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Potter & Perry: Fundamentals of Nursing, 6th Edition

Glossary of Key Terms

abnormal reactive hyperemia

(47)

Hyperemia over a pressure site lasting longer than 1 hour after the removal of pressure; surrounding skin does not blanch.

abrasion

(47)

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Scraping or rubbing away of epidermis; may result in localized bleeding and later weeping of serous fluid.

absorption

Passage of substances across and into tissues (e.g., intestinal and parenteral absorption).

abstract

(5) Process whereby a professional association or nongovernmental body grants recognition to a

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Short summary of the purpose of a study, the subjects included in the research, the way the study was conducted, and the results obtained in the investigation.

acceptance

(29)

The individual accepts the loss and begins to look to the future.

accountability

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State of being answerable for one's actions. For example, the professional nurse answers to herself or himself, the client, the profession, the employing institution, and the professional society for the effectiveness of nursing care performed.

accrediting (accreditation)

(25) school or institution for its demonstrated ability in a special area of practice or training, such as the accreditation of hospitals by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations or of nursing schools by the National League for Nursing.

acculturation

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Process of intercultural borrowing between diverse peoples, resulting in a new and blended pattern.

acne

(38)

Inflammatory papulopustular skin eruption, usually occurring on the face, neck, shoulders, and upper back.

Chronic metabolic condition caused by overproduction of growth hormone and

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acromegaly

(32) characterized by gradual, marked enlargement and elongation of bones of the face, jaw, and extremities.

active listening

(23)

Listening attentively with one's whole being— mind, body, and spirit.

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active strategies of health promotion

(6)

Activities that depend on the client being motivated to adopt a specific health program.

active transport

(40)

Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible.

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activities of daily living (ADLs)

(18, 36)

Activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in the client's life, such as eating, dressing, bathing, brushing the teeth, and grooming.

activity tolerance

(36, 46)

Type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform.

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actual loss

(29)

Any loss of a person or object that can no longer be felt, heard, known, or experienced by the individual.

actual nursing diagnosis

(16)

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Human response to health conditions/life processes that exist in an individual, family, or community.

acuity recording

(25)

Mechanism by which entries describing client care activities are made over a 24-hour period. The activities are then translated into a rating score or acuity score that allows for a comparison of clients who vary by severity of illness.

acupoints

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Holes through which qi can be influenced by the insertion of needles.

acupressure

(42)

Therapeutic technique of applying digital pressure in a specified way on designated points on the body to relieve pain, produce anesthesia, or regulate body function.

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acupuncture

Traditional Chinese method of producing analgesia or altering the function of a body system by the insertion of needles.

acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP)

(1)

Nurse trained to function in the absence of a physician.

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acute illness

(6)

Illness characterized by symptoms that are of relatively short duration, are usually severe, and affect the functioning of the client in all dimensions.

acute pain

(42)

Follows acute injury, disease, or surgical intervention and has a rapid onset; varies in intensity, and lasts for a brief time, usually less than 6 months.

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acute stress disorder

(30)

Begins with the person experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with a traumatic event and responding with intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

addiction

(42)

A primary, chronic, neurobiological disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug

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use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving.

adjuvant

(42)

Substance, especially a drug, added to a prescription to assist in the action of the main ingredient.

administrative law (also known as regulatory law) (22)

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Law created by administrative bodies such as State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and regulations.

adolescence

(11)

Period of development between the onset of puberty and adulthood.

adult day care centers

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Centers that provide a variety of health and social services to specific client populations who live alone or with family in the community.

advanced practice nurse (APN)

(1)

Nurse with a master's degree in nursing, advanced education in pharmacology and physical assessment, and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice. An APN usually works in a critical, acute, restorative, or community health care agency.

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adventitious sounds

Abnormal lung sounds heard with auscultation.

adverse effects

(34)

A severe response to medication. For example, a client may become comatose when a drug is ingested.

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adverse reaction

(18)

Harmful or unintended effect of a medication, diagnostic test, or therapeutic intervention.

aerobic

(33)

Of or pertaining to the presence of air or oxygen; requiring oxygen for the maintenance of life.

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afebrile

(31)

Without fever.

affective learning

(24)

Acquisition of behaviors involved in expressing feelings in attitudes, appreciations, and values.

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afterload

(39)

Resistance to ventricular ejection.

ageism

(13)

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Attitude that disadvantages, separates, and stigmatizes older adults on the basis of agerelated characteristics.

agnostic

(28)

Term used to describe individuals who believe that any ultimate reality is unknowable.

air pollution

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Contamination of the environmental atmosphere with substances known as pollutants, which are not normally found in the air.

aldosterone

(40)

Substance released by the adrenal cortex in response to increased plasma potassium levels or as a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism to counteract hypovolemia.

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Allen's test

Test for the patency of the radial artery. The client's hand is formed into a fist while the nurse compresses the ulnar artery. Compression of the ulnar artery is continued while the fist is opened. If blood perfusion through the radial artery is adequate, the hand should flush and resume normal pinkish coloration.

allopathic medicine

(35)

System of medical therapy in which a disease or an abnormal condition is treated by creating an environment that is antagonistic to the disease or condition.

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alopecia

(32, 38)

Partial or complete loss of hair; baldness.

alternative therapies

(35)

Any of the systems of medical diagnosis and treatment differing in technique from that of the allopathic practitioner's use of drugs and surgery to treat disease and injury.

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Alzheimer's disease

(13)

Brain disorder that causes a gradual and progressive decline in cognitive functioning: the most frequent cause of irreversible dementia; also known as senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT).

Ambularm

(37)

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Safety device that alerts health care personnel that a client is attempting to get up. Provides an alternative to restraints.

ambulatory surgery

Scheduled outpatient procedures provided for clients who do not remain overnight in a hospital.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

(1)

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Organization of professional nurses in the United States that focuses on standards of health care, nurses' professional development, and economic and general welfare of nurses.

American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN) (49)

Organization that provided valuable guidelines for perioperative management and evaluation of process and outcomes.

amino acids

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Building blocks that construct proteins; the end products of protein digestion.

anabolism

(43)

Constructive metabolism characterized by conversion of simple substances into more complex compounds of living matter.

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anaerobic

Absence of oxygen.

analgesic

(42)

Relieving pain; a drug that relieves pain.

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analogies

(24)

Comparisons made between things otherwise unalike.

anaphylactic reactions

(34)

Reactions characterized by sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of the pharynx and larynx, and severe wheezing and shortness of breath.

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anemia

(47)

Disorder characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood.

aneurysm

(32)

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Localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually caused by arteriosclerosis, hypertension, or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall.

anger

The stage in which the individual resists the loss and may strike out at everyone and everything.

angina pectoris

(39)

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Episodic chest pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of artherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Pain radiates down the inner aspect of the left arm and is often accompanied by feeling of suffocation and impending death.

angiotensin

(40)

Substance produced by renin that causes some vasoconstriction.

animism

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Attribution of life to inanimate objects; for example, "Trees cry when their branches are broken."

anion gap

(40)

Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.

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anions

Negatively charged electrolytes.

anonymity

(5)

Nondisclosure of a client's or other person's name or identification; used in research to ensure the privacy of research subjects.

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anorexia

(43)

Condition in which ill or debilitated clients have poor appetites.

anorexia nervosa

(43)

Disease characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and an abnormal fear of becoming obese.

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antagonistic muscles

(36)

Group of muscles that work together to bring about movement at a joint.

anthropometric measurements

(46)

Measures of height, weight, and skinfold thickness to evaluate muscle atrophy.

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antibodies

(33)

Immunoglobulins essential to the immune system that are produced by lymphoid tissue in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.

anticipatory grief

(29)

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Grief response in which a person begins the grieving process before the actual loss.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

(40)

Substance stored in the posterior pituitary gland that is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity.

antiembolic stockings

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Elasticized stockings that prevent formation of emboli and thrombi, especially after surgery or during bed rest.

antigen

(33)

Substance (usually a protein) that causes the formation of an antibody and that reacts specifically with that antibody.

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antigravity muscles

Muscles involved with joint stabilization. These muscles continually oppose the effect of gravity on the body and permit a person to maintain an upright or sitting posture.

antipyretic

(31)

Of or pertaining to a substance or procedure that reduces fever.

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anuria

(44)

Cessation of urine production.

Apgar score

(11)

Rating describing a newborn's physiological status at birth and thereafter; assists with the determination of the newborn's ability to adjust to extrauterine life.

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aphasia

(32, 48)

Neurological disorder influencing the production and understanding of language.

apical impulse

(32)

Point at which the apex of the heart touches the anterior chest wall; best site for auscultation of

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heart sounds; also called the point of maximal impulse (PMI).

apocrine gland

(38)

One of the large, deep exocrine glands located in the axillary, anal, genital, and mammary areas of the body; secretes sweat that has a strong odor.

appraisal

(30)

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How people interpret the impact of the stressor on themselves, of what is happening and what they can do about it.

approximate

(47)

To come close together, as in the edges of a wound.

arcus senilis

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Thin white ring along the margin of the iris.

arterial blood gas

(40)

The oxygen and carbon dioxide content of arterial blood, measured by various methods to assess the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and the acid-base status of the body.

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artificial immunity

Immunity that follows the receipt of a vaccine, such as occurs with a tetanus or polio vaccine.

artificialism

(11)

Piagetian term that describes the belief that all things in the universe have been created by man.

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asepsis

(33)

Absence of germs or microorganisms.

assault

(22)

Unlawful threatening or inflicting of harm on another.

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assertiveness

(23)

Comprises respect for others, respect for yourself, self-awareness, and effective, clear and consistent communication.

assessment

(15)

First step of the nursing process. Activities required in the first step are data collection, data validation, data sorting, and data documentation;

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the purpose is to gather information for health problem identification.

assimilation

(8)

The result of an individual giving up his or her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture.

assisted living

(2)

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Attractive long-term care setting with a homier environment and greater resident autonomy.

assistive personnel

(1)

People who provide support to RNs and LPNs in the health care setting.

Association of

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Operating Room Nurses (AORN)

Organization formed in 1956 to gain knowledge of surgical principles and explore surgical methods to improve nursing care of surgical patients.

assumptions

(4)

Statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual and that are accepted as truths.

Pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries, veins, and

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asystole

(39)

A life-threatening cardiac condition characterized by the absence of electrical and mechanical activity in the heart.

atelectasis

(39, 46, 49)

Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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atheist

(28)

Individual who does not believe in the existence of God.

atherosclerosis

(32)

Common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and

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cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of the large- and medium-sized arteries.

atrophy

(32)

Wasting or diminution of size or physiological activity of a part of the body caused by disease or other influences.

auditory

(48) chambers of the heart. The pressure in the aorta and the large arteries of a healthy young adult is

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Related to or experienced through the sense of hearing.

aura

(37)

Sensation, as of light or warmth, that may proceed an attack of migraine or epileptic seizure.

auscultatory gap

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Disappearance of sound when obtaining a blood pressure: typically occurs between the first and second Korotkoff sounds.

authority

(20)

Right to act in areas in which the individual has been given and accepts responsibility.

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autogenic training

Process whereby clients are taught to relax and warm their hands or feet.

autologous transfusion

(40)

Transfusion procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a time before it is returned to the donor's circulation.

approximately 120 mm Hg during systole and 70 mm Hg during diastole.

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automated speech recognition

(25)

Voice-recognition computer technology that allows an individual to speak and enter data into a computer through voice tones.

autonomous stage

(10)

The stage of moral development when moral judgments are based on mutual respect for the rules and the consequences of a moral decision.

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Autonomy

(20, 21, 23)

Ability or tendency to function independently.

back channeling

(15)

Active listening techniques that indicate that the nurse has heard what the client says.

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bactericidal

(33)

Destructive to bacteria.

bacteriostasis

(33)

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State in which the development or reproduction of bacteria is suspended.

bacteriuria

(43)

Presence of bacteria in the urine.

bargaining

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An individual postpones awareness of the reality of the loss and may try to deal in a subtle or overt way as though the loss can be prevented.

bariatrics

(49)

Field of medicine that focuses on the treatment and control of obesity and diseases associated with obesity.

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basal cell carcinoma

Malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule and enlarges peripherally, developing a central crater that erodes, crusts, and bleeds. Metastasis is rare. Primary cause is excessive exposure to the sun or to x-rays.

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

(31, 43)

Amount of energy used in a unit of time by a fasting, resting subject to maintain vital functions.

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battery

(22)

Legal term for touching of another's body without consent.

bed rest

(45)

Placement of the client in bed for therapeutic reasons for a prescribed period.

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beneficence

(21)

The doing or active promotion of doing good. One of the four principles of the ethical theory of deontology.

bereavement

(29)

Response to loss through death; a subjective experience that a person suffers after losing a

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person with whom there has been a significant relationship.

biculturalism

(8)

Term used to describe a person who has two culture's lifestyles or sets of values.

bilineal

(8)

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Kinship extended to both the father's and mother's side of the family.

bioelectrical impedance analysis

(43)

Method of measuring the fat composition of the body, as compared with other tissues, by its resistance to electricity.

bioethics

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Field of study that guides the often complicated negotiations that characterize contemporary decisions about health care.

biofeedback

(35, 42)

Behavioral therapy that involves giving individuals information about physiological responses (such as blood pressure or tension) and ways to exercise voluntary control over those responses.

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biological clocks

Cyclical nature of body functions; functions controlled from within the body as synchronized with environmental factors: same meaning as biorhythm.

biomedical research

(5)

Research concerned mainly with discovering the causes and treatments of disease.

Record stored in a comprehensive computerized system that is used by all health care practitioners to permanently store information

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biophysical development

(10)

Describes the way our physical bodies grow and change.

biopsy

(45)

Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination.

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bioterrorism

(37)

The use of biological agents to create fear and threat.

biotransformation

(34)

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Change that occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify, degrade, and remove biologically active chemicals.

blanching

Whitening of the skin from pressure, vasoconstriction, or hypotension.

blastocyst

(11) pertaining to a client's health status, clinical problems, and functional abilities. The CPCR can store numerous databases, including structured

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Embryonic form that arises as a cavity within the morula, where cellular differentiation begins.

blended family

(9)

Family formed when parents bring together unrelated children from previous marriages.

block nursing

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Practice in which nurses who live within a neighborhood collaborate to offer services to people in the community.

blood pressure (BP)

(31)

body alignment

(46)

The individual's center of gravity is stable, and body strain is minimized.

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body image

(26)

Mental picture of one's body internally and externally.

body mass index (BMI)

(43) assessment data, clinical decision support systems, and diagnostic artificial intelligence. The CPCR will store information pertaining to a given client from any health care event and

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Measurement of weight, corrected for height, which serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships.

body mechanics

(36, 46)

Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment.

bolus

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Round mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed.

bonding

(11)

Parent's emotional tie to a child; usually develops soon after birth as a result of such close interaction.

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borborygmi

Audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis.

bowel training

(45)

Program of exercises through which the client gains control of bowel reflexes by setting up a daily routine, attempting to defecate at the same time each day, and using measures that promote defecation.

thereby provide access to information across a client's life span.

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bradycardia

(31)

Slower than normal heart rate; heart contracts fewer than 60 times per minute.

Braxton Hicks contractions

(12)

Irregular, short uterine contractions.

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breakthrough pain

(42)

Pain that extends beyond treated steady chronic pain.

Incident pain

(42)

Pain that is predictable, elicited by specific behaviors.

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End-of-dose failure pain

(42)

Pain that occurs toward the end of the usual dosing interval of a regularly scheduled analgesic.

Spontaneous pain

(42)

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Pain that is unpredictable and not associated with any activity or event.

broad-spectrum antibiotics

(33)

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of infectious microorganisms.

bronchophony

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Increase in intensity and clarity of the vocal resonance that may result from an increase in the lung tissue density, such as in the consolidation of pneumonia.

bronchoscopy

(39)

Visual examination of the tracheal and bronchial tree using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.

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bruit

Abnormal sound or murmur heard while auscultating an organ, gland, or artery.

buccal

(34)

Of or pertaining to the inside of the cheek or the gum next to the cheek.

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buccal glands

(38)

Found in the mucosa lining of cheeks and mouth, they secrete saliva to maintain the hygiene and comfort of oral tissues.

buffer

(40)

Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance.

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bulimia nervosa

(43)

Insatiable craving for fond, often resulting in episodes of continuous eating that are followed by purging, depression, and self-deprivation.

burnout

(30)

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A syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others, and perceptions of reduced personal accomplishment.

cachexia

General ill health and malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation.

calorie

(31)

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Amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1° C at atmospheric pressure; a kilocalorie or large calorie, which is used to represent energy values of food, is 1000 times as large as the small calorie, the unit used in physics to describe energy exchange in the body.

capitation

(2)

Method of paying a physician, hospital, or managed care system for annual services based on a fee per client.

carbohydrate

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Dietary classification of food such as sugars, starches, cellulose, and gum.

carbon monoxide (CO)

(37)

Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the combustion of carbon or organic fuels.

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cardiac catheterization

Diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is introduced into a large vein, usually of an arm or leg, and threaded through the circulatory system to the heart.

cardiac index (CI)

(39)

Adequacy of the cardiac output of an individual.

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cardiac output

(31, 39)

Volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart; equal to the amount of blood ejected at each beat (the stroke output) multiplied by the number of beats in the period of time used in the computation.

cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

(39)

Process of actively assisting the cardiopulmonary client to achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutritional counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, prescribed medication, oxygen therapy, and adherence to the rehabilitation program.

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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

(39)

Basic emergency procedures for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage.

caregiver

(1)

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One who contributes the benefits of medical, social, economic, or environmental resources to a dependent or partially dependent individual.

caries

Abnormal condition of a tooth, characterized by decay.

caring

(7)

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Sense of dedication to another person.

carriers

(33)

Animals or persons who harbor and spread a disease-causing organism but who do not become ill.

cartilage

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Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located mainly in the joints and in the thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.

cartilaginous joint

(36, 46)

Slightly moveable, highly elastic cartilage that unites bony surfaces.

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case management

Model of care; the case manager advises nursing staff on specific nursing care issues, coordinates the referral of clients to services provided by other disciplines, ensures that client education has been implemented, and monitors the client's progress through discharge.

catabolism

(43)

Complex metabolic process in which energy is liberated for use in work, energy, storage, or heat production by oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; carbon dioxide and water, as well as energy, are produced.

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cataplexy

(41)

Condition characterized by sudden muscular weakness and loss of muscle tone.

cathartic

(45)

Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.

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catheterization

(44)

Introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to inject or remove fluid.

cations

(40, 45)

Positively charged electrolytes.

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Celsius

(31)

Denotes a temperature scale in which 0° is the freezing point of water and 100° is the boiling point of water at sea level.

center of gravity

(36)

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Midpoint or center of the weight of a body or object.

cephalocaudal

(10)

Pertaining to the long axis of the body, or the relationship between the head and the base of the spine (from head to toe).

certified nursemidwife (CNM)

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Nurse who is educated in midwifery and possesses certification in accordance with criteria of the American College of Midwives.

certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) (1)

An RN who has received advanced training in an accredited program in anesthesiology.

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cerumen

A yellow, waxy substance produced by sweat glands in the external ear canal. This is normal.

chancre

(32)

Small open ulcer that drains serous material; found on genitalia, associated with syphilis.

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change-of-shift report

(25)

Report that occur between two scheduled nursing work shifts. Nurses communicate information about their assigned clients to nurses working on the next shift of duty.

channels

(23)

Means of conveying and receiving messages through visual, auditory, and tactile senses.

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charting by exception

(25)

Charting methodology in which data is entered only when there is an exception from what is normal or expected; reduces time spent documenting.

cherry angiomas

(32)

Ruby red papules of the skin.

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chest physiotherapy (CPT)

(39, 46)

Group of therapies used to mobilize pulmonary secretions.

chest tube

(39)

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Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.

chiropractic therapy

(35)

System of therapy based on the theory that the state of a person's health is determined in general by the condition of his or her nervous system.

cholecystectomy

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Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

cholecystitis

(32)

Inflammation of the gallbladder; may be acute or chronic.

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chordotomy

Surgical resection of the anterolateral nerve tracts in the spinal cord for pain relief.

chronic illness

(6)

Illness that persists over a long period of time and affects physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual functioning.

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chronic pain

(42)

Pain that lasts longer than anticipated (usually over 6 months), may not have an identifiable cause, and may lead to great personal suffering. Chronic pain may be noncancerous (nonmalignant) or cancerous.

chyme

(43, 45)

Viscous, semifluid contents of the stomach present during digestion of a meal that eventually pass into the intestines.

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circadian rhythm

(41)

The 24-hour day-night cycle also known as diurnal; pattern based on repetition of certain physiological phenomena within a 24-hour cycle.

circulating nurse

(49)

Assistant to the scrub nurse and surgeon whose role is to provide necessary supplies, dispose of soiled instruments and supplies, and keep an

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accurate count of instruments, needles, and sponges used.

cirrhosis

(32)

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.

citations

(5)

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Reference notations to the source of an idea or quotation.

civil laws

(22)

Laws established by a nation or state for its own jurisdiction.

classification

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Mental process during the school years. The young child can separate objects into groups according to shape or color, but the school-age child understands that the same element can exist in two classes at the same time.

client adherence

(18)

Refers to the degree to which the client, and in some cases the caregiver, follows the therapeutic regimen with respect to medications, exercise, treatments, and/or diet.

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client advocate

Role in which the nurse protects the client's human and legal rights and provides assistance in asserting those rights if the need arises.

client-centered problems

(16, 17)

What nursing leaders and educators revised their curricula to reflect.

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climacteric

(12, 27)

Physiological developmental change that occurs in the male reproductive system between the ages of 45 and 60.

clinical decision maker

(1)

The use of critical thinking skills throughout the nursing process to obtain relevant information about the client and to plan and provide effective care and measure the outcomes of the care provided. Clinical decision making may occur alone or in collaboration with other health care providers.

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clinical nurse specialist (CNS)

(1)

Nurse with a master's degree in nursing and expertise in a specific area of practice.

clinical nursing problem

(5)

Difference between the way things are and the way they ought to be in a clinical situation or

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between what one knows and what one needs to know to eliminate the clinical problem.

clinical pathway

(49)

Description of practices likely to result in favorable outcomes for a particular diagnosis that uses prospectively defined resources to minimize cost.

closed-ended question

(15)

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Question that limits the client's answers to one or two words; used to clarify previous information or provide additional information.

clubbing

(32)

Bulging of the tissues at the nail base due to insufficient oxygenation at the periphery resulting from conditions such as chronic emphysema and congenital heart disease.

code of ethics

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Code that defines the ethical principles by which nurses function.

cognitive development

(10)

Changes in how people come to perform intellectual operations.

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cognitive learning

Acquisition of intellectual skills that encompass behaviors such as thinking, understanding, and evaluating.

coherence

(28)

A sense of unity within, gained through activities that nurture the mind and the spirit.

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colitis

(45)

Inflammatory condition of the large intestine.

collaboration

(17)

Working together of health care team members in the delivery of care to a client or group of clients.

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collaborative problem

(16)

Actual or potential physiological complications that can result from disease, trauma, treatment, or diagnostic studies for which nurses intervene in collaboration with personnel of other health care disciplines.

collagen

(47)

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Substance that combines to form the white, glistening, inelastic fibers of tendons, ligaments, and fasciae.

colloid osmotic pressure

Pressure that tends to keep fluid in the intravascular compartment.

colloids

(40)

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Blood and blood components.

colonizing

(33)

Referring to the establishment of a mass of microorganisms, often nonpathogenic, in or on the body.

colostomy

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Surgical formation of an opening of the colon onto the surface of the abdomen through which fecal matter is emptied.

comforting

(7)

Skillful and gentle performance of a nursing procedure.

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common law

Law that is created by judicial decisions as opposed to law created by legislative bodies (statutory law).

communicable disease

(33)

Any disease that can be transmitted from one person or animal to another by direct or indirect contact or by vectors.

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communication

(23)

Means by which people interact.

community-based nursing

(3)

Acute and chronic care of individuals and families that enhances their capacity for self-care and promotes autonomy in decision making.

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community health nursing

(3)

Approach that merges knowledge from the public health sciences with professional nursing theories to safeguard and improve the health of populations in the community.

complement

(33)

Inactive protein compound found in blood serum that is activated when an antigen and an antibody bind together. After a complement is activated, a

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rapid sequence of catalytic activity changes the shape of antigenic cells.

complementary proteins

(43)

Pairs of incomplete proteins that, when combined, supply the total amount of protein provided by complete protein sources.

complementary therapies

(35)

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Therapies used in addition to conventional treatment recommended by the person's health care provider.

complete bed bath

(38)

Bath given to clients who are totally dependent and require total hygiene care.

compliance

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Person's fulfillment of the prescribed course of treatment.

computer-based patient care record (CPCR) (25)

concentration (concentrate)

(34)

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Substance, particularly a liquid, that has been strengthened and reduced in volume through evaporation or other means.

concentration gradient

Difference between two concentrations.

concentric tension

(46)

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Increased muscle contraction resulting in muscle shortening with movement resulting.

concept map

(17)

Metacognitive tool that assists learners in developing a self-appraisal of their own individual thinking processes and in considering the context of nursing practice in the conceptualization of client problems.

concepts

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Mental formulations of objects or events that come from individual perceptual experience.

concrete operations

(11)

Thought process based on concrete rather than abstract points of reference.

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condom

Thin rubber sheath that fits over the penis to prevent entrance of sperm into the vagina.

conduction

(31)

Transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact.

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conductive hearing loss

(48)

Form of hearing loss in which sound is inadequately conducted through the external or middle ear to the sensorineural apparatus of the inner ear.

confidentiality

(5, 21)

Privacy; a nurse must maintain the confidentiality of information related to a client's health care.

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confianza

(8)

A Spanish term for caregivers who interact with the client in a personalistic, warm, friendly, and respectful manner.

congruence

(28)

A dynamic state in which a system's patterns and rhythms are in harmony with each other.

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conjunctivitis

(32)

Highly contagious eye infection; the crusty drainage that collects on eyelid margins can easily spread from one eye to the other.

conscious sedation

(49)

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Administration of central nervous system depressant drugs and/or analgesics to supplement topical, local, or regional anesthesia during surgical or diagnostic procedures.

consequentialism

(21)

Utilitarian system of ethics that proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.

constipation

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Condition characterized by difficulty in passing stool or an infrequent passage of hard stool.

consultations

(17, 25)

Process in which the help of a specialist is sought to identify ways to handle problems in client management or in the planning and implementation of programs.

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continuing education

Formal educational programs designed to further the knowledge, skills, and professional attitudes of practicing nurses.

contraception

(27)

Prevention of pregnancy by means of a medication, device, or method that blocks or alters one or more of the processes of reproduction in such a way that sexual union can occur without impregnation.

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control

(28)

The process of changing what interferes with the individual's process to return to the status quo or to effect a change that is least disruptive.

convalescence

(49)

Period of recovery after an illness, injury, or surgery.

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convection

(31)

Transfer of heat away by air movement.

coping

(30)

A person's ability and resources to manage psychological stress.

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core temperature

(31)

Temperature of deep body tissues and organs.

counseling

(18)

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Implementation method that helps the client use a problem-solving process to recognize and manage stress and that facilitates interpersonal relationships between the client and the family, significant others, or the health care team.

creative visualization

(35)

Form of self-directed imagery that is based on the principal of mind-body connectivity.

crimes

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Acts that violate a law and that may include criminal intent.

criminal law

(22)

Law of crimes and their punishment.

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crisis

Stressful encounter that presents a change or an obstacle to attaining life goals that is perceived as insurmountable.

crisis intervention

(30)

Use of therapeutic techniques directed toward helping a client resolve a particular and immediate problem.

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critical pathway

(17, 25)

Tool used in managed care that incorporates the treatment interventions of caregivers from all disciplines who normally care for a client. Designed for a specific case type, a pathway is used to manage the care of a client throughout a projected length of stay.

critical period

(11)

Time when the development of a specific attribute (physical, cognitive, or psychosocial) is most vulnerable to both advantageous and harmful agents.

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critical thinking

(14)

Active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine one's thinking and the thinking of others.

Crohn's disease

(45)

Disease involving inflammation of the small intestine.

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crutch gait

(36)

Gait assumed by a person on crutches by alternately bearing weight on one or both legs and on the crutches.

crystalloids

(40)

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Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte therapy.

cultural backlash

(8)

A counterculture effect when experience with the new or different culture is extremely negative and the culture is then rejected.

cultural care

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accommodation or negotiations

Adapt or negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome.

cultural care preservation and maintenance (8)

Retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that clients can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.

Physical circumstances in which a person works or lives; can increase the likelihood that certain

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cultural care repatterning and restructuring (8)

Reorder, change, or greatly modify clients' lifeways for a new, different, and beneficial health care plan.

cultural imposition

(8)

Using one's own values and lifeways as the absolute guide in dealing with clients and interpreting their behaviors.

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cultural pain

(8)

May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.

cultural values

(21)

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Unique, individual expressions of a particular culture that have been accepted as appropriate over time.

culturally congruent care

Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings.

culture

(8) illnesses will occur (e.g. some kinds of cancer and other diseases are mo re likely to develop when industrial workers are exposed to certain

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Nonphysical traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes, and customs shared by a group and passed from one generation to the next.

culture bond syndrome

(8)

Illnesses constituted by the personal, social, and cultural explanations and reactions of a given society to perceived dysfunctions or abnormalities in its members.

cutaneous stimulation

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Stimulation of a person's skin to prevent or reduce pain perception. A massage, warm bath, application of liniment, hot and cold therapies, and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation are some ways to reduce pain perception.

cuticle

(38)

Fold of skin that hides the root of the nail.

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cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in hemoglobin.

cystitis

(44)

Inflammation of the urinary bladder characterized by pain, urgency, and frequency of urination.

chemicals or when people live near toxic waste disposal sites).

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cystocele

(32)

Portion of the vaginal wall and bladder that has prolapsed or fallen into the anterior vaginal orifice.

cytolysis

(33)

Rupturing of a cell wall, usually occurring after water or ions have entered the cell.

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daily values

(43)

Set of dietary standards for eight nutrients and food categories.

DAR

(25)

A type of documentation note that includes D— data (both subjective and objective), A—action or

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nursing intervention, and R—response of the client (i.e., evaluation of effectiveness).

darkly pigmented skin

(47)

Obvious color of intact dark skin that remains unchanged (does not blanch) when pressure is applied over a bony prominence, irrespective of the client's race or ethnicity.

database

(15)

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Information about a client's level of health, health practices, past illnesses, present illnesses, and physical examination combined to serve as the basis for the plan of care.

debridement

(47)

Removal of dead tissue from a wound.

decenter

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Process that enables a child to concentrate on more than one aspect of a situation.

decentralized management

(20)

Process by which managers and staff become more actively involved in shaping a health care organization's identity and determining its success.

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decision making

Process involving critical appraisal of information that results from recognition of a problem and ends with the generation, testing, and evaluation of a conclusion.

defamation of character

(22)

Harm of the reputation of a person by libel or slander.

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defecation

(45)

Passage of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum.

defining characteristics

(16)

Cluster of signs and symptoms that are observed in the client and that imply a specific nursing diagnosis.

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dehiscence

(47, 49)

Separation of a wound's edges that reveals underlying tissues.

dehydration

(40)

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Excessive loss of water from the body tissues, accompanied by a disturbance of body electrolytes.

delegation

Process of assigning another member of the health care team aspects of client care (e.g., assigning nurse assistants to bathe a client).

delirium

(13)

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Syndrome involving impairment of memory and other cognitive abilities and characterized by clouding of consciousness.

dementia

(13)

Progressive, organic mental state characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, decreased intellectual function, and other cognitive changes, which can have a variety of causes.

denial

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The stage in which the individual acts as though nothing has happened and may refuse to believe or understand that a loss has occurred.

deontology

(21)

Study that proposes a system of ethics that defines actions as right or wrong based on their "right-making characteristics such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice" (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001).

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depression

Mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness and discouragement resulting from and abnormally proportionate to some personal loss or tragedy.

dermatitis

(32)

Inflammation of skin characterized by itching, redness, and skin lesions.

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dermatome

(49)

Area on the surface of a body innervated by afferent fibers from one spinal root.

dermis

(38, 47)

Layer of skin just below the epidermis that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.

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descriptive theory

(4)

The first level of theory development.

detoxify

(34)

To remove a poison or its effects from a client.

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development

(11)

Qualitative or observable aspects of the progressive changes an individual makes in adapting to the environment.

developmental crises

(30)

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Crises that occur when a person is unable to complete the developmental tasks of a psychosocial stage and is therefore unable to continue developing.

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

(2, 25)

Groups of clients classified for purposes of measuring a hospital's delivery of care.

diagnostic process

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Process of determining a client's health status and evaluating the factors that influence that status.

diagnostic reasoning

(4)

Process that enables an observer to assign meaning and to classify phenomena in clinical situations by integrating observations and critical thinking.

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diaphoresis

Secretion of sweat, especially profuse secretion associated with an elevated body temperature, physical exertion, or emotional stress.

diaphragm

(27)

Round rubber dome that has a flexible spring around the edge.

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diaphragmatic breathing

(39)

Respiration in which the abdomen moves out while the diaphragm descends on inspiration.

diarrhea

(45)

Increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces.

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diastolic pressure

(31)

Minimum level of blood pressure measured between contractions of the heart.

dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

(43)

Format presenting a range of acceptable intake in place of absolute values.

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differentiation

(10, 11)

Process by which cells and structures become modified and develop more refined characteristics.

diffusion

(40)

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Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

direct care

(18)

Treatments preformed through interaction with the client.

discharge planning

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Set of decisions and activities involved in providing continuity and coordination of nursing care when a client is discharged from a health care agency.

disinfection

(33)

Process of killing pathogenic organisms.

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disorganization and despair

The endless examination of how and why the loss occurred.

distention

(32)

Swelling of a body cavity; may be caused by fluid, gas, or a mass.

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distress

(30)

Damaging stress.

disuse osteoporosis

(46)

A decline is bone density that is associated with impaired mobility or immobilization of an extremity because of fracture, paralysis, or bone or joint inflammation.

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diuresis

(44)

Increased formation and excretion of urine.

diverticula

(45)

Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ; may be present in the

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stomach, small intestine, or the colon (most common).

documentation

(25)

Act of authenticating events or activities by keeping written records.

domain

(4)

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Perspective and territory of a professional discipline.

dorsal rhizotomy

(42)

Surgical cutting of the dorsal or posterior nerve roots as they enter the spinal cord.

doula

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Support person.

drainage evacuators

(47)

Convenient portable units that connect to tubular drains lying within a wound bed and exert a safe, constant, low-pressure vacuum to remove and collect drainage.

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drug tolerance

A state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in diminution of one or more of the drug's effects over time.

dyspareunia

(27)

Painful intercourse for a woman.

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dysphagia

(43)

Difficulty swallowing.

dyspnea

(39)

Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing that may be caused by certain heart or lung conditions or strenuous exercise.

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dysrhythmia

(31, 32, 39)

Heartbeat that deviates from the normal pattern.

dyssomnias

(41)

Primary sleep disorders.

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dysuria

(44)

Painful urination resulting from bacterial infection of the bladder and obstructive conditions of the urethra.

eccentric tension

(46)

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Tension that helps control the speed and direction of movement.

eccrine

(38)

Two types of sweat glands; eccrine glands are present throughout the dermal layer of the skin and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretions.

echocardiography

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Diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasonic waves for studying the structure and motion of the heart.

ectropion

(32)

Eversion of the eyelid that exposes the conjunctival membrane and part of the eyeball.

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eczema

Superficial dermatitis of unknown cause.

edema

(32, 33, 40, 47)

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.

State medical assistance based on Title XIX of the Social Security Act. States receive 50% in matching federal funds to provide medical care

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edentulous

(38)

Toothless.

effleurage

(38, )

Long, slow, gliding strokes of massage.

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effluent

(45)

A liquid, solid, or gaseous discharge from the ostomy. Usually composed of fecal material.

ego-defense mechanism

(30)

Unconscious behavior that protects a person from an emotional stress.

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electrocardiogram (ECG)

(39)

Graphic record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.

electrolyte

(40) and services to people meeting categorical and income requirements; covers home care services based on Medicare guidelines. Many innovative home care programs can be covered by Medicaid,

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Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates into ions and is able to carry an electrical current.

embolus

(46)

A foreign object, a quantity of air or gas, a bit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel.

embryo

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Stage of human development from implantation of the fertilized ovum to the eighth week of intrauterine life.

emic worldview

(8)

An insider or native perspective of any intercultural encounter.

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empathy

Ability to understand and accept another person's reality.

empirical data

(5)

Information that has been collected with use of the human senses and that can be verified through research.

as long as they meet the recipient's needs and cost less than institutionalization.

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enculturation

(8)

Socialization into one's primary culture as a child .

endogenous infection

(33)

Infection produced within a cell or organism.

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endorphin

(30)

The hormone that acts on the mind like morphine and opiates, producing a sense of well being and reducing pain.

endoscopy

(45)

Visualization of the interior of body organs and cavities with an endoscope.

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enema

(45)

Procedure involving introduction of a solution into the rectum for cleansing or therapeutic purposes.

energy flow

(35)

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Term used in Therapeutic Touch therapy referring to the symmetrical and rhythmical flow of energy through the body.

enteral nutrition (EN)

(43)

Provision of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract when the client cannot ingest, chew, or swallow food but can digest and absorb nutrients.

enterostomal therapist

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Nurse that is specially trained in the treatment of clients with ostomies.

entropion

(32)

Condition in which the eyelid turns inward toward the eye.

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enucleation

Removal of an eyeball as a result o f tumor growth, severe infection, or eye trauma.

environment

(23, 37)

environment/situation

(4) Group of malignant neoplasms, primarily of the skin, that are composed of melanocytes; common in fair-skinned people having light-colored eyes

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All possible conditions affecting the client and the setting in which health care needs occur.

enzymes

(43)

Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions in organic matter.

epidemiology

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Study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease.

epidermis

(38, 47)

Superficial avascular layers of the skin made up of an outer, dead, cornified portion of cells and a deeper, living, cellular portion.

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epidural space

Where the epidural analgesia is administered.

epithelialization

(47)

Stage of wound healing that is characterized by growth of epithelial tissue.

and in persons who have had a sunburn; any black or brown spot having an irregular border, pigment appearing to radiate beyond that border, or a red,

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Erickson's eight stages of life

(10)

Theory that describes the development of identity of the self and the ego through successive stages that unfold throughout the life span.

erythema

(32)

Redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is a result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries; sunburn is an example.

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erythropoietin

(44)

Glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia.

eschar

(47)

Scab or dry crust that results from excoriation of the skin.

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essential amino acids

(43)

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize but must have provided by the diet.

estrogen

(11) black, and blue coloration observable on close examination.

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Hormonal steroid compound that promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

ethics

(21)

Principles or standards that govern proper conduct as they apply to professional issues or problems.

ethics of care

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Delivery of health care based on ethical principles and standards of care.

ethnicity

(8)

Cultural group's sense of identification associated with the group's common social and cultural heritage.

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ethnocentrism

Strong belief that one's own cultural group is the best and that all that this group believes and teaches is truth.

ethnohistory

(8)

Knowledge of a client's country of origin and its history and ecological contexts.

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etic worldview

(8)

An outsider's perspective of an intercultural encounter.

etiology

(16)

Identification of the cause of a problem. The cause may be a direct or a contributing factor in the development of a client problem or need.

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eupnea

(31)

Normal respiration that is quiet, effortless, and rhythmic.

eustress

(30)

Stress that protects health.

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evaluation

(19)

Category of nursing behavior in which a determination is made and recorded regarding the extent to which the client's goals have been met.

evaluation research

(5)

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Form of quantitative research that involves finding out how well a program, practice, procedure, or policy is working.

evaporation

(31)

Transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to gas.

evidence-based practice

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The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values taking into account a nurse's clinical experience, practice trends, and individual client preferences.

evisceration

(47)

Protrusion of visceral organs through a surgical wound.

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excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

Most common complaint of people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

excoriation

(32, 45)

Injury to the skin's surface caused by abrasion.

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exercise

(36, 46)

Performance of any physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the body, improving health, maintaining fitness, or as a therapeutic measure.

exercise stress test

(39)

Evaluation of the client's cardiopulmonary endurance during physical activity. An ECG and an analysis of respiratory function are usually performed during the test.

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exogenous infection

(33)

Infection originating outside an organ or part.

exophthalmos

(32)

Abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs.

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exostosis

(32)

Abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone.

expected outcome

(17)

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Likely condition of a client at the end of therapy or of a disease process, including the degree of wellness and the need for continuing care, medications, support, counseling, or education.

experimental study

(5)

Study designed to test cause-and-effect relationships between a treatment/intervention (independent variable) and a measured dependent variable.

expressive aphasia

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Inability to name common objects or to express simple ideas in words or writing.

extended care facility

(2)

Institution providing medical, nursing, or custodial care for clients over a prolonged period.

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extended family

Family form composed of the nuclear family and all other relatives in the families of both members of a couple.

externalizing system

(8)

Connecting health and illness to social and cosmological factors.

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extracellular fluids

(40)

Portion of body fluids composed of interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

exudates

(33, 47)

Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been slowly discharged from cells or blood vessels through small pores or breaks in cell membranes.

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Fahrenheit

(31)

Scale for the measurement of temperature in which the boiling point of water is 212° and the freezing point is 32° at sea level.

faith

(28)

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More than a set o f beliefs but a way of relating to the self, others, and God and integrating the past, present, and future with God as the center.

fajita

A cotton binder place on a baby's abdomen to prevent gas and umbilical hernia. A practice used among Filipinos and Hispanic groups.

family

(9)

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Group of people related by heredity, such as parents, children, and siblings; group of interacting individuals composing a basic unit of society. Although concepts of what constitutes a family vary, the family usually has some degree of permanence, commitment, and attachment.

family as client

(9)

Nursing perspective in which the family is viewed as a unit of interacting members having attributes, functions, and goals separate from those of the individual family members; the nurse provides care to the family as a whole.

family as context

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Nursing perspective in which the primary focus of care is on an individual within a family.

family as system

(9)

Nursing perspective in which both family as client and context are included.

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fat-soluble vitamins

Organic compounds essential for normal physiological and metabolic functioning; classified on the basis of their fat solubility.

fatty acids

(43)

Nutrients composed of chains of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other.

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febrile

(31)

Pertaining to or characterized by an elevated body temperature.

fecal occult blood test

(45)

A common laboratory test that measures microscopic amounts of blood in feces.

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fidelity

(21)

Quality or state of being faithful.

feedback

(4, 23)

In communication theory, information produced by a receiver and perceived by a sender that informs the sender about the receiver's reaction to the message. Feedback is a cyclical part of the

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process of communication that regulates and modifies the content of messages.

felony

(22)

Crime of a serious nature that carries a penalty of imprisonment or death.

fetus

(11)

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Stage of human development from the end of the embryonic period until birth.

fever

(31)

Elevation of the hypothalamic set point so that body temperature is regulated at a higher level.

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

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Refers to a fever whose cause cannot be determined.

fiber

(43, 45)

Nutrient that contains cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin; sources are mainly fruits and vegetables.

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fiberoptic endoscope

Optical instrument with a lens viewer, a long flexible tube, and a light source at the end. It allows for viewing of structures at the tip of the tube and for the insertion of special instruments for biopsy.

fibrin

(47)

Protein product formed from the action of thrombin on fibrinogen in the clotting process.

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fibroblasts

(47)

Cells that are responsible for collagen formation; the only distinctive cell type within the dermis.

fibrocystic breast disease

(32)

Condition characterized by lumpy, sore breasts and sometimes nipple discharge. Symptoms are more apparent before the menstrual period.

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fibrous joint

(36, 46)

Tough layer of fibrous connective tissue that binds bones firmly together.

fictive

(8)

Nonblood kin.

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fight-or-flight response

(30)

The stress response that is arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.

filtration

(40)

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Process by which water and diffusible substances move together in response to fluid pressure.

fistula

(47)

Abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs.

flashbacks

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Recurrent and intrusive recollections of a traumatic event.

flat bones

(46)

Bones providing for structural contours of the skeleton.

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flatulence

Condition characterized by the accumulation of gas within the lumen of the intestines.

flow sheets

(25)

Documents on which frequent observations or specific measurements are recorded.

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fluid volume deficit (FVD)

(40)

Alteration characterized by the loss of fluids and electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.

fluid volume excess (FVE)

(40)

Alteration characterized by the abnormal retention of fluids and electrolytes in an isotonic fashion.

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focus charting

(25)

Charting methodology for structuring progress notes according to the focus of the note (e.g., symptoms and nursing diagnosis). Each note includes data, actions, and client response (DAR).

fontanel

(11)

Space covered by tough membranes between the bones of an infant's cranium.

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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

(37)

Federal agency responsible for the enforcement of federal regulations regarding the manufacture and distribution of food, drugs, and cosmetics to ensure protection against the sale of impure or dangerous substances.

food poisoning

(37)

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Toxic processes resulting from the ingestion of a food contaminated by toxic substances or by bacteria containing toxins.

foot board

(36)

Board placed perpendicular to the mattress and parallel to and touching the plantar surface of the client's foot to maintain dorsiflexion of the feet.

footdrop

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Abnormal neuromuscular condition of the lower leg and foot characterized by an inability to dorsiflex or evert the foot.

fracture

(46)

Breakage of bone caused by violence to the body; disruption of bone tissue continuity.

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Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development

Five stages associated with a sequencing of sensual pleasurable zones.

friction

(36, 46, 47)

Effect of rubbing or the resistance that a moving body meets from the surface on which it moves; a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.

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frostbite

(31)

Traumatic effect of extreme cold on the skin and subcutaneous tissues; first manifested by distinct pallor.

functional health patterns

(15)

Method for organizing assessment data based on the level of client function in specific areas (e.g., mobility).

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functional illiteracy

(24)

Inability to read or comprehend above a fifthgrade level.

functional nursing

(20)

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Division of tasks in which one nurse assumes responsibility for certain tasks while another nurse assumes responsibility for others.

fundus

Top of the uterus.

gait

(36, 46)

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Manner or style of walking, including rhythm, cadence, and speed.

gait belt

(46)

Leather belt that encircles the waist and has handles attached for the nurse to hold.

gastroscopy

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Diagnostic procedure that allows visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; also called endoscopy.

gay

(27)

Any person who is homosexual.

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gender biased

Favoring one sex over the other.

gender identity

(27)

Awareness of being male or female that develops from infancy.

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gender role (sex role)

(27)

Expression of one's maleness or femaleness to both oneself and others.

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

(30)

Generalized defense response of the body to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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general anesthesia

(49)

Intravenous or inhaled medications that cause the client to lose all sensation and consciousness.

geriatric nurse practitioner (GNP)

(1)

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A nurse with advanced education and training as a nurse practitioner with specialization in care of the older adult.

geriatrics

Branch of health care dealing with the physiology and psychology of aging and with the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses affecting the older adult.

gerontic nursing

(13)

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Seldom-used term that considers the nursing care of older adults to be the art and practice of nurturing, caring, and comforting rather than merely the treatment of disease.

gerontological nursing

(13)

Nursing specialty that focuses on the health care needs of the older adult. Gerontological nurses have a broad focus and assist older adults in maximizing their functional capabilities.

gerontology

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Study of all aspects of the aging processes and their consequences.

gingivitis

(38)

Inflammatory condition in which the gums are red, swollen, and bleeding.

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gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose or glycogen from substances that are not carbohydrates, such as proteins or lipids.

glycogenesis

(43)

Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage.

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glycogenolysis

(43)

Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.

goals

(17)

Desired results of nursing actions, set realistically by the nurse and client as part of the planning stage of the nursing process.

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goniometer

(32)

Device that measures the precise degree of motion in a particular joint and is used mainly in clients who have a suspected reduction in joint movement. The instrument has two flexible arms with a 180-degree protractor in the center.

Gould's development themes

(10)

Set of stages in adulthood that dismantle the protective thinking of childhood.

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grand theory

(4)

Theory that requires further specification through research before it can be fully tested and applied.

granulation tissue

(33, 47)

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Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue that form during the healing process in a wound that is not healing by primary intention.

graphic user interface

(25)

Mechanism whereby a user accesses computer functions through a trackball, touch pads, a mouse, and icons.

guided imagery

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Method of pain control in which the client creates a mental image, concentrates on that image, and gradually becomes less aware of pain.

gustatory

(48)

Pertaining to the sense of taste.

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Halal

Foods that are permissible for Muslims to eat; includes meat (that has been slaughtered during a prayer ritual), fish, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, milk, and cheese.

halitosis

(38)

Offensive breath resulting from poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infection, ingestion of certain foods, or systemic disease.

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hand hygiene

(33)

CDC-recommended approaches for cleansing of the hands involving the use of an instant alcohol hand antiseptic before and after providing client care, hand washing with soap and water when hands are visibly soiled, or performing a surgical scrub.

hand washing

(33)

Vigorous, brief rubbing together of all surfaces of hands lathered in soap, followed by rinsing under a stream of water.

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Haram

(8)

Foods that are prohibited for Muslims to eat; includes non-Halal meat, animals with fangs, pork products, gelatin products, and alcohol.

hardiness

(9)

Combination of three personality characteristics that are thought to mediate against stress: a sense of control over life events, a commitment to

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meaningful activities, and an anticipation of challenge as an opportunity for growth.

Havighurst's developmental tasks

(10)

Series of essential tasks that arise from predictable internal and external pressures.

health

(4)

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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

health behavior change

(6)

Five stages of change from no intention to change (precontemplation) to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance stage).

health behaviors

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Activities through which a person maintains, attains, or regains good health and prevents illness.

health belief model

(6)

Conceptual framework that predicts a person's health behavior as an expression of personal health beliefs.

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health promotion

The concept of motivating people to seek ways of decreasing the incidence and minimizing the results of illness or disability.

heat exhaustion

(31)

Abnormal condition characterized by weakness, vertigo, nausea, muscle cramps, and loss of consciousness; caused by depletion of body fluid and electrolytes resulting from exposure to intense heat or the inability to acclimatize to heat.

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heatstroke

(31)

Severe and sometimes fatal condition resulting from the failure of the temperature-regulating capacity of the body; caused by prolonged exposure to the sun or high temperatures.

hematemesis

(39)

Vomiting of blood; indicates upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

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hematocrit

(31)

Measure of the packed cell volume of red cells, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume.

hematoma

(47)

Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or an organ.

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hematuria

(44)

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine.

hemiparesis

(36, 46)

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Muscular weakness of one half of the body.

hemiplegia

(36, 46)

Paralysis of one side of the body.

hemolysis

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Breakdown of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin as may result from the administration of hypotonic intravenous solutions that cause progressive swelling and rupture of the erythrocytes.

hemoptysis

(39)

Coughing of blood from the respiratory tract.

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hemorrhage

External or internal loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.

hemorrhoid

(32, 45)

Permanent dilation and engorgement of a vein within the lining of the rectum.

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hemostasis

(47)

Termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the coagulation process of the body.

hemothorax

(39)

Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

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hepatitis

(32)

Inflammatory condition of the liver.

herbal therapy

(35)

Use of plant species as medicine.

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hernia

(32)

Protrusion of abdominal organs through the muscle wall.

heteronomous (conventional) stage

(10)

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The stage of moral development when children follow the rules set up by those in authority, such as their parents, teachers, clergy, or police.

heterosexual

(27)

Sexual orientation involving erotic preference for members of the opposite sex.

hilot

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The name Filipinos use for a practitioner other than medical doctors attending childbirth.

hirsutism

(32)

Excessive body hair in a masculine distribution caused by heredity, hormonal dysfunction, or medication.

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Hmongs

A culture that believes in the global causation of illness that goes beyond the mind and body of the person to forces of nature.

holistic

(28)

Body of thought that encourages nurses to look for factors and relations that affect the complexity of health and illness.

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holistic health model

(6)

This model attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health. The model focuses on the all dimensions of the client, not just a physiological dimension, as important aspects of physical wellness.

home care

(2)

The provision of medically related professional and paraprofessional services and equipment to clients and families in their homes for health maintenance, education, illness prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, palliation, and rehabilitation.

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homeostasis

(40)

State of relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, maintained naturally by physiological adaptive mechanisms.

homosexual

(27)

Sexual orientation involving erotic preference for members of one's own sex.

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hope

(28)

Confident (yet uncertain) expectation of achieving a future goal.

hospice

(2)

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A system of family-centered care designed to allow clients to live and remain at home with comfort, independence, and dignity while alleviating the strains caused by terminal illness.

humidification

(39)

Process of adding water to gas.

Hwa-Byung

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A Korean culture-bound syndrome observed among middle-age, low-income women who are overwhelmed and frustrated by the burden of caregiving for their in-laws, husbands, and children.

hydrocephalus

(32)

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

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hydrostatic pressure

Pressure exerted by a liquid.

hyperbilirubinemia

(11)

Greater than normal amounts of the bile pigment bilirubin in the blood.

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hyperesthesia

(48)

Extreme sensitivity of one of the body's sense organs, such as the pain or touch receptors in the skin.

hypersomnolence

(41)

Excessive sleepiness.

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hyperthermia

(31)

Situation in which body temperature exceeds the set point; fever.

hypertonic

(40)

Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another solution;

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therefore the first solution exerts more osmotic pressure.

hypertonicity

(32)

Increased muscle tone.

hyperventilation

(39)

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Respiratory rate in excess of that required to maintain normal carbon dioxide levels in the body tissues.

hypervitaminosis

(43)

Condition caused by excessive intake of a vitamin; less likely to occur with water-soluble vitamins.

hypnotics

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Class of drugs that cause insensibility to pain and induce sleep.

hypostatic pneumonia

(46)

Inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of secretion.

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hypotension

Abnormal lowering of blood pressure in which pressure is inadequate for normal perfusion and oxygenation of tissues.

hypothalamus

(31)

Portion of the diencephalon of the brain that activates, controls, and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, the endocrine processes, and many bodily functions such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite.

Institution or part of an institution that meets criteria for accreditation established by the sections of the Social Security Act that determine the basis for Medicaid and

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hypothermia

(31, 37)

Abnormal lowering of body temperature below 95° F (35° C),usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold.

hypothesis

(5)

Statement derived from a theory that predicts a relationship among variables representing concepts, constructs, or events.

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hypotonic

(40)

Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another solution; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure.

hypotonicity

(32)

Low muscle tone.

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hypoventilation

(39)

Reduction in the volume of air that enters the lung for gas exchange; oxygen exchange insufficient to meet metabolic demands of the body.

hypovolemia

(39, 40) Medicare reimbursement for skilled nursing care, including rehabilitation and various medical and nursing procedures. Law requires that policies designate which level of caregiver is responsible for the

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Decreased circulatory blood volume resulting from extracellular fluid losses.

hypoxemia

(31)

Abnormal deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood.

hypoxia

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Inadequate cellular oxygenation that may result from a deficiency in the delivery or use of oxygen at the cellular level.

iatrogenic infections

(33)

Infections caused by a treatment or diagnostic procedure.

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ideal body weight (IBW)

Estimate of what a person should weigh.

identity

(26)

Component of self-concept; sense of continuity and sameness; one's persisting consciousness of being oneself, separate, unique, and distinct from others.

implementation of each policy; that the care of every client be under the supervision of a physician; that a physician be available on an emergency basis; that

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identity confusion

(26)

Form of self-concept disturbance in which a person does not maintain a clear consciousness of a consistent and continuous self; sense of fragmentation or distortion.

idiopathic pain

(42)

Pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of organic pathological condition.

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idiosyncratic reaction

(34)

Individual sensitivities to drug effects; caused by inherited or other bodily constitution factors.

Igbos

(8)

A culture in West Africa that greatly celebrates the birth of a son.

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ileostomy

(45)

Surgical formation of an opening of the ileum onto the surface of the abdomen through which fecal matter is emptied.

illness

(6) records be maintained regarding the condition and care of every client; that nursing service be available 24 hours a day; and that at least one full-time registered nurse be employed.

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Abnormal process in which any aspect of a person's functioning is diminished or impaired as compared with the previous condition.

illness behavior

(6)

Ways in which people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system.

illness prevention

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Health education programs or activities directed toward protecting clients from threats or potential threats to health and toward minimizing risk factors.

imagery

(35)

Visualization techniques that make use of the conscious mind to create mental images to evoke physical changes in the body.

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Imam

A Muslim priest.

immobility

(36, 46)

Inability to move about freely; caused by any condition in which movement is impaired or therapeutically restricted.

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immune responses

(33)

Defense functions of the body that produce antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies.

immunization

(37)

Process by which resistance to an infectious disease is produced or augmented. Immunity is acquired after the oral administration or injection of an antigen, which causes production of an antibody within the body.

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immunocompromised

(33)

Abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate.

immunoglobulins

(33)

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Humoral antibodies produced by the body and present in serum and external secretions; formed in response to specific antigens.

impaction

Presence of large or hard fecal mass in the rectum or colon.

impaired physical mobility

(46)

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State in which the individual experiences or is at risk of experiencing a limitation of physical movement.

implantation

(11, 18)

Process involving the attachment, penetration, and embedding of the blastocyst in the lining of the uterine wall during the early stages of prenatal development.

inborn errors of metabolism

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Genetic disorders caused by the absence or deficiency of a substance, usually an enzyme.

incentive spirometry

(39)

Method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to clients of the inspiratory volume they have achieved.

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incident rates

Rates of new cases of a disease in a specified population over a defined period.

incident reports

(22, 25)

Tools used in risk management to report an accident or a deviation from policies or prescribed orders involving clients, employees, or visitors.

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incontinence

(45)

Inability to control urination.

indirect care

(18)

Treatments performed away from the client but on behalf of the client or group of clients.

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individuation

(10, 28)

Process whereby an individual looks to gain an understanding of the self as distinct yet also in relationship with others.

indurated

(32)

Hardened tissue, particularly skin, due to edema, inflammation, or infiltration by a tumor.

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induration

(47)

Hardening of a tissue, particularly skin, because of edema or inflammation.

infancy

(11)

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Stage of life from 1 month to 1 year of age.

inference

(14, 15)

Taking one proposition as a given and guessing that another proposition follows.

infertility

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Man's, woman's, or couple's involuntary inability to conceive.

infiltration

(40)

Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space.

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inflammatory response

Protective vascular and cellular reaction that neutralizes pathogens and repairs body cells.

informed consent

(3, 22, 49)

Process of obtaining permission from a client to perform a specific test or procedure after describing all risks, side effects, and benefits.

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infusion

(34)

Introduction of a substance such as a fluid, drug, electrolyte, or nutrient directly into a vein by means of gravity flow.

infusion pump

(40)

Device that delivers a measured amount of fluid over a period of time.

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inhalation

(34)

To breathe in or draw in with the breath.

injection

(34)

Act of forcing a liquid into the body by means of a needle and syringe.

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input

(4)

Information that enters the system.

insensible water loss

(40)

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Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such as that which normally occurs during respiration.

in-service education

(1)

Instruction or training provided by an agency or institution to nurses practicing within that agency or institution.

insomnia

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Condition characterized by chronic inability to sleep or remain asleep through the night.

instillation

(34)

Procedure in which a fluid is slowly introduced into a cavity or passage of the body (e.g., rectum) and allowed to remain for a specific length of time before being withdrawn or drained.

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instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Activities that are required for an individual to be independent in society beyond eating, grooming, transferring, and toileting; these activities include writing a check, buying groceries, and preparing food.

integrated delivery networks (IDNs)

(2)

A set of providers and services organized to deliver a coordinated continuum of care to the population of clients served at a capitated cost.

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integrative medical programs

(35)

Programs that allow health care consumers to be treated by a team of providers that consists of both allopathic and complementary practitioners.

integument

(32)

Skin and its appendages: hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands.

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intercourse

(27)

Sexual relations between two individuals.

interdisciplinary care plans

(18)

Plans that represent the contributions of all disciplines caring for the client.

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interdisciplinary theory

(4)

Theory that suggests a purposive and systematic view of phenomena specific to the discipline of the inquiry.

interferon

(33)

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Protein that interferes with the ability of viruses to multiply and protects body cells from simultaneous infection with other viruses .

internalizing system

(8)

Systems that are observed in modern societies with highly scientific and technological capacity to examine internal structural and biological causes of health and illness.

International Council of Nurses (ICN)

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International organization for professional nurses; the ANA and Canadian Nurses Association (CAN) are members.

interpersonal communication

(23)

Exchange of information between two persons or among persons in a small group.

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interpersonal variables

Factors within both the sender and receiver that influence communication.

interstitial fluid

(40)

Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and that provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.

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interview

(15)

Type of communication with a client that is initiated for a specific purpose and focused on a specific content area.

intraarticular

(34)

Within a joint.

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intracardiac

(34)

Within the myocardium.

intracellular fluids

(40)

Liquids within the cell membrane.

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intradermal (ID)

(34)

Within the dermis of the skin.

intramuscular (IM)

(34)

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Tissue within the interior of a muscle.

intraocular

(34)

Eye medication delivery involving inserting a medication, similar to a contact lens, into a client's eye.

intrapersonal communication

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Communication that occurs within an individual (e.g., a person who talks with the self silently or who forms an idea in the mind).

intravascular fluid

(40)

Blood plasma.

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intravenous (IV)

Pertaining to the inside of a vein.

intuition

(14)

Immediate apprehension that something is so, without benefit of conscious reasoning.

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invasive

(33)

Referring to procedures that involve puncture, incision, or insertion of a foreign object, such as a needle or catheter, into the body.

invisible culture

(8)

The less visible components of a culture.

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ions

(40)

Atoms or groups of atoms that have acquired an electrical charge through the gain or loss of an electron or electrons.

irregular bones

(46)

Bones of the vertebral column and some bones of the skull.

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irrigation

(34)

Process of washing out a body cavity or wounded area with a stream of fluid.

isometric contraction

(36, 46)

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Increased muscle tension without muscle shortening.

isotonic

(40)

Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure.

isotonic contraction

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Increased muscle tension resulting in muscle contraction and muscle shortening.

jaundice

(32)

Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.

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joint

Connection between bones; classified according to structure and degree of mobility.

joint contracture

(46)

Abnormal and usually permanent condition of a joint, characterized by flexion and fixation and caused by disuse, atrophy, and shortening of muscle fibers.

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justice

(21)

Fairness or equity of the manner in which decisions are made; one of the principles of the ethical theory of deontology.

Kalahari bushmen

(8)

The people of the Kalahari Desert whose kinship unit is a tribe comprising several families governed by a council of elder males.

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Kardex

(17, 25)

Trade name for card-filing system that allows for quick reference to the particular need of the client for certain aspects of nursing care.

ketone

(43)

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Organic chemical compound characterized by having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group, =CO, attached to two alkyl groups.

ketonuria

Presence in the urine of excessive amounts of ketone bodies (products of fat metabolism), such as occurs in diabetes mellitus.

kinesthesia

(48)

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Perception of position of body parts, weight, and movement.

kinesthetic

(48)

A sense that enables a person to be aware of the position and movement of body parts without seeing them.

Kohlberg's moral development theory

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Theory that suggests a link between moral development and Piaget's cognitive development.

kosher

(8)

The diet of the Jewish people, including avoiding meat from carnivores, pork products, and fish without scales or fins.

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kyphosis

Exaggeration of the posterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

laceration

(47)

Torn, jagged wound.

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lactation

(12)

Process and period in which the mother produces milk for the infant.

lactose intolerance

(45)

Gastric disorder in which some foods, such as milk and milk products, are difficult or impossible to digest.

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la cuarantena

(8)

A 40-day period when new Hispanic mothers may be placed on a dietary regimen and restricted physical activity. Time is spent on rest and relaxation after delivery. This is one of the reasons given for the rarity of postpartum depression in this culture.

la dieta

(8)

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The Spanish term for special dietary practices observed by new mothers to eat food and beverages to restore balance after delivery.

land pollution

Contamination of soil by improper disposal of radioactive or bioactive waste products.

lanugo

(11)

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Fine hair that normally covers the fetus after the fifth month of intrauterine life and that is mostly shed by birth.

latex sensitivity

(49)

An allergy to latex and products containing latex.

laxative

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Drug that acts to promote bowel evacuation.

learning

(24)

Acquisition of new knowledge and skills as a result o f reinforcement, practice, and experience.

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learning objective

Written statements that describe the knowledge or skill a teacher expects an individual to gain following a learning activity.

lesbian

(27)

Female with homosexual partner preference.

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leukocytosis

(33)

Abnormal increase in the number of circulating white blood cells.

leukoplakia

(32)

Thick, raised, pearly-white patch of precancerous tissue found on the lips, buccal mucosa, penis, or vulva.

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leverage

(46)

Inducing or compelling force.

libel

(22)

Written false statement about a person that may injure that person's reputation.

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libido

(10)

Psychological term for sexual desire.

lifesaving measure

(18)

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Implemented when a client's physiological or psychological state is threatened.

ligament

(36, 46)

White, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissues binding joints together and connecting various bones and cartilage.

lipid

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Any of the free fatty acid fractions in the blood.

lipid emulsions

(43)

Soybean- or safflower-oil-based solutions that are isotonic and that may be infused with amino acid and dextrose solution through a central or peripheral line.

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living wills

Instruments by which a dying person makes wishes known to caregivers; a living will has no legal validity in most states.

local anesthesia

(42, 29)

Loss of sensation at the desired site of action.

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localized

(33)

With regard to infections, a type of infection in which the infectious process is limited to a particular area, such as a wound infection.

long bones

(46)

Bones that contribute to the height of a person, to the length of an extremity such as the arm, or to the length of a portion of an extremity such as the hand.

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long-term goal

(17)

Objective that is expected to be achieved over a longer period of time, usually over weeks or months.

lordosis

(32)

Increased lumbar curvature.

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lunula

(38)

Whitish area at the base of the nail bed.

lymphokine

(33)

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A product of cell-mediated immunity; these cells attract macrophages and stimulate them to attack antigens.

macromineral

(43)

Minerals classified as having a daily requirement of 100 mg or more.

malabsorption

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Set of symptoms resulting from disorders in the intestinal absorption of nutrients; characterized by anorexia, weight loss, bloating of the abdomen, and muscle cramps.

mal de ojo

(8)

Spanish term meaning bad luck or evil eye.

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malice

Spirit with which the person publishing information knows it is false and publishes it anyway or publishes it with reckless disregard as to the truth or falsity of the statement.

malignant hyperthermia

(31, 49)

Autosomal dominant trait characterized by often fatal hyperthermia in affected people exposed to certain anesthetic agents.

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malpractice

(22)

Injurious or unprofessional actions that harm another.

managed care

(2)

Health care system in which there is administrative control over primary health care services. Redundant facilities and services are eliminated, and costs are reduced. Preventive care and health education are emphasized.

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manipulation

(35)

Skillful use of the hands in therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.

manual healing therapy

(35)

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Therapy based on the theory that the energy systems in the body need to be balanced in an effort to enhance healing.

masticate

To chew or tear food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva.

mastication

(38)

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Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva.

matrilineal

(8)

Kinship to the mother's side of the family.

maturation

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Process of becoming fully developed and grown; involves the individual's biological ability and environmental opportunities to alter functions and learning.

maturity

(29)

State of adulthood in which the person has attained independence with a balanced development in physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive dimensions.

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meatus

Opening through any part of the body (e.g., the urethral meatus).

Medicaid

(2)

medical asepsis

(33)

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Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms; also known as clean technique.

medical diagnosis

(16)

Identification of a specific disease or pathological process.

medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

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Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition.

Medicare

(2)

Federal government insurance coverage for persons over 65 years of age (or disabled and under 65) who have paid into the Social Security or Railroad Retirement system; covers inpatient hospital charges and some home care services.

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medication

Substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, cure, relief, or prevention of disease.

medication allergy

(34)

Severe or mild reaction to medication.

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medication error

(34)

Any event that could cause or lead to a client receiving inappropriate medication therapy or failing to receive appropriate medication therapy.

melanoma

(32)

menarche

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Onset of a girl's first menstruation, usually occurring between the ages of 9 and 16 years.

menopause

(12)

Natural cessation of menses by the ovaries; normally occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 60.

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meridians

Channels of energy running in regular patterns through the body and over its surface.

message

(23)

Information sent or expressed by the sender in the communication process.

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metabolic acidosis

(40)

Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate.

metabolic alkalosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or by increased levels of bicarbonate.

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metabolism

(43)

Aggregate of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms, resulting in growth, generation of energy, elimination of wastes, and other functions concerned with the distribution of nutrients in the blood after digestion.

metacommunication

(23)

Communication that includes not only what is said but also the relationship of those involved in the interaction. It is a message that conveys the sender's attitude toward the self, the message,

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and the attitudes, feelings, and intentions toward the listener.

metastasize

(32)

To spread.

metered dose inhaler (MDI)

(34)

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Inhaler designed to produce local effects such as bronchodilatation.

metric system

(34)

Decimal system of measurement based on the meter (39.37 inches) as the unit of length; on the gram (15.432 grains) as the unit of weight or mass; and, as a derived unit, on the liter (0.908 U.S. dry quart or 1.0567 U.S. liquid quart) as the unit of volume.

microorganisms

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Any microscopic entity capable of carrying on living processes, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

micturition

(44)

Urination; act of passing or expelling urine voluntarily through the urethra.

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middle-range theory

Theory that is limited in scope and less abstract; it addresses specific phenomena or concepts and reflects nursing practice.

milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

(40)

Unit of measurement representing the number of grams of the specific electrolyte dissolved in a liter of plasma.

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minerals

(43)

Inorganic elements essential to the body because of their role as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

misdemeanor

(22)

Lesser crime; penalty is usually a fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year.

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mobility

(36, 46)

Person's ability to move about freely.

modulation

(42)

Alteration in the magnitude or any variation in the duration of an electrical current.

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moist wound healing environment

(47)

Environment for wound healing that affects both the rate of epithelialization and the amount of scar formation; provides the optimum conditions for rapid healing.

molding

(11)

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Overlapping and shaping of the soft skull bones during birth, usually resolved during the first few days of life.

monosaturated (fatty acids)

(43)

Fatty acids that have one carbon bond.

moral development

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Advancement of moral reasoning.

moribund

(49)

Near death or in the process of dying.

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morning sickness

Pregnant woman's symptoms of nausea and vomiting related to changes in serum hormone levels.

morula

(11)

Early stage of human development in which a solid mass of cells forms from the zygote approximately 3 days after fertilization.

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motivation

(24)

Internal impulse that causes a person to take action.

murmur

(32)

Low-pitched fluttering or humming sound, such as a heart murmur.

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muscle atrophy

(46)

Loss of muscle tissue.

muscle tone

(36, 46)

Normal state of balanced muscle tension.

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myocardial infarction

(39)

Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by obstruction in a coronary artery.

myocardial ischemia

(39)

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Cardiac condition that results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the organ.

myotonia

(27)

Normal sexual response in which the muscles do not relax after contracting.

Nagele's rule

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Concept that the estimated due date for a pregnant woman can be determined by counting back 3 months from the last menstrual period and adding 7 days; this calculated due date is based on the belief that the average length of pregnancy is 9 months.

narcolepsy

(41)

Syndrome involving sudden sleep attacks that a person cannot inhibit; uncontrollable desire to sleep may occur several times during a day.

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narcotic

Drug substance, either derived from opium or produced synthetically, that alters perception of pain and that with repeated use may result in physical and psychological dependence.

nasal cannula

(39)

Device for delivering oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nares.

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National League for Nursing (NLN)

(1)

Organization of nurses and laypeople concerned with improving nursing education, nursing service, and the delivery of health care in the United States. The NLN is the official accrediting agency for nursing schools.

natural immunity

(33)

Inherited resistance to infection (e.g., humans are resistant to the distemper virus that affects dogs and cats).

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naturalistic practitioners

(8)

Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body.

nebulization

(39)

Process of adding moisture to inspired air by the addition of water droplets.

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necessary loss

(29)

Loss that is the result of the natural growth and development processes in our lives.

necrotic

(33)

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Of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to disease or injury.

negative nitrogen balance

(46)

Condition occurring when the body excretes more nitrogen than it takes in.

negligence

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Careless act of omission or commission that results in injury to another.

neonatal period

(11)

Stage of life from birth to 1 month of age.

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nephron

Structural and functional unit of the kidney that contains a renal glomerulus and tubule.

nephrostomy

(44)

Surgical procedure in which an incision is made on the flank of the client so that a catheter can be inserted into the kidney pelvis for the purpose of drainage.

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nesting

(12)

Period during the last month of pregnancy when the pregnant woman may experience a burst of energy during which she cleans the house and prepares for the baby by shopping for baby supplies.

neuropathy

(38)

Abnormal condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of peripheral nerves that alter sensory or motor function.

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neurotransmitter

(42, 46)

Chemical that transfers an electrical impulse from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber.

nitrogen balance

(43)

Relationship between the nitrogen taken into the body, usually as food, and the nitrogen excreted

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from the body in urine and feces. Most of the body's nitrogen is incorporated into protein.

nociceptor

(42)

Somatic and visceral free nerve endings of thinly myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; these fibers usually react to tissue injury but may also be excited by endogenous chemical substances.

nocturia

(41, 44)

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Urination at night; can be a symptom of renal disease or may occur in persons who drink excessive amounts of fluids before bedtime.

noise pollution

(37)

Noise level in an environment at the level that it becomes uncomfortable to the inhabitants.

nonessential amino acids

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Any of 11 amino acids that are not essential to the diet because the body can synthesize their molecules from other amino acids.

nonmaleficence

(21)

Duty to do no harm to another person; one of the principles of the ethical theory of deontology.

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nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Occurs during the first four stages of normal sleep.

nonshivering thermogenesis

(31)

Condition that occurs primarily in neonates; because neonates cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.

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nonstochastic theory

(13)

Biological theory of aging that states that the occurrence of aging changes are predetermined by mechanisms within the body.

nonverbal communication

(23)

Communication using expressions, gestures, body posture, and positioning rather than words.

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norm

(15)

Measure of a phenomenon generally accepted as the ideal standard performance against which other measures of the phenomenon may be measured.

normal flora

(33)

Microorganisms that live on or within a body to compete with disease-producing microorganisms

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and provide a natural immunity against certain infections.

normal reactive hyperemia

(47)

Hyperemia over a pressure site that lasts 1 hour or less after the removal of pressure; surrounding skin does blanch.

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

(39)

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Wave pattern on an electrocardiogram that indicates normal conduction of an electrical impulse through the myocardium.

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) (16)

Nursing association with the following purpose: "to develop, refine and promote a taxonomy of nursing diagnosis terminology of general use for professional nurses" (Kim, McFarland, and McLean, 1984).

nosocomial infection

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Infection acquired during hospitalization or during a stay in a health care facility.

nuclear family

(9)

Family form consisting of a husband and wife and their children.

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numbing

The response to grief as a stunned or unreal feeling. The briefest phase of mourning.

nurse administrator

(1)

Nurse in a management position with an agency who focuses on the delivery of nursing services.

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nurse-client relationship

(15)

Association between the nurse and the client; involves a mutual concern for the well-being of the client.

nurse educator

(7)

Nurse with a background in clinical nursing who works in a school of nursing as a faculty member, in a staff development department of a health care agency, or in an inpatient education department.

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nurse-initiated interventions

(17)

Response of a nurse to a client's health care needs and nursing diagnoses. This intervention is an independent action based on scientific rationale that is executed to benefit the client.

Nurse Practice Acts

(22, 34)

Statutes enacted by the legislature of any state that delineate the legal scope of the practice of

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nursing within the geographical boundaries of the jurisdiction.

nurse practitioner

(1)

Nurse with advanced training or education who provides primary care for nonemergency clients, usually in an outpatient or community setting.

nurse researcher

(1)

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Nurse with graduate nursing education who investigates problems related to nursing practice.

nursing

(1, 4, 16)

Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.

nursing care plan

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Written guidelines of nursing care that document specific nursing diagnoses for the client and goals, interventions, and projected outcomes.

nursing center

(2)

Provides 24-hour intermediate and custodial care such as nursing, rehabilitation, dietary, recreational, social, and religious services for residents of any age with chronic or debilitating illnesses.

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nursing health history

Data collected about a client's present level of wellness, changes in the client's life patterns, sociocultural role, and mental and emotional reactions to an illness.

nursing intervention

(18)

Any action by a nurse that implements the nursing care plan or any specific objective of the plan.

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nursing process

(14, 15)

Systematic problem-solving method by which nurses individualize care for each client. The five steps of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

nursing research

(5)

Detailed process in which a systematic study of a problem in the field of nursing is performed.

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nursing theory

(4)

Organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing.

nutrient density

(43)

Proportion of essential nutrients to the number of calories of a specific food.

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nutrients

(43)

Foods that contain elements necessary for body function, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

nystagmus

(32)

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Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed.

objective data

(15)

Data relating to a client's health problem that are obtained through observation or diagnostic measurements.

object permanence

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Piagetian term for the understanding that a person or object out of sight still exists.

occlusion

(32)

Blockage in a canal, vessel, or passage of the body.

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olfactory

Pertaining to the sense of smell.

oliguria

(44)

Diminished capacity to form and pass urine.

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oncotic pressure

(40)

Total influence of a protein on the osmotic activity of plasma water.

open-ended questions

(15)

Inquiries aimed at obtaining a full client response and discussion between the client and the nurse.

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ophthalmic

(34)

Medications for eye conditions such as glaucoma.

ophthalmologist

(38)

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to diseases, conditions, and trauma to the eyes. An

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ophthalmologist also prescribes corrective lenses for clients whose visual acuity is impaired.

ophthalmoscope

(32)

Instrument used to illuminate the structures of the eye for the examination of the fundus, which includes the retina, choroid, optic nerve disc, macula, fovea centralis, and retinal vessels.

opioid

(42)

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Pertaining to natural and synthetic chemicals that have opium-like effects although they are not derived from opium.

optometrist

(38)

Medical doctor whose practice is limited to primary eye care.

organogenesis

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Period of fetal development in which there is rapid organ growth.

orthopnea

(39)

Abnormal respiratory symptom in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably.

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orthostatic hypotension

Drop in systolic blood pressure of 15 mm Hg or more when a person rises from a recumbent position to a sitting or standing position.

osmolarity

(40)

Osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmols or milliosmols per liter of the solution.

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osmols

(40)

Quantity of a substance in solution in the form of molecules, ions, or both that has the same osmotic pressure as 1 mole of an ideal nonelectrolyte.

osmoreceptor

(40)

Receptor that is sensitive to fluid concentration in the blood plasma and that regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

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osmosis

(40)

Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration.

osmotic pressure

(40)

Drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution.

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osteoporosis

(32, 46)

Disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of bone, occurring most frequently in postmenopausal women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals, and in clients on longterm steroid therapy.

otolaryngologist

(47)

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Medical doctor whose practice is limited to diseases, conditions, and trauma to the ears.

otoscope

(32)

Instrument with a special ear speculum used to examine the deeper structures of the external and middle ear.

ototoxic

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Having a harmful effect on the eighth cranial (auditory) nerve or the organs of hearing and balance.

ototoxicity

(32)

Referring to the characteristic of any drug or substance that has a harmful effect on the eighth cranial nerve or the organs of hearing and balance.

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outcome

Condition to be achieved as a result of health care delivery.

outcomes management

(19)

A term that encompasses managing the individual clinical outcomes of clients as a result of prescribed treatments to the formal measurement of system level performance and effectiveness.

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output

(4)

End product of a system.

pain

(42)

"An unpleasant, subjective sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." (International Association for the Study of Pain, 1979)

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pain threshold

(42)

The point at which a person feels pain.

pain tolerance

(42)

The level of pain that a person is willing to put up with.

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palliative care

(29)

The prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders without effecting a cure.

pancreatitis

(32)

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Inflammation of the pancreas.

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

(32)

Painless screening test for cervical cancer; specimens of squamous and columnar cells of the cervix are taken.

paradigm

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Term used to denote the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted by a discipline.

paralytic ileus

(32, 45, 49)

Usually temporary paralysis of intestinal wall that may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal injury and that causes cessation of peristalsis; leads to abdominal distention and symptoms of obstruction.

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parasomnia

Undesirable behaviors that occur predominantly during sleep; arousal disorders, partial arousals, or disorders during transitions in the sleep cycle or from sleep to wakefulness.

parenteral administration

(34)

Injecting a medication into body tissues.

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parenteral nutrition (PN)

(43)

Administration of nutrition into the vascular system.

parish nursing

(2)

A nontraditional setting where preventive and primary care can be found. Churches and synagogues offer the site and support system for the program's activities.

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partial bed bath

(38)

Bath in which body parts that might cause the client discomfort if left unbathed (i.e., face, hands, axillary areas, back, and perineum) are washed while the client remains in bed.

parteras

(8)

Spanish word for lay midwives.

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passive immunity

(33)

Form of acquired immunity resulting from antibodies that are transmitted naturally through the placenta to the fetus, through the colostrum to an infant, or artificially by injection or antiserum for treatment or prophylaxis.

passive relaxation

(35)

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Process that involves teaching the individual to relax individual muscle groups passively.

passive strategies of health promotion

(6)

Activities that involve the client as the recipient of actions by health care professionals.

pathogen

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Any microorganism capable of producing disease.

pathogenicity

(33)

Ability of a pathogenic agent to produce disease.

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pathological fractures

Fractures resulting from weakened bone tissue; frequently caused by osteoporosis or neoplasms.

patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

(42)

Drug delivery system that allows clients to selfadminister analgesic medications as desired.

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patrilineal

(8)

Kinship to the father's side of the family.

peak concentration

(34)

Highest serum concentration.

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peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

(39)

Maximal flow rate, measured in liters, that can be generated during a forced expiratory maneuver.

pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises)

(44)

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Exercises that improve the strength of pelvic floor muscles and consist of repetitive contractions of muscle groups.

perceived loss

Any loss that is less tangible and uniquely defined by the grieving client, such as the loss of confidence or prestige.

perception

(23, 42)

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Person's mental image or concept of elements in the environment, including information gained through the senses.

perceptional biases

(23)

Human tendencies that interfere with accurately perceiving and interpreting messages from others.

perfusion

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Passage of a fluid, such as blood, through a specific organ or an area of the body.

perimenopausal

(27)

Span of 4 to 6 years preceding menopause when menstrual cycles and blood flow may be irregular.

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perineal care

Cleansing procedure prescribed for the genital and anal areas as part of the daily bath or after various obstetrical and gynecological procedures.

perioperative nursing

(49)

Refers to the role of the operating room nurse during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of surgery.

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peristalsis

(32, 43, 45)

Coordinated, rhythmic, serial contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.

peritonitis

(32)

Inflammation of the peritoneum produced by bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an organ in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the reproductive tract.

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PERRLA

(32)

Acronym for pupils equal, round, reactive to light, accommodative; the acronym is recorded in the physical examination if eye and pupil assessments are normal.

person

(4)

Recipient of care.

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personalismo

(8)

Mexican-American term for caregivers who interact with them in personalistic manner.

personalistic practitioners

(8)

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Cultural healers who believe that health and illness can be caused by active influence of an external agent, which can be human (e.g., sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, or deity).

petechiae

(32)

Tiny purple or red spots that appear on the skin as minute hemorrhages within dermal layers.

phagocytosis

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Process by which certain cells, such as macrophages, engulf and dispose of microorganisms.

pharmacokinetics

(34)

Study of how drugs enter the body, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit from the body.

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phenomena

Data that can be observed in reality.

phlebitis

(32, 40)

Inflammation of a vein.

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physical dependence

(42)

A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level or the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.

physical examination

(15)

Scrutiny of all body parts through the use of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

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physical growth

(11)

Quantitative or measurable aspect of an individual's increase in physical measurements.

physician-initiated interventions

(17)

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Interventions based on the physician's response to a medical diagnosis; the nurse responds to the physician's written orders.

physiological anorexia

Decrease in appetite that occurs with slower growth rates, decreased caloric need, and smaller food intake during toddlerhood.

Piaget's cognitive development theory

(10)

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Theory that recognizes that children move through four specific developmental periods at different rates but in the same sequence.

Piaget's moral development theory

(10)

Theory that notes that the child's environment and the stage of cognitive development influence the child's moral development.

pigmentation

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Organic coloring material, such as melanin, that gives color to the skin.

placebo

(42)

Inert substance with no active ingredient.

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placenta

Organ surrounding the embryo and fetus through which nutrients and other substances from the mother and waste products from the fetus pass.

planning

(17)

Process of designing interventions to achieve the goals and outcomes of health care delivery.

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pneumatic compression device

(49)

Device that may be applied to the lower extremities to reduce the risk of thrombi.

pneumothorax

(39)

Collection of air or gas in the pleural space.

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point of maximal impulse (PMI)

(32)

Anatomical point along the fourth to fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line where the heartbeat can most easily be palpated through the chest wall.

poison

(37)

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Any substance that impairs health or destroys life when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the body in relatively small amounts.

pollutant

Harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water or atmosphere.

polyps

(32, 45)

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Small tumorlike growths that projects from a mucous membrane surface.

polypharmacy

(13, 34)

Use of a number of different drugs by a patient who may have one or several health problems.

polysomnogram

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Monitoring device that involves placement of electrodes on the scalp, face, chin, and legs to measure brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity; used to diagnose sleep disorders.

polyunsaturated (fatty acids)

(43)

Fatty acids that have two or more carbon double bonds.

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polyuria

Excretion of an abnormally large volume of urine.

population

(3)

Collection of individuals who have in common one or more personal or environmental characteristics.

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postanesthesia recovery score (PARS)

(49)

Score that measures various criteria, including oxygen saturation, level of consciousness, circulation, activity, and respiration.

postanesthesia recovery score for ambulatory patients (PARSAP) (49)

Score that includes five more areas of assessment than the PARS; includes the condition of the dressing, the intensity and location of pain, the ability to stand and ambulate, tolerance of oral fluids and/or food, and the ability to urinate spontaneously.

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postmortem care

(29)

The care given the body after death.

posttraumatic stress disorder

(30)

Stress that lasts well after the traumatizing event ends.

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postural drainage

(39)

Use of positioning along with percussion and vibration to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea.

postural hypotension

(31)

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Abnormally low blood pressure occurring when an individual assumes the standing posture; also called orthostatic hypotension.

posture

(36, 46)

Position of the body in relation to the surrounding space.

preadolescence

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Transitional period between childhood and adolescence, generally between the ages of 10 and 12 years.

preload

(39)

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, immediately before ventricular contraction.

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prematurity

Condition in which an infant is born between 20 and 37 weeks' gestation.

premoral stage

(10)

The stage of moral development when the child has no obligation to rules.

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prenatal care

(12)

Routine examination of a pregnant woman by an obstetrician.

preoperational thought

(11)

Concept that children can think about things not physically present by using mental representations but are limited by their inability to use logic.

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preoperative teaching

(49)

Ensured by knowledge pertaining to adult learning principles, coupled with the client's unique needs.

preschool period

(11)

Stage of life from 3 to 5 years of age.

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prescriptions

(34)

Written by the prescriber for clients who are to take medications outside the hospital.

prescriptive theory

(4)

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Theory addressing nursing therapeutics and the consequences of interventions.

presence

(7, 23)

Person-to-person encounter that conveys a closeness and sense of security.

pressure reducing

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Term used to describe a skin-care device that reduces the interface pressure, but not necessarily below capillary closing pressure.

pressure relieving

(47)

Term used to describe a skin-care device that reduces the interface pressure (the pressure between the body and the support surface) below 32 mm Hg, the capillary closing pressure.

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pressure ulcer

Inflammation, sore, or ulcer in the skin over a bony prominence.

preventive nursing actions

(18)

Interventions directed toward preventing illness and promoting health to avoid the need for secondary or tertiary health care.

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primary appraisal

(30)

Evaluating an event for its personal meaning.

primary care

(2, 5)

First contact in a given episode of illness that leads to a decision regarding a course of action to resolve the health problem.

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primary health care

(2)

An approach for building interventions that lead to improved health outcomes for an entire population.

primary health care system

(2)

System in which essential health care services are universally accessible to individuals and families within a specific community, made available to them through their full participation,

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and provided at a cost that the community and county can afford.

primary intention

(6, 47)

Primary union of the edges of a wound that progresses to complete scar formation without granulation.

primary nursing

(20)

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Nursing services designed to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days, or visits.

problem-oriented medical record (POMR or POR) (25)

Method of recording data about the health status of a client that fosters a collaborative problemsolving approach by all members of the health care team.

problem-seeking interview

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An interview technique that uses probing questions to encourage the client or caregiver to provide information from and about the client to more fully describe and identify the client's specific problems.

problem solving

(14)

Methodical, systematic approach to explore conditions and develop solutions and that includes analysis of data, determination of causative factors, and selection of appropriate actions to reverse or eliminate the problem.

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professional organization

Association of professionals created to deal with issues of concern to the profession as a whole.

professional standards review organization (2)

Organization that focuses on the evaluation of nursing care provided in a health care setting. The quality, effectiveness, and appropriateness of nursing care for the client are the foci of evaluation.

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progressive relaxation

(35)

Exercise that helps to teach the individual how to effectively rest and reduce tension in the body.

proprioception

(36)

Sensation achieved through stimuli from within the body regarding spatial position and muscular activity.

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proprioceptive

(48)

The ability to respond to stimuli originating from within the body regarding spatial position or movement.

prospective payment system

(2)

Method of reimbursement for health care services. It involves a fixed reimbursement for a

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medical condition/procedure regardless of client's length of stay.

prostaglandins

(42)

Potent hormonelike substances that act in exceedingly low doses on target organs; they can be used to treat asthma and gastric hyperacidity.

proteinuria

(44)

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Presence in the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin. Persistent proteinuria is usually a sign of renal disease, renal complications of another disease, hypertension, or heart failure.

protocol

(18)

Written and approved plan specifying the procedures to be followed during an assessment or when providing treatment.

proximodistal

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Combining form meaning near or opposite of point of attachment (from the trunk to the extremities).

pruritus

(42)

Symptom of itching.

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pseudoaddiction

Patient behaviors (drug seeking) that may occur when pain is undertreated.

pseudotolerance

(42)

The need to increase opioid dose for reasons other than opioid tolerance: progression of disease, onset of new disorder, increased physical activity, lack of adherence, change in opioid formulation, drug-drug interaction, drugfood interaction (Wall and Melzack, 1999).

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psychomotor learning

(24)

Acquisition of ability to perform motor skills.

psychosocial moratorium

(11)

Period of adolescence when society allows the physically mature teenager to delay the assumption of adult responsibilities. This is a time for youth to try a variety of ideological and vocational roles before making a commitment.

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ptosis

(32)

Abnormal condition of one or both upper eyelids in which the eyelid droops; caused by weakness of the levator muscle or paralysis of the third cranial nerve.

puberty

(11)

Developmental period of emotional and physical changes, including the development of secondary

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sex characteristics and the onset of menstruation and ejaculation.

public communication

(23)

Interaction between one person and a large group of people.

public health

(3)

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Measures that we, as a society, collectively pursue to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy.

public health nursing

(3)

An approach to nursing care that addresses the health of populations and their communities.

puerperium

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Period of approximately 6 weeks after childbirth during which the woman's reproductive system is in transition to the nonpregnant state.

pulmonary function tests

(39)

Procedures for determining the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently.

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pulse deficit

Condition that exists when the radial pulse is less than the ventricular rate as auscultated at the apex or seen on an electrocardiogram; indicates a lack of peripheral perfusion for some of the heart contractions.

pulse pressure

(31)

Difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, normally 30 to 40 mm Hg.

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puncture

(47)

Wound made by piercing the skin.

pursed-lip breathing

(39)

Deep inspiration through the nose and mouth, not using pursed lips, followed by prolonged expiration through pursed lips.

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purulent

(33, 47)

Producing or containing pus.

pyelonephritis

(44)

Infection that spreads in the kidneys and causes flank pain, tenderness, low-grade fever, and chills.

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pyrexia

(31)

Abnormal elevation of the temperature of the body above 37° C (98.6° F) because of disease; fever.

pyrogen

(31)

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Any substance that causes a rise in body temperature (e.g., bacterial toxins).

qi

(35)

Vital energy of the human body.

qualitative nursing research

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Qualitative research involves inductive reasoning used to develop generalizations or theories from specific observations or interviews.

quality improvement

(19, 20)

Monitoring and evaluation of processes and outcomes in health care or any other business to identify opportunities for improvement.

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quality indicator

Quantitative measure of an important aspect of care that determines whether quality of service conforms to requirements or standards of care.

quantitative nursing research

(5)

Quantitative research focused on numerical data, statistical analysis, and controls to eliminate bias in findings.

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quickening

(11)

Fetal movement that the pregnant mother will begin to feel between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation.

rabbi

(8)

A Jewish cleric or teacher.

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radial pulse

(31)

Pulse of the radial artery palpated at the wrist over the radius. The radial pulse is the one most often taken.

radiation

(31)

Method of temperature regulation used by the body to lower body temperature.

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Ramadan

(8)

A Muslim time of fasting during daylight hours for the 28 days of the ninth lunar month.

range of motion (ROM)

(36, 46)

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Range of movement of a joint, from maximum extension to maximum flexion, as measured in degrees of a circle.

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

(41)

Stage of sleep in which dreaming and rapid eye movements are prominent; important for mental restoration.

receiver

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Person to whom the message is sent during the communication process.

receptive aphasia

(48)

Abnormal neurological condition in which language function is defective because of an injury to certain areas of the cerebral cortex; specifically, language is not understood.

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reciprocity

Care recipient shows appreciation for the caregiver, which leads to a more productive and healthy relationship.

record

(25)

Written form of communication that permanently documents information relevant to health care management.

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rectocele

(32)

Bulging of the posterior vaginal wall caused by prolapse of the rectum.

referent

(23)

Factor that motivates a person to communicate with another individual.

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reflection

(14)

Process of thinking back or recalling an event or discovering the meaning and purpose of that event.

reflex bladder

(44)

Condition usually resulting from spinal cord trauma in which the micturition reflex pathway

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may remain intact, thereby allowing urination to occur reflexively.

refractive error

(48)

Defect in the ability of the lens of the eye to focus light, such as occurs in nearsightedness and farsightedness.

regional anesthesia

(49)

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Loss of sensation in an area of the body supplied by sensory nerve pathways.

registered nurse (RN)

(1)

Health care professional who has completed a course of study at an accredited school of professional nursing and has passed an examination administered by a State Board of Nursing or the Canadian Nurses Association Testing Service.

regulatory law (also

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known as administrative law)

Law created by administrative bodies such as State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and regulations.

rehabilitation

(2)

Restoration of an individual to normal or nearnormal function following a physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction.

Proteolytic enzyme produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each

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reinforcement

(24)

Provision of a contingent response to a learner's behavior that increases the probability of the behavior recurring.

relative humidity

(37)

Amount of moisture in the air as compared with the maximum amount that the air could contain at the same temperature.

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relaxation

(35, 42)

Relief from work or stress that leaves one feeling relaxed or less tense.

renal calculus

(44)

Calcium stone in the renal pelvis.

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renal replacement therapies

(44)

Treatments designed to carry out kidney function. Currently two methods of renal replacement exist: dialysis (peritoneal and hemodialysis) and organ transplantation.

renin

(40, 44) arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme affects the blood pressure by catalyzing the change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, a strong repressor.

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reorganization

(29)

The person begins to accept unaccustomed roles, acquire new skills, and build new relationships.

reports

(25)

Systematic process for determining the scientific worth of a group of conceptually related nursing research studies and whether or not the findings

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Transfer of information from the nurses on one shift to the nurses on the following shift. Report may also be given by one of the members of the nursing team to another health care provider (e.g., physician or therapist).

research process

(5)

Systematic collection and analysis of data to obtain new knowledge, add to existing knowledge, or find solutions to problems.

research utilization

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can be used to solve a nursing care problem with a particular group of clients in a setting other than the one in which the studies were conducted.

residents

(25)

Individual clients who reside in a long-term care facility.

residual urine

(44)

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Volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a normal voiding; the bladder normally is almost completely empty after micturition.

resiliency

(9)

The ability to cope with expected and unexpected stressors.

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resource utilization groups

A system for reimbursement used in the long term care setting.

respeto

(8)

Spanish word for respectful.

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respiratory acidosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration.

respiratory alkalosis

(40)

Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and decreased hydrogen ion concentration.

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respite care

(2)

Care that gives the primary care provider the opportunity to have time away. Respite care services can take place in the client's home, a hospital, or an extended care setting.

responsibility

(20, 21)

Duty associated with a particular role.

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rest

(44)

Feeling of mental relaxation and freedom from anxiety; physical calm.

resting energy expenditure (REE)

(43)

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Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals and perform mild activity.

restorative care

(2)

Care settings that include but are not limited to inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation facilities, subacute care facilities, clinics, and home care agencies. The services provided in restorative care settings are designed to bring the client to the maximal level of health and function.

restraint

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Device to aid in the immobilization of a client or a client's extremity.

return demonstrations

(24)

Demonstrations performed by the client after he or she has first observed the teacher and then practiced the skill in mock or real situations.

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reversibility

Child's ability to trace a line of thinking back to where it originated.

review of systems

(15)

Systematic method for collecting data on all body systems.

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risk factor

(6)

Any internal or external variable that makes a person or group more vulnerable to illness or an unhealthy event.

risk management

(22)

System of ensuring appropriate nursing care.

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risk nursing diagnosis

(16)

Human response to health conditions/live processes that may develop in a vulnerable individual, family, or community.

rites of passage

(8)

Significant social markers of changes in a person's life.

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role ambiguity

(26)

State in which a person has unclear role expectations and feels unable to predict the outcomes of behavior.

role conflict

(26)

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State in which a person experiences incongruent or incompatible expectations within one role or between two or more simultaneously held roles.

role overload

(26)

State in which a person has more roles or more responsibilities within a role than are manageable.

role performance

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Way in which an individual perceives his or her competency in carrying out significant roles.

role strain

(26)

Generalized state of frustration or anxiety produced by the stress of role conflict and ambiguity.

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Sabbath

The day God appointed to be observed as a day of rest. Jewish people refrain from using electrical appliances on the Sabbath.

saccharide

(43)

Within carbohydrates, a classification of sugars.

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sandwich generation

(12)

Adults caught between the responsibilities of caring for dependent children and those of caring for aging and ailing parents.

sanguineous

(33, 47)

Fluid containing red blood cells.

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saturated (fatty acids)

(43)

Fatty acids in which each carbon in the chain has an attached hydrogen atom.

school age

(11)

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Period that begins when the child starts elementary school, around the age of 6 years, and that ends with the onset of puberty.

scientific approach

Logical, orderly, and objective means of generating research questions and testable hypotheses.

scientific method

(5)

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Codified sequence of steps used in the formulation, testing, evaluation, and reporting of scientific ideas.

scientific rationale

(17)

Reason for choosing a specific nursing action that is based on supporting literature.

scoliosis

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Lateral spinal curvature.

scrub nurse

(49)

Registered nurse or operating room technician who assists surgeons during operations.

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secondary appraisal

Reappraisal focusing on possible coping strategies.

secondary intention

(47)

Wound closure in which the edges are separated, granulation tissue develops to fill the gap, and finally epithelium grows in over the granulation, producing a larger scar than results with healing by primary intention.

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secondary prevention

(6)

Activities directed toward early diagnosis and prompt intervention, thereby lessening the severity of a condition and enabling the client to return to the highest level of health at the earliest possible point.

secondary source

(5)

Report that interprets research data written by someone not involved in the original research.

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sedative

(41)

Medication that produces a calming effect by decreasing functional activity, diminishing irritability, and allaying excitement.

seizure

(37)

Brief, temporary malfunctions of nerve cells in the brain may result in seizure activity. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure is characterized by loss of

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consciousness, tonicity (rigidity), and clonicity (jerking).

seizure precautions

(37)

Measures that protect the client from injury during a seizure.

self-concept

(26)

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Complex, dynamic integration of conscious and unconscious feelings, attitudes, and perceptions about one's identity, physical being, worth, and roles; how people perceive and define themselves.

self-efficacy

(24)

Term that refers to a person's perceived ability to successfully complete a task.

self-esteem

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Feeling of self-worth characterized by feelings of achievement, adequacy, self-confidence, and usefulness.

sender

(23)

Person who initiates interpersonal communication by conveying a message.

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senile keratosis

Slowly developing, localized thickening of the outer layers of the skin as a result of chronic, excessive exposure to the sun; commonly develops in older adults.

sensible water loss

(40)

Water loss that occurs though excess perspiration.

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sensory deficit

(48)

Defect in the function of one or more of the senses, resulting in visual, auditory, or olfactory impairments.

sensory deprivation

(48)

State in which stimulation to one or more of the senses is lacking, resulting in impaired sensory perception.

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sensory overload

(48)

Condition in which the central nervous system receives much more auditory, visual, or other environmental stimuli per time frame than it can process effectively.

separation

(10)

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Refers to the child's recognition of biological distinctness and is based on his emergence from a dependent relationship with his mother.

seriation

Ability of a child to place objects in order according to their increasing or decreasing size.

serosanguineous

(47)

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Containing both serum and blood.

serous

(33, 47)

A clear (like plasma) fluid that forms an exudate at the site of an inflammation.

serum half-life

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Time needed for excretion processes to lower the serum drug concentration by half.

sexual dysfunction

(27)

Inability or difficulty in sexual function caused by physiological or psychological factors or both.

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sexual health

Integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of the sexual being in ways that are positively enriching and that enhance personality, communication, and love.

sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (11, 27)

Infectious diseases transmitted to any part of the body through contact with body fluids during sexual activities.

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sexual orientation

(27)

Clear, persistent desire of a person for one sex rather than the other.

sexual response cycle

(27)

The four phases of biological sexual response— excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution—as defined by Masters and Johnson.

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shaman

(8)

A priest or conjurer among those who profess shamanism, such as the Hmongs, an Asian culture.

shared governance

(20)

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Senior clinical staff groups are empowered to establish and maintain care standards for nursing practice on their work unit.

shearing force

Friction exerted when a person is moved or repositioned in bed by being pulled or allowed to slide down in bed.

shivering

(31)

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Process used by the body to raise body temperature.

short bones

(46)

Bone clusters that when combined with ligaments and cartilage permit movement of the extremities.

short-term goal

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Objective that is expected to be achieved in a short period of time, usually less than a week.

side effects

(34)

Any reaction or consequence that results from medication or therapy.

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Sikh/Sikhism

An Indian culture, half religious, half military; Sikh man easily identified by visible artifacts that he wears (uncut hair with wooden comb, beard, turban, cotton underwear, steel bracelet, and short sword).

simpatia

(8)

Spanish word for warm and friendly.

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simple carbohydrates

(43)

Monosaccharides and disaccharides, found primarily in sugars.

single-parent family

(9)

Family form composed of single, divorced, or widowed parent and his or her children.

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situational crisis

(30)

Crisis occurring suddenly in response to a specific external event or conflict.

situational loss

(29)

Loss of a person, thing, or quality resulting from a change in a life situation, including changes

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related to illness, body image, environment, and death.

sitz bath

(47)

Bath in which only the hips and buttocks are immersed in fluid.

skilled nursing facility

(2)

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slander

(22)

Utterance of a false statement about another that harms that person's reputation.

sleep

(41)

State marked by reduced consciousness, diminished activity of the skeletal muscles, and depressed metabolism.

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sleep apnea

(41)

Cessation of breathing for a time during sleep.

sleep deprivation

(41)

Condition resulting from a decrease in the amount, quality, and consistency of sleep.

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sleep hygiene

(41)

Poor habits or practices that a client uses that are associated with sleep.

sloughing

(47)

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Shedding off of dead tissue cells.

small-group communication

(23)

Interaction that occurs when a small number of persons meet together.

solute

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Substance dissolved in a solution.

SOAP

(25)

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan, the four parts of the written account of a client's health problem in a problem-oriented record.

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SOAPIE

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, plan, intervention, and evaluation, the six parts of the written account of a client's health problem in a problem-oriented record.

solution

(34, 40)

Mixture of one or more substances dissolved in another substance. The molecules of each of the substances disperse homogeneously and do not change chemically. A solution may be a liquid, gas, or solid.

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solvent

(40)

Any liquid in which another substance can be dissolved.

source record

(25)

Method for organizing a client's health care record by placing information in sections organized for each discipline that cares for the client.

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specific gravity

(44)

Measurement of the degree of concentration of a liquid.

sphygmomanometer

(31)

Device for measuring the arterial blood pressure that consists of an arm or leg cuff with an air bladder connected to a tube, a bulb for pumping air into the bladder, and a gauge for indicating the

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amount of air pressure being exerted against the artery.

spiritual distress

(28)

State of being out of harmony with a system of beliefs, a supreme being, or God.

spirituality

(28)

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Spiritual dimension of a person, including the relationship with humanity, nature, a system of beliefs, a supreme being, or God.

spiritual well-being

(28)

Sense of harmonious interconnectedness between self, others, nature, and an ultimate order that exists throughout and beyond time and space.

standard

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Measure or guide that serves as a basis for comparison when evaluating similar phenomena or substances.

standardized care plans

(25)

Preprinted, established guidelines that are used to care for clients who have similar health problems.

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standard of care

Minimum level of care accepted to ensure high quality of care to clients. Standards of care define the types of therapies typically administered to clients with defined problems or needs.

standing order

(18)

Written and approved document containing rules, policies, procedures, regulations, and orders for the conduct of client care in various stipulated clinical settings.

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status epilepticus

(37)

Medical emergency whereby a person has continual seizures without interruption.

statutory law

(22)

Of or related to laws enacted by a legislative branch of the government.

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stenosis

(32)

Abnormal condition characterized by the constriction or narrowing of an opening or passageway in a body structure.

stereognosis

(48)

Ability to recognize objects by the sense of touch.

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sterile field

(33)

Specified area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms.

sterilization

(27)

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Rendering a person unable to produce children; accomplished by surgical, chemical, or other means.

stochastic theories

(13)

Biological theories that consider that aging is caused by random damage that accumulates over time.

stoma

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Artificially created opening between a body cavity and the body's surface (e.g., a colostomy) formed from a portion of the colon pulled through the abdominal wall.

strabismus

(48)

Abnormal ocular condition in which the eyes are crossed.

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stress

Physiological or psychological tension that threatens homeostasis or a person's psychological equilibrium.

stressor

(30)

Any event, situation, or other stimulus encountered in a person's external or internal environment that necessitates change or adaptation by the person.

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stress response

(35)

Response evoked by stressful situations that people are exposed to in everyday life.

stria

(32)

Streak or linear scar that results from rapidly developing tension in the skin, commonly seen on the abdomen after pregnancy.

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stroke volume

(31, 39)

Amount of blood ejected by the ventricle during a ventricular contraction.

subcultures

(8)

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Cultures that represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture.

subcutaneous (Sub-Q)

Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin.

subjective data

(15)

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Data relating to a client's health problem that are given in the client's own words.

subjects

(5)

People or events selected for a study to examine a particular variable or condition.

sublingual

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Route of medication administration in which the medication is placed underneath the client's tongue.

suprainfection

(33)

Secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen.

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surgical asepsis

Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object or area; also known as sterile technique.

surveys

(5)

Instruments designed to obtain information from populations.

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susceptibility

(33)

Condition of being vulnerable to a disease or disorder.

suture

(47)

Surgical stitch applied to repair an incision or wound.

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symbolic communication

(23)

Verbal and nonverbal symbolism used by others to convey meaning.

sympathy

(23)

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Concern, sorrow, or pity felt for the client, generated by the nurse's personal identification with the client's needs.

syncope

Brief lapse in consciousness caused by transient cerebral hypoxia.

synergistic effect

(34)

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When two drugs act synergistically, the effect of the two drugs combined is greater than the effect that would be expected if the individual effects of the two drugs acting alone were added together.

synergistic muscles

(36)

Muscles that contract together to accomplish the same movement.

synostotic joint

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Joint type that occurs when bones are jointed by bones. No movement is associated with this type of joint, and the bony tissue that forms between the bones provides strength and stability.

synovial joints

(36, 46)

True and freely moveable joints in which contiguous bony surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and are connected by ligaments lined with a synovial membrane.

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systemic

Of or pertaining to the whole body rather than to a localized area.

systolic pressure

(31)

Pressure exerted in the aorta and large arteries of a human during systolic contraction of the left ventricle; indicated during blood pressure measurement as the point when sound can first be heard during deflation of the pressure cuff.

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tachycardia

(31)

Rapid heart rate ranging between 100 and 150 beats per minute.

tactile

(48)

Relating to the sense of touch.

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tactile fremitus

(32)

Tremulous vibration of the chest wall during breathing that is palpable on physical examination.

teaching

(24)

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Implementation method used to present correct principles, procedures, and techniques of health care.

team nursing

A delivery of care model that has an RN as leader of the team and team members consisting of other RNs, LPN/LVNs, and assistive personnel. Team members provide direct client care to a group of clients, under the direction and coordination of the RN team leader.

teleology

(21)

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Concept that proposes the greatest good for the greatest number of people as the guiding principle for determining right action.

temperament

(11)

Child's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to people and situations.

tendons

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White, glistening, strong, flexible, and inelastic fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone.

teratogens

(11)

Chemical or physiological agents that may produce adverse effects in the embryo or fetus.

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testosterone

Naturally occurring male sex hormone.

theoretical model

(4)

Global ideas about the individuals, groups, situations, or events of interest to a specific discipline.

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theory

(4)

Set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of phenomena.

therapeutic communication techniques (23)

Specific responses that encourage the expression of feelings and ideas and convey the nurse's acceptance and respect.

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therapeutic effects

(34)

Desired benefits of a medication, treatment, or procedure.

therapeutic touch

(35)

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Use of the hands to provide comfort to the client; touch can communicate caring and thus help clients relax.

thermoregulation

Internal control of body temperature.

thoracentesis

(39)

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Surgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space with a needle for the aspiration of fluid or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

thrill

(32)

Continuous palpable sensation, like the purring of a cat.

thrombus

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Accumulation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel.

tidal volume

(31)

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal ventilation.

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tissue ischemia

Point at which tissues receive insufficient oxygen and perfusion.

tocolysis

(11)

Use of therapeutic interventions to stop labor.

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toddlerhood

(11)

Stage of life from 1 to 3 years of age.

tort

(22)

Act that causes injury for which the injured party can bring civil action.

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total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

(40)

Administration of a nutritionally adequate hypertonic solution consisting of glucose, protein hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through an indwelling catheter into the superior vena cava.

total patient care

(20)

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A delivery of care model where a registered nurse is responsible for all aspects of one or more clients' care. The model has a shift-based focus.

total quality management

Quality management recognizes that the client or customer defines quality. Value is a function of balance between excellent care and services, good outcomes, and cost.

toxic effects

(34)

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Resulting from an excess amount of medication in a client's blood, these effects may be caused by the excessive use of medication, overdose, impaired excretion, or idiosyncratic reaction to the medication itself.

trace elements

(43)

Minerals when less than 100 mg is needed daily; microminerals.

traditional Chinese therapy

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Practice that comprises several healing modalities, including herbs, acupuncture, moxibustion, diet, exercise, and medication.

transcendence

(28)

Awareness of that which one cannot see or know in ordinary physical ways.

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transcultural

The concept of care as the essence and central, unifying, and dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines.

transcultural nursing

(8)

Nursing style that represents an effort by nurses from all cultural backgrounds and clinical areas to come together and define concepts that enable them to develop the knowledge and skills needed to provide culturally sensitive care.

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transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (42)

Technique in which a battery-powered device blocks pain impulses from reaching the spinal cord by delivering weak electrical pulses directly to the skin's surface.

transdermal disk

(34)

Method of applying medication topically; also known as a patch.

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transduction

(42)

Process that begins in the periphery when a painproducing stimulus sends an impulse across a peripheral nerve fiber.

transfer reports

(25)

Verbal report exchanged between care providers when a client is moved from one nursing unit or health care setting to another. The report includes

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information necessary to maintain a consistent level of care from one setting to another.

transformative

(7)

An interconnectedness between the one cared for and the one caring.

transfusion reaction

(40)

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Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient.

transmission

(42)

Transfer or conveyance of a thing or condition.

transpersonal communication

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Interaction that occurs within a person's spiritual domain.

trapeze bar

(46)

Metal triangular-shaped bar that can be suspended over a client's bed from an overhanging frame; permits clients to move up and down in bed while in traction or some other encumbrance.

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trauma

Symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor.

triglycerides

(43)

Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

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trochanter roll

(46)

Rolled towel support placed against the hips and upper leg to prevent external rotation of the legs.

tubal ligation

(27)

Female sterilization; involves cutting, tying, or otherwise ligating the fallopian tubes.

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turgor

(32)

Normal resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid.

unossified

(46)

Not hardened, soft.

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unsaturated (fatty acids)

(43)

Fatty acids in which an unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond.

uremic syndrome

(44)

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Symptoms characterized by the presence of urinary constituents in the blood and altered regulatory functions causing marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, or convulsions.

ureterostomy

(44)

Diversion of urine away from a diseased or defective bladder through an artificial opening in the skin.

urinalysis

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Routine laboratory testing on a voided urine specimen.

urinary diversion

(44)

Surgically created diversion of the ureter to the abdominal wall for the drainage of urine after removal of a diseased bladder.

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urinary frequency

Symptom involving increased voiding.

urinary incontinence

(44)

Inability to control urination.

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urinary retention

(44)

Retention of urine in the bladder; condition frequently caused by a temporary loss of muscle function.

urinary stasis

(46)

Filling of the renal pelvis before urine enters the ureters.

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urosepsis

(44)

Condition caused by bacteria in the urine that may lead to the spread of organisms into the bloodstream or kidneys.

utilization review (UR)

(2)

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Assessment of the appropriateness and economy of an admission to a health care facility or continued hospitalization.

vaginismus

Intense contraction of the perineal and vaginal musculature that closes the vaginal introitus; only occasionally associated with painful genital conditions. Instead, it is most often a psychological response and frequently associated with rape or childhood sexual abuse.

Valsalva maneuver

(45)

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Any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway, as when an individual holds the breath and tightens the muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort to move a heavy object or to change positions in bed.

value

(21)

Personal belief about the worth of a given idea or behavior.

value system

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Values that are related to one another (e.g., religious and cultural values can shape health values).

varicosities

(32)

Superficial veins that become dilated, for example, varicose veins on the lag or esophageal varicosities along the surface of the esophagus

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vascular access devices

Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed for long-term, repeated access to the vascular system.

vasectomy

(27)

Cutting and tying of the vas deferens, which carries the sperm away from the testicles.

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vasocongestion

(27)

Pooling of blood in the genitals and female breasts during sexual arousal.

VBAC

(11)

Acronym for vaginal birth after cesarean.

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vector

(33)

Carrier, especially one that transmits disease.

vegetarianism

(43)

Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.

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venipuncture

(40)

Technique in which a vein is punctured transcutaneously by a sharp, rigid stylet or by a needle attached to a syringe.

ventilation

(31, 39)

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Respiratory process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs.

ventricular fibrillation

(39)

A life-threatening rhythm in which there is no ventricular filling and no cardiac output. This dysrhythmia requires immediate intervention.

ventricular gallop

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Abnormal low-pitched extra heart sound (S3) heard in early diastole.

ventricular tachycardia

(39)

A life-threatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardiac output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation.

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verbal communication

Sending of messages from one individual to another or to a group of individuals through the spoken word.

verbal order

(34)

Physician's order given to the nurse, usually over the telephone.

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vernix caseosa

(11, 38)

Grayish-white cheeselike substance consisting of sebaceous gland secretions, lanugo, and epithelial cells that coats the skin of the fetus and newborn.

virulence

(33)

The ability to produce disease.

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visible culture

(8)

A culture that has easily seen components. It is important to understand that the invisible valuebelief system of a particular culture is the major driving force behind visible practices.

vital signs

(31)

Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.

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vitamins

(43)

Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. With few exceptions, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements.

vocal fremitus

(32)

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Vibrations created by sound waves that can be palpated externally.

vulnerable populations

(3)

Clients who are more likely to develop specific health problems.

water pollution

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Contamination of lakes, rivers, and streams by industrial pollutants.

water-soluble vitamins

(43)

Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body and must be provided in the daily food intake, such as vitamin C and B complex.

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wellness nursing diagnosis

Human response to levels of wellness in an individual, family, or community that have a readiness for enhancement.

wheezing

(39)

Adventitious lung sound caused by a severely narrowed bronchus.

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whispered pectoriloquy

(32)

Transmission of a whisper through the pulmonary structures so that it is heard as normal audible speech on auscultation.

wound

(47)

Disruption of normal anatomical structure and function that results from pathological processes beginning internally or externally to the involved organ(s).

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wound contraction

(47)

Process that involves movement of the dermis and epidermis on each side of the wound.

wound vacuum assisted closure (Wound VAC) (47)

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A device that assists in wound closure by applying localized negative pressure to draw the edges of a wound together.

yearning and searching

Emotional outburst of tearful sobbing and acute distress in most persons.

yin and yang

(35)

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Symbols that represent the opposing yet complementary phenomena that exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Z-track injection

(34)

Technique for injecting irritating preparations into muscle without tracking residual medication through sensitive tissues.

zygote

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Fertilized ovum created by the joining of the mother's ovum and father's sperm.

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