Fisiología de Los Nutrientes

 

‟Lcscdodkàf ha ods eutrcaetas‐ Mf`bra y/d fpatctd Mf`bra7  Jdeguetd ha saesfjcdeas prdvdjfhfs pdr of hcs`ceujcúe ha ods hapúsctds ha Mf`bra7  eutrcaetas. Ao mf`bra raspdeha f uef eajaschfh lcscdoú lcscdoúkcjf kcjf ha euastrd drkfecs` drkfecs`d9 d9 axprasf ue hasad y uefs kfefs ha jd`ar jufoqucar foc`aetd. Jufehd euastrd juarpd tcaea mf`bra y ed sfjcf`ds asf eajaschfh, ao drkfecs`d jd`caezf f jdesu`cr koujúkaed (`doãjuof ha fo`fjaefga ha aearkàf), hasjd`pdecãehdof ae koujdsf (luaeta ha aearkàf). ^frta ha astf aearkàf as `fehfhf f euastrd jarabrd, `÷sjuods y jãouofs sfekuàeafs. Ao mf`bra lcscdoúkcjf ed jdrraspdeha f ue astà`uod a`djcdefo, ec f ue c`puosd, ed fpfraja ha `fearf rapaetcef pdr ue astfhd ha astrãs d fescahfh y ed as aspajàlcjd ha ue hatar`cefhd krupd ha foc`aetds7 as uef eajaschfh bæscjf ha euastrd juarpd qua mf ha sar rasuaotf.  Fpatctd7 Hasad  Fpatctd7  Hasad ha cekarcr ue tcpd ha foc`aetd. As ue astfhd flajtcvd qua sa fjd`pföf ha pofjar y ed hapaeha ha uef eajaschfh. Ao fpatctd as saoajtcvd, suaoa fpfrajar ha ldr`f rapaetcef, ha ldr`f urkaeta, jfusfhd kaea ka earfo rfo`ae `aeta ta pd pdrr ue sae saetc` tc`cae caetd td a` a`djc djcde defo fo.. Ao ha hasad sad ha of jd jd`c `chf hf ae ast asta a jf jfsd sd as aspajàlcjd7 ta fpataja ue foc`aetd ae jdejratd, asa trdzd ha tfrtf ha jmdjdofta axqucsctd qua vcsta ao hàf fetarcdr ae of pfstaoaràf, uef pdrjcúe ha pczzf ha tu pczzaràf lfvdrctf, uefs pfod`ctfs ae uef tfrha ha jcea d sdlæ. Fpataejcf  Fpataejcf7  ^dha`d ^dha`ds s halcecr of fpataejcf jd`d ao c`puosd ha sftcslfjjcúe f uef eajaschfh bæscjf9 jd`d jd`ar, as uef saesfjcúe ha mf`bra. Cekastcúe ha foc`aetds, c`pdrtfejcf ha ofs jfrfjtaràstcjfs drkfedoãptcjfs. Cekastcúe ha foc`a Cekastcúe foc`aetds7 etds7   Of cekastcúe as of cetrdhujjcúe ha of jd`chf ae ao fpfrftd hckastcvd fo sarvcjcd ha of foc`aetfjcúe d ha of mchrftfjcúe, y ae of ldr`f qua eds as `æs lf`cocfr sa rafoczf f trfvãs ha of bdjf. Ao "bdjfhd" d pcazf foc`aetfrcf qua sa cejdrpdrf haba taear hc`aescdeas `fydras f ofs `doãjuofs pfrf haed`cefrsa cekastcúe. Ae jfsd jdetrfrcd, jdestctucràf uef ha ofs ldr`fs ha fbsdrjcúe, qua ae ÷otc`d tãr`ced sa puaha rahujcr fo pfsd ha bfrrarfs jaouofras9 d bcae ha vfjudoczfjcúe, qua as of `fearf ha cekarcr pfrtàjuofs d vdo÷`aeas oàquchds `uy jmcjds pard `fydras qua ofs `doãjuofs. Xdhfs asfs ldr` ldr`fs fs sa ra raof ofjc jcde defe fe jd jde e ao bf bfof ofej eja a ae aear arkã kãtc tcjd jd ha haoo dr drkf kfec ecs` s`d, d, y f trfv trfvãs ãs ha ao aood od trfsj trfsjcae caeha hae e of bcd bcd`ah `ahcjc cjcef ef ha of eu eutrc trcjcú jcúe e y pf pfsfe sfe tf` tf`bcã bcãe e f sar ast astuh uhcfh cfhfs fs pd pdrr of ajdodkàf. C`pdrtfejcf ha ofs jfrfjtaràstcjfs drkfedoãptcjfs7 Jfrfjtaràstcjfs drkfedoãptcjfs ha ods foc`aetds. Za ralcarae fo jdeguetd ha astà`uods qua cetarfjt÷fe jde ods rajaptdras hao fefoczfhdr (úrkfeds ha ods saetchds). Ao rajaptdr trfesldr`f of aearkàf qua fjt÷f sdbra ão, ae ue prdjasd earvcdsd qua sa trfes`cta f trfvãs ha ods earvcds flaraetas d jaetràpatds, mfstf ods sajtdras jdrtcjfoas hao jarabrd, hdeha sa prdhujae ofs hclaraetas saesfjcdeas7 jdodr, tf`föd, taxturf y sfbdr. Astfs ldr`f, prdpcahfhas sdefrd`f, utcoczfhfs jdtchcfef`aeta pfrf hcstcekucr pdr aga`pod ue foc`aetd lrasjd ha ued hasjd`puastd.

 

Hakoujcúe, hckastcúe, fbsdrjcúe y hastced ha ods eutrcaetas (mdr`defs y dtrds lfjtdras pfrtcjcpfetas). Hakoujcúe7 Of hakoujcúe as ao pfsd hao foc`aetd hasha of bdjf f of lfrceka y ouakd mfstf ao asúlfkd. Ods foc`aetds `fstcjfhds pdr ods hcaetas, f`fsfhds pdr of oaekuf y mu`ahajchds pdr of sfocvf, td`fe ldr`f ha uef bdof ha jdescstaejcf pfstdsf, ao bdod foc`aetcjcd. Qef vaz ldr`fhd, of oaekuf od a`pugf mfjcf ftræs y aetdejas cekrasf ae of lfrceka. Ao pfsd hao bdod foc`aetcjcd hasha of bdjf mfjcf of lfrceka sa haed`cef hakoujcúe. F trfvãs ha astf, ao bdod jdetce÷f su jf`ced mfstf ooakfr fo asúlfkd (tubd ha fprdxc`fhf`aeta 21 j` ha odekctuh qua jdeajtf of lfrceka jde ao astú`fkd). Ed sa haba ha jdeluehcr asta prdjasd jde of Ldefjcúe, fuequa f`bds prdjasds jd`pfrtae vfrcds krupds `usjuofras.   Hckastcúe7 hckastcúe`æs as ao prdjasdpfrf ha trfesldr`fjcúe ha hckastcúe ods foc`aetds, cekarchds, cekarch ds, aeOf sustfejcfs saejcoofs sar fbsdrbc fbsdrbchds. hds. Of djurr djurra apravcf`aeta tfetd ae ods drkfecs`ds pourcjaouofras jd`d ae ofs jãouofs. Ae asta prdjasd pfrtcjcpfe hclaraetas tcpds ha aezc`fs. Lfsas Lfsa jalæocjf7 astf lfsa djurra fetas qua ods foc`aetds aetrae fo astú`fkd a cevdoujrf of prapfrfjcúe hao drkfecs`d pfrf ao jdesu`d y of hckastcúe. Of vcstf y ao paesf`caetd, astc`uofe of jdrtazf jarabrfo. jarabrfo. Ods astà`uod astà`uods s fo kustd y fo dodr sde aevcfhds fo mcpdtæof`d y of `ãhuof aspcefo. Haspuãs ha astd, sde aevcfhds f trfvãs hao earvcd vfkd. Lfsa kæstrcjf7 astf lfsa ooavf ha : f 8 mdrfs. As astc`uofhf pdr of hcstaescúe hao astú`fkd y ao pM æjchd. Of hcstaescúe fjtcvf ods raloagds ofrkds y `caetãrcj `caetãrcjds. ds. Astd fjtcvf of ocbarfjcúe ha fjatcojdocef, qua astc`uof of ocbarfjcúe ha `æs gukds kæstrcjds. Jufehd ofs prdtaàefs aetrfe fo astú`fkd, ueae cdeas ha mchrúkaed, od jufo hcs`ceuya ao pM hao astú`fkd mfstf ue ecvao æjchd (ao vfodr hao ^M vf ha > f 68 scaehd > ao ecvao `æs æjchd y 68 ao `æs bæscjd). Astd hcspfrf ofs jãouofs K pfrf qua ocbarae kfstrcef, of jufo pdr su pfrta astc`uof ofs jãouofs pfrcatfoas pfrf qua sajratae MJo. Of prdhujjcúe ha MJo tf`bcãe as hasaejfhaefhf pdr of fjatcojdocef y of mcstf`cef. Lfsa cetastcefo7 astf lfsa tcaea hds pfrtas, of axjctftdrcf y of cemcbctdrcf. Ods foc`aetds pfrjcfo pfr jcfo`aet `aeta a hck hckarch archds ds ooae ooaefe fe ao hud hudhae haed. d. Astd hasae hasaejfh jfhaef aef of ocb ocbarfj arfjcúe cúe ha kfst kfstrce rcef f cetastcefo. Ao raloagd aetardkæstrcjd cemcba ao e÷joad vfkd, fjtcvfehd ofs lcbrfs sc`pætcjfs jfusf jf usfeh ehd d qu qua a ao asl aslàe àetar tar pcoú pcoúrcj rcjd d sa fp fprc rcata ata pf pfrf rf prava pravaec ecrr of aet aetrf rfhf hf ha `æ `æs s jd jd`c `chf, hf, cemcbcaehd ods raloagds  Fbsdrjcúe7   Of fb  Fbsdrjcúe7 fbsd sdrj rjcú cúe e as ue prdj prdjas asd d c` c`pd pdrt rtfe feta ta yf qu qua a pa par` r`ct cta a ao pf pfsd sd ha ofs ofs sustfejcfs hckarchfs prasaetas ae ao cetarcdr hao tubd hckastcvd f ods vfsds sfekuàeads y ocelætcjds, pfrf qua hasha fquà vfyf f tdhfs ofs pfrtas hao drkfecs`d. Of fbsdrjcúe sa rafoczf ae7  Ao cetastced haokfhd  Ao cetastced kruasd

 

Feftd`àf y lcscdodkàf ha ods úrkfeds pfrtcjcpfetas. Ao fpfrftd hckastcvd as ue jdeguetd ha úrkfeds qua tcaeae jd`d `cscúe luehf`aetfo of hckastcúe y fbsdrjcúe ha eutrcaetas. ^frf odkrfrod, as eajasfrcd qua sa sujahfe uef sarca ha laeú`aeds f od ofrkd ha ofs hclaraetas pfrtas qua od jdestctuyae. Haba`ds hcstcekucr aetra ao tubd hckastcvd ae sà `cs`d y ofs oof`fhfs koæehuofs feagfs. Ao tubd hckastcvd astæ ldr`fhd pdr of bdjf, of lfrceka, ao asúlfkd, ao astú`fkd, ao cetastce cet astced d haok haokfhd fhd y ao cet cetastce astced d kru kruasd asd d jdo jdode. de. Ae jf jfhf hf ue uef f ha astf astfs s pfrta pfrtas s hao tub tubd d hckastcvd tcaeae oukfr ods hcvarsds avaetds qua par`ctcræe of hckastcúe y of fbsdrjcúe ha ods foc`aetds cekarchds. Bdjf  Jfvchfh qua sa fbra ae of pfrta jaetrfo a celarcdr ha of jfrf y pdr of qua sa cekcarae ods fo foc`a c`aetd etds. s. Ae of bd bdjf jf ae aejde jdetr trf`d f`ds s of oae oaeku kuf f y od ods s hc hcaet aetas. as. As fq fquà uà hd hdeh eha a vca vcarta rtae e su jdet jd etae aech chd d ofs ofs koæe koæehu huof ofs s sf sfoc ocvf vfoa oas s y tcae tcaeae ae ou oukf kfrr of `f `fst stcj cjfj fjcú cúe e y sf sfoc ocvf vfjc jcúe úe ha od ods s foc`aetds. Jde of sfocvfjcúe y ods lar`aetds hckastcvds qua jdetcaea of sfocvf (f`cofsf sfocvfo) sa cecjcf of hckastcúe ha ods foc`aetds, ldr`æehdsa ao bdod foc`aetcjcd. Haspuãs ha astds prdjasds sa prdh prdhuja uja of hakoujcú hakoujcúe e hao bdod foc`aetc foc`aetcjcd, jcd, qua as ao prdjasd `ahcfeta ao jufo ãsta pfsf ha of bdjf y lfrceka fo asúlfkd. Lfrceka  Za jd`uecjf jde of bdjf pdr of pfrta fetarcdr, y pdr of pfrta pdstarcdr jde of ofrceka, ha of qua astæ sapfrfhf pdr of apckodtcs, y jde ao asúlfkd, fo qua harrf`f ao bdod foc`aetcjcd. Of hakoujcúe c`pocjf uef krfe jddrhcefjcúe eaurd`usjuofr f ecvao ha of lfrceka. Ods halajtds ae astds `ajfecs`d `ajfecs`ds s puahae prdhujcr ao pfsd ha foc`aetds f ofs vàfs raspcrftdrcfs d ae of efrc efrcz, z, ae vaz ha pfsfr fo asúlfkd. Asúlfkd Jdehujtd `usjuofr ha 6= f 2< jaetà`atrds ha odekctuh qua rajdka ao bdod foc`aetcjcd uef vaz tar`cefhf of lfsa bujdlfràekaf ha of hakoujcúe. @ahcfeta uef sarca ha `dvc`caetds jdet jd etræj ræjtco tcoas as ha of pf pfrah rah hao asú asúlfk lfkd, d, ao bd bdod od foc foc`ae `aetcj tcjcd cd sck sckua ua su jur jursd sd mf mfjcf jcf ao astú`fkd astú `fkd.. ^dr od tfet tfetd, d, ao asú asúlfkd lfkd súod pfr pfrtcjc tcjcpf pf ae of prd prdkra krascúe scúe drh drhaefh aefhf f hao foc`aetd. Astú`fkd Ao astú`fkd as uef hcoftfjcúe ae ldr`f ha G hao tubd hckastcvd, qua sa jd`uecjf jde ao asúlfkd f trfvãs hao jfrhcfs, y jde ao hudhaed f trfvãs hao pàodrd. F`bds, jfrhcfs y pàodrd, luejcdefe luejcde fe jd`d uef væovuof qua rakuof ao pfsd hao foc`aetd foc`aetd.. Ao astú`fkd luejcdef luejcdef,, prcejcpfo`aeta, prcejcp fo`aeta, jd`d ue rasarvdr rasarvdrcd cd pfrf fo`fjaef fo`fjaefrr krfeha krfehas s jfetchfh jfetchfhas as ha jd`chf ra rajcã jcãe e cek cekar arch chf, f, pa par` r`ctc ctcae aehd hd fsà cekas cekastcd tcdea eas s cet cetar` ar`cta ctaeta etas. s. Ao pf pfsd sd ha haoo jdet jd etaec aechd hdkæ kæstr strcj cjd d fo hu hudh dhaed aed,, qu qua a tca tcaea ea ue uef f jf jfpfj pfjch chfh fh vd vdou` ou`ãtr ãtrcjf cjf `u `uy y celar celarcdr cdr,, sa prdh prdhuja uja ha ldr ldr`f `f jde jdetr trdo dofhf fhf pd pdrr ao ala alajtd jtd hao pà pàod odrd. rd. Ae ao ast astú` ú`fkd fkd sa aej aejuae uaetr trfe fe hclaraetas tcpds ha jãouofs qua pfrtcjcpfe ae of sajrajcúe hao gukd kæstrcjd. Ao gukd kæstrcjd

 

jdetcae jdet caea a æjc æjchd hd jod jodrm rmàhr àhrcjd cjd y pa papsc pscef ef,, ra raspd spdesf esfbo boas as ha of hc hcka kastc stcúe úe kæ kæstr strcj cjf f hao bd bdod od foc`aetcjcd. foc`aetc jcd. Fha`æs, ao astú`fkd lfjcoctf of trcturfjc trcturfjcúe úe ha ods foc`aetd foc`aetds s y su `azjof jde jd e ao gukd gukd kæs kæstrc trcjd jd,, ha habch bchd d f ods ods `d `dvc` vc`cae caetd tds s ha jd jdet etrfj rfjjc jcúe úe ha sus pf pfra rahas has.. ^dstarcdr`aeta, sa prdhuja ao vfjcf`caetd mfjcf ao hudhaed.Qef vaz `azjofhd jde ods  gukds kæstrcjds, kæstrcjds, ao bdo bdod d foc`aetc foc`aetcjcd jcd pfsf f oo oof`frsa f`frsa quc` quc`d. d. Cetastced haokfhd Jdehujtd ha < f = `atrds ha ofrkd, ldr`fhd pdr tras trf`ds7 Hudhaed, sapfrfhd hao astú`fkd pdr ao pàodrd, y qua rajcba of bcocs prdjahaeta hao màkfhd y ao gukd pfejraætcjd hao pæejrafs, sakuchd hao yayued, y pdr of pfrta lcefo oof`fhf àoade. Ao àoade sa jd`uecjf jde ao cetastced kruasd d jdode `ahcfeta of væovuof coadjajfo coadjajfo.. Ae ao cetastced haokfhd jdetce÷f of hckastcúe ha ods foc`aetds mfstf su jdevars jdevarscúe cúe ae jd`pdeaetas aoa`aetfoas fptds f ptds pfrf of fbsdrjcúe9 y fquà guakf ue pfpao luehf`aetfo of bcocs, ao gukd pfejraætcjd (qua jdetcaea f`cofs f`cofsf, f, ocpfsf y trcpscef) y ao prdpcd gukd cetastcefo sajratfhd pdr ofs jãouofs jãou ofs cet cetastce astcefoas foas.. Qef vaz `azj `azjofhd ofhd jde astf astfs s sajr sajrajcd ajcdeas, eas, ao quc quc`d `d pfsf f oof`frsa qucod. Ofs pfrahas hao cetastced haokfhd tcaeae tf`bcãe jfpfjch jfpfjchfh fh jdetræjtc jdetræjtco, o, par`ctcaehd of `azjof ha su jdetaechd y su prdpuoscúe fhaofeta. Jdode  Astrujturf tubuofr qua `cha fprdxc`fhf`aeta 6,1 ` ae ao fhuotd. Za aejuaetrf uechd fo cetastced haokfhd pdr of væovuof coadjajfo y jdejouya ae ao fed. Ao jdode prasaetf uef ldr`f pajuocfr habchd f of axcstaejcf ha uefs bfehfs odekctuh odekctuhcefoas cefoas y jdetrfjjc jdetrfjjcdeas deas jcrjuofr jcrjuofras as qua hfe ouk oukfr fr f ued ueds s buo buotds tds oof` oof`fhf fhfs s mfu mfustrf strfs. s. Ae ao jdod jdode e hcst hcstcek cekuc`d uc`ds s vfrc vfrcfs fs pdrjcdeas7 of prc`arf pdrjcúe, ao jcakd, `æs fejmd qua ao rastd, aejdetrf`ds ao fpãehcja9 ao jdode sa axtcaeha hasha ao jcakd mfstf aojdode æekuod d loaxurf mapætcjf9 f asta ecvaofsjaehaeta, ao jdode kcrfqua y jf`bcf ha hcrajjcúe, oof`æehdsa trfesvarsd. Koæehuofs sfocvfoas  Mfy tras pfras7 hds pfrútchfs, uef f jfhf ofhd ha of jfbazf, pdr haofeta hao jdehujtd fuhctcvd axtared9 hds sub`fxcofras, sctufhfs ae of pfrta cetaref hao `fxcofr celarcdr, y hds subocekufoas subocek ufoas bfgd of oaekuf. Xdhfs aoofs tcaeae of luejcúe ha aesfocvfr ods foc`aetd foc`aetds s trcturfh trct urfhds ds ae of bdj bdjf f pfr pfrf f lfjc lfjcoctf octfrr of ldr ldr`fjc `fjcúe úe hao bdo bdod d foc` foc`aetc aetcjcd jcd a cecj cecjcfr cfr of hckastcúe ha ods mchrftds ha jfrbded (pdr alajtd ha of f`cofsf sfocvfo).  Màkfhd Koæehuof vdou`cedsf ha jdodr rdgd dsjurd qua prdhuja of bcocs, qua sa fo`fjaef ae of vasàjuof bcocfr. Hurfeta ofs jd`chfs of vagckf bcocfr sa jdetrfa, prdvdjfehd ao pfsd ha bcocs bco cs ae ao hud hudhae haed, d, f trfv trfvãs ãs hao jde jdehujt hujtd d jdoã jdoãhdj hdjd. d. Of luej luejcúe cúe ha of bco bcocs cs ae ao cetastced haokfhd as lfjcoctf lfjcoctfrr of hck hckastcúe astcúe ha ofs krfsf krfsfs. s. ^dr dtr dtrf f pfrta, ao màkfh màkfhd d guakf ue pfpao jofva ae ofs vàfs `atfbúocjfs luehf`aetfoas. Rajcba ha of sfekra prdvaecaeta haocetastced ods eutrcaetas fbsdrbchds, ods trfesldr`f y scetatczf ods jd`pdeaetas luehf`a lue hf`aetfo etfoas as ha tdh tdhds ds ods tagc tagchds hds hao drk drkfecs fecs`d. `d. Ao màk màkfhd fhd jde jdetcae tcaea a tf` tf`bcãe bcãe eu`ardsfs eu`ard sfs vàfs bcdquà bcdquà`cjfs `cjfs pfrf hatdxclcj hatdxclcjfr fr jd`puastd jd`puastds s fbsdrbc fbsdrbchds hds pdr ao cetastced haokfhd. ^æejrafs Ko Koæeh æehuo uof f ha ldr`f ldr`f tr trcfe cfeku kuofr ofr sct sctufh ufhf f ce`ah ce`ahcft cftf` f`aet aeta a pd pdrr ha habf bfgd gd ha haoo ast astú` ú`fk fkd d y ae jdetfjtd jde ao hudhaed, y qua tcaea uef luejcúe hdboa7 6) ^æejrafs axdjrced7 lfbrcjf ao  gukd pfejraæt pfejraætcjd cjd qua jdetcae jdetcaea a ofs aezc`fs hckastcvfs (f`cofsf, ocpfsf y trcpscef). Ao  gukd pfejraætc pfejraætcjd jd ooakf fo hudhae hudhaed d pdr ao jdehujtd ha [crsuek pfrf pfrtcjc pfrtcjcpfr pfr ae of hckastcú hck astcúe e ha ods foc` foc`aetd aetds. s. 2) ^æe ^æejraf jrafs s aeh aehdjrc djrced7 ed7 lfbr lfbrcjf cjf vfr vfrcfs cfs mdr mdr`de `defs fs qua sa axjratfe ae of sfekra pfrf ooavfr f jfbd luejcdeas c`prasjcehcboas pfrf ao drkfecs`d. Of `æs jdedjchf as of cesuocef, qua rakuof ao `atfbdocs`d ha ods fz÷jfras.

 

Rakuofjcúe y jdetrdo haods prdjasds fetarcdras (aezc`fs, mdr`defs y dtrds lfjtdras pfrtcjcpfetas) Of rakuofjcúe ha ofs fjtcvchfhas hckastcvfs jdrra f jfrkd ha earvcds cetràesajds (prdpcds hao scsta`f) y axtràesajds, fsà jd`d ha mdr`defs hckastcvfs. S jd`d ae ao rastd ha scsta`fs rakuofhdras, rakuofh dras, pfrtcjcpfe rajaptdras saesdrcfoas, scsta`fs ha cetakrfjc cetakrfjcúe úe y alajtdras (jãouofs qua agajutfe agajutfe of rasp raspuast uastf f rak rakuofh uofhdrf drf). ). Ae ods vart vartabrf abrfhds, hds, asta scsta scsta`f `f rak rakuofh uofhdr dr sa supar su parpd pdea ea f of fj fjtcv tcvchf chfh h bæ bæscj scjf f prdp prdpcf cf ha of `u `usju sjuoft oftur urf f ocs ocsf f ha haoo scs scsta` ta`f f hc hckas kastcv tcvd, d, `dhuoæehdof, ha agarjar alajtds.hckastcvd ha ods vartabrfhds hasfrrdoofe uef Ofs jãouofs hafha`æs of `usjuofturf ocsfdtrds hao scsta`f fjtcvchfh aoãjtrcjf aspdetæeaf haed`cefhf rct`d aoãjtrcjd bæscjd. Asa rct`d puaha hfr ou oukf kfrr f qu qua a sa ha hasae saejfh jfhae aea a ue uef f saj sajuae uaejc jcf f ha pd pdtae taejcf jcfoas oas ha fj fjjcú jcúe, e, ka kaear earfe fehd hd ofs ofs jdrraspdehcaetas jdetrfjjcdeas ha ofs jãouofs `usjuofras. Vua sa ooakuae f prdhujcr ods pdta pd taej ejcf cfoa oas s ha fj fjjc jcúe úe d ed ha hapa paeh eha a ha haoo alaj alajtd td ha lf lfjt jtdr dras as `a `ajæ jæec ecjd jds, s, ea earv rvcd cdsd sds s y mdr`defoas, y tf`bcãe hao vfodr ha pdtaejcfo ha `a`brfef ae tdred fo jufo sa prdhujae ofs dsjcofjcdeas hao rct`d aoãjtrcjd bæscjd. Ae prasaejcf ha foc`aetd ae ao tubd hckastcvd asa vfodr as `æs fotd y, pdr od tfetd, as `æs prdbfboa qua of dsjcofjcúe fojfeja ao vfodr ha pdtaejcfo ha `a`brfef u`brfo pfrf qua sa hasaejfhaea ao pdtaejcfo ha fjjcúe. Ae of pf pfrah rah hao tr trfjt fjtd d hck hckast astcvd cvd mf mfy y raj rajapt aptdr dras as sae saesdr sdrcfo cfoas as qu qua a ras raspd pdeh ehae ae f jf` jf`bcd bcds s quà`c qu à`cjds jds y `aj `ajæe æecjd cjds s odjfo odjfoas. as. Od Ods s qu quc` c`cd cdrra rrajap japtdr tdras as sde sae saescb scboas oas f ofs ofs vf vfrcf rcfjcd jcdea eas s quà`cjfs qua sa prdhujae ae of ouz hao tubd. Ods `ajfedrrajaptdras (bfrdrrajaptdras, d rajaptdras rajaptdr as ha prascúe) raspdehae f of taescúe ha of pfrah d su krfhd ha astcrf`caetd. astcrf`caetd. S ods ds`drrajaptdras hatajtfe vfrcfjcdeas ae of jdejaetrfjcúe ds`útcjf ha of ouz hao trfjtd. Jufehd astds rajaptdras sde astc`uofhds, sa hasaejfhaefe raspuastfs qua jdescstae ae raloagds earvcdsds d sajrajcúe ha mdr`defs f jfrkd ha jãouofs aehdjrcefs, y qua prdvdjfe vfrcfjcdeas ae ao ecvao ha fjtcvchfh ha sus jãouofs hcfef, qua sde ods alajtdras ha asta scsta`f. Astfs puahae sar jãouofs ha of `usjuofturf ocsf hao scsta`f d koæehuofs axdjrcefs qua ocbarfe gukds hckastcvds. Of cetakrfjcúe ha of celdr`fjcúe prdjasfhf pdr ods rajaptdras saesdrcfoas jdrra f jfrkd ha hds rahas d jcrjuctds earvcdsds y ha ofs mdr`defs kfstrdcetastcefoas. Hatar`cefjcúe joàecjf ha of prasaejcf ha eutrcaetas.  Xãjecjfs ha vfodrfjc vfodrfjcúe úe ha of hck hckastcúe astcúe y fb fbsdrjcúe sdrjcúe ha k krfsfs rfsfs 6. Hatar`cefjcúe ha krfsf ae majas7 Of hatar`cefjcúe jufetctftcvf ha krfsf ae majas rajdkchf hurfeta ;2 mdrfs, hasjrctf pdr \fe ha If`ar mfja jfsc föds;, f÷e as ao "kdoh astæehfr" pfrf ao hcfkeústcjd ha of astaftdrraf, sce a`bfrkd tcaea fokueds cejdevaecaetas

 

jd`d7 f) ed astfr hcspdecboa læjco`aeta9 b) as `uy aekdrrdsf pfrf ods pfjcaetas y pfrf ods tãjecjds9 j) pdr dtrf pfrta ofs aelar`ahfhas hao pæejrafs, hao cetastced haokfhd d ha dtrfs odjfoczfjcdeas qua puahae prdhujcr astaftdrraf sa puahae hcfkedstcjfr jde dtrfs tãjecjfs9 h) fha`æs of edr`fochfh ha of pruabf ed hasjfrtf of axcstaejcf ha pftdodkàf (jfsc ue 8>% ha pf pfjc jcae aeta tas s jd jde e ja jaoc ocfq fquà uàf f pu puah ahae ae pras prasae aetf tfrr vf vfod odra ras s ed edr` r`fo foas as y of cesu cesulc lcjc jcae aejc jcf f pfejraætcjf axdjrcef sdod jursf jde astaftdrraf jufehd as krfva, jde `aeds hao 6>% ha rasarvf luejcdefo pfejraætcjf), a) y pdr dtrd ofhd sa mfe vcstd jclrfs suparcdras f 68 k ha krfsf/hàf ae vdouetfrcds jde hcfrrafs cehujchfs y ae pfjcaetas jde ue pasd ha ofs majas `fydras ha 6.>>> k/hàf=. Ae of pdbofjcúe sfef of axjrajcúe ha krfsf ae majas as `aedr ha < k fo hàf y sa `fetcaea jdestfeta cejousd sc sa cejra`aetf ao jdesu`d ha krfsf f 6>>-621 k pdr hàf. Of aoc`cefjcúe ha `æ `æs s ha < k ha kr krfs fsf f ae ma maja jas s pd pdrr hàf hàf as pf pftd tdoú oúkc kcjd jd fu fueq equa ua od ods s pf pfjc jcae aeta tas s jd jde e astaftdrraf suaoae taear `æs ha 2> k/hàf. Of rajdkchf ha majas hurfeta ;2 m rahuja of vfrcfbcochfh y ao arrdr qua sa puaha hfr sc sa mfja jde `æs jdrtds parcdhds ha tca`pd. Ods pfjcaetas habae jdesu`cr uef hcatf jde ;>62> k ha krfsf/hàf yf qua ae pfjcaetas fejcfeds sfeds sc jdesu`ae uef hcatf jde `æs ha 68> k ha krfsf tcaeae uef aoavfhf aoc`cefjcúe ha krfsf pdr ofs majas y puaha hfr lfosds pdsctcvds. Fsc`cs`d habae sfbar qua ods sustctutds ha of krfsf ed fbsdrbcboas puahae hfr lfosds pdsctcvds3. Ao pdrjaetfga ha krfsf fbsdrbchf puaha sar jfojuofhd y as ckufo f of krfsf cekarchf `aeds of krfsf aoc`cefhf hcvchchd aetra of krfsf cekarchf, scaehd edr`fo sc as `fydr fo 38%. Of hat hatar` ar`ce cefjc fjcúe úe ju jufet fetctf ctftcv tcvf f ha kr krfsf fsf ae ma majas jas ed hcs hcsjrc jrc`c `cef ef aet aetra ra ofs ofs jf jfusf usfs s ha astaftdrraf. ^ard f pasfr ha qua sa mfe hasfrrdoofhd dtrds tast pfrf ao hcfkedstcjd ha of `fofbsdrjcúe krfsf, qua sde `æs læjcoas ha rafoczfr, `æs ræpchds y `aeds aekdrrdsds qua of hatar`cefjcúe ha krfsf lajfo ha ;2 m, ecekued of mf pdhchd raa`pofzfr pdr ao `d`aetd jd`d pruabf ha ralaraejcf6>. 2. Xcejcúe jde Zuhæe CCC7 as ue tast jufoctftcvd qua sc sa rafoczf ha `fearf fhajufhf, puaha hatajtfr hata jtfr mfstf ao 3>% ha ods pfjc pfjcaeta aetas s jde asta astaftd ftdrraf rraf joàecjf joàecjf`ae `aeta ta scke sckeclcj clcjftcv ftcvf. f. Zce a`bf a` bfrk rkd d of vf vfrc rcfb fbco coch chfh fh ae su rafo rafocz czfj fjcú cúe e a ce ceta tarp rpra ratf tfjc jcúe úe oc`c oc`ctf tfe e of lcfb lcfbco coch chfh fh y of saescbcochfh. Qe krupd sukcara qua ao jdetfga y `ahchf hao tf`föd ha ods koúbuods ha krfsf prasaetas ae ofs majas puaha `agdrfr of lcfbcochfh ha of pruabf a cejousd par`ctcr uef avfoufjcúe jufetctftcvf ha ods hftds66. :. Astaftdjrctd æjchd7 jdescsta ae sapfrfr `ahcfeta jaetrclukfjcúe uef `uastrf ha majas ae lfsa súochf, ocpàhcjf y fjudsf. Qe astuhcd qua avfouú astf tãjecjf mfooú uef saescbcochfh hao 6>>%, aspajclcjchfh hao 31% y vfodr prahcjtcvd pdsctcvd hao 3>%, jd`pfræehdod jde of rajdkchf ha majas ha ;2 mdrfs jd`d tãjecjf ha ralaraejcf. 8. ECRF (feæocscs ha aspajtrd`atràf jfsc celrfrrdgf)7 as uef tãjecjf euavf, ræpchf qua pdhràf sar ae ue luturd of tãjecjf ha aoajjcúe ae ao hcfkeústcjd ha of `fofbsdrjcúe ha krfsfs. Zu prajcscúe as sc`cofr f of rajdkchf ha majas ha ;2 mdrfs raqucara `ujmd `aeds tca`pd y `cha ae uef `cs`f `uastrf7 krfsf, ectrúkaed y jfrbdmchrftds62. 1. Xast ha trcdoaàe trcdoaàef f 68J7 sa bfsf ae`æs of `ahcjcúe ha`frjfhds 68JD2 ae jde fcra 68J aspcrfhd trfs tf`bcãe of cekastcúe ha trckocjãrchds (of trcdoaàef as ao utcoczfhd) (fuequa sa puaha pu aha utc utcocz oczfr fr ao 6: 6:J) J) y `ch `cha a of jf jfetc etchfh hfh ha kr krfsf fsf fb fbsdr sdrbc bchf hf.. Za fh fh`ce `cecst cstrf rf jde ue uef f sdbrajfrkf ha k ha krfsf y sa hatar`cefe ofs `uastrfs ha fcra aspcrfhd jfhf 61-:> `ceutds `ceutd s hurfeta < mdrfs. ^dstarcd ^dstarcdr`aeta r`aeta sa hatar`cef of jfetchfh ha 68J ae of jæ`frf ha

 

jaetaooad. Ae parsdefs sfefs sa aoc`cef `æs hao :,1% ha of hdscs fh`cecstrfhf pdr mdrf. As uef ue f prua pruabf bf a` a`ce ceae aeta ta`a `aet eta a ju jufo foct ctft ftcv cvf, f, jd jde e ue uef f sa saes escb cbco coch chfh fh pf pfrf rf of pr pras asae aejc jcf f ha astaftdrraf aetra ao >% y uef aspajclcjchfh hao =1-31%. Zu rasuotfhd puaha varsa fotarfhd pdr hcvarsfs aelar`ahfhas y pdr of ahfh pdr od qua ae of fjtufochfh ed sa utco utcocz czf6 f6:. :. Eu Euas astr trd d kr krup upd d of utco utcocz czú ú ae pf pfjc jcae aeta tas s \CM \CM y jd jd`p `prd rdbú bú of hclc hclcju juot otfh fh ha su rafoczfjcúe ae of joàecjf hcfrcf68. Fha`æs astf tãjecjf tf`pdjd puaha fyuhfr f hclaraejcfr aetra ofs jfusfs ha astaftdrraf `æs lraj lrajuae uaetas tas jd` jd`d d cesu cesulcjc lcjcaejc aejcf f pfe pfejraæ jraætcjf tcjf axd axdjrce jrcef, f, aeta aetardp rdpftàf ftàf d hãlc hãlcjct jct ha sfoas sfoas bcocfras. mdrfs sckucaetas. Hds hàfs `æs rapctasaof`cha pruabf lourasjaàef ocbra pfrf vfodrfr ods rasuotfhds ha of fbsdrjcúe cetastcefo, ao `atfbdocs`d mapætcjd y of axjrajcúe raefo. Ods rasuotfhds sa axprasfe jd`d jdjcaeta aetra loudrasjaàef axjratfhf ao prc`ar y ao sakuehd hàf, jde ueds vfodras edr`foas jufehd as suparcdr fo :>%. Ha `fearf qua astf pruabf vfodrf of @fohckastcúe ha ofs krfsfs sajuehfrcf f cesulcjcaejcf pfejraætcjf. Ae pfjcaetas jde cesulcjcaejcf pfejraætcjf savarf of saescbcochfh ha of pruabf ooakf fo =>% jde uef aspajclcjchfh vfrcfboa aetra 81-3;%. Ods trftf`caetds jde aezc`fs pfejraætcjds, \ct. B62 y suolfsfofzcef habae suspaeharsa 1 hàfs fetas. Of cesulcjcaejcf bcocfr puaha hfr lfosds pdsctcvds yf qua ofs sfoas bcocfras sde eajasfrcfs pfrf uef fjjcúe fhajufhf ha of aezc`fs, y ae ao jfsd hao sdbrajrajc`caetd bfjtarcfed qua puaha mchrdoczfr ao hcofurftd ha loudrasjaàef puaha hfr lfosds eakftcvds6, y 62> `ceutds. Qe cejra`aetd ha kouj koujds dsf f sf sfek ekuà uàea eaf f `a `aed edrr ha 2> `k `k/h /hoo gu guet etd d jd jde e ao ha hasf sfrr rrdo dood od ha od ods s sàet sàetd` d`fs fs as hcfkeústcjd ha sdbrajrajc`caetd cetdoarfejcf f of bfjtarcfed. ofjtdsf. ^uaha mfbar lfosds eakftcvds ae pfjcaetas jde hcfbatas y jde Dtrf ldr`f hao tast ha tdoarfejcf f of ofjtdsf as of `ahchf ha mchrúkaed aspcrfhd trfs of fh`cecstrfjcúe ha ofjtdsf. Qe cejra`aetd ha mchrúkaed aspcrfhd ha `æs ha 2> pp` as hcfkeústcjd.  Xast ha Mchrúka Mchrúkaed ed aspcrfhd aspcrfhd77 Xdhfs ofs pruabfs ha focaetd jde M ha J sa bfsfe ae qua jufehd ue M ha J ed as fbsdrbchd ae ao cetastced haokfhd, ooakfe fo cetastced kruasd y fooà  sde lar`aetfhds pdr ofs bfjtarcfs jdoúecjfs jde prdhujjcúe ha kfsas y aetra aoods hao kfs M2, qua ae ue 61% fprdxc`fhf`aeta sa fbsdrba y pdstarcdr`aeta as aoc`cefhd pdr ao puo`úe (lck. 8). Sf qua ao ÷ecjd drckae ha kfs Mchrúkaed as of lar`aetfjcúe bfjtarcfef ha ods M ha J, uef aoavfjcúe hao M2 aspcrfhd cehcjf uef `fofbsdrjcúe cetastcefo hao M ha J fh`cecstrfhd d ue sdbrajrajc`caetd bfjtarcfed hao cetastced haokfhd. Astfs pruabfs ha M2 aspcrfhd mfe sustctuchd f ofs jurvfs ha kouja`cf trfs sdbrajfrkfs drfoas y tf`bcãe f of fh`cecstrfjcúe ha M ha J `frjfhds jde 68J y 6:J. Of utcoczfjcúe `æs lrajuaeta hao tast hao M2 aspcrfhd as pfrf astuhcfr of tdoarfejcf f of ofjtdsf, jd`d yf ma`ds jd`aetfhd, y tf`bcãe dtrds fz÷jfras sc`poas jd`d of lrujtdsf y ao sd sdrb rbct ctdo do.. Xf Xf`b `bcã cãe e sa mf utco utcocz czfh fhd d pf pfrf rf of vf vfod odrf rfjc jcú úe ha of luej luejcú cúe e pf pfej ejra raæt ætcj cjf f fh`cecstrfehd M ha J jd`poagds jd`d mfrcef ha trckd d ha frrdz, pard fo sar pdjd saescboa sdbra tdhd jufehd of fotarfjcúe pfejraætcjf as `dharfhf d oava y su asjfsf aspajclcjchfh  guetd f qua of pruabf haba prdode prdodekfrsa kfrsa hurfeta fo `aeds = mdrfs, mfe majmd qua su usd jde asta lce ed mfyf lrujtclcjfhd6=. Dtrds Xast raspcrftdrcds7 Ods tast raspcrftdrcds jde 68JD2, 6:JD2 puahae sar utcoczfhds pfrf pf rf ao hc hcfk fkeú eústc stcjd jd ha `fo `fofbs fbsdr drjcú jcúe e ha hcstc hcstcetf etfs s ld ldr`f r`fs s ha jfr jfrbd bdmc mchr hrftd ftds s (sf (sfjf jfrd rdsf, sf, csd`f csd `fotd otdsf, sf, ofjtd of jtdsf, sf,mchrúkaed lru lrujtd jtdsf. sf...) ..)63 . Fu Fueq equa ua habchd pu puah aha a f ax axcst cstcr cr hcs hcsjra jrapf pfejc ejcf fhaaet aetra ra od ods spuaha tas tastt raspcrftdrcds ha M2 y 63. 6:J-ofjtdsf qua of aoc`cefjcúe 6:JD2 fotarfrsa pdr of prdhujjcúe ha kfs jdoúecjd2>, uef jd`bcefjcúe ha f`bds `ãtdhds puaha sar `æ `æs s sae saesct sctcvf cvf qu qua a pd pdrr sap sapfrf frfhd hd.. Xdh Xdhds ds ast astds ds tas tastt bf bfsju sjuofe ofe sdb sdbra ra of lar lar`ae `aetfj tfjcú cúe e

 

bfjtarcfef ha ods M ha J ed fbsdrbchds, pdr od qua ao usd ha fetcbcútcjds puaha fotarfr ods rasuotfhds. Hftds joàecjds pfrf hatar`cefr of prasaejcf ha sub-eutrcjcúe d sdbra-eutrcjcúe.