Fix Banget Laporan Manufaktur

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Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

NHN D VGM@HBWCWHM

8.8 8.8 Chthr Ngchlhme

Jhmuahltur jgruphlhm suhtu ohnhme dmùstrd yhme jgmehpcdlhsdlhm jgsdm, pgrhchthm `hm tgmheh lgrkh `hm suhtu s uhtu jg`duj prisgs umtul jgmeunhb nhbhm jgmthb jgmkh`d nhrhme kh`d umtul `dkuhc. Vrisgs jhmuahltur jgjdcdld bunumehm bunumehm yhme shmeht grht `gmehm `gmehm priùlsd suhtu nhrhme yhme jgmeeumhlhm jgsdm jhupum pgrlhlhs. _gohrh ujuj ngmtul `hrd prisgs jhmuahltur jgruphlhm prisgs dmput dmput ngruph nhbhm nhbhm nhlu jhtgrdhc `hm `gsdem, prisgs priùlsd iutput ngruph ngruph nhrhme kh`d `hrd `gsdem yhme `hpht `d `d mdchd jhupum `d hmhcdsh. @hchj ùmdh lgrkh, sgirhme _hrkhmh Pglmdl Dmùstrd bhrus jgjdcdld kdwh sgirhme jhmhkgr bhrus jgjhbhjd lijpgtgmsd `hshr `hrd prisgs jhmuahltur hehr `hpht jgmegstdjhsd whltu sgrth ndhyh yhme `dnutublhm umtul jgmebhsdclhm suhtu nhrhme priùlsd yhme ngrluhcdths tdmeed. Wmtul cgndb jgm`hchjd cuwgs `hchj pgmegthbuhm tgmthme prisgs jhmuahltur, td`hlchb oulup bhmyh jgm`hpht jhtgrd hthu tgird-tgird yhme ngrhshc `hrd nulu hthu `dngrdlhm icgb ìsgm. Vrhltdluj prisgs jhmuahltur shmeht jgjnhmtu jhbhsdswh `hchj jgjhbhjd `hm jgmgrhplhm hthu jgmehpcdlhsdlhm dcju-dcju hthu jhtgrd yhme tgchb `d`hpht. Jgchcud prhltdluj prisgs jhmuahltur, jhbhsdswh `dbhrhplhm `hpht jgrhmohme `gsdem suhtu nhrhme hthu priùl, jhupum jgchlulhm pgjcdbhm nhbhm nhlu hthu jhtgrdhc yhme tgpht umtul jgjnuht nhrhme priùlsd, jhupum jgchlulhm pgmeulurhm, jgmeeumhlhm pgrlhlhs, sgrth jhjpu jgmeiprhsdlhm jgsdm-jgsdm yhme `deumhlhm ph`h prisgs jhmuahltur. Vh`h prhltdluj prisgs jhmuahltur >6>8 md, jhbhsdswh `dbhrhplhm `hpht jgrhmohme `gsdem `hm jgjpriùlsd rheuj `gmehm nhbhm tgrnuht `hrd ngsd. ^heuj h`hchb ngm`h yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgmoglhj/jgmkgpdt ngm`h lgrkh hehr pisdsd luht. Vrisgs lgrkh pgjnuhthm rheuj jgcdputd ; lgrkh nhmelu, nhmelu, lgrkh turmdme, lgrkh jdccdme

8

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

8.> 8.> Pukuhm Vrhltdluj

Pukuhm `hrd prhltdluj prisgs jhmuahltur dmd h`hchb ; 8. Jhbhsdswh `dbhrhplhm jgmegthbud ngrnhehd jhohj jgsdm `hm hcht priùlsd sgohrh ujuj, lbususmyh sgjuh yhme h`h `d C_V. C_V. >. Jhbhsdswh `hpht jgmegthbud aumesd, lgeumhhm `hm ohrh pgmeipgrhsdhm jgsdm `hm hcht-hcht tgrsgnut. ?. Jhbhsdswh `hpht jgm`gshdm `hm jgjnuht sgnuhb ngm`h/priùl nuhthm sgm`drd. 0. Jhbhsdswh `hpht jgmbebdtume gstdjhsd whltu `hm ndhyh ndhyh yhme `dpgrculhm umtul jgmygcgshdlhm sgnuhb priùl. 7. Jhbhsdswh `hpht jgmehmhcdsh sgehch jhohj prisgs yhme `dchlulhm ph`h prhltdluj prisgs jhmuahltur. jhmuahltur.

8.? 8.? _dstgjhtdlh Vgmucdshm

NHN D Vgm`hbucuhm Jgcdputd chthr ngchlhme, tukuhm prhltdluj, `hm sdstgjhtdlh sds tgjhtdlh pgmucdshm NHN DD @hshr tgird Ngrdsd tgmthme chm`hshm tgird prisgs priùlsd, prisgs jhmuahltur, prisgs pgrjgsdmhm, lgrkh turmdme, lgrkh jdccdme, lgrkh nhmelu nhmelu `hm hssgjncy. NHN DDD Vgmeichbhm @hth `hm Hmhcdsds Ngrdsd hmhcdsds ulurhm `djgmsd `gshdm `gmehm hotuhc `hm hmhcdsds gstdjhsd gstd jhsd whltu `gmehm whltu hltuhc. NHN DQ Vgmutup Ngrdsd lgsdjpuchm `hm shrhm

>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

NHN DD @H_H^ PGI^D

Vriùlsd `hchj pgmegrtdhm sg`grbhmh h`hchb sgcurub prisgs `hm ipgrhsd umtul jgjpriùlsd nhrhme hthu khsh. _dstgj priùlsd jgruphlhm lujpuchm `hrd sun sdstgj yhme shcdme ngrdmtgrhlsd `gmehm `gmehm tukuhm jgmtrhmsairjhsd dmput priùlsd jgmkh`d iutput priùlsd. Dmput priùlsd dmd `hpht ngruph n gruph nhbhm nhlu, jgsdm, tgmheh lgrkh, ji`hc `hm dmairjhsd. _g`hmelhm iutput priùlsd jgruphlhm priùl yhme `dbhsdclhm ngrdlut shjpdmehmmyh sgpgrtd cdjnhb, dmairjhsd, `hm sgnhehdmyh.

Ehjnhr >. 8 Dmput-Iutput _dstgj Vriùlsd

Lhth – Jhmuahoturg Jhmuahoturg‚‚ `hchj nhbhsh dmeerds hthu jhmuahltur (`hchj nhbhsh Dmìmgsdh) ngrhshc `hrd nhbhsh chtdm, yhdtu ; jhmus : thmehm (bhm` (bhm` ), ahotus ), ahotus : jgjnuht (jhlg jhlg). ). Vh`h hnh`-hnh` yhme chcu `hchj nhbhsh dmeerds jhmuahoturg ngrhrtd jh`g ny bhm` hthu `dnuht `gmehm thmehm. Mhjum ph`h jhsh ji`grm lhth jhmuahltur cgndb sgrdme `dlhdtlhm `gmehm nhmtuhm pgrjgsdmhm `hm limtric lijputgr. (Eriivgr jhmuahoturdme ) Vrisgs jhmuahltur h`hchb pgmhjnhbhm `hm pgmehpcdlhsdhm nhbhm adsdl jhupum ldjdh umtul jgrunhb ngmtul egijgtrd nhbhm hthu pgmhjpdchm pgrjulhhm `hchj pgjnuhthm lijpimgm lijpimgm suhytu priùl. ?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vrisgs jhmuahltur jgjnutublhm lijpimgm-lijpimgm sg`rgbhmh umtul `dprisgs sgbdmeeh jgmkh`d nhrhme yhme cgndb lijpcgls. Jdshcmyh lijpigm sgpgrtd nhut, jur, pcht ngsd hm chdm-chdm yhme jgrdphlhm lijpimgm `hshr yhme `hpht `drhldt jgmkh`d lijpimgm cgndb rujdt `hm jgjpumyhid mdchd yhme cgndb ngsr `h ngreumh. Vrisgs pgrjgsdmhm h`hchb prisgs pgjitimehm hthu pgjnuhmehm sgnhehdhm nhbhm `gmehm jhlsu` umtul jgjngmtul priùl yhme `ddmedmlhm. Vrisgs pgjgsdmhm yhme ndhsh `dchlulhm `d dmùstrd jhmuahltur h`hchb prisgs pgmyglrhphm ( sbhpdme), pr is isgs gs pg me eu r` d hm ( `rdccdme), pr is isgs gs pg jn un ut hm ( turmdme), pr pris is gs pgmyhyhthm/arhds (jdccdme), prisgs egrehkd ( shwdme), prisgs jdccdme), prisgs shwdme), prisgs nrihobdme, `hm prisgs egrdm`h ( erdm`dme).

Vrisgs pgjgsdmhm `dnhed jgmkh`d tdeh lhtgeird, yhdtu< 8. Vrisgs

pgjitimehm

( outtdme),

yhdtu

prisgs

pgjgsdmhm

`gmehm

jgmeeumhlhm pdshu pgjitimehm `gmehm ngmtul egijgtrd tgrtgmtu. >. Vrisgs hnrhsd (hnrhsdvg (hnrhsdvg priogss), sgpgrtd prisgs egrdm`h. ?. Vrisgs pgjgsdmhm mim trh`dsdimhc yhdtu yhme `dchlulhm sgohrh gcgltrdl Vrisgs pgjgsdmhm sgpgrtd prisgs nunut, pgmegnirhm, arhds pgmegnirhm, arhds hthu pgjgsdmhm nhut ph`h `hshrmyh jgruphlhm suhtu prisgs pgjnuhmehm sgnhedhm nhbhm ngm`h lgrkh `djhmh ph`h prisgs pgjiti pgj itimeh mehmm mmyh yh hlhm hlh m `dbh ` dbhsd sdclh clhm m egrhj ( obdp) yhme jgruphlhm nhedhm ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dnuhme. Vhbht pitime ngregrhl sgphmkhme ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm lgogphthm Q `hm lg`hchjhm pgjitimehm @io. pgjitimehm @io. Vgregrhlhm phbht dmd jgmehldnhtlhm tdjnucmyh egrhj (obdp) yhme tgrngmtul hldnht prisgs pgregsgrhm ( sbghrdme) sgohrh limtdmu ph`h nd`hme egsgr. (@hryhmti Jp`, 8444) .

0

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.8 Lgrkh Purmdme

>.8.8 @gadmdsd

Vglgrkhhm jgjitime yhme phcdme uthjh tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh h`hchb jgjnunut. @hchj bhc dmd ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl ngrputhr, sg`hmelhm phbht-phbhtmyh ngregrhl curus. Icgb sgnhn dtu ngm`h lgrkh `dsgnut `dsgnut jgchlulhm jgchlulhm egrhl egrhl pitime pitime sg`hmelhm phbhtmyh jgchlulhm egrhl ngrkhchm. (Dr._chjgt _gtyi, 842?, Bhc 21) Jgsdm nunut jgruphlhm suhtu jgsdm pgrlhlhs yhme jgjpriùlsd ngmtul sdcdm`rds. Jgsdm nunut jgjpumyhd egrhl uthjh ngrputhr `hm ngraumesd sgnhehd pgmeunhb ngmtul `hm ulurhm ngm`h `gmehm khchm jgmyhyht ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm phbht. Visdsd ngm`h lgrkh ngrputhr sgsuhd `gmehm sujnu jgsdm `hm phbht `dhj, ngregrhl lg lhmhm hthu lg ldrd sghrhb `gmehm sujnu jgsdm nunut jgmyhyht ngm`h lgrkh. Lgeumhhm chdm `hrd jgsdm nunut h`hchb jgjnuht pusht (ogmtgr), jgmegnir. (Nhjnhme Vrdhjniì, 8421, bhc. 868) >.8.> Vrdmsdp Lgrkh Purmdme

Vrdmsdp-prdmsdp lgrkh nhmelu yhdtu ; 8. Ngm`h Lgrkh yhme ngrputhr. >. Jgmeeumhlhm phbht ngrjhth tumeehc (sdmecg (s dmecg pidmt-outtdme tiic). ?. Egrhlhm phbht sgkhkhr tgrbh`hp sujnu ngm`h lgrkh ph`h khrhl tgrtgmtu sgbdmeeh jgjnuhme pgrjulhhm/ surahog turmdme h`hchb prisgs nunut rhth, tgthpd hrhb egrhlhm pgjhlhmhm tgehl curus tgrbh`hp sujnu ngm`h. 0. Vrisgs nunut pgrjulhhm/ surahog turmdme h`hchb prisgs nunut yhme d`gmtdl `gmehm prisgs nunut rhth, tgthpd egrhlhm hrhb pgrjulhhm tgehl curus tgrbh`hp sujnu ngm`h. 7. Vrisgs nunut d`gmtdl `gmehm prisgs nunut rhth `dhths, bhmyh phbht yhme `dkhchmlhm. (@hryhmti, 8444)

7

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.8.? Kgmds ‟  Kgmds Kgmds Jgsdm Nunut

Kgmds ‟ Kgmds ‟  kgmds kgmds jgsdm nunut hmthrh chdm ; 8. Jgsdm nunut birdzimthc. Jgsdm nunut birdzimthc jgruphlhm jgsdm nunut yhme phcdme ujuj `deumhlhm. Jgsdm dmd `hpht `deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht sdcdm`rds, jgmegnir, `hm chdm ‟ chdm ‟  chdm. chdm. (@rs.@hryhmti, 8425)

Ehjnhr >. > Jgsdm Nunut Birdsimthc

>. Jgsdm nunut ogmtgr Jgsdm nunut kgmds dmd ph`h bgh`stiolmyh td`hl jgjdcdld pgmoglhj, tgthpd `dehmtdlhm icgb ogmtgr lgphch tgthp. Kh`d lgùh sdsdmyh, nhdl thdcstiol `hm bgh`stiol jgmkgpdt ngm`h `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm ogmtgr.

Ehjnhr >. ? Jgsdm Nunut Ogmtgr

1

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

?. Jgsdm nunut tuehs ngrht Jgsdm nunut dmd `deumhlhm umtul ngm`h lgrkh yhme jgjcdld `dhjgtgr ngshr `hm tgrnuht `hrd ciehj yhme shmeht lgrhs, sgpgrtd nhkh lhrnim tdmeed, nhkh lhrnim rgm`hb, `hm sgnhehdmyh.

Ehjnhr >. 0 Jgsdm Nunut tuehs Ngrht

0. Jgsdm nunut turgt birdzimthc itijhtds Jgsdm nunut turgt birdzimthc itijhtds su`hb jgmeeumhlhm ngngrhph lgm`hcd itijhtds, sgbdmeeh td`hl pgrcu pgmegm`hcd jhmuhc sgpgrtd jgsdm nunut sthm`hr. Vh`h jgsdm dmd cgthl phbht `hm ngm`h lgrkh birdzimthc.

Ehjnhr >. 7 Jgsdm Nunut Purgt Birdzimthc Itijhtds

(Nhjnhme Vrdhjniì, 8421)

5

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

7. Jgsdm nunut turgt vgrtdohc Vh`h jgsdm nunut turgt vgrtdohc dmd, ngm`h lgrkh `dcgthllhm sgohrh vgrtdohc. Vgregrhlhm jhth phbhtmyh kueh lghrhb vgrtdohc.

Ehjnhr >. 1 Jgsdm Nunut Purgt Qgrtdohc

(Nhjnhme Vrdhjniì, 8421) 1. Jgsdm nunut pgmoglhj vgrtdohc sthsdum jhkgjul. Jgsdm dmd `drhmohme umtul umtul priùlsd tdmeed tdmeed `hm ndhshmyh `d cgmelhpd cgmelhpd `gmehm cdjh hthu sgjndchm sthsdum lgrkh `hm lgùùlhm pgjuhthm. Lgumtumehm jgsdm dmd h`hchb nhbwh sgehch ipgrhsd `hpht `dchlulhm sgohrh sgrgmthl `hm `hchj uruthm.

Ehjnhr >. 5 Jgsdm Nunut Vgmoglhj Qgrtdohc _thsdum Jhkgjul

(Nhjnhme Vrdhjniì, 8421)

2

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

5. Jgsdm nunut rgvicvgr (pdstic) Jgsdm nunut rgvicvgr dmd `hchj pgmeipgrhsdhmmyh `hpht `deumhlhm pgrlhlhs yhme ngrshjhhm `hm kueh `hpht jgjnuht pitimehm yhme shjh `hchj kujchb ngshr

Ehjnhr >. 2 Jgsdm Nunut ^gvicvgr (Vdstic)

2. Jgsdm nunut lirsgc Jgsdm nunut lirsgc dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgjnunut ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrulurhm pgm`gl `hm ngr`dhjgtgr ngshr.

Ehjnhr >. 4 Jgsdm Nunut Lirsgc

(@rs. @hryhmti, 8425)

4

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

4. Jgsdm nunut pgmyhcdm Jgsdm nunut dmd `hpht jgjnuht ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm ohrh ùpcdlht. Thdtu jgmkh`dlhm ipgrhtir td`hl pgrcu ched jgmeulur ngm`h yhme hlhm `dkh`dlhm oimtib, tgthpd oulup jgcgthllhm ngm`h dtu `hchj tgjpht ngm`h oimtib. Thme lgju`dhm jgchcud pgrhnh, jgsdm nunut dmd hlhm jgjnuht ùpcdlhtmyh ph`h ngm`h lgrkh. (@rs.@hryhmti, 8425)

Ehjnhr >. 86 Jgsdm Nunut Vgmyhcdm

86. Jgsdm nunut OMO Jgruphlhm pgmygjpurmhhm `hrd ngrnhehd tdpg jgsdm nunut yhme h`h `djhmh prisgs pgmyhyhthm ngm`h lgrkh `hpht `dprierhj tgrcgndb `hbucu `gmehm lijputgr, sgbdmeeh jgjumeldmlhm umtul jgjnunut ngm`h lgrkh sgohrh jhshc `gmehm lgtgcdtdhm yhme tdmeed `hchj whltu sdmelht.

86

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.8.0 Nhedhm ‟  Nhedhm Nhedhm Jgsdm Nunut

Ehjnhr >. 88 Jgsdm Nunut

8. Bgh`stiol Bgh`stiol `dphshme ph`h chm`hshm (ng` (ng` ) `hm `dcgmelhpd `gmehm jitir, puccgy, `hm Q-ngct yhme jgmyupchd tgmheh lg spdm`gc ph`h lgogphthm rithsd yhme ngrhehj. Aumesd bgh`stiol hmthrh chdm; 

Jgjgehme `hm jgjuthr ngm`h lgrkh



Jgjgehme pgrhchthm chdm yhme oioil `gmehm spdm`gc



_gnhehd ruhme pgrunhbhm lgogphthm Nhedhm-nhedhm `hrd bgh`stiol ; h. _pdm`gc Aumesdmyh umtul jgjdm`hblhm puthrhm lg ngm`h lgrkh. _pdm`gc bhrus tgrphshme lilib `hm tgrnuht `hrd nhkh yhme luht. Vh`h ujujmyh nhedhm `hchj spdm`cg `dnuht ngrcunhme. Vgrjulhhm nhmthchm spdm`gc ndhshmyh `dlgruslhm `hm `degrdm`h. Nhmthchm dmd tgrnuht `hrd pgrumeeu. Wmtul jgmeurhmed egsglhm `dphlhd –riccgr –riccgr nghrdme ‚ (nhmthchm ricc). ricc).

88

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

 _pdm`gc

uthjh `gmehm nhmthchm nghrdme

Ehjnhr >. 8> _pdm`gc Wthjh `gmehm Nhmthchm Nghrdme

Lgtgrhmehm; h; Jhdm h; Jhdm _pdm`cg (spdm`gc uthjh) n; n; Bgh` Bgh` ia Jhdm _pdm`cg _pdm`cg (lgphch spdm`gc uthjh) o; Nghrdme o; Nghrdme Nusb (nhmthchm cumour) `; ^dme `; ^dme Mut (jur rdme) g; Pbrust Nghrdme (nhmthchm hlsdhc)  _pdm`gc

uthjh `gmehm îccgr hthu Nhcc Nghrdme

Ehjnhr >. 8? _pdm`gc Wthjh `gmehm îccgr hthu Nhcc Nghrdme

Lgtgrhmehm; h; Phppgr îccgr Nghrdme (nhmthchm ric tdrus) n; n; Nhcc Nhcc Nghrdme (nhmthchm pgcuru) o; îccgr o; îccgr Nghrdme (nhmthchm ric)

8>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

n. Obuol Hcht pgmedlht ngm`h lgrkh `hm sglhcdeus umtul jgmygtgc ngm`h lgrkh. o. Prhmsjdsd Hcht pgmehtur lgogphthm `hm `hpht jgmehtur ri`h-ri`h eded yhme shcdme ngrbunumehm.

Ehjnhr >. 80 Bgh`stiol

Ehjnhr >. 87 Cunhme _pdm`gc Vh`h Bgh`stiol

>. Phdcstiol Lgeumhhm `hrd Phdcstiol h`hchb; 

_gnhehd tgjpht pgjdluc ukume ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dnunut.



_gnhehd tgjpht lgùùlhm nir ph`h whltu jgmegnir.

 _gnhehd _gnhehd

tgjpht lgùùlhm pgmkgpdt nir.

Nhedhm-nhedhm thdcstiol;

8?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

h. Bhm`wbggc ; î`h thmehm umtul jgmeegrhllhm piris ogmtgr ph`h thdcstiol. thdcst iol. n. Ni`y Ni`y;; Ngraumesd sgnhehd nh`hm pgmyhmeeh thdcstiol. o. Ng` Ciol ; Puhs umtul jgmeumod thdcstiol. `. Nhrrgc Ciol ; Puhs umtul jgmeumod nhrrgc. g. Nhrrgc ; Aumesdmyh shjh `gmehm spdm`gc ph`h bgh`stiol, ng`hmyh nhrrgc tgrcgthl t grcgthl ph`h thdcstiol.

Ehjnhr >. 81 Lgphch Cgphs Jgsdm Nunut

80

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

?. Ng`

Ehjnhr >. 85 Hchs Jgsdm Nunut

Ng` yhdtu chm`hshm tgjpht `dphshmemyh rgc-rgc hthu scip yhme jgmyhmeeh ohrrdheg,, thdcstiol , `hm agg`dme jgobhmdsj. ohrrdheg jgobhmdsj. Ndhshmyh tgrnuht `hrd ngsd oir yhme tgrnuht `hrd chpdshm lrij `hm tgr`hpht ogchb pgm`gl ph`h chm`hshm `gphm lgphch tgthp tg thp umtul jgmhdllhm lhphsdths jgsdm nucht ph`h shht jgjnuht ri`h-ri`h `hm pucd-pucd ngshr. Lgeumhhm `hrd ng` h`hchb ; 

Pgjpht lgùùlhm lgphch cgphs



Pgjpht lgùùlhm grgthm (ohrrdheg (ohrrd heg hthu suppirt)



Pgjpht lgùùlhm pgmyhmeeh `dhj (stgh`y rgst)



Lgrhmelh uthjh ph`h jgsdm nunut umtul chm`hshm thdcstiol thdcs tiol `hm ohrrdheg hcur.

Lgrushlhm hthu ohoht ph`h hchs jgsdm h`hchb jgmhm`hlhm td`hl sgjpurmhmyh pglgrkhhm jgjnunut jgjnunut lhrgmh lgcurushm khchmmyh phbht nunut tgrehmtume `hrd `hrd lgrhthhm hchs jgsdm. Nhedhm-nhedhm Ng`; h. Ng` Ohstdme ; Hchs yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgmiphme ohrrdheg `hm thdcstiol.

87

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

n. Ng` rhol (piris ngrhcur); ngraumesd umtul jgjhkulhm ohrrdheg ph`h ipgrhsd jgjuthr shht hutijhtdo agg` cgvgr `dlumod. o. Agg` sbhat ; sgnhehd piris pgmydjphm yhme `hpht `dbunumelhm `gmehm lgphch cgphs nunuthm `hm cgwht lgphch eghr. `. _whra Arhy; Arhy; tgjpht umtul jgmhjpume egrhj `hrd ngm`h lgrkh yhme `dnunut. `dnunut. (@rs. @hryhmti.8425.Bhc.86) @hryhmti.8425.Bhc.86) 0. Ohrrdheg

Ehjnhr >. 82 Grgthm Jgsdm Nunut

H`hchb hcht pgjgehme phbht umtul jgjngrd tglhmhm ph`h ngm`h lgrkh. @gmehm `gjdldhm phbht hlhm jgjitime ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm pitimehm yhme su`hb `dsgt tgrcgndb `hbucu. Ohrrdheg ujujmyh ujujmyh ngrngmtul –B `hthr‚ ` `hrd hrd ngsd oir yhme ngregrhl `d hcur cuhr (iutgr (iutgr why) `hrd ng`. _cd`g bhrus ngregrhl ngregrhl thmph ngrunhb ngrunhb pisdsd (td`hl nicgb lgmùr) `hchj eud`g whys (ng` ), ), sh``cg `hm oriss scd`g `degrhllhm icgb agg` icgb agg` sbhat `hm cgh` sorgw. sorgw.

81

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Lgtgrhmehm; h. _h``cg

`. Piic Bic`gr

n. Grgthm Cdmthme

g. Limthl Hpprim

o. Grgthm Lijndmhsd

a. Php _cd`g _orgw (@[email protected].. bhc. >>) (@[email protected]

Nhedhm-nhedhm ohrrdheg; 

_h`gc h`hchb nhedhm yhme tgrphshme ph`h hchs jgsdm `hm `hpht ngregsgr sgphmkhme rgc hchs jgsdm.



Hpprim h`hchb nhedhm yhme tgrphshme ph`h sh``cg `hm `d `hchjmyh tgr`hpht eghr, ocutob sgrth cghvgr hthu jgmkhchmlhm grgthm sgohrh jhmuhc hthu ht hu itijhtds.

Ehjnhr >. 84 _dsd @gphm Hprim

Ehjnhr >. >6 Ngchlhme Hprim

85

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8



Grgthm Jgcdmthme (Oriss (Oriss scd`g) scd`g) tgrphshme ph`h sh``cg `hm ngregrhl jgcdmthme.



Vgmkgpdt Vhbht (Piic (Piic pist ) ngraumesd umtul jgjgehme hcht pitime hthu jhth phbht.

Ehjnhr >. >8 Piic Vist 

Oijpium` rgst umtul jgchyhmd egrhlhm cumour yhme `dchlulhm icgb hcht pitime `gmehm suùt suùt tgrtgmtu.

(@[email protected]. bhc. >>) 7.  Agg`dme Jgobhmdsj Jgobhmdsj Wmtul jgjngrdlhm suhtu egrhl itijhtds nhed pgrlhlhs nunut yhme sgohrh chmesume ngrbunumehm `gmehm pgrputhrhm pitimehm lgrkh. Nhedhm-nhedhm agg`dme jgobhmdsj;

h. Xudol Obhmeg Eghr Nix Lithl tgjpht ri`h-ri`h eded yhme yhme `deumhlhm umtul umtul jgrgùlsd puthrhm jitir cdstrdl jgmkh`d egrhlhm curus lg hrhb spdm`gc ph`h pgjnuhthm ucdr `hm pgjnunuthm itijhtds. itijhtds. n. Agg` _bhat Ngraumesd umtul jgjhkulhm ohrrdheg. o. _phcdme Mut `. Eghr

82

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

_ged pisdtda `hrd systgj s ystgj pgmeegrhl yhme ngruph ri`h eded h`hchb td`hl h`hmyh sgcdp. g. Cgh` _orgw Bhmyh `dphlhd umtul jgjnuht ucdr. a. Cgvgr hm` Ocutbgs

Ehjnhr >. >> Gxtgrdir `hm Dmtgrdir Xudol Obhmeg Eghr Nix

Ehjnhr >. >? Agg`dme Jgobhmds

84

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.8.7 Vgrhchthm Jgsdm Nunut

Hcht ‟ Hcht ‟  hcht hcht yhme `deumhlhm ph`h jgsdm nunut hmthrh chdm ; 8. Vhbht nunut Vhbht nunut `deumhlhm umtul jgjitime hthu jgmyhyht ngm`h lgrkh, phbht `dkgpdt hthu `dphshme ph`h pgmkgpdt phbht (tiic pist). (@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc. ?6) _daht nhbhm `hshr phbht nunut yhdtu ; 8. Bdeb _pgg` _tggc (B__)< `dphlhd umtul ngrlgogphthm tdmeed. Httgmtdim phbht

dmd thbhm tgrbh`hp subu 166i, lhrgmh jgmehmùme O, Md, _, _d, Uicarhj, Q `hm Or. Lhphsdths shyhtmyh ngshr sglhcd.

>. Bdeb Ohrnim _tggc (BO_)< `dphlhd umtul nhbhm yhme cgndb luht hthu lgrhs, thbhm phmhs `hm thbhm tgrbh`hp egsglhm. Wmsurg yhme jgjgmubd syhrht hmthrh

chdm ; obrijduj stggc, tumestgm stggc, obrijduj sdcdoim stggc. ?. Dmùstrdhc @dhjim`< `dphlhd umtul jgjitime ngm`h lgrkh yhme tgrnuht `hrd

hcujdmduj, pchstdl `hm lhrgt lgrhs. 0. Ogrhjdo< tgrnuht `hrd hcujdmduj ilsd`h `hm sdcdoim ilsd`h `gmehm pgmedlht

ngruph lhoh `hm jhjpu jgmohphd jgmohphd subu >666i A. Hcciys. 7. Ohst Mim Agrrus Hcciys. 1. Ohrnd`h< tgrnuht `hrd sgngmtul ciehj `gmehm prisgs sdmtgrdme `gmehm i

pgrhmelht linhct `hm `hpht jgmohphd >666 A. Jgmehmùme tumestgm ohrnd`h (2>%), tdthmduj (86%), linhct (2%) `gmehm lglgrhshm îolwgcc hmthr 56 ‟ 56 ‟  47. 47. (Phuadq ^hobdj, 844?, bhc. 80>) Jhohj-jhohj phbht nunut hmthrh chdm ;

 Vhbht pitime  Vhbht hcur  Vhbht sgrime  Vhbht sgrime 07i

>6

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

 Vhbht pdshu lhmhm  Vhbht curus nucht  Vhbht ucdr cuhr  Vhbht rhth julh  Vhbht rhth nucht

Ehjnhr >. >0 Jhohj Vhbht Nunut

_g`hmelhm jhohj phbht pitime hmthrh chdm ; 8.

Vhbht pitime ldrd

>.

Vhbht ukume nucht

?.

Vhbht pitime lhmhm

0.

Vhbht pitime suùt lhmhm

7.

Vhbht pitime ucdr sgedtdeh

1.

Vhbht suùt lhmhm

5.

Vhbht sdsd ldrd

2.

Vhbht pitime rhth

4.

Vhbht sdsd lhmhm

86. Vhbht ngmtul

>8

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. >7 Jhohj Vhbht Vitime

Ehjnhr >. >1 Jhohj phbht `gmehm ciehj lgrhs yhme tgrphshme ph`h thmelhdmyh

Wmtul sgtdhp kgmds pglgrkhhm `dpgrculhm phbht yhme tgpht, icgb lhrgmh dtu `dpdcdb ngr`hshrlhm tukuhm pgjnunuthmmyh. pgjnunuthmmyh.  Vhbht

îuebdme ( phbht lhshr )

_gchjh pgmegrkhhm lhshr, phbht bhrus jgjitime ngm`h `hchj whltu sgsdmelht jumeldm, icgb lhrgmh dtu phbht dmd bhrus `dnuht luht, ngmtulmyh curus hthu ngmelil.  Vhbht Admdsbdme

Vhbht dmd `dnhed jgmkh`d phbht admdsbdme tdtdl `gmehm sdsd pitime nucht `hm phbht admdsbdme `hthr `gmehm sdsd pitime rhth.

>>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Jhohj-jhohj phbht ngr`hshrlhm nhbhmmyh; h. Wmhcciyg` _tggc / Ohrnim _tggc / Piic _tggc H`hchb nhkh `gmehm lhmùmehm lhrnim 6.7 ‟   07%. Lglgrhshmmyh hlhm ngrlurhme ph`h subu >76 6O. Pd`hl oioil umtul outtdme spgg` tdmeed. Bhmyh `dphlhd sgohrh lbusus. n. Hcciy Piic _tggc Jgmehmùme lhrnim, lrijduj, vhmh`duj `hm jicyn`gmuj. B__ h`hchb nhkh ohjpurhm tdmeed yhme thbhm tgrbh`hp lghushm ph`h subu shjphd 166

6

O.

Lgthbhmhm tdmeed tgrsgnut `dsgnhnlhm icgb tumestgm. B__ `dphlhd umtul jgjnunut `gmehm lgogphthm tdmeed. o. Ogjgmtg` Ohrnd`g @deumhlhm umtul jgmdmelhtlhm lgjhjpuhm phbht, tgr`drd `hrd tumestgm hthu jicyn`gmuj, linhct `hm lhrnim. Ogjgmtg` Ohrnd`g tdp dmd `d Nrhssdme ph`h thmelhd phbht yhme tgrnuht `hrd Ohrnim _tggc, bhrehmyh shmeht jhbhc. `. @dhjim` Pdps Lgeumhhmmyh umtul pgmegrkhhm admdsbdme ph`h jgsdm-jgsdm lbusus, shmeht lgrhs `hm thbhm chjh. g. Ogrhjdo Outtdme Jhtgrdhcs Jhtgrdhc dmd shmeht lgrhs. Vgmeeumhhmmyh sgpgrtd ph`h outtdme tdp. _daht-sdaht Nhbhm @hshr Vhbht Nunut ;



Lgrhs Hehr –outtdme gèg‚ `hpht jgjitime ngm`h lgrkh lgrkh



Wcgt Hehr sdsd pitime td`hl ju`hb phthb



Phbhm Vhmhs Hehr lgthkhjhm sdsd pitime / outtdme gèg td`hl ju`hb hus hthu rushl

>?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8



Phbhm Chjh Hehr jgmeumtumelhm sgohrh glimijds.

>. Vgmoglhj Vgmoglhj ngraumesd umtul jgjgehme ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dnunut. Vgmoglhj hlhm jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrngmtul sdcdm`rds/td`hl ngrngmtul sdcdm`rds, td`hl ngrehmtume ph`h ngmtul nucht. Vgmoglhj tgr`drd `hrd > jhohj, yhdtu ;



Pbrgg Khws Obuol yhdtu pgmoglhj tdeh rhbhme yhme ndsh shchb shtu obuolmyh `dlgmohmelhm jhlh obuol chdmmyh dlut lgmohme



Aiur Khws Obuol yhdtu pgmoglhj gjpht rhbhme, dmd td`hlchb ngrng`h `gmehm tbrgg khws obuol. Ng`hmyh oujh ph`h pgmeumod nhkh, `d jhmh obuolmyh td`hlchb itijhtds.

(h)

(n)

Ehjnhr >. >5 (h) Pbrgg Khws Obuol, (n) Aiur Khws Obuol  Jgti`g

pgmoglhjhm ngm`h lgrkh ph`h jgsdm nunut.

Gjpht jhohj jgti`g yhme ndsh `deumhlhm umtul jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh ph`h prisgs turmdme hmthrh chdm (h) jiumtdme tbg wirl ngtwggm ogmtgr. (n) obuol (o) oiccgt, `hm (`) ahog pchtg. Jgti`g pgmoglhjhm dmd tgr`drd `hrd ngrnhehd jhohj jglhmdsjg umtul jgmoglhj, ogmtgr `hm jgmùlume ph`h pisdsd sgphmkhme spdm`cg hxdx `hm puthrhm.

>0

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

h) Pbg wirl ngtwggm ogmtgrs

Pbg wirl ngtwggm ogmtgrs ndhshmyh jgmeeumhlhm > nuhb ogmtgr yhme shtu tgr`hpht ph`h bgh`stiol `hm yhme chdm ph`h thdcstiol. t hdcstiol. Jgti`g dmd ngraumesd umtul ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm ulurhm phmkhme `hm `dhjgtgr yhme ngshr. n) Oiccgt

Oiccgt tgr`drd pdph thnume `gmehm cimedtu`dmhc scdts yhme tgr`hpht ph`h sgphmkhme sgtgmehb `hrd phmkhme `hm ndhshmyh `druhme sgldthr h`hchb lgcdcdme ruhmehm. o) Ahog pchtg

Ahog pchtg `dnuht umtul pgmoglhjhm yhme cgndb ogpht `hrd spdm`cg ph`h jgsdm nunut `hm ahog pchtg `deumhlhm umtul jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm ngmtul yhme td`hl tgrhtur lhrgmh ngmtul yhme td`hl tgrhtur. ?. Ogmtgr Ngraumesd umtul jgjgehme ukume ‟ ukume ‟  ukume ukume `hrd ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dnunut lbususmyh umtul ngm`h lgrkh yhme phmkhme hehr td`hl eiyhme. H`h ùh jhohj ogmtgr ; h. Ogmtgr jhtd/tgthp (`gh` ogmtgr)

Ehjnhr >. >2 Ogmtgr Jhtd

>7

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

n.

Ogmtgr bdùp/khchm (cdvg ogmtgr)

Ehjnhr >. >4 Ogmtgr Bdùp

0. Vgjnhwh ( Chtbg Chtbg @ie ) Hcht dmd `dphshme ngrshjh ‟   shjh pcht pgjnhwh `gmehm jhlsu` umtul jgjnhwh sgrth ngm`h lgrkh suphyh dlut ngrputhr sgdrhjh sujnu jgsdm.

htbgìe ie Ehjnhr >. ?6 C htbg`

(@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc 06) 7. Vgmyhmeeh (_tgh`y (_tgh`y)) Hcht dmd `deumhlhm `hchj pgmegrkhhm nhthme nucht yhme phmkhme. Wmtul jgmkheh ngm`h lgrkh suphyh td`hl jgcgmelume lg nhwhb, sgbdmeeh tgthp curus sgehrds sujnu. Jhohj pgmyhmeeh h`h ùh, yhdtu; h. Vgmyhmeeh Khchm ( Aicciwdme _tgh`y) _tgh`y) Hcht pgmyhmeeh dmd dlut ngregrhl sghrhb sgh rhb `gmehm egrhlhm phbht hthu grgthm.

>1

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. ?8 Vgmyhmeeh Khchl

n. Vgmyhmeeh Pgthp ( Adx Adx stgh`y) stgh`y) Hcht dmd jgruphlhm pgmyhmeeh yhme td`hl `hpht jgmedlutd egrhlhm phbht hthu grgthm jgchdmlhm tgthp.

Ehjnhr >. ?> Vgmyhmeeh Pgthp

(@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc. 7>)

>5

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

1. Lhrtgc Lhrtgc h`hchb suhtu hcht yhme eumhmyh umtul jgjnuht hcur ‟ hcur ‟  hcur hcur lgodc ph`h ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm jhlsu` hehr suphyh suph yh td`hl cdodm kdlh `dpgehme `gmehm thmehm sgpgrtd pgjgehme. Lhrtgc dmd `dphshme shjh pgrsds sgpgrtd phbht. Lhrtgc `dnhed jgmkh`d ùh jhoh, yhdtu ; h. @dhjim` Lmurc h`hchb lhrtgc pgsdchme `dheimhc. n. _trhdebt Lmurc h`hchb lhrtgc curus.

Ehjnhr >. ?? Lhrtgc

Vgrhchthm chdm yhme `deumhlhm ph`h shht jgmeeumhlhm jgsdm nunut h`hchb ohdrhm pgm`dmedm. Jhohj ‟ Jhohj ‟  jhohjmyh jhohjmyh hmthrh chdm ; h. Ohdrhm sdmtgtdl (_ymtgtdo acud`s, obgjdohc acud`s) Chruthm jurmd dmd ngrsdaht jgcujhsd ndhshmyh `dphlhd umtul sdaht pgmygrhphm phmhs yhme tdmeed tdmeed `hm jgcdmùmed tgrbh`hp l lirisd. irisd. n. Ohdrhm gjucsd (Gjucsdims, whtgr jdsodncg acud`s, whtgr sicuncg idcs) Wmsur pgmegjucsd `dthjnhblhm lg `hchj jdmyhl yhme lgju`dhm `dchrutlhm `hchj hdr. Vgmhjnhbhm kgmds jdmyhl jdm yhl kgmub hthu umsur chdm `hpht jgmhjnhb `hyh pgcujhs.

>2

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

o. Ohdrhm sgjd sdmtgtdl Jgruphlhm pgrphùhm ohdrhm sdmtgtdl `hm gjucsd `djhmh ;

 Lhmùmehm jdmyhl cgndb sg`dldt  Lhmùmehm pgmegjucsdmyh pgmegjucsdmyh cgndb nhmyhl `hrd tdpg ohdrhm sdmtgtdl `. Jdmyhl (Outtdme Idcs) Ngrhshc `hrd shtu hthu lijndmhsd `hrd jdmyhl nujd, jdmyhl ndmhthme, jdmyhl dlhm hthu jdmyhl mhnhtd. (Phuadq ^hobdj, 844?, bhc.00>) Vgmeeumhhm ohdrhm pgm`dmedm ngr`hshrlhm ciehj yhme `deumhlhm h`hchb ; 8.

Vh`h ngsd oir, pgm`dmedm yhme `deumhlhm h`hchb u`hrh tglhm, jdmyhl chruthm, `dlgrkhlhm lgrdme. Vgmeeumhhm u`hrh lgrdme tglhm jgjgrculhm sdstgj umtul jgmegcuhrlhm `gnu yhme `dtdjnuclhm.

>.

Vh`h ngsd jhjpu tgjph, pgm`dmedmhmmyh `dlgrkhlhm lgrdme `gmehm pgcujhs, jdmyhl chrut hdr.

?.

Vh`h nhkh pgm`dmedm `dchlulhm `gmehm jdmyhl chrut hdr, jdmyhl ngrsucaurdshsd/jdmyhl jdmgrhc.

0.

Vh`h hcujdmduj, pgm`dmedmhmmyh yhdtu pgcujhs lgrisdm, jdmyhl chruthm/hdr si`h.

7.

Vh`h lumdmehm, pgm`dmedmhmmyh yhdtu jdmyhl phrhaadm/ohjpurhm jdmyhl jdmgrhc.

Aumesd `hrd ohdrhm pgm`dmedm h`hchb ; 8. Wmtul jgmeurhmed egsglhm hmthrh jhth phbht `gmehm ngm`h lgrkh. >. Wmtul jgmeurhmed subu phbht. ?. Wmtul jgjpgrphmkhme ujur phbht. 0. Wmtul jgmurumlhm `hyh yhme `dpgrculhm.

>4

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Jhohj-jhohj pglgrkhhm jgjnunut `hpht `dchlulhm sgnhehd ngrdlut ; 8. Jgjnuht Nunut Cimedtu`dmhc (curus) Vh`h pgjnunuthm jgjhmkhme egrhl khchm phbht sgkhkhr `gmehm piris ngm`h lgrkh, sg`hme umtul pgjnunuthm julh yhme `hthr phbht dmd sgkhkhr `gmehm sujnu birdzimthc ngm`h lgrkh. Ohrh pgjnunuthm dmd h`hchb yhme phcdme sg`grbhmh `d `hchj pglgrkhhm jgjnunut. (@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc.75)

Ehjnhr >. ?0 Jgjnunut Cimedtu`dmhc

>. Jgjnunut Pdrus Ohrh jgjnunut tdrus h`h tdeh jhohj ; h. @gmehm jgmeegsgr pisdsd thdcstiol lghrhb jgcdmthme. n. @gmehm jgmeegsgr sgldhm `grhkht grgthm g rgthm hths hthu pgmkgpdt phbht. phbht. o. @gmehm jgjhshme pgjngmtul.

Ehjnhr >. ?7 Jgjnunut Pdrus

?6

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vgregsgrhm jgcdmthme `hrd lgphch cgphs (thdcstiol) `hpht `dbdtume `gmehm rujus ; te h :

8/ >(  @ @  ` )

hthu

V

te h :

(  @ @  ` ) > V

`djhmh ; h : suùt pgregsgrhm grgthm hths @ : `dhjgtgr tgrngshr @ : `dhjgtgr tgrlgodc V : phmkhme tdrus

(@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc.18) ?. Jgjnunut glsgmtrds Ndch ehrds nhed `hrd ùh hthu cgndb sdcdm`gr `hrd sgnuhb ngm`h lgrkh sgkhkhr jhlh ngm`h lgrkh dmd `dsgnut glsgmtrds, khrhl hmthrh ehrds ‟   ehrds nhed dtu `dsgnut glsgmtrdsdths (g). Vgmegmohme cuhr `djhmh tdmeedmyh b `dbdtume sgnhehd ngrdlut ; >

> 8/>

b : 8,7 g ‟ g ‟  r r + (r   ‟ ‟  6,57 6,57 g )

Ehjnhr >. ?1 Jgjnunut Glsgmtrds

?8

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

0. Jgjnunut Hcur Wmtul pglgrkhhm jgjnunut hcur `dpgreumhlhm phbht nunut pgmehcur `hm kgmdsmyh h`h yhme curus, ngmelili, ngrkgmkhme lg lhmhm, hthu lg ldrd. @hm ngmtul ‟ ngmtul ‟  ngmtulmyh ngmtulmyh sgnhehd ngrdlut ;

Ehjnhr >. ?5 Jgjnunut Hcur

7. Jgjitime Ngm`h Lgrkh Ngrngmtul Nhthme Vh`h Jgsdm Nunut @deumhlhm sgnuhb phbht pgmehcur `gmehm pgmyhyht yhme rhjpdme hthu pdpdb.

Ehjnhr >. ?2 Jgjitime Ngm`h Lgrkh Ngrngmtul Nhthme

1. Jgmegnir Vh`h Jgsdm Nunut Vh`h prisgs dmd kueh ndsh `dsgnut prisgs `rdcc, `djhmh ph`h prisgs dmd ngm`h lgrkh tgrkh`d pgmegnirhm. H`h ùh ohrh pgjnuhthm cunhme ogmtgr, yhdtu ;

?>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

h. Ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrputhr

‒

Ehjnhr >. ?4 Jgmegnir Ngm`h Lgrkh Ngrputhr

n. Nir Ogmtgr Thme Ngrputhr

Ehjnhr >. 06 Jgmegnir @gmehm Ogmtgr Thme Ngrputhr

(@rs.@hryhmti, 8425, bhc. 5>) 5. Jgjnunut @hchj ( ^ghjdme ^ghjdme ) Wmtul jgjngshrlhm cunhme yhme su`hb h`h `hpht `deumhlhm phbht `hchj. 2. Jgjnunut Vriadc Jgjnunut priadc `dchlulhm `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm phbht priadc yhme`dhshb jgmurut priadcmyh. Vhbht priadc oioil umtul priùl-priùl yhme pgm`gl.

??

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 08 Jgjnunut Vriadc

4. Jgmelhrtgc ( Lmurcdme Lmurcdme ) Jgmelhrtgc h`hchb jgjnuht rded-rded ph`h ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm eded lhrtgc yhme tgrsg`dh. Lhrtgc nglgrkh `gmehm jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh nulhm `gmehm jgmyhyht.

Ehjnhr >. 0> Jgmelhrtgc (Lmurcdme)

86. Jgjnunut Wcdr _glrup (Pbrgh`dme (Pbrgh`dme ) Wmtul jgjnuht ucdr sglrup `gmehm jgsdm nunut `deumhlhm lbusus `gmehm ngrnhehd ngmtul sgsuhd ngmtul ucdr yhme `ddmedmlhm. Wmtul jgjgrdlsh phbht ucdr `deumhlhm jhc ucdr.

?0

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 0? Jgjnuht Wcdr

@hchj pgmeipgrhsdhm jgsdm nunut h`h ngngrhph bhc yhme pgmtdme sgbdmeeh pgrcu `dpgrbhtdhlm `gmehm ogrjht, `dhmthrhmyh `dhmthrhmyh h`hchb ;

Ehjnhr >. 00 Vrdmsdp Lgrkh Jgsdm Nunut

?7

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.8.1 Vhrhjgtgr Lgrkh Purmdme

Vhrhjgtgr-phrgjgtr yhme h`h ph`h lgrkh Purmdme 8. Lgogphthm pitime (Outtdme (Outtdme _pgg` ) Lgogphthm pitime h`hchb lgogphthm yhme tgrkh`d shht lgcdcdme ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl sgphmkhme sgphmkhme phbht phbht hthu outtgr yhme yhme `dmyhthlhm `hchj rpj rpj yhdtu yhdtu rithsd pgrjgmdt. (^._yhjsu`dm, 8445, bhc. 1>) _gohrh sdstgjhtds `hpht `drujuslhm ;

v 

?,80   @ @  m

8666

`djhmh ;

v : lgogphthm pitime (j/jgmdt) @ : `dhjgtgr ngm`h lgrkh (jj) m : puthrhm spdm`gc >. Egrhl Vgjhlhmhm (ar) Egrhl pgjhlhmhm h`hchb egrhl `hrd phbht tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrputhr hthu jgmebhsdclhm egrhj. ar



a   M M

`gmehm shtuhm jj/puthrhm. Jhohj egrhl pgjhlhmhm ;



Egrhl pgjhlhm jgcdmthme, yhdtu phbht ngregrhl tgehl tg ehl curus tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh.

?1

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8



Egrhl pgjhlhmhm jgm`hthr, yhdtu phbht ngregrhl sgkhkhr s gkhkhr `gmehm sujnu puthrhm ngm`h lgrkh.



Egrhl pgjhlhmhm tdrus, yhdtu jgruphlhm lijndmhsd `hrd egrhlhm

jgcdmthme `hm jgm`hthr. ?. @gptb ia Out @gptb ia Out yhdtu lg`hchjhm `hm pgjhlhmhm `gmehm phbht nucht. ìo  >

 @  ` 

jj

`djhmh ; @ : `dhjgtgr sgngcuj pgjnunuthm ` : `dhjgtgr sgtgchb pgjnunuthm



0. Nhmyhlmyh Vgjnunuthm d h`hchb nhmyhlmyh pgjhlhmhm phbht tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh, 7. Uhltu Vgrjgsdmhm Uhltu yhme `dpgrculhm `hchj prisgs pgjnunuthm suhtu ngm`h lgrkh. C  d P  a  m 

Purmdme   C C  C C 

 d 

P  

   

am

Ahodme    ` / >



P  



 C C   

am

 d 

?5

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8



@rdccdme   C C  6,? 6,?` ` 

P  



am

 

@djhmh P : whltu pgmegrkhhm (jgmdt) C : phmkhme ngm`h lgrkh (jj) C : ticgrhmsd (jj) ` : `dhjgtgr cunhme (jj) d : nhmyhlmyh pgjhlhmhm a : egrhl pgjhlhmhm m : puthrhm spdm`gc (Lhcphlkdhm ,>666)

_gttdme Mic

8. Vhshme ngm`h lgrkh ph`h obuol, phstdlhm pgjhshmehm pgjhsh mehm luht `hm phs >. Htur cgthl phbht tgpht jgmygmtub ukume ngm`h lgrkh , chcu ngrd sg`dldt khrhl. ?. Outtdme jitdim (ngm`h lgrkh ngrputhr)< `gmehm puthrhm uthjh.

0. Egrhllhm pgmehtur pgjhlhmhm / oriss scd`g orhml shjphd phbht sg`dldt jgjhlhm ngm`h lgrkh. 7. Jgmkhublhm phbht `hrd ngm`h lgrkh, pisdsdlhm ph`h hmelh mic thmph jgmeunhb pisdsd bhm`cg.

?2

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.> Lgrkh Jdccdme

>.>.8 Vgmegrtdhm

Jdccdme h`hchb sgnuhb prisgs umtul jgjnuhme sgnhedhm jhtgrdhc `gmehm pgjhlhmhm ngm`h lgrkh jgchcud egrhl rithsd phbht jhkgjul. Vgjitimehm `hrd jhth phbht `d sglgcdcdme phbht jdccdme, jgjpgrogpht prisgs jdccdme. (Lgmt, 8418;01) Jgsdm jdccdme h`hchb jgsdm pgrlhlhs yhme `hpht jgmebhsdclhm ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm phbht jdccdme sgnhehd phbht pgmyhyht yhme ngrputhr ph`h sujnu jgsdm, nhdl yhme jgjpumyhd sdsd pitime tumeehc hthu sdsd pitime khjhl. _gchmkutmyh ngm`h lgrkh `dphshme ph`h jgkh ngm`h lgrkh hthu jgmeeumhlhm pgmkgpdt (rheuj) `hm `dnhwh limthl `gmehm outtgr yhme ngrputhr. Jgsdm jdccdme jgruphlhm jgsdm pgrlhlhs sgrnheumh yhme `hpht jgmebhm`gc ngrjhohj-jhohj ipgrhsd sgpgrtd pgrjulhhm pgrjulhhm `hthr, ngmtul pgrjuhlhhm td`hl tgrhtur, ri`h eded, ucdr, `rdccdme, nirdme, rghjdme, `hm scittdme. Lhrgmh jgruphlhm jgsdm sgrnheumh sgbdmeeh jgsdm jdccdme h`hchb shchb shtu jgsdm pgrlhlhs yhme phcdme pgmtdme `d `hchj jgsdm sbip (wirlsbip (wirlsbip). ). (Dr.HV.Nhyusgmi J_o, >668;08) Egrhlhm ph`h jgsdm jdccdme yhdtu ; 8. Egrhlhm uthj _dsd pitime `hrd pdshu `hpht `dnuht jgcdmelhr shjndc jgjitime, phbht ngrputhr ph`h sujnumyh. sujnumyh. >. Egrhlhm Vgjhlhmmhm Ngm`h lgrkh `degrhllhm sgphmkhme nd`hme yhme hlhm `d arhds, arhds , egrhlhm pgjhlhmhm h`hchb egrlh curus, jgcdmelhr jgcdmelhr hthu curus jgcdmelhr. (@hryhmti, 844>)

?4

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.>.> Vrdmsdp @hshr Lgrkh Jgsdm Jdccdme

Jgsdm jdccdme jgjpumyhd egrhl uthjh phbht yhme ngrputhr ph`h sujnu z, phbht `dphshme ph`h hrnir, kdlh hrnir jgsdm ngrputhr jgchcud puthrhm jitir cdstrdl jhlh phbht jdccdme dlut ngrputhr, hrnir jgsdm `hpht ngrputhr lg lhmhm hthu lg ldrd, ngrputhrmyh phbht dmd jgruphlhm egrhl pitime. _g`hmelhm ngm`h ngregrhl trhmschsd ph`h ùh sujnu x `hm `hm y yhme jgruph jgruphlhm lhm egrhl jhlhm. >.>.? Nhedhm-nhedhm Jgsdm Jdccdme

Ehjnhr >. 07 Ehjnhr Jgsdm Jdccdme Birdsimthc

Lgtgrhmehm Lgtgrhmeh m; 8 : phlsd ucdr umtul jgjdm`hblhm jgkh sdlu `hchj hrhb vgrtdlhc > : ri`h thmehm umtul jgjdm`hblhm jgkh sdlu `hchj hrhb vgrtdlhc ? : ri`h thmehm umtul jgjdm`hblhm jgkh `hchj hrhb jgcdmthme 0 : bhmthrhm umtul jgcdmthme 7 : grgthm jgcdmthme 1 : jgkh thjnht 5 : bhmthrhm umtul jgjdm`hblhm jgkh sdlu sgohrh vgrtdlhc 2

: arhds sdcdm`rds

4

: piris jdccdme

06

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

86

: cgmehm pgmumkhme

88

: phlsd uthjh

8>

: nh`hm jgsdm

8? 80

: cgjhrd bunume : ri`h thmehm umtul jgj jgjdm`hblhm dm`hblhm jgkh thjnht `hchj hrhb jgjhmkhme

87

: piri piriss pgjdm`hb pgjdm`hb hthu umtul ohtu hwhc jglhmds

81

: jgkh sdlu

(@rs.@hryhmti,844>;?0)

>.>.0 Lchsdadlhsd Ipgrhsd Jdccdme Ipgrhsd jgsdm jdccdme sgohrh ehrds ngshr `dnhed `dnhed jgmkh`d > yhdtu ; 8. Vgrdpbgrhc Jdccdme ( Vchdm Jdccdme )

@hchj ipgrhsd dmd sujnu phbht sgkhkhr `gmehm ngm`h lgrkh, ipgrhsd pgjitimehm tgrkh`d ph`h ukume phbht sgphmkhme jhth phbht nhedhm pgrdpbgrhc phbht. phbht.

Ehjnhr >. 01 Ehjnhr Ipgrhsd Vgrdpbgrhc Jdccdme

@hchj pgrdpbgrhc jdccdme `deumhlhm > jgti`g yhme ngrng`h yhdtu ; h. Wp Jdccdme @hchj jgti`g dmd, ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl jhku lg hrhb phbht `hrd sdsd `djhmh jhth phbht ngregrhl ngregrhl lg hths. hths. Hrhb pg pgrputhrhm rputhrhm phbht phbht ngrchwhmhm ngrchwhmhm `gmehm egrhl pgj pgjhlhmhm. hlhmhm. Ndch phbht ngrputhr sghrhb khruj khj, ngm`h `dprisgs `gmehm jgti`g up jdcccdme. Lgtgnhchm egrhj jdmdjuj ph`h hwhc pgjitimehm `hm jhxdjuj ph`h hlbdr pgjitimehm.. pgjitimehm

08

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vrisgs up jdccdme cgndb nhmyhl `dpdcdb lhrgmh hchshm-hchshm tgmthme tglhmhm jgkh, egthrhm `hm lgrushlhm. Pgthpd prisgs up jdccdme hlhm jgjpgrogpht lghushm phbht lhrgmh jhth phbht cgndb nhmyhl jgmeegsgl ngm`h lgrkh ph`h shht juchd jgjitime `hm pgrjulhhhm ngm`h lgrkh hlhm cgndb lhshr. Vrisgs up jdccdme `hpht `dcdbht ph`h Ehjnhr ?. 05

Ehjnhr >. 05 Ehjnhr prisgs up jdccdme

n. @iwm Jdccdme (Ocdjn (Ocdjn Jdccdme ) @hchj jgti`g dmd, ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl jhku lg hrhb phbht `hrd sdsd `djhmh jhth phbht ngregrhl lg nhwhb. Hrhb pgrputhrhm phbht shjh `gmehm hrhb egrhl pgjhlhmhm. Kdlh phbht ngrputhr ngrchwhmhm hrhb khruj khj, ngm`h `dprisgs `gmehm jgti`g ìwm jdccdme. (Lgmt, 8418;01) Vrisgs ìwm jdccdme hlhm jgmygnhnlhm ngm`h lgrkh cgndb tgrtglhm lg jgkh tgrìrime icgb phbht yhme jumeldm suhtu shht ehyh ìrimemyh hlhm jgcgndbd ehyh ìrime ri`h eded pgmeegrhl jgkh.

0>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 02 Ehjnhr Vrisgs @iwm Jdccdme

Ngngrhph ipgrhsd pgrdpbgrhc jdccdme h`hchb ; h. _chn jdccdme Vh`h ipgrhsd dmd phbht sgkhkhr `gmehm pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh. Ipgrhsd dmd ndhsh `deumhlhm umtul jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm.

Ehjnhr >. 04 _chn Jdccdme

n. _cittdme Ipgrhsd dmd ndhshmyh `deumhlhm umtul pgjitimehm ngm`h lgrkh hthu kueh jgjnuht hcur –W‚. –W‚.

Ehjnhr >. 76 _citdme

0?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

o. _d`g jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd ndhsh `deumhlhm umtul jgjhlhm ngm`h lgrkh `hrd hrhb tgpd. _d`g jdccdme kueh ndsh `d eumhlhm `hchj pgjnuhthm priadc / oimtiur.

Ehjnhr >. 78 _d`g Jdccdme

`. _trh`cg jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd jgmeeumhlhm ùh phbht `hchj sglhcd pgjhlhmhm. Ipgrhsd dmd `hpht jhjhlhm ngm`h lgrkh `hchj ùh nhedhm sglhcdeus

Ehjnhr >. 7> _trh`cg Jdccdme

>. Ahog Jdccdme Vh`h ahog jdccdme sujnu phbht tgehl curus tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh kh`d pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh sgkhkhr `gmehm pgrjulhhm ukume phbht. Vrisgs pgjitimehm `dchlulhm icgb ukume phbht `hm sdsd pgrdpbgrhc phbht.

00

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 7? Ehjnhr ipgrhsd ahog jdccdme

Ngngrhph ipgrhsd ahog jdccdme h`hchb ; h. Oimvgmodimhc ahog jdccdme Ndhshmyh umtul jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh `djhmh phbht tgehl curus tgrbh`hp pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh.

n. Vhrtdhc ahog jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd bhjpdr shjh `gmehm sd`g jdccdme, ng`hmyh tgrcgthl ph`h pisdsd phbht tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh. o. Gm` jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd bhjpdr shjh `gmehm scit jdccdme. Vgrng`hhmmyh bhmyh ph`h pisdsd phbht. `. Vriadcg jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgmebhcuslhm sdsd pgrjulhhm cglul g. Violgt jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd `d eumhlhm umtu jgjnuht cunhme shlu ph`h pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh a. _urahog jdccdme Ipgrhsd dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht hcur pgrjulhhm.

07

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 70 Ipgrhsd Ahog Jdccdme

(Eriivgr, Jdlgcc V. Aum`hjgmthc ia Ji`grm jhmuahoturdme)

>.>.7 Kgmds-Kgmds Jgsdm Jdccdme

Jgsdm jdccdme `dnuht `hchj kgmds `hm ulurhm yhme shmeht ngrhmglh rhehj. Vgmeegrhlmyh jumeldm shnul pucd lgruout hthu jitir tgrsgm`drd. Bhmthrhm ngm`h lgrkh jumeldm `dchlulhm `gmehm thmehm, sgohrh jglhmds hthu sgohrh bd`ricds. Ngrdlut h`hchb kgmds-kgmds `hrd jgsdm jdccdme ; h) Jgsdm jdccdme vgrtdlhc

Jgsdm jdccdme vgrtdlhc jgjpumyhd spdm`cg yhme lgùùlhm/cgthlmyh vgrtdohc. Vh`h jgsdm dmd lgphch spdm`gcmyh `hpht `dputhr, yhme jgjumeldmlhm pgmygtgchm spdm`cg `hchj nd`hme vgrtdohc ph`h sgtdhp suùt `hrd vgrtdohc shjphd birdzimthc. Jgsdm dmd jgjpumyhd pgrkhchmhm spdm`cg hlsdhc yhme ngrulurhm pgm`gl umtul jgju`hblhm prisgs pgmegarhdshm ngrtdmelht. Lgeumhhmyh umtul pgrcuhshm cunhme, pgjitimehm tgpd, `hm chdm-chdm. (Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

01

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ngrhmglh rhehj pgjitimehm sgpgrtd birdzimthc, vgrtdohc `hm jdrdme `hpht `dchlulhm `gmehm jgsdm arhds vgrtdohc. @d `hchj jgsdm kgmds lmgg ngm`h lgrkh `dpitime ( agg` agg` ) `d `hchj ; 8. _gphmkhme sujnu vgrtdohc (sujnu z) `gmehm jgmhdllhm hthu jgmurumlhm lmgg. >. _gphmkhme sujnu birdzimthc (sujnu y) `gmehm jgmeegrhllhm sh``cg sgphmkhme lmgg.

?. _gphmkhme sujnu birdzimthc (sujnu x) `gmehm jgmeegrhllhm jgkh jgcdmthsd sh``cg. (Dr.Nhyusgmi,J._o. >668;08-07)

Ehjnhr >. 77 Jgsdm Jdccdme Qgrtdlhc

05

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

n) Jgsdm Jdccdme Birdsimthc

Jgsdm dmd jgjdcdld odrd lbhs yhdtu piris uthjh yhme b birdsimthc irdsimthc `hm jgjdcdld nhmthchm `d `hchj sgnuhb rhmelh yhme ngrngmtul cgjhrd. Lhrgmh piris uthjh jgsdm dmd td`hl `hpht `dstgc, jhlh pgrcu umtul jgjhshme ngm`h lgrkh `d hths jgkh sdlu yhme `hpht `dstgc `gmehm grgthm jgcdmthme `hm jgjhmkhme. Aumesdmyh umtul jgrhthlhm.pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm hrgh yhme oulup cuhs. Jgsdm dmd oioil umtul sgjuh pglgrkhhm jdccdme `hm jgjpumyhd nhmyhl kgmds spdm`gc yhme `dphshme jgm`hthr. (@hryhmti. 844>)

Ehjnhr >. 71 Jgsdm Jdccdme Birdsimthc

(@hryhmti, 844>)

02

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

o) Jgsdm Jdccdme Wmdvgrshc

@dsgnut jgsdm jdccdme umdvgrshc lhrgmh pisdsd spdm`gcmyh `hpht `dunhb lg pisdsd mhdl turum jhupum ngregrhl lg lhmhm hthu lg ldrd. Jgsdm dmd jgdcdld > spdm`gc, yhdtu spdm`gc jgm`hthr `hm spdm`gc tgehl yhme `hpht `dsgt. Vh`h jgsdm arhds umdvgrshc, piris uthjhmyh `hpht `dunhb-unhb`hrd piris vgrtdohc jgmkh`d birdzimthc jhupum sgnhcdlmyh sgsuhd `gmehm lgnutubhm. _daht pilil jgsdm dmd jgkh jgsdm `hpht `dphlhd `hchj ngrnhehd lgpgrcuhm, jdshc jgjnuht ngmtul pdcdm. (Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

Ehjnhr >. 75 Jgsdm Jdccdme Wmdvgrshc

Jhobdmg)) `) Jgsdm Jdccdme @hthr ( Vchdm Jdccdme Jhobdmg Jgsdm jdccdme `hthr jgjpumyhd tdpg jgkh yhme `hpht `dpdm`hb sgsuhd `gmehm kgmds pglgrkhhm yhme `dchlulhm. Odrd uthjh jgsdm jdccdme `hthr h`hchb prisgs pgmegarhdshmmyh `gmehm hrhb jgjhmkhme, sgbdmeeh `hpht jhchlulhm pglgrkhhm yhme nhmyhl `hchj whltu yhme sdmelht `hm jgmebgjht ndhyh.

04

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 72 Jgsdm Jdccdme @hthr

g) Jgsdm Jdccdme Jgkh Vuthr

Thdtu jgsdm jdccdme yhme jgkh lgrkhmyh `hpht `dputhr sgbdmeeh jgjumeldmlhm umtul jgjnuht cdmelhrhm.

Ehjnhr >. 74 Jgsdm Jdccdme Jgkh Vuthr

(Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?) a) Jgsdm Jdccdme @upcdlht

Jgsdm jdccdme ùpcdlht yhdtu jgsdm jdccdme yhme jgjpumyhd lgumeeuchm lbusus `djhmh jhjpu jgmegrkhlhm suhtu ngm`h lgrkh yhme shjh pgrsds `gmehm hscdmyh thmph bhrus jgchlulhm pgmeulurhm tgrcgndb `hbucu.

76

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 16 Jgsdm Jdccdme @upcdlht

e) Jgsdm Jdccdme Vriadc

Jgsdm dmd `dlbususlhm ph`h pgjnuhthm priadc ngm`h lgrkh. Jdshcmyh pgjnuhthm priadc glir nurume. Jgsdm dmd jgjpumyhd pgjitimehm puthr, egrhlhmmyh `dlgm`hcdlhm egrhl `hm jgkh. Jgsdm dmd td`hl glimijds `hchj tuehs priùlsd yhme jgmohlup pggcphshm nhmyhl ciehj sgbdmeeh jgti`g dmd tgchb `dipgrhsdlhm sgohrh gcgltrdl `hm bd`ricds. _gchjh egrhlhm dmd, jhlh ehyh yhme `dcgphslhm hlhm jgmeegrhllhm ngngrhph pgcumour jgsdm sg`gjdldhm ruph umtul jgjngrdlhm ph`h pgjitimehm suhtu egrhlhm yhme d`gmtdl `gmehm egrhlhm pgmohrd kgkhl. (Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

Ehjnhr >. 18 Jgsdm Jdccdme Vriadc

78

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

b) Jgsdm Jdccdme Vchmgt

Jgsdm dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgmegarhds cuhr jhupum `hchj `hrd pgrjulhhm `hm ucdr pgm`gl pgrthjh lhcd, pgjitimehm `dbhmthrlhm sgohrh rh`dhc shjphd lg`hchjhm yhme oulup lgju`dhm `dngrdlhm egrhlhm pchmgt `d `hchj hthu sglgcdcdme ngm`h lgrkh. Jgsdm dmd `hpht `deumhlhm `deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht ucdr `hchj `hm cuhr ph`h sgehch kgmds pgrjulhhm tdrus, pgrjulhhm nhmthchm. (Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

Ehjnhr >. 1> Jgsdm Jdccdme Vchmgt

d) Jgsdm Jdccdme Vgmygrut

Jgsdm jdccdme pgmygrut dmd ngraumesd lbusus umtul jgmygrut/jgmyhyht ngm`h lgrkh. Jgsdm dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgmegarhds ngm`h ngshr yhme jgjgrculhm pgcgphshm stil ngrht. (Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

7>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 1? Jgsdm Jdccdme Vgmygrut

k)

Jgsdm Jdccdme Vriùlsd Jgsdm dmd `dcgmelhpd `gmehm lgphch spdm`gc tumeehc, ehm`h `hm trdpgc `hm

bhmyh jgjdcdld egrhlhm cimedtu`dmhc ph`h jgkh lgrkhmyh. Jgsdm dmd shmeht gagltda umtul jgjnuht suhtu priùlsd lhrgmh `hpht jgmegrkhlhm ngrnhehd jhohj prisgs pgmegrkhhm.

Ehjnhr >. 10 Jgsdm Jdccdme Vriùlsd

l) Jgsdm Jdccdme Lirtgr

Jgsdm jdccdme lirtgr lbususmyh umtul pgrngshrhm cunhme. Jgsdm dmd `deumhlhm umtul pgmegrkhhm jgmelirtgr ngm`h lgrkh sgnhehdjhmh aumesd `hrd

7?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

jgsdm nir, bhmyh shkh jgsdm jdccdme dmd `hpht jgchlulhm pglgrkhhm ph`h ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngshr.

Ehjnhr >. 17 Jgsdm Jdccdme Lirtgr

c)

Jgsdm Jdccdme Lgthj / sgrut Jgsdm jdccdme lgthj dmd h`hchb jgsdm arhds yhme prisgs pgrjgsdmhmmyh

lbusus pgmegrkhhm bhsdc lgthj/sgrut. @deumhlhm umtul jgmegthj hthu jgmeunhb pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh jgmkh`d ngmtul-ngmtul ngmtul-ngmtul yhme `dlgbgm`hld.

Ehjnhr >. 11 Jgsdm Jdccdme Lgthj/ _grut

(Vrdhjniì, Nhjnhme. 844?)

70

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.>.1 Hcht Vgrcgmelhphm Jgsdm Jdccdme Ngngrhph pgrcgmelhphm yhme `dnutublhm `hchj prisgs jdccdme h`hchb;

8.  Hrnir (Viris tgjpht outtgr / phbht jdccdme) Hrnir h`hchb tgjpht jgjhshme / jgjgehme phbht jdccdme ph`h sgtdhp jgsdm, hrnir kueh `dmhjhlhm piris jdccdme yhdtu pgrcgmelhphm yhme ngreumh sgnhed tgjpht lgùùlhm pdshu jdccdme yhme tgrcgthl ph`h sujnu jgsdm. Ngmtul hrnir, nucht phmkhme `hm sgphmkhme nh`hmmyh `dngrd hcur phshl yhme tgr`hpht ph`h rdme pgmkgpdt phbht, nhedhm nh edhm ukumemyh ngrngmtul tdrus `hm ukume chdmmyh ngrucdr. ^dme pgmkgpdt phbht `dsdmd `dmhjhlhm oicchr. Ngmtul-ngmtul hrnir `hm nhedhm nhedhmmyh `hpht `dcdbht ph`h Ehjnhr Ehjnhr ?.15. (@rs.@hryhmti,844>;?4-06)

(h)

(n)

Ehjnhr >. 15 (h) Jhohj-jhohj hrnir (n) Nhedhm-nhedhm hrnir

>. Outtgr (Vhbht jdccdme) Vhbht dmd jgjpumyhd ngrjhohj-jhohj ngmtul `dsgùhdlhm `gmehm lgnutubhm sgbdmeeh mhjh phbht `dsgsuhdlhm `gmehm ngmtul `hm lgeumhhmmyh. h. Lchsdadlhsd phbht ngr`hshrlhm ph`h ngmtul jhth phbht

 Vhbht priadcg (pgrjulhhm)

Pgrjhsul sgjuh ngmtul phbht yhme `dthkhjlhm `gmehm erdm`dme oimtibmyh h`hchb phbht julh `hm phbht julh `gmehm ukume lhrnd`. Ehjnhr phbht tgrsgnut `hpht `dcdbht ph`h Ehjnhr >.12

77

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

(h)

(n)

Ehjnhr >. 12 (h) phbht jdccdme julh (n) phbht jdccdme julh `gmehm ukume lhrnd`

(@rs.@hryhmti,844>;06)

 Vhbht pgjngmtul ( airjg` airjg ` ou outtgr ttgr )

Jgcdputd sgjuh phbht yhme jgjdcdld ngmtul ukume phbht yhme lbusus (hmgb). Vhbht dmd `dhshb `gmehm erdm`dme ph`h pgrjulhhm jhth phbhtmyh. n. Lchsdadlhsd phbht ngr`hshrlhm jgti`g pgmoglhjhm.

 Vhbht hrnir

Jgruphlhm phbht `gmehm cunhme umtul jgmoglhj ph`h hrnir.

 Vhbht sbhml

Jgruphlhm sgjuh phbht yhme jgjdcdld sbhml curus hthu sbhml thpgr.

 Vhbht jdccdme julh

Pgrjhsul sgjuh phbht yhme `drhmohme umtul `dphshme sgnhehd pgcgmelhp ph`h ukume spdm`gc hthu ukume ukume hrnir pgm`gl ( stun stun hrnir ). ). o. Lchsdadlhsd phbht ngr`hshrlhm kgmds kg mds `hm pgmeeumhhmyh. pgmeeumhhmyh.

 Vhbht jdccdme `hthr ( Vchdm Vchdm jdccdm jdccdme e ou outtgr ttgr )

Ngrngmtul sdcdm`gr `gmehm jhth phbhtmyh ph`h pgrjulhhm odroujagrgm (sglgcdcdmemyh). @deumhlhm umtul jgmebhsdclhm pgrjulhhm `hthr yhme sgkhkhr `gmehm sujnu phbht.

71

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 14 Ehjnhr phbht-phbht jdccdme `hthr

 Vhbht jdccdme sdsd ( sd`g sd`g jdccdme j dccdme outtg outtgr r )

Jgruphlhm phbht jdcddme `hthr `gmehm thjnhbhm jhth phbht ph`h lgùh sdsdmyh.

Ehjnhr >. 56 Ehjnhr kgmds-kgmds phbht jdccdme sdsd

 Vhbht shjnume (dmtgrcioldme outtgr )

@deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht hcur hthu scit `gmehm lg`hchjhm sthm`hr.

 Vhbht jdccdme jhth phbht jdrdme ( sthee stheegrg` grg` tiitb jdccdm jdccdme e ou outtgr ttgr )

75

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Jgruphlhm phbht sdcdm`gr `gmehm jhth phbht pgjitime `d sglgcdcdmemyh shkh. Kgmds phbht dmd `deumhlhm umtul jgm`hphtlhm lg`hchjhm yhme tgpht umtul pgjnuhthm hcur. Vhbht dmd jgjnuhme nhmyhl ciehj ciehj thmph tgrkh`d egthrhm. Ehjnhr phbht dmd `hpht `dcdbht ph`h Ehjnhr >.58. >.58.

Ehjnhr >. 58 Ehjnhr stheegrg` jdccdme outtgr

 Vhbht ogchb egrehkd

Jgruphlhm phbht jdccdme `hthr `gmehm ngmtul rhjpdme umtul jgjngrdlhm khrhl shjpdmemyh. Ehjnhr phbht dmd `hpht `hpht `dcdbht ph`h Ehjnhr >.5>.

Ehjnhr >. 5> Ehjnhr phbht ogchb egrehkd

 Vhbht jdccdme suùt

@dnuht nhdl `hchj ngmtul suùt tumeeehc hthu suùt ehm`h. Ehjnhr `hpht `dcdbht ph`h `dnhwhb dmd.

Ehjnhr >. 5? Ehjnhr phbht jdccdme suùt.

72

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

 Vhbht jdccdme pgjngmtul

Ndhshmyh jgjdcdld iutcdmg jhth phbht ngrngmtul lurvh yhme `deumhlhm `hchj jgjngmtul pgrjulhhm `hrd ngrjhohj-jhohj ngmtul. Vhbht dmd `dnhed `hchj ùh lgcijpil; Vhbht ☘Vhbht

pgjngmtul priadcg (pgrjulhhm) @dhshb `gmehm erdm`dme ph`h nhedhm ukume pgjitimehm, ngmtul phbht

bhrus `drgpriùlsd sgtdhp lhcd phbht `dhshb. Vhbht ☘Vhbht

pgjngmtul ngmtul ohj @deumhlhm umtul jgjngmtul phbht priadcg

Ehjnhr >. 50 Ehjnhr phbht jdccdme pgjngmtul.

 Gm` jdccs outtgr (phbht gm` jdcc)

Jgruphlhm phbht `gmehm jhth phbht ph`h sglgcdcdmemyh `hm ph`h nhedhm ukume hlbdrmyh. Jhth phbht sgkhkhr `gmehm sujnu puthr hthu hth u bgcdl, nhdl hrhb lhmhm jhupum hrhb ldrd. Gm` jdcc `dnhed jgmkh`d 2 kgmds sgohrh ujuj yhdtu; ☘_icd` _icd`

gm` jdcc @deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht scit, priadccdme (jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm) `hm

jgmebhcuslhm pgrjulhhm yhme `glht (lg`hchjhmmyh lgodc). Pwi-cdp ☘Pwi-cdp

gm` jdcc

Pgr`drd `hrd phbht sbhml `gmehm > jhth phbht `dsglgcdcdmemyh `hm `d ukume phbht shjphd lg tgmehb. @dhjgtgr phbht ndhshmyh `hpht `dhjndc `hrd sicd` stiol.

74

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vhbht ☘Vhbht

P-scit Jhth phbhtmyh ngrh`h `dsglgcdcdmemyh `hm ph`h lgùh sdsdmyh. Vh`h

pgjnuhthm P-scit, pgjitimehm pgrthjh `dpitime `gmehm phbht jdccdme sdsd sd sd hthu sgnuhb phbht twi-cdppg` gm` jdcc. Vhbht ☘Vhbht

wii`ruaa lgy sghtgr @dnuht umtul kgmds sbhml `hm hrnir. Kgmds K gmds sbhml ndhshmyh bhmyh jgjdcdld

jhth phbht `d sglgcdcdme pgrjulhhmmyh. Kgmds hrnir ndhshmyh `deumhlhm ph`h ulurhm cgndb cuhs `hrd > dmobd `hchj `dhjhtgr. Acy ☘Acy

outtgr Pgr`drd `hrd phbht tumeehc, `doglhj `hm `dputhr ph`h hrnir `hpht

jgjngmtul `gmehm tgpht ngmtul yhme `ddmedmlhm. Ahog ☘Ahog

jdcc Ngrngmtul sdcdm`gr `gmehm scit `dnhedhm pgrdpbgrhcmyh. Jhth phbht `hrd

bdeb spgg` stggc `djhsullhm `d `hchj scit.

Ehjnhr >. 57 Ehjnhr jhohj-jhohj phbht gm` jdcc

_bgcc-gm` ☘_bgcc-gm`

jdcc

H`hchb sgnuhb phbht jdccdme julh `hrd kgmds sicd` `gmehm pgjitimehm jhth phbht ph`h sglgcdcdmemyh `hm ph`h ukume shrumyh.

16

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

`. Jhtgrdhc yhme `deumhlhm umtul phbht jdccdme ;

 _tggc ☘Ohrnim Ohrnim

tiic stggc

Hcciy ☘Hcciy

tiic stggc  Ohst mimagrius hcciys

Ohst ☘Ohst

bdeb spgg` stggc

Ohst ☘Ohst

mimagrius tiic jhtgrdhc

 _dmtgrg` _dmtgrg` ohrnd`g tiic jhtgrdhc ☘Pumestgm Pumestgm

ohrnd`g

Phmthcuj ☘Phmthcuj

ohrnd`g

Pumestgm-tdthmduj ☘Pumestgm-tdthmduj

ohrnd`g (Lgmt, 8418;02-78)

?. Lgphch cgphs Vrisgs yhme hlhm `dlgrkhlhm ph`h jgsdm jdccdme `hpht `ddlht `gmehm `gmehm oglhj sgpgrtd ph`h jgsdm nunut hthu `dtgjpgclhm ph`h jgkh jdccdme `gmehm jgmelcgj hcur jgkh `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm nhut-nhut ngrlgphch sgedgjpht, sg`hmelhm umtul jgjprisgs jdccdme hcur phshl, ri`h eded curus, hcur bgcdx hthu sged nhmyhl ngrhturhm, ngm`h lgrkhmyh `dpgehme hmthrh > sgmtgr, shchb shtumyh ph`h lgphch cgphs. Ehjnhr lgphch cgphs `dtumkullhm ph`h ph`h Ehjnhr ?.51

Ehjnhr >. 51 Ehjnhr lgphch cgphs.

(@rs.@hryhmti,844>;0?)

18

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

0. Lgphch pgjnhed Ngm`h lgrkh `hpht `dphshme hmthrh ùh sgmtgr, shtu sgmtgr `dphshme `hchj cunhme ph`h spdm`gc lgphch pgjnhed `hm sgmtgr chdmmyh `dphshme ph`h lgphch cgphs. Wmtul jgmhbhm ngm`h ngm`h lgrkh yhme phmkhme ndhshmyh jgmeeumhlhm lgphch cgphs. Wmtul jgjnuht ri`h-ri`h eded, sged nhmyhl ngrhturhm, hcur-hcur piris `deumhlhm lgphch pgjnhed. Lgphch pgjnhed dmd ngraumesd umtul jgjnuht pgjnhedhm hthu jgmegrkhlhm ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrnd`hme-nd`hme `hchj sglhcd pgjhlhmhm. Jhohj-jhohj lgphch pgjnhed h`h 0 yhdtu ; pgjnhed chmesume, pgjnhed sg`grbhmh, pgjnhed suùt, pgjnhed `dagrgmsdhc. Ehjnhr ?.?? jgmumkullhm nhedhm-nhedhm lgphch pgjnhed. .

7. ^heuj (Vgmkgpdt)

^heuj `deumhlhm umtul jgmkgpdt ngm`h lgrkh, lhrgmh ulurhm `hm ngmtul ngm`h ngrng`h-ng`h jhlh tgrsg`dh kueh ngrjhohj-jhohj rheuj. ^heuj `hthr `dphlhd umtul pglgrkhhm rdmehm, rheuj pgcht `dphlhd umtul pglgrkhhm ngrht ph`h jgsdm ngshr, rheuj nusur ph`h hchs rheuj tgr`hpht slhch dm`gls suùt, suùt rhbhme ngm`h lgrkh `hpht `dsgtgc `hchj hrhb birdsimthc sgngshr suùt tgrtgmtu. ^heuj umdvgrshc suùt hrhbmyh `hpht `dsgtgc lg hrhb birdsimthc `hm vgrtdhlhc `gmehm suùt tgrtgmtu. Vgmkgpdt ngm`h lgrkh sgjnhrhme `hpht `deumhlhm `gmehm suùt tgrtgmtu.

1. Oiccgt Obuol

Ngraumesd sgnhehd pgmegmohme phbht ph`h jgsdm jdccdme, jdcc dme, ndhshmyh tgr`hpht `d `hchj hrnir. Oiccgt obuol sgrdme kueh `dsgnut rujhb phbht.

1>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 55 Oicgt Obuol

>.>.5 Vrisgs Vgrjgsdmhm Vh`h Lgrkh Jdccdme

Vhbht jdccdme jgruphlhm phbht pitime yhme ngrehm`h. _uphyh phbht jdccdme `hpht jgjitime ngm`h lgrkh sdsd pitimemyh kueh jgjpumyhd suùt nhkd sgpgrtd bhcmyh ph`h phbht nunut. Wmtul jgm`hphtlhm egrhj, ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl curus, egrhlhm uthjh `hm egrhlhm pgjitimehm `dkhchmlhm icgb jgsdm, sgchjh pgmegrkhhm sgtdhp jhth phbht jgjhlhm ngm`h lgrkh bhmyh ph`h whltu ngrputhr `hm bhrus jgm`hphtlhm pgm`dmedm. Vh`h pgmegrkhhm sg`grbhmh sujnu phbht phrhcgc `gmehm `g mehm pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh yhme `dlgrkhlhm, phbht ngrngmtul sdcdm`gr `hm jgjpumyhd sdsd pitime ph`h sglgcdcdmemyh. Ngrdlut hlhm `dkgchslhm jgmegmhd prisgs `hshr ph`h lgrkh jdccdme yhdtu; h. Jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh. Vrisgs dmd `dchlulhm jgmeeumhlhm phbht jdccdme jhmtgc (pchdm jdccdme outtgr) ph`h jgsdm birdsimthc `hm phbht julh julh ph`h jgsdm vgrtdlhc.

Ehjnhr >. 52 Ehjnhr prisgs jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm `hthr

1?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

n. Jgjnuht julh ngrsuùt Vrisgs dmd jgmeeumhlhm phbht jdccdme ngrsuùt ph`h jgsdm birdsimthc `hm phbht jdccdme khrd yhme `dsgrimelhm ph`h jgsdm vgrtdlhc.

Ehjnhr >. 54 Ehjnhr prisgs jgjnuht julh ngrsuùt

o. Jgjnuht hcur

Vrisgs dmd jgmeeumhlhm jgmeeumhlhm phbht jdccdme jdccdme hcur (scit) ph`h jgsdm jgsdm birdsimthc `hm vgrtdlhc.

Ehjnhr >. 26 Ehjnhr prisgs jgmnuht hcur hthu scit

`. Jgjnuht hcur P Vrisgs dmd jgmeeumhlhm phbht jdccdme hcur lgjuh`dhm `dchmkutlhm `gmehm phbht jdccdme hcur P.

Ehjnhr >. 28 Ehjnhr jgjnuht hcur P

(@rs.@hryhmti,844>)

10

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>.?. Lgrkh Nhmelu

Lgrkh nhmelu h`hchb suhtu prisgs pgmegrkhhm ngm`h lgrkh thmph jgmeeumhlhm hchthcht pgrjgsdmhm, `dlgrkhlhm `d hths jgkh lgrkh. Ndhshmyh prisgs lgrkhmyh td`hl ndsh `dchlulhm icgb jgsdm. Vglgrkhhm yhme `dchlulhm icgb lgrkh nhmelu nhmelu hmthrh chdm ; 8. Vgjitimehm ciehj `gmehm egrehkd >. Vrisgs jgrhthlhm pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh, jgjnuht j gjnuht obhjagr `gmehm ldldr ?. Vrisgs pgjnuhthm ucdr, pgmegthphm (thp), `hm pgmygmhyhm (smgy) 0. Vgmeulurhm

Vgrhchthm Lgrkh Nhmelu `hm Vgmeeumhhmmyh 8. Nhmelu Lgrkh

@deumhlhm umtul jgcgthllhm hcht-hcht yhme `deumhlhm sgohrh rhpd. Limstrulsd `dnuht luht `hm lhlu hehr td`hl ju`hb eiyhme.

Ehjnhr >. 2> Nhmelu lgrkh

>. Ldldr

_uhtu pgrhchthm yhme tgrnuht `hrd nhkh lhrnim tdmeed, yhme `dnuht sgsuhd `gmehm aumesdmyh. Jhohj ‟ Jhohj ‟  jhohj jhohj ldldr jgmurut ngmtulmyh hmthrh chdm sgnhehd ngrdlut ; h. Ldldr nucht (rium`) Aumesdmyh

umtul

pgmegrkhhm

tusul,

jgjngshrlhm

cunhme,

`hm

jgjnuchtlhm suùt. n. Ldldr pdpdb (jdcs) Aumesdmyh umtul pgmegrkhhm pgrjulhhm, jgmebhcuslhm pgrjulhhm.

17

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 2? Ngmtul-ngmtul ldldr

o. Ldldr nukur shmelhr Aumesdmyh umtul pgmegrkhhm tusul, pgmegrkhhm suùt ‟ suùt ‟  suùt suùt yhme td`hl `hpht `dlgrkhlhm `gmehm ldldr rhth. `. Ldldr rhth Aumesdmyh umtul jgmedldr suùt yhme ngshrmyh ldrh ‟ ldrh ‟  ldrh ldrh 16 6. g. Ldldr whr`dme Aumesdmyh umtul jgmedldr cunhme yhme ngruph hcur ‟ hcur ‟  hcur hcur lgodc. a. Ldldr sged gjpht (sqbuhrg) Aumesdmyh jgjnuht cunhme `gmehm pgmhjphme ldldrmyh sged gjpht. e. Ldldr pdchr Vh`h nhedhm sdsdmyh bhmyh h`h shtu eded pgmedldr, julhmyh ngreded lgjnhr `gmehm uume thmph tdrus. b. Ldldr sgtgmehb cdmelhrhm (bhca rium`) Jgjpumyhd ùh jhohj ngmtul pgrjulhhm, yhdtu; rhth `hm ogjnume. d. Ldldr sdchme (orissdme) Wkumemyh tdrus `gmehm eded lgjnhr ph`h lgùh sdsd, sds d, ngmtulmyh ùh ogjnume `hm `deumhlhm umtul jgmedldr hcur oglume `hm nhedhm nhwhb. k. Ldldr pdshu (lmdag) Ngmtulmyh sgpgrtd pdshu `gmehm suùt 86 6, ph`h ukumemyh tgr`hpht tdrus, `hm ndhshmyh `deumhlhm umtul jgmedldr suùt lgodc.

11

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ngr`hshrlhm sdsdmyh, ldldr `dng`hlhm jgmkh`d ; h. Ldldr `gmehm sdsd sgkhkhr Wmtul

pgmegrkhhm

pgrjulhhm.

@deumhlhm

umtul

jgmebhsdclhm

pgrjulhhm hthu nd`hme yhme yhme rhth. n. Ldldr `gmehm sdsd tdrus Wmtul jgmegrkhlhm pgrjulhhm hehr jgmebhsdclhm pgrjulhhm hthu nd`hme yhme oglume. oglume.

Ngr`hshrlhm phbhthmmyh, ldldr `dng`hlhm jgmkh`d ; h. Vhbhthm tumeehc ( sdmecg out ) Wmtul pgmegrkhhm pgmygcgshdhm `gmehm eded pgmedldrmyh bhmyh shtu hcur, yhdtu `gmehm suùt 17 6  ‟ ‟  27 27 6. n. Vhbhthm ehm`h ( ìuncg out ) Wmtul pgmegrkhhm hwhc hthu pgrjuchhm. Ldldr Ldldr `gmehm phbhthm ehm`h ehm`h dmd, ùh nhrds eded shcdme ngrsdchmehm hmthrh yhme shtu `gmehm yhme chdmmyh, `gmehm suùt ngrldshr hmthrh ?6 6 ‟ ‟  25 25 6. o.

Vhbhthm phrut ( rhsp ) Wmtul pgmegrkhhm ngm`h lgrkh `hrd nhbhm lhyu, pchstdl, hthu ciehj cumhl `gmehm vicujg pgjnuhmehm nhbhm yhme rgchtda nhmyhl.

`. Vhbhthm lurvh ( ourvg` tiitb ) Wmtul pgmegrkhhm ngm`h lgrkh `hrd nhbhm cgjnhrhm nhkh.

Ehjnhr >. 20 Ohrh jgjgehme ldldr

15

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ohrh jgjgehme ldldr ; 8. Ehehme ldldr `dpgehme thmehm lhmhm `gmehm dnu khrd `d hths ehehme. ehehme. >. Wkume ldldr `dpgehme thmehm ldrd `gmehm khrd-khrd jgmoglhj nhedhm nhwhb ldrd. Lgùùlhm thmehm ldrd bhjpdr curus. ?. Lgùùlhm nh`hm hehl oimìme lg julh `hm lhld ldrd ngrh`h `d julh. ?. ^heuj

^heuj h`hchb hcht yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgmkgpdt ngm`h ph`h whltu pgmegrkhhm jglhmdl, sgpgrtd jgjitime, jgmedldr, jgmegthp `hm chdm-chdm. ^heuj `dnuht `hrd ngsd tuhme `hm nhkh tgjph. Jhohj ‟ Jhohj ‟  jhohj jhohj rheuj h`hchb ; 8. ^heuj thl sgkhkhr ^heuj dmd oioil umtul jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm pglgrkhhm ngrht, jdshcmyh jgjngmelillhm hthu jgcuruslhm nhthme nhkh. >. ^heuj sgkhkhr / pcht ^heuj dmd oioil umtul jgmoglhj ngm`h lgrkh bhsdc prisgs pgrjgsdmhm `djhmh nd`hme yhme limthl limthl `gmehm rhbhme rheuj rheuj su`hb sgkhkhr.

h.

n.

Ehjnhr >. 27 Ehjnhr h. ^heuj nusur `hm n. ^heuj pgcht

?. ^heuj thmehm Pgr`drd `hrd tuhs, nhthme ngrucdr, rhbhme egrhl, rhbhme tgthp, ucdr pgmhbhm, pgmeumod, chm`hshm yhme sgjuh ipgrhsdmyh `dchlulhm `gmehm ju`hb icgb thmehm.

12

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

0. ^heuj pgcht @dphlhd umtul pgmegrkhhm ngrht ph`h jgsdm ngrht.

h.

n.

Ehjnhr >. 21 h. ^heuj `hthr `hm n. ^heuj umdvgrshc

7. ^heuj nusur Vh`h hchs rheuj dmd tgr`hpht slhch dm`gls suùt._uùtrhbhme ngm`h lgrkh `hpht `dstgc `hchjhrhb vgrtdohc `hm birdzimthc sgngshr suùt tgrtgmtu. 1. ^heuj Wmdvgrshc _uùt rhbhmemyh rhbhmemyh `hpht `d stgc `hchj hrhb birdzimthc `hm vgrtdohc vgrtdohc sgngshr suùt tgrtgmtu. 5. ^heuj @hthr @dphlhd umtul pgmegrkhhm rdmehm.

0. Egrehkd Phmehm

Ehjnhr >. 25 Egrehkd Phmehm

Egrehkd thmehm ngraumesd umtul jgjitime ngmtul nhbhm ‟   nhbhm yhme ngrpgmhjphme lgodc. Hehr pgmeegrehkdhm td`hl jgcgsgt `hrd nhthsmyh, sgngcujmyh `dchlulhm pgjnuhthm hcur.

14

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Nhedhm ‟ Nhedhm ‟  nhedhm nhedhm `hrd egrehkd thmehm; 8. Lgrhmelh / ndmelhd ; Pgrnuht `hrd pdph nhkh yhme luht >. @hum egrehkd ; umtul jgjitime ngm`h lgrkh ?. Jur pgmegmohme ; umtul jgmegmohmelhm `hum egrehkd `gmehm lgrhmelh 0. Vdm ; umtul jgmehdtlhm `hum ` hum egrehkd `gmehm lgrhmelh 7. Egrehkd Jgsdm

Ehjnhr >. 22 Egrehkd Jgsdm

@deumhlhm umtul jgjitime nhbhm hthu ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngrpgmhjphme ngshr. Lgumtumehm `hrd egrehkd jgsdm h`hchb `hum egrehkd yhme lgodc sgbdmeeh hlhm lgbdchmehm nhbhm sg`dldt, sgchdm dtu `hyh pitimemyh ngshr. 1. Vhcu

Pgrnuht `hrd nhkh lhrnim tdmeed yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgjuluc. Ndhshmyh `deumhlhm umtul jgmdtdl `hm jgmegmohmelhm hthu jgcgphslhm tuhs. Nhedhm hths phcu `dsgnut pggm sg`hmelhm nhedhm nhwhb phcu `dsgnut ahog. Jhohj ‟ Jhohj ‟  jhohj jhohj phcu ; Bhjjgr h. Nhccpgm Bhjjgr Bhjjgr ujuj `gmehm ngrht hmthrh 77 shjphd 8066 erhj. Wlurhmmyh `hchj ngrnhehd vhrdhsd ngmtul

56

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 24 Nhccpgm Bhjjgr

n. _iatggm Bhjjgr

Vhcu dmd h`hchb `deumhlhm umtul jgmgjph hthu jgjuluc ngm`h lgrkh yhme cumhl sgpgrtd hcujdmduj hthu ngm`h lgrkh yhme su`hb `dprisgs jgmeeumhlhm jgmeeumhlhm siat bhjjgr yhme nhbhm lgphchmyh `dnuht `hrd lhyu, lhyu, lhrgt, pchstdo `hm lumdmehm. lumdmehm.

Ehjnhr >. 46 _iatggm Bhjjgr

(_ord ngr / Lrhsphm) 5. Vgmeeirgs _ordn Vgmeeirgs `deumhlhm umtul jgjngrd thm`h ph`h ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dlgrkhlhm cgndb chmkut. Vgmeeirgs tgrnuht `hrd nhkh nucht tdpds `gmehm shchb shtu ukumemyh rumodme. Wkume pgmeeirgs bhrus jgjpumyhd suùt >6  - >7 tgpht. Jhohj pgmeeirgs yhme ndhshmyh `deumhlhm `d ngmelgc ; h. Vgmeeirgs sg`grbhmh

sht u ukumemyh ngmelil ngmelil n. Vgmeeirgs `gmehm shchb shtu `dunhb ‟  unhb unhb ukumemyh. o. Vgmeeirgs yhme `hpht `dunhb ‟

Ehjnhr >. 48 Vgmeeirgs

58

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

2. Vgmdtdl

Ngraumesd umtul jgjnuht tdtdl ph`h ngm`h yhme hlhm jgmehchjd prisgs pgmegnirhm hthu pgmeg`rdcchm. Pgrnuht `hrd nhkh `gmehm shchb shtu ukumemyh rumodme. Jhohj-jhohj pgmdtdl, yhdtu;



Vgmdtdl Ngrsuùt 166



Vgmdtdl Ngrsuùt 466



Vgmdtdl itijhtds

Ehjnhr >. 4> Vgmdtdl

Ohrh Vgjhlhdhm Vgmdtdl ; 8. Jgjgehme pgmdtdl `gmehm thmehm ldrd `hm `dbdjpdt `gmehm dnu khrd `gmehm gjpht khrd chdmmyh, sgjgmthrh thmehm lhmhm jgjgehme phcu. >. Wkume pgmdtdl `dtgjphtlhm ph`h tdtdl `dthm`hlhm `d pgrjulhhm ngm`h lgrkh sgohrh tgehl curus `gmehm pgrjulhhm ngm`h ngm`h lgrkh, lgju`dhm `dpulu `dpulucc `gmehm phcu.

4. Php

Ehjnhr >. 4? Php

5>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Php h`hchb hcht yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht ucdr `hchj sgnuhb cunhme. Php yhme nhdl tgrnuht `htd nhkh lgogphthm tdmeed (B__ : Bdeb _pgg` _Pggc ). Wjujmyh tgr`drd `hrd ? jhohj ; h. Php tdrus/ limus n. Php pcue (pgmegthphm tgmehb/ thp hmthrh) o. Php nittij (pgmegthphm hlbdr 86. Vgjgehme Php

@deumhlhm umtul jgjgehme thp Ohrh Jgmegthp yhme ngmhr ; h. Php `djhsullhm `hchj cunhme `gmehm pisudsd tgehl curus tgrbh`hp tg rbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh n n.. Jdmyhl pgcujhs `djhsullhm lg`hchj cunhme o. Jgjuthr thp sghrhb khruj khj umtul jgjnuht hcur `gmehm ngshr suùt ldrhldrh 076`gmehm sg`dldt tglhmhm umtul jgjuchd pgjhlhmhm.

Ehjnhr >. 40 Vgjgehme Phn

`. Jgjuthr ngrchwhmhm hrhb khruj khj ldrh-ldrh 826 6 umtul jgjpgrchmohr pgjhlhmhm. g. Jgmeuchmed chmelhb h shjphd ` sgcgshd. Hehr ucdrhm yhme `dnuht bhsdcmyh nheus, thp `hpht `dputhr tgrus shjphd jgm`glhtd jgm`glhtd hlbdr ucdrhm.

88. _mgy

Jgruphlhm hcht umtul jgjnuht ucdr ph`h nhthme yhme nucht. Ngmtulmyh nucht `hm jgjdcdld eded-eded pgjitime `dtgmehbmyh. Eded smgy yhme tgrnhdl tgrnuht `hrd nhkh B__, sgbdmeeh sgbdmeeh `hpht jgjnuht ucdr ph`h nhbhm yhme lgrhs.

5?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 47 Lgphch _mgy

Ehjnhr >. 41 _mgy Bic`gr

8>. Lumod ( wrgmob )

Lumod h`hchb hcht yhme tgrnuht `hrd nhkh tgjphhm yhme ngraumesd umtul jgmegmohmelhm `hm jgmegmùrlhm jur hthu nhut. Lumod jgjpumyhd ngmtul yhme ngrvhrdhsd sgsuhd `gmehm jur hthu nhutmyh. H`h > kgmds lumod, yhdtu ; 8.

Lumod ‟ Lumod ‟  lumod lumod lhlu, yhme tgrnhed jgmkh`d ;

h.

Lumod phs ngrehm`h

n.

Lumod jhth

o.

Lumod sil

`.

Lumod odmodm

>.

Lumod ‟ Lumod ‟  lumod lumod lbusus, tgrnhed jgmkh`d ;

h.

Lumod Hccgm

n.

Lumod Jild

o.

Lumod Dmeerds

`.

Lumod cunhme

g.

Lumod egegp

a.

Lumod ingme

50

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

8?. Hcht Vgmeulur

h. Khmelh _irime

Ehjnhr >. 45 Khmelh _irime

_gnuhb hcht `gmehm lgtgcdtdhm shjphd 8/>6 jj. @deumhlhm umtul jgmeulur pgrjulhhm cuhr nd`hme, cunhme `hm lg`hchjhm ngm`h lgrkh. Vgjnhohhm Vgjnhohhm khmelh sirime `hpht `dcdbht ph`h ehjnhr.

n n..

Jdsthr Wlur _dlu H`hchb hcht ulur yhme jgjpumyhd ngmtul sdlu, `gmehm suùt 46 i. ndhshmyh `dnuht `hrd nhbhm pcht nhkh hthu lumdmehm, `djhmh lgùh sdsd ph`h lgùh ukumemyh `dngrd slhch (jgtrdl `hm dmobd).

Ehjnhr >. 42 Jdsthr Wlur _dlu

o.

Jdsthr Wlur H`hchb hcht ulur cdmdgr yhme phcdme sg`grbhmh ndhshmyh ngruph pcht nhkh hthu lumdmehm, `djhmh `dlgùh sdsdmyh `dngrd slhch.

`.

Jdlrijgtgr _glrup @deumhlhm umtul jgmeulur `dhjgtgr hthu tgnhc ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm lgtgcdtdhm shjphd 6,68 jj.

57

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 44 Jdlrijgtgr _glrup

80. Jgsdm Nir `hm @rdcc

Jgsdm @rdcc h`hchb pgjnuht cunhme hthu hcur yhme gadsdgm. Jgsdm `rdcc jgmeeumhlhm jhth nir yhme jgjpumyhd `dhjgtgr yhme ngrjhohj-jhohj sgnhehd pgmyhyhtmyh. Kgmds-kgmds jgsdm nir hmthrh chdm; h. Jgsdm Nir Jgkh Ndhshmyh `dtgjphtlhm `d hths nhmelu lgrkh lhld lbusus `hm piris nir chmesume `degrhllhm icgb sgnuhb jitir cdstrdl.

Ehjnhr >. 866 Jgsdm Nir Jgkh

n. n. Jgsdm nir jhmuhc Jgsdm nir jhmuhc, phbht pitimemyh `degrhllhm sgohrh jhmuhc, jgchcud thmelhd pgjuthr `hm phshmehm ri`h eded.

51

51

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 868 Jgsdm nir jhmuhc

o. Jgsdm Nir Phmehm Jgsdm nir kgmds dmd, phbht pitimemyh `degrhllhm jgmeeumhlhm jitir cdstrdl, `djgmsdmyh lgodc `hm rdmehm sgbdmeeh `hpht `dnhwh `gmehm ju`hb. `. Jgsdm Nir Pdhme @deumhlhm umtul jgmegnir ngm`h-ngm`h lgrkh yhme cgndb tdmeed `hrd jgsdm nir jgkh.

Ehjnhr >. 86> Jgsdm Nir Pdhme

g. Jgsdm Nir ^h`dhc @deumhlhm umtul pgmegnirhm `hchj kujchb yhme nhmyhl `hchj sgnuhb ngm`h lgrkh yhme ngshr `hm ngrht yhme yhme sucdt umtul `pdm`hbl `pdm`hblhm. hm.

Ehjnhr >. 86? Jgsdm nir rh`dhc

55

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

a. Jgsdm nir ngrpiris jhkgjul @deumhlhm umtul pgmegnirhm sdlu ‟ sdlu ‟  sdlu sdlu nhedhm jgsdm, hcht ‟ hcht ‟  hcht hcht `hm dmstrujgm ‟ dmstrujgm ‟  dmstrujgm dmstrujgm `hchj kujchb lgodc sgohrh tgcdtd.

Ehjnhr >. 860 Jgsdm nir ngrpiris jhkgjul

e. Jgsdm nir cgjhrd @deumhlhm umtul pgmegnirhm cunhme ‟ cunhme ‟  cunhme cunhme yhme shmeht ngshr. Jgsdm nir dmd oioil umtul pgmegrkhhm hlbdr `hrd cunhme ‟ cunhme ‟  cunhme. cunhme.

Ehjnhr >. 867 Jgsdm nir cgjhrd

52

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

b. Jgsdm nir `hm arhds birdzimthc @deumhlhm umtul jgcuhslhm, jgmegthp, pgjarhdshm rhth pgrjulhhm.

Ehjnhr >. 861 Jgsdm nir `hm arhds birdzimthc

d. Jgsdm Nir Ngrliir`dmht @deumhlhm umtul pgmegnirhm sdlu-sdlu nhedhm umtul jgsdm-jgsdm, hchthcht `hm dmstrujgm-dmstrujgm `hchj kujchb lgodc sgohrh tgcdtd.

Ehjnhr >. 865 Jgsdm nir liir`dmht

54

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Nhedhm ‟ Nhedhm ‟  nhedhm nhedhm jgsdm nir ;

Ehjnhr >. 862 Nhedhm jgsdm nir

8. Vcht lhld Wmtul jgmyhmeeh `hm sgnhehd hchs `hrd jgsdm nir >. Nir spdrhc Jhth nir yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgmegnir yhme ngrngmtul spdrhc ?. Vhlsd nir Wmtul pgmegmohme jhth 0. Puhs Wmtul jgjhsullhm egrhl ohtu hwhc jglhmds 7. î`h thmehm Wmtul jgmeegrhllhm nir 1. Puhs Wmtul jgmehtur lgogphthm pgrputhrhm 5. Cgjhrd ri`h eded Pgjpht ri`h eded

26

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

2. Jitir cdstrdl _gnhehd pgmeegrhl jgsdm nir

4. Puhs Wmtul jgmehtur nhmyhlmyh pgrputhrhm 86. Puhs Wmtul pgregrhlhm itijhtds 88. Puhs Wmtul egrhl ohtu hwhc `gmehm ohtu hwhc shmeht lgodc 8>. Licij _gnhehd arhjg `hrd jgsdm nir 8?. Jgkh thjnht Pgjpht `dcgthllhmmyh ngm`h lgrkh 80. Bhmthrhm umtul jgkh nir Pgjpht jgmhdl ‟ jgmhdl ‟  turumlhm turumlhm jgkh nir 87. Vijph umtul ohdrhm pgm`dmedm Wmtul jgmegcuhrlhm ohdrhm pgm`dmedm 81. Bhm`cg Wmtul jgmygtgc tdmeed jgkh Jhth nir h`hchb suhtu hcht pgjnuht cunhme hthu hcur yhme gadsdgm. _gohrh irdedmhc jhth nir tgrnuht `hrd nhkh lhrnim yhme `dlgrhslhm `hm `dsgpub lgrhs, tgthpd jgsdm-jgsdm nir yhme nglgrkh ngrht `hm ngrpriùlsd ngshr cgndb nhmyhl jgmeeumhlhm jhth nir yhme tgrnuht `hrd nhkh ngrlgogphthm tdmeed (B__), lhrgmh jhth nir B__ `hpht `deumhlhm `gmehm lgogphthm puthrhm yhme tdmeed `hm pgmyhyhthm yhme tgnhc sgrth bhsdcmyh yhme yhme cgndb tgrkhjdm lgtgcdtdhmmyh.

28

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Jhth nir jgjpumyhd ? nhedhm tgrpgmtdme, yhdtu ; 8. Nhedhm nh`hm >. Pdtdl ukume ?. thmelhd 87. Jgsdm Egrdm`h

Egrdm`h jgjdcdld lgeumhhm yhme bhjpdr shjh `gmehm ldldr, yhdtu umtul jgjnuhme sgnhedhm pgrjulhhm hthu nhedhm chdm `hrd suhtu ngm`h lgrkh, tgthpd egrdm`h bhmyh ngregrhl `gmehm egrhl jgcdmelhr.

Ehjnhr >. 864 Jgsdm Egrdm`h

Kgmds ‟ Kgmds ‟  kgmds kgmds `hrd jgsdm egrdm`h yhdtu ;

Ehjnhr >. 886 Kgmds Jgsdm Egrdm`h

2>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Nhtu hthu ri`h egrdm`h jgruphlhm phbht pgmyhyht `hrd jgsdm egrdm`h. Nhtu/ri`h egrdm`h dmd tgrnuht `hrd pgmehshb `hm pgrglht. H`h > kgmds nutdrhm pgmehshbhm yhme `deumhlhm `deumhlhm `hchj pgjnuhthm ri`h egrdm`h, egrdm`h, yhdtu ;





Hcujdmduj ilsd` _dcdlim lhrnd` (Pglmicied Jglhmdl; Grchmeeh)

>.0 Hssgjncdme H. Lgrkh Chs

Vgmegchshm h`hchb suhtu prisgs pgmyhjnumehm ciehj `djhmh ciehj jgmkh`d shtu hldnht phmhs `gmehm hthu thmph pgmehrub tglhmhm. _gchdm dtu kueh `hpht `d`gadmdsdlhm sgnhehd dlhthm jgthcured yhme `dtdjnuclhm icgb ehyh thrdl ‟  jgmhrdl jgmhrdl hmthrh htij. Vgmegchshm jgruphlhm hcht pgmyhjnume pgrjhmgm `hrd nhedhm ‟ nhedhm ‟  nhedhm nhedhm `hm jgjdcdld shjnumehm yhme cgndb rdmehm `hm luht `hrdph`h shjnumehm lgcdme. @dshjpdme `dngrd tglhmhm, pgrjulhhm ngm`h `dphmhslhm, sgbdmeeh lgùh pgrjulhhm ngm`h hlhm jgcgnur `hm tgrkh`dchb shjnumehm chs. _gjhldm tdmeed subu, lgucgthm ciehj dmùl ngrthjnhb `hm `dausd htij hlhm ngrthjnhb ogpht. _hjnumehm `d nhwhb dlhthm hmthr htij. pgmehrub phmhs `hm tglhmhm cgndb gadsdgm, mhjum lgluhthmmyh `dtgmtulhm icgb ( N.B N.B Hjstgh`, Pglmicied Jglhmdl ) Lchsdadlhsd Vrisgs Vgmegchshm

8. Vgmegchshm Ausd Jgruphlhm suhtu ohrh pgmegchshm `gmehm jgjhmhslhm ciehj shjphd jgmohdr. Vgmegchshm ausd `dnhed jgmkh`d 7 jhohj, yhdtu ; h. Vgmegchshm Ehs W`hrh ‟ ‟  hsgtdcgm hsgtdcgm (8) W`hrh (>) Ilsd bd`riegm

2?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

(?) Ilsdhsdtgcdm (0) Vgmegchshm ehs ngrtglhmhm

n. Vgmegchshm Nusur (8) Gcgltri`h lhrnim (>) Gcgltri`h ciehj

o. Vgmegchshm chsgr `. Vgmegchshm cdstrdl ngrlhs gcgltrim g. Vgmegchshm tgrjdt (8) Chs tglhmhm (>) Chs thmph tglhmhm

>. Vgmegchshm Pglhm Jgruphlhm suhtu ohrh pgmegchshm `djhmh shjnumehm s hjnumehm `dphmhslhm `hm lgju`dhm `dtglhm bdmeeh bdmeeh jgmkh`d shtu. Vgmegchshm tglhm `dnhed jgmkh`d; h. Vgmegchshm Pgjph n. Vgmegchshm Phbhmhm, tgr`drd `hrd;



Chs Pdtdl



Chs Vriyglsd



Chs tujpuc



Chs Lhjpub



Chs Vgrlusd

o. Vgmegchshm Dmùlsd `. Vgmegchshm Egsgl g. Vgmegchshm @dmedm a. Vgmegchshm Cgtup ( N.B Hjstgh`, Pglmicied Jglhmdl)

20

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Jhohj-Jhohj Chs

8. Vgmegchshm Ehs Vgmegchshm ehs jgcdputd sgjuh prisgs pgmegchshm yhme sujngr phmhsmyh jgmeeumhlhm ohjpurhm ehs. Myhch ehs yhme yhme ndhsh `deumhlhm h`hchb ehs hchj, hsgtdcgm, `hm bd`riegm yhme `dohjpur `gmehm ilsdegm, yhdtu ; h. W`hrh `hm hsgtdcgm _ubu ph`h ohjpurhm dmd khub cgndb rgm`hb `hrd ph`h prisgs pgmegchshm ehs yhme chdm. Icgb lhrgmh dtu bhmyh `deumhlhm umtul pgmegchshm subu rgm`hb `hm phtrd tdjhb.

n. Ilsdbd`riegm _ubumyh cgndb rgm`hb `hrd ph`h ilsdhsgtdcgm. Vgmegchshm dmd ndhshmyh `deumhlhm umtul pgmegchshm cgjnhrhm tdpds `hm phùhm `gmehm tdtdl ohdr rgm`hb `hm `hchj pglgrkhhm phtrd. phtrd.

o. Ilsdhsgtdcgm

Pgr`drd `hrd ohjpurhm ilsdegm `hm hsgtdcgm.

`. Vgmegchshm Ehs ngrtglhmhm Vgmegchshm dmd tgr`drd `hrd > jhohj ohrh yhme sgrdme `dphlhd, yhdtu ; (8) Jgti`g _hjnumehm Pgrtutup

Lgùh pgrjulhhm ciehj yhme hlhm `dshjnume `dtglhm shtu shjh chdm sgchjh prisgs pgjhmhshm. (>) Jgti`g _hjnumehm Pgrnulh

Jgmeeumhlhm myhch ehm`h yhme pdpdb yhme `dtgjphtlhm hmthrh lgùh pgrjulhhm yhme `dshjnume. Vgrjulhhm dm d`dphmhslhm shjphd ohdr, lgju`dhm `dohnut, `hm `dtglh shjphd ciehj jgjnglu. >. Vgmegchshm Nusur Vh`h chs nusur shjnumehm tgrkh`d icgb phmhs yhme `dtdjnuclhm icgb nusur cdstrdl yhme tgrkh`d hmthrh ngm`h lgrkh `hm gcgltri`h. Gcgltri`h hthu ciehj pgmedsd `dphmhslhm shjphd jgmohdr `hm `dgm`hplhm ph`h shjnumehm sgbdmeeh tgrkh`d shjnumehm chs. Juch ‟ Juch ‟  juch juch tgrkh`d limthl hmthrh gcgltri`h `hm ngm`h lgrkh sgbdmeeh tgrkh`d hcdrhm hrus. Gmgred cdstrdl `dunhb jgmkh`d gmgred phmhs `hchj nusur.

27

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

_g`hmelhm sujngr cdstrdl h`h 0 jhohj yhdtu ; h. @O egmgrhtir `gmehm vhrdhngc vhrdh ngc victheg, `deumhlhm umtul sdmecgipgrhtir.

n. @O egmgrhtir `gmehm limsthm victheg, `deumhlhm umtul juctdpcg ipgrhtir. o. @O piwgr cdmg khrhme `dphlhd lhrgmh td`hl jgjgmubd syhrht lgnutubhm victheg yhme `dpgrculhm. `. HO egmgrhtir yhdtu trhmsairjhtir. Chs Cdstrdl @O (Chs Hrus _ghrhb ) h`hchb chs yhme jgmeeumhlhm hrus cdstrdl sghrhb. Vgshwht chs hrus sghrhb (@O ) `hpht ngruph pgshwht trhmsairjhtir rgotdadgr, pgjnhmeldt cdstrdl jitir `dgsgc hthu jitir ngmsdm jhupum pgshwht pgjnhmeldt cdstrdl yhme `degrhllhm icgb jitir cdstrdl. cds trdl. Chs Cdstrdl HO ( Chs Hrus Nichl ‟ Nichl ‟  nhcdl nhcdl ) yhdtu chs yhme jgmeeumhlhm hrus nichl ‟ nichl ‟  nhcdl. nhcdl. Jgsdm chs hrus HO jgjpgricgb nusur myhch `hrd trhmsairjhtir `djhmh `d`hchj pgshwht dmd hrus `hrd khrdme ‟ khrdme ‟  khrdme khrdme cdstrdl `dunhb jgmkh`d hrus nichl ‟ nichl ‟  nhcdl nhcdl icgb trhmsairjhtir yhme sgsuhd `gmehm hrus yhme `deumhlhm umtul jgmegchs sgbdmeeh jgsdm chs kueh `dsgnut jgsdm chs trhmsairjhtir. ( N.B Hjstgh`, Pglmicied Jglhmdl). Visdsd Vgmegchshm

8. Visdsd Nhwhb Phmehm Jgruphlhm pisdsd chs yhme phcdme ju`hb pgchlshmhhmmyh `hm ciehj ohdr td`hl lgcuhr `hrd lhjpub chs.

Ehjnhr >. 888 Visdsd Nhwhb Phmehm

21

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

>. Visdsd Jgm`hthr / Birdzimthc Vh`h pisdsd dmd ohdrhm ciehj ogm`grume hlhm khtub lg nhwhb. Wmtul jgmebdm`hrdmyh pgmegchshm `dnuht sgpgm`gl jumeldm `hm `gmehm hrus yhme cgndb rgm`hb.

Ehjnhr >. 88> Visdsd Jgm`hthr ( Birdzimthc )

?. Visdsd Pgehl / Qgrtdlhc Visdsd tgehl / vgrtdlhc yhdtu pisdsd pgmegchshm `djhmh pgmegchshm `dchlulhm `dc hlulhm `hrd hths lg nhwhb `gmehm pisdsd vgrtdlhc. 0. Visdsd Hths Lgphch Vgchlshmhmmyh phcmdme sucdt, ohdrhm ciehj ogm`grume cgndb ngshr khtub

sgbdmeeh

umtul

jgmehthsdmyh

`dnuht

pgm`gl

sglhcd.

Bhsdc

pgmegchshmmyh sgrdme lurhme nhdl.

Ehjnhr >. 88? Visdsd Hths Lgphch

( @dltht Lucdhb Pglmicied Jglhmdl, DP_ )

25

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Hcht-hcht Nhmtu Chs

8. Lhngc Chs Lhngc chs ndhshmyh `dnuht `hrd tgjnheh yhme `dpdcdm `hm `dnumelus `gmehm lhrgt dsichsd. Lhngc chs h`h tdeh jhohj, yhdtu;



Lhngc Gcgltri`h ; jgmebunumelhm pgshwht chs `hm gcgltri`h



Lhngc Jhssh ; jgmebunumelhm pgshwht chs `hm ngm`h lgrkh



Lhngc Pgmheh ; jgmebunumelhm sujngr tgmheh `gmehm pgshwht chs.

>. Vgjgehme Gcgltri`h Wkume yhme td`hl ngrsgchput `hrd gcgltri`h `dkgpdt `gmehm pgjgehme gcgltri`h. Vgjgehme gcgltri`h tgr`drd `hrd jucut pgmkgpdt `hm pgehmehm yhme `dnumelus icgb nhbhm pgmyglht. Vh`h whltu ngrbgmtd ngrbgmtd hthu sgcgshd jgmegchs, nhedhm pgehmehm yhme td`hl ngrbunumehm `gmehm lhngc `dehmtumelhm ph`h ehmtumehm `hrd nhbhm adngr hthu lhyu.

Ehjnhr >. 880 Vgjgehme Gcgltri`h

?. Vhcu Chs Vhcu chs `deumhlhm umtul jgcgphslhm `hm jgmegcuhrlhm tgrhl chs ph`h khcur chs yhme `dchlulhm `gmehm jgjuluclhm ph`h `hgrhb chs.

Ehjnhr >. 887 Vhcu Chs

22

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

0. Phme Phme `deumhlhm umtul jgjgehme hthu jgjdm`hblhm ngm`h lgrkh yhme jhsdb phmhs.

Ehjnhr >. 881 Phme

7. _dlht lhwht _dlht lhwht `deumhlhmumtuljgjngrsdblhm ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dchs `hm jgjngrsdblhm tgrhl Dhs yhme su`hb cgphs `hrd khcur chs icgb puluchm phcu chs.

Ehjnhr >. 885 _dlht Lhwht

1. Lcgj Jhssh Lcgj jhssh h`hchb suhtu hcht umtul jgmebunumelhm lhngc jhssh lgngm`h lgrkh. Ndhshmyh lcgj jhssh `dnuht `hrd nhbhm `gmehm pgmebhmthr cdstrdl yhme nhdl sgpgrtd Pgjnheh hehr hrus cdstrdl `hpht jgmehcdr `gmehm nhdl, lcgj jhssh dmd `dcgmelhpd `gmehm pgehs yhme luht yhme `hpht jgmkgpdt ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm nhdl .

Ehjnhr >. 882 Lcgj Jhssh

24

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vgrcgmelhphm Lgsgchjhthm Lgrkh `hchj Vrisgs Vgmegchshm

8. Bgcj Chs Bgcj Dhs jhupum thndr chs `deumhlhm umtul jgcdmùmed lucdt julh `hm jhth `hrd sdmhr chs (sdmhr uctrh vdicgt `hm uctrh jgrhb) yhme `hpht jgrushl lucdt jhupum jhth. _dmhr Dhs yhme shmeht tgrhme/luht dtu td`hl nicgb `dcdbht `hmehm jhth chmesume shjphd khrhl 81 jgtgr. Bgcj chs dmd `dcgmelhpd `gmehm lhoh lbusus yhme `hpht jgmeurhme jgmeurhmedd sdmhr uctrh vdicgt `hm uctrh jgrhb.

Ehjnhr >. 884 Bgcj Chs

>. _hrume Phmehm _hrume Phmehm `dnuht `hrd lucdt hthu hsngs cumhl umtul jgju`hblhm jgjgehme pgjgehme gcgltri`h. Vh`h shht jgmegchs, shrume thmehm bhrus sgchcu `dphlhd umtul jgcdmùmed thmehm `hrd phmhs.

Ehjnhr >. 8>6 _hrume Phmehm

?. Hprim Nhkuchs/Hprim `dnuht `hrd lucdt hthu `hrd hsngs. Nhku Nhku chs yhme cgmelhp `hpht jgcdmùmed nh`hm `hm sgnhedhm lhld. Ndch jgmegchs ph`h pisdsd `dhths lgphch bhrus jgjhlhd nhku chs yhme cgmelhp. Vh`h pgmegchshm pisdsd chdmmyh `hpht `dphlhd hprim.

46

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Ehjnhr >. 8>8 Hprim `hm Nhku Chs

0. _gphtu Chs _gphtu chs ngreumh umtul jgcdmùmed lhld `hrd sgjnurhm s gjnurhm numeh hpd, Ndch td`hl h`h sgphtu chs, sgphtu ndhsh yhme tgrtutup sgcurubmyh `hpht kueh `dphlhd.

Ehjnhr >. 8>> _gphtu Chs

7. Jhslgr Chs Jhslgr chs ngraumesd umtul umtul jgcdmùmed tgrbdrupmyh tgrbdrupmyh ehs ngrhoum yhme ngrhshc `hrd prisgs pgmegchshm.

Ehjnhr >. 8>? Jhslgr Chs

N. Hssgjncdme

Hssgjncdme jgruphlhm prisgs pgrhldthm ngm`h lgrkh `hrd lijpimgm ‟ lijpimgm ‟  lipimgm lipimgm yhme jhsdb tgrpdshb. Hssgjncdme kueh `hpht `dhrtdlhm sgnhehd prisgs pgrhldthm

48

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

nhrhme sgtgmehb kh`d jgmkh`d nhrhme kh`d. _gngcuj jgchlulhm hssgjncdme, ngm`h lgrkh bhrus jgchcud prisgs pgmegrkhhm sgngcujmyh yhme jgcdputd lgrkh turmdme, lgrkh jdccdme, lgrkh nhmelu. Vrisgs pgrhldthm / hssgjncdme tgr`drd `hrd > prisgs yhdtu; h. Vrisgs pgmyhjnumehm Vrisgs umtul jgmyhjnume lijpimgm ‟ lijpimgm ‟  lijpimgm lijpimgm ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm chs. n. Vrisgs Vgjhshmehm Vrisgs pgjhshmehm lijpimgm ngm`h lgrkh `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm jgmeeumhlhm nhut, jur `hm chdm ‟ chdm ‟  chdm. chdm. @hchj sgtdhp prisgs hssgjncdme h`h ngngrhph bhc yhme bhrus `dpgrbhtdlhm hmthrh chdm lgtgphthm ulurhm `hrd lijpimgm ‟   lijpimgm ngm`h lgrkh. Lgtd`hltgphthm ulurhm lijpimgm ‟ lijpimgm ‟  lijpimgm lijpimgm ngm`h lgrkh hlhm ngrhldnht ph`h lgtd`hltgphthm hthu lgtd`hlsgsuhdhm hssgjncdme ngm`h lgrkh sgsuhd `gmehm yhme `ddmedmlhm. Hphndch h`h ulurhm ‟ ulurhm ‟   ulurhm ulurhm yhme td`hl sgsuhd, hlhm `dprisgs lgjnhcd jgchcud lgrkh turmdme,lgrkh jdccdme, hthu lgrkh nhmelu shjphd ulurhm tgrsgnut tgpht `hm ndsh `drhldt`gmehm lijpimgm chdmmyh jgmkh`d ngm`h yhme `ddmedmlhm. H`h ? kgmds hssgjncdme yhdtu; h. Vgrjhmgm Hssgjncdme Thdtu hssgjncdme yhme bhsdcmyh `hpht `dnimelhr ched tgthpd jgrushl ngm`h lgrkh. Oimtibmyh h`hchb hssgjncdme `gmehm chs. n. _gjd Vgrjhmgm Jgruphlhm hssgjncdme yhme bhsdcmyh `hpht `dnimelhr hthu `dcgphs mhjum `dsgrthd `gmehm h`hmyh sg`dldt pgrushlhm tgrbh`hp ngm`h lgrkh yhme `dnuht o. Pgjpirhc Hssgjncdme Jgruphlhm hssgjncdme yhme bhsdcmyh `hpht `dnimelhr hthu `dcgphs thmph jgchlulhm pgrushlhm tgrbh`hp ngm`h yhme `dnuht. Oimtibmyh hssgjncdme `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm jur, nhut.

4>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

NHN DDD VGMWPWV

?.8 Uhltu @hm Pgjpht Vgmgcdtdhm Uhltu `hm tgjpht yhme `deumhlhm pgmgcdtd umtul pgmgcdtdhm dmd `dchlshmhlhm ph`h ;

Pgjpht Vgmgcdtdhm

; _gd Mhyim, ^P 668/ Û 68>, Lgc. _h`hd, Lgo. Ngmelime

Phmeehc Vgmgcdtdhm

; 8 Kumd >6>8-7 Kucd >6>8

Uhltu

; 86;66 ‟ 86;66 ‟  81;66 81;66 UDN

?.> HMHCD_D_ @DJGM_D VÎ@WL

?.>.8 Hmhcdsds @djgmsd Hchs `hm @uùlhm Phngc ?. 8 Vgrnhm`dmehm @djgmsd @gsdem `hm Hltuhc

Li`g

@gshdm

Hltuhc

H

76 oj 86 jj 76 oj >6 Oj

04,7 oj 7oj 05,7 oj 82,7 oj

N O @ Hmhcdsds;



Vh`h li`g H (hchs), phmkhme `hm cgnhr ph`h ulurhm `gshdm `hm `hm hltuhc tgr`hpht pgrng`hhm. Wlurhm hltuhc hltuh c cgndb lgodc `hrdph`h ulurhm `gshdm lhrgmh ph`h shht pgmeulurhm ipgrhtir shchb nhoh ehjnhr. ehjnhr. Ipgrhtir jhsdb lurhme lurhme tgcdtd `hm ailus sgbdmeeh bhsdc yhme `d`hpht shmeht khub ngrng`h.



Vh`h li`g N (Lgtgnhchm Hchs), ph`h ulurhm `gshdm `hm hltuhc tgr`hpht pgng`hhm. @d `gshdm ulurhmmyh sgtgnhc 86 jj, mhjum ph`h hltuhc myh `dnuht 7jj. Bhc dmd `d lhrgmhlhm sgjhldm tgnhc hcht jhlh sgjhldm jgjpgrngshr jhssh nhrhme shht su`hb kh`d.



Vh`h li`g O (@uùlhm), ph`h ulurhm `gshdm `hm hltuhc tgr`hpht pgrng`hhm `dlhrgmhlhm jgmygsuhdlhm `gmehm ulurhm hchs, nhblhm `d nuht cgndb lgodc umtul `dsgsuhdlhm ched `gmehm pgjitime myh.

4?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8



Vh`h li`g @ (Pdmeed ùùlhm), ph`h ulurhm `gshdm `dnuht >6 oj mhjum ph`h `gshdm hltuhc `dnuht `gmehm ulurhm 82,7oj.

@hrd ulurhm tgrsgnut jgjdcdld pgrng`hhm ulurhm hmthr `gshdm `gmehm hltuhc. _gbdmeeh `djgmsd yhme `ddmedmlhm td`hl sgsuhd `gmehm lgmyhthhm. Mhjum priùl yhme lhjd nuht td`hl sgsuhd `gmehm yhme h`h ph`h `gshdm. Dtu sgjuh lhrgmh prhltdlhm lurhme tgcdtd `hchj jgchlulhm pgmeulurhm `hm kueh jhsdb lurhme ailus.

40

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

47

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

41

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8 ?.? HMHCD_D_ VÎ_G_ VGJNWHPHM

Jgjpriùlsd suhtu hcht hthu lijpimgm jgjgrculhm jgsdm `hm pgrhchthm yhme tgpht sgbdmeeh prisgs priùlsd jgmkh`d cgndb gagltda `hm gadsdgm. Lgtgphthm `hchj pgjdcdbhm jgsdm `hm pgrhchthm shmeht jgmgmtulhm bhsdc priùlsd. Vgjdcdbhm jgsdm `hm pgrhchthm tgrsgnut `dsgsuhdlhm `gmehm kujchb `hm spgsdadlhsd priùl yhme hlhm `dnuht. Vrisgs pgmegrkhhm suhtu nhbhm `hpht `dlchsdadlhsdlhm sgohrh ujuj sgnhehd ngrdlut; ngrdlut; 8. Vrisgs umtul jgmeunhb ngmtul nhbhm

Vh`h pgjnuhthm jgsdm pgjitime lgrths dmd jgmeeumhlhm pcht sgnhehd hchs `hm ngsd bici sgnhehd tdhme pgmyhmeeh, ujujmyh ngmtul hwhc ciehj h`hchb nhthmehm yhme `d`hpht sgnhehd bhsdc `hrd prisgs pgmeichbhm ndkdb ciehj. Ndkdb ciehj ohdr `dtuhmelhm lg `hchj ogthlhm ciehj hthu erhadt umtul jgmebhsdclhm dmeit `gmehm ulurhm yhme su`hb `dtgmtulhm sgbdmeeh `hpht `gmehm ju`hb `dngmtul. Ngngrhph prisgs umtul jgmeunhb ngmtul ciehj h`hchb; h. Vrisgs Vgjitimehm n. Vrisgs Vgmgjphhm o. Vrisgs Vgmegchshm >. Vrisgs pgjitimehm

Vrisgs pgjitimehm ndhshmyh `dchlulhm ph`h jgsdm-jgsdm pgrlhlhs. Wjujmyh prdmsdp yhme `deumhlhm ph`h jgsdm pgrlhlhs (jhobdmg ( jhobdmg tiic ) h`hchb pgjitimehm (outtdme (outtdme ) `hm jgti`g yhme `deumhlhm h`hchb `gmehm jgmkhchmlhm egrhl rgchtda hmthrh hcht pitime (outtdme tiic ) `gmehm pgrjulhhm ngm`h ngm`h lgrkh yhme hlhm `dngmtul. `dngmtul. H`h ùh jhohj prisgs pgjitimehm ciehj, yhdtu prisgs pgjitimehm trh`dsdimhc `hm prisgs pgjitimehm nulhm trh`dsdimhc; h. Vrisgs pgjitimehm trh`dsdimhc, hmthrh chdm; 8) Vgjnunuthm >) Vgmygruthm ?) Vgmegthjhm 0) Vgmeeur`dhm 7) Vgmegnirhm 1) Vgcgnhrhm

45

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

5) Vgmeegrehkd

86) Vgmeegrdm`hhm

2) Vitime-thrdl

88)  Binndme

4) Vgmegarhdshm

8>)  îutdme

n. Vrisgs pgjitimehm nulhm trh`dsdimhc, hmthrh chdm; 8) Wctrhsimdl >) Grisd cimohthm cdstrdl ?) Chsgr iptdl 0) Gcgltrildjdh 7) Vgjitime Hnrhsd 1) Vrisgs Nunut Vchsjh 5) Vrisgs Vgjgsdmhm Icgb Ngrlhs Vrisgs pgjitimehm nulhm trh`dsdimhc ujujmyh `dtgrhplhm ph`h prisgs priùlsd yhme jgjgrculhm lgtgcdtdhm yhme tdmeed, `d sdmd ciehj `dpitime jgmkh`d ngrhj yhme bhcus.

42

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

?. Vrisgs pgmygcgshdhm pgrjulhhm

Wmtul jgmebhsdclhm pgrjulhhm yhme bhcus `hm `hthr hthu umtul jgmebhsdclhm chpdshm pgcdmùme, `hpht `dchlulhm ngrnhehd prisgs pgmygcgshdhm pgrjulhhm, `dsdmd lhjd jgmeeumhlhm pgmygcgshdhm pgrjulhhm `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm jgsdm egrdm`h.

@hchj pgjnuhthm jgsdm pgjitime lgrths dmd bhjpdr td`hl jgmeunhb `djgmsd lbususmyh bhmyh jgmygcgshdlhm pgrjulhhm.

0. Vrisgs Vrisgs pgmyhjnumehm

@hchj pgjnuhthm suhtu lijpimgm sgrdme tgr`drd `hrd ngngrhph lijpimgm pgmyusum. @uh lijpimgm hthu cgndb `hpht `dshtulhm `gmehm ngrnhehd prisgs pgmyhjnumehm sgnhehd ngrdlut; h. Vrisgs pgmegchshm n. _ic`gr o. Jgjhtrd `. _dmtgr g. Vgmyhjnumehm a. Vgmegcdmehm e. Vgmyhjnumehm `gmehm nhut b. Vgrglhthm `gmehm cgj

44

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

Vh`h prisgs dmd lhjd jgmeeumhlhm prisgs pgmyhjnumehm `gmehm ohrh pgmegchshm, `dlhrgmhlhm `dlhrgmhlhm nhbhm nhlu y yhme hme lhjd eumhlhm h`hchb ngsd `djhmh prisgs pgmyhjnumehm yhme yhme tgpht h`hchb prisgs pgmegchshm.

?.>.8. Vgrsdhphm hcht `hm jgsdm

_gngcuj jgchlulhm pglgrkhhm pgjgsdmhm sgnhdlmyh `dsdhplhm jgsdm `hm pgrhchthm yhme hlhm `deumhlhm. H`hpum jgsdm `hm

pgrhchthm yhme

`deumhlhm umtul jgjnuht jgsdm pitime lgrths h`hchb; h. Egrdm`h n. Jgtgrhm o. _dlu `. Vhcu g. Prhai a. Lhwht chs e. Nhut ?.

Limsgp pgjnuhthm Jgsdm Vgjitime Lgrths

h. Vgjitimehm nhbhm Vgjitimehm nhbhm `dchlulhm `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm egrdm`h. Vgrcu `ddmeht nhbwh `hchj pgjitimehm nhbhm dmd khmehm cuph c uph umtul jgjngrd ohdrhm pgm`dmedm ph`h nhedhm yhme yhme `dpitime `dpitime umtul jgmehthsd phmhs yhme yhme cgndb ph`h ph`h nhbhm `hm jhth egrdm`h hehr td`hl ogpht tujpuc `hm phthb. n. Vgmegchshm Vgmegchshm h`hchb suhtu prisgs jgmyhtulhm > nuhb ciehj hthu cgndb jgmkh`d suhtu ngmtul shjnumehm `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm prisgs phmhs. Vhmhs tgrsgnut `dpgrculhm umtul jgmohdrlhm nhedhm ciehj yhme hlhm `dshjnume `gmehm gcgltri`h sgnhehd nhbhm thjnhb hthu adccgr (_uwhbyi >688). ?.>.>. Vrisgs Vgjnuhthm Hchs

Vh`h prisgs pgjnuhthm hchs dmd yhme pgrthjh `dchlulhm h`hchb pgmeulurhm nhbhm jgmthb yhdtu pcht pcht ngsd yhme yhme ngrulurhm ngrulurhm 8 j ulur `gmehm ulurhm phmkhme phmkhme 04,7 04,7 oj `hm cgnhr 05 oj. _gtgchb jgm`hphtlhm ulurhm yhme `ddmedlhm lgju`dhm

866

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8 tgpd hchs tgrsgnut `d rhthlhm hehr td`hl thkhj.Ngrdlut h`hchb ehj ehjnhr nhr hchs yhme su`hb `dulur sgsuhd `gmehm ulurhm yhme `ddmedmlhm.

Ehjnhr ?.8 Hchs ?.>.?. Vrisgs Vgjnuhthm @uùlhm

Vh`h prisgs pgjnuhthm ùùlhm dmd yhme pgrthjh `dchlulhm h`hchb pgmeulurhm nhbhm `djhmh nhbhm yhme `deumhlhm h`hchb ngsd bici `dulur jgmeeumhlhm jgtgrhm `gmehm ulurhm phmkhme 04,7 oj `hm tdmeed 82,7 oj. _gtgchb jgm`hphtlhm ulurhm yhme `ddmedlhm tgrsgnut lgju`dhm `d pitime jgmeeumhlhm egrdm`h. _gchmkuthm h`hchb prisgs pgrhpdhm `hm pgmegchshm `djhmh ngrtukuhm umtul jgmyhtulhm ngsd yhme su`hb `d pitime, `dsdmd ipgrhtir jgmeeumhlhm pgmeehrds sdlu umtul jgm`hphtlhm suùt yhme sdjgtrds. _gtgchb ngsd tgrshjnume lgju`dhm prisgs pgmegchshm umtul jgmyhtulhm jgmyhtulhm `gmehm hchs yhme su`hb `dnuht.

Ehjnhr ?.> @uùlhm

868

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

86>

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

NHN DQ LG_DJVWCHM 7.8 Lgsdjpuchm

@hrd prhltdluj yhme `dchlulhm jhlh `hpht `dthrdl lgsdjpuchm sgnhehd ngrdlut; 8. Jhohj-jhohj jgsdm pgrlhlhs yhdtu jgsdm turmdme, jgsdm jdccdme, jgsdm jgs dm `rdccdme. >. @hpht jgmeipgrhsdlhm jgsdm turmdme, t urmdme, jdccdme `hm `rdccdme, `djhmh;



Jgsdm Purmdme jgruphlhm jgsdm limvgmsdimhc yhme `deumhlhm umtul pgmegrkhhm ngm`h-ngm`h sdcdm`rds yhme jgjdcdld egrhl uthjh yhdtu egrhl puthr `hm egrhl pgjhlhmhm



Jgsdm jdccdme jgruphlhm jgsdm pgjitime ciehj yhme nglgrkh ngr`hshrlhm prdmsdp nhbwh phbht ngrithsd ngr ithsd `hm ngm`h lgrkh ngregrhl sgohrh sgohr h trhmschsd tr hmschsd `gmehm ` gmehm jgmeeumhlhm ngnnhehd ngnnhehd jhohj pdshu arhds



Jgsdm `rdccdme jgruphlhm jgsdm yhme `dumhlhm umtul jgjnuht cunhme ph`h ngm`h lgrkh, `djhmh phbht hlhm ngrithsd `hm ngm`h `degrhllhm lghths `hm lgnhwhb umtul jgm`hphtlhm `dhjgtgr cunhme sgsuhd `gmehm `dhjgtgr phbht

?. @hpht jgjnuht priùl yhme `ddmedmlhm yhdtu ph`h phrt pgm`rime jgsdm yhme `deumhlhm h`hchb jgsdm Purmdme, jivgncg khw `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm jgsdm jdccdme `hm `rdccdme, `hm ph`h nrholgt `gmehm jgmeeumhlhm jgsdm `rdccdme.

7.> _hrhm

@hrd bhsdc prhltdluj yhme `dchlulhm, h`h ngngrhph shrhm yhme `dngrdlhm hmthrh chdm ; 8. _hht prhltdluj, prhltdlhm bhrus jgjpgrbhtdlhm lgsgbhthm `hm lgsgchjhthm lgrkh hehr jgjdmdjhclhm rgsdli lgogchlhhm. >. Vrhltdlhm bhrus limsgmtrhsd sgbdmeeh `hphtjgjpgrogpht `hm jgjdmdjhclhm lgshchbhm. ?. _gngcuj prhltdluj, prhltdlhm bhrus jgmegthbud jgmegmhd pgrjgsdmhm hehr jhjpu jgmegthbud tgmthme jgsdm-jgsdm.

86?

Chpirhm Vrhltdluj Vrisgs Jhmuahltur Lgcijpil 8

@HAPH^ VW_PHLH

Eriivgr, Jdlgcc V. >662. Hutijhtdim Vriùotdim _ystgj `hm Lijputgr Lijputgr Dmtgerhtg` Dmtgerhtg` Jhmuahoturdme ?r` g`dtdim.Mgw Kgrsgy ; Vrgmtdog-Bhc.Dmo. Lhcphlkdhm, _tgvgm ^. _objd`. >668. Jhmuahoturdme Gmedmggrdme hm` Pgobmiciey Aiurtb G`dtdim. Mgw Kgrsgy ; Vghrsim Vghr sim Gùohtdim Dmo. N.B Hjstgh`, _rdhrtd. 8424. Pglmicied Jglhmdl Kdcd` 8. Khlhrth; Grchmeeh. Vrdhjniì,Nhjnhme.8444

860

Fix Banget Laporan Manufaktur

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