision to learn new skills. D   She applied to do a University course. 5 Whe n Penny goes to Italy now she.. . A goes for business. B enjoys the sights. C feels anxious. D sells her designs.

F LA S H

FORWAR D

Thin k of the gifts you have been given: wh ich are your favourite and why?

88

f r All t x ^M wr tH  i With y outh unemploy ment at record highs all ov er Europe, this is is the story of one y oung pe rson w ho succeeded in overcoming all the obstacles and finding a job that has chang ed her life life.. 23-y ear-old Penny C orrs was unem ploy ed an d in debt, but her reaction was bold: being witho ut a job was gettin g her down, so she decided she'd better do something about it. On graduating, Pe nny had wo rk ed in the hotel industry. industry. She was made redundant and mov ed to the Lak e District preferring to work on a farm than be out of work . She wanted to find a new job at all costs. T hen she got the birthday present that changed her life. Her best friend, Martha, had been on holiday to Italy and had brought back a pair of earrings for Penny 's birthday : small, sapphire-blue cubes made of brilliant brilli ant M urano glass. Murano is an island in a lagoo n off the coast of Venice. For Penny it was lov e at first sight. Until then, Penny had alway s been k een on gold jewellery : she was fond of wearing the gold earrings her mum had giv en her for her 16 th  birthday : but she really fell for the Murano earrings and insisted on wearing them at ev ery opportunity . By coincidence, that summer, Penny was planning to v isit Venice for a short break ; now she was look ing forward to shopping around for other ex am ples of Murano glass jewellery jewellery . It

Verb patterns Sh e   w a n t e d t o f i n d  a job. Sh e 'd better do   something about it. Th e job   i n v o l v e d g o i n g  to Italy. Find examples of these verbs in the text and u n d e r l i n e t h e m :  :   succeed in, decide, insist on, plan, look forward to, afford, afford, could, put   o f f enjoy, allow, would rather, prefer. I

Gram m ar reference p. 125

 

5 

Fill in the   g a p s  w i t h t h e c o r r e c t v e r b o r preposition. 1 You will ne never ver succeed being happy if you only think makin g money all the time. 2 She was very keen star ting her new job and she couldn't stop talki ng it. 3 The boss believed congr atul ati ng her employ ees doin g a good job. 4 I wou ld like to apologise being late for the interview; I didn't thin k taki ng a taxi 5 I am against wear ing a suit work but I don't wearing a shirt.

V ocab u lary:   Work 6 

Find wo rds wit h a similar or related me anin g in A and B. A

job

was like an Alad din 's cave. Sh e says: 'I was da z z le d by t h e co lo u rs o f t h e glass, t h e pieces were t h e mo st beau t ifu l t h in gs I 'd 'd ever seen : an d I co u ld act u ally affo rd t o bu y so m e o f t h em Th en I h ad my big idea: wh y n o t do in E n glan d wh at t h ey were do in g in I t aly?' Pen n y co u ld n eit h er make jewellery n o r co u ld sh e speak I t alian , bu t t h is did n o t pu t h er o ff pu rsu in g h er n ew idea. Sh e was det ermin ed t o make it wo rk an d sh e wo u ld n o t o n ly en jo y do in g it bu t wo u ld also earn a livin livin g, t o o Sh e bo rro w ed so m e mo n ey fro m h er paren t s, wh i ch allo w ed h er t o st art learn in g I t alian alian an d t o en ro ll in classes o n h o w t o m ake jewellery. jewellery. Her jewellery bu sin ess, B righ t St ar, began in 2 0 1 0 an d n o w h er pieces are o n sale t h ro u gh o u t t h e UK . Her n ew jo b in vo lved go in g t o I t aly a lo t . 'I was n ervo u s, fo llo w in g my first visit t o I taly taly,, bu t I kn ew t h e pro d u ct w as righ t . No w I 'd rat h er die t h an give u p wh at I 'm do in g. ' Pen n y alway s lo o ks fo rw ard t o go in g t o Ven ice t o get t h e beads h erself, select in g colours and designs. The most popular design is the h eart . Her B righ t St ar websit e h as a drag an d dro p system that allows customers to design their own piece. Positive customer feedback and the stunning Lake District landscape keep Penny going through t h ese difficu lt t imes.

4 

Choose the correct answer . 1 I really can't afford  going/to go   on holiday this summer. 2 I thi nk I'd better  to study/study   something that will help me get a job. 3 I alway s look for ward to go/going   on holiday with friends. 4 I am plann ing to  taking/take   driving lessons as soon as I can. 5 When I was a chil d, I was allow ed to stay/ staying   up late. 6 School involves  to do/doing   a lot of homework.

and em ploym ent

sack apply look for earn retire strike wages resign skills reference offer

give post work dismiss fire search salary sto p work ing qualification s reco mme n dat io n refu sse e t o wo rk make money ask for

Rewr ite these senten ces using the wo rds in brackets . Do not chan ge the m eanin g. 1 He got the sack from his job because he was often late, (fired) 2 I was offered a job work ing for a newspaper, (give) 3 How ol d do you have to be to reti re in your country? (stop) 4 If the workers don't get more money, money, they 'll refuse to work, (strike) 5 W hat qual ifi cati ons are require d for the post? (prerequisites) 6 How muc h money do you make for the job you do? (earn)

Write it 8 

W h a t j o b s d o y o u c o n s i d e r i d e a l? l? M a k e a l i s t of ideal jobs with yo ur partner. Say wh at t hey involve and how you could succeed in them. T h e n c o m p a r e y o u r lili s t w i t h a n o t h e r p a i r .

Journalist: Journal ist: it invol involves ves having good writing writing skills...

89

 

Jobs for hard times Match these jobs with the ph otographs. bouncer accountant careers adviser

queuer taster film extra

M a t c h t h e s e q u o t a t i o n s w i t h t h e j o b s s h o w n i n tthh e p i c t u r e s 1 Lots of big stars started t heir career by doing this job. 2 I go into schools and tal k to kids - I tell the m abou t the best opportunities for finding work. 3 My job is to help busi nesses save money, to pay less tax legally, of course.

3

5 My drea m was to be a professional boxer but I broke my shoulder and I ended up

4 You give up your place In the queue to someone who is too busy to wait.

doing this job at night.

6 I rememb er shoppi ng around to fi nd new flavours. What luck; but I must stop eating like this.

° )   2 1 7   Q  Y o u w i l l h e a r p e o p l e t a l k i n g i n s ix ix d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s . F o r q u e s t i o n 1 - 6 , c h o o s e t h e b e s t ans we r (A, B or C). 1 You hear a wom an tal kin g about an unusu al job. Wha t is the probl em she mentions? A She travels too much. B She eats too much. C She is not paid enough.

You hear a woman talking about being a careers adviser. What is she going to do next? A Give examples of good jobs. B Talk about working with kids. C Explain why her job is useful.

2 You hear someon e tal kin g about queui ng. The good thing about the job is... A it is interes ting.

You hear a bouncer. Which of the following does he dislike? A Checking people's identity.

B you work outside. C it is easy money.

B Standing up for long hours. C Asking people to leave the bar.

3 You hear a fi lm extra talki ng about his job. What skills does he have? A He had acting lessons. B He has has no qualifi cati ons. C He is good at learning li nes. 4 You hear an acco unt ant tal ki ng about her job. How does she feel about it? A She enjoys doing it. B She regrets choosing it. C She doesn't mind the hours.

90

F LA S H

FORWAR D

Imag ine a friend of yours is broke and unem ployed. Wh at advice wou ld you give them?

You'd better...

 

FUNCTIO NS Verb  Verb   -ing -ing   or or   to to-infinitive -infinitive

S t a t in in g p r e f e r e n c e s

With no change of meaning I just   l i k e t o b e / b e i n g  in films or television shows.

I'd I'd I'd I'd I'd

With a change of meanin g I t r i e d t o b e c o m e   an actor but failed. (Make an effort.) I h a d t r i e d d o i n g   all kinds of jobs. (Do something to see what happens.) G r a m m a r r e f e rree n c e p . 1 2 5

4 

Und erline the correct pattern in the followi ng sentences. 1 My computer stopped work ing. I tried to switch/switching it off but it still didn't work. 2 He tried to pass/passing the test by cheating , but he was caught. 3 I stopped to eat/eati ng chocolate because I was gaining weight. 4 On the way to London, we stopped having/t o have a break at a motorway service station. 5 Don't forget to send/sending a photo wit h your application. 6 At the interview I forgot to men tio n/me nti onin g my summer work experience.

V ocab u lary:   J o b s 5  A d d t h e s e w o r d s t o t h e d i a g r a m . store part-time badly-paid manual compu ter programme r ge t o ffice outdoo r police officer manager labourer profession employment low-paid boring holiday unpaid find go for take air-traffic controller nurse career commute perks salesperson

engineer accoun tant

apply for, look for

like to work with children. prefer to work outdoors. prefer not to commute. rather work at home. rather not work in a bank.

Say it W o r k i n p ai ai r s . W h i c h j o b s i n t h i s l e s s o n w o u l d you choos e and why? Are there any others you would prefer to do? Look at these questions to help you. 1 2 3 4 5

Is it well-p aid ? Is the work enjoyable? Is it insid e or outsi de? Are there prospects of promotio n? Does it requi re a lot of qual ifi cat ion s and experience?

6 Does iitt involve wor kin g with a team or on your own? 7 What responsibilities are there? A  I'd like to do a job that is wellwell-paid paid

and clean... B   I'd rather not work in an office; I'd prefer to be outside...

C ritical th in k in g In pairs, discuss the following topics. 1 How can we crea te new job s for young pe ople? 2 How can schools help students find a job? 3 What n ew jobs can you thi nk of whi ch di dn't exist in the past?

factory, super market

jgg

work, occupation

full-time, well-paid, skilled Why did I move to the m oon ? It s an interesting story. story.

91

 

Use of English

V

Collocations: work stages • 

Before you get a job:  look/ask

Prepositional phrases for

3 

work/a

job, apply for, fill in an applicati application on form, go for/attend for/att end an interview, interview, ask for/be giv given en a reference, get a good reference, be out of work •   Havin g a job:  get a job, be offered the job, accept an offer/a offer/a job/a post, turn up for work, be late/on time ffor or work, do voluntary work, work as, work for m   Leavin g a job:  lose your job, be fired/ dismissed from your job, get tthe he ssack, ack, be unemployed, be made redundant, resign from a job, retir retire, e, give a months' notice, hand in your notice, get a recommendation

4 

5 I'm really unhappy in my job; I' m going to . I need a break anyway. 6 Whe n you leave a job , you have to give you r employer at least a month's

2

Q  T h in k o f t h e w o r d w h ic h b e s t f it s e a c h g a p . Use only one word in each gap.

1 sale 2 a bit luck

7 8

all costs first sight

3 learn

9

of work

4

love

10

5

fact

11

6

order to

late for work. So, working (10)'   t ; -i~-[- H~+idea/l (10)'

£l   L a n g u a g e d e v e l o p m e n t : W o r k i d ioi o m s 92

your own

' 12

2

fro m beco ming farmer s boys can become carpenters. 3 I app lie d for the job and wit h a bit of I should get it 4   At sight, being an accoun tant looks boring but later, you grow to like it. 5 I wor ked like a dog in money.

to earn a lot of

Round up 5

B   T h i n k o f t h e w o r d w h i c h b e s t f itit s e a c h g a p . Use only one word in each gap.

The profess ional q ueuer A good way to make money (1) (1)

just

standing around, doing nothing, by becoming a

professional

queuer.

People

first

started

this job in the USA. I can't

earning a living. There are people who are too

You see, I (3) the right work experience because I've seen hundreds of films; before I  I   was C4)|~j-4~4--r-  C4)|~j-4~4--r-  redundant,r I used to work (5) a   film  director. In this way, it would be difficult to (6) the sack and I would also never be late (7) work. You see, the reason I was fired r ed (8) my previous job   wa s  that I kept job  turning would

crisis

think of a more pleasant way (3)

m

I'd like to do a job job   no t  for money but for love: a job where I could stay (1)-. _ __ home all day. How would  would    I (2) my living? Well, people would pay me me    in  order to organise film evenings at my house and I would chair the discussion afterwards.

(9) home

you times

Com plet e the sentenc es wit h an appropr iate word.

to (2) (2)

M I C E J O B - I F  y o u  A M GE GE T  

heart

1 In of crisis , you ng peopl e go back to their grandparents' jobs.

F i llll i n t h e g a p s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s w i t h wor ds or expressions from th e box above. 1 Aft er the inter view, I got a call tell ing me I had the job. I was delight ed. 2 In my count ry, you have to be 67 to from work. 3 You can the appli catio n for m online if you prefer. 4 I got a very good fr om my previ ous employer who said some really nice things about me.

Com plete these expressions wit h a prepositio n.

from

p . 1 0011

busy to queue for themselves, so they prefer (4) (4) pay som eone else to queu e for them. One professiona l queuer a sked for £1, £1,000, 000, but no one was prepared to (5) (5) that much.   n   order to find find clients,you could charge your rich clients about £50 to queue for the latest iPhon e on (6) (6) behalf. Last Last year year,, an unemployed student friend w orked (7) 

a   professional queueratWimbledon;

he agreed (8) (8) stand in the queue every day during during the champ ionships. H He e m anaged (9) (9)

wake up very early in the morning,

hanging around for hours,and then once the ticket ticketss were (10)   _   sale, he gave up his place in the queu e to a well-off, but very busy customer.

 

Focus on Grammar Verb  Verb  

Verb p a ttern s Choose the best option . Be careful, s om etim es both are correct. 1 Michael promised  to send/sending   her an email but he failed doing/to do   so. 2 Jones denied  to steal/stealing   his employer's money but they decided  sacking/to sack   him anyway. 3 She couldn't stand  be/being   told what to do so she began  to look/looking   for another job. 4 She admitt ed  to take/taking   the money, because she said she couldn't afford  buying/to buy  food. 5 I can't wait to go/going   on holiday; my boss has agreed  giving/to give   me an extra week off. 6 I'd rather not give/to give   people the sack, but we can't avoid  make/making   some people redundant.

2

Q   F oorr q u e s t i o n s 1 - 1 0 , d e c i d e w h i c h a n s w e r (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap .

Return Re turn to tr aditional  job  jobss A lot of young unemployed people have (1) to go back to the jobs their grandparents used (2) (farming, shoemaking, dressmaking, carpentry, etc,). More and more people are (3) of leaving the cities and going backtot heir home village. They are (4) to get away fr om the depress ing mood of life in cities where millions are out of work. Young people with excellent qualifications cannot (5) in fi ndi ng a job - in fact , lots of jobs require you (6) previous experience. They (7) get experience wit hout first (8) a job, and there are no jobs around However, if you (9) worki ng wit h your hands, perhaps you can do something like carpentry or dressmaking. Choosing a tradit ional job (10) takin g a course to learn to do it properly, but it is worth

3

£3  F o r q u e s t i o n 1 - 6 , c o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d senten ce so that it has a similar mean ing to t h e f i rs rs t s e n t e n c e , u s i n g t h e w o r d g i v e n . D o not change the word given. You must use between tw o and five words , including the word given. 1 I wis h I had accept ed the offer of a job. REGRET I the offer of a job. 2 I wrot e it down as a remin der to go to th e doctor. FORGET I wrot e it dow n so I the doctor. 3 I hope you didn' t forget to post my letter for me. REMEMBER Did my lett er for me? 4 I alwa ys thin k back to the summe rs I spent i n the country. REMEMBER I will always the summers in the country. 5 I wat che d the TV for a whil e, as a break fr om doing my homework. STOPPED I my home wor k and wat ched TV for a while. 6 I visi ted Linda on my way home because I wanted to have a chat. STOPPED On my way home, I a chat wi th Linda.

Round up

Sam Nick Sam Nick

A succeed ed Ado A planning A look forwa rd A manage A to have A are unable A to get A agre e A costs

B B B B B B B B B B

decided doing thinking fond achiev e have can't get enjoy qualifies

Cwish C o do c starti ng c keen c reach c havi ng c must c got c mind c asks

D D D D D D D D D D I 

expected done choosing interested succeed wil l have have getting interested involves

C 

WBp.86

4   Com plete the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

thinking about.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-ing/to-infinitive -ing/toinfinitive

Sam Nick

Sam

Why did you get the sack? I'd rather not (1) (tell) you, if that's OK with you. You alway s said you coul dn't stan d (2) (wor k) as a bouncer. I enjoyed (3) (be) at the club but I coul dn't wait (4) (get) home in the morning You must 've been exhaust ed. Well , I'd better start (5) (look) for another job. I'm sure I'll manage (6) (find) something . I need to work. Yeah, no pain, n no o gain

WBp.86 93

 

Skills

Human migration Before you read Read the titles of the articles.

Wh ic h of thes e destinations wou ld you choose if you had to leave your coun try to find work? Wh y?

Reading 2

Q   Y o u a r e g o i n g to to r e a d f o u r a r t i c l e s a b o u t hum an migration. For questions 1- 10 choose from the texts A-D. Which text mentions... immigrants who returned home? skilled immigrants from Europe? people forced to migrate by the government? immigrants with language problems? a country which is changing a lot? the problem of not enough children?

lD l U

3D 4 C D 5 O 6D sD 9 C D ioD

difficulties for women? punishing an innocent man?

Listening 2.18   Y o u w i l l h e a r f o u r d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e talking about moving to a new country. Whi ch coun tries are they talking abo ut?

4 

M

y ancestors were agricultural workers in Sicily ; they came to the States in the 19"' century looking for work. After the unification of Italy , thousands chose to emigrate because it was so difficu lt to earn a living in the south of Italy. Ofte n, the father and older sons wou ld go first, leaving the mother and the rest of the family behind because they couldn 't afford to go. My grandparents cam e here with no knowledge of English and with little education so they had to do the the poorest pay ing job s. Then in the the 30s , with the Depression, they were made redundant. Some of the immigrants, who had planned to stay in the United States for only a short time, wa nted to return return to Italy . While many did manage to return home, others chose to stay .

7U

people looking for freedom? too many old people?

3 

Migration to the United States

©   2.18   EH F o r q u e s t i o n s 1 - 6 , c h o o s e f r o m the list A-F wh at each perso n says. Use the l e t t e r s o n l y o n c e . T h e r e i s o n e eexx t r a l e t t e r which you do not need to use. This person... A has no probl em with the weather . B doesn' t like some of the peo ple. C talks about finding freedom.

B

Migration Migrati on to A ustralia he first Europea n imm igrants to Australia were transported criminals. Starting in 1788, thousands of convicts we re shipped from Ply mou th to Austr alia, like m y   g r e a t -great-great-grandfather who went to prison for something he had not done. By making Australia a colony of thieves, the government wanted to have fewer prisoners in British prisons. Then the wool industry in the 1820s in Australia meant lots of free people went to work on the farm s. There w as also a lot of unem ploy men t in Britain and poverty . That's how it all began, with criminals and sheep farms... except for the Aborigines, of course, the original inhabitants of Australia.

D has been made redundant. E lived wi th a relati ve. F worked in kitchens. Speaker 1 • Speak er 2 • Speak er 3 •

Speaker 4 Speak er 5

• •

Speaking 5  I n p a i r s , d i s c u s s w h a t y o u l i k e / d i s l i k e a b o u t the city/country you live in. Where else would you live and w hy?

94

iWt ET

S

POLl. of

ri. *MO l'T H.

 

Culture Q l  L o o k a t p h o t o s A a n d B . T h e y r e p r e s e n t two different places to live in. In pairs, com pare the two pho tograp hs. Use the following questions to help you. 1 Wha t kind of place iiss this? 2 What are the people doing in the photograp hs? 3 Wha t do you thi nk life is like for the peop le who live in these places? 4 If you had to a) go on holida y, b) wor k in one of these places, which would you choose and why? 5 Wha t things make a city or count ry a good place to live in?

Writing

Migration to to C hina oday. China is still the source of a large number of the world's migrants, but there is also a new trend of immigration into China. China is presently going through one of the most important phases of economic development in its history; and its population is growing only very slowly. What's more, the population is aging fast. So. there are millions of job vacancies. Thus, China is now importing a lot of cheap labour from -e;ghbouring countries, but there are also thousands f   skilled migrants from Europe. North America, and -..istralia. Many of these come in order to work for foreign   firms. foreign

'¿J'ur

spe

•Q n o t

thp

EX AM

STRATEGIES

When writing this   e m a i l ,  remember to: •   express enthu siasm, request and give information, explain, apologise, suggest, state preferences and thank appropriately; •   make sure the layout of of your email is clear; clear; •   check for cohesion (is your email text well connected?). 7

Of   Y o u h a v e r e c e i v e d a n e m a i l f r o m y o u r Of  Englis h-speaki ng friend , Jane, who has recently emig rated to Canada. Read Jane s email and th e notes you have mad e. Then wri te an email to her u s i n g al al l y o u r n o t e s ( 1 2 0 - 1 5 0 w o r d s ) .

rer

ItearTerri lev. s from s from our new home: new  home: Canada II   It's  It's  a  dr  dream. eam. We came here hoping for a for  a better  better life Me were right We feel saf safe e and optimisti optimistic. c. Why don't you come? are are some good reas reasons ons for emigrating emigrating to  Canada:  Canada:   — " iocial security benefits for immigrants and their families are excellent; "trie education education and health systems systems are possibly possibly the best in the world; " ee-erous pensions pensions mean you can look look forward to growing old without being Dependent on your children * ' g ' g~t  to your beliefs, culture, language - an -  and d  freedom of expressi expression. on. A  -.   ::on't  ::on't you you  accept  accept m  my y  invitation? Get away from away  from the  the depression and unemployment n   Europe II   > -'ease write back so soon, on,

freezing cold in winter

ask for more details (cost of living?) disadvantages: - distance from Europe - miss friends and relatives

95

 

Flashback GRAMMAR I nve r s i on

V e r b pat t e r ns Und erlin e the correct optio n.

Com plete the sentences. 1 No sooner had I got to the airpor t I realised I had left my passport at home. 2 Hardly had we had ti me to sit down to eat our dinner the police arrived . 3 No sooner we fin ishe d tal kin g about her than she arrived 4 Scarcely had I woken up the phone rang. 5 Seldo m the sun shine in parts of England. It always rains 6 I got into the car and only did I realise that I was wearing my slippers 7 Rarely Rarely I fall exams. I usually do very well. 8 Not are you late but you'v e also forgotten my birthday Choose the correct option, a or  b. 1 Rarely about how muc h wate r they use. a are people thi nk b do people thi nk 2 Under no circumst ances from rooms, a should towels be removed b should be removed towels 3 On ly after wil l we go on to the next unit, a everyone has understood b has everyone understood 4 Litt le tha t a party was secretly being planned for him. a kne w he b did he kn ow 5 If you eat less meat not only better you will also live longer. a wil l you feel b you wil l feel

so/such/too/very

/quite/enough

Com plete the sentences. 1 This food is not good

to eat.

2 I enjoyed the pizza  pizza  -  it was good but my mum's is better. 3 The fil m was long - I got bored. 4 It Isn't a good idea to go to th at restaurant It's expensive 5 The Spanis h somet imes speak fast for me to understand. 6 Paul Is tal l but not tal l to play basketball. 7 Is the coffee sweet for you? 8 The pizza is smal l so I don' t thi nk it'll feed everybody. 9 The athle te was fit , but he wasn 't fast to win. 10 Eight hours is a long time to sl ee pit's much for me.

96

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I want   become/to become a   lawyer. You must stop/to stop   smoking. I'd rather  not go/not to go   to the theatre. You promised  to wash/wash   the dishes. We can't afford buy/to buy   a new car. I'd better  to have/have   a shower. We decided  have/to have   a pizza. She won' t let/to let   me use her computer. She enjoys to go/going   to the opera. I can't stand  to listen/listening   to opera.

Read each pair of sentenc es. Put a tick next to the sentences which have the same m eaning. Put a cross next to the sent ences if they don t have the same meaning . 1 a b 2 a b 3 a b 4 a b 5 a b 6 a b

It began to rai n, It began raining. He stop ped talk ing, He stopped to talk. I rememb er closing the wi ndow , I remember to close the window. He went on to talk about his li fe, He went on talking about his life. He wil l never forget to visit his granny, He will never forget visiting his granny. She likes to swi m in the s ummer. She likes swimming in the summer.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets . 1 Please some mil k whe n you go out. (remember/buy) 2 Do you my keys anywhere ? (remember/see) 3 Aft er fi nis hing her degree, she a Masters in economics, (go on/do) 4 1 to the party yesterday. It sounds like fun. (regret/not go) 5 They when they heard the news, (stop/eat) 6 She the table , but it was too big to get through the door, (try/move) 7 A This box is heavy B Why don' t we it together? (try/lift) 8 As they were driv ing along, they at the beautiful view, (stop/look)

 

Flashback Com plete the sentences with a verb from the box in the correct form and a su itable p r e p o s i t i o n :  a b o u t, o f, in , to , o n , fo r. t alked

in t erest erest ed su cceed ed

apo lo gised are lo o kin g fo rward co n grat u lat ed was fo n d

1 The actress was her bril liant performance. 2 He bein g late. He said he was really sorry. 3 He going to Ameri ca for hours. Bla, bla, bla all evening. 4 Gran dmot her . very all of her grandchildren. 5 I passing my dri ving test after the third attempt. 6 We havin g a quiet weeke nd. 7  She's not histor y; she find s it boring.

Round up 8

Q   C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e ssoo t h a t i t has the sam e mean ing as the first sentenc e, using the wor d given. Do not chan ge the wo rd given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 You made a mess and left the dishes in the sink as well. MAKE Not only a mess, but you also left the dishes in the sink 2 Her husb and is so nice - an d he's a good co ok, too SUCH Her husban d man, and he cooks well, too. 3 It's the first ti me I've known anyone as brave as her. COME Never such bravery before. 4 Everyone enjoyed the fi lm except for Mat uka. APART Everyone enjoyed the fil m Matuka. 5 He only notic ed the g glass lass was broken whe n he had drunk from it. DID Only after dri nki ng fr om notice it was broken. 6 She has never punis hed her chil dren unf airly. ONCE Not punished her children wit hout good cause. 7  I prefer prefer to walk to work th an use a car. RATHER I to wor k on foot tha n by car.

VOCABULARY Food and health

Com plete the words in the dialogue using the letters given. A I feel tired all the t ime. B You shoul d go to the doctor and have a (l )c -u A I eat plenty of fish and meat, I'm sure I get enough (2) ir B Perhaps you eat too many (3) ca , like bread and potatoes. A Yeah, I've b been een eati ng too much. I'm reall y (4) f J I' m five kilos (5) ov B Have you tho ught of going on a (6) d ? A Yes, but I alw ays need a (7) s k at aro und eleven and if I don't eat chocolate I feel really depressed

Work and the environm ent T C  C o m p l e t e t h e s en en t e n c e s w i t h a w o r d f r o m t h e box. There is one extra w ord . fu mes smo ke wast e recycle

cyclin g po llu t io n exh au st warmin g

1 C Car ar have been bl ame d for a rise In asthma among schoolchildren. 2 With the increase in the price of petrol, to work has become more popular. 3 Don't water. Use the wate r fro m the dishes to water the plants. 4 fume s are gases whi ch are produce d by an engine as it works. 5 We need to our rubbi sh, not th row it away. 6 Global is the increase in the earth' s temperature. 7 People wh o live near airport s should be protected from noise

1 1 Q  T h i n k o f t h e w o r d w h i c h b e s t f i t s e a c h g a p . Use only one word in each g ap. Robert had been sacked (1) his job. He had been (2) of wor k for six mont hs. He couldn't stand (3) unemployed but, on the other hand, it allo wed him (4) spend more time wit h his girlfriend, Julia. (5) only was she smart, she was also very funny. When he was (6) wor k, he and Julia never (7) enough time together. No wonder he (8) really (9) for ward to seeing more of Juli a, though he still couldn't afford (10) take her to a nice restaurant

97

 

Language development Unit i

Unit 2

Verb and preposition collocations

really

Com mo n verbs + preposition collocations are: - talk about -   worry about -   tell someone about - take part in - look at - listen to When a verb is followed by a different preposition, the meaning usually changes. -   work on  (do a task) on  my project. I'm   working on  project. I haven't finished yet. -   work for  (an employer) Sh e   works for  for  a computer programming company. -   work as  (have a job) as  a singer in the evenings. I'm a nurse but I  I   work as 

Choos e the best option in each senten ce. 1  Jo and Anna arrived arrived  in/at   Santiago at 5 a.m. 2 They arrived  in/at  the hotel at 6.15 a.m. 3 I downl oaded a new app and it asked me for/ about  my email address. 4 When I went bac k to work my colleag ues asked me for/about   my holiday in Japan. 5 She apologised  to/for   her teacher to/for arriving late. 6 Jess doesn't get on  with/about   her neighbours. 7 My parents ofte n argue  with/about   money. 8 The students complained  to/about   the Headmaster  about/to   the food in the school canteen. 9 Drin kin g lots of wate r is good  for/at   you. 10 My best fri end is very good  for/at   maths.

Email and spoken En glish We often write emails as if we are speaking. For example: Hi H ey Anyway, See you

2   Y o u r f r i e n d P a u l h a s i n v i t e d y o u t o g o to to t h e o p e n i n g o f a n e w d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e iinn t o w n , but you already h ave other plans for the afternoon. Write a brief email explaining why you canno t go. Make sure you includ e the langu age in the box above.

98

W e u s e   really  t o e m p h a s i s e p o i n t s . It It   really  really  put me off sport forever. Dad was a   really  really  gentle, gentle, generous person.

A d d   re a lly   t o t h e p o i n t s y o u w o u l d e m p h a s i s e . 1 2 3 4

My brother is a great infl uence on me. My mum and dad are very stri ct. I worr y about tests. My coach is alway s very enco uraging .

Units W e u s e   so   w h e n w e : - chan ge topic So ,   where are you going on holiday this year? - conc lude, ma ke a decision so   let's go It's late,  late,   so - express consequ ences Technology is getting cheaper,  cheaper,  so so   a lot of homes now have one or more computers. - d o n o t w a n t t o r e p e a t (a p a r t o f ) a s e n t e n c e so/don't I think  think   so /don't think  think   so - to empha sise a point so   useful. Smartphones are  are   so

F i l l i n t h e g a p s w i t h   so   w h e r e y o u t h i n k i t i s necessary. There are some gaps where so is not possible. Mic k Jane

Mick Jane Mic k Jane Mike Jane

(1) Jane, wha t are you buying? The new tabl et. My best fri end's got one (2) I tho ught I'd get one, too. Are you getting one? No. I don't think (3) That' s OK. They are a bit (4) expensive. Yeah. (5) , it seems a lot of people are buying tablets nowadays.. . Yes, it seems (6) . Well, they' re (7) conve nient , aren't they? (8) I'll be going now (9) OK. By the way, I'm seeing Peter (10 ) I won' t be able to see you tonight. Sorry.

 

Language development Compound noun s: Entertainment Compound nouns are very common; they are sometimes written as one word, two words or with a hyphen. on e w or d :  :  onstage, offstage, watercolou r, screenplay, songwriter, backstage, autobiography , masterpiece , screenw riter, subtitles, cameram an, background, soundtrack t w o w or d s:  s:  hit parade, short story, love story, costume drama, special effects, film star, ballet dancer, bass guitar, science fiction, pop music, oil painting, first night, hip ho p, still life, film director, box office h yp h e n at e d w or d :  :  self-portrait, film-maker, close-up, post-impressionist

Find com pou nd nouns in the chart con nected with the topics below.

cinema

theatre

music

Unit 5 Spoke n E ngl i s h:  h:   actually Actually is used for: a  e m p h a s i s i n g w h a t i s r e a l l y t r u e . Actually,   your thoughts a nd feelings are all Actually, there in your clothes. b  c o r r e c t i n g w h a t s o m e o n e h a s s a i d . actually,  this skirt isn't new; it's old. Well,   actually,  Well, c   a d m i t t i n g s o m e t h i n g (b a d ). Well, I actually I  actually   spend too much on clothes.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h   act ual l y   or   really. 1 I don't like that bag, but this one is nice. 2 You have to see her new hair 3 Thanks. I appreci ate it. 4 , I've change d my mind. 5 I've known Sarah for years. Since we were kids, 6 Do you expec t me to beli eve that ? 7 ? Do you thi nk we'l l win the match? 8 You believed her ridic ulous story? ? No kidding?

literature

art

dance

Unit 4 M o d a l v e r b s i n c o n d i t io io n a l s e n t e n c e s Modal verbs are possible in all types of conditional sentences. If you want to stay in a hotel, you   can. could  go on holiday now, where would you go? If you  you   could  If you visit a church, you   should  should  observe the local dress code.

Match t he two sentence halves. 1 2 3 4 5

If If If If If

a b c d e

• . • . • . • . Q

I were olde r... I had a car.. . I walke d mor e... I earned more mon ey.. . I had a bicycle. .. . I'd ride it everyd everyday, ay, . I could aff afford ord to buy a car car.. . I'd los lose e a b t of weight, weight, . I'd only drive it at weekends, ...I would have the right to drive.

Adjectives and adverbs Adjective + noun smart  dresser. She is a  a   smart  She is a good a  good   writer. Verb + adv erb of ma nne r She dresses  dresses   smartly. They behaved  behaved   well.

2  R e w r i t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s u s i n g a n a d v e r b . 1 Phil ip is a really good driver. 2 Susan is a very bad singe r. 3 My son is a qui ck reader. 4 We speak good English. 5 All Is a fast runner. 6 Jason is a hard wo rker.

Spoke n E ngl i s h: V ague l anguage Wigs improved their appearance  appearance   o r whatever,  (or anything else of the same kind) whoever  covered her baldness Queen Elizabeth  Elizabeth   o r whoever  with a wig.  (o r a n y b o d y e l s e ) People with a social position and  and   whatnot,  (and other similar things) 99

 

Language development C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a s u i t aabb l e v a g u e expression. There ma y be two possibilities. 1 When we were kids, we could do wha t we want ed, go to the park , go for long walks ; 2 Membe rs of the club - or is interested - can come on the trip. 3 Brin g a bottl e of win e, some soft drinks drinks   4 I have to go out and pay the bills and 5 We have to do homewor k as signme nts, projects . 6 The t hi ef took the money - had better return it immediately.

E as i l y c onf us e d w or ds : F as hi on dress  vs  put on  vs  wear ring  a black skirt. Sh e   is dressed in/is wea ring   wear   jeans when I go out. I  wear I  get dressed dressed   quickly  quickly  (*I dress  is more formal,). on  my clothes. I  put on  cloth   is the material used for making clothes; clothes  are the things we wear; clothing   means clothes in general; to clothe   is to provide someone with clothes. fashionable   means popu lar at at a parti cular t ime (usually positive): It's fashionable to wear hoodies hoodies at the moment, trendy   means fashionabl e but sometime s in a silly way (a bit negati ve); trend   means a gradual change: There is a trend trend towards practical clothes. trend  for others, Armani designs  designs   set the trend  slim   means thi n in an attr activ e way (simi lar: slender]; thin   means not fat (not good or bad); skinny   means too thi n, not attract ive. well-known   means kn ow n by man y people: It is a well-know n fact. He is well known. famous   means a lot of people kno w their n ame: She's a famous star. popular   means that a lot of people like s omeone She is famous but not very popular, notorious   means kno wn for a bad reason: a notorious thief, gangst gangster, er, scandal

4  U n d e r l i n e t h e c o r r e c t o p t i o n . 1 I saw Mart ha yesterday, she didn 't look well , she is really  slim/skinny. 2  Put/Wear   your coat on. It's really cold today. 3 Emi wears amazing   cloths/clothes. 4 Agnes d dresses resses really  good/well. 5 I'm  wearing/getting   dressed, I'll be ready in half an hour. 6 This bouti que is really  frequent/popular   with teenager girls. 100

Unit 6 E as i l y c onf us e d w or ds : C r i m e trial   vs  process court   vs  tribune jury  vs  judge  vs  justice cell   vs  prison

rule  vs  law offensive   vs  offence suspended  vs  postponed

Underline the correct word. Use your dictionary to help you. 1 The  trial/process   lasted ten days. 2 There were televi sion cameras in the  court/

tribune.

3 The pop star spent three nights in a  prison

eel /pris on r oom.

4 It iiss against the   rule/law   to smoke in public places. 5 As it was his first  offensive/offe offensive/offence nce   he was given a  postponed/suspended   sentence so he won't have to go to prison. 6 The justice/judge   told the members of of the  jury/ court  to think very carefully before giving their

answer/verdict.

I nf or m al E ngl i s h/ s l ang A copper picked him up I'm not a yob I'm an honest bloke He nicked the video camera. He grassed grassed to the police. He grassed his friends up to the coppers.

2  C a n y o u g u e s s w h a t t h e s e n t e n c e s a b o v e refer to in English? Translate them into your language.

Unit 7 the truth is.../the is.../the

thing is...

The truth is, I  I   was never keen on school. The thing is, I  I  couldn't see the point of carrying o n. The fact is,  is,  I started falling behind and felt like like a dunce.

Work in pairs. Read the sentences and talk about them. Take turns to use one of the expressions above to say how you feel. 1 You hate/don 't like studyi ng (a subjec t e.g. maths/history) because you're not good at it. 2 You don' t want to go out. You're tired, you have to study, etc. 3 When you were at midd le school you didn't like a teacher (name) because he/she was strict, unfriendly, etc. 4 You never did (a sport) be cause you didn't like it; you preferred another (sport), etc.

 

Language development 5 You don 't wan t to go out for a pizza becaus e you don't like them; you have got too much homework, etc.

Unit 8 •which Which  c a n b e u s e d t o c o m m e n t o n t h e w h o l e o f the prev ious clause . which  I'm not happy about. The pay's no t great,  great,   which 

C o m p le te th e s e s e n te n c e s w ith  which   and an expression from the box. There can be more than one right answer. is quite generous he doesn't mind made h her er very happy I'm I'm really really pleased about is brilliant brilliant

1 They have invited me and my boyfrie nd to their villa this summer, . 2 My frien ds ssay ay my my English has really i mprove d,

bring home the bacon:   to earn to support your family cheap as chips:   very cheap couch potato:  s o m e b o d y w h o s p e n d s a l o t o f t i m e sitting watching TV on a sofa cry over spilt milk:   t o w a s t e t i m e b e i n g u p s e t a b o u t something that cannot be changed little mo ne y for peanuts:   for very little full of beans:  ver y lively and full of ene rgy have a finger in every pie:  be involved in a lot of different things have your cake and eat it:  have all the benefits of a situation when in reality having one means you cannot have the other make a meal of something:   treat something as more important or serious than it really is not somebody's cup of tea:   n o t t o s o m e b o d y ' s t a s t e spill the beans:  t e llll s o m e b o d y a ssee c r e t take the biscuit:  to be the most silly , stupid or annoy ing thing in a series of things the icing on the cake:   s o m e t h i n g t h a t m a k e s a g o o d situation even better

3 My mum and dad give m me e thi rty euros a week,

U n it io

4 I took Amy to her favour ite Japanese r estaurant instead,

Work idioms ver a   all work and no pplay lay g  get worked up oover something b   m any hands m ake h   make short work of light work

5 My mum buys all his clothes ,

C ol l oqui al E ngl i s h

Formal (written)

Colloquial (spoken)

Synonyms

have no money ungenerous costly wealthy poor

be broke mean pricey well-off hard up

/

2  C o m p l e t e t h e t h i r d c o l u m n w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g synonyms. affluent rich

skint

expensive

opulent

rolling in it

loaded

penniless

needy

stingy

exclusive

Unit 9 F ood i di om s Translate the following food idioms into your own language: are they mo re or less the sam e? of cake:  s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s v e r y e a s y

a piece

c  to work your socks Off d   all in a day's work e   dirty work f  get down to work

something

i  work out for the best ]

put/throw a spanner in the works

Match t he work idio ms in the box wit h th e following definitions. 1 D To express that thing s seem easy if you have help. 2 D necessary, necessary, but uninteresting, or diffi cult work 3 D To wor k hard. 4 • nothin g special, part of the routine 5 D Eventually finish well. 6 D Become angry or or annoyed about something. 7 D Stop relaxing and focus on an impo rta nt task. 8 • To express tha t someb ody is wor kin g too hard and not leaving time for fun. 9 D Do someth ing that suddenly sto stops ps a process or plan. 10 O Do somethi ng quickly.

big cheese:   a n i m p o r t a n t o r p o w e r f u l p e r s o n bread

and

butter:   w h a t g i v e s y o u y o u r m a i n

income

101

 

Word building erbs ending with -ise and -fy W r i t e  e   t h e   c or r es ponding v er b nex t t   t o t h e   a d j e c t i v e  e  o r   n o u n T h e n  n   a d d   ot her f or m s  s  y o u   k n o w noun /adjective advert

verb

advertise

other forms

advertising advertisement

noun/adjec tive identity improvisation

advice

intense

ample

just

analysis

legal

apology

memory

authority

modification

beautiful

moral

brutal

mortification

character

organisation

certification

person

class

political

clear

publicity

civil computer

pure qualification

criticism

recognition

custom

revision

dignity

revolution

diverse

satisfaction

drama

scrutiny

economical

sign

emphasis

simple

false

solid

family

social

fantasy

special

final

specific

glamour

subsidy

glorious

summary

harmony

supervision

horror

terror

ideal

trauma

102

verb

other forms

 

Word building Nouns ending with -ion  o r  -ness n ess W r i t e  e  t h e   c or r es ponding noun nex t t   t o t h e   v er b  b   o r   a d j ec ec t i v e T h e nn   a d d   ot her f or m s  s  y o u   k n o w verb/adjective accommodate

noun

other forms

accommodation accommodating

verb/adjective

noun

other forms

hesitate

accuse

hopeless

act

ill

active

kind

adore

inform

aware

lonely

awkward

lovely

bitter

meaningful

cancel

migrate

careless

nervous

celebrate

oppose

certify

organise

civil

possess

clarify

prepare

clever

pronounce

clumsy

protect

collaborate

purify

collide

qualify

competitive

quiet

conclude

recognise

connect

repeat

conscious

resign

define

rude

describe

satisfy

examine

selfish

explain

sick

explode

submit

fit

suggest

fond

suspect

fresh

tempt

friendly

tired

grateful

translate

happy

ugly

helpless

weak

103

 

Word building Nouns ending with 

merit 

o r  -y

W r i t e  e  t h e   c or r es ponding noun nex t t   t o t h e   v er b  b   o r   aadd j e c t i v e T h e n  n  a d d   ot her f or m s  s  y o u   k n o w noun

verb/adjective able

ability

other forms

unable, unable, inability

verb/adjective fluent

accurate

generous

achieve

glorify

adjust

hesitant

advertise

hypocritical

agree

insecure

amazed

involve

anonymous

judge

anxious

loyal

apologise

measure

appoint

modernise

argue

moralise

astonish

necessary

available

original

bake

pay

brave

poor

burgle

proficient

commit

recruit

controversial

reliable

cruel

replace

deliver

retire

develop

safe

discover

settle

disappointed

similar

economise

special

efficient

state

electrical

summarise

embarrassed

superficial

encourage

supply

entertain

sustainable

equal

tragic

equip

unemployed

establish

uniform

excited

valid

flexible

104

noun

other forms

 

Word building Nouns ending with -ance  -ance   o r 

ence

W r i t e  e  t h e   c or r es ponding noun nex t t   t o t h e   v er b  b   o r   aadd j e c t i v e T h e nn   a d d   ot her f or m s  s  y o u   k n o w verb/adjective accept

noun

acceptance

other forms

acceptable, unacceptable

verb/adjective

noun

other forms

important impotent

allow

independent

ally

influent

ambivalent

inherit

appear

innocent

assure

insist

attend

intelligent

coherent

interfere

coincide

maintain

competent

obedient

confer

occur

correspond defend

offensive patient

defy

persist

differ

predominant

disobey

prefer

distant

present

disturb

pretend

dominate

refer

emerge

resemble

endure

reside

enter

resist

exist

signify

evident

tolerate violent

105

 

Word building Prefixes to form opposite adjectives Wri te the adjectives next to the correct prefix to form their o pposites. co mfo rt able co n sist en t pract ical believable co mpat ible expen sive perso n al lo gical able resolute literate literate graceful regular poss ible honest attractive legib le direct d epen dent avoida ble clear respectful polite usual experien ced patient pure adeq uate rational legal aware respo n sible cert ain perfect pro bable act ive accu rat e appro priat e co n ven ien t o bedien t respect fu l h o spit able sign ifican t visible o rgan ised co n n ect ed relevan t reversible reversi ble h appy em plo yed in h abit ed acc ept able

dis-

disabled

¡1-

illiterate

im-

impractical

in-

inconsistent

ir-

irresolute

un-

uncomfortable

106

 

Word building Adjectives ending with  -ic , -y  o r  -ous W r i t e  e  t h e   c or r es ponding adjec t iv e nex t t   t o t h e   n o u n  n   o r   v er er b T h e nn   a d d   ot her f or m s  s  y o u   k n o w noun/verb academy

adjectiv e

academic

other forms

academically

noun/verb

adjective

other forms

happiness

adventure

hero

ambiguity

history

anger

humour

anorexia

hunger

apologise

juice

art

luxury

catastrophe

mountain

climate

myth

continue

nerves

cream

panorama

danger

prosper

democracy diplomacy

religion romance

ease

scandal

economy

scene

electricity

science

energy

school

enthuse

shine

envy

slime

ethnicity

space

euphemism

specify

filth

symbolise

friend

sympathy

genetics

thirst

glamour

107

 

Writing reference Formal letter/email Example question Y o u h a v e r e a d t h e a d v e r t i s e m e n t b e l o w f o r E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e s u m m e r c o u r s e s   in   the UK . You are interested  in attending but decide to write a message asking for more information.

STUDENTS

OF ENGLISH

E n glish S u m m e r S c h ool C ou r se s Progre ssive English Col lege is located in Cante rbury; a ma gni fice nt scho ol

H ow long?

s e t in in b e a u t i f u l g r o u n d s , n e a r t h e c e n t r e o f t h is is b e a u t i f u l c a t h e d r a l c i t yy.. What exactly?

Intensive Eng lish classes Are there any courses for advanced students?

Special cultural events Cla sse s at all levels Small groups T h e S u m m e r S c h o o l c o m b i n e s E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e l e a r n i n g w i t h f u n a c ti ti v iitt i e s

Where and how many?

in the afternoon and evenings. Plus an exciting excursion schedule Cost?

Write your answ er in 120 -15 0 words in an appropriate style. Re me mb er to include all the notes you have made on the advertisement.

Write your answ er in 12 0 - 1 5 0 w ords in an appropriate style. Rem emb er to include all the notes you have mad e on the advertisement.

B e f or e you w r i t e • 

Rea d the question carefully .

What language will you use, formal or informal?

• 

Wh o is is going to read y our article?

Remember to include all the notes.

• 

Wh at is going to be y our aim in writing?

Model answer Say why you are writing. Begin with an appropriate 'salutation'.

Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing in response to the advertisem ent about Engl ish su mm er school in C a n t e r b u r y , w h i c h I s a w i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t u d e n t s ' m a g a z i n e , 

Flash.

Make clear paragraphs.

First of all, I would like to say that I am very interested in the courses but I would like more detailed information. I am sixteen years old and my English is at quite a h i g h l e v e l ( B 2 ) : I w o u l d l i k e t o k n o w i f t h e re re a r e c o u r s e s f o r t e e n a g e r s w h o w o u l d like to study for the Proficiency (C2 level). If so, how long will the course last a n d h o w m a n y h o u r s a d a y w i l l w e b e o b l i g e d t o a tttt e n d c l a s s e s ? Another query I have concerns leisure time activities. Your advertisement refers t o ' l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s ' . C o u l d y o u i n f o r m m e o f tthh e t y p e o f a c t i v i t y a v a i l a b l e a n d howjniwh^hne^wrrilDe devoted to sports and games and other free time activities? Your advertisement also mentions excursions: how many will there be and where? F i n a l l y , c o u l d y o u le le t m e k n o w h o w m u c h t h e c o u r s e , w i t h m e a l s , a c c o m m o d a t i o n and excu rsions , will co st?

108

Use an appropriate neutral vocabulary.

 

Writing reference Letter of ap p lication Example

question

You have read an advertisement asking for applications for sports coaches at an activity centre where you can study English and also do a lot of sports and other activities. Read the notice and the notes you have made. Then write an a p p l i ca t i o n t o Ni ck B i sh o p u si n g a llll yo u r n o t e s. W ri t e yo u r a n swe r i n 1 2 0 -1 5 0 wo rd s i n an an a p p ro p ri a t e st yl e .

B e a spor ts c oac h at T he Oxfor dshi r e Ac ti vi ty Ce ntr e OAC offe r s E ngl i sh and ac ti vi ty and spor ts. We are looking for sports coaches for our summer courses June-September Mi nim um stay one mon th You must be:

basketball team/ swimming

- 16 or over

look after 2 sisters

- play 2 or more sports - like children - have a good level of English

would like work experience

have FCE

Write and tell us why you want the job and wh y you woul d be a good sports coach Send your application to nic k bis hop @net .uk 

weekends? free time?

Before you write • 

Read the Inst ruct ions carefully .

m 

Mak e sure you use all the notes in the margi n.

• 

E xp a n d t h e n o t e s wh e r e a p p ro p ri a t e .

• 

Choos e the corre ct style: for mal or informa l.

Model

answer

Dear Mr Bisho p, Make clear paragraphs.

Explain why you are writing.

I am writing to app ly for a jo b as a sports coac h at O A C cen ters. I am ava ilab le from the 30 July to the end of August. I am 1 7 yea rs old and am in my last year at high sc hoo l. I think I wo uld be a go od s p o r t s c o a c h b e c a u s e , f i r s t l y . I l o v e a l l s p o r t s . I a m i n th th e s c h o o l b a s k e t b a l l t e a m ,

Use listing linkers.

and go swimming twice a week.

State your experience and suitability

S e c o n d l y , I a m v e r y g o o d w i t h c h i l d r e n , i n f a c t , I o f t e n b a b y s i t f o r m y s i s t e rrss who are ten and twelve and I play games with them and take them swimming on Saturdays. I would like to wor k for O A C beca use I wou ld like to gain some w ork exper ience a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e p r a c t is is e m y E n g l i s h . I p a s s e d t h e F C E e x a m l a s t C h r i s t m a s and got a B. Use polite language.

Cou ld you let me know h ow m any hours a day the job is and whether we w ork at weekends as I would like to be able to go on trips and see the sites. I look forw ard to hearing fro m yo u. Yours sincerely,

Include suitable opening and closing lin line. e.

Terri Thompson

109

 

Writing reference A rticle Example question You have seen this annou nceme nt in an inter nation al magazine:

MY FAVOURITE TEACHER

Tell us about a favourite teacher of yours and say what you rem em ber about him or her. We will publish the most interesting articles next month. Write your article in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

Before you write •  •  m  •  • 

Read the questi on carefully. Who is going to read your article? Make notes about the thing s you remember. How will you make the text interesting? Whi ch tenses will be useful?

Model answer Give the article a title.

Engage the reader's interest in the topic.

Give examples.

Th

Çe-çf T a^her ^v r

M  rÇ Coo Cooler ler

wa(, wonderful.   S  ho waÇ my toacMor

Çohool. She - waÇ land but ÇomotimoÇ a^bl a^blt^tHc^t t^tHc^t

Use descriptions (e.g. adjectives).

at Sho \%

all tho  pupils  to loarn_and- hcfïoÇÇ onÇ were* alwayÇ onjoyablo onjoyablo.. She - told groat çtorioç and Çho waÇ ofton Vonj funny. for   example-, I romombo romomborr çho u Çod to bring , hor pot parrot to Çohool  in a   oa^ and   p u t   it on on tho tablo at tho tho front of tho olaÇÇ. Onco,  I  waÇ naughty and   M rÇ Coopor told mo to gi

to

tho front of tho  c-laÇÇ  and talfc. to tho parrot: Wh at'ç your namo?\   I  açfccJ.   'F otorl Fotorl', it Çaid. It waÇ magi¿>. Use anecdotes to make the article more interesting.

Anothor

thing

I romombor about MrÇ Coopor  i you choose it? take The Rolling Stones Well, I Well,  I  would 'Satisfaction' because it was the song  I  I   was dancing to when  I  first met my wife back in the 60s and we danced together and it   WOL : remind me of our first date...

1.17

In her new book   The Language of Clothe Clothes, s,  Dr Martha Heisenberger suggests that our wardrobe tells others a lot Heisenberger about our secret desires. There are occasions when we have to wear particular clothes (Interviews, (Interviews, weddings) but we have plenty of choice. So, a low-cut dress may suggest you you are power-hungry power-hungry,, w hile too much jewellery might mean you you are insecure. The jewellery could be an attempt to tell others you are rich, but actually it may mean that you are having financial problems and are trying to hide the truth Women who button up their clothes are actually saying 'femininity means weakness, I weakness,  I   want power'; while high heels can make women appear less intelligent, they can also Inspire Inspire confidence, by making them look talller. er. Dr Heisenberger says, 'Actually, 'Actually, your thoughts and feelings are all there in your clothes; but you have to look for them.' Heisenberger's research suggests suggests we should avoid buying designer labels, and w e don't have to get Into Into a style rut, 'We should not wear the same clothes all the time; above all, we should not overspend.' Our behaviour, behaviour, explains Heisen Heisenberger berger,, com es from inside; why should clothes be different? All you need to do is notice the styles in your wardrobe to find out who you really are. Dr Heisenberger Heisenberger adds, 'You have to mix things up, you don't have to wear the same stuff all the time; like you could use contrasts, such as a gold belt with an all-black outfit and bright red heels. All this may show you have high self-est self-esteem eem and are not afraid to stand out.' Heisenberger believes people with low self-esteem Heisenberger self-esteem shou ldn't read fashion magazines with pictures of slim models - these images play a big part in making us worry about our looks. One approach might be to choose a famous role model and notice how they dress, but we mustn't just copy: copy: 'You should wear the clothes you feel good In. You needn't copy anyone: be yourself ' Why did Heisenberger decide to write this book on the power of clothes? 'Well, actually, one day I day  I   was watching an episode of   The Simpsons-,  at school, Bart was wearing a 'Down with homework' T-shirt and this provoked a student rio riot; t; so everyone everyone had to wear the same grey uniforms. The grey dress-code dress-code m ade the students calm down and behave well. But when it started to rain and the rain washed their clothing into colour, they behaved badly again. After this hilarious episode, I episode,  I   thought I thought I  must write a book about this - the connection between the clothes we wear and the way we behave.'

©

1.18

Now, as I as  I   was saying, wigs probably began in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians wore wigs and though we're not absolutely sure why, it could have been to protect their bald heads from the sun or for religious reasons. But other ancient cultures also used wigs: take the Greeks and the Romans. For them, them, w igs had an aesthetic or religious purpose. So, we believe wigs must have started started as a way to hide

 

Audioscripts   baldness. Imagine: it must have been difficult or very expensive for bald people to grow hair again, so they wore

depends on these resources. Our economy depends on it. It is true that we suffer from water shortages and all kinds of

wigs Instead. But then, in 16th century England, wigs became popular with women as well, so people must have belie believed ved that wigs improved their appearance or whatever, especially, when king kingss and queens start started ed to wear w igs. Going bald can't have been very pleasant for a monarch, so when, say, Queen Elizabeth or whoever, covered her baldness with a wig, it became fashionable. Take France: there, Louis XIV had 40 wigmakers so he m ust have change changed d his appearance all the time; and it must have been difficult to keep up with the King'ss changing tastes King' tastes in wigs

problems to do with the water supply.

So wigs, more or less, became obligatory: people with a social position and whatnot had to wear them, especially at court. But wigs also served a practical purpose: they were healthier. Remember, those were dirty times: it can't have been very pleasant, having a head full of of lice And a wig Is much easier to keep clean - so people shaved shaved their heads and wore wigs to keep lice away. Wigmakers must have been kept busy. When the fashion was for long hair, wigs had to cover the back and shoulders and would often often flow dow n the chest. They must have been ver very y heavy and uncomfortable to wear. And all that artificial hair can't have been very cheap: the most expensive wigs were made from human hair. The hair of horses and goats was cheaper. The cost may have been one of the reasons why in the 18th century, men's wigs became smaller; it kept costs down. Some professions adopted short wigs as part of their uniform. Today, barristers wear short wigs. Judges' wigs can be short, too, but on particular occasions they may wear long wigs. Finally, a number of celebrities, pop stars and whatnot, have made all kinds of wigs popular, from blonde to black, from curly to straight. Take Lady Gaga, for example. She's well known for her outrageous costumes which include the regular use of wigs. Some of them have become quite iconic w ithin pop culture history - who can forget her yellow wig, the hair bow or the soda can hair for example? She is a real trendsetter. Since her eccentric videos and appearances in theatres and on TV shows international catwalks have replicated several of her different hairstyles...

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1 19

Speaker 1 We think it is important for people to know about the clothes they wear and if necessary make their feelings known to the manufacturers. We have a right to know what we are wearing and what damage It may do to our health and the environment. They should get hold of this report or read it on the Net. Speaker 2 We want to make sure that that the clothes we produc produce e do not mean people are working as slaves or In very unhealthy conditions. People in rich western countries must not exploit the labour of poor people in North Africa and Latin America; this Is where where we produce produce our products and w e make sure people get paid properly and work in healthy conditions. Speaker 3 Yes, it's true we did use a lot of water in our fields. And yes, traditionally we have used a lot of chemicals in our work, because it's cheaper. You see, farming in our country

Speaker 4 You can look younger and fresher and help the environment at the same time. We guarantee that only natural methods and materials are used in our products. Try our products now, and your skin will be soft and beautifu beautifull and you w ill look natural and younger than ever Speaker 5 I don't think people should believe everything they hear about organic clothes and even food. People should be critical of claims that this or that product is natural and clean and doesn't do any harm to the environment. The organic Industry is big business and very profitable. You should make sure you are supporting the right people.

© 

2 02

Amanda Fitz Jones, the 15-year-old daughter of a millionaire banker, is being remanded in Tottenham prison for questioning. She is said to be facing charges of theft and vandalism. She was filmed by th the e shop's CCTV camera and can be seen carrying a stolen TV. The owner of the electrical goods store said when interviewed, 'I'm going to get her locked up. She should be made an example of. We've got to get all the windows replaced. Who's going to pay for them?' Singer Roma Ritz is getting a ghost writer to write a novel about her experience in a California gaol. On 7 September she was stopped by the cops on Sunset Drive and breathalysed. When found to be over the limit, she was arrested and charged with driving under the influence of alcohol. In court, she said, 'I had one glass of champagne on an empty stomach. I stomach.  I   should have eaten something'. At her trial she was convicte convicted d and sentenced to 45 days in prison. As IItt is her first offence, she will be allowed to serve her sentence under house arrest. Ex-offender Paul Kim, 67, was arrested for shoe theft after being spotted behaving in a strange way at a funeral home In Seoul, Korea. The suspect removed his sandals, paid his respects, came out, and left with an expensive pair of shoes. He repeated this action three times before being arrested. The thief, who is well known in the area, had had his hair dyed brown and was wearing a false moustach moustache e so that he would not be recognised. 1,750 pairs of designer shoes were later found In his house. They are all believed to be stolen. An unusual method has been found for returning the shoes to their original owners. If you have had shoes stolen, you are allowed to go and try them on. If the shoes fit, you can walk away In them. Actress Mona Tyler, 30, has been accused of stealing almost $5,0 00 worth of desi designer gner cloth clothes es from a shop on Fifth Avenue. At the time of her arrest, she seemed 'confused'. When questi questioned, oned, Tyler Tyler claimed her medicati medication on w as to blame. She denied the charges, 'I'm Innocent', she said. It is said that she is suffering from depression. If convicted, she may be forced forced to do community service or pay a fine.

137

 

Audioscripts © 

2 03

Arthurr Brady was a good looking y Arthu young oung man who w as married to a very rich woman, Delia Steinway. They lived in the English countryside. Brody was found dead in his bed at 4 p.m. on Tuesday afternoon by his housekeeper, Mrs Wilson. He had been poisoned some hours before. According to Mrs Wilson, he had asked for his usual breakfast, coffee, toast and orange juice. Mrs Brody had told her to take the morning off. off. The family doctor was called and as the death had seemed susp icious asked for a coroner's repor report. t. The report showed he had been poisoned with digitalis, a poison taken from the foxglove flower, present in the Brody garden. I was called to investigate and  I   questioned Mrs Brody, the prime suspect. She immediately told me she was not at home at the time of the murder. She was at the garage having havin g her car fixed. She said she had spent the whole day there. The mechanic confirmed her alibi. But what she hadn't told me was that she had been lent a car by the m echanic to go shopping. She was seen by Mrs. Wilson driving driving up to the house as she was c ycling away. A small bottle of digitalis was later found in the mechanic's car. The suspect was arres arrested ted and charged w ith her husband's murder. Despite all the evidence, Mrs Brody continued to deny the charges. The jury took just twenty minutes to reach their verdict after hearing the witnesses. She was found guilty and was given given a life life sentence. Mrs Brody will spend the rest of her life in the Lowood women's prison. But why did she do it?

© 

2 04

Apparently Mr. Brody had been behaving strangely strangely and Mrs Brody was suspicious. She suspected he was seeing another woman. She had him followed by a detective who took photos of him with a w oman - Delia's sist sister. er. From that moment she decided she would commit the perfect murder.

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THE B URGL ARY 'The boy next,' said Toby. 'Lift him up; I'll catch hold of him.' Before Oliver had time to look round, Sikes had caught him under the arms; and in three or four seconds he and Toby were lying on the grass on the other side. Sikes came straight after. And they made their way cautiously towards the house. And now, for the first time, Oliver saw that housebreaking and robbery, if not murder, were the aim of the expedition. He clasped his hands together and sank upon his knees. For the first time, nearly mad with grief and terror, saw that housebreaking and robbery, if not murder, were the objects of the expedition. He clasped his hands together, and sank upon his knees. 'Get up ' murmured Sikes, trembling with rage, and pulling the pistol from his pocket. 'Get up, or I'll scatter your brains upon the grass.' 'Oh for God's sake let me go ' cried Oliver; 'le ett me run away and die in the fields. fields. I  I  will never come near London; never, never Oh Pray have mercy mercy on me, and do not make me steal. For the love of all the bright Angels that rest in Heaven, have mercy upon me ' Sikes, to whom this appeal was made, swore a dreadful oath, and aimed his pistol at Oliver. Toby, Toby, tthe he smallest member of the gang, snatching it from his grasp, placed his hand upon the boy's mouth, and dragged him to the house. 'What's that?' w hispered the other m an. They listened intently. y.

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'Nothing,' said Sikes, releasing his hold of Oliver. 'Now ' In the short time he had had to collect his senses, the boy had firmly resolved that, whether he died in the attempt or not, he would make one effort to dash upstairs from the hall, and alarm the family. Filled with this idea, he ran quickly towards the stairs. stairs. 'Come back ' suddenly cried Sikes aloud. 'Back Back ' A shot was fired. Olive Oliverr fell. They grabbed him and ran to the window. 'Clasp your arm tighter,' said Sikes, as he pulled him through the window. 'Give me a scarf here. They've hit him. Quick How the boy is bleeding ' said Toby. Toby. 'Let's cut through the town,' whispered Sikes; 'there'll be nobody in the way, tonight, to see us.' Toby nodded; and they hurried through the main street of the little town, which at that late hour was wholly deserted. There was just the occasional light light from a bedro bedroom om w indow or the barking o off a stray dog. But there was nobody out there. They had left the town behind them, as the church bell struck two. After walking about a quarter of a mile, they stopped in front of a detached house surr surrounded ounded by a high w all. Toby Crackit climbed quickly to the top of it. 'The boy next,' said Toby. 'Lift him up; I'll catch hold of him.' Before Oliver had time to look round, Sikes had caught him under the arms; and in three or four seconds he and Toby were lying on the grass on the other side. Sikes came straight after. And they made their way cautiously towards the house. For the first time, Oliver saw that housebreaking and robbery, if not murder, were the aim the his expedition. He clasped his hands together and sankofupon knees. 'Get up ' murmured Sikes, trembling with rage, and taking the pistol from his pocket; 'Get up, or I'll scatter your brains upon the grass.' ''Oh Oh For God's sake let me go ' cried Oliver; 'let me run away and die in the fields. I fields.  I   w ill never come near London; ne never, ver, never Oh Have mercy on me, and do not make me steal. For the love of all the bright Angels that rest in Heaven, have mercy upon me ' Sikes, Sikes, to whom this appeal w as made, aimed his pisto pistoll at Oliver; Toby, the smallest member of the gang, snatching it from his grasp, placed his hand upon the boy's mouth, and dragged him to the house. 'Now list listen, en, you young limb,' whispered Sikes, Sikes, draw ing a dark lantern from his pocket, and throwing the glare full on Oliver's face; 'I'm a going to put you through that window. Take this light; go up the steps and along the little hall, to the street door; unlock it, and let us in.' In the short time, when Oliv Oliver er had had the time to come to his senses, he decided that, whether he died in the attempt or not, he would make one effort to dash upstairs from the hall, and wake up the family. Filled with this idea, he ran quickly towards the stairs.

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'The robbery failed,' said Toby faintly. 'I know it,' replied Fagin, tearing a newspaper from his pocket and pointing to it. 'What more?' 'They fired and hit the boy. We dashed over the fields at the back, with him between us - straight as the crow flies thro through ugh hedge and ditch. They They chased us. Damn The whole country was awake, and the dogs were upon us.' 'The boy?' asked Fagin. 'Bill had him on his back, and ran like the wind. We stopped to ta take ke him between us; hi hiss head hung down, and he was cold. They were close upon our heels; every man for himself, and all of us afraid of being caught caught and being hanged We parted company, and left the youngster lying in a ditch. Alive or dead, that's all I know about him.'

 

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Well-known historian historian and education correspondent Mark Baker agreed to talk to us on the state of education in the UK. Education Today asked Mr Baker if it was true that literacy was declining in Britain. He said that it wasn't really accurate. 'On the contrary, there is clear evidence that literacy has improved. In a survey carried out in the the early 80's, only 25% of school pupils achieved 5 or more good 0 level passes, while last year's survey survey shows that 58% of children w ho took GCSE's got A passes.'' He said w e should be more worried passes. worried about numeracy. numeracy. 'A lot of work has been done and money spent on improving reading and writing skills, so far, the same has not been done for numeracy.' Apparently we Brits ar are e not good at maths Numeracy levels have worsened worsened since the last su survey rvey carri carried ed out in 2 003 . It It's 's down from 26%-22%. Mr Baker told told me it wasn't wasn't just a question of maths. He said the British working population's knowledge of basic maths was very poor. 'Did you know that 17 million people - that's about half the working population of Britain - have the numeracy levels of a child at primary school? These people might have problems understanding their bills, checking their change or reading bus timetables.' Mr Baker explained that the consequences of poor numeracy were shocking. 'You are twice as likely to do badly at school, be unemployed, or suffer from depression.' I asked him if any studies had been carried out to compare numeracy in the UK with other countries. He told me we were 'bottom of the class' in maths. Fewer children continu continue e with maths after after the age of 16 than in any country in Europe - with the exception of Scotland which has a slightly different curriculum. According to Mr Baker, problems often begin at primary school. 'Teachers aren't incompetent, they just don't explain it well, so kids feel lost, get bored and lose interest.' It's not surprising then, that a lot of children dislike maths and drop it as soon as they can. asked him why we were so bad at maths. He said there .vere a lot of reasons, including the fact that maths and sciences did not get the same respect they got in other countries - it is OK here to say 'I'm 'I'm no good at m aths' In a way that it is not In most other parts of the world.' He gave ::~er reasons including: a shortage of good teachers and Z'Dor D or incentives for maths graduates to train as teachers, asked him whether anything was being done about it.