September 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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© B`e Kmpt` Dmcmoduolm Zod`ol-uod`ol Dmc`r`ol ijipjrh`oy`e, ijolutmp, d`o ijotjrfji`be`o sjh`lm`o `t`u sjcurub msm hueu mom t`op` mzmo tjrtucms d`rm pjojrhmt. Msm hueu dmcu`r t`olluol f`w`h pjojrhmt d`o pjrkjt`e`o. mm
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Djol`o ijoluk`pe`o syueur @cb`iducmcc`b, ^joucms d`p`t ijoyjcjs`me`o pjoyusuo`o hueu `f`r y`ol dmhjrm fuduc –AM[ME@ TJX@^@O 8 ’. Hueu mom dmsusuo hjrd`s`re`o egosjp-egosjp egosjp-egosjp d`o prmosmp Mciu ^joljt`bu`o @c`i Amsme`, y`ol dmpjrcue`o uotue i`sy`r`e`t y`ol sjd`ol ijih`oluo. I`esud dmsusuooy` hueu mom uotue ijiud`be`o d`c`i ijoy`ip`me`o Mciu ^joljt`bu`o @c`i Amsme` ej i`sy`r`e`t `t`u pmb`e y`ol ijihutube`o. ijihutube`o. Dm s`ipmol mtu, uotue uotue ijiud`be`o hjc`f`r Amsme`. ^joucms ijoy`d`rm, ejiuolemo`o i`smb `d` ejeur`ol`o d`c`i pjoyusuo`o hueu mom. Zotue mtu, s`r`o `t`u ermtme y`ol ijih`oluo dmb`r`pe`o, `l`r cjhmb h`me, cjhmb hjrluo` `t`u cjhmb sjipuro` d`c`i hueu mom. ^joucms ijoluk`pe`o h`oy`e tjrmi` e`smb ejp`d` sjiu` pmb`e y`ol meut ijih`otu, ijoyjcjs`me`o hueu Amsme` Tjr`p`o 8 mom. [jigl` hjri`oa``t.
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B`c`i`o E@T@ ^JOL@OT@X ………………………………………………………...m D@AT@X M[M ………………………………………………………………… mm H@H 0 CM[TXME [T@TM[ ……….. ……………………………………….. 0 0.0
^joljrtm`o Iu`t`o Iu`t `o Cmstrme ………………………………………… 0
0.8
Bueui Kgucgih ………………………………………………….. 0
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Ijd`o Cmstrme ……………………………………………………… 8
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Bueui L`uss ………………………………………………………. 4
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^gtjosm`c Cmstrme Cmstrm e …………………………………………………… 2
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E`p`smtgr ………. ………………………………………………….. 00
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8.0 @rus Cmstrme d`o Hjd` ^gtjosm`c…………………………………….0= 8.8 Eu`t @rus Cmstrme……………………………………………………0= 8.8 8.; Bueui Gbi ……………………………………………………….. 88 8.; 8.4 Bueui Emrkbgaa …………………………………………………… 88 8.4 8.: [uihjr @rus [j`r`b ………………………………………. ………82 8.: 8.1 Jojrlm d`o D`y` Cmstrme…………………………………………….. 8= 8.1 H@H ;
IJD@O I@LOJT D@O MODZE[M JCJETXGI@LOJT …….. ;4
;.0 Ijd`o I`lojt……………………………………………………... ;4 ;.0 ;.8 L`y` I`lojtme …………………………………………………….. 48 ;.8 ;.; Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojtme ..…………………………………………. 4: ;.4 ^jojr`p`o Moduesm ;.4 Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojtme Jcjetrg i`lojtme .……………………………… 42 ;.: Ljojr`tgr ………………………… ………………………….......... 4= ;.: ;.1 Moduet`o ;.1 Moduet`osm sm Dmrm . ……………………………........................ …………………………….................................... ............ :8 ;. Tr`osagri`tgr ……………………………………………………… :: ;.0> H@H 4
@XZ[ CM[TXME HGC@E-H@CME HGC@E-H @CME ……………………………….. 18
4.0 ^joljrtm`o ^joljrtm` o @rus Cmstrme Hgc`e-h`cme Hgc`e-h `cme ……………………………… 18 4.8 @rus d`o Tjl`ol`o [mousgmd`c ……………………………………. 18 4.8 mv
4.; Omc`m Jajetma …………………………… 4.; ………………………………………………… …………………………. ……. 1; 4.4 X`ole`m` 4.4 X`ole`m`oo @rus Hgc`e-h`cme Hgc`e-h`cm e ……………………………………… 1: 4.: D`y` p`d` X`ole`m`o @rus Hgc`e-h`cme ……………………… 4.: ………………………….. ….. 0 1.0 K`b`y` d`p`t Dmp`otuce`o d`o Dmhm`se`o ………………………… 0>0 1.0 1.8 ^ji`otuc`o p`d` ^jriue``o Kjrimo D`t`r ………………………. 0>4 1.8 1.; Kjrimo Cjoleuol …………………………………………………. 0>: 1.; 1.4 ^jihm`s`o K`b`y` ………………………………………………… 000 1.4 1.: Cjos` Tmpms ………………………………………………………… 08> 1.: 1.1 Ejeu`t`o Cjos` (D`y` Cjos`) …………………………………….. 08; 1.1 1. -0= kgucgih -0=
0 ^rgtgo 9 -0,1 x 0> kgucgih Iu`t`o cmstrme d`p`t hjrpmod`b d`rm s`tu hjod` ej hjod` y`ol c`mooy`. Djimem`o ful` iu`t`o cmstrme tjrsjhut d`p`t dms`cure`o sjbmoll` ijomihuce`o `rus cmstrme. Cmstrme st`tms `t`u cmstrme tmd`e ijol`cmr sjh`l`m d`s`r d`c`i ijipjc`f`rm cmstrme ijol`cmr. 0.8 Bueui Kgucgih tg c`e-ijogc`e `ot`r` du` d u` hjod` y`ol hjriu`t`o – Hjs`roy` l`y` t`rme-ijo`rme `t`u tgc`e-ijogc`e cmstrme sjh`odmol djol`o hjs`roy` i`smol-i`smol iu`t`o d`o hjrh`odmol tjrh`cme djol`o eu`dr`t eu`dr`t f`r`e `ot`r` ejdu` ejdu` hjod` hjriu`t`o tjrsjhut’. A e
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A 9 l`y` kgucgih (ojwtgo) e 9 tjt`p`o kgucgih e 9 = x 0>= O.i8/K8 e
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p jrimtmvmt`s ud`r` `t`u ru`ol b`ip` g 9 pjrimtmvmt`s
g 9 2,2: x 0> -08 K8/O.i8 ^jrh`odmol`o `ot`r` pjrimtmvmt`s su`tu ijdmui djol`o pjrimtmvmt`s b`ip`/ud`r` dmsjhut tjt`p`o dmjcjetrme (E). 0
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9 pjrimtmvmt`s su`tu ijdmui (hue`o ud`r` `t`u ru`ol b`ip`) Kgotgb 0-0 Du` hu`b iu`t`o i`smol-i`smol 8> K d`o 84 K tjrpms`b p`d` f`r`e 08 ki. Bmtuol hjs`r l`y` l`y` tgc`e-ijogc`e y`ol hjejrf` hjejrf` p`d` iu`t`o tjrsjhut hmc` 6 `. `. ejdu` iu`t`o dmcjt`ee`o dm ud`r` h. h. ejdu` iu`t`o dmcjt`ee`o d`c`i ijdmui y`ol tjt`p`o dmjcjetrmeoy` 9 :. ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 q 0 9 8> K 9 8> x 0> -1 K q 8 9 84 K 9 84 x 0> -1 K r 9 08 ki 9 08 x 0> -8 i e 9 = x 0> = O.i8/K8 Hjs`roy` l`y` tgc`e-ijogc`e ejdu` iu`t`o tjrsjhut y`ol dmcjt`ee`o `. `. dm ud`r` A e
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A 0 .;>> 0 .;>> 1> O E : 0.; Ijd`o Cmstrme 0.;.0 ^joljrtm`o Ijd`o Cmstrme
Ijd`o cmstrme `d`c`b ru`ol dm sjemt`r iu`t`o cmstrme dm i`o` l`y` cmstrme i`smb d`p`t dmr`s`e`o `t`u dm`c`im gcjb iu`t`o cmstrme. Ijd`o cmstrme d`p`t dmtmihuce`o gcjb iu`t`o pgsmtma i`upuo gcjb iu`t`o ojl`tma. Ijd`o cmstrme d`p`t d `p`t dml`ih`re`o djol`o d jol`o l`rms-l`rms eb`y`c y`ol dmo`i`e`o l`rms-l`rms ijd`o `t`u l`rms-l`rms l`y`. @r`b ijd`o cmstrme dm sjemt`r hjod` hjriu`t`o cmstrme, d`p`t dml`ih`re`o sjh`l`m hjrmeut 6
8
L`ih`r 0-0 @r`b Eu`t Ijd`o Cmstrme iu`t`o pgsmtma d`o d `o iu`t`o ojl`tma
L`ih`r 0-8 @r`b Eu`t Ijd`o Cmstrme `ot`r` iu`t`o ojl`tma d`o iu`t`o iu `t`o pgsmtma
L`ih`r 0-; @r`b Eu`t Ijd`o Cmstrme `ot`r` iu`t`o pgsmtma d`o iu`t`o iu `t`o pgsmtma 0.;.8 Eu`t Ijd`o Cmstrme
Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme (J) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m b`smc h`lm l`y` Kgucgih y`ol hjejrf` p`d` iu`t`o ufm djol`o djol`o hjs`r iu`t`o ufm tjrsjhut. tjrsjhut.
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0.4 Bueui L`uss –Fuic`b l`rms ijd`o y`ol ijojihus su`tu pjriue``o tjrtutup sjh`odmol djol`o fuic`b iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb pjriue``o pjriue``o tjrtutup mtu’.
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9 sudut `ot`r` J d`o l`rms ogri`c hmd`ol q 9 iu`t`o y`ol dmcmoleupm pjriue``o tjrtutup
g 9 pjrimtmvmt`s ud`r` Bueui L`uss ijofjc`se`o buhuol`o acues cmstrme (fuic`b l`rms ijd`o y`ol ijojihus su`tu pjriue``o tjrtutup) djol`o fuic`b iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb pjriue``o tjrtutup mtu. Bueui mom dmluo`e`o dm luo`e`o uotue ijojotue`o eu`t ijd`o cmstrme p`d` hgc` egoduetgr d`o p`d` ejpmol sjf`f`r. Acues cmstrme () `d`c`b fuic`b l`rms ijd`o (J) y`ol ijojihus tjl`e curus su`tu hmd`ol (@). [jk`r` i`tji`tme i`tji`tme dmoy`t`e`o 6
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L`ih`r 0-4 L`ih`r 0-4 ijcuemse`o l`rms-l`rms ijd`o (J) ijojihus hmd`ol @. Fme` ijd`o cmstrme ijojihus hmd`ol tmd`e tjl`e curus, tjt`pm ijihjotue sudut tjrb`d`p hmd`ol, i`e` hjs`roy` acues cmstrme ijof`dm 6
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L`ih`r 0-1 Buhuol`o J tjrb`d`p r Kgotgb 0-; [jhu`b hgc` egoduetgr djol`o f`rm-f`rm 0> ki, d`o hjs`roy` iu`t`o hgc` tjrsjhut 0>> K. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. X`p`t iu`t`o p`d` pjriue``o hgc` h. h. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme p`d` f`r`e : ki d`rm pus`t hgc`. k. k. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme dm cu`r hgc`, 8> ki d`rm pjriue``o hgc`, ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 `. `. X`p`t iu`t`o dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m hjs`roy` iu`t`o pjr s`tu`o cu`s.
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@ 9 cu`s pjriue``o hgc` 9 4..X 8 X 9 0> ki 9 >,0 i P 9 0>> K 9 0>> x 0> -1 K 9 0>-4 K 0> 4 4 8 4.(;,04).(>,0) K / i h. h. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme p`d` f`r`e : ki d`rm pus`t hgc`. Zotue r 9 : ki5 r 3 X5 X 9 0> ki J dm d`c`i hgc` egoduetgr, sjbmoll` J 9 >. k. k. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme 8> ki d`rm d `rm pjriue``o hgc`. Zotue r 9 8> ki 9 >,8 i5 r ? X5 X 9 0> ki, i`e` J e
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0.4.8 Eu`t Ijd`o Cmstrme `ot`r` ` ot`r` Du` Ejpmol [jf`f`r Hjriu`t`o
Du` ejpmol pjolb`ot`r sjf`f`r dmhjrme`o iu`t`o cmstrme s`i` hjs`r tjt`pm hjrc`w`o`o fjoms, i`e` `ot`r` ejdu` ejpmol ejpmol mtu `e`o tjrd`p`t ijd`o cmstrme y`ol ``r`b r`b l`rms l`y`oy` d`rm iu`t`o pgsmtma ej iu`t`o ojl`tma.
L`ih`r 0-< Du` ejpmol hjriu`t`o sjf`f`r Hjs`roy` eu`t ijd`o cmstrme `ot`r` ejdu` ejpmol sjf`f`r `d`c`b 6 J g
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p jrimtmvmt`s t`s h`b`o `ot`r` ejdu` ejjpmol (hue`o ud`r` `t`u b`ip`). 9 pjrimtmvm Kgotgb 0-4 Du` hu`b ejpmol egoduetgr sjf`f`r, djol`o d jol`o iu`t`o i`smol-i`smol -8 K d`o +8 K. Fme` `ot`r` ejdu` ejpmol tjrd`p`t ud`r` u d`r` y`ol ijipuoy`m g 2,2: x0> 08 K 8 / Oi 8 d`o cu`s i`smol-i`smol ejpmol 0> 8 i 8 . Tjotue`o 6 <
`. `. X`p`t iu`t`o p`d` ejpmol h. h. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme `ot`r` ejdu` ejpmol ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 `. `. X`p`t iu`t`o p`d` ejpmol P 9 8 K 9 8 x 0>-1 K @ 9 0> 8 i 8 8 x0> 1 8 x0> 4 K / i 8 8 @ 0> P
h. h. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme `ot`r` ejdu` ejpmol 8 x0> 4 J 8,81 x0>
0.: ^gtjosm`c Cmstrme 0.:.0 ^gtjosm`c Cmstrme y`ol dmtmihuce`o gcjb s`tu iu`t`o cmstrme c mstrme
[jtm`p tmtme d`c`i ijd`o cmstrme sjc`cu ijimcmem eu`t ijd`o cmstrme y`ol ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o vjetgr d`o pgtjosm`c cmstrme y`ol ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o se`c`r. Fme` pgtjosm`c cmstrme mtu dmtmihuce`o gcjb sjhu`b iu`t`o tmtme, i`e` pgtjosm`c p`d` su`tu tjip`t tjrb`d`p iu`t`o tjrsjhut `d`c`b 6
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@p`hmc` pgtjosm`c cmstrme mtu dmtmihuce`o gcjb cjhmb d`rm d `rm s`tu iu`t`o, i`e` pgtjosm`c p`d` su`tu tmtme ijrup`e`o ijrup`e`o fuic`b `cf`h`r pgtjosm`coy` pgtjosm`coy` tjrb`d`p tm`p-tm`p iu`t`o iu`t`o..
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Kgotgb 0-: Du` ejpmol cgl`i i`smol-i`smol ijipuoy`m pgtjosm`c Q0 9 1 vgct d`o Q8 9 8 vgct. Hjr`p` us`b` y`ol dmpjrcue`o gcjb sjhu`b jcjetrgo uotue hjrpmod`b d`rm Q0 ej Q8 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 q
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Q0 9 1 vgct Q8 9 8 vgct \ q (Q 8 Q 0 ) 9 0,1 x0> 0= ( 8 1) 1,4 x0> 0= fgucj
0.1 E`p`smtgr
E`p`smtgr `t`u egodjos`tgr `d`c`b egipgojo cmstrme y`ol dmluo`e`o uotue ijoymip`o iu`t`o cmstrme. ^`d` d`s`roy` e`p`smtgr hjrup` du` ejpmol `t`u du` cjih`r`o pjolb`ot`r y`ol dmpms`be`o s`tu s`i` c`mo djol`o h`b`o msgc`tgr. Msgc`tgr pjims`b mom sjrmol dmsjhut h`b`o dmjcjetrme . Ejdu` ejpmol `t`u cjih`r`o p`d` e`p`smtgr mom dmhjrm iu`t`o s`i` tjt`pm hjrc`mo`o fjoms, y`ol s`tu dmhjrm iu`t`o pgsmtma d`o ejpmol y`ol c`mooy` dmhjrm iu`t`o ojl`tma. [jk`r` ejsjcurub`o e`p`smtgr sjsuolluboy` ojtr`c. 0.1.0 Fjoms E`p`smtgr
Hjrd`s`re`o h`b`o dmjcjetrme y`ol dmluo`e`o, tjrd`p`t hjhjr`p` i`k`i e`p`smtgr y`mtu e`p`smtgr ime`, e`p`smtgr ejrt`s, e`p`smtgr ejr`ime, e`p`smtgr jcjetrgcmt, e`p`smtgr ud`r`. Hjrd`s`re`o fjoms eutuh (pgc`r), e`p`smtgr dmhjd`e`o ijof`dm du` e`t`lgrm, y`mtu e`p`smtgr tjreutuh (pgc`r) d`o e`p`smtgr t`e tjreutuh (ogo pgc`r). E`p`smtgr pgc`r ijolbjod`em pji`s`ol`ooy` pji`s`ol`ooy` d`c`i r`ole`m`o cmstrme tmd`e hgcjb dmh`cme, h`lm`o h `lm`o `ogd`oy` (+) b`rus dmbuhuole`o djol`o pgtjosm`c y`ol cjhmb tmollm d`o h`lm`o e`tgd`oy` (-) b`rus dmbuhuole`o djol`o pgtjosm`c y`ol cjhmb rjod`b. Kgotgb e`p`smtgr pgc`r `d`c`b e`p`smtgr jcjetrgcmt. E`p`smtgr ogo pgc`r d`p`t dmbuhuole`o djol`o suihjr iu`t`o sjk`r` sjih`r`ol.
L`ih`r 0-08 [mihgc e`p`smtgr ogopgc`r d`o pgc`r 00
0.1.8 Ejluo``o E`p`smtgr
E`p`smtgr dmpjrluo`e`o uotue ijolbmod`re`o tjrf`dmoy` cgok`t`o cmstrme p`d` r`ole`m`o-r`ole`m`o y`ol ijol`oduol euip`r`o, hmc` tmh`-tmh` `rus cmstrme dmputuse`o. E`p`smtgr ful` d`p`t hjrauolsm sjh`l`m pjoymip`o iu`t`o `t`u jojrlm cmstrme. ^`d` pjs`w`t r`dmg dmluo`e`o sjh`l`m tuomol uotue ijimcmb p`of`ol ljcgih`ol y`ol dmejbjod`em. 0.1.; E`p`smt`s E`p`smtgr
E`p`smtgr dmluo`e`o uotue ijoymip`o iu`t`o cmstrme. Eji`ipu`o su`tu e`p`smtgr uotue ijoymip`o iu`t`o cmstrme dmoy`t`e`o djol`o hjs`r`o e`p`smt`s `t`u e`p`smt`osm. E`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr ( K ) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m pjrh`odmol`o `ot`r` iu`t`o P y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr d`o hjd` h jd` pgtjosm`c `ot`r` ejdu` egoduetgroy` (Q). K
P Q
(0-8;)
P 9 h`oy`eoy` iu`t`o y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr (kgucgih) Q 9 hjd` pgtjosm`c `ot`r` ejdu` egoduetgr d`c`i e`p`smtgr (vgct) K 9 k`p`smt`s k`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr (a`r`d). 0 a`r`d 9 0 kgucgih/vgct. 0 A 9 0>-1 A D`rm pjrs`i``o (0-8;) b`rl` K `d`c`b egost`o (tjt`p), `rtmoy` hmc` P hjs`r, i`e` Q `e`o hjs`r d`o hmc` P ejkmc, i`e` Q `e`o ejkmc, sjd`ole sjd `ole`o `o K tjt`p. `. `. E`p`smt`s E`p`smtgr Ejpmol [jf`f`r I`smol-i`smol ejpmol hjriu`t`o P, cu`s i`smol-i`smol ejpmol @, f`r`e `ot`r` ejpmol d. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme `ot`r` ejpmol 6 J djol`o P , sjbmol` @ g dmd`p`t 6 J
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(0-84)
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D`rm du` pjrs`i``o (0-84) d`o (0-8:) dmpjrgcjb 6 Q
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(0-81)
08
L`ih`r 0-0; E`p`smtgr Ejpmol [jf`f`r D`rm djamomsm e`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr djol`o pjrs`i``o p jrs`i``o (0-81) dmpjrgcjb 6 K
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D`rm du` pjrs`i``o (0-;>) d`o (0-;0) dmpjrgcjb 6 K 4. . g . X
(0-;8) 0;
k. k. L`huol`o E`p`smtgr (0) (0) E`p`smt`s E`p`smtgr dmsusuo [jrm Hjhjr`p` e`p`smtgr y`ol dmsusuo sjrm, i`e` iu`t`o p`d` i`smol-i`smol e`p`smtgr `d`c`b s`i`, y`mtu s`i` djol`o iu`t`o l`huol`ooy`.
q 8 q; q
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L`ih`r 0-04 [usuo`o [jrm E`p`smtgr Hjd` pgtjosm`c p`d` ufuol-ufuol e`p`smtgr l`huol`o s`i` djol`o fuic`b hjd` pgtjosm`c ufuol-ufuol ufuol-ufuol tm`p e`p`smtgr. Q Q 0 Q 8
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e`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr l`huol`o l`huol`o sjrm
(8) (8) E`p`smt`s E`p`smtgr dmsusuo ^`r`cjc @p`hmc` `d` hjhjr`p` hu`b e`p`smtgr dmp`s`ol p`r`cjc, i`e` e`p`smtgre`p`smtgr tjrsjhut `e`o ijipuoy`m hjd` pgtjosm`c y`ol s`i`, y`mtu s`i` djol`o hjd` pgtjosm`c l`huol`ooy`. Q 0 Q 8 Q ; Q
L`ih`r 0-0: [usuo`o [usuo`o ^`r`cjc E`p`smtgr q
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e`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr l`huol`o l`huol`o p`r`cjc
(0-;4)
0.1.4 Jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i E`p`smtgr
Jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr ijrup`e`o jojrlm pgtjosm`c iu`t`oiu`t`o. Jojrlm mtu tjrsmip`o dm d`c`i ijd`o cmstrme y`ol dmtmihuce`o gcjb e`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr tjrsjhut. Hjs`roy` jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i d `c`i e`p`smtgr s`i` djol`o hjs`roy` us`b` pjihjrm`o iu`t`o 6 \ q.Q
(0-;:)
Q hjd` pgtjosm`c r`t`-r`t`
Hjd` pgtjosm`c `w`c `d`c`b ogc, i`e` hjd` pgtjosm`c r`t`-r`t` sjc`i` prgsjs pjimod`b`o iu`t`o `d`c`b 6 Q
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Hjs`roy` us`b` y`ol dmpjrcue`o 6 \ q.( 0 8 \
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0. 0. Du` hu`b iu`t`o i`smol-i`smol 8> K d`o 2> K. F`r`e `ot`r` ejdu` iu`t`o mtu 8> ki. Hjr`p`e`b hjs`r l`y` t`rme-ijo`rme `ot`r` ejdu` iu`t`o tjrsjhut, fme` ejd` iu`t`o mtu6 `. `. tjrcjt`e dm ud`r` h. h. tjrcjt`e dm d`c`i ijdmui djol`o tjt`p`o dmjcjetrmeui9 ;. 8. 8. Bmtuol eu`t ijd`o cmstrme p`d` f`r`e 0> ki d`rm sjhu`b iu`t`o pgsmtma 0> K ! ;. ;. Du` hu`b e`p`smtgr 1 A d`o 0> A dmsusuo sjrm, dmbuhuole`o djol`o suihjr tjl`ol`o 00> vgct. Bmtuol jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr l`huol`o tjrsjhut !
01
X@OLEZI@O
0. 0. Hjs`r ejkmcoy` su`tu iu`t`o cmstrme dmueur d`c`i s`tu`o Kgucgih. Iu`t`o cmstrme d`p`t hjrpmod`b d`rm s`tu hjod` ej hjod` y`ol c`mooy`. Cmstrme st`tms `t`u cmstrme tmd`e ijol`cmr sjh`l`m d`s`r d`c`i ijipjc`f`rm cmstrme ijol`cmr. 8. Bueui Kgucgih 6 – Hjs`roy` l`y` t`rme-ijo`rme `t`u tgc`e-ijogc`e `ot`r` du` hjod` y`ol hjriu`t`o cmstrme sjh`odmol djol`o hjs`roy` i`smol-i`sm i`smol-i`smol ol iu`t`o d`o hjrh`odmol tjrh`cme djol`o djol`o eu`dr`t f`r`e `ot`r` ejdu` hjod` hjriu`t hjriu`t`o `o tjrsjhut’.
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;. ;. Ijd`o cmstrme `d`c`b ru`ol dm sjemt`r iu`t`o cmstrme dm i`o` l`y` cmstrme i`smb d`p`t dmr`s`e`o `t`u dm`c`im gcjb iu`t`o cmstrme. 4. 4. Eu`t ijd`o cmstrme (J) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m b`smc h`lm l`y` Kgucgih y`ol hjejrf` p`d` iu`t`o ufm djol`o hjs`r iu`t`o ufm tjrsjhut. tjrsjhut. J A q'
:. :. Bueui L`uss 6 –Fuic`b l`rms ijd`o y`ol ijojihus su`tu pjriue``o tjrtutup sjh`odmol djol`o fuic`b iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb pjriue``o tjrtutup mtu’.
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1. 1. [jtm`p tmtme d`c`i ijd`o cmstrme sjc`cu ijimcmem eu`t ijd`o cmstrme y`ol ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o vjetgr d`o pgtjosm`c pgtjosm`c cmstrme y`ol ijrup`e`o ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o se`c`r. se`c`r. Q 9 J.r . r`ole`m`o-r`ole`m`o y`ol ijol`oduol euip`r`o, hmc` tmh`-tmh` `rus cmstrme dmputuse`o 00. E`p`smt`s e`p`smtgr ( K ) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m pjrh`odmol`o `ot`r` iu`t`o P y`ol 00. tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr d`o hjd` pgtjosm`c `ot`r` ejdu` egoduetgroy` (Q). K
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08. Hjs`roy` jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr s`i` djol`o hjs`roy` us`b` 08. pjihjrm`o iu`t`o 6 \ q.Q
0;. Hjs`roy` jojrlm y`ol tjrsmip`o d`c`i e`p`smtgr d`p`t dmtjotue`o djol`o pjrs`i``o 6 0;. \ .K .Q 0 8
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Tufu`o 6 [jtjc`b ijolmeutm eucm`b mom, i`b`smsw` dmb`r`pe`o d`p`t iji`b`im pjoljrtm`o `rus cmstrme sj`r`b sjrt` d`p`t ijolbmtuol eu`t `rus ` rus cmstrme, hjd` pgtjosm`c, rjsmstgr, jojrlm d`o d`y` cmstrme.
8.0 @rus Cmstrme
@rus cmstrme dmtmihuce`o gcjb iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol hjrpmod`b `t`u iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol
hjrljr`e. Hmc` d`c`i su`tu pjolb`ot`r tjrus-ijojrus tjrf`dm pjrpmod`b`o iu`t`o `t`u `t`u jcjetrgo, i`e` hjr`rtm d`c`i pjolb`ot`r mtu tjrf`dm `rus cmstrme. ^`d` uiuioy` b`oy` iu`t`o cmstrme ojl`tma `t`u jcjetrgo y`ol d`p`t hjrljr`e hjh`s. @r`b `rus cmstrme hjrc`w`o`o djol`o `r`b ljr`e jcjetrgooy`. jcjetrgooy`. @l`r tjrf`dm `rus cmstrme p`d` su`tu pjolb`ot`r, i`e` ufuol-ufuol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r mtu, b`rus dmhu`t hjrhjd` pgtjosm`coy`, ufuol y`ol s`tu pgtjosm`coy` tmollm d`o ufuol y`ol c`mo pgtjosm`coy pg tjosm`coy`` rjod`b. @rus cmstrme ijol`cmr d`rm pgtjosm`c y`ol tmollm ej pgtjosm`c y`ol rjod`b. Hjd` pgtjosm`c y`ol ijoyjh`he`o tjrf`dmoy` `rus cmstrme dmsjhut tjl`ol`o cmstrme.
L`ih`r 8-0 @r`b `rus cmstrme hjrc`w``o djol`o `r`b ljr`e jcjetrgo 8.8 Eu`t @rus Cmstrme
Eu`t `rus cmstrme cmstrme `d`c`b fuic`b iu`t`o y`ol ijol`cmr ijc`cum su`tu e`w`t pjolb`ot`r pjr s`tu`o w`etu. Hmc` sjfuic`b sj fuic`b iu`t`o q ijol`cmr ijc`cum i jc`cum pjo`ip`ol pjol`ot`r p jol`ot`r d`c`i w`etu t, i`e` eu`t `rus M y`ol ijol`mr hjs`roy` `d`c`b 6 M
q t
(8-0)
q 9 fuic`b iu`t`o y`ol ijol`cmr (kgucgih) t 9 w`etu (djtme) M 9 eu`t `rus cmstrme (@ipjrj) 0 @ip`rj 9 0 kgucgih/djtme Kgotgb 8-0 ^`d` sjhu`b e`w`t pjolb`ot`r sjtm`p ijomtoy` ijol`cmr iu`t`o cmstrme sjhjs`r ;8>> K. Bmtuol eu`t `rus d`o h`oy`eoy` jcjetrgo y`ol ijol`cmr ! 0=
^joyjcjs`m`o 6 q 9 ;8>> K 9 ;8>> x 0> -1 K t 9 0 ijomt 9 1> djtme M
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Hjs`roy` iu`t`o s`tu jcjktrgo 6 j 9 0,1 x 0>-0= kgucgih H`oy`eoy` jcjetrgo y`ol ijol`cmr 6 ;8>> x0> 1 x 01 0= 8 0> jcjetrgo j 0,1 x0>
q
8.8.0 X`p`t @rus
Hmc` cu`s pjo`ip`ol y`ol dmcjw`tm `rus sjhjs`r @, i`e` r`p`t `rus F d`p`t dmtucms 6 F
M @
(8-8)
X`p`t `rus (F) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m eu`t `rus pjr s`tu`o cu`s pjo`ip`ol. X`p`t `rus ijipuoy`m s`tu`o `ipjrj / i 8 . 8.8.8 B`ih`t`o Fjoms
B`ih`t`o fjoms dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m pjrh`odmol`o `ot`r` eu`t ijd`o cmstrme djol`o r`p`t `rusoy`. B`ih`t`o fjoms `d`c`b sma`t pjolb`ot`r d`rm su`tu h`b`o. Eu`t `rus d`c`i su`tu pjolb`ot`r tjrl`otuol d`rm eu`t ijd`o cmstrme J dm d`c`i d `c`i pjolb`ot`r.
J F
(8-;)
J 9 eu`t ijd`o cmstrme F 9 r`p`t `rus cmstrme 9 b`ih`t`o fjoms h`b`o Fme` hjd` pgtjosm`c pgtjosm`c `ot`r` ufuol-ufuol ufuol-ufuol su`tu e`w`t y`ol p`of`oloy` C `d`c`b Q, eu`t ijd`o cmstrme d`c`i pjolb`ot`r tjrsjhut J, i`e` hjrd`s`re`o pjoljt`bu`o cmstrme st`tms tjot`ol pgtjosm`c cmstrme, dmd`p`t 6 Q 9 J.C
J
Q C
(8-4)
dmi`o` Q 9 hjd` pgtjosm`c, pgtjosm`c, J 9 eu`t ijd`o cmstrme, cmstrme, C p`of`ol e`w`t. e`w`t. D`rm pjrs`i``o (8-8), (8-;), d`o (8-4), dmpjrgcjb 6 J Q C F M @
Q M C . @ 8>
M
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. C @
(8-:)
C X @
(8-1)
dmi`o` X 9 b`ih`t`o su`tu e`w`t pjolb pj olb`ot`r. `ot`r. D`rm pjrs`i``o (8-1) d`p`t dmejt`bum, h`bw` h `bw` b`ih`t`o su`tu e`w`t pjolb`ot`r tjrl`otuol d`rm 6 (`) (`) B`ih`t`o fjoms pjolb`ot`r ( ). (h) (h) ^`of`ol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r (C). (k) (k) Cu`s pjo`ip`ol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r (@). D`rm du` pjrs`i``o (;-:) d`o (;-1) dmd`p`t 6 M
Q X
8.8.;
(8- vgct. Hjr`p`e`b eu`t `rus y`ol ijol`cmr ijc`cum c`ipu mtu 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 X 9 44> gbi Q 9 88> vgct M 9 …. 7 M Q 88> X 44>
>,: @
8.4 Bueui Emrkbgaa 8.4.0 Bueui Emrkbgaa M
–Fuic`b `rus y`ol i`sue p`d` su`tu tmtme pjrk`h`ol`o s`i` djol`o fuic`b `rus y`ol ejcu`r d`rm tmtme pjrk`h`ol`o mtu’.
M
i`sue
M ejcu`r
(8-00)
L`ih`r 8-8 @rus y`ol y`ol i`sue M0, M8 d`o y`ol ejcu`r M;, M4 M 0 + M 8 9 M ; + M 4
`. `. X`ole`m`o B`ih`t`o [jrm ^`d` r`ole`m`o b`ih`t`o y`ol dmsusuo sjrm, hjs`r eu`t `rus cmstrme y`ol ijol`cmr p`d` tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o `d`c`b s`i` .
88
L`ih`r 8-; X`ole`m`o b`ih`t`o sjrm sjrm Q `h M X . X0 Q hk M X .X 8 Q `k
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b`ih`t`o pjoll`otm y`ol dmsusuo sjrm (gbi).
(8-08)
B`ih`t`o pjoll`otm susuo`o sjrm sjc`cu cjhmb hjs`r d`rmp`d` d `rmp`d` s`c`b s`tu b`ih`t`o y`ol tjrhjs`r. Kgotgb 8-; Tml` hu`b rjsmstgr ijipuoy`m b`ih`t`o hjrturut-turut = gbi, < gbi d`o 4 gbi dmsusuo sjrm. X`ole`m`o mom dmbuhuole`o djol`o suihjr tjl`ol`o 1> vgct. Bmtuol eu`t `rus d`o hjd` pgtjosm`c (tjl`ol`o) tm`p-tm`p rjsmstgr ! ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 X0
= gbi
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Q 9 1> vgct M 9 …..7 5 Q 0 ….7 5 Q 8 ….. 7 5 Q ; ….. 7 B`ih`t`o pjoll`otm pjoll`otm susuo`o sjrm 6 Xs
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Eu`t `rus p`d` r`ole`m`o 6
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;
;
h. h. X`ole``o B`ih`t`o ^`r`cjc ^`d` r`ole`m`o b`ih`t`o y`ol dmsusuo p`r`cjc, hjs`roy` tjl`ol`o (hjd` pgtjosm`c) p`d` tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o `d`c`b s`i` hjs`r, y`mtu s`i` djol`o tjl`ol`o p`d` b`ih`t`o pjoll`otm.
L`ih`r 8-4 X`ole`m`o b`ih`t`o p`r`cjc p`r`cjc Q 0
Q 8 Q `h
M M 0 M 8 Q `h X ^
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Q `h X8
0 X8
(8-0;)
b`ih`t`o pjoll`otm p`r`cjc (gbi)
B`ih`t`o pjoll`otm p`r`cjc sjc`cu cjhmb ejkmc d`rmp`d` s`c`b s`tu b`ih`t`o y`ol tjrejkmc. Kgotgb 8-4 Tml` hu`b b`ih`t`o i`smol-i`smol X0 4 gbi, X8 ; gbi d`o X; 1 gbi dmsusuo p`r`cjc d`o dmbuhuole`o djol`o suihjr tjl`ol`o 84 vgct. Bmtuol eu`t `rus y`ol ejcu`r d`rm suihjr tjl`ol`o, hjd` pgtjosm`c d`o eu`t `rus p`d` tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o ! 84
^joyjcjs`m`o 6
4 gbi, X8 ; gbi d`o X; 1 gbi
X0
Q 9 84 vgct B`ih`t`o pjoll`otm pjoll`otm p`r`cjc 6
0
0
X ^
X0
X^
0 X8
0
0
0
0
12 4
4
;
1
84
X;
02
84
84 4 gbi 02 ;
@rus y`ol ejcu`r d`rm suihjr tjl`ol`o 6 M
Q `h
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; 84 84 x 02 @ 4 4;
Tjl`ol`o p`d` tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o 6 Q 0
Q 8 Q ; Q `h Q 84 vgct
Eu`t `rus d`c`i tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o 6 M 0
M 8
M ;
Q
X0
Q X8 Q X;
84 1 @ 4
84 2 @ ;
84 4 @ 1
8.4.8 Bueui Emrkbgaa MM
–D`c`i sjhu`b r`ole`m`o tjrtutup, fuic`b `cf`h`r l`y` ljr`e cmstrme (J) s`i` djol`o fuic`b `cf`h`r pjouruo`o pgtjosm`c cmstrmeoy` ( M.X )’. [jk`r` i`tji`tme` d`p`t dmruiuse`o 6 . J M X
(8-04)
J 9 l`y` ljr`e cmstrme (llc) djol`o s`tu`o vgct. M 9 eu`t `rus cmstrme ( @ ). X 9 b`ih`t`o pjolb`ot`r pjolb`ot`r `t`u rjsmstgr ( gbi ). (0) X`ole`m`o djol`o sjhu`b cggp ^`d` sjhu`b r`ole`m`o tjrtutup (cggp), `rus y`ol ijol`cmr `d`c`b s`i`, y`mtu sjhjs`r M.
8:
L`ih`r 8-: X`ole`m`o Cmstrme [`tu Cggp J 0 + J 8 9 M.( X0 + X8 + X; + r 0 + r 8 )
Kgotgb 8-: D`rm l`ih`r r`ole`m`o dm h`w`b mom, hjr`p` hjs`roy` eu`t `rus cmstrme y`ol ijol`cmr p`d` r`ole`m`o tjrsjhut 7
^joyjcjs`m`o 6 Ijourut Bueui Emrkbgaa MM 6 . J M X J 0 J 8
M .( r 0 X 0 X8 r 8 X; X4 )
;1 ‛ 1 9 M. ( 0 + 1 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 2 ) ;> 9 84.M M
;> 0,8: @ 84
(8) X`ole`m`o djol`o du` cggp X`ole`m`o i`fjiue y`ol tjrdmrm d`rm du` cggp d`p`t dmsjcjs`me`o djol`o ijipjrluo`e`o `tur`o-`tur`o sjh`l`m hjrmeut 6 81
`) `) Tjotue`o `r`b put`r`o `rusoy` uotue i`smol-i`smol cggp. h) h) @rus y`ol sj`r`b djol`o `r`b pjruip`i``o dm`oll`p pgsmtma, y`ol hjrc`w`o`o ojl`tma. k) k) ^`d` s`tu cggp, d`rm s`tu tmtme k`h`ol ej tmtme tmtm e hjrmeutoy`, eu`t `rusoy` `d`c`b s`i`. d) Hjrm t`od` p`o`b p`d` jcjijo (h`tjrj `t`u suihjr tjl`ol`o tjl`ol`o DK) djol`o `r`b d`rm eutuh ojl`tma ej eutuh pgsmtma. Hmc` `r`b p`o`b p `o`b sj`r`b djol djol`o `o `r`b cggp, i`e` omc`m J pgsmtma d`o hmc` `r`b p`o`o hjrc`w`o`o djol`o `r`b cggp, i`e` omc`m J ojl`tma. j) j) D`rm b`smc pjrbmtuol`o `ebmr, hmc` eu`t `rus hjrb`rl` pgsmtma `r`b pjruip`i``ooy`` `d`c`b hjo`r, hmc` ojl`tma hjr`rtm hjrc pjruip`i``ooy hjrc`w`o`o `w`o`o djol`o `r`b p`d` pjruip`i``o.
L`ih`r 8-1 X`ole`m`o Cmstrme Du` Cggp Cggp
^`d` tmtme @ hjrc`eu bueui Emrkbgaa M 6 M 8 9 M 0 + M ; Djol`o ijolluo`e`o bueui bueui Emrkbgaa Emrkbgaa MM 6 Cggp M 6 . J M X J 0 J 8 J ;
M 0 ( X0 r 0 r 8 ) M 8 ( X8 r ; )
Cggp MM 6 . J M X J ; J 4
M 8 ( X8 r ; ) M ; ( X; r 4 X4 ) 8<
8.: [uihjr @rus [j`r`b
[uihjr `rus sj`r`b `d`c`b suihjr jojrlm cmstrme y`ol d`p`t ijomihuce`o `rus cmstrme y`ol hjs`r d`o `r`boy` sjc`cu tjt`p (egost`o). [uihjr `rus sj`r`b mom d`p`t hjr`s`c d`rm prgsjs emim` `t`u d`rm prgsjs c`mooy`. [uihjr-suihjr `rus sj`r`b y`ol hjr`s`c d`rm prgsjs emim` dmsjhut jcjijo-jcjijo jcjetrgemim`. Jcjijo jcjetrgemim` j cjetrgemim` dmlgcgole`o ijof`dm du`, y`mtu jcjijo prmijr d`o jcjijo sjeuodjr. Kgotgb jcjijo prmijr 6 jcjijo vgct`, jcjijo Cjkc`okj, jcjijo ejrmol, jcjijo `ce`cmo, d`o jcjijo r`es`. Kgotgb jcjijo sjeuodjr 6 `euiuc`tgr (`em). [uihjr `rus sj`r`b c`mooy` `d`c`b ljojr`tgr `rus sj`r`b. X`ole`m`o [uihjr tjl`ol`o 6
`) `) X`ole`m`o sjrm suihjr tjl`ol`o Hjhjr`p` suihjr tjl`ol`o y`ol dmr`ole`m sjrm ijolb`smce`o l`y` ljr`e cmstrme (llc) tgt`c y`ol cjhmb hjs`r.
L`ih`r 8-< 8-< X`ole`m`o llc sjrm sjrm
J 0 + J 8 + J ; + ……..+
J tgt`c
r tgt`c
r 0 + r 8 + r ; + ……… +
J tgt`c r tgt`c
J o
(8-0:)
r o
(8-01)
llc tgt`c (vgct)
b`ih`t`o d`c`i tgt`c d`rm sjcurub suihjr tjl`ol`o tjl`ol`o (gbi)
h) h) X`ole`m`o p`r`cjc suihjr tjl`ol`o Hjhjr`p` suihjr tjl`ol`o y`ol dmr`ole`m p`r`cjc, ijolb`smce`o llc tgt`c tg t`c y`ol cjhmb ejkmc dmh`odmole`o fme` dmr`ole d mr`ole`m `m sjrm. Hmc` hjs`roy` llc i`smol-i`smol suihjr tjl`ol`o s`i`, i`e` hjs`r llc tgt`coy` s`i` djol`o llc i`smol-i`smol suihjr tjl`ol`o tjrsjhut.
82
L`ih`r 8-2 8-2 X`ole`m`o llc p`r`cjc p`r`cjc J tgt`c
J 0 9 J 8 9 J ; 9 …… J o 9 J
(8-0)
D`rm du` pjrs`i``o (8-0=) d`o (8-8>) dmpjrgcjb 6 \ 9 Q.M.t
(8-80)
Hjrd`s`re`o bueui bueui Gbi Q 9 M.X, i`e` dmpjrgcjb 6 \ 9 M8.X.t
(8-88)
\ 9 jojrlm cmstrme (fgucj) M 9 eu`t `rus cmstrme (@) X 9 b`ih`t`o cmstrme (gbi) Q 9 hjd` pgtjosm`c `t`u tjl`ol`o t jl`ol`o cmstrme (vgct) t 9 w`etu (djtme)
8=
8.1.0 ^jruh`b`o Jojrlm Cmstrme ijof`dm E`cgr
Jojrlm cmstrme d`p`t dmuh`b ijof`dm e`cgr, ims`coy` d`c`i sjtrme` cmstrme, sgcdjr cmstrme, egipgr cmstrme. ^`d` w`etu ijipjc`f`rm subu d`o e`cgr, emt` tjc`b ijoljo`c h`bw` hjs`roy` e`cgr y`ol dmsjr`p `t`u dmhjrme`o dmhjrme`o gcjb sjhu`b hjod` ijijoubm ijijoubm pjrs`i``o 6 P 9 i.k.T
(8-8;)
P 9 e`cgr (e`cgrm `t`u fgucj) i 9 i`ss` hjod` (lr`i `t`u emcglr`i) emcglr`i) k 9 e`cgr fjoms hjod` ( e`c/lr.gK `t`u fgucj/el gK )
T 9 pjruh`b`o subu ( gK ). D`rm pjrkgh``o y`ol tjc`b dmc`eue`o F`ijs Fgucj dmpjrgcjb 6 0 fgucj 9 >,84 e`cgrm 0 e`cgrm 9 4,02 fgucj. 8.1.8 D`y` Cmstrme
D`y` dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m us`b` y`ol dmc`eue`o pjr s`tu`o w`etu. ^
\ t
(8-84)
^ 9 Q.M ^ ^
(8-8:)
M 8 . X
Q 8 X
(8-81)
(8-8
Kgotgb 8-1 ^`d` sjhu`b c`ipu pmf`r tjrtucms d`t`5 4> w`tt5 w `tt5 88> vgct. Hjr`p` b`ih`t`o c`ipu tjrsjhut 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 ^ 9 4> w`tt Q 9 88> vgct ^
Q 8 X
X
Q 8 ^
8 (88>) 080> gbi
4>
Kgotgb 8-< ^js`w`t TQ dmoy`c`e`o r`t`-r`t` 1 f`i sjb`rm. ^js`w`t tjrsjhut dmbuhuole`o p`d` tjl`ol`o 88> vgct d`o ijijrcue`o `rus 8,: @. Hjr`p` jojrlm cmstrme y`ol b`rus dmh`y`r d`c`i s`tu b`rm, fme` b`rl` jojrlm cmstrme tm`p e\b sjhjs`r Xp. 0:>,- 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 t 1 f`i pjr b`rm
Q 9 88> vgct M 9 8,: @ 0 e\b 9 Xp. 0:>,Hjs`roy` jojrlm y`ol dmluo`e`o d`c`i s`tu b`rm 6 \ 9 Q.M.t 9 (88>).(8,:).(1) (88>).(8,:).(1) 9 ;;>> w`tt f`i 9 ;,; e\b Jojrlm cmstrme y`ol b`rus dmh`y`r d`c`i s`tu b`rm ( 1 f`i ) `d`c`b 6 ;,; x Xp. 0:>,- 9 Xp. 4=:,TZL@[
0. Tml` hu`b b`ih`t`o y`ol i`smol-i`smol hjs`roy` 8 gbi, 0 gbi d`o 8 gbi, dmr`ole`m sjk`r` p`r`cjc d`o dmbuhuole`o djol`o tjl`ol`o 08 vgct. Bmtuol 6 `. `. @rus y`ol ejcu`r d`rm h`tjrj. h. h. Tjl`ol`o p`d` tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o k. k. Eu`t `rus d`c`i tm`p-tm`p b`ih`t`o. 8. 8. Tjotue`o eu`t `rus y`ol ijol`cmr d`c`i r`ole`m`o hjrmeut mom !
;0
;. ;. Hjr`p` b`ih`t`o cmstrme p`d` su`tu sjtrme` y`ol hjrtucmse`o 8>> \5 88> vgct 7 4. 4. [jhu`b pjolb`ol`t pjolb`ol`t o`sm ijimcmem d`y` d `y` :> \5 88> Q. @c`t mom dmp`e`m sjc`i` 84 f`i. Hjr`p` jojrlm cmstrme y`ol b`rus dmh`y`r dmh`y`r d`c`i s`tu b`rm, fme` b`rl` pjr ee\b \b Xp. 0:>,- 7
X@OLEZI@O
0. 0. @rus cmstrme dmtmihuce`o gcjb iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol hjrpmod`b `t`u iu`t`o cmstrme y`ol hjrljr`e. @l`r tjrf`dm `rus cmstrme p`d` su`tu pjolb`ot`r, i`e` ufuol-ufuol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r mtu, b`rus dmhu`t hjrhjd` pgtjosm`coy`, ufuol y`ol s`tu pgtjosm`coy`` tmollm d`o pgtjosm`coy d` o ufuol y`ol c`mo pgtjosm`coy` p gtjosm`coy` rjod`b. @rus @ru s cmstrme ijol`cmr d`rm pgtjosm`c y`ol tmollm ej pgtjosm`c y`ol rjod`b. 8. 8. Eu`t `rus cmstrme `d`c`b `d`c`b fuic`b iu`t`o y`ol ijol`cmr ijc`cum ijc`cum
su`tu e`w`t
pjolb`ot`r pjr s`tu`o s`tu`o w`etu. M
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;. X`p`t `rus (F) dmdjamomsme`o sjh`l`m eu`t `rus pjr s`tu`o cu`s pjo`ip`ol. X`p`t `rus ijipuoy`m s`tu`o `ipjrj / i 8 . F
M @
4. 4. Eu`t `rus d`c`i su`tu pjolb`ot`r tjrl`otuol d`rm eu`t ijd`o cmstrme J dm d`c`i pjolb`ot`r.
J F
:. :. B`ih`t`o su`tu e`w`t pjolb`ot`r tjrl`otuol d`rm 6 `) `) B`ih`t`o fjoms pjolb`ot`r ( ). h) h) ^`of`ol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r (C). ;8
k) k) Cu`s pjo`ip`ol e`w`t pjolb`ot`r (@). 1. 1. B`ih`t`o su`tu pjolb`ot`r tjroy`t` dmpjol`rubm gcjb subu pjolb`ot`r, e`rjo` b`ih`t`o fjomsoy` fjomsoy` hjruh`b fme` subuoy` hjruh`b. hjruh`b. t
g .( 0 t )
Xt Xg (0 .t )
@
g 9 4.0>- < .;> 8 .8.0> 8
: 9 ; . 0> -4 Tjsc` ;>.0>
h. h. Moduesm I`lojt dm sjemt`r `rus ijcmole`r Hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt dm tmtme ^ y`ol hjr`d` p`d` suihu e`w`t ijcmole`r hjr`rus `d`c`b 6
L`ih`r ;-4 Moduesm i`lojt i`lojt dm tmtme ^ dm sjemt`r e`w`t ijcmole`r ijcmole`r H
g . M .` . smo
8.r 8
smo r
(;-8)
` r
` 8 r 8
Hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt i`lojt dm pus`t cmole`r`o e`w`t hjr`rus `d`c`b 6 H
g . M
8.`
(;-;)
Hmc` e`w`t dmcmcmte`o tmpms djol`o O cmcmt`o, hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt dm pus`t cmole`r`o ijof`dm 6 H
g . M . O
(;-4)
8.`
;1
Kgotgb ;-8 @rus sjhjs`r 8,: @ipjrj ijol`cmr d`c`i e`w`t hjrup` cmole`r`o djol`o f`rm-f`rm ; ki. Hjr`p` hjs`r moduesm i`lojt dm tmtme ^, hmc` h mc` 6 (`) (`) tmtme ^ hjr`d` dm suihu su ihu cmole`r`o cmole`r`o y`ol hjrf`r`e 4 ki d`rm pus`t cmole`r`o. (h) (h) Tmtme ^ hjr`d` dm pus`t cmole`r`o. ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 (`) (`) Moduesm i`lojt dm suihu cmole`r`o M 9 8,: @ ` 9 ; ki 9 ;.0> -8 i x 9 4 ki 9 4.0>-8 i r
` 8 x 8
;8 4 8 8: 9 : ki 9 :.0> -8 i smo ` ; >,1 r : H
g M . .` . smo
8.r 8
( 4 .0> < ).(8,:).(;.0> 8 ).(>,1) 8.(:.0> 8 ) 8 02> . .0> = >,;1. .0> : Tjsc` 4 :> .0>
(h) (h) Moduesm i`lojt dm pus`t cmole`r`o cmole`r`o (4. .0> < ).( 8,:) : 8 H 8.` 8.(;.0> ) 0, Tjsc` g . M
k. k. Moduesm I`lojt p`d` [gcjogmd` d`o tgrgmd` tg rgmd` [gcjogmd` `d`c`b su`tu cmcmt`o `t`u euip`r`o e`w`t y`ol r`p`t.
(;-:`) Moduesm i`lojt p`d` ufuol sgcjogmd`
(;-:h) Moduesm i`lojt dm tjol`b sgcjogmd` ;<
L`ih`r ;-:k Moduesm Moduesm i`lojt p`d` sgcjogmd-e`md`b sgcjogmd-e`md`b t`ol`o e`o`o Hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt p`d` ufuol sgcjogmd` `d`c`b 6 H
g . M . O
8. C
(;-:)
Hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt i`lojt dm tjol`b sgcjogmd` `d`c`b 6 g . M . O H
C
(;-1)
M 9 `rus p`d` sgcjogmd` (@) O 9 h`oy`eoy` h`oy`eoy` cmcmt`o C 9 p`of`ol sgcjogmd` (i) Tgrgmd` `d`c`b sgcjogmd` y`ol dmcjoleuole`o sjbmoll` suihuoy` ijihjotue su`tu cmole`r`o.
L`ih`r ;-1 Tgrgmd` Hjs`roy` moduesm i`lojt i`lojt p`d` suihu tgrgmd` `d`c`b 6 H 9g.M.o o
O C
(;-> cmcmt`o hjs`roy` 8 @. ^`of`ol sgcjogmd` ;> ki. Tjotue`o 6 (`) (`) Moduesm i`lojt dm tjol`b-tjol`b sgcjogmd`. (h) (h) Moduesm i`lojt p`d` ufuol sgcjogmd`. ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 O 9 ;>> cmcmt`o C 9 ;> ki 9 >,; i M98@
g 9 4..0>-> 0>>> cmcmt`o/i >,;
(`) (`) Moduesm i`lojt dm tjol`b sgcjogmd` H 9 g.M.o 9 (4..0>->>) 9 2..0>-4 Tjsc` (h) Moduesm i`lojt p`d` ufuol sgcjogmd` ).(8)(0>>>) >>) 9 4. 4 ..0>-4 Tjsc` H 9 (0/8).g.M.o 9 (0/8).(4..0>- ;.0.8 Ijd`o I`lojt dm sjemt`r I`lojt
Dm sjemt`r i`lojt tjrd`p`t ijd`o i`lojt y`ol dml`ih`re`o sjh`l`m l`rms-l`rms l`y` i`lojt. L`rms-l`rms l`y` i`lojt mom iji`ok`r d`rm eutuh ut`r` ej eutuh sjc`t`o djol`o pgc` sjpjrtm dmcuemse`o p`d` l`ih`r hjrmeut 6
L`ih`r ;-< Ijd`o I`lojt dm sjemt`r i`lojt h`t`ol.
;=
(`) (`) Bueui Kgucgih uotue I`lojt –L`y` tgc`e `t`u l`y` t`rme d`rm du` eutuh i`lojt hjrh`odmol curus djol`o eu`t eutuh i`smol-i`smol d`o hjrh`odmol tjrh`cme djol`o eu`dr`t f`r`eoy`’. f`r`eoy`’. A e .
i0 .i 8 8
r
(;-2)
A 9 l`y` i`lojt (O) i 9 eu`t eutuh i`lojt i`lojt ( `ipjrj.ijtjr `ip jrj.ijtjr `t`u @.i ) r 9 f`r`e `ot`r` ejdu` eutuh (i) e 9 egost`ot` pjih`odmol e
g
4.
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(h) (h) Eu`t Ijd`o I`lojt Hjs`roy` l`y` y`ol hjejrf` p`d` tm`p s`tu`o eu`t eutuh ut`r` y`ol tjrcjt`e d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt dmsjhut eu`t ijd`o i`lojt . B A i' B
(;-=)
e .i.i ' / r 8 i'
B e
i r 8
(;-0>)
Buhuol`o eu`t ijd`o i`lojt djol`o moduesm i`lojt `t`u r`p`t acues i`lojt 6 B
H
(;-00)
p jrij`hmcmt`s h`b`o 9 pjrij`hmcmt`s
9 0 uotue b`ip` ud`r` `t`u ud`r` ( B 9 H ). ?0 uotue h`b`o-h`b`o sjc`mo ud`r` `t`u b`ip` ud`r`. (k) (k) [ma`t I`lojt H`b`o Hjrd`s`re`o sma`t ijd`o i`lojt `tgimsoy`, su`tu h`b`o d`p`t dmh`lm ijof`dm ; lgcgol`o, y`mtu 6 h`b`o ajrrgi`lojtme, p`r`i`lojtme d`o dm`i`lojtme. 0) 0) H`b`o Ajrrgi`lojtme H`b`o ajrrgi`lojtme ajrrgi`lojtme s`ol`t iud`b dmpjol`rubm ijd`o i`lojt e`rjo` ijipuoy`m rjsuct`o ijd`o i`lojt `tgims hjs`r, sjbmoll` `p`hmc` h`b`o mom dmhjrm ijd`o i`lojt cu`r, i`e` jcjetrgo-jcjetrgo ijolus`b`e`o dmrmoy` uotue ijomihuce`o ijd`o i`lojt `tgims, tm`p 4>
`tgi `t`u igcjeuc sj`r`b djol`o ijd`o i`lojt cu`r. D`c`i su`tu ijd`o i`lojt, h`b`o ajrrgi`lojtme mom d`p`t ijomihuce`o moduesm y`ol hjs`r ( h`b`o ?g). H`b`o mom iud`b dmhu`t i`lojt pjri`ojot. Kgotgb 6 hjsm, h`f`, omejc, egh`c, l`dgcmomui, ajrmt d`o p`du`o h`b`o tjrsjhut. [ma`t eji`lojt`o h`b`o ajrrgi`lojtme `e`o bmc`ol, hmc` subuoy` tjc`b ijok`p`m subu tjrtjotu y`ol dmsjhut subu Kurmj. F`dm subu Kurmj `d`c`b subu y`ol ijomihuce`o h`b`o ajrrgi`ojtme ejbmc`ol`o sma`t eji`lojt`ooy`. H`b`o
[ubu Kurmj
Egh`c
00;0 gK
Hjsm
L`y` Cgrjotz d`c`i d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo bgigljo H A 9 H.M.C.smo
(;-08)
A 9 l`y` Cgrjotz (O) Zotue iu`t`o cmstrme q y`ol hjrljr`e djol`o ejkjp`t`o v d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo H `d`c`b 6
L`ih`r ;-00 Iu`t`o cmstrme q hjrljr`e hjr ljr`e djol`o djol`o ejkjp`t`o v d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt H M
q
. M C
. C
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q
t C M C . q. t
M.C 9 q.v [jbmoll` l`y` Cgrjotz uotue iu`t`o y`ol hjrljr`e ijijoubm pjrs`i``o 6 A 9 q.v.H.smo
(;-0;)
;.8.; ^jojr`p`o L`y` I`lojtme
L`y` i`lojtme dmi`oa``te`o d`c`i pjoluh`b`o jojrlm cmstrme ijof`dm jojrlm ije`ome, ims`coy` d`c`i pjihu`t`o igtgr cmstrme `t`u jcjetrgigtgr. @z`s ejrf` igtgr cmstrme `d`c`b sjh`l`m hjrmeut 6
4;
L`ih`r ;-08 @z`s ejrf` igtgr cmstrme [jhu`b pjolb`ot`r y`ol hjrhjotue jip`t pjrsjlm p`of`ol ^PX[ tjrcjt`e p`d` ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo djol`o moduesm i`lojt H (l`ih`r ;-08). ^PX[ d`p`t hjrput`r p`d` suihu G-G y`ol tjl`e curus curu s `r`b H. ^`d` e`w`t ^PX[ ijol`cmr ijo l`cmr `rus cmstrme M. @rus cmstrme sjp`of`ol ^P d`o X[ tjl`e curus H sjd`ole`o ^[ d`o PX sjf`f`r H. Djol`o djimem`o p`d` ^P d`o X[ hjejrf` l`y` i`lojtmk A y`ol sjf`f`r tjt`pm hjrc`w`o`o `r`b. Djol`o e`md`b t`ol`o e`o`o d`p`t dmoy`t`e`o h`bw` ^P tjrdgrgol ej `t`s d`o X[ tjrdgrgol ej h`w`b, sjbmoll` ijolb`smce`o sjhu`b egpjc y`ol dmtuofuee`o l`ih`r ;-0; hjrmeut mom 6
L`ih`r ;-0; Igijo Egpjc L`y` i`lojtme L`y` i`lojtme p`d` e`w`t ^P 6 A 9 H.M.(^P) L`y` i`lojtme p`d` e`w`t X[ 6 A 9 H.M.(X[) E`w`t ^PX[ `e`o hjrput`r p`d` suihu G-G gcjb igijo egpjc 6
9 A.(^[) 9 H.M.(^P).(^[) 9 H. M. @
(;-04)
@ 9 cu`s euip`r`o ^PX[, y`mtu ^P x X[. 44
Hmc` ^PX[ ijihjotue sudut djol`o H i`e` igijo egpjcoy` ijof`dm 6
9 H. M. @.smo
(;-0:)
Hmc` ^PX[ tjrdmrm d`rm O cmcmt`o, i`e` igijo egpjcoy`
9 O.H. M. @.smo
(;-01)
^jrs`i``o tjrsjhut dm `t`s hjrc`eu uotue euip`r`o hjrhjotue cmole`r`o, dmi`o` cu`s @ 9 .X 8 d`o X 9 f`rm-f`rm cmole`r`o. ;.; Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojtme
Moduesm jcjetrgi`lojtme m`c`b ljf`c` tjrf`dmoy` `rus cmstrme d`c`i su`tu pjolb`ot`r `emh`t `d`oy` pjruh`b`o ijd`o i`lojt dm sjemt`r e`w`t pjolb`ot`r tjrsjhut. @rus cmstrme y`ol tjrf`dm dmsjhut `rus moduesm `t`u `rus mih`s. ;.;.0 L`y` ljr`e cmstrme moduesm
[ma`t i`lojt d`p`t dmtmihuce`o djol`o `rus cmstrme ( dmsjcmdmem gcjb Gjrstjd). [jh`cmeoy`, `rus cmstrme tjroy`t` d`p`t dmtmihuce`o djol`o l`y` i`lojt (dmsjcmdmem gcjb A`r`d`y). ^jrkgh``o A`r`d`y 6
L`ih`r ;-04 Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojtme
L`ih`r ;-0: @r`b `rus cmstrme moduesm Imkb`jc A`r`d`y
]gsjpb Bjory
`bcm Amsme` h`ols` Mollrms Mollrms d`o `bcm amsme` d`rm @ijrme` [jrme`t d`c`i pjojiu`ooy` ijihuetme`o h`bw` `rus cmstrme mtu d`p`t dmh`olemte`o 4:
djol`o ijipjrluo`e`o ijipjrluo`e`o ijd`o i`lojt. Tjt`pm `rus cmstrme b`oy` b`oy` tmihuc d`c`i euip`r`o e`c`u i`lojtoy` sjd`ol sjd`ol hjrljr`e `t`u ijd`o i`lojtoy` i`lojtoy` sjc`cu hjruh`b tjrb`d`p w`etu w`etu . D`rm pjrkgh``o sjpjrtm p`d` l`ih`r d`p`t dmcmb`t, i`lojt h`t`ol y`ol dmljr`ee`o d`c`i euip`r`o d`p`t ijomihuce`o `rus cmstrme . @rus cmstrme y`ol tmihuc tjrsjhut d`p`t dmh`k` p`d` f`rui l`cv`ogijtjr l`cv`ogijtjr , y`mtu y`mtu f`rui l`cv`ogijtjr d`p`t ijoymip`ol ej emrm `t`upuo ej e`o`o, y`ol ijo`od`e`o `d`oy` `rus cmstrme moduesm. H`t`ol i`lojt Z[ dmi`suee d mi`suee`o `o ej d`c`i euip`r`o. [jc`i` ljr`e`o Z[ hjrc`olsuol, f`rui l`cv`ogijtjr l`cv`ogijtjr ijoymip`ol d`rm ejdudue`o ejdudue`o sjmih`ol. Hmc` i`lojt Z[ hjrbjotm hjrljr`e , ff`rui `rui l`cv`ogijtjr l`cv`ogijtjr ejih`cm ejdudue`oy` ejdudue`oy` sjmih`ol. sjmih`ol. Ejiudm`o Ejiudm`o i`lojt i`lojt Z[
dmt`rme ejih`cm i`e` f`rui
l`cv`ogijtjr ijoymip`ol c`lm d`rm ejdudue`o sjmih`ol , tjt`pm `r`b pjoymip`ol`ooy` hjrc`w`o`o djol`o `r`b pjoymip`ol`oy` p`d` s``t i`lojt Z[ ijodje`tm euip`r`o. [mip`ol`o f`rui f`rui l`cv`ogijtjr l`cv`ogijtjr p`d` pjrkgh``o tjrsjhut
ijouofuee`o ijouofuee`o h`bw` d`c`i
r`ole`m`o tjc`b tjrf`dm `rus `rus cmstrme cmstrme . ^jrpmod`b`o iu`t`o cmstrme cmstrme `t`u `rus cmstrme d`p`t tjrf`dm hmc` `d` hjd` tjl`ol`o . Hjd` tjl`ol`o y`ol djime`o dmo`i`e`o L`y` Ljr`e Cmstrme moduesm ( LLC moduesm ), `rus y`ol tjrf`dm dsjhut ful` `rus moduesm `t`u `rus mih`s. @r`b `rus moduesm d`p`t dmtjotue`o djol`o bueui Cjoz , y`ol hjrhuoym 6 @r`b `rus moduesm d`c`i su`tu pjolb`ot`r mtu sjdjimem`o rup`, sjbmoll` ijolb`smce` ijolb`smce`o o ijd`o i`lojt y`ol ijc`w`o ijc`w`o pjruh`b`o l`rms l`y` y`ol ijomihuce`oy` ijomihuce`oy` .
;.;.8 Ijojotue`o hjs`roy` L`y` Ljr`e Cmstrme Moduesm
L`ih`r ;-01 L`rms l`y` y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb r`ole`m`o `hkd Ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo djol`o r`p`t l`rms l`y` H , djol`o `r`b tjl`e curus i`sue ijoufu hmd`ol ejrt`s. E`w`t pjol`ot`r `h d`p`t dmljr`ee`o hjh`s ej emrm `t`upuo ej e`o`o . Hmc` pjol`ot`r `h dmljr`ee`o ej e`o`o djol`o ejkjp`t`o v, sjf`ub s , i`e` sjc`i` tjrf`dm pjrpmod`b`o mom `e`o tjrf`dm pjruh`b`o fuic`b l`rms l`y` y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb r`ole`m`o `hkd, sjbmoll` `e`o tmihuc `rus moduesm . @r`b `rus cmstrmeoy` d`rm h ej ` d`p`t dmtjotue`o djol`o bueui Cjoz .
41
L`ih`r ;-0< L`y` Cgrjotz A E`rjo` `r`b H ej d`c`i `t`u i`sue tjl`e curus hmd`ol ejrt`s, `r`b v ej e`o`o, i`e` iu`t`o pgsmtma y`ol `d` p`d` h`t`ol `h ijod`p`t l`y` l`y` ej `t`s d`o iu`t`o ojl`tma `rus cmstrme sjsu`m djol`o ijod`p`te`o l`y` ej h`w`b , sjsu`m djol`o l`y` Cgrjotz . @r`b `rus `r`b iu`t`o pgsmtmp. F`dm, `rus cmstrmeoy` d`rm h ej ` .
Gcjb e`rjo` `r`b `rusoy` ej `t`s ( d`rm h ej ` ) i`e` `e`o tmihuc puc` l`y` Cgrjotz A y`ol `r`boy` ej ej emrm, mom d`p`t dmk`rm djol`o `tur`o t`ol`o e`o`o .
Hjs`roy` l`y` Cgrjotz tjrsjhut `d`c`b 6 A 9 H. M.C
(;-0)
9 -H.C.v
(;-80)
`d`c`b hjd` tjl`ol`o tj l`ol`o `ot`r` `ot`r` ` d`o h y`ol d`p`t dm`oll`p sjh`l`m l`y` ljr`e cmstrme (llc) moduesm, d`o v `d`c`b ejkjp`t`o ljr`e pjolb`ot`r `h (i/s). ;.;.; Bueui Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojtme
Bueui A`r`d`y 6 –L`y` ljr`e cmstrme moduesm y`ol tjrf`dm d`c`i su`tu r`ole`m`o hjs`roy` hjrh`odmol curus djol`o kjp`t pjruh`b`o acues i`lojtme y`ol dmcmoleupmoy`’. dmcmoleupmoy`’. 4<
Acues i`lojt `d`c`b h`oy`eoy` l`rms l`y` i`lojt y`ol dmcmoleupm gcjb cu`s d`jr`b tjrtjotu d`c`i `r`b tjl`e curus.
L`ih`r ;-02 Acues I`lojt
9 H.@
(;-88)
9 acues i`lojt (wjhjr) H 9 moduesm i`lojt i`lojt `t`u ejr`p`t`o l`rms l`rms l`y` i`lojt (wjhjr/i 8 `t`u tjsc`). @ 9 cu`s d`jr`b y`ol ijcmoleupm ijd`o i`lojt i`lojt H (i8). Emt` tmof`u ejih`cm l`ih`r ;-01, sjtjc`b h`t`ol `h hjrljsjr h jrljsjr sjf`ub [ s`ip`m dm kd, pjruh`b`o acues i`lojt i`lojt y`ol dmcmole dmcmoleupm upm gcjb cu`s `hkd ijof`dm ijof`dm 6
9 (cu`s `hkd).H 9 ( C.[ ). H
(;-8;)
D`rm pjrs`i``o (;-8>) dmd`p`t 6
.t 9 -H.C.[
(;-84)
D`rm pjrs`i``o (;-8;) d`o (;-84) dmpjrgcjb 6
t
`t`u
t
(;-8:)
Zotue llc moduesm sjs``t d`p`t dmtucms 6
d dt
(;-81)
Hmc` hjrup` euip`r`o djol`o O cmcmt`o, i`e` llc moduesm y`ol tjrf`dm 6 O
d dt
(;-8 Tjl`ol`o ejcu`r`o ljojr`tgr DK djol`o s`tu euip`r`o ;.:.8 Ljojr`tgr @rus Hgc`e-h`cme
D`s`r ejrf` ljojr`tgr ljojr`tgr cmstrme @K d`p`t dm`i`tm p`d` l`ih`r ;-80, ;-80, su`tu euip`r`o tjrdmrm d`rm hjhjr`p` cmcmt`o e`w`t dmput`r d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt i` lojt H. Euip`r`o e`w`t mom dmcmcmte`o p`d` su`tu smcmodjr hjsm. [mstji mom dmsjhut `ri`tur. Tjrimo`c ljojr`tgr hjrup` kmokmo K0 d`o K8. Buhuol`o djol`o hjh`o X tjrf`dm ijc`cum husbmol d`rm tjih`l` cuo`e y`ol egot`e djol`o kmokmo tjrimo`c y`ol hjrput`r.
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L`ih`r ;-80 D`s`r ejrf` ljojr`tgr ljojr`tgr cmstrme @K
L`ih`r ;-88 ;-88 Ijd`o i`lojt i`lojt H d`c`i ljojr`tgr ljojr`tgr cmstrme @K Ijd`o i`lojt H iuolemo hjr`s`c d`rm i`lojt pjri`ojot `t`u jcjetrgi`lojt (p`d` dmo`ig ighmc). Jojrlm uotue ijiut`r `ri`tur iuolemo hjr`s`c d`rm gr`ol (dmo`ig sjpjd`), pjih`e`r`o (dmo`ig ighmc, ^CTZ, ^CTD), jojrlm pgtjosm`c `mr (^CT@), d`o sjh`l`moy`. Acues y`ol ijojihus `ri`tur `d`c`b 6
9
[email protected]
(;-82)
@ 9 cu`s euip`r`o
9 sudut `ot`r` ogri`c hmd`ol cggp (euip`r`o) djol`o `r`b moduesm i`lojt H. Hmc` `ri`tur dmput`r djol`o ejkjp`t`o sudut tjt`p sjhjs`r , i`e`
9 .t
(;-8=)
[jbmoll` acues ijof`dm hjruh`b djol`o w`etu 6
9
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(;-;>)
Hmc` p`d` euip`r`o `d` O hu`b cmcmt`o, llc mih`s (moduesm) y`ol dmb`smce`o 6
:0
O
d dt
9 O.H.@. smo .t
(;-;0)
9 i.smo .t
(;-;8)
i.9 O.H.@.
(;-;;)
i.9 `ipcmtudg b`rl` llc moduesm (mih`s). ;.1 Moduet`osm Dmrm
@p`hmc` p`d` su`tu r`ole`m`o tjrtutup (l`ih`r ;-8;`), iuc`-iuc` c`ipu ^ ijoy`c`. Ejiudm`o `rusoy` dmputus ijc`cum s`ec`r [, tjt`pm c`ipu ^ i`smb tjt`p ijoy`c` hjhjr`p` s``t (l`ih`r ;-8;h). B`c mom tjrf`dm e`rjo` tmihucoy` `rus moduesm dmrm (moduet`osm dmrm) y`ol dmsjh`he`o gcjb `d`oy` pjruh`b`o acues i`lojt p`d` p `d` euip`r`o C.
L`ih`r ;-8; ;-8; @rus moduesm moduesm dmrm @rus moduesm dmrm y`ol tmihuc p`d` sjhu`b euip`r`o d`p`t ijomihuce`o llc moduesm dmrm. Hjs`roy` llc moduesm mom tjroy`t` hjrh`odmol curus djol`o kjp`t pjruh`b`o eu`t `rusoy`. C dM dt
(;-;4)
C 9 moduet`osm dmrm (bjory)
9 llc moduesm dmrm (vgct) dM dt
kjp`t pjruh`b`o eu`t `rus (@/s)
;. Tr`osagri`tgr
Tr`osagri`tgr hjejrf` hjrd`s`re`o moduesm jcjetrgi`lojtme, hmc` tjrf`dm pjruh`b`o acues i`lojt p`d` euip`r`o tr`osagri`tgr (tr`ag), i`e` pjruh`b`o acues mom `e`o d`p`t ijolb`smce`o LLC moduesm `t`upuo `rus moduesm p`d` ejcu`r`o tr`osagri`tgr. [up`y` ::
d`p`t tjrf`dm pjruh`b`o acues i`lojt p`d` tr`osagri`tgr, i`e` `rus y`ol dmi`suee`o (`rus moput) d`rm tr`osagri`tgr b`rus hjruh`b-uh`b tjrb`d`p w`etu, `t`u ijrup`e`o `rus hgc`e-h`cme .
L`ih`r ;-81 [mihgc Tr`osagri`tgr Hjd` tjl`ol`o y`ol dmbuhuole`o djol`o ufuol-ufuol euip`r`o prmijr dmo`i`e`o tjl`ol`o prmijr (moput). Hjd` tjl`ol`o ufuol-ufuol euip`r`o sjeuodjr sj euodjr dmsjhut tjl`ol`o sjeuodjr (gutput).
^jrh`odmol`o ^jrh`odmol `o tjl`ol`o moput djol`o gutput 6 Q 0 Q 8
O 0 O 8
(;-41)
Q0 9 hjd` h jd` tjl`ol`o prmijr Q8 9 hjd` h jd` tjl`ol`o sjeuodjr O0 9 fuic`b cmcmt`o prmijr O8 9 fuic`b cmcmt`o sjeuodjr Zotue tr`osagri`tgr y`ol mdj`c, tmd`e tjrf`dm ejbmc`ol`o jojrlm d`rm prmijr ej sjeuodjr `t`u d`y` y`ol dmb`smce`o p`d` prmijr s`i` djol`o y`ol dmhjrme`o gcjb euip`r`o. ^0 ^8 Q 0 M . 0
Q 8 M . 8
(;-4>%
(;-42)
9 jamsmjosm 9 d`y` luo` ^g 9 d`y` d `y` ejcu`r`o (w`tt) ^g Q 8 . M M 8
^m 9 d`y` i`sue`o (w`tt) ^0 Q 0 . M M 0
D`y` bmc`ol p`d` motm tr`osagri`tgr `d` du` i`k`i y`mtu y`mtu 6 (`) (`) d`y` bmc`ol bmstjrjsms (h) (h) d`y` bmc`ol gcjb `rus pus`r`o p us`r`o D`y` bmc`ol bmstjrjsms dmsjh`he`o gcjb e`rjo` `rus smousgmd`c. @l`r d`y` bmc`ol bmstjrjsms sjejkmc iuolemo, b`rus dmluo`e`o motm tr`ag djol`o eurv` bmstjrjsms y`ol sjeurus iuolemo. D`y` bmc`ol gcjb `rus pus`r`o tjrf`dm e`rjo` motm hjrsma`t egoduetgr, djol`o su`tu b`ih`t`o. @rus pus`r y`ol tjrf`dm ijol`emh`te`o d`y` bmc`ol fgucj, y`mtu M 8.X p`d` motm tr`osagri`tgr. D`y` bmc`ol gcjb `rus pus`r`o dm`t`sm djol`o ijihu`t motm tr`osagri`tgr d`rm susuo`o pjc`t tmpms. [jtm`p pjc`t dmhuoleus djol`o c`ejr `l`r `rus pus`r tjrh`t`s p`d` pjc`t. Djol`o ijihu`t motm tr`osagri`tgr d`rm pjc`t, t`ip`ec`b t `ip`ec`b p`of`ol f`c`o y`ol dm`cmrm `rus ijof`dm f`ub cjhmb hjs`r. @emh`toy`, b`ih`t`o y`ol dmb`d`pm ful` hjs`r. E`rjo` llc mih`s y`ol tmihuc s`i` uotue motm pjf`c `t`upuo pjc`t, d`y` bmc`ol gcjb `rus pus`r uotue motm pjc`t ijof`dm f`ub cjhmb ejkmc d`rmp`d` motm pjf`c.
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TZL@[ @. [g`c Ijd`o I`lojt d`o Moduesm Jcjetrgi`lojt
0. 0. Hjr`p` moduesm i`lojt p`d` sjhu`b tmtme y`ol hjrf`r`e ; ki d`rm su`tu pjolb`ot`r curus d`o p`of`ol hjr`rus cmstrme 0: @ 7 8. 8. [u`tu pjolb`ot`r hjr`rus 8> @ dmhjotue ijcmole`r djol`o f`rm-f`rm :> ki. `. Bmtuol moduesm i`lojt dm pus`t cmole`r`o. h. h. Bmtuol moduesm i`lojt dm sjhu`b tmtme y`ol tjrcjt`e p`d` suihu cmole`r`o e`w`t d`o hjrf`r`e :>; ki d`rm pus`t. ;. ;. [u`tu sgcjogmd` tjrdmrm d`rm ;>> cmcmt`o hjr`rus 8 @. ^`of`ol sgcjogmd` ;> ki. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. moduesm i`lojt dm tjol`b-tjol`b sgcjogmd`. h. h. Moduesm i`lojt p`d` ufuol sgcjogmd` 4. 4. [u`tu pjolb`ot`r hjrljr`e djol`o ejkjp`t`o 0: i/s p`d` su`tu ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo. Hjr`p` tjsc` eu`t ijd`o i`lojt tjrsjhut, fme` llc moduesm y`ol tmihuc >,>0 vgct d`o p`of`ol e`w`toy` 0> ki. :. :. [jut`s e`w`t pjolb`ot`r p`of`oloy` 8>> ki, hjr`rus cmstrme 0> @, hjr`d` d`c`i ijd`o i`lojt bgigljo djol`o moduesm i`lojt >,>8 tjsc`, d`o ijihjotue sudut ;>g tjrb`d`p `rus cmstrme. Bmtuol hjs`r l`y` Cgrjotz y`ol tmihuc p`d` e`w`t tjrsjhut ! H. [g`c Tr`osagri`tgr
0. 0. [jhu`b tr`osagri`tgr ijipuoy`m tjl`ol`o prmijr 88> vgct d`o ijolb`smce`o tjl`ol`o sjeuodjr 1 vgct. Jamsmjosm tr`osagri`tgr vgct ijof`dm 00> vgct djol`o su`tu tr`osagri`tgr. Tjl`ol`o 88> vgct t`dm dmbuhuole`o djol`o euip`r`o prmijr y`ol ijipuoy`m 0>>> cmcmt`o. Hjr`p` fuic`b cmcmt`o euip`r`o sjeuodjr 7 ;. ;. [jhu`b tr`ag stjp up ijoluh`b tjl`ol`o 8: vgct ijof`dm 8:> vgct. Fme` jamsmjosm tr`ag mtu 2> % d`o euip`r`o sjeuodjroy` dmbuhuole`o djol`o c`ipu 8:> vgct :> w`tt, hjr`p` eu`t `rus d`c`i euip`r`o prmijroy` 7
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X@OLEZI@O 0. 0. Ijd`o i`lojt gcjb `rus cmstrme pjrt`i` e`cm dmejt`bum gcjb B`os Kbrmstm`o Gjrstjd (0,>>: el. @p`hmc` d`w`m tjrsjhut dmhjrme`o tjl`ol`o sjhjs`r 0>> O. Tjotue`o ejkjp`t`o pjr`ih`t`o ljcgih`ol d`c`i d`w`m mtu ! ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 T 9 0>> O i
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0>> 4.0> 4 8>> i/s >,>>8:
L`y` t`rme T 6 motjr`esm y`ol `d` `ot`r` sjtm`p h`lm`o ijdmui 5 i`emo eu`t motjr`esm, i`emo kjp`t ljcgih`ol ijof`c`r.
X`p`t i`ss` 6 sma`t mojrsm` `t`u ejcjih`h`o ijdmui. I`emo hjs`r mojrsm`, i`emo sue`r ijdmui dmljr`ee`o, i`emo c`ih`t ljcgih`ol ijof`c`r d`c`i ijdmui. Ljcgih`ol pjrmgdme 6 l`ollu`o d`c`i hjotue y`ol s`i` d`t`ol hjruc`ol-uc`ol
sjk`r` pjrmgdme.
^jrmgd` 6 hjd` w`etu `ot`r` ijof`c`roy` l`ollu`o tjrtjotu djol`o l`ollu`o hjrmeutoy`5 `t`u hjd` w`etu w`etu `ot`r` su`tu pucs` djol`o djol`o pucs` hjrmeutoy`. hjrmeutoy`. d u` puok`e p`d` ljcgih`ol pjrmgdme. ^`of`ol ljcgih`ol 6 f`r`e `ot`r` du`
Hjrljr`e djol`o a`s` hjrc`w`o`o5 fme` du` tmtme y`ol tjrpms`b, hjrljr`e hjrc`w`o`o. hjrs`i`-s`i`. A`s` y`ol s`i` 6 du` tmtme hjrljr`e hjrs`i`-s`i`. Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r (v) 6
Q
f`r`e y`ol dmtjipub sjc`ol w`etu y`ol dmpjrcue`o 2:
Q T
(:-:)
arjeujosm (a) 9 h`oy`eoy` ljcgih`ol y`ol ijc`cum su`tu tmtme pjrs`tu`o w`etu. a
o t
5 uotue o 9 0 ( s`tu ljcgih`ol ), i`e` i`e` t 9 T 9 pjrmgdj sjbmoll` sjbmoll` a
0 T
[`tu`o arjeujosm [jpjrdjtme 9 kykcj pjr sjkgod (kps) 9 s`tu Bjrtz (Bz) 0>; kps 9 emcg kps 9 0 ek 9 0 eBz 0>1 kps 9 Ijl` kps 9 0 Ik 9 0 IBz Kgotgb :-8
Ljcgih`ol huoym ijr`ih`t dm ud`r` djol`o ejc`fu`o ;4> i/s, `p`hmc` arjeujosm ljt`r`ooy` 12> Bz, tjotue`o p`of`ol ljcgih`oloy` ! ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 v
;4> i/s
a 12> Bz
v a
;4> >,: i 12>
Ljcgih`ol sjc`r`s
L`ih`r :-;
L`ih`r :-4
L`ih`r :-; ijcuemse`o hjh`o y`ol sjc`r`s y`ol dmluo`e`o sjh`l`m suihjr ljcgih`ol smous. L`ih`r :-4 ijcuemse`o ljcgih`ol smous djol`o ejkjp`t`o v, y`ol ijof`c`r p`d` t`cm e`rjo` ljr`e suihjr.
21
[jtjc`b w`etu tjrtjotu, p`d` t`cm `e`o tjrf`dm hjotue auolsm smous y`ol ijof`c`r ej e`o`o d`o hjrejkjp`t`o v. Hjotueoy` dmoy`t`e`o gcjb su`tu auolsm a(x, t) djol`o auolsm ljcgih`ol 6 y 9 @ smo e(x-v.t) y 9 [mip`ol`o (i) v 9 ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol (i/s) e 9 egost`ot` y`ol tjrpmcmb `l`r `rluijo auolsm [mo e (x-vt) ( x-vt) ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o sudut djol`o s`tu`o r`dm`c. [jc`ofutoy` e dmsjhut d msjhut hmc`ol`o ljcgih`ol. e(x-vt) 9 sudut a`s` ljcgih`ol
9 e(x-vt) 9 ex-evt
(:-1)
Du` tmtme tjrpms`b djol`o f`r`e s`tu p`of`ol ljcgih`ol ijipuoy`m a`s` s`i`5 `e`o tjt`pm hjrhjd` d`c`i sudut a`s`oy`.
9 9 (ex0-evt) ‛ (ex8-evt) 9 8 9 ex0 ‛ evt ‛ ex8 + evt evt 9 8 9e( x0 - x8 ) 9 e 9 8 e 9 8 /
(:-,8> smo >,4> ( 1>t ‛ x ), dmi`o` x d`c`i ki d`o t d`c`i djtme. Tjotue`o 6 (`) (`) @ipcmtudg ljcgih`ol (h) (h) Hmc`ol`o ljcgih`ol
2<
(k) (k) ^`of`ol ljcgih`ol (d) (d) Arjeujosm ljt`r`o (j) (j) Kjp`t r`ih`t ljcgih`ol ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 ^jrs`i``o ljcgih`ol hjrf`c`o 6 y 9 @ smo ( 8at ‛ ex ) ^jrs`i``o ljcgih`ol y`ol dmejt`bum 6 y 9 >,8> smo >,4> ( 1>t ‛ x ) y 9 >,8> smo ( 84 - >,4 x ) (`) @ipcmtudg ljcgih`ol ljcgih`ol 6 @ 9 >,8> ki (h) Hmc`ol`o ljcgih`ol ljcgih`ol 6 e 9 >,4 (k) ^`of`ol ljcgih`ol 6 e
>,4
8
8
8 8> : ki >, 4 4
(d) (d) Arjeujosm ljt`r`o 6 8at 9 84 8a 9 84 a 9 08 Bz (j) (j) Kjp`t r`ih`t ljcgih`ol 6 v 9 a. 9 08 x : 9 1> ki/s Ljcgih`ol smous p`d` t`cm 6
0. 0. [uihjr ljcgih`ol 6 sjsu`tu y`ol hjrljt`r `t`u hjrljr`e sjc`r`s sjdjrb`o`. 8. 8. Hjotue ljcgih`ol 6 hjotue auolsm smous. y 9 @ smo (ex ‛ t + g)
(:-0>)
a 9 arjeujosm ljcgih`ol (Bz) 9 h`oy`eoy` puok`e ljcgih`ol y`ol hjrljr`e cjw`t su`tu tmtme pjrdjtme. ex ‛ wt 9 sudut a`s` ljcgih`ol djol`o s`tu`o r`dm`c.
9 egost`o egost`ot` t` a`s`, y`mtu sudut sudut a`s` ljcgih`ol ljcgih`ol p`d` x 9 > d`o t 9 >.
L`ih`r :‛ : Ljcgih`ol smous y 9 @ smo ( ex ‛ x )
22
Ljcgih`ol p`d` pjriue``o `mr
Ljcgih`ol du` dmijosm, e`rjo` ijdmui ljcgih`ol mom, y`mtu pjriue``o `mr, ijipuoy`m dmijosm du`, p`of`ol d`o cjh`r.
Iue` ljcgih`ol 9 puok`e cmole`r`o y`ol ijoy`t`e`o tjip`t ejdudue`o sjiu` tmtme p`d` pjriue``o `mr y`ol sjtm`p s``t ijipuoy`m a`s` s`i`.
Ljcgih`ol cmole`r`o 9 ljcgih`ol djol`o iue` ljcgih`ol hjrhjotue cmole`r`o.
[mo`r ljcgih`ol 9 su`tu l`rms y`ol dmt`rme tjl`e curus p`d` iue` ljcgih`ol.
L`ih`r :-1 Ljcgih`ol curus smous smous ijof`c`r p`d` `r`b e
L`ih`r : ‛ < Ljcgih`ol curus p`d` pjriue``o `mr. Ljcgih`ol curus d`c`i ijdmui hjrdjimosm h jrdjimosm tml` dmsjhut ljcgih`ol d`t`r5 djol`o auolsm ljcgih`ol. 6
] 9 @ kgs ( e .r .t > )
9 sudut `ot`r` vjetgr r d`o
(:-00)
e
[udut a`s` tmtme p`d` pgsmsm r dm d`c`i ijd`o ljcgih`ol djol`o vjetgr ljcgih`ol e d`o arjeujosm sudut `d`c`b
2=
( r , t ) e .r .t
(:‛08)
e .r 9 ^jre`cm`o se`c`r `ot`r` vjetgr e d`o vjetgr r .
Ljr`e ijdmui p`d` ljcgih`ol `mr. Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol pjriue``o `mr hjrbuhuol`o djol`o tjl`ol`o pjriue``o, tje`o`o bmdrgst`tms, ejd`c`i`o d`s`r, r`p`t i`ss`, d`o l`y` hjr`t. v
l 8 8 .b t`ob 8
(:-0;)
l 9 ^jrkjp`t`o lr`vmt`sm
9 p`of`ol ljcgih`ol 9 tjl`ol`o pjriue``o z`t k`mr 9 r`p`t i`ss` z`t k`mr b 9 f`r`e pjriue``o ej d`s`r z`t k`mr t`ob x 9
j x x
j
j x j x
j 9 8,
8
v9
(:-01)
Xm`e `d`c`b gih`e y`ol t`ip`e fme` `d` `olmo ejkmc ijomup pjriue``o `mr `t`u ljcgih`ol y`ol tjrf`dm p`d` t`olem rm`e.
Ijdmui dme`t`e`o hjrsma`t dmspjrsma, `p`hmc` ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol hjrl`otuol p`d` p`of`ol ljcgih`ol.
Ljcgih`ol Huoym
Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol huoym hjrl`otuol p`d` motjr`esm `ot`r` igcjeuc d`o d `o sma`t mojrsm` ijdmui. Motjr`esm `ot`r` igcjeuc dmoy`t`e`o gcjb igducus hjod` H. Igducus hjod` H ijrup`e`o egost`ot` pjih`odmol `ot`r` pjruh`b`o tje`o`o d`o pjruh`b`o vgcuij.
Q ^ H
(:-0 9 Ejr`p`t`o i`ss` l`s d`c`i ej`d``o sjtmih`ol H 9 Igducus hjod` H 9 p> Ejkjp`t`o huoym d`c`i l`s .^g v g
(:-0=)
9 Egost`ot` Egost`ot` y`ol ijrup`e`o b`smc b`smc h`lm e`cgr fjoms l`s p> 9 Tje`o`o d`c`i ej`d``o sjmih`ol Ejkjp`t`o ljcgih`ol cgolmtudmo`c d`c`i h`b`o p`d`t 6 v
H ; 4 I
g
(:-8>)
I 9 Igducus ljsjr Zotue ijdmui p`d`t hjrhjotue h`t`ol p`of`ol `t`u e`w`t, igducus hjod` H dml`otm djol`o igducus yguol.
=0
Zotue ijdmui p`d`t, dmi`o` cu`s pjo`ip`ol tmd`e d`p`t dm`h`me`o, egost`ot` motjr`esmoy` `e`o hjrl`otuol p`d` igducus hjod` H d`o d `o igducus ljs`r I. H`b`o k`mr d`o l`s tmd`e d`p`t ijo`b`o l`y` t`oljosm`c, sjbmoll` I9>. Dm d`c`i ijdmui mom tmd`e d`p`t dmf`c`re`o ljcgih`ol tr`svjrs`c. (`) (`) ^jc`y`ol`o Ljcgih`ol Huoym ^jc`y`ol`o ljcgih`ol huoym `d`c`b motjrajrjosm ljcgih`ol huoym y`ol tjrf`dm hmc` `d` du` hu`b suihjr huoym `t`u cjhmb, y`ol ijipuoy`m pjrhjd``o arjeujosm arjeujosm y`ol ejkmc. a pjc`y`ol`o a tmollm
a rjod`b
(:-80)
^jc`y`ol`o `d`c`b sjhu`b o`d` d`rm huoym y`ol tjrdjol`r ejr`s d`o cji`b y`ol s`cmol hjrl`otm`o sjk`r` pjrmgdme. Kgotgb :-4
Du` hu`b suihjr huoym ijipuoy`m arjeujosm i`smol-i`smol 18> Bz d`o 108 Bz. Tjotue`o arjeujosm pjc`y`ol`o y`ol tjrdjol`r. ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 a pjc`y`ol`o a tmollm a rjod`b a p
18> Bz ‛ 108 Bz 9 2 Bz
(h) (h) Tmollm O`d` Tmollm o`d` tjrl`otuol d`rm arjeujosm ljcgih`ol huoym. I`emo tmollm arjeujosm y`ol dmb`smce`o, `e`o tjrdjol`r o`d` y`ol tmollm d`o sjh`cmeoy` i`emo rjod`b arjeujosm y`ol dmb`smce`o, `e`o tjrdjol`r o`d` y`ol rjod`b. [uihjr huoym `d`c`b hjod`-hjod` y`ol hjrljt`r, tjt`pm tmd`e sjiu` fjoms ljt`r`o d`p`t dmdjol`r dmdjol`r gcjb tjcmol` tjcmol` emt`. Ljt`r`o yy`ol `ol d`p`t dmdjol`r gcjb tjcmol` i`ousm` ogri`c `ot`r` 8> Bz s`ip`m djol`o 8>.>>> Bz. Dm cu`r h`t`s arjeujosm tjrsjhut, emt` tmd`e d`p`t ijodjol`r. ij odjol`r. Tjcmol` `ofmol i`ipu ijodjol`r arjeujosm dm h`w`b 8> Bz. Arjeujosm huoym dm `t`s 8>.>>> Bz dmsjhut uctr`sgome . Arjeujosm mom i`ipu dmdjol`r gcjb tjcmol` ejcjc`w`r. (k) (k) ^jojr`p`o Ljcgih`ol Zctr`sgome Ljcgih`ol uctr`sgome `d`c`b ljcgih`ol `udmg (su`r`) y`ol ijipuoy`m arjeujosm dm `t`s 8>.>>> Bz. Ljcgih`ol uctr`sgome mom d`p`t dmp`e`m uotue ijolueur ejd`c`i`o c`ut, ijodjtjesm ejrus`e`o cgl`i, pjolluo``o d`c`i hmd`ol ejdgetjr`o y`mtu `c`t Z[L (Zctr`sgoglr`pby) (Zctr`sgoglr`pby) uotue ijodjtjesm
=8
h`lm`o d`c`i tuhub, uotue ijodm`logsms fjoms d`o pgsmsm d`rm pjoy`emt, uotue ijodjtjesm fjoms ejc`imo f`omo dm d`c`i e`oduol`o sjgr`ol mhu y`ol sjd`ol b`imc. (d) (d) Eu`t Huoym Ljcgih`ol huoym hjrsuihjr d`rm su`tu hjod` y`ol hjrljt`r. I`emo hjs`r jojrlm y`ol dmp`ok`re`o gcjb su`tu suihjr ljt`r, i`e` i`emo eu`t huoym y`ol dmdjol`r. Eu`t `t`u cji`boy` su`tu huoym tjrl`otuol p`d` hjs`r `t`u ejkmcoy` `ipcmtudg (smip`ol`o (smip`ol`o i`esmiui) su`tu ljcgih`ol. I`emo hjs`r `ipcmtudg, i`emo eu`t huoym y`ol dmdjol`r. [uihjr huoym d`p`t dmpjrgcjb d`rm ljojr`tgr `udmg, y`mtu su`tu ljojr`tgr y`ol d`p`t ijolb`smce`o ljcgih`ol huoym. D`rm ljojr`tgr `udmg mom d`p`t dmpjrgcjb hjrh`l`m i`k`i arjeujosm d`o `ipcmtudg ljcgih`ol huoym. Zotue ijoljt`bum hjotue pucs` ljcgih`ol huoym d`p`t dmpjrluo`e`o sjhu`b `c`t y`ol dmsjhut djol`o gsmcgsegp. (j) (j) Motjosmt`s Huoym Motjosmt`s huoym `d`c`b fuic`b jojrlm huoym y`ol tm`p djtmeoy` ijojihus tjl`e curus su`tu hmd`ol pjr s`tu s`tu`o cu`s hmd`ol tjrsjhut. M
^ @
(:-88)
^ 9 d`y` huoym (w`tt) @ 9 cu`s hmd`ol (i 8) M 9 motjosmt`s motjosmt`s huoym (w`tt/i 8) Fme` cu`s pjriue``o hgc` @ 4 r 8 , i`e` hjs`roy` motjosmt`s huoym p`d` f`r`e r d`rm suihjr huoym `d`c`b 6 M
^
4. .r 8
(:-8;)
H`t`s Motjosmt`s y`ol d`p`t dmdjol`r
Motjosmt`s i`esmiui y`ol i`smb d`p`t dmdjol`r i`ousm` t`op` ijomihuce`o r`s` s`emt `d`c`b sjhjs`r 0 w`tt/i8.
Motjosmt`s tjrejkmc y`ol i`smb d`p`t ijomihuce`o r`ols`ol`o pjodjol`r`o p`d` p `d` tjcmol` `d`c`b sjhjs`r 0> 08 w`tt / i 8 . Motjosmt`s tjrejkmc y`ol i`smb d`p`t dmdjol`r mom dmsjhut motjosmt`s `ih`ol pjodjol`r`o `t`u motjosmt`s rjajrjo `t`u motjosmt`s `ku`o.
=;
Motjosmt`s huoym sjrmole`cm dmoy`t`e`o d`c`i djkmhjc (dh) y`ol dmoy`t`e`o djol`o H, d`o dmdjamomsme`o 6 M H 0> cgl M g
(:-84)
H 9 t`r`a (tmole`t) motjosmt`s huoym (dh) M 9 motjosmt`s huoym (w`tt/i8) M g
motjosmt`s `ih`ol pjodjol`r`o (w`tt/i8)
Kgotgb :-:
[u`tu suihjr huoym ijipuoy`m jojrlm pjr s`tu`o w`etu sjhjs`r 4. x 0> 4 w`tt. Fme` M g 0> 08 w`tt/i8, hjr`p` t`r`a motjosmt`s huoym p`d` su`tu tmtme y`ol hjrf`r`e 0 i d`rm suihjr tjrsjhut t jrsjhut 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 ^ 9 4. x 0> 4 w`tt M g
0> 08 w`tt/i8
r90i 4 x0> 4 0> 4 w`tt M 9 8 8 4 (0) 4. .r ^
0> 4 9 0> cgl 0> 2 9 0> x 2 9 2> djkmhjcc H 0> cgl 9 0> cgl 08 M g 0> M
(a) (a) Jaje Dgppcjr ^jruh`b`o arjeujosm ljcgih`ol huoym `e`o tjr`s` fme` suihjr huoym hjrljr`e5 hjrt`ih`b hjs`r fme` suihjr suihjr huoym ijodje`tm emt`, d`o hjreur`ol fme` suihjr huoym hjrljr`e ijof`ubm emt`. ^jrmstmw` mom dmejo`c sjh`l`m jaje Dgppcjr, y`ol pjrt`i` e`cm dmpmemre`o gcjb sjgr`ol @ustr`cm` hjro`i` Kbrmstm`o Fgb`oo Dgppcjr ( 02>; ‛ 02:: ). Jaje Dgppcjr hjrd`s`re`o sma`t uiui ljcgih`ol, d`o tjrf`dm p`d` sjtm`p ljcgih`ol ( ljcgih`ol huoym, ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojt, ljcgih`ol p`d` pjriue``o `mr). [jk`r` uiui pjrs`i``o jaje Dgppcjr d`p`t dmtucms 6 (v v p ) a p
(v vs ) a s
(:-8:)
=4
a p
arjeujosm y`ol dmdjol`r gcjb pjodjol`r (Bz)
a s
arjeujosm d`rm suihjr huoym (Bz)
v
Ejkjp`t`o ljcgih`ol huoym dm ud`r` (i/s)
v p
Ejkjp`t`o pjodjol`r (i/s)
vs
hu oym (i/s) Ejkjp`t`o suihjr huoym
Kgotgb :-1
[jhu`b ighmc ijihuoyme`o ec`esgo d`o hjrljr`e ijof`ubm pjodjol`r y`ol dm`i, ejkjp`t`o ighmc mtu Bz. Hmc` kjp`t r`ih`t huoym dm ud`r` ;4> i/s, hjr`p`e`b arjeujosm y`ol tjrdjol`r gcjb pjodjol`r 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 v p
>
vs
i/s
v
;4> i/s
a s
0:> Bz
a p
(v v p ) (v v s )
a s 9
;4> > .0:> 048 Bz ;4> 8>
Auolsm ljcgih`ol ] 9 ]i kgs ( ex ‛ t) ^9‛H
Q
(:-81)
Q
Q 9 @ R 5 ^9‛H ^9‛H dy dx
Q 9 @ ]
@] @ R
d] dR
H
] 5 fme` x > R
9 ‛ e]i smo ( ex ‛ wt )
p 9 H e ]i smo ( ex ‛ wt ) v9
H >
H v 8 g
(:-8 v8 ^ 9 ( e > v8 ]i) smo ( ex ‛ wt) ^ 9 ^i smo ( ex ‛ wt )
(:-82)
^i 9 e . v8 ]i ^i 9 `ipcmtudg ljc ljcgih`ol gih`ol tje`o`o Ljcgih`ol Jcjetrgi`lojtme
Dm d`c`i ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme, y`ol ijof`c`r `d`c`b ijd`o cmstrme J d`o d `o ijd`o i`lojt H. Ejdu` ijd`o mom ijrup`e`o hjs`r`o hjs`r`o vjetgr, a`s` s`i`, s`i`, b`oy` `r`b ejdu` ijd`o mom tjl`e curus s`i` c`mo, d`o ejdu`-du`oy` tjl`e tjl`e curus `r`b pjof`c`r`ooy`.
L`ih`r :-2 Ljcgih`ol Jcjetrgi`lojt Jcjetrgi`lojt Ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme, `o`e p`o`b ijoy`t`e`o `r`b f`c`r, d`o k `d`c`b ejkjp`t`o f`c`r.
Auolsm ljcgih`ol uotue ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme 6 J ( x , t ) 9 J i Kgs (ex ‛ wt ) J ( x , t ) 9 H i Kgs (ex ‛ wt )
Ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme hue`o ljcgih`ol ije`ome. Zotue ijof`c`r tmd`e dmpjrcue`o ijdmui ije`ome5 d`p`t ijof`c`r d`c`i v`eui.
Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r sjiu` fjoms ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme d`c`i vgeui `d`c`b s`i`, y`mtu sjhjs`r K 9 ; x 0>0> ki/djtme K 9 ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` Ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` k `d`c`b su`tu egost`ot` `c`i, su`tu b`rl` y`ol hjs`roy` `hsgcut. Ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme ijipuoy`m d`jr`b arjeujosm y`ol s`ol`t hjs`r 88
d`rm 0> s`ip`m 0> Bz. D`c`i v`eui ljcgih`ol mom y`ol ful` dmsjhut ljcgih`ol J.I. ijipuoy`m c`fu ; x 0> 2 i/s fjoms ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojt. jcjetrgi`lojt.
=1
0. 0. Ljcgih`ol r`dmg Ljcgih`ol mom sjrmol dmsjhut ljcgih`ol arjeujosm r`dmg `t`u ljcgih`ol ra5 ijipuoy`m d`jr`b arjeujosm d`rm hjhjr`p` Bz s`ip`m 0> = Bz (0>; IBz)5 d`jr`b p`of`ol ljcgih`oloy` `ot`r` >,; s`ip`m hjhjr`p` ei.
Ljcgih`ol r`dmg y`ol h`oy`e dmpjrluo`e`o uotue sm`r`o r`dmg f`r`e f`ub djol`o p`of`ol ljcgih`ol `ot`r` 0> i d`o 0>> i dmejo`c sjh`l`m ljcgih`ol pjodje.
Ljcgih`ol vba (vjry bmlb arjqujoky) @d`c`b ljcgih`ol r`dmg `ot`r` d`jr`b arjeujosm :> IBz s`ip`m 0>> IBz. [m`r`o tjcjvmsm dmp`ok`re`o djol`o ijipjrluo`e`o ljcgih`ol r`dmg djol`o p`of`ol ljcgih`ol `ot`r ; i d`o 1 i `t`u :> IBz s`ip`m 0>> IBz.
Gsmc`tgr ra 6 r`ole`m`o jcjetrgome y`ol ijolb`smce`o ljcgih`ol r`dmg (ljcgih`ol ra). 8. 8. Ljcgih`ol imerg Ljcgih`ol imerg `t`u imkrgw`vjs, m`c`b ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojt djol`o d`jr`b arjeujosm `ot`r` 0> = Bz s`ip`m ; x 0> 00 Bz (;>> LBz), `t`u d`jr`b p`of`ol ljcgih`ol d`rm ;> ki s`ip`m jol`o 0 ii. D`jr`b arjeujosm `ot`r` 0 LBV s`ip`m ; LBz dmsjhut d`jr`b uba (uctr` bmlb arjqujoky). Ljcgih`ol imerg mom h`oy`e dmpjrluo`e`o d`c`i r`d`r d`o smstji egiuome`sm. Ljcgih`ol mom ful` dmpjrluo`e`o uotue ijipj5`f`rm struetur igcjeuc d`c`i h`b`o. [uihjr ljcgih`ol imkrg `d`c`b `c`t ebusus y`ol hjejrf` sjk`r` jcjetrgome. @c`t-`c`t sjpjrtm ecmstrgo, i`lojtrgo d`o tr`vjccmol w`vj tuhj (T\T) ijrup`e`o kgotgb suihjr ljcgih`ol imerg y`ol sjrmol dmpjrluo`e`o gr`ol. ;. ;. [mo`r Moar` Ijr`b [mo`r mom ijok`eup d`jr`b arjeujosm ; x0>00 Bz s`ip`m 4 x0> : LBz, `t`u d`jr`b p`of`ol ljcgih`ol d`rm 0 ii s`ip`m 4 ii. Ljcgih`ol moar` ijr`b dmb`smce`o gcjb jcjetrgo-jcjetrgo d`c`i igcjeuc-igcjeuc y`ol hjrljt`r e`rjo` hjod` dmp`o`se`o d mp`o`se`o.. Ljcgih`ol mom h`oy`e dmluo`e`o d`c`i modustrm, d`c`i pjojotu`o struetur igcjeuc, d`c`i `strgogim, pjigtrjt`o huim gcjb s`tjcmt, d`o sjh`l`moy`. sjh`l`moy`.
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4. 4. K`b`y` `t`u smo`r t`ip`e Ljcgih`ol k`b`y` ijipuoy`m d`jr`b spjetrui y`ol s`ol`t sjipmt, y`mtu d`c`i d`jr`b ejpje``o rjtmo` i`t` emt`. D`jr`b p`of`ol ljcgih`ol k`b`y` g
g
`d`c`b d`rm > @ s`ip`m ;=>> @ . K`b`y` mom dmb`smce`o gcjb igcjeuc d`o `tgi e`rjo` jcjetrgo cu`roy` ijol`c`im pjrpmod`b`o jojrlm. :. :. [mo`r Zctr`vmgcjt g
[mo`r mom ijipuoy`m p`of`ol ljcgih`ol d`c`i d`jr`b `ot`r` ;>>> @ d`o g
1 @ , djol`o arjeujosm d`c`i d`jr`b `ot`r` 2 x0> 04 Bz s`ip`m ; x0> 0< Bz. Ljcgih`ol uctr`vmgcjt mom dmb`smce`o gcjb `tgi d`o igcjeuc d`c`i oy`c` cmstrme. I`t`b`rm ijrup`e`o suihjr p`ok`r`o uctr`vmgcjt y`ol eu`t. 1. 1. [mo`r R g
[pjetrui smo`r R ijok`eup d`jr`b p`of`ol ljcgih`ol `ot`r` 0> @ g
s`ip`m djol`o >,>1 @ . [mo`r R dmtjiue`o gcjb s`rf`o` Amsme` Fjri`o y`ol hjro`i` \. Xgjotl Xg jotljo jo p`d` t`buo 02=:, p`d` w`etu w`et u m` sjd`ol ijipjc`f`rm smo`r e`tgd`. [mo`r mom dmb`smce`o gcjb jcjetrgo-jcjetrgo y`ol tjrcjt`e dm h`lm`o d`c`i eucmt jcjetrgo `tgi. [uihjr [uihjr c`mo smo`r R y`mtu p`ok`r`o y`ol ejcu`r e`rjo` jcjetrgo djol`o ejkjp`t`o tmollm dmtuihuee`o p`d` cgl`i. [mo`r R dmpjrluo`e`o d`c`i dm`logs` ejdgetjr`o, sjh`h `hsgrpsm gcjb tuc`ol cjhmb hjs`r d`rmp`d` gcjb f`rmol`o cuo`e, sjbmoll` d`p`t ijihjrme`o l`ih`r`o y`ol `l`e tjr`ol tjot`ol hjotue tuc`ol dm d`c`i h`d`o. [mo`r R d`p`t ijihjrme`o `emh`t p`d` `tgi `t`u igcjeuc h`b`o y`ol dmtjihusoy dmtjihusoy`, `, sjpjrtm dmsgsm`sm `t`u mgoms`sm. ,>8 i ! 8. 8. ^jrs`i``o ljcgih`ol hjrf`c`o dmoy`t`e`o sjh`l`m 6 y 9 >,>: smo ( 01 t + 4x ), dmi`o` x d`c`i ijtjr d`o t d`c`i djtme. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. @ipcmtudgoy` h. h. Arjeujosm ljt`r`ooy` k. k. ^`of`ol ljcgih`oloy` d. d. Ejkjp`t`o pjr`ih`t`o ljcgih`oloy` ljcgih`oloy` j. j. Hmc`ol`o ljcgih`oloy`. ;. ;. [u`tu pji`ok`r r`dmg hjejrf` p`d` arjeujosm >,; IBz, hjs`r ejkjp`t`o ljcgih`ol r`dmg dm ud`r` dm`oll`p ; x 0> 2 i/s. Hjr`p` p`of`ol ljcgih`ol pji`ok`r r`dmg tjrsjhut 7 4. 4. [jhu`b ijsmo huhut ijolb`smce`o t`r`a motjosmt`s dH. Hjr`p` t`r`a motjosmt`s d`rm 8> ijsmo huhut y`ol s`i` d`o dmbmdupe`o sjk`r` hjrs`i``o 7 :. :. ^`d` s``t `od` hjrdmrm dm tjpm t jpm f`c`o r`y` tmh`-tmh` sjhu`b ighmc ijodje`tm `od` djol`o ejkjp`t`o ;4> i/s, tjroy`t` arjeujosm arjeujosm huoym y`ol dmt`ole`p 12> Bz. Hjr`p` arjeujosm ec`esgo ighmc sjhjo`roy` 7 X@OLEZI@O 0. 0. Ljcgih`ol `d`c`b ljf`c` d`rm pjr`ih`t`o p jr`ih`t`o usme`o ljt`r`o. ljt`r`o. 8. 8. C`fu pjof`c`r`o ljcgih`ol p`d` t`cm 6 Q
T
;. ;. Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol 6 Q T
4. 4. Arjeujosm (a) 9 h`oy`eoy` ljcgih`ol y`ol ijc`cum su`tu tmtme pjrs`tu`o w`etu. o
0
a t 5 uotue o 9 0 ( s`tu s`tu ljcgih`ol ), i`e` i`e` t 9 T 9 pjrmgdj sjbmoll` sjbmoll` a T
:. :. Hmc`ol`o ljcgih`ol ijoy`t`e`o h`oy`eoy` ljcgih`ol pjr s`tu`o p`of`ol 6
==
e 9 8/ 9 hmc`ol`o h mc`ol`o ljcgih`ol 1. 1. Ejkjp`t`o f`c`r ljcgih`ol huoym hjrl`otuol p`d` motjr`esm `ot`r` igcjeuc d`o sma`t mojrsm` ijdmui. . hmc` `d` du` hu`b suihjr huoym hu oym `t`u cjhmb, y`ol ijipuoy`m pjrhjd``o arjeujosm y`ol ejkmc. a pjc`y`ol`o a tmollm a rjod`b
00. Motjosmt`s huoym `d`c`b fuic`b jojrlm huoym y`ol tm`p djtmeoy` ijojihus tjl`e curus su`tu hmd`ol pjr s`tu s`tu`o cu`s hmd`ol tjrsjhut. M
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4. .r 8
08. Motjosmt`s huoym sjrmole`cm dmoy`t`e`o d`c`i djkmhjc (dh) y`ol dmoy`t`e`o 08. dmoy`t`e`o djol`o H, d`o dmdjamomsme`o 6 M H 0> cgl M g
0;. [jk`r` uiui pjrs`i``o jaje Dgppcjr d`p`t 0;. d `p`t dmtucms 6 a p
(v v p )
a s
(v v s ) 04. Ljcgih`ol jcjetrgi`lojtme ijipuoy`m d`jr`b arjeujosm y`ol s`ol`t hjs`r d`rm 04. 0> s`ip`m 0>88 Bz.
0>>
H@H 1 G^TME@ LJGIJTXME
Tufu`o 6 [jtjc`b ijolmeutm eucm`b mom, dmb`r`pe`o i`b`smsw` i`ipu ijoljo`cm sma`t-sma`t k`b`y` p`d` hjrh`l`m i`k`i gptme i`upuo `c`t gptme d`o d`p`t ijolbmtuol hjs`r`o-hjs`r`o hjs`r`o-hjs`r`o p`d` gptme i`upuo `c`t-`c`t `c`t-`c`t gptme.
1.0. K`b`y` d`p`t Dmp`otuce`o d`o Dmhm`se`o
@d` hjhjr`p` tjgrm `t`u pjod`p`t ijoljo`m k`b`y` 6 (`) (`) Tjgrm Jimsm gcjb [mr. Ms``k Ojwtgo (0148 ‛ 0 [ ' 0: 0 0 0 4; 0 [” 9 1> 1> ki 1> 1> [ ' 0: 8> ^jihjs`r`o h`y`ol`o 6 I
[ ' [
1> ;> 8>
|I| 9 |-;| 9 ; e`cm h. h. Tmollm h`y`ol`o I
b' b
; b:' b” 9 -; x : 9 - 0: ki | b | 9 | - 0: | 9 0: ki k. k. [ma`t-sma`t h`y`ol`o Oy`t`
e`rjo` [” hjromc`m hjromc`m pgsmtma ( h`y`ol`o dm djp`o djp`o kjrimo ).
Tjrh`cme e`rjo` omc`m I ojl`tma.
Dmpjrhjs`r 4 e`cm
1.;.8 Kjrimo Kjihuol
Kjrimo kjihuol `d`c`b kjrimo cjoleuol y`ol h`lm`o cu`roy` d`p`t iji`otuce`o k`b`y`. [mo`r-smo`r mstmijw` p`d` kjrimo kjihuol 6 `) `) [mo`r d`t`ol sjf`f`r suihu ut`i`, dmp`otuce`o sjgc`b-gc`b d`rm tmtme ageus.
L`ih`r 1-04 ^ji`otuc`o d`rm smo`r d`t`ol d `t`ol sjf`f`r djol`o
suihu ut`i`. 0>2
h) h) [mo`r y`ol ijoufu tmtme tmtm e ageus dmp`otuce`o sjf`f`r djol`o suihu uut`i`. t`i`.
L`ih`r 1-0: ^ji`otuc`o d`rm smo`r y`ol ijoufu tmtme ageus. k) k) [mo`r y`ol ijoufu tmtme pus`t ejcjoleuol`o kjrimo dmp`otuce`o sjgc`bgc`b hjr`s`c d`rm tmtme pus`t tjrsjhut.
L`ih`r 1-01 ^ji`otuc`o d`rm smo`r y`ol ijoufu tmtme pus`t Ejcjoleuol`o. Fme` su`tu tmtme k`b`y` hjr`d` dm djp`o kjrimo kjihuol, i`e` sjsu`m bueui pji`otuc`o tjroy`t` h`oy`ol`ooy` ijrup`e`o pjrp`of`ol`o smo`r-smo`r p`otuc d`o hjr`d` dm hjc`e`ol kjrimo.
L`ih`r 1-0< Kjrimo kjihuol kjihuol djol`o f`rm-f`rm ejcjoleuol`o ejcjoleuol`o X, tmtme pus`t ejcjoleuol`o ejcjoleuol`o K.
^@K 9 02>> ‛ m u + q + 02>> ‛ m 9 02>> u+q9m
smo (u + q)
smo m 0>=
smo u. kgs q + smo q . kgs u 9 smo m
@K^” @^”K 9 02> > ‛ q” q + m” + 3 @^”K 9 02> > q + m” 9 q” 5 m” 9 m q + m 9 q” `t`u m 9 q” ‛ q smo u . kgs q + smo q . kgs u 9 smo (q” ‛ q) smo (q” ‛ q) 9 smo q” . kgs q ‛ smo q . kgs q” b ^@
.
KG K@
KG ^G
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b
.
KG
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.
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Zotue smo`r p`r`esm`c y`mtu smo`r y`ol ijihjotue sudut ejkmc djol`o suihu ut`i` kjrimo. ^@ 9 ^G 9 [ X [ X [ ' [ . X
[ ' . X
5
^”@ 9 ^”G 9 [”
0
0
0
[ X
0 0 [ ' X
0 8 [ [ ' X
(1-4)
Kgotgb 1-8 [jhu`b kjrimo kjihuol ijipuoy`m f`r`e ageus 0> ki, ejiudm`o sjhu`b hjod` dmcjt`ee`o p`d` suihu ut`i` hjrf`r`e 8: ki dm djp`o kjrimo kjrimo.. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. F`r`e h`y`ol`o ej kjrimo d`o d` o pjihjs`r`ooy`. h. h. [ma`t-sma`t h`y`ol h` y`ol`ooy` `ooy` ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 a 9 0> ki [ 9 8: ki `. F`r`e h`y`ol`o h`y`ol`o ej kjrimo
00>
0 [
0 [ '
0 a
0 0 0 8: [ ' 0> 0 0 0 8: [ ' 0> :> 0 0 0 8 : < [ ' ,821 e`cm k. [ma`t-sma`t h`y`ol`o 6 h jc`e`ol kjrimo ) I`y`, e`rjo` [” hjromc`m ojl`tma (dm hjc`e`ol
1.4.
Tjl`e, e`rjo` omc`m I pgsmtma.
Dmpjrejkmc e`rjo` |I| 9 >,821 e`cm 3 0
^jihm`s`o K`b`y`
Fme` sjhjre`s smo`r ijr`ih`t ijc`cum 8 ijdmui y`ol hjrhjd` ejr`p`t`ooy`, i`e` smo`r tjrsjhut `e`o ijihjcge.
L`ih`r 1-02 [jhjre`s k`b`y` ijr`ih`t d`rm ud`r` ej `mr. Fme` m sudut d`t`ol d`o r sudut hm`s, i`e` 6 [mo m
HK @K
Q 0 t @K
@D Q t 8 [mo r @K @K
000
[mo m [mo r
Q 0 Q 8
(1-:)
^joljrtm`o Modjes Hm`s
^jrh`odmol`o ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` d`c`i b`ip` ud`r` ( K ) djol`o ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` d`c`i ijdmui (Q) dmsjhut modjes hm`s iutc`e. oijd
k Q
(1-1)
pjrh`odmol`o ejkjp`t`o ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` p`d` ijdmui 0 (Q0) djol`o ejkjp`t`o k`b`y` p`d` ijdmui 8 (Q8) dmsjhut modjes hm`s rjc`tma. o8 o0
Q 0 Q 8
(1- `e`o tjrcmb`t f`c`o smo`r d`rm ud`r` ej e`k` d`o d `o ej ud`r` c`lm. L`ih`r 1-8> ^jihm`s`o p`d` e`k` pc`op`r`cjc
[mo m [mo m
o8
[mo m '
d`o
o0
[mo r '
o0 o8
(1-0>)
e`rjo` r 9 m”, i`e` r” 9 m, sjbmoll` [mo m
[mo m'
smo r [mo r '
o8
o0
o0 o8
0
(1-00)
^jihm`s`o p`d` e`k` pc`op`r`cjc hjrc`eu 6 `. Fme` smo`r ijr`ih`t d`rm gptme eur`ol r`p`t ej gptme cjhmb r`p`t, i`e` smo`r hm`soy` ijodje`tm ijodje`tm l`rms ogri`c (r 3 m) h. h. Fme` smo`r ijr`ih`t d`rm gptme r`p`t ej gptme eur`ol r`p`t, i`e` smo`r hm`soy` ijof`ubm l`rms ogri`c (r ? m). k. k. Fme` m 9 r”, i`e` smo`r d`t`ol sjf`f`r djol`o smo`r y`ol ejcu`r d`rm e`k`, tjt`pm tjrf`dm pjrljsjr`o smo`r.
L`ih`r 1-80 Djvm`sm `t`u pjrljsjr`o smo`r ^`d` e`k` pc`op`r`cjc
@HK kgs r @H
m 9 r”
@K @H
@K
kgs r
5
@K 9 t
m9r
5
5
+ m” 9 m
00;
- 9 m” ‛ m
9 m ‛ r @HD d 9 @D smo d
@H
Xuius ^jrljsjr`o smo`r 6 d
t
smo m r kgs r
(1-08)
d 9 djvm`sm `t`u pjrljsjr`o smo`r t 9 tjh`c e`k` ^ji`otuc`o [jipuro`
K`b`y` d`t`ol d`rm e`k` ej ud`r`, dmd`p`te`o sudut r cjhmb hjs`r d`rm pd` sudut m. Fme` sudut r dmpjrhjs`r tjrus, i`e` su`tu s``t sudut r s`i` djol`o => >, p`d` s``t mtu sudut m dmsjhut sudut h`t`s (m p)
L`ih`r 1-88 K`b`y` K`b`y` d`t`ol d`rm e`k` e`k` ej ud`r`. smo m o8 smo r o0 smo m p smo =>
>
smo M ^
o8 o0
o8 o0
(1-0;)
@p`hmc` sudut d`t`ol cjhmb hjs`r d`rm p`d` sudut h`t`s (m ? m ^), i`e` smo`r hue`o c`lm dmhm`se`o tjt`pm `e`o dmp`otuce`o, pjrmtmw` mom dmsjhut pji`otuc`o sjipuro`. ^ji`otuc`o sjipuro` `e`o tjrf`dm `p`hmc` 6
`. `. [mo`r ijr`ih`t d`rm gptme r`p`t ej gptme eur`ol r`p`t. 004
h. h. [udut d`t`ol cjhmb hjs`r d`rm p`d` sudut h`t`s (m ? m^). k. k. [udut hm`s cjhmb hjs`r d`rm p`d` => > (r . =>>). ^jihm`s`o p`d` prmsi`
[mo`r d`t`ol p`d` hmd`ol h`t`s 0 ejcu`r p`d` hmd`ol h`t`s 8. [udut djvm`sm `d`c`b sudut `ot`r` pjrp`of`ol`o smo`r d`t`ol d`o smo`r y`ol ejcu`r d`rm prmsi`.
L`ih`r 1-8; F`c`ooy` F`c`ooy` smo`r p`d` prmsi`
@AK A@K + @KA + 9 02>> =>> ‛ r + =>> ‛ m” + 9 02>>
9 r + m” @DK m” + @KD + 02>> ‛ r” 9 02> >
@KD 9 r” ‛ m” r + D@K + 02> > ‛ m 9 02>>
D@K 9 m ‛ r @DK + D@K + @KD 9 02> > (m ‛ r) + (r” ‛ m”) ‛ + 02>> 9 02>>
9 (m ‛ r) + (r” ‛ m”) 9 m + r” -
(1-04)
d jvm`sm 9 sudut djvm`sm
9 sudut pjihm`s prmsi` Djvm`sm imomiui (i) tjrf`dm p`d` s``t sudut m 9 r”, r 9 m”.
9 r + r 9 8r r 9 ¹
(1-0:)
00:
i 9 m + m - m 9 ¹ (i + ) o8 o0
[mo
(1-01)
0 i 8 0
(1-0,0 r`dm`o 9 :,), ruius djvm`sm imomiui ijof`dm 6
0 i o8 8 0 o0 [mo 8 i
o8 o0 o0
(1-02)
(1-0=)
Fme` modjes hm`s ud`r` (o0) 9 0, modjes hm`s prmsi` (o8) 9 o, i`e` ruius djvm`sm imomiui ijof`dm 6 i
o 0
(1-8>)
^jihjotue`o h`y`ol`o p`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol sajrme.
L`ih`r 1-84 [jhu`b tmtme k`b`y` ^ tjrcjt`e dm djp`o hmd`ol cjoleuol sajrme. ^” 6 tmtme h`y`ol`o h` y`ol`o [ 6 f`r`e hjod` [” 6 f`r`e h`y`ol`o Fme` m sudut d`t`ol d`o r sudut hm`s, i`e` ijourut bueui [ojccmus. [mo m
o8 o0
smo r Zotue hjre`s smo`r p`r`esm`c
001
m r
o8
o0
^”@K 5 r + u” + 02>> ‛ P 9 02>> P 9 r + u” r 9 P ‛ u” >
>
^@K 5 u + P 02> ‛ m 9 02> m9u+P
uP P u'
o8
o0
o0 u + o8 u” 9 (o8 ‛ o0) P Zotue smo`r p`r`esm`c sudut-sudut d`p`t dml`otm djol`ot`oljooy` d`o @G hgcjb dm`oll`p tjl`e curus p`d` suihu. o0 tl u + o8 tl u” 9 (o8 ‛ o0) tl P o0 o0 [
b
b
o8
[
b
o8 o0
[ ' o8
o8
[ '
o0
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X
(1-80)
@p`hmc` tmtme ^ f`ub sje`cm ([ 9 ~), i`e` pjrs`i``o d`p`t dmtucms 6 o8 [ '
o8
o0
X
(1-88)
D`c`i b`c mom h`y`ol`o hjrmipmt djol`o tmtme ageus hmd`ol cjoleuol y`ol tjrcjt`e dm d`c`i e`k` (L`ih`r 1-8:h). o8 a
o8 o0 X
L`ih`r 1-8: Tmtme Ageus p`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol d`c`i e`k`
(1-8;)
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Tmtme ageus pjrt`i` `d`c`b tmtme tmt me hjod` y`ol ijolb`smce`o h`y`ol`o s`ol`t f`ub ([” 9 ~), L`ih`r 1-8:`
L`ih`r 1-81 ^jrhjs`r`o h`y`ol`o y`ol dmhjotue gcjb sjhu`b hmd`ol h md`ol cjoleuol sajrme
smo m o8 smo r o0 Zotue sudut-sudut y`ol ejkmc hjrc`eu 6 tl m tl r [ ' [
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^jrhjs`r`o h`y`ol`ooy` h`y`ol`ooy` `d`c`b 6 [ '
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(1-84)
Kgotgb 1-; Dmejt`bum modjes hm`s e`k` ;/8 d`o modjes hm`s `mr 4/;. Hjr`p`e`b modjes hm`s rjc`tma e`k` tjrb`d`p `mr d`o modjes hm`s rjc`tma `mr tjrb`d`p e`k` 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 oe o`
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Modjes hm`s rjc`tma e`k` tjrb`d`p `mr 6 oe`
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Modjes hm`s rjc`tma `mr tjrb`d`p e`k` 6
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Kgotgb 1-4 Dmejt`bum modjes hm`s e`k` 9 0,:; d`o modjes hm`s ud`r` ud `r` 9 0. Hjr`p`e`b sudut ermtms e`k` uotue k`b`y` d`rm e`k` ej ud`r` ud `r` 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 o0 0,:; (e`k`) o8 0 (ud`r`) o8
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Kgotgb 1-: [jhjre`s smo`r d`t`ol p`d` e`k` pc`op`r`cjc y`ol tjh`coy` : ki djol`o sudut d`t`ol ;> g , modjes hm`s e`k` 0,:. Hjr`p`e`b f`r`e pjrljsjr`o smo`r 7 ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 t : ki m
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F`r`e pjrljsjr`o smo`r smo`r (d) 6 smo m o 8 smo r o0 smo r 00,: smo;> d
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smo r smo >0,,:: >,;;; r 0=,: g 0,:;>
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Kgotgb 1-1 [jhu`b prmsi` ijipuoy`m sudut pjihm`s p jihm`s : g d`o modjes hm`s 0,:. Tjotue`o djvm`sm imomiui ! ^joyjcjs`m`o 6 g :
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1.:.
Cjos` Tmpms
Cjos `d`c`b hjod` hjomol y`ol dmh`t`sm hmd`ol-hmd`ol cjoleuol
L`ih`r 1-8< Cjos` djol`o modjes hm`s o8 y`ol tjrd`p`t d`c`i ijdmui djol`o modjes hm`s o0. Hmd`ol-hmd`ol cjoleuol djol`o f`rm-f`rm ejcjoleuol`o X 0 d`o X 8 d`o tjh`c cjos` t. [jhu`b tmtme k`b`y` ^ hjr`d` p`d` f`r`e [ 0 d`rm hmd`ol cjoleuol pjrt`i`, hjrc`eu h jrc`eu o0
[ 0
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o0
o8
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tmtme h`y`ol`o ^0 ijrup`e`o hjod` p`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol ejdu` djol`o f`r`e [ 8 d`o h`y`ol`ooy` dm ^8 y`ol hjrf`r`e [8 d`rm hmd`ol cjoleuol ejdu`. ^`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol ejdu` hjrc`eu. o8
[ 8
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Fme` pjrs`i``o p`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol pjrt`i` dmfuic`be`o djol`o pjrs`i``o p`d` hmd`ol cjoleuol cjoleuol ejdu`, dmd`p`t 6 o0
[ 0
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o8 [ '0 t
0 0 o o 8 0 X0 [ '8 X8 o0
Zotue cjos` tmpms, tjh`c cjos` dm`oll`p ogc `t`u t 9 > 6 0 0 0 0 o o 8 0 [ [ ' X0 X8
o0
0
0 0 [ [ ' a o0 a
0 0 o8 o0 X0 X8 0
(1-8:)
0
Fme` X0 X8 > , i`e` a 3 >5 cjos`oy` dmsjhut cjos` kjeuol `t`u cjos` ojl`tma `t`u
cjos` dmvjrljo. 08>
Fme`
0 X0
0 X8
> , i`e` a ? >5 cjos`oy` dmsjhut cjos` kjihuol `t`u cjos` pgsmtma
`t`u cjos` egovjrljo.
L`ih`r 1-82 1-82 Tmtme Ageus Ageus Cjos` L`ih`r 1-82` Zotue hjod` dm ageus, h`y`ol`o dmtjip`t t`e tjrbmoll`. L`ih`r 1-82h Zotue [ 9 ~, h`y`ol`o tjrcjt`e dm tmtme ageus. Fjoms ‛fjoms cjos`
0. 0. Cjos` ^gsmtma `. `. cjos` hmegvjes h. h. cjos` pc`oegovjes k. k. cjos` egoe`aegovjes
L`ih`r 1-8= Cjos` Cjos` pgsmtma
8. 8. Cjos` Ojl`tma `. `. cjos` hmegoe`a h. h. cjos` pc`oegoe`a k. k. cjos` egovjesegoe`a
L`ih`r 1-;> Cjos` Ojl`tma
080
Zotue ijcuemse`o pjihjotue`o h`y`ol`o p`d` cjos` kjihuol d`o cjos` kjeuol hm`s`oy` dmluo`e`o dmluo`e`o hjre`s smo`r mstmijw`. mstmijw`. Cjos` Kjihuol (^gsmtma) `. `. [mo`r d`t`ol sjf`f`r suihu ut`i` dmhm`se`o cjw`t tmtme ageus ag eus ut`i`. (L`ih`r 1-;0`) h. h. [mo`r d`t`ol cjw`t tmtme ageus ut`i` u t`i` dmhm`se`o sjf`f`r suihu ut`i`. (L`ih`r 1-;0h). k. k. [mo`r d`t`ol cjw`t tmtme pus`t pu s`t gptms tmd`e dmhm`se`o (L`ih`r 1-;0k)
L`ih`r 1-;0 Cjos` Kjihuol Cjos` Kjeuol (Ojl`tma) `. `. [mo`r d`t`ol sjf`f`r suihu ut`i` dmhm`se`o sjgc`b-gc`b d`t`ol d`rm tmtme ageus ut`i` (L`ih`r 1-;8`). h. h. [mo`r d`t`ol ijoufu tmtme ageus ut`i` dmhm`se`o sjf`f`r suihu ut`i` (L`ih`r 1-;8h). k. k. [mo`r d`t`ol cjw`t tmtme pus`t pu s`t gptms, tmd`e dmhm`se`o (L`ih`r 1-;8k)
L`ih`r 1-;8 1-;8 Cjos` Kjeuol Cuems`o h`y`ol`o hjod` dm djp`o dj p`o cjos` kjihuol (pgsmtma)
Zotue ijcuemse`o h`y`ol`o hjod` dm djp`o cjos`, kueup djol`o ijolluo`e`o du` smo`r mstmijw`.
L`ih`r 1-;;` Hjod` tjrcjt`e `ot`r` G d`o A0 088
L`ih`r 1-;;h Hjod` tjrcjt`e dm tmtme ageus.
L`ih`r 1-;;k Hjod` tjrcjt`e `ot`r` A d`o 8A 8A
L`ih`r 1-;;d Hjod` tjrcjt`e dm tmtme 8a
L`i`hr 1-;;j Hjod` tjrcjt`e dmtmtme y`ol cjhmb hjs`r d`rm 8A 8A Cuems`o h`y`ol`o hjod` dm djp`o cjos` kjeuol (ojl`tma)
L`ih`r 1-;4 H`y`ol`o hjod` dm djp`o cjos` kjeuol 1.1.
Ejeu`t`o Cjos` (D`y` Cjos`)
]`ol dmi`esud ejeu`t`o cjos` `d`c`b 6 ^
0 a
^ 9 ejeu`t`o cjos`, s`tu`ooy` dmgptrm A 9 f`r`e ageus, s`tu`ooy` ijtjr X 9 X 9 F`rm-f`rm F`rm-f`rm ejcjoleuol`o cjos` M
(1-81)
0
08;
X 8 9 F`rm-f` F `rm-f`rm rm ejcjoleuol`o cjos` MM ^
0 a
0 0 o 0 X0 X8
(1-8> a
(1-82)
a 9 F`r`e ageus cjos`, hjrs`tu`o ki ^ 9 Ejeu`t`o cjos` hjrs`tu`o dmgptrm. Egihmo`sm Cjos` Tmpms
Fme` du` hu`b cjos` i`smol-i`smol djol`o f`r`e ageus a 0 d`o a 8 dml`huol (L`ih`r 1-;:), i`e` f`r`e ageus l`huol`o (egihmo`sm) ejdu` cjos cjos`` tjrsjhut dmruiuse`o 6 L`ih`r 1-;: Egihmo`sm Du` Cjos` Tmpms
0 a
0 a 0
0 a 8
^ 9 ^0 + ^8
(1-8=)
A 9 ageus egihmo`sm ^ 9 ejeu`t`o egihmo`sm Zotue o cjos` hjrc`eu 6
0 a
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o 9 H`oy`eoy` cjos` y`ol dml`huol Kgotgb 1-< [jhu`b cjos` l`huol`o tjrdmrm `t`s cjos` kjeuol d`o cjos` kjihuol djol`o f`r`e ageus i`smol-i`smol > ki. Tjotue`o f`r`e ageus l`huol`o d`o ejeu`t`o cjos` l`huol`o !
^joyjcjs`m`o 6 084
a 0
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F`r`e ageus l`huol`o 6 0
a l
0 a l
0 a 0
0
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0 0 0 4; a l ;>> ki 9 -; i ;>> ;>> >
Ejeu`t`o cjos` l`huol`o 6 ^l 1. 8 i Cup djol`o i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm 6 [
a o 9 : e`cm
Cup djol`o i`t` hjr`egigd`sm i`esmiui 6 0;4
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Ejeu`t`o cjos` cup 6 [ o a
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1.2.4 Imergsegp
:>>
8> dmgptrm
8:
@c`t mom ijimcmem 8 cjos` pgsmtma, y`mtu cjos` ghfjetma d`o cjos` geucjr. Cjos` ghfjetma `d`c`b cjos` y`ol dje`t djol`o ghfje hjod`. Cjos` geucjr `d`c`b cjos` y`ol dje`t djol`o i`t` pjol`i`t d`o hjrauolsm sjh`l`m cup. E`rjo` cjos` ghfjetma ful` b`rus ijolb`smce`o pjrhjs`r`o, i`e` ejdudue`o hjod` ghfje b`rus hjr`d` (dmcjt`ee`o) dm`ot`r` Agh djol`o 8Agh d`rm cjos` ghfjetma. 0. 0. I`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm H`y`ol`o hjod` dm (b”) y`ol dmb`smce`o cjos` ghfjetma p`d` i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm b`rus b`rus f`tub tjp`t dm Age d`rm geucjr, sup`y` h`y`ol`o tjr`ebmr (b’) hjr`d` dm t`e tjrbmoll` tjrbmoll`
L`ih`r 1-4< I`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm p`d` imergsegp `. `. ^`of`ol Imergsegp C 9 [”gh + a ggee
(1-;)
^`of`ol imergsegp `e`o i`esmiui fme` i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm d`o imomiui fme` i`t` hjr`egigd`sm i`esmiui. [ma`t h`y`ol`o tjr`ebmr `d`c`b i`y`, tjrh`cme, dmpjrhjs`r. dmpj rhjs`r. [up`y` ueur`o imergsegp rjc`tma pjodje, i`e` hm`s`oy` dmhu`t a ``hh 3 a gge e `t`u `t`u ghfjetmaoy` cjhmb eu`t d`rmp`d` geucjroy`. Fjoms imergsegp gptme y`ol djimem`o dmsjhut imergsegp gptme y`ol ijimcmem pjrhjs`r`o `olucjr sq`ip`m hjhjr`p` rmhu e`cm s`f`. @d` imergsegp fjoms c`mo, y`mtu imergsegp jcjetrgo y`ol ijijpuoy`m eji`ipu`o pjrhjs`r`o s`ip`m cjhmb d`r 0> : e`cm. 1.2.: Tjrgpgol
@c`t mom dmp`e`m uotue ijol`i`tm hjod` ‛ hjod` y`ol f`ub cjt`eoy`, `l`r tjrcmb`t
cjhmb dje`t d`o fjc`s. 0;1
(0) (0) Tjrgpgol hmot`ol Tjrgpgol hmot`ol dmsjhut ful` tjrgpgol `strgogim, sjh`h `c`t mom dmluo`e`o uotue ijol`i`tm hjod` ‛ hjod` c`olmt, sjpjrtm hmot`ol, pc`ojt, s`tjcmt. Hjrd`s`re`o f`c`ooy` smo`r, tjrgpgol hmot`ol dmhjd`e`o ijof`dm tjrgpgol hm`s d`o tjrgpgol p`otuc. Tjrgpgol hmot`ol ful` ijipjrluo`e`o du` cjos` pgsmtma sjpjrtm b`coy` p`d` imergsegp. Hjd`oy` hjod` y`ol dm`i`tm `d` `d ` dm d m f`ub t`e hjrbmoll`, sjbmoll` h`y`ol`o gcjb cjos` cjos` ghyjetmaoy` `e `e`o `o hjr`d` p`d` tmtme ageus cjos` ghyjetmaoy`. ghyjetmaoy`. `. `. Tjrgpgol Hm`s Tjrgpgol mo tjrdmrm d`rm `t`s du` cjos` kjeuol y`ol i`smol ‛ i`smol dmsjhut cjos` ghyjetma d`o geucjr.
L`ih`r 1-4= 1-4= Tjrgpgol Hmot`ol ^`of`ol tjcjsegp (C) Zotue i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm h jr`egigd`sm C 9 a gghh + a gge e
(1-40)
Zotue i`t` hjr`egigd`sm pjoub C 9 a gghh + [ge
(1-48)
^jrhjs`r`o `olucjr 6 0;<
Zotue i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm h jr`egigd`sm
a gh a ge
(1-4;)
uotue i`t` hjr`egigd`sm pjoub a gh a ge
(1-44)
hjrd`s`re`o ruius pjrhjs`r`o d`p`t dmsmipuce`o h`bw` sjtm`p tjrgpgol hm`s sjc`cu hjrc`eu ejtjotu`o a gghh ? a gge e , `t`u ejeu`t`o cjos` ghyjetmaoy` cjhmb cji`b (rjod`b) dmh`odmole`o djol`o cjos` geucjr. [ma`t ‛ sma`t h`y`ol`o tjrebmr d`rm tjcjsegp `d`c`b i`y`, tjrh`cme 6 h. h. Tjrgpgol ^`otuc Tjrgpgol mom dmsjhut tjrgpgol p`otuc, sjh`h ijolluo`e`o prmosmp p`otuc`o smo`r.
L`ih`r 1-:>
Tjrgpgol ^`otuc
(8) (8) Tjrgpgol Huim @c`t mom dmsjhut ful` tjrgpgol ijd`o, sjh`h h`oy`e dmp`e`m dm ijd`o pjrtjipur`o. p jrtjipur`o. [jc`mo mtu ful` d`p`t dmluo`e`o dmhmd`ol pjc`y`r`o d`o pjod`em`o luouol. Tjrgpgol mom dmluo`e`o uotue ijol`i`tm hjod` ghyje dm iue` huim y`ol f`ub cjt`eoy` `l`r tjrcmb`t cjhmb dje`t d`o fjc`s.
L`ih`r 1-:0 Tjrgpgol Tjrgpgol Huim
0;2
Cjos` pjih`cme tmd`e ijipjol`rubm pjrhjs`r`o, sjbmoll` pjrhjs`r`ooy` s`i` djol`o pjrhjs`r`o tjrgpgol hmot`ol. Cjos` Cjos` pjih`cme b`oy` b`oy` hjrpjol`rub hjrpjol`rub p`d` p`of`ol `c`t, d`rm L`ih`r 1-:0 p`of`ol `c`t ijof`dm 6 (uotue i`t` t`e hjr`egigd`sm) C 9 a gh + 4a pji + sge [up`y` `c`t ijof`dm pjodje, i`e` cjos` pjih`cme y`ol hjrtul`s ijih`cmee`o h`y`ol`o mtu dml`otm gcjb sjp`s`ol prmsi`, sjbmoll` tjrhjotue tjrgpgol prmsi`, d`p`t dmcmb`t L`ih`r 1-:8
L`ih`r 1-:8 Tjrgpgol ^rmsi` 1.2.1 E`ijr`
E`ijr` `d`c`b `c`t uotue ijipjrgcjb l`ih`r d`rm su`tu ghyje `t`u hjod` djol`o h`otu`o k`b`y` d`o cjos` kjihuol. H`y`ol`o hjod` `t`u l`ih`r hjod` y`ol dmb`smce`o gcjb gcjb cjos` dmhjotue p`d` amci.
L`ih`r 1-:; ^jihjotue`o h`y`ol`o gcjb cjos` e`ijr`. ^jrb`tme`o L`ih`r 1-:;, sjhu`b hjod` tjrcjt`e dm djp`o cjos` kjihuol, i`e` tjrhjotue h`y`ol`o oy`t`, tjrh`cme d`o dmpjrejkmc. Ghyje `t`u hjod` y`ol `e`o dmpgtrjt b`rus tjrcjt`e p`d` f`r`e cjhmb hjs`r d`rm 8a dm djp`o cjos`. Fme` k`b`y` y`ol i`sue eur`ol eu`t, i`e` l`ih`r y`ol dmpjrgcjb eur`ol h`me. [jh`cmeoy`, fme` k`b`y` y`ol i`sue tjrc`cu tjr c`cu eu`t, i`e` l`ih`r h`y`ol h` y`ol`o `o y`ol dmpjrgcjb tmd`e h`me puc`.
0;=
H`lm`o e`ijr` y`ol ijol`tur eu`t cji`boy` k`b`y` y`ol i`sue e`ijr` dmsjhut dm`ar`li`. Ejrf` dm`ar`li` ijoluh`b hjs`r ejkmcoy` cuh`ol uotue i`sueoy` k`b`y`. ^`d` s``t pjigtrjt`o fme` k`b`y` tjrc`cu eu`t, i`e` dmar`li` dmejkmce`o, sjh`cmeoy` fme` k`b`y` eur`ol eu`t, i`e` dm`ar`li` dmpjrhjs`r. Zotue ijolb`smce`o l`ih`r y`ol t`f`i, i`e` dm`tur pgsmsm cjos` tjrb`d`p amci, djol`o k`r` ijolljsjr cjos` i`fu `t`u iuodur. [jc`mo i`ol`tur f`r`e amci d`o cjos` ful` dm`tur eu`t k`b`y` y`ol i`sue ej d`c`i e`ijr` ijc`cum cjos`. 1.2.
^`d` d`s`roy` `z`s ejrf` prgyjetgr mtu s`i`, y`mtu sjhu`b hjod` tjihus k`b`y` dmtjr`olm djol`o eu`t, k`b`y` y`ol ijc`cum hjod` mtu dmf`tube`o ej cjos`, d`o cjos` ijihjotue h`y`ol`o (l`ih`r) hjod` mtu dm c`y`r.
TZL@[ 6
0. 0. [jhu`b hjod` tmollmoy` : ki, tjrcjt`e 8> ki dm djp`o kjrimo kjihuol y`ol ijipuoy`m f`r`e ageus 0> ki. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. cjt`e h`y`ol`o d`o pjihjs`r`ooy` h. h. tmollm h`y`ol`o k. k. sma`t-sma`t h`y`ol`o
8. 8. [jhu`b kjrimo kjeuol ijimcmem f`r`e ageus 0> ki. Tjotue`o f`r`e d`o pjihjs`r`o h`y`ol`o, fme` hjod` tjrcjt`e dm djp`o kjrimo sjf`ub 8: ki sjrt` fjc`se`o sma`t-sma`t sma`t-sma`t h`y`ol`ooy` ! ;. Modjes hm`s k`mr`o lcmsjrmo 0,4< d`o modjes hm`s mot`o 8,48. Tjotue`o modjes hm`s rjc`tma mot`o tjrb`d`p k`mr`o lcmsjrmo d`o modjes hm`s rjc`tma k`mr`o lcmsjrmo tjrb`d`p mot`o ! 4. 4. [jhu`b hjod` dmcjt`ee`o 2 ki dm djp`o cjos` kjeuol y`ol ijimcmem f`r`e ageus 08 ki. Tjotue`o 6 `. `. cjt`e h`y`ol`o h. h. pjrhjs`r`o h`y`ol`o h`y`ol`o k. k. sma`t-sma`t h`y`ol`o :. :. Hjr`p`e`b ejeu`t`o cjos` y`ol f`r`e ageusoy` 6 (`) ¿ i, (h) - 8: ki, (k) ki ! X@OLEZI@O 0. 0. Kjrimo d`t`r `d`c`b sjhu`b kjrimo y`ol pjriue``o p`otucoy` hjrup` sjhu`b hmd`ol d`t`r. [ma`t-sma`t kjrimo d`t`r 6 `. F`r`e h`y`ol`o ej kjrimo 9 f`r`e hjod` ej kjrimo.
h. h. Tmollm h`y`ol`o y`ol tjrhjotue 9 tmollm hjod`oy`.
040
k. k. H`y`ol`o i`y`, e`rjo` dmhjc`e`ol kjrimo, y`ol dmhjotue gcjb pjrp`of`ol`o pjrpgtgol`o pjrpgtgol`o smo`r-smo`r p`otuc. 8. 8. Kjrimo cjoleuol `d`c`b kjrimo y`ol pjriue``o p`otucoy` ijrup`e`o sjhu`b ejcjoleuol`o y`ol stjrms, d`p`t hjrup` pjriue``o kjihuol `t`upuo pjriue``o kjeuol. ;. ;. Kjrimo kjeuol `d`c`b kjrimo cjoleuol y`ol h`lm`o d`c`ioy` d`p`t iji`otuce`o k`b`y`.
0
[ ' b' 0 0 d`o I [ b [ [ ' a
4. 4. Kjrimo kjihuol `d`c`b kjrimo cjoleuol y`ol h`lm`o cu`roy` d`p`t iji`otuce`o k`b`y`. [ ' b' 0 8 d`o I [ [ ' X [ b
0
:. Modjes hm`s rjc`tma e`k` tjrb`d`p ud`r` 6 [mo m
[mo r
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