Fisik Lab Mru

LABORATORIO Nº 4 MOVIMIENTO RECTILINEO UNIFORME

(MRU)

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM

I.

OBJETIVOS

1.

Establecer las características y regularidades cinemáticas: x = x(t) y  V = V(t), en el movimiento rectilíneo uniforme de de una brújula de aire en un tubo con agua., mediante la realización y demostración de experiencias reales y simuladas que se ilustren con el uso de esquemas y gráficas, gráficas, para ejercitarse en el manejo manejo del análisis cinemática del movimiento uniforme.

2.

Establecer las características y regularidades cinemáticas del  movimiento rectilíneo uniforme, mediante la interpretación física de su formulación matemática y del análisis gráfico respectivo,  para ejercitarse en el manejo del análisis cinemática de dicho movimiento y aplicarlo a situaciones de la vida real.

3.

 Analizar situaciones físicas cualitativas y cuantitativas, través de ejemplificaciones, resolución de problemas y la realización de actividades prácticas y de laboratorio, que ilustren y confirmen la aplicación efectiva de los conceptos y formulaciones del  movimiento uniforme, que permitan adquirir un dominio en el uso de expresiones matemáticas, realización de cálculos e interpretación física de los resultados.

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM

II. INTRODUCCIÓN

Dentro de la física existen 2 ramas que estudian el  movimiento de los cuerpos la cinemática y la dinámica lineal. La cinemática es una parte de la física que se encarga de estudiar el movimiento de los cuerpos sin considerar lo que genera el movimiento. El movimiento es un cambio de  posición

que

experimenta

un

cuerpo

en

un

tiempo

determinado sin embargo en el MRU la velocidad permanece constante, es decir no sufre una variación en el tiempo, y el  espacio recorrido en un intervalo de tiempo es constante. Esta  práctica se desarrollo con una burbuja dentro de un tubo con agua, donde se pudo ver claramente el movimiento de esta burbuja y determinar las características de su movimiento.

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III. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO 3.1 La Velocidad media ( V )

La velocidad media (v) de un movimiento se define como el cociente entre la distancia recorrida y el tiempo empleado para recorrerlo. Si un móvil mantiene constante su velocidad, en un tiempo determinado, entonces se dice que es uniforme en dicho intervalo, y si su trayectoria es recta tendrá un movimiento rectilíneo uniforme (MRU).

3.2 La Pendiente de una Gráfica (m)

La pendiente (m) de una grafica en un intervalo dado, se determina dividiendo un incremento vertical

V

entre su

correspondiente incremento horizontal H. En una grafica d-t, su pendiente nos va a dar el valor de la velocidad media en el intervalo elegido.

X = 400 m =

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3.3 Sobre el tratamiento de los datos: a) Ahora medido el tiempo que demora una burbuja en ir desde el punto cero hasta 20cm cinco veces; luego desde el punto cero hasta 40cm, también cinco veces, y así sucesivamente. Los datos se registran en las siguientes tablas:

TABLA 1 Distancia (cm)

T1 (s)

T2 (s)

T3 (s)

T4 (s)

T5 (s)

T6 (s)

0.0-20.0 0.0-40.0 0.0-60.0 0.0-80.0 0.0-100.0 0.0-120.0

5.6 11.0 16.4 22.2 27.5 32.9

5.4 11.3 16.7 21.8 27.7 33.2

5.5 11.6 16.6 21.7 27.3 33.1

5.4 10.9 16.5 21.9 27.4 32.8

5.6 11.2 16.8 22.2 27.6 27 .6 32.9 32 .9

5.5 11.2 16.6 21.9 27.5 27 .5 33.0 33 .0

TABLA 2 D (cm)

T (s)

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.0 5.5 11.2 16.5 21.9

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM

b) Ahora, determinamos la velocidad media para cada tramo

de

20.0

cm,

y

el

tiempo

medio

total

correspondiente. Todo esto lo resumimos en la tabla 3, teniendo en cuenta lo siguiente: i.

El intervalo para cada tramo se determina restando al tiempo final el tiempo anterior (inicial):

ii.

t=t-t

La velocidad media de cada tramo se calcula así:

iii.

El tiempo intermedio para el tramo se determina dividiendo el intervalo entre:

t= t/2 iv.

El tiempo medio total para cada tramo ( tm), respecto del punto cero, se determina sumando al tiempo inicial del tramo su correspondiente tiempo medio:

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TABLA 3 Tramos d (cm)

Intervalos t=tt0

0.0-20.0

(5.5-0) = 5.5

20.0-40.0

(11.2-5.5) = 5.7

40.0-60.0

(16.5 –11.2) = 5.4

60.0-80.0

(21.9-16.5) = 5.3

80.0-100.0

(27.5-21.9) = 5.6

100.0-120.0

(33 – 27.5) = 5.5

Velocidad Media v= d/ t (cm/s) 20.0 5.5 20.0 5.7 20.0 5.4 20.0 5.3 20.0 5.3 20.0 5.5

= 3.6

Tiempo medio total tm=t0+ t/2 (s)

= 3.7

0.0+5.5=2.8 2 5.5+5.7= 8.4 2 13.9

= 3.8

19.2

= 3.6

24.7

= 3.6

30.2

= 3.5

c) De acuerdo a las tablas 2 y 3, podemos levantar las graficas d-t y v-t.

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3.4

Ejemplificación

practica

de

casos

de

movimiento

rectilíneo uniforme: Hace un tiempo el sabio peruano, físico  José Castro Mendivil dijo: ``…lo más difícil de conseguir y manipular es

el agua pura (H2O) pues al entrar en contacto con el aire ya no será pura…´´; de igual manera expreso: ``…en la tierra es

casi imposible tener el movimiento rectilíneo uniforme (MRU), pues siempre habrá rozamiento con algo y la dirección será variada por las fuerzas gravitatorias, pero sí  podemos aproximarnos a él, en un espacio reducido…´´.

Este insigne maestro construyó dispositivos que echaban aire comprimido de tal manera que los cuerpos, planos que lo recibían, podían moverse con un ligero impulso y así  tener el MRU, en un tramo reducido. Esto, hecho hace más de 30 años, se observan en una casa de juegos donde se impulsan objetos planos.

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IV. MATERIALES o

Calculadora Científica

o

Cronometro (del celular)

o

Regla de 120cm

o

Soporte del tubo de Nicole

o

Tubo de Nicole

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V. PROCEDIMIENTO o bserva el movimiento e la burbuja. 1. Inclina el tubo de agua, y observa a. Según la trayectoria, ¿Qué tipo de movimiento tiene la burbuja? - Según su trayectoria la burbuja presenta movimiento rectilíneo. b. Para una inclinación dada (fija), ¿varia la rapidez de la burbuja? - Sí, si el ángulo de inclinación entre la horizontal y la barra es aumentada, la velocidad aumenta; hasta llegar a 90 donde posee su velocidad máxima.

2. Manteniendo constante una inclinación, mide el tiempo que demora la burbuja en recorrer las distancias (0; 20), (0; 40), (0; 50), etc. Mide el tiempo 3 veces para cada caso y determina los promedios. Completa las siguientes tablas:

TABLA 1

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM TABLA 2

d (cm)

t (s)

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

0 4.36 8.52 13.88 18.54 23.76 27.74

3. Aumenta la inclinación del tubo, y manteniéndola constante, mide el tiempo que demora la burbuja en recorrer las distancias anteriores: (solo has un medida para cada intervalo)

T (s) D (cm)

0 0

3.47 20

6.97 40

10.78 60

14.35 80

17.85 100

20.79 120

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VI. SITUACIONES PROBLEMÁTICAS 1. A partir de la tabla 2 levante una grafica d-t en el cuadriculado adjunto. Luego determina la velocidad media del movimiento utilizando el concepto de pendiente:

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TABLA 3

Tramos (cm)

Intervalos(t)

V (cm/s)

0.0-20.0 20.0-40.0 40.0-60.0 60.0-80.0 80.0-100.0 100.0-120.0

4.37 4.21 5.2 4.66 5.22 3.98

4.58 4.75 3.85 4.29 3.83 5.03

Tiempo medio total (s) 2.19 6.48 11.18 16.21 21.15 25.75

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4. ¿Cómo comprobarías que los movimientos que tubo la burbuja, en cada caso, son diferentes en cuanto al valor de su velocidad? -Simplemente son ligeramente diferentes, porque toma tiempos diferentes en desplazarse una distancia que es igual en cada intervalo. 5. Investiga, bibliográficamente, ejemplos de fenómenos que tengan este tipo de movimiento. -Como ejemplos de este tipo de movimiento podemos mencionar a la luz o al sonido. 6. El siguiente grafico muestra la huella dejada por un móvil. Analizada e indica si tuvo o no, en alguno de sus tramos, MRU. (Fundamenta tu respuesta)

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM

OBTENCIÓN DE LOS DATOS PARA LA TABLA Nº1 Y Nº 2

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OBTENCIÓN DE LOS DATOS PARA LA TABLA Nº 3

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VII.

CONCLUSIONES

-

Cuando un móvil se traslada en forma recta se dice que realiza un movimiento rectilíneo, pero si además entonces

se

mueve

realizaría

con un

velocidad

constante

movimiento

rectilíneo

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Practica de laboratorio Nº4 MOVIMIENTO MOVIMIEN TO RECTILINEO UNIFORME (MRU) Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal – FCCNM

VIII. BIBLIOGRAFIA



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://es.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_rect Movimiento_rectil%C3%AD il%C3%AD neo_uniforme (REVISADO EL DIA 14 – 07 – 2009)